Legal system

This entry provides the description of a country's legal system. A statement on judicial review of legislative acts is also included for a number of countries. The legal systems of nearly all countries are generally modeled upon elements of five main types: civil law (including French law, the Napoleonic Code, Roman law, Roman-Dutch law, and Spanish law); common law (including United State law); customary law; mixed or pluralistic law; and religious law (including Islamic law). An additional type of legal system - international law, which governs the conduct of independent nations in their relationships with one another - is also addressed below. The following list describes these legal systems, the countries or world regions where these systems are enforced, and a brief statement on the origins and major features of each.
Civil Law - The most widespread type of legal system in the world, applied in various forms in approximately 150 countries. Also referred to as European continental law, the civil law system is derived mainly from the Roman Corpus Juris Civilus, (Body of Civil Law), a collection of laws and legal interpretations compiled under the East Roman (Byzantine) Emperor Justinian I between A.D. 528 and 565. The major feature of civil law systems is that the laws are organized into systematic written codes. In civil law the sources recognized as authoritative are principally legislation - especially codifications in constitutions or statutes enacted by governments - and secondarily, custom. The civil law systems in some countries are based on more than one code.
Common Law - A type of legal system, often synonymous with "English common law," which is the system of England and Wales in the UK, and is also in force in approximately 80 countries formerly part of or influenced by the former British Empire. English common law reflects Biblical influences as well as remnants of law systems imposed by early conquerors including the Romans, Anglo-Saxons, and Normans. Some legal scholars attribute the formation of the English common law system to King Henry II (r.1154-1189). Until the time of his reign, laws customary among England's various manorial and ecclesiastical (church) jurisdictions were administered locally. Henry II established the king's court and designated that laws were "common" to the entire English realm. The foundation of English common law is "legal precedent" - referred to as stare decisis, meaning "to stand by things decided." In the English common law system, court judges are bound in their decisions in large part by the rules and other doctrines developed - and supplemented over time - by the judges of earlier English courts.
Customary Law - A type of legal system that serves as the basis of, or has influenced, the present-day laws in approximately 40 countries - mostly in Africa, but some in the Pacific islands, Europe, and the Near East. Customary law is also referred to as "primitive law," "unwritten law," "indigenous law," and "folk law." There is no single history of customary law such as that found in Roman civil law, English common law, Islamic law, or the Napoleonic Civil Code. The earliest systems of law in human society were customary, and usually developed in small agrarian and hunter-gatherer communities. As the term implies, customary law is based upon the customs of a community. Common attributes of customary legal systems are that they are seldom written down, they embody an organized set of rules regulating social relations, and they are agreed upon by members of the community. Although such law systems include sanctions for law infractions, resolution tends to be reconciliatory rather than punitive. A number of African states practiced customary law many centuries prior to colonial influences. Following colonization, such laws were written down and incorporated to varying extents into the legal systems imposed by their colonial powers.
European Union Law - A sub-discipline of international law known as "supranational law" in which the rights of sovereign nations are limited in relation to one another. Also referred to as the Law of the European Union or Community Law, it is the unique and complex legal system that operates in tandem with the laws of the 27 member states of the European Union (EU). Similar to federal states, the EU legal system ensures compliance from the member states because of the Union's decentralized political nature. The European Court of Justice (ECJ), established in 1952 by the Treaty of Paris, has been largely responsible for the development of EU law. Fundamental principles of European Union law include: subsidiarity - the notion that issues be handled by the smallest, lowest, or least centralized competent authority; proportionality - the EU may only act to the extent needed to achieve its objectives; conferral - the EU is a union of member states, and all its authorities are voluntarily granted by its members; legal certainty - requires that legal rules be clear and precise; and precautionary principle - a moral and political principle stating that if an action or policy might cause severe or irreversible harm to the public or to the environment, in the absence of a scientific consensus that harm would not ensue, the burden of proof falls on those who would advocate taking the action.
