NATIONAL INTELLIGENCE SURVEY 33; IRAN; COUNTRY PROFILE

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• Collection: NIS
• Document Number (FOIA) /ESDN (CREST): CIA-RDP01-00707R000200070039-6
• Release Decision: RIF
• Original Classification: U
• Document Page Count: 32
• Document Creation Date: October 25, 2016
• Sequence Number: 39
• Content Type: REPORTS

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May 1973
NATIONIAL IN
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F
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NATIONAL INTELLIGENCE SURVEY PUBLICATIONS
"M bock W* of the NO Is the General Survey, which is now
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ish0awk can be updated an an Individual basis. These chapters Country
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raphy T and Tkatlans, Armed Forces, Science, and
Mlesigenoe and %c urhy, Provide the primafy NIS coverage. Some chapters,
Partiatlorly Selena and Intelligence and Security, that are not pertinent to
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SupplenNntirq the General Survey 1, tree NIS Basic Intelligence Fact-
book, a ready reference publication that semiannually updates key sta-
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some man ecanomy, the defena forces, and the intelligence
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ibis e>I/ee ten etetlettel 41141 of ft United States, within the
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MUM Is 010 1 6 1 tod ti leer.
IT OMisl. E1tEMR FROM OENERAt CKIASSIf1�
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OF E. O. ISM 21144"110N CATEGORIES
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Change from the Top
Obstacles to Change The Strang -elan Tradi-
tion Monopolizing I'olilical I'oc r I'be
White Ile volution Oil and What [�:Ise:'
Looking West, East, and to the Middle East �:\s
the Shah Goes, So Coc�s I ran
Chronology ............................1 -1
Area Brief 16
Summary Map hollows 17
This Coc' In Profile was prepared for the NIS hl
z the Cehral lnlelligence Agency. Research was avch-
slanliallll cnnpleled bidanuarl 191
S EC; F:I� jl
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CoUntry Profile:'
a
i
Change from the Top
Obstacles to Change The Strang -elan Tradi-
tion Monopolizing I'olilical I'oc r I'be
White Ile volution Oil and What [�:Ise:'
Looking West, East, and to the Middle East �:\s
the Shah Goes, So Coc�s I ran
Chronology ............................1 -1
Area Brief 16
Summary Map hollows 17
This Coc' In Profile was prepared for the NIS hl
z the Cehral lnlelligence Agency. Research was avch-
slanliallll cnnpleled bidanuarl 191
S EC; F:I� jl
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the National Intelligence Survey.
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GEAVIiAL Sc ;VEA (11APTIIRS
(all's *"'I1' 141 O 111 1-1'. Inlvizi-atecl pvr%pvcii% of
the .nlIr�e1 eonnlr (:Itnnele;) \rea liricl'
�Nunman Mal,
1111'. St)CII�31 Soc�i;tl �irticlure Population
1 Iva 11lt I�Iti114 e�encli:itm% Social problems�
11eligion I:duc;ttion :\rli. tic cyressiou I'uhlic
inlormalion
COVI:lMMl�NT \U POLITICS Political ewlrt-
tion of the �tale Ginvrnmuc�nl;tl slmngth and
�1�rlrilil Structure and function Political
chnanic. alional policies Tlm%:ts ter stahilil\'
"ll6er.ion and in.nrgenm �Police forces
1'111�: ECO-M)MI' \pprais;d of Ill(. ccenteun Its
�tnu tnn ;tLric nitrtn fisheries. fcrrc�str\� fuc Is anc!
lHer. tneial� and ntinc�rtIs. III; utu fact uriug and
ccu�lruction I)cunestic track� I:conontic polic�N�
and d"elolnnettl Malipom-r Intermclional
c�c�c pill nr;v relation.
