Introduction
Background
The Polynesian Maori reached New Zealand sometime between A.D. 1250 and 1300. In 1840, their chieftains entered into a compact with Great Britain, the Treaty of Waitangi, in which they ceded sovereignty to Queen Victoria while retaining territorial rights. The British colony of New Zealand became an independent dominion in 1907. In recent years, the government has sought to address longstanding Maori grievances.
Geography
Area
total: 268,838 sq km
land: 264,537 sq km
water: 4,301 sq km
Climate
temperate with sharp regional contrasts
Natural resources
natural gas, iron ore, sand, coal, timber, hydropower, gold, limestone
People and Society
Population
5,109,702 (2023 est.)
Ethnic groups
European 64.1%, Maori 16.5%, Chinese 4.9%, Indian 4.7%, Samoan 3.9%, Tongan 1.8%, Cook Islands Maori 1.7%, English 1.5%, Filipino 1.5%, New Zealander 1%, other 13.7% (2018 est.)
Languages
English (de facto official) 95.4%, Maori (de jure official) 4%, Samoan 2.2%, Northern Chinese 2%, Hindi 1.5%, French 1.2%, Yue 1.1%, New Zealand Sign Language (de jure official) 0.5%, other or not stated 17.2% (2018 est.)
Religions
Christian 37.3% (Catholic 10.1%, Anglican 6.8%, Presbyterian and Congregational 5.2%, Pentecostal 1.8%, Methodist 1.6%, Church of Jesus Christ 1.2%, other 10.7%), Hindu 2.7%, Maori 1.3%, Muslim, 1.3%, Buddhist 1.1%, other religion 1.6% (includes Judaism, Spiritualism and New Age religions, Baha'i, Asian religions other than Buddhism), no religion 48.6%, objected to answering 6.7% (2018 est.)
Population growth rate
1.06% (2023 est.)
Government
Government type
parliamentary democracy under a constitutional monarchy; a Commonwealth realm
Capital
name: Wellington
Executive branch
chief of state: King CHARLES III (since 8 September 2022); represented by Governor-General Dame Cindy KIRO (since 21 October 2021)
head of government: Prime Minister Christopher LUXON (since 27 November 2023); Deputy Prime Minister Winston PETERS (since 27 November 2023)
Legislative branch
description: unicameral House of Representatives - commonly called Parliament (121 seats for 2023-26 term); 72 members directly elected in 65 single-seat constituencies and 7 Maori constituencies by simple majority vote and 49 directly elected by closed party-list proportional representation vote; members serve 3-year terms)
Economy
Economic overview
high-income Pacific island economy; strong agriculture, manufacturing, tourism, and energy sectors; reliant on Chinese market for exports; sustained growth; low unemployment; high living standards; sharp growth post COVID-19 lockdown
Real GDP (purchasing power parity)
$219.839 billion (2021 est.)
$211.966 billion (2020 est.)
$214.655 billion (2019 est.)
Real GDP per capita
$42,900 (2021 est.)
$41,600 (2020 est.)
$43,100 (2019 est.)
Agricultural products
milk, beef, kiwi fruit, apples, potatoes, mutton, grapes, wheat, barley, green onions/shallots
Industries
agriculture, forestry, fishing, logs and wood articles, manufacturing, mining, construction, financial services, real estate services, tourism
Remittances
0.01% of GDP (2021 est.)
0.07% of GDP (2020 est.)
0.22% of GDP (2019 est.)
Exports
$54.777 billion (2021 est.)
$50.544 billion (2020 est.)
$57.875 billion (2019 est.)
Exports - partners
China 33%, Australia 12%, United States 11%, Japan 6%, South Korea 3% (2021)
Exports - commodities
milk cream powders, lumber, beef, butter, mutton (2021)
Imports
$62.862 billion (2021 est.)
$48.104 billion (2020 est.)
$57.682 billion (2019 est.)
Imports - partners
China 22%, Australia 15%, United States 7%, Japan 6%, Thailand 5% (2021)
Imports - commodities
cars, refined petroleum, crude petroleum, delivery trucks, broadcasting equipment, gas turbines (2021)
Exchange rates
New Zealand dollars (NZD) per US dollar -
Exchange rates:
1.414 (2021 est.)
1.542 (2020 est.)
1.518 (2019 est.)
1.445 (2018 est.)
1.407 (2017 est.)
Page last updated: Wednesday, December 06, 2023