French Law - A type of civil law that is the legal system of France. The French system also serves as the basis for, or is mixed with, other legal systems in approximately 50 countries, notably in North Africa, the Near East, and the French territories and dependencies. French law is primarily codified or systematic written civil law. Prior to the French Revolution (1789-1799), France had no single national legal system. Laws in the northern areas of present-day France were mostly local customs based on privileges and exemptions granted by kings and feudal lords, while in the southern areas Roman law predominated. The introduction of the Napoleonic Civil Code during the reign of Napoleon I in the first decade of the 19th century brought major reforms to the French legal system, many of which remain part of France's current legal structure, though all have been extensively amended or redrafted to address a modern nation. French law distinguishes between"public law" and "private law." Public law relates to government, the French Constitution, public administration, and criminal law. Private law covers issues between private citizens or corporations. The most recent changes to the French legal system - introduced in the 1980s - were the decentralization laws, which transferred authority from centrally appointed government representatives to locally elected representatives of the people.
International Law - The law of the international community, or the body of customary rules and treaty rules accepted as legally binding by states in their relations with each other. International law differs from other legal systems in that it primarily concerns sovereign political entities. There are three separate disciplines of international law: public international law, which governs the relationship between provinces and international entities and includes treaty law, law of the sea, international criminal law, and international humanitarian law; private international law, which addresses legal jurisdiction; and supranational law - a legal framework wherein countries are bound by regional agreements in which the laws of the member countries are held inapplicable when in conflict with supranational laws. At present the European Union is the only entity under a supranational legal system. The term "international law" was coined by Jeremy Bentham in 1780 in his Principles of Morals and Legislation, though laws governing relations between states have been recognized from very early times (many centuries B.C.). Modern international law developed alongside the emergence and growth of the European nation-states beginning in the early 16th century. Other factors that influenced the development of international law included the revival of legal studies, the growth of international trade, and the practice of exchanging emissaries and establishing legations. The sources of International law are set out in Article 38-1 of the Statute of the International Court of Justice within the UN Charter.
Islamic Law - The most widespread type of religious law, it is the legal system enforced in over 30 countries, particularly in the Near East, but also in Central and South Asia, Africa, and Indonesia. In many countries Islamic law operates in tandem with a civil law system. Islamic law is embodied in the sharia, an Arabic word meaning"the right path." Sharia covers all aspects of public and private life and organizes them into five categories: obligatory, recommended, permitted, disliked, and forbidden. The primary sources of sharia law are the Qur'an, believed by Muslims to be the word of God revealed to the Prophet Muhammad by the angel Gabriel, and the Sunnah, the teachings of the Prophet and his works. In addition to these two primary sources, traditional Sunni Muslims recognize the consensus of Muhammad's companions and Islamic jurists on certain issues, called ijmas, and various forms of reasoning, including analogy by legal scholars, referred to as qiyas. Shia Muslims reject ijmas and qiyas as sources of sharia law.
Mixed Law - Also referred to as pluralistic law, mixed law consists of elements of some or all of the other main types of legal systems - civil, common, customary, and religious. The mixed legal systems of a number of countries came about when colonial powers overlaid their own legal systems upon colonized regions but retained elements of the colonies' existing legal systems.
Napoleonic Civil Code - A type of civil law, referred to as the Civil Code or Code Civil des Francais, forms part of the legal system of France, and underpins the legal systems of Bolivia, Egypt, Lebanon, Poland, and the US state of Louisiana. The Civil Code was established under Napoleon I, enacted in 1804, and officially designated the Code Napoleon in 1807. This legal system combined the Teutonic civil law tradition of the northern provinces of France with the Roman law tradition of the southern and eastern regions of the country. The Civil Code bears similarities in its arrangement to the Roman Body of Civil Law (see Civil Law above). As enacted in 1804, the Code addressed personal status, property, and the acquisition of property. Codes added over the following six years included civil procedures, commercial law, criminal law and procedures, and a penal code.