TH%NSPORTATIO AND TELE(
TIONS \pprai�:cl of s\ sterns Strategic nuIilil\
li;rilmad. Ilitltcc;,. Inland watersca\,
Pilrc�line. 1'erls Merchant marine Civil air
\irfield. �The telecom s aenl
IILi 1':1111' (:ROCli:l'lll' Topography and clitnale
Military geographic regions Strategic areas
Irat -mal route. \pprcrac�he�: land. sea. air
.MIN11 -.0 FORCES Tllc defense c�stahlishtnent
Jc.ini :10hitie. (;nnnd forces Naval forces
\ir force. I'aramilitan
1\7'1�:LL110EMT. ANN) SECURITY Slntct,it of
org;uir:rtion. eoncenu�d %%id, internal securily and
tor, intelligence. their msponsihilities, professional
�l.utdard.. mid inh�rn�latimi%hips Mission� organ
iiation. function.. effectiveness and methods of
nlc� ration o! each service Biographies of key
official.
T14% Genrral Surrey .supracde�s the one doled N"-
ren her 196% eopiex ,f which should he desl ro ycd.
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J

CHANGE FROM THE TOP
4*1.-
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One of the most dramatic efforts at modernization
among the less developed nations is taking place in
Iran. Unlike most countries i Asia and Africa, and
especially the Huddle. East, Iran has taken steps
toward modernization mot as a result of revolution of
the violent overthrow of the social order but rather
because of the initiative of the country's ruler, Shah
Mohammad Reza Pahlavi. t M
Mohammad Reza has not always been the prime
mover of modernization. He assumed the than v in
1941 when his father, suspected of collaborating with
the Nazis, was forced to abdicate by the Soviet Union
and the United Kingdom, who occupied Iran to halt
the growing influence there of the Axis powers. The
young Shah, only 22 years old when he suddenly
succeeded to the throne, for it time lived in the shadow
of his forceful and talented father, the founder of the
dynasty and it dominating figure. Morcaver, in the
first 1.0 years of his reign, Mohammad Reza seemed
uncertain about_, -the role he should play in the
administration of hiscountrv. Schooled in Switzerland
and influenced by Western democratic traditions, the
Shah tended to view his role as that of a constitutional
monarch on the Furopean model, alloying an elected
government to set national goals and determine
national policies. k t Ot
The turning point in the political develol,ment of
the Shah toward his present style of rule and involve-
ment came during the turbulent prime ministe of
iMohammad Nlosadecl, from 1951 to 1953. Nlosadey
had risen to power when a simmering dispute between
the Iranian Government and the British -owned oil
company over increased royalties resulted in the
nationalization of the company. In the face of British
economic countermeasure and with the shutdown of
production at the company. Iran experienced growing
financial difficulties. t
Unable to check the deterioration of the economic
situation. N resorted to repressive. strong -arm
tactics to silence his critics: Im so doing he alienated
most of his conservative supporters and, whim they
abandom'd him; the Corununist led Tudch Party was
left as his main support. kiosadey then sought to prop
up his position I)y dismissing parliament. \Vhen the
Shah tried to rcnur.c him, he called crowds into the
street to demonstrate in his favor, deposed the Shah,
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Iranian national emhh,nr

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and (,S(ablished a regency council. 'I'llv Shah Hvd to
Baghdad and later to Itcine before Irasian arm troops,
backed bN� the United Slates, led a countercoup against
klos,ldv(I in August 1953 and reinstated the Shah.
Apparently awar(, that he must assume a more
forceful role in government or- again risk losing his
throne, the Shalt began to strengthen his position
After resolving the oil dispute with Britain, he devoted
the rest of the 1950's to consolidating his authority
throughout the country, but especially in the military
and tit(, government bureaucracy. Having done this,
he turne his efforts to the modernization of his
country, proposing and initiating a Nvide ranging
peogran of social and economic reform. t Ot�
Oil(- feature of the Shah's effort to modernize Ire
carries ore a goal his father had: the creation of an
army strong enough to 1111inttiu internal control, in a
land of ancient rivalries and animosities, turd to win
for the country a position of influerr.e in the tkliddle
last. Modernization of the arned forces, however,
could not be accomplished in a vacuum. A whole
range of changes in the country's social and economic
structure had to occur also. Providing ma npower for an
anried force to be trained and equipped with the
wellpons of modern technology would require better
vdticated and healthier s-oldivrs, available only if the
general populace were better educated and healthier.
