Photos of Gibraltar

Introduction

Background

Strategically important, Gibraltar was reluctantly ceded to Great Britain by Spain in the 1713 Treaty of Utrecht; the British garrison was formally declared a colony in 1830. In a referendum held in 1967, Gibraltarians voted overwhelmingly to remain a British dependency. The subsequent granting of autonomy in 1969 by the UK led Spain to close the border and sever all communication links. Between 1997 and 2002, the UK and Spain held a series of talks on establishing temporary joint sovereignty over Gibraltar. In response to these talks, the Gibraltar Government called a referendum in late 2002 in which the majority of citizens voted overwhelmingly against any sharing of sovereignty with Spain. Since late 2004, Spain, the UK, and Gibraltar have held tripartite talks with the aim of cooperatively resolving problems that affect the local population, and work continues on cooperation agreements in areas such as taxation and financial services; communications and maritime security; policy; legal and customs services; environmental protection; and education and visa services. A new noncolonial constitution came into force in 2007, and the European Court of First Instance recognized Gibraltar's right to regulate its own tax regime in December 2008. The UK retains responsibility for defense, foreign relations, internal security, and financial stability.

Spain and the UK continue to spar over the territory. Throughout 2009, a dispute over Gibraltar's claim to territorial waters extending out three miles gave rise to periodic non-violent maritime confrontations between Spanish and UK naval patrols, and in 2013, the British reported a record number of entries by Spanish vessels into waters claimed by Gibraltar following a dispute over Gibraltar's creation of an artificial reef in those waters. Spain renewed its demands for an eventual return of Gibraltar to Spanish control after the UK’s June 2016 vote to leave the EU, but London has dismissed any connection between the vote and its continued sovereignty over Gibraltar. 

Visit the Definitions and Notes page to view a description of each topic.

Geography

Location

Southwestern Europe, bordering the Strait of Gibraltar, which links the Mediterranean Sea and the North Atlantic Ocean, on the southern coast of Spain

Geographic coordinates

36 08 N, 5 21 W

Area

total: 7 sq km

land: 6.5 sq km

water: 0 sq km

comparison ranking: total 245

Area - comparative

more than 10 times the size of The National Mall in Washington, D.C.

Land boundaries

total: 1.2 km

border countries (1): Spain 1.2 km

Maritime claims

territorial sea: 3 nm

Climate

Mediterranean with mild winters and warm summers

Terrain

a narrow coastal lowland borders the Rock of Gibraltar

Elevation

highest point: Rock of Gibraltar 426 m

lowest point: Mediterranean Sea 0 m

Land use

agricultural land: 0% (2011 est.)

other: 100% (2018 est.)

Natural hazards

occasional droughts; no streams or large bodies of water on the peninsula (all potable water comes from desalination)

Geography - note

note 1: strategic location on Strait of Gibraltar that links the North Atlantic Ocean and Mediterranean Sea

note 2: one of only two British territories where traffic drives on the right, the other being the island of Diego Garcia in the British Indian Ocean Territory

People and Society

Population

29,629 (2023 est.)

comparison ranking: 217

Nationality

noun: Gibraltarian(s)

adjective: Gibraltar

Ethnic groups

Gibraltarian 79%, other British 13.2%, Spanish 2.1%, Moroccan 1.6%, other EU 2.4%, other 1.6% (2012 est.)

note: data represent population by nationality

Languages

English (used in schools and for official purposes), Spanish, Italian, Portuguese

Religions

Roman Catholic 72.1%, Church of England 7.7%, other Christian 3.8%, Muslim 3.6%, Jewish 2.4%, Hindu 2%, other 1.1%, none 7.1%, unspecified 0.1% (2012 est.)

Age structure

0-14 years: 19.99% (male 3,034/female 2,888)

15-64 years: 62.62% (male 9,357/female 9,197)

65 years and over: 17.39% (2023 est.) (male 2,523/female 2,630)

2023 population pyramid:
2023 population pyramid

Dependency ratios

total dependency ratio: 60.1

youth dependency ratio: 27.4

elderly dependency ratio: 32.7

potential support ratio: 3.1 (2021)

Median age

total: 36.6 years (2023 est.)

male: 36 years

female: 37.2 years

comparison ranking: total 83

Population growth rate

0.19% (2023 est.)

comparison ranking: 179

Birth rate

13.8 births/1,000 population (2023 est.)

comparison ranking: 126

Death rate

8.7 deaths/1,000 population (2023 est.)

comparison ranking: 67

Net migration rate

-3.2 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2023 est.)

comparison ranking: 185

Urbanization

urban population: 100% of total population (2023)

rate of urbanization: 0.45% annual rate of change (2015-20 est.)

total population growth rate v. urban population growth rate, 2000-2030

Major urban areas - population

35,000 GIBRALTAR (capital) (2018)

Sex ratio

at birth: 1.05 male(s)/female

0-14 years: 1.05 male(s)/female

15-64 years: 1.02 male(s)/female

65 years and over: 0.96 male(s)/female

total population: 1.01 male(s)/female (2023 est.)