Religious Law - A legal system which stems from the sacred texts of religious traditions and in most cases professes to cover all aspects of life as a seamless part of devotional obligations to a transcendent, imminent, or deep philosophical reality. Implied as the basis of religious law is the concept of unalterability, because the word of God cannot be amended or legislated against by judges or governments. However, a detailed legal system generally requires human elaboration. The main types of religious law are sharia in Islam, halakha in Judaism, and canon law in some Christian groups. Sharia is the most widespread religious legal system (see Islamic Law), and is the sole system of law for countries including Iran, the Maldives, and Saudi Arabia. No country is fully governed by halakha, but Jewish people may decide to settle disputes through Jewish courts and be bound by their rulings. Canon law is not a divine law as such because it is not found in revelation. It is viewed instead as human law inspired by the word of God and applying the demands of that revelation to the actual situation of the church. Canon law regulates the internal ordering of the Roman Catholic Church, the Eastern Orthodox Church, and the Anglican Communion.
Roman Law - A type of civil law developed in ancient Rome and practiced from the time of the city's founding (traditionally 753 B.C.) until the fall of the Western Empire in the 5th century A.D. Roman law remained the legal system of the Byzantine (Eastern Empire) until the fall of Constantinople in 1453. Preserved fragments of the first legal text, known as the Law of the Twelve Tables, dating from the 5th century B.C., contained specific provisions designed to change the prevailing customary law. Early Roman law was drawn from custom and statutes; later, during the time of the empire, emperors asserted their authority as the ultimate source of law. The basis for Roman laws was the idea that the exact form - not the intention - of words or of actions produced legal consequences. It was only in the late 6th century A.D. that a comprehensive Roman code of laws was published (see Civil Law above). Roman law served as the basis of law systems developed in a number of continental European countries.
Roman-Dutch Law - A type of civil law based on Roman law as applied in the Netherlands. Roman-Dutch law serves as the basis for legal systems in seven African countries, as well as Guyana, Indonesia, and Sri Lanka. This law system, which originated in the province of Holland and expanded throughout the Netherlands (to be replaced by the French Civil Code in 1809), was instituted in a number of sub-Saharan African countries during the Dutch colonial period. The Dutch jurist/philosopher Hugo Grotius was the first to attempt to reduce Roman-Dutch civil law into a system in his Jurisprudence of Holland (written 1619-20, commentary published 1621). The Dutch historian/lawyer Simon van Leeuwen coined the term "Roman-Dutch law" in 1652.
Spanish Law - A type of civil law, often referred to as the Spanish Civil Code, it is the present legal system of Spain and is the basis of legal systems in 12 countries mostly in Central and South America, but also in southwestern Europe, northern and western Africa, and southeastern Asia. The Spanish Civil Code reflects a complex mixture of customary, Roman, Napoleonic, local, and modern codified law. The laws of the Visigoth invaders of Spain in the 5th to 7th centuries had the earliest major influence on Spanish legal system development. The Christian Reconquest of Spain in the 11th through 15th centuries witnessed the development of customary law, which combined canon (religious) and Roman law. During several centuries of Hapsburg and Bourbon rule, systematic recompilations of the existing national legal system were attempted, but these often conflicted with local and regional customary civil laws. Legal system development for most of the 19th century concentrated on formulating a national civil law system, which was finally enacted in 1889 as the Spanish Civil Code. Several sections of the code have been revised, the most recent of which are the penal code in 1989 and the judiciary code in 2001. The Spanish Civil Code separates public and private law. Public law includes constitutional law, administrative law, criminal law, process law, financial and tax law, and international public law. Private law includes civil law, commercial law, labor law, and international private law.
United States Law - A type of common law, which is the basis of the legal system of the United States and that of its island possessions in the Caribbean and the Pacific. This legal system has several layers, more possibly than in most other countries, and is due in part to the division between federal and state law. The United States was founded not as one nation but as a union of 13 colonies, each claiming independence from the British Crown. The US Constitution, implemented in 1789, began shifting power away from the states and toward the federal government, though the states today retain substantial legal authority. US law draws its authority from four sources: constitutional law, statutory law, administrative regulations, and case law. Constitutional law is based on the US Constitution and serves as the supreme federal law. Taken together with those of the state constitutions, these documents outline the general structure of the federal and state governments and provide the rules and limits of power. US statutory law is legislation enacted by the US Congress and is codified in the United States Code. The 50 state legislatures have similar authority to enact state statutes. Administrative law is the authority delegated to federal and state executive agencies. Case law, also referred to as common law, covers areas where constitutional or statutory law is lacking. Case law is a collection of judicial decisions, customs, and general principles that began in England centuries ago, that were adopted in America at the time of the Revolution, and that continue to develop today.

