PSYCHOLOGICAL OPERATIONS VOL. 1, NO. 3

• Document Type: CREST
• Collection: General CIA Records
• Document Number (FOIA) /ESDN (CREST): CIA-RDP80R01731R003400020053-9
• Release Decision: RIPPUB
• Original Classification: S
• Document Page Count: 8
• Document Creation Date: December 20, 2016
• Document Release Date: January 9, 2008
• Sequence Number: 53
• Publication Date: January 1, 1952
• Content Type: TRANS

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No. 3
January 1952.
Int rviewqwith, Dr. Ravn:lond A'on on Cold War Staat g : Dr. Ra nond Allen.
who succeeded Mr,_ Gordon Gray as Director of the Fs chological rate Board
on TnQU" 0 gran1,ed he ollowi.n'; interview to this ifewsletter as a means of
making initial contact ti pith the key people connected with the US psychological
effort. Here are Dr. Allen's answers to major questions dealing with US psy-
chological strategy:
NSC REVIEWED DOCUMENT AND HAS NO OBJECTION TO DECLASSIFICATION IN PART.
9/19/07
Q Are we winning the cold war. If not, how can we
A - We are not currently winning the cold war. We can vain it, however,
by recognizing that our strength is greater than that of the enemy. In my
opinion, the Kremlin and Politburo have been motivated at least partly by
weakness and fear. They are captives of their on dogma and propaganda. It
is my earnest belief that, for our part, we can find security in our own very
great strength which is, to a considerable extent, still unmobilized and unex-
pressed. Vie must take the offensive on all fronts, using every means at our
disposal short of shooting war, One very encouraging sign is the growing ap-
pearance of this attitude in the grass roots of the US.
Q - That is the PSBts role in the over-all effort's
A - PSB=s job is to do everything possible to bring planning support at
the policy and strategic level to 1\1SC and the President -- to insure that all
aspects of our psychological effort are exploited to the fullest extent.
I believe that PSB, coiiposed as it is of key members of the departments
most concerned with psychological operations, is the ideal instrument to ful-
fill this function. The members of the Board and its staff are dedicated to
the cause of helping to win the cold war. They realize they have in their hands
one of the greatest single instruments in the battle for world peace. I am
certain that, as it is now developed, the Psychological Strategy Board, with
the support of its member agencies, can achieve the ends for which we are all
striving. It is my intention to provide the maximum support and assistance to
everyone now engaged in this effort.
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PSYCHOLOGICAL
OPERATIONS
COORDINATING
'N COMMITTEE
State Dept. review SECRET
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We wish to maintain the closest relations with operating departments in
order to be constantly aware of their problems and in order to assist in the
over-all coordination of all programs in terms of the requirements of national
strategic policy. The rightness and effectiveness of strategic policy is re-
flected only in operations. Although I have been with the Psychological Stra-
tegy Board only a very short time, I am already impressed by the great activity
in the field and the variety of those operations. I am particularly impressed
with the excellent performance of the Psychological Operations Coordinating
Committee and its efforts in coordinating interdepartmental psychological op-
erations.
Q - What are the most important current problems now facing US psycho-
logical warfare?
A - We are focusing our attention on problems such as the following:
1. The development of a national strategic concept, and a unified
sense of direction for strategic psychological operations. This is
being prepared in close collaboration with the departments concerned.
When completed it will be presented to the NSC for approval.
2. The broad strategic planning in those problems of interdepart-
mental and national concern such as the strategic impact of disaffection
and defection from the Soviet orbit and its implication for our over-all
psychological effort.
Q - What is the future of US psychological operations?
A - As our material strengt1i builds to a balance-of-power situation,
psychological operations will assume increasing importance in the US and the
free world. We will be able to move over to the offensive on all of the cold
war fronts. Te will be able to coordinate our psychological weapon increas-
ingly with our economic, military and political weapons. Psychological opera-
tions, now repressive ana defensive in some areas, will become more construc-
tive and aggressive.
Q - Can we win the present conflict with the USSR without a shooting
war? If so, how
A - We can -- by using all the instrumentalities at our command and by
sustained courage and faith in our cause.