Infant mortality rate

total: 6.1 deaths/1,000 live births (2023 est.)

male: 6.9 deaths/1,000 live births

female: 5.3 deaths/1,000 live births

comparison ranking: total 169

Life expectancy at birth

total population: 80.7 years (2023 est.)

male: 77.8 years

female: 83.6 years

comparison ranking: total population 49

Total fertility rate

1.9 children born/woman (2023 est.)

comparison ranking: 124

Gross reproduction rate

0.93 (2023 est.)

Drinking water source

improved: urban: 100% of population

rural: NA

total: 100% of population

unimproved: urban: 0% of population

rural: NA

total: 0% of population (2020)

Sanitation facility access

improved: urban: 100% of population

rural: NA

total: 100% of population

unimproved: urban: 0% of population

rural: NA

total: 0% of population (2020)

Literacy

total population: NA

male: NA

female: NA

Environment

Environment - current issues

limited natural freshwater resources: more than 90% of drinking water supplied by desalination, the remainder from stored rainwater; a separate supply of saltwater used for sanitary services

Climate

Mediterranean with mild winters and warm summers

Land use

agricultural land: 0% (2011 est.)

other: 100% (2018 est.)

Urbanization

urban population: 100% of total population (2023)

rate of urbanization: 0.45% annual rate of change (2015-20 est.)

total population growth rate v. urban population growth rate, 2000-2030

Air pollutants

carbon dioxide emissions: 0.63 megatons (2016 est.)

Waste and recycling

municipal solid waste generated annually: 16,954 tons (2012 est.)

Government

Country name

conventional long form: none

conventional short form: Gibraltar

etymology: from the Spanish derivation of the Arabic "Jabal Tariq," which means "Mountain of Tariq" and which refers to the Rock of Gibraltar

Government type

parliamentary democracy (Parliament); self-governing overseas territory of the UK

Dependency status

overseas territory of the UK

Capital

name: Gibraltar

geographic coordinates: 36 08 N, 5 21 W

time difference: UTC+1 (6 hours ahead of Washington, DC, during Standard Time)

daylight saving time: +1hr, begins last Sunday in March; ends last Sunday in October

etymology: from the Spanish derivation of the Arabic "Jabal Tariq," which means "Mountain of Tariq" and which refers to the Rock of Gibraltar

Administrative divisions

none (overseas territory of the UK)

Independence

none (overseas territory of the UK)

National holiday

National Day, 10 September (1967); note - day of the national referendum to decide whether to remain with the UK or join Spain

Constitution

history: previous 1969; latest passed by referendum 30 November 2006, entered into effect 14 December 2006, entered into force 2 January 2007

amendments: proposed by Parliament and requires prior consent of the British monarch (through the Secretary of State); passage requires at least three-fourths majority vote in Parliament followed by simple majority vote in a referendum; note – only sections 1 through 15 in Chapter 1 (Protection of Fundamental Rights and Freedoms) can be amended by Parliament

Legal system

the laws of the UK, where applicable, apply

Citizenship

see United Kingdom

Suffrage

18 years of age; universal; and British citizens with six months residence or more

Executive branch

chief of state: King CHARLES III (since 8 September 2022); represented by Governor Sir David STEEL (since 11 June 2020)

head of government: Chief Minister Fabian PICARDO (since 9 December 2011)

cabinet: Council of Ministers appointed from among the 17 elected members of Parliament by the governor in consultation with the chief minister

elections/appointments: the monarchy is hereditary; governor appointed by the monarch; following legislative elections, the leader of the majority party or majority coalition usually appointed chief minister by the governor

Legislative branch

description: unicameral Parliament (18 seats; 17 members directly elected in a single nationwide constituency by majority vote and 1 appointed by Parliament as speaker; members serve 4-year terms)

elections: last held on 17 October 2019 (next to be held by February 2024)

election results: percent of vote by party - GSLP-Liberal Alliance 58.8% (GSLP 41.2%, LPG 17.6%), GSD 35.3%, TG 5.8%, independent 1.4%; seats by party - GSLP-Liberal Alliance 10 (GSLP 7, LPG 3), GSD 6, TG 1; composition including Parliament speaker - men 16, women 2, percent of women 11.1%