• Afghanistan

  before the Taliban's takeover of Kabul in August 2021, Afghanistan had a mixed legal system of civil, customary, and Islamic (sharia) law; after August 2021, the Taliban’s so-called “interim government” has claimed to be implementing its own interpretation of Islamic law, partially based on the Hanafi school of Islamic jurisprudence.

  (2021)

• Akrotiri

  laws applicable to the Cypriot population are, as far as possible, the same as the laws of the Republic of Cyprus; note - the Sovereign Base Area Administration has its own court system to deal with civil and criminal matters

• Albania

  civil law system except in the northern rural areas where customary law known as the "Code of Leke" is still present

• Algeria

  mixed legal system of French civil law and Islamic law; judicial review of legislative acts in ad hoc Constitutional Council composed of various public officials including several Supreme Court justices

• American Samoa

  mixed legal system of US common law and customary law

• Andorra

  mixed legal system of civil and customary law with the influence of canon (religious) law

• Angola

  civil legal system based on Portuguese civil law; no judicial review of legislation

• Anguilla

  common law based on the English model

• Antarctica

  Antarctica is administered through annual meetings - known as Antarctic Treaty Consultative Meetings - which include consultative member nations, non-consultative member nations, observer organizations, and expert organizations; decisions from these meetings are carried out by these member nations (with respect to their own nationals and operations) in accordance with their own national laws; more generally, the Antarctic Treaty area, that is to all areas between 60 and 90 degrees south latitude, is subject to a number of relevant legal instruments and procedures adopted by the states party to the Antarctic Treaty; note - US law, including certain criminal offenses by or against US nationals, such as murder, may apply extraterritoriality; some US laws directly apply to Antarctica; for example, the Antarctic Conservation Act, 16 U.S.C. section 2401 et seq., provides civil and criminal penalties for the following activities unless authorized by regulation or statute: the taking of native mammals or birds; the introduction of nonindigenous plants and animals; entry into specially protected areas; the discharge or disposal of pollutants; and the importation into the US of certain items from Antarctica; violation of the Antarctic Conservation Act carries penalties of up to $10,000 in fines and one year in prison; the National Science Foundation and Department of Justice share enforcement responsibilities; Public Law 95-541, the US Antarctic Conservation Act of 1978, as amended in 1996, requires expeditions from the US to Antarctica to notify, in advance, the Office of Oceans and Polar Affairs, Room 2665, Department of State, Washington, DC 20520, which reports such plans to other nations as required by the Antarctic Treaty; for more information, contact antarctica@state.gov

• Antigua and Barbuda

  common law based on the English model

• Argentina

  civil law system based on West European legal systems; note - in mid-2015, Argentina adopted a new civil code, replacing the old one in force since 1871

• Armenia

  civil law system

• Aruba

  civil law system based on the Dutch civil code

• Ashmore and Cartier Islands

  the laws of the Commonwealth of Australia and the laws of the Northern Territory of Australia, where applicable, apply

• Australia

  common law system based on the English model

• Austria

  civil law system; judicial review of legislative acts by the Constitutional Court

• Azerbaijan

  civil law system

• Bahamas, The

  common law system based on the English model

• Bahrain

  mixed legal system of Islamic (sharia) law, English common law, Egyptian civil, criminal, and commercial codes; customary law

• Bangladesh

  mixed legal system of mostly English common law and Islamic law

• Barbados

  English common law; no judicial review of legislative acts

• Belarus

  civil law system; note - nearly all major codes (civil, civil procedure, criminal, criminal procedure, family, and labor) were revised and came into force in 1999 and 2000

• Belgium

  civil law system based on the French Civil Code; note - Belgian law continues to be modified in conformance with the legislative norms mandated by the European Union; judicial review of legislative acts

• Belize

  English common law

• Benin

  civil law system modeled largely on the French system and some customary law

• Bermuda

  English common law

• Bhutan

  civil law based on Buddhist religious law

• Bolivia

  civil law system with influences from Roman, Spanish, canon (religious), French, and indigenous law

• Bosnia and Herzegovina

  civil law system; Constitutional Court review of legislative acts

• Botswana

  mixed legal system of civil law influenced by the Roman-Dutch model and also customary and common law

• Bouvet Island

  the laws of Norway apply where applicable

• Brazil

  civil law; note - a new civil law code was enacted in 2002 replacing the 1916 code

• British Indian Ocean Territory

  the laws of the UK apply where applicable

• British Virgin Islands

  English common law

• Brunei

  mixed legal system based on English common law and Islamic law; note - in April 2019, the full sharia penal codes came into force and apply to Muslims and partly to non-Muslims in parallel with present common law codes

• Bulgaria

  civil law

• Burkina Faso

  civil law based on the French model and customary law; in mid-2019, the National Assembly amended the penal code

• Burma

  mixed legal system of English common law (as introduced in codifications designed for colonial India) and customary law

• Burundi

  mixed legal system of Belgian civil law and customary law

• Cabo Verde

  civil law system of Portugal

• Cambodia

  civil law system (influenced by the UN Transitional Authority in Cambodia) customary law, Communist legal theory, and common law

• Cameroon

  mixed legal system of English common law, French civil law, and customary law

• Canada

  common law system except in Quebec, where civil law based on the French civil code prevails

• Cayman Islands

  English common law and local statutes

• Central African Republic

  civil law system based on the French model

• Chad

  mixed legal system of civil and customary law

• Chile

  civil law system influenced by several West European civil legal systems; judicial review of legislative acts by the Constitutional Tribunal