'I'll( operation of a military system would require a
sopiistictte(! _ac:lministrlitiy(, apparatus.( l' (W
The Shah has also sought to consolidate his position
through it program of land reform. Croat wealth had
emabled it number of families in Iran (probably fewer
than tit( 1,000 usually cited) to encroach steadily upon
the pom.l of the snonareby and ill times to challenge
it. Wealth in Iran has beell based on tit(,
owne rship of las d.,. jil snaking land redistribution an
integral part of his nc�w progr the Shah had two
aims: to break the political power of the landowning
elite by dividing the holdings that were their source of
a
w(,ullh and, lit llc sanuv lieu�, to win tlw gralihide of
ill(- peasants. Tllc Shalt hoped to use this gratitude to
forge a political alliance with the peasants (fill[ would
counter the remaining political rsuscle of (he landed
elite who, ill (he mid- 1950's, were still in control of
parliament. t' W
Altruism and nationalism have also had importalit
parts in the,Shah's effort to modernize his country. I Ic
has professed and evidently has a personal commit-
ment to reform. I1( his coronation specch he pl(,clgecl
his devotion to "tile constant itnprov(,n lei] t of the
Iranian nation.... to bring jilj up to the I(,y(,I of the
most progressive and prosperous soc�ietit's of the
world.' If(- has stressed the importance of changing
the essentially feudal social System. 'Thus in Philosophy
Or !h(� RV17 his 1967 hook on the r(,fonrs
program, he declared that:
The old social order, which prevailed for .centuries and in
which class privileges and class distinctions are more or less
considered in the nature of things, is no longer acceptable.
Consequently if our nation wishes to remain in the circ�I of
dy-�.ami:�, progressive, and free nations of the world, it has no
alternative but to alter the old and archaic order of society
comPletely, and to build its future on a new order compatible
with the vision and needs of the clay. t m
In keeping with his words, tit( Shah in 1952 began
to sell the vast laud:, that he himself held its personal
properly. He sold thegs on long -term credit to the
lwasamts working them, and the final distribution was
achieved in January 1963). The Shah also pushed for
ill(, popular distributionl of all public domain land in
(,\c(,ss of that needed by gov(,rnment institutions, a
process begun in 1955. In 1961 the Shah formed the
Pahlavi Foundation, which takes revemu(, from
business enterprises owned by th(, Shah 1111( c�on-
tribi tes it support various social services. The Shah
postponed it own coronation until 1967, 26 vears
after coning to the� throne. maintaining that though
the c row n was his by inh(,ritancc, he could not wear it
until he had ea the right to do so. l Ot
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of 1114 1404 111, 1414.44 -4I tli.rnpli4rn of (�ulfntill
(,01t1it111i1% algid fur 1114� diall(�n4m to n�li4iols 111u1 till-%
p(�n -4�i t. in 111.Itoli4i(�..
11.1tlivillath �front; 4111j4 -4�t ion. to 1114 ti114d1'. rt-fortrl
Ir44ristn Ir.1%11 4111114� Irnnl 1114� r4'lilti0rl. (�aahli�11nu�111.
lrafili401mlh 41114. 0f 1114� 1114"1 104n%t-tf11l 4roltlr ill fill-
lit n'liuinn. 14.44(14.1. .11141
�(114114111 in Iralliall .o4�ir1% (salt Ito 01nde-nf444(I 411111 11.
n�alizintt Ihul 14:1111 i� 11411 1141.11.1% :e n�liltiotr. It 1% all
:111 t-n(+11gre��in4 n�li4io11.. 4-4-1 lilt 14.4:11. �o(�i.1l.