Judicial branch

highest court(s): Court of Appeal (consists of at least 3 judges, including the court president); Supreme Court of Gibraltar (consists of the chief justice and 3 judges); note - appeals beyond the Court of Appeal are heard by the Judicial Committee of the Privy Council (in London)

judge selection and term of office: Court of Appeal and Supreme Court judges appointed by the governor upon the advice of the Judicial Service Commission, a 7-member body of judges and appointees of the governor; tenure of the Court of Appeal president based on terms of appointment; Supreme Court chief justice and judges normally appointed until retirement at age 67 but tenure can be extended 3 years

subordinate courts: Court of First Instance; Magistrates' Court; specialized tribunals for issues relating to social security, taxes, and employment

Political parties and leaders

Gibraltar Liberal Party or Liberal Party of Gibraltar or LPG [Joseph GARCIA]
Gibraltar Social Democrats or GSD [Keith AZOPARDI]
Gibraltar Socialist Labor Party or GSLP [Fabian PICARDO]
Together Gibraltar or TG [Marlene HASSAN-NAHON]

International organization participation

ICC (NGOs), Interpol (subbureau), UPU

Diplomatic representation in the US

none (overseas territory of the UK)

Diplomatic representation from the US

embassy: none (overseas territory of the UK)

Flag description

two horizontal bands of white (top, double width) and red with a three-towered red castle in the center of the white band; hanging from the castle gate is a gold key centered in the red band; the design is that of Gibraltar's coat of arms granted on 10 July 1502 by King Ferdinand and Queen Isabella of Spain; the castle symbolizes Gibraltar as a fortress, while the key represents Gibraltar's strategic importance - the key to the Mediterranean

National symbol(s)

Barbary macaque; national colors: red, white, yellow

National anthem

name: "Gibraltar Anthem"

lyrics/music: Peter EMBERLEY

note: adopted 1994; serves as a local anthem; as an overseas territory of the United Kingdom, "God Save the King" is official (see United Kingdom)

Economy

Economic overview

British territorial high-income economy; Brexit caused significant economic disruption to longstanding financial services, shipping, and tourism industries; ongoing negotiations to rejoin EU Schengen Area; independent taxation authority

Real GDP (purchasing power parity)

$2.044 billion (2014 est.)
$1.85 billion (2013 est.)
$2 billion (2012 est.)

note: data are in 2014 dollars

comparison ranking: 196

Real GDP per capita

$61,700 (2014 est.)
$43,000 (2008 est.)
$41,200 (2007 est.)

comparison ranking: 16

GDP (official exchange rate)

$2.044 billion (2014 est.)

Inflation rate (consumer prices)

2.5% (2013 est.)
2.2% (2012 est.)

comparison ranking: 136

GDP - composition, by sector of origin

agriculture: 0% (2016 est.)

industry: 0% (2008 est.)

services: 100% (2016 est.)

comparison rankings: services 1; agriculture 222; industry 224

Industries

tourism, banking and finance, ship repairing, tobacco

Labor force

24,420 (2014 est.)

comparison ranking: 209

Unemployment rate

1% (2016 est.)

comparison ranking: 224

Budget

revenues: $475.8 million (2008 est.)

expenditures: $452.3 million (2008 est.)

Budget surplus (+) or deficit (-)

1.1% (of GDP) (2008 est.)

comparison ranking: 33

Public debt

7.5% of GDP (2008 est.)
8.4% of GDP (2006 est.)

comparison ranking: 199

Taxes and other revenues

23.3% (of GDP) (2008 est.)

comparison ranking: 61

Fiscal year

1 July - 30 June

Exports

$202.3 million (2014 est.)
$271 million (2004 est.)

comparison ranking: 201

Exports - partners

Poland 31%, Netherlands 27%, France 11%, Germany 8%, United States 6% (2019)

Exports - commodities

cars and vehicle parts, ships, refined petroleum, recreational boats, designer watches (2021)

Imports

$2.967 billion (2004 est.)

comparison ranking: 160

Imports - partners

Spain 19%, US 12%, India 12%, Italy 12%, Netherlands 11%, United Kingdom 7%, Greece 6% (2019)

Imports - commodities

refined petroleum, recreational boats, cars, coal tar oil, crude petroleum (2019)

Exchange rates

Gibraltar pounds (GIP) per US dollar -

Exchange rates:
0.727 (2021 est.)
0.78 (2020 est.)
0.783 (2019 est.)
0.75 (2018 est.)
0.777 (2017 est.)

Energy

Electricity access

electrification - total population: 100% (2021)

Electricity

installed generating capacity: 43,000 kW (2020 est.)

consumption: 198.86 million kWh (2019 est.)

exports: 0 kWh (2019 est.)

imports: 0 kWh (2019 est.)

transmission/distribution losses: 7 million kWh (2019 est.)

comparison rankings: installed generating capacity 194; transmission/distribution losses 198; imports 163; exports 150; consumption 185

Electricity generation sources

fossil fuels: 100% of total installed capacity (2020 est.)

nuclear: 0% of total installed capacity (2020 est.)

solar: 0% of total installed capacity (2020 est.)

wind: 0% of total installed capacity (2020 est.)

hydroelectricity: 0% of total installed capacity (2020 est.)

tide and wave: 0% of total installed capacity (2020 est.)

geothermal: 0% of total installed capacity (2020 est.)

biomass and waste: 0% of total installed capacity (2020 est.)

