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JPRS L/ 10059
,
- 21 October 1981
.
~ Worldwi~e Re ort
p
. ENVIRONMENTAL QUALITY

~
(FOUO 6/S 1)
.
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. JPRS L/10059
21 October 1981
WORLDW IDE REPO~T
ENVIRONMENTAL OUALITY
. (FOUO 6/81)
CONTENTS
USSR
Sovie t-U.S. Environmental Cooperation Promotes Mutual Understanding
(0. S. Kolbasov, M. I. Kuzyr'; VESTNIK AKADEMII NAUK SSSK,
Aug 81) 1
WEST EUROPE
FEDERAL REPUB LIC OF GERMANY
Lower Elbe Devastated by Power Plants, Industry
(Christian Jungblut; STERN, 17 Sep 81) 9
a _ [III - WW - 139 FOUO]
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USSR
SOVIET-U.S. ENVIRONMENTAL COOPERATION PROMOTES MUTUAL UNDERSTANDING
Moscow VESTNIK AKADEMII NAUK SSSR in Russian No 8, Aug 81 (signed to press
4 Aug 81) pp 102-109
; [Article by Doctors of Law O.S. Kolbasov and M.I. Kozyr': "Cooperation of Scien-
- tists of the USSR and the United States in Legal Protection a~ the Environment"]
[Text] In the latter half of the 20th century environmental protection has become a
. most serious problem of a global nature whose successful solution demands the con-
certed efforts of all peoples.
Tremendaus and valuable pract3cal experience has been accumulated in nature conser-
vation and legislation in this sphere Iias been formulated and is being implemented
successfully in the Soviet Un~.orl. The Gflmmunist Party and the Soviet Government attach
great significance to the further strengthening of ineasures to protect the environment
and devote constZnt attention to this issue.
Article 18 of the USSR Consti.tution proclaims: "In the interestra of the present and
future generations the essential measures are being adopted for the protection and
scientifically substantiated, rational use of the land and its interior and water
resources and flora and f.auna and for pregerving the purity of air and water, ensuring
the reproduction Qf natur.al reaources and improving man's environment." The "Main
Directions of the USSR'ss EconQmic and Social Development in 1981-1985 and the Period
Through 1990" adopted by the 26th CPSU Congress have a special section devoted to na-
ture c~nservation, and the section naming the main tasks of the country's economic
and social development for tr~e impending period reeords: "To strengthen conserva-
tion of nature, the Isnd and ita int~ri~r, the atmosphere, water-storage basins and
flora and fauna. To enaure the rational use and reproduction of natural resources."
The Soviet Union actively supports .*.he further development and extension of interna-
tional cooperation in environmental protection. Constructive proposals on this issue
are constantly being put forward at party congresses and USSR Supreme Soviet ses-
- sions and in the sFeeches of Soviet representatives at various internationaifOrwr?s.
, A great deal of work on n~ture conservation is being performed in th~ United States;
considerable experience has been acc~.unulated there, particularly in refinement of the
- law and administration in this sphere.
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Taking into con~ideration the tremendous importance and acuteness of the problem and
also the need for the unification of efPorts in nature conservation, the governments
of the USSR and the United States signed the Agreem~nt on Cooperation in the Sphere
of Environment Protection on 23 May 1972 in Moscow.
Soviet-American cooperation is aimed at solving the basic aspects of the problem of
the environment and elaboration of the principles of regulation of ch� influence of
- man's activity on nature, ;aith regard, of course, for the d:l.fferp.r:�6 in the two coun-
tries' socioeconomic and political systems. Tha following are the main aspects of
this cooperation: grever.tion of pollution of air and water (including the warine
environment); and the protection of nature against the negative impact of agricultural
and other works, an improvement.in the ecological environment in the cities, the
organization of r~servations, earthquake predictian, study of the biologicaZ and
genetic consequences of environmental pollut~~on, regulation of the influence of cli-
' mate control, research into the singularit_ies of Arctic and sub-Arctic ecological
systems and an an~.lysis of various legal and administrative measures to preserve
environmental quality.
One or several joint projects and collaborat3ng organizations were earwarked for
each of the above problems. Forms of work were determined: the exchange o~ sci-
entists, specialists dnd those on special tours and also scientific-technical informa-
tion, documentation and tfie results of research, ~oint symposia, conferences and meet-
ir.gs of experts, ~oint develop~ent of individual research programs and so forth. The
plans of this work are adopted at annual meetings of a Soviet-American commission,
_ joint leadership of which is exercised by the chairman of the USSR State Committee
for Hydrometeorology and Environmental Control and the director of the U.S. EPA.
Taking into account the fact that the elaboration of legal and administrative mea-
sures of environmental protection affects many general problems of state and law, the
USSR Academy of Sciences Institute of State and Law (a department for legal problems
of environmental protection has been operating in the ir~stitute since 1972) was de-
signated the head organization on the Soviet side. The Counc~.l for Environmental
Quality under the jurisdiction of the U.S. President was designated the head organ-
ization on the American side.
During the period of cooperation five 2-week meetings of experts have been held (in
the United States in 1973, 1976 and 1980 and in the USSR in 1974 and 1978), two
American specialists have spent a 5-month tour of duty in the Soviet Union, litera-
ture and information on legislation and its practical implementation are reAularly
exchanged, expert opinion has been given on individual questions of law and admin-
istration in the sphere of environmental protection and nature-conservation public
organizations of the USSR and the United States have been helped in the establish-
ment of direct contacts. Personal meetings of specialists at the meetings of experts
~ have also, of course, been of great significance.
The meetings of specialists have discussed such important topics as the correlation
of international and national law in enviranmental protection; correlation of the
law and administration at different ?evels (all-union-federal, republic-state and
so forth, right down to individual enterprise level); and the legal forms of USSR
_ and U.S. public participation in nature conservation.
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The exchange of opinions, experience and informationon these pertinent issues and the
joint development of theoretical concepts in the sphere of 1aw and administration
are contributing to the mutual enrichment of the theory and practice of both sides,
the disseminatLon wo~ldwide of the nature-conservation experience of two ma3or in-
dustrially developed countries and the strengthening of the spirit of mutual under-
standing of the Saviet and American peoples.
During the visit to the country in which the meeting of experts is being held the
scientists of the other side acq�sire an opportunity to familiarize themselves with
the organization of nature conservation in the host country, with the nature of the
activity of the nature-conservation organizations and with the work of the reserva-
tions and national parks.
Thus American specialists who visited the Soviet Union in 1974 and 1978 familiarized
themselves with ~~he activity of the state suthorities and public orgar.izations in-
volved in environmental protection issues in Moscow and Moscow Oblast, the Kazakh SSR,
Kiev, Baku and Tas.il~.ent and in Vladimirskaya and Rostovskaya oblasts. They visited,
in particular, the Botanical Gardens of the Azerbaijan SSR Acadetuy of Scier~ces In-
stitute of Botany imeni V.L. Komarov, the Kanevskiy