• China

  civil law influenced by Soviet and continental European civil law systems; legislature retains power to interpret statutes; note - on 28 May 2020, the National People's Congress adopted the PRC Civil Code, which codifies personal relations and property relations

• Christmas Island

  legal system is under the authority of the governor general of Australia and Australian law

• Clipperton Island

  the laws of France apply

• Cocos (Keeling) Islands

  common law based on the Australian model

• Colombia

  civil law system influenced by the Spanish and French civil codes

• Comoros

  mixed legal system of Islamic religious law, the French civil code of 1975, and customary law

• Congo, Democratic Republic of the

  civil law system primarily based on Belgian law, but also customary and tribal law

• Congo, Republic of the

  mixed legal system of French civil law and customary law

• Cook Islands

  common law similar to New Zealand common law

• Coral Sea Islands

  the common law legal system of Australia applies where applicable

• Costa Rica

  civil law system based on Spanish civil code; judicial review of legislative acts in the Supreme Court

• Cote d'Ivoire

  civil law system based on the French civil code; judicial review of legislation held in the Constitutional Chamber of the Supreme Court

• Croatia

  civil law system influenced by legal heritage of Austria-Hungary; note - Croatian law was fully harmonized with the European Community acquis as of the June 2010 completion of EU accession negotiations

• Cuba

  civil law system based on Spanish civil code

• Curacao

  based on Dutch civil law

• Cyprus

  mixed legal system of English common law and civil law with European law supremacy

• Czechia

  new civil code enacted in 2014, replacing civil code of 1964 - based on former Austro-Hungarian civil codes and socialist theory - and reintroducing former Czech legal terminology

• Denmark

  civil law; judicial review of legislative acts

• Dhekelia

  laws applicable to the Cypriot population are, as far as possible, the same as the laws of the Republic of Cyprus; note - the Sovereign Base Area Administration has its own court system to deal with civil and criminal matters

• Djibouti

  mixed legal system based primarily on the French civil code (as it existed in 1997), Islamic religious law (in matters of family law and successions), and customary law

• Dominica

  common law based on the English model

• Dominican Republic

  civil law system based on the French civil code; Criminal Procedures Code modified in 2004 to include important elements of an accusatory system

• Ecuador

  civil law based on the Chilean civil code with modifications; traditional law in indigenous communities

• Egypt

  mixed legal system based on Napoleonic civil and penal law, Islamic religious law, and vestiges of colonial-era laws; judicial review of the constitutionality of laws by the Supreme Constitutional Court

• El Salvador

  civil law system with minor common law influence; judicial review of legislative acts in the Supreme Court

• Equatorial Guinea

  mixed system of civil and customary law

• Eritrea

  mixed legal system of civil, customary, and Islamic religious law

• Estonia

  civil law system

• Eswatini

  mixed legal system of civil, common, and customary law

• Ethiopia

  civil law system

• European Union

  unique supranational law system in which, according to an interpretive declaration of member-state governments appended to the Treaty of Lisbon, "the Treaties and the law adopted by the Union on the basis of the Treaties have primacy over the law of Member States" under conditions laid down in the case law of the Court of Justice; key principles of EU law include fundamental rights as guaranteed by the Charter of Fundamental Rights and as resulting from constitutional traditions common to the EU's 27 member states; EU law is divided into 'primary' and 'secondary' legislation; primary legislation is derived from the consolidated versions of the Treaty on European Union and the Treaty on the Functioning of the European Union and are the basis for all EU action; secondary legislation - which includes directives, regulations, and decisions - is derived from the principles and objectives set out in the treaties

• Falkland Islands (Islas Malvinas)

  English common law and local statutes

• Faroe Islands

  the laws of Denmark apply where applicable

• Fiji

  common law system based on the English model

• Finland

  civil law system based on the Swedish model

• France

  civil law; review of administrative but not legislative acts

• French Polynesia

  the laws of France, where applicable, apply

• French Southern and Antarctic Lands

  the laws of France, where applicable, apply

• Gabon

  mixed legal system of French civil law and customary law

• Gambia, The

  mixed legal system of English common law, Islamic law, and customary law

• Georgia

  civil law system

• Germany

  civil law system

• Ghana

  mixed system of English common law and customary law

• Gibraltar

  the laws of the UK, where applicable, apply

• Greece

  civil legal system based on Roman law

• Greenland

  the laws of Denmark apply where applicable and Greenlandic law applies to other areas