Coal

production: 0 metric tons (2020 est.)

consumption: 0 metric tons (2020 est.)

exports: 0 metric tons (2020 est.)

imports: 0 metric tons (2020 est.)

proven reserves: 0 metric tons (2019 est.)

Petroleum

total petroleum production: 0 bbl/day (2021 est.)

refined petroleum consumption: 83,700 bbl/day (2019 est.)

crude oil and lease condensate exports: 0 bbl/day (2018 est.)

crude oil and lease condensate imports: 0 bbl/day (2018 est.)

crude oil estimated reserves: 0 barrels (2021 est.)

Refined petroleum products - production

0 bbl/day (2017 est.)

comparison ranking: 125

Refined petroleum products - exports

0 bbl/day (2015 est.)

comparison ranking: 175

Refined petroleum products - imports

74,200 bbl/day (2015 est.)

comparison ranking: 66

Natural gas

production: 0 cubic meters (2021 est.)

consumption: 74.756 million cubic meters (2020 est.)

exports: 0 cubic meters (2021 est.)

imports: 56.719 million cubic meters (2019 est.)

proven reserves: 0 cubic meters (2021 est.)

Carbon dioxide emissions

14.256 million metric tonnes of CO2 (2019 est.)

from coal and metallurgical coke: 0 metric tonnes of CO2 (2019 est.)

from petroleum and other liquids: 14.146 million metric tonnes of CO2 (2019 est.)

from consumed natural gas: 111,000 metric tonnes of CO2 (2019 est.)

comparison ranking: total emissions 97

Energy consumption per capita

0 Btu/person (2019 est.)

comparison ranking: 209

Communications

Telephones - fixed lines

total subscriptions: 17,000 (2021 est.)

subscriptions per 100 inhabitants: 53 (2021 est.)

comparison ranking: total subscriptions 177

Telephones - mobile cellular

total subscriptions: 34,000 (2021 est.)

subscriptions per 100 inhabitants: 100 (2021 est.)

comparison ranking: total subscriptions 211

Telecommunication systems

general assessment: Gibraltar’s population is urban-based, served by a digital telephone exchange supported by a fiber optic and copper infrastructure; near universal mobile and Internet use (2019)

domestic: 53 per 100 fixed-line and 100 per 100 mobile-cellular (2021)

international: country code - 350; landing point for the EIG to Europe, Asia, Africa and the Middle East via submarine cables; radiotelephone; microwave radio relay; satellite earth station - 1 Intelsat (Atlantic Ocean) (2019)

Broadcast media

Gibraltar Broadcasting Corporation (GBC) provides TV and radio broadcasting services via 1 TV station and 4 radio stations; British Forces Broadcasting Service (BFBS) operates 1 radio station; broadcasts from Spanish radio and TV stations are accessible

Internet users

total: 31,152 (2021 est.)

percent of population: 94.4% (2021 est.)

comparison ranking: total 209

Broadband - fixed subscriptions

total: 21,009 (2020 est.)

subscriptions per 100 inhabitants: 62 (2020 est.)

comparison ranking: total 164

Transportation

Airports

1 (2021)

comparison ranking: total 215

Airports - with paved runways

1

note: paved runways have a concrete or asphalt surface but not all have facilities for refueling, maintenance, or air traffic control; the length of a runway required for aircraft to safely operate depends on a number of factors including the type of aircraft, the takeoff weight (including passengers, cargo, and fuel), engine types, flap settings, landing speed, elevation of the airport, and average maximum daily air temperature; paved runways can reach a length of 5,000 m (16,000 ft.), but the “typical” length of a commercial airline runway is between 2,500-4,000 m (8,000-13,000 ft.)

Roadways

total: 29 km (2007)

paved: 29 km (2007)

comparison ranking: total 220

Merchant marine

total: 155 (2022)

by type: bulk carrier 8, container ship 12, general cargo 36, oil tanker 16, other 83

comparison ranking: total 72

Ports and terminals

major seaport(s): Gibraltar

Military and Security

Military and security forces

Royal Gibraltar Regiment (2023)

Military and security service personnel strengths

the Royal Gibraltar Regiment has more than 400 personnel (2023)

Military - note

defense is the responsibility of the UK

Transnational Issues

Disputes - international

the status of Gibraltar and how to police the border with Spain has been a point of contention since the UK's 2016 vote to leave the EU; the peninsula was excluded from the exit deal reached between Britain and the EU; informal arrangements are in place while the two sides negotiate over Gibraltar, which overwhelmingly backed remaining in the EU in the Brexit referendum