Q - What should be the psychological strategy of the US?
A - Our major strategy must be to understand ourselves and the basic
American idea and ideal more thoroughly, to articulate it in all our programs,
and to interpret it in language and acts -- especially acts -- which are un-
derstandable and convincing to our target audiences. This means that we must
identify our aims with those of the peoples and governments we are attempting
to reach in such a ray that we draw upon their own deeply held convictions
about themselves and their nations. We must vary our tactics according to
countries, peoples, and cultures.
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- Is there anything else you would like to add, Dr. Allen?
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A - First of all, I should like to express my great satisfaction with
the firm foundation Mfir. Gray has built here at PSB. Due to his efforts, we
are organized, the staffing arrangements are well under way, cordial rela-
tions exist with operating departments and PSB is a going concern. Secondly,*,
it is perfectly clear that all concerned are agreed on basic aims and the
need for cooperation. It only remains to turn this ideal into effective
action.by detailed examination of problems confronting us. Finally, I want
to say that I am thoroughly impressed by the competence and ability of per-
sonnel at all levels of the government's psychological team. I should like
to assure all, individuals working in this field that they will get the fullest
cooperation from PSB. I should also like to make it crystal clean that this
Board and its staff does not intend to engage in psychological operations.
We have more than enough to do In tending our own shop. (Secret)
.Dr: Allen is a native of North Dakota. He was graduated from Minnesota
in 1924. As recipient of the degrees of MD, PhD, DSc, and LLD (six times),
he has earned the title "Doctor" many times over. He has practiced medicine
in North Dakota, been a Fellow of the Mayo Foundation, served as Associate
Dean of Columbia's College of Physicians and Surgeons, Dean of Wayne Uni-
versity's College of Medicine, b ecutive Dean of?t e University of Il-
linois' Chicago Professional. Schools and Dean of its College of Tedicine.
He was President of the University of Washington from 1946 until his recent
appointment by the President as P3B Director. Dr. Allen is not new to na-
tional and international affairs. He has been active.in the Committee on
United Europe, the Freedoms Foundation, and the Council on Foreign Relations.
His membership on the Hoover Commission led to his appointment as the first
Director of Medical Services of the Armed Forces. In 1951 he served as the
first Chairman, of the Salary Stabilization Board. Dr. Allen will be with
PSB until he assumes his duties this fall as the first Chancellor of UCLA,
(Unclassified)
VOA Unveil ,!!gRerat? 2n Va?gabon !! ?t2, Public s The VOA's first seagoing
transmitter was inspected by reporters and photographers at a Hoboken, New
Jersey,. shipyard early this month. The ship, a de-mothballed 5,000-ton
Navy A-K cutter, will be ready for duty in foreign waters next month. It
is equipped with one huge medium-wave transmitter, capable of throwing
Voice broadcasts 1,000 miles, and with three smaller transmitters. From
the flight deck, barrage balloons will carry antennas far aloft to send
broadcasts deep into Iron Curtain countries. The ship is the first step
in "Operation Vagabond," a State plan to ring the USSR and its satellites
with a number of seagoing transmitters which can dodge Soviet jamming., The
Coast Guard is providing personnel for the ship which will be commissioned
the "Courier" next month. Commander Oscar VJev will be in command of a crew
of SO which includes nine officers trained in radio. Two Voice engineers
will also be aboard. The "Courier's" first voyage will probably be a shake-
down cruise in the Caribbean. (Unclassified)
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under Col.. W* W. Dunlop. The Psychological Warfare Team contains four sections:
Personnel and Training; Equipment, Research and Development; Plans and Policy
and Intelligence and Evaluation. The Special Operations Team has three sections:
Equipment, Research and Development; Personnel and Training and Current Opera-
tions. The purpose of the team organization is to allow for maximum flexibil-
ity. To help achieve this and to unburden team chiefs, all administrative
duties are assumed by the Division Executive. The Division is authorized
15 officers, 2 airmen and 6 civilians. (Restricted)
VJhatwCanada Thinks of Other Nations: State's OIR reports an interesting
poll conducted in Canada by the Canadian Institute of Public 0-jinion to dis-
cover "what is the first thing that comes to mind" when certain countries are
mentioned. To "Holland" the chief reaction was "flowers," "dikes" and "?wind-
mills." To"China" Canadians responded "rice," "tea" and "poverty" -- few sug-
gested the size of the Chinese population or its new Communist government.