• Grenada

  common law based on English model

• Guam

  common law modeled on US system; US federal laws apply

• Guatemala

  civil law system; judicial review of legislative acts

• Guernsey

  customary legal system based on Norman customary law; includes elements of the French civil code and English common law

• Guinea

  civil law system based on the French model

• Guinea-Bissau

  mixed legal system of civil law, which incorporated Portuguese law at independence and influenced by Economic Community of West African States (ECOWAS), West African Economic and Monetary Union (UEMOA), African Francophone Public Law, and customary law

• Guyana

  common law system, based on the English model, with some Roman-Dutch civil law influence

• Haiti

  civil law system strongly influenced by Napoleonic Code

• Heard Island and McDonald Islands

  the laws of Australia apply where applicable

• Holy See (Vatican City)

  religious legal system based on canon (religious) law

• Honduras

  civil law system

• Hong Kong

  mixed legal system of common law based on the English model and Chinese customary law (in matters of family and land tenure); PRC imposition of National Security Law incorporates elements of Chinese civil law

• Hungary

  civil legal system influenced by the German model

• Iceland

  civil law system influenced by the Danish model

• India

  common law system based on the English model; separate personal law codes apply to Muslims, Christians, and Hindus; judicial review of legislative acts

• Indonesia

  civil law system based on the Roman-Dutch model and influenced by customary law

• Iran

  religious legal system based on secular and Islamic law

• Iraq

  mixed legal system of civil and Islamic law

• Ireland

  common law system based on the English model but substantially modified by customary law; judicial review of legislative acts by Supreme Court

• Isle of Man

  the laws of the UK apply where applicable and include Manx statutes

• Israel

  mixed legal system of English common law, British Mandate regulations, and Jewish, Christian, and Muslim religious laws

• Italy

  civil law system; judicial review of legislation under certain conditions in Constitutional Court

• Jamaica

  common law system based on the English model

• Jan Mayen

  the laws of Norway apply where applicable 

• Japan

  civil law system based on German model; system also reflects Anglo-American influence and Japanese traditions; judicial review of legislative acts in the Supreme Court

• Jersey

  the laws of the UK apply where applicable; includes local statutes

• Jordan

  mixed system developed from codes instituted by the Ottoman Empire (based on French law), British common law, and Islamic law

• Kazakhstan

  civil law system influenced by Roman-Germanic law and by the theory and practice of the Russian Federation

• Kenya

  mixed legal system of English common law, Islamic law, and customary law; judicial review in the new Supreme Court established by the new constitution

• Kiribati

  English common law supplemented by customary law

• Korea, North

  civil law system based on the Prussian model; system influenced by Japanese traditions and Communist legal theory

• Korea, South

  mixed legal system combining European civil law, Anglo-American law, and Chinese classical thought

• Kosovo

  civil law system; note - the European Union Rule of Law Mission (EULEX) retained limited executive powers within the Kosovo judiciary for complex cases from 2008 to 2018

• Kuwait

  mixed legal system consisting of English common law, French civil law, and Islamic sharia law

• Kyrgyzstan

  civil law system, which includes features of French civil law and Russian Federation laws

• Laos

  civil law system similar in form to the French system

• Latvia

  civil law system with traces of socialist legal traditions and practices

• Lebanon

  mixed legal system of civil law based on the French civil code, Ottoman legal tradition, and religious laws covering personal status, marriage, divorce, and other family relations of the Jewish, Islamic, and Christian communities

• Lesotho

  mixed legal system of English common law and Roman-Dutch law; judicial review of legislative acts in High Court and Court of Appeal

• Liberia

  mixed legal system of common law, based on Anglo-American law, and customary law

• Libya

  Libya's post-revolution legal system is in flux and driven by state and non-state entities

• Liechtenstein

  civil law system influenced by Swiss, Austrian, and German law

• Lithuania

  civil law system; legislative acts can be appealed to the Constitutional Court

• Luxembourg

  civil law system

• Macau

  civil law system based on the Portuguese model

• Madagascar

  civil law system based on the old French civil code and customary law in matters of marriage, family, and obligation

• Malawi

  mixed legal system of English common law and customary law; judicial review of legislative acts in the Supreme Court of Appeal

• Malaysia

  mixed legal system of English common law, Islamic (sharia) law, and customary law; judicial review of legislative acts in the Federal Court at request of supreme head of the federation

• Maldives

  Islamic (sharia) legal system with English common law influences, primarily in commercial matters

• Mali

  civil law system based on the French civil law model and influenced by customary law; judicial review of legislative acts in the Constitutional Court

