Introduction
Background
Founded in 963, Luxembourg became a grand duchy in 1815 and a constituent part of the Kingdom of the Netherlands after the Congress of Vienna. When Belgium declared independence from the Netherlands in 1839, Luxembourg lost more than half of its territory to Belgium. Luxembourg gained full independence in 1867. The country is one of the six founding members of the EEC (later the EU).
Geography
Area
total : 2,586 sq km
land: 2,586 sq km
water: 0 sq km
Climate
modified continental with mild winters, cool summers
Natural resources
iron ore (no longer exploited), arable land
People and Society
Population
total: 671,254
Ethnic groups
Luxembourger 52.9%, Portuguese 14.5%, French 7.6%, Italian 3.7%, Belgian 3%, German 2%, Spanish 1.3%, Romania 1%, other 14% (2022 est.)
Languages
Luxembourgish (official administrative, judicial, and national language) 48.9%, Portuguese 15.4%, French (official administrative, judicial, and legislative language) 14.9%, Italian 3.6%, English 3.6%, German (official administrative and judicial language) 2.9%, other 10.8% (2021 est.)
Religions
Christian (predominantly Roman Catholic) 70.6%, Muslim 2.3%, other (includes Buddhist, folk religions, Hindu, Jewish) 0.4%, unaffiliated 26.7% (2020 est.)
Population growth rate
1.52% (2024 est.)
Government
Government type
constitutional monarchy
Capital
name: Luxembourg
Executive branch
chief of state: Grand Duke HENRI (since 7 October 2000)
head of government: Prime Minister Luc FRIEDEN (since 17 November 2023)
Legislative branch
summary: unicameral Chamber of Deputies (60 seats)
Diplomatic representation in the US
chief of mission: Ambassador Nicole BINTNER-BAKSHIAN (since 15 August 2021)
Diplomatic representation from the US
chief of mission: Ambassador Thomas M. BARRETT (since 10 February 2022)
Economy
Economic overview
high-income EU and eurozone economy; global, highly capitalized banking sector; one of highest GDP-per-capita countries; trending toward recovery after economic contraction from energy-driven inflation, reduced exports and investments, and financial sector weakness
Real GDP (purchasing power parity)
$88.533 billion (2023 est.)
$89.514 billion (2022 est.)
$88.295 billion (2021 est.)
Real GDP per capita
$132,400 (2023 est.)
$137,100 (2022 est.)
$137,900 (2021 est.)
Exports
$176.133 billion (2023 est.)
$172.145 billion (2022 est.)
$184.932 billion (2021 est.)
Exports - partners
Germany 20%, France 15%, Belgium 10%, Netherlands 8%, Italy 4% (2022)
Exports - commodities
iron blocks, plastic products, rubber tires, plastics, gas turbines (2022)
Imports
$146.807 billion (2023 est.)
$141.761 billion (2022 est.)
$152.01 billion (2021 est.)
Imports - partners
Belgium 26%, Germany 26%, France 11%, Netherlands 6%, US 3% (2022)
Imports - commodities
refined petroleum, cars, electricity, natural gas, scrap iron (2022)
Page last updated: Monday, September 09, 2024