Mill in1e-111�(Us:d .%�tt-tn deal (,111froh 40.1144 t. 04 lift-.
ra114ilig ImIn 414111111, t0 inh41ritun(,� lute� tit dw
n�IatimAlip Itt-la4 -4�11 lildhidu .1l�. Iit-4:stlm. lif divir
634M I1-41441 :01111 prrf4�..4 -d a11ilit% too inlrrlsrrt I.lat11i4
lam. im- ml4�n of 1114� n�li4io11. c�,Iilhli�htne-nl hare-
Iradifi0n;tlh 4h�mmith'(1 %41111 It4n%41f o%t-r 1111% 441%4.411�
1114 a(-li411 lilt- (,ai�idt-r a lilt railed ims of Wamic�
1 :1N
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lakilit; fill� lark. 1141� oltj ('14-41 144 flit-
40%t-r11nu�rl
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p:dlrrn�. :end tilt� .lulu. of 41411114.11. '1'ht- n�li4iaiu,
It-adrr� fill. /`441111414 Mutt list roil r4�.ult 0f flit-
,;4,rrntmrotl'. 41aiuh11. if 1101 rhr�t�kr d. %wild Ire-�
.41401{ariiatisa4 ---i.r that pr�r.4mal affair� mimi 11i-
rivilat4 -4I ht go%41non49(f Eat%% mid c,turl� rather thin
In r41lit:iou. 41114�.. 'Thu. %%114111 ter shall" 1144th
proo ;raltl N:1� Iraw-l41 /om into Lou ill January leX A.
ter r(a41io11ar% 1114�n11t4�r� ail Ihr re-li4iou�(�auhli.11nu�nl
%%err 1111. first IjjI!jIjt'I%L to oplt4.r� il. '1'114. :d.o 11�(1 ter
riotilig deal t-nydr�I in :1 mmilt4�r of runts (,�nlrn in
)111ir of IM1. :%hl14m4h ter 4o%41rn1114�n1 Isa� �111N�-
4In4t11% rr�.Iricird Ihr i11f1114-m,�41f fliv 1:1h1i� 11114.111 ill
Iran'� 4iti11., rt-liL'ion. Ivadt-f� 111 flit- rural ien�a� -4111-
lin11e- f0 vwrl .111 1111114rt:lilt inflnrn(,� or11r tilt- drt-ph
n�li4io1. Itr�ave111.. 1'41 rt-li>;ion.4n.��hition. tilt-
S11.1h �In�1�4�� lilt- 414.(� idt-nlili(afiill of Ihr n6ltion milli
1.1.1111 .11141 i. p IlIctili41u� ill Ihr pulsh'. pr�rtion11u11( -4� of
hi� r4�Iigiou. (luli4�..
APPROVED FOR RELEASE: 2009/06/16: CIA- RDP01- 00707R000200070039 -6

The Strong -plan Tradition (u/ou)
.4
f
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3
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)I
R...r shall .%hah+ I I'm it lhrrrta /l f :1
I�l44.11 -fit rilnz;,li I ,Itlln I11 1111� t1 1r1'1�. at f1rk ill ir:ul
t� 11Ilm -I 111 .1 III�I,r1 I1\ a111 11114-1 ,1.1u t t f11 Iralli:ul
h1.fllr\ flit- 1ra11iti1nl III ,1 Alli 1, rrllcl. ill flu� lu'ad 111 all
.1 tLn\1'tlllll1911 i1I11N1 ed 1 1111' It:lti1111 II\ litlt.
I IltI 1114 I11 \.I and t'I1111111c't 111 11 iNh Ir IIII'
1 I IIP't1'UI I� 111 1111' lffrll, 11',IIII I1:1 11:'I'll a f1'('llrrl'llt
dllh /If l /Ilt
(1'.IIIn1 xIit 1 :In i 11111irIitII fat 111r iII tlI(
11tI�,I r\.IIilnl Ili flu' colltllrl� I11 1111� I:III(I Ir:rll \\aN ulllll'r
11 g1'ILII IIf IIIIIILItj1 /II .It tinu'� illy t'1'11I111'il� I111t it 111' \1'r
4 st111111'f rll .It If 1111 x11 tI11� \1 :1 I1I It 1�I11111111 III
.11':44 1 f11111�111111�. llH' 111�.1'I�I111 :IIII f1I flit' 1�u11f1111 mIN
(II'1'.If111' tllrlllrl \1' �t'f111 1 x1111�! I ill�
111 Illf� .IL111 111 hali�lla 1/ru\191 all 1
APPROVED FOR RELEASE: 2009/06/16: CIA- RDP01- 00707R000200070039 -6
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