• Malta

  mixed legal system of English common law and civil law based on the Roman and Napoleonic civil codes; subject to European Union law

• Marshall Islands

  mixed legal system of US and English common law, customary law, and local statutes

• Mauritania

  mixed legal system of Islamic and French civil law

• Mauritius

  civil legal system based on French civil law with some elements of English common law

• Mexico

  civil law system with US constitutional law influence; judicial review of legislative acts

• Micronesia, Federated States of

  mixed legal system of common and customary law

• Moldova

  civil law system with Germanic law influences; Constitutional Court review of legislative acts

• Monaco

  civil law system influenced by French legal tradition

• Mongolia

  civil law system influenced by Soviet and Romano-Germanic legal systems; constitution ambiguous on judicial review of legislative acts

• Montenegro

  civil law

• Montserrat

  English common law

• Morocco

  mixed legal system of civil law based on French civil law and Islamic (sharia) law; judicial review of legislative acts by Constitutional Court

• Mozambique

  mixed legal system of Portuguese civil law and customary law; note - in rural, apply where applicable predominantly Muslim villages with no formal legal system, Islamic law may be applied

• Namibia

  mixed legal system of uncodified civil law based on Roman-Dutch law and customary law

• Nauru

  mixed legal system of common law based on the English model and customary law

• Navassa Island

  the laws of the US apply where applicable

• Nepal

  English common law and Hindu legal concepts; note - new criminal and civil codes came into effect on 17 August 2018

• Netherlands

  civil law system based on the French system; constitution does not permit judicial review of acts of the States General

• New Caledonia

  civil law system based on French civil law

• New Zealand

  common law system, based on English model, with special legislation and land courts for the Maori

• Nicaragua

  civil law system; Supreme Court may review administrative acts

• Niger

  mixed legal system of civil law, based on French civil law, Islamic law, and customary law

• Nigeria

  mixed legal system of English common law, Islamic law (in 12 northern states), and traditional law

• Niue

  English common law

• Norfolk Island

  English common law and the laws of Australia

• North Macedonia

  civil law system; judicial review of legislative acts

• Northern Mariana Islands

  the laws of the US apply, except for customs and some aspects of taxation

• Norway

  mixed legal system of civil, common, and customary law; Supreme Court can advise on legislative acts

• Oman

  mixed legal system of Anglo-Saxon law and Islamic law

• Pakistan

  common law system with Islamic law influence

• Palau

  mixed legal system of civil, common, and customary law

• Panama

  civil law system; judicial review of legislative acts in the Supreme Court of Justice

• Papua New Guinea

  mixed legal system of English common law and customary law

• Paraguay

  civil law system with influences from Argentine, Spanish, Roman, and French civil law models; judicial review of legislative acts in Supreme Court of Justice

• Peru

  civil law system

• Philippines

  mixed legal system of civil, common, Islamic (sharia), and customary law

• Pitcairn Islands

  local island by-laws

• Poland

  civil law system; judicial review of legislative, administrative, and other governmental acts; constitutional law rulings of the Constitutional Tribunal are final

• Portugal

  civil law system; Constitutional Court review of legislative acts

• Puerto Rico

  civil law system based on the Spanish civil code and within the framework of the US federal system

• Qatar

  mixed legal system of civil law and Islamic (sharia) law (in family and personal matters)

• Romania

  civil law system

• Russia

  civil law system; judicial review of legislative acts

• Rwanda

  mixed legal system of civil law, based on German and Belgian models, and customary law; judicial review of legislative acts in the Supreme Court

• Saint Barthelemy

  French civil law

• Saint Helena, Ascension, and Tristan da Cunha

  English common law and local statutes

• Saint Kitts and Nevis

  English common law

• Saint Lucia

  English common law

• Saint Martin

  French civil law

• Saint Pierre and Miquelon

  French civil law

• Saint Vincent and the Grenadines

  English common law

• Samoa

  mixed legal system of English common law and customary law; judicial review of legislative acts with respect to fundamental rights of the citizen

• San Marino

  civil law system with Italian civil law influences

• Sao Tome and Principe

  mixed legal system of civil law based on the Portuguese model and customary law

• Saudi Arabia

  Islamic (sharia) legal system with some elements of Egyptian, French, and customary law; note - several secular codes have been introduced; commercial disputes handled by special committees

• Senegal

  civil law system based on French law; judicial review of legislative acts in Constitutional Court