To "England" the top reactions were "royalty.," "climate" and "British products,"
with only a few scattered mentions of Commonwealth or Empire. "India"
evinced "poverty," "caste system'' and "Gandhi." To "France" the response was
"styles," "wines" and "Paris." To "United States" the major reactions were
"wealth," "mass production" and "egotism self-satisfaction and arrogance."
Despite the close proximity of the two countries, few Canadians mentioned
democracy and freedom as symbols of the US. Although the Institute did not
answer its own question, "Has the international viewpoint of Canadians kept
pace with the growth of Canada as a world force2", it is fairly evident that
it has not. (Unclassified)
225,tser1pt.* Comments oA1 this Newsletter, items suggested for inclusion
and. requests for material mentioned in it have been received from agencies in
Washington, New York, Fort Riley, Alaska, Paris, Germany and other far-flung
points. This interest is appreciated and all communications are welcome ...
Our address; POC/S, State Annex 17, ashington 25 ,,, Telephone: Code 191,
Extension 4859. (Restricted)
Distribution:. State, Defense, JC3, Army, Navy, Air Force, CIA, MSA, PSB, POC.
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'he ..t(2Yiet Satellites_ of Eastern Euro e s That's the subject of Special
Guidance No. 105, issued by Staters P OL. This excellent and thorough study
is recommended reo.ding for anyone interested in the US propaganda approach to
these states. (Confidential)
Qpratioa?Rat-7.'rap: Army psychological Warfare and State USIE units
have been cooperating to give strong support to the operations of two ROK
divisions working to suppress Communist guerrillas in the Chiri Mountain
area of South Korea, Eighth Army PW units have been employing ground loud-
speakers, airborne loudspeakers and leaflets in support of the operations.
In addition, personnel of the Korean Network George have been mak4 ng radio
broadcasts, under GIfQ supervision, to ROK civilians in the area. Preliminary
prisoner interrogations show that of one group of 234 guerrilla prisoners,
60 had UN leaflets in their possession when apprehended. A majority of the
others stated that they had seen leaflets but did not pick them up for fear
of punishment. All those qustioned on the subject indicated that leaflets
offering good treatment were the most effective. (Secret)
fir-Foxe Traineest VOA: On January 4, 27 Air Force officers began
90 days of temporary duty training with VOA in New York. An additional nine
Air Force officers joined V0.. on permanent change of station orders for
assignment elsewhere by the Voice. (Confidential)
TY;eDin t ,n: USIE's Ring Plan, one of the most important developments
now underway for reaching the peoples behind the Iron Curtain, was evolved by
State engineers about a year and a half ago. When the plan is completed, the
Soviet Union and its satellites will be circled by 14 super-powerful US radio
installations. Each installation's equipment will include a one-megawatt
(1000 kilowatt) transmitter -- short, medium or long wave depending on the
region -- and two 35 kilowatt shortwave transmitters. The megawatt trans-
mitter will be 20 times more powerful than the strongest commercial radio
station in the US. Directional. antennas will increase the effective radia-
tion as much as 200 times in the direction of the beam. Four of these instal-
lations are already under construction in Germany, Greece, the Philippines
and Okinawa. If' Congress appropriates the necessary funds (approximately
$100 million), additional installations to complete the plan are tentatively
proposed for Tangier, Turkey, Lebanon, Kuw,:u.it, Gwadar, Ceylon, Siam and Japan.
Powerful 1000 kilowatt shortwave transmitters will feed the Ring from instal-
lations in Alaska and the East and West Coast of the US. Construction on two
of the US installations will begin shortly. An equally powerful shortwave
transmitter may blanket Latin America from Panama. The Ring will be con-
nected by a virtually jam-proof intercommunications system and will have fa-
cilities for originating programs at any point. One or more of the land-
based Ring stations may be replaced or supplemented by ship-borne transmitters
to add mobility to this radio offensive (see page 3), (Secret)
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H a m i e ? - K r e m l i n . i L o s t tYg_In t_i t i v e i n the Cold 'a 7 This possibility
was raised in a recent intelligence briefing of the POC by Nose Harvey of
State's OIR. He pointed out that in the last few months the Soviets have
been mainly concerned with countering US moves, with "catching the ball as
we throw it." Their efforts to disrupt the San Francisco Conference were
unsuccessful. Beriya's November 6 speech was defensive in its references
to the possibility of attack on the USSR by the US. The Soviet effort at
the UN General Assembly has been centered on meeting the challenge of our
disarmament and general peace program. The Soviet concern over the strength-
ening of the free world is demonstrated by the whole series of Soviet notes
on the Middle East Command, the revision of the Italian peace treaty, Trieste,
to.France and Norway on the North Atlantic Treaty and so on. Finally, the
Soviets have attempted to drive home to their peoples the idea of danger from
the US by playing up the recent plane incidents in the Far East and Hungary
and by revealing to them the contents of ~ollierts war issue. Mr. Harvey
listed these possible interpretations of present Soviet actions: (a) They
may be waiting to see if some sort of general settlement is possible;
(b). They may have some big move in mind and are simply limiting themselves
to defensive operations pending its launching; (c) They may have reached a
stage in their policy where they feel there is little to do at the moment
except to counter US moves; td) They may feel that the current trend is very
much in their favor, relieving them of the necessity for taking the initia-
tive. While past experience with the Soviet Union makes it unwise to dis-
count the possibility that its present prepagauuda stance is a "calm before
the storm," Mr. Harvey believes that there is at least a note of encourage-
ment in the present situation which will bear close watching.
(Secret)
Ifee~)ngtheRecord StraiEht: Prav_da!,a report to the Russian people
of Vishinskyt3 reply to the Tripartite disarmament proposals in the UN
omitted his references to "laughter," 1?sleepless night" and "dead mouse."
VOA kept the .record straight by broadcasting to the USSR a recording of
Vishinsk,yts own words as he shad actually spoken them.
(Unclassified)
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INY Pem~,hlet Pans for Next Six Months: State has sent circular airgram
to USIZ missions abroad outlining proposed pamphlet program for the first six
months of 1.952. Flans call for four cartoon narratives, four political
pamphlets and four Americana-Free World pamphlets. Five titles in each group
were submitted to the posts for consideration. The first group: Tie `led
FromIerror (first person stories of recent defectors from Iron Curtain coun-
tries), 1ra1 F32v (first person narrative of Soviet youth who spends his ado-
lescence in a Soviet labor camp), Ssv1et?Defi1ers_oLIs1 (fate of a Moslem
family inside the USSR), I Was a Cominiin1st Labor Leader story of a Far East
labor leader who joined then renounced the Communists) and Cgrto_?n_H~.story of
the United States (based on the successful INP pamphlet, Outline of American
Hiisston) . The second groups Freedom is WinnipE (portraying the free world's
growing balance of material, moral and spiritual power), Lauid?eress_the Sea
(the title refers to the US and the theme is "what America means to you"),
JJhet_ Con? ?llan?eiieve e ("primer" of democracy by Arthur Goodfriend) and
Slave Labor in the USSR (fully-documented presentation of Soviet concentra-
tion camps) . The third group: U. S?,_,Gu:tde (companion piece for Chttline of
ner -caI Fi,tory), 'IVY. (treatment in simple terms of how TVA affects ordinary
people , Women in the J. (pocket-size fact book useful to organizations),
Youkka of:xthe reelorl,~d (basic problems facing youth today) and Creative
iesicn Series (written by authorities in various fields of American culture).
In addition, other materials of regional nature will be forwarded to poets
for local production. Shorter leaflets (2-8 pages) will also be produced on
a fl.e~:i'ble basis. (Confidential)
Time-Sagere: Recommended for keeping up to date on US press opinion
and magazine articles pertinent to propaganda are the excellent condensations
prepared by State's Division of Public Studies. The Daily Opinion Summary
covers press comments and, the v,ieei ly Outstanding magazine Articles Relating
to International Affairs digests magazine editorials and articles of special
interest. (Unclassified)
he_Ta kp head: Weekly Foreign Information Policy Guidance No. 91,
produced by State+s P/POL, sums up free world progress during 1951 and out-
lines the tasks ahead for 1952. It points out that the mood of the free
world is now marked by significant optimism. This stems from rising con-
fidence in the effectiveness of efforts to produce deterrent strength, as
demonstrated in NATO and Korea, from our present psychological initiative
in the UN and from relief that general war has to date been averted. Our
major job now is to convert this mood into a solid and enduring sense of
realistic confidence and to prevent it from developing into exaggerated and
delusive complacency or from degenerating into pessimistic reaction under a
sudden shift in Soviet tactics, temporary reverses or increased tensions.
This excellent guidance restates present specific psychological tasks facing
the US: (a) To multiply and intensify psychological deterrents to any form
of aggrossion by Soviet Communism; (b) To intensify and accelerate the
growth of confidence among the peoples and.goverrunents of the free world in
their capability to deter Soviet Communist aggression or to defeat it if it
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should occur; (c) To counter both extremist tendencies which threaten or
undermine the stability and cohesion of the free world, and the withdrawal
of governments and peoples into neutralism; (d) To maintain among peoples
now captives of Soviet Communism hope of ultimate liberation and identifica-
tion with the free world; and (e) To maintain among peoples and governments
traditionally linked with the US a continued recognition of mutual interde-
pendence. The guidance emphasizes that, to further these specific tasks, the
US must seek the sharpest recognition among peoples and governments abroad of
the interests they share with us: (a) National. freedom; (b) Peace and secu-
rity against external aggression; (c) Social adv..tncenient, economic progress
and human welfare, under governments responsive to popular aspirations;
(d) Effective international relationships to serve these ends.
(Confidential)
1nspacti.9n,Tris Lt. Col. J. K. Norris and Lt. Col. J. P. Johnson from
the Office, Chief of Army Psychological arfare, returned recently from an
inspection trip of P4! operations in Japan and Korea. Their mission was to
observe PW units and weapons under combat conditions with a view towL.rds
recommending improvements in organization and materiel.
(Confidential)
L'Liiaten:to,-hhe V01~"_ Campaign: State's IE/PR has completed its year-end
promotional campaign to build audiences for VOA. Idea was to use all private
channels from the US to foreign countries to encourage listening to VOA. To
enlist the aid of the American public, State distributed 900,000 leaflets to
190 national organizations, 280 manufacturers and export agencies, 30 town
affiliations, 25 college fraternities, foreign students in 5 colleges. Radio
spot announcement kits went to 3300 stations, agencies and advertisers, 1420
foreign-language stations and 115 television stations. In addition, 720 an-
nouncements were obtained on top programs. Ads, editorials and releases were
sent to 2000 daily newspapers, 6000 weekly newspapers and 675 foreign-language
newspapers. The Advertising Council and the Common Council for American Unity
cooperated with State in distributing this material.
(Restricted)
Organization of. 2ygliolo iea1_Warfare Division~_tJSfCF: The Air Force's
Psychological Warfare Division operates under the ov?-all direction of the
Chief of Staff, USAF, the Deputy Chief of Staff for Operations and the Direc-
tor of Plans. The Chief of the Division is Col.. 0. L. Grover, who has res-
ponsibility for planning Air Force Psychological Warfare, unconventional war-
fare and special operations and for representing the Air Force to other military
and civilian agencies charged with such missions. The Assistant Division Chief
is Col. Paul Co Droz and the Executive is Major Lindsey Hicks. The Division
is divided into three teams: Psychological Warfare under Col. J. W. Anderson,
Diolo gical-Ohemical Warfare under Lt. Col. L. M. Stead and Special. Operations
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