• Serbia

  civil law system

• Seychelles

  mixed legal system of English common law, French civil law, and customary law

• Sierra Leone

  mixed legal system of English common law and customary law

• Singapore

  English common law

• Sint Maarten

  based on Dutch civil law system with some English common law influence

• Slovakia

  civil law system based on Austro-Hungarian codes; note - legal code modified to comply with the obligations of Organization on Security and Cooperation in Europe

• Slovenia

  civil law system

• Solomon Islands

  mixed legal system of English common law and customary law

• Somalia

  mixed legal system of civil law, Islamic (sharia) law, and customary law (referred to as Xeer)

• South Africa

  mixed legal system of Roman-Dutch civil law, English common law, and customary law

• South Georgia and South Sandwich Islands

  the laws of the UK, where applicable, apply

• Spain

  civil law system with regional variations

• Sri Lanka

  mixed legal system of Roman-Dutch civil law, English common law, Jaffna Tamil customary law, and Muslim personal law

• Sudan

  mixed legal system of Islamic law and English common law; note - in mid-July 2020, Sudan amended 15 provisions of its 1991 penal code

• Suriname

  civil law system influenced by Dutch civil law; note - a new criminal code was enacted in 2017

• Svalbard

  only the laws of Norway made explicitly applicable to Svalbard have effect there; the Svalbard Act and the Svalbard Environmental Protection Act, and certain regulations, apply only to Svalbard; the Spitsbergen Treaty and the Svalbard Treaty grant certain rights to citizens and corporations of signatory nations; as of June 2017, 45 nations had ratified the Svalbard Treaty

• Sweden

  civil law system influenced by Roman-Germanic law and customary law

• Switzerland

  civil law system; judicial review of legislative acts, except for federal decrees of a general obligatory character

• Syria

  mixed legal system of civil and Islamic (sharia) law (for family courts)

• Taiwan

  civil law system

• Tajikistan

  civil law system

• Tanzania

  English common law; judicial review of legislative acts limited to matters of interpretation

• Thailand

  civil law system with common law influences

• Timor-Leste

  civil law system based on the Portuguese model; note - penal and civil law codes to replace the Indonesian codes were passed by Parliament and promulgated in 2009 and 2011, respectively

• Togo

  customary law system

• Tokelau

  common law system of New Zealand

• Tonga

  English common law

• Trinidad and Tobago

  English common law; judicial review of legislative acts in the Supreme Court

• Tunisia

  mixed legal system of civil law, based on the French civil code and Islamic (sharia) law; some judicial review of legislative acts in the Supreme Court in joint session

• Turkey (Turkiye)

  civil law system based on various European legal systems, notably the Swiss civil code

• Turkmenistan

  civil law system with Islamic (sharia) law influences

• Turks and Caicos Islands

  mixed legal system of English common law and civil law

• Tuvalu

  mixed legal system of English common law and local customary law

• Uganda

  mixed legal system of English common law and customary law

• Ukraine

  civil law system; judicial review of legislative acts

• United Arab Emirates

  mixed legal system of Islamic (sharia) law and civil law

• United Kingdom

  common law system; has nonbinding judicial review of Acts of Parliament under the Human Rights Act of 1998

• United States

  common law system based on English common law at the federal level; state legal systems based on common law, except Louisiana, where state law is based on Napoleonic civil code; judicial review of legislative acts

• United States Pacific Island Wildlife Refuges

  the laws of the US apply where applicable

• Uruguay

  civil law system based on the Spanish civil code

• Uzbekistan

  civil law system; note - in early 2020, the president signed an amendment to the criminal code, criminal procedure code, and code of administrative responsibility

• Vanuatu

  mixed legal system of English common law, French law, and customary law

• Venezuela

  civil law system based on the Spanish civil code

• Vietnam

  civil law system; note - the civil code of 2005 reflects a European-style civil law

• Virgin Islands

  US common law

• Wake Island

  US common law

• Wallis and Futuna

  French civil law

• World

  the legal systems of nearly all countries are generally modeled upon elements of five main types: civil law (including French law, the Napoleonic Code, Roman law, Roman-Dutch law, and Spanish law); common law (including English and US law); customary law; mixed or pluralistic law; and religious law (including Islamic sharia law); an additional type of legal system - international law - governs the conduct of independent nations in their relationships with one another

• Yemen

  mixed legal system of Islamic (sharia) law, Napoleonic law, English common law, and customary law

• Zambia

  mixed legal system of English common law and customary law

• Zimbabwe

  mixed legal system of English common law, Roman-Dutch civil law, and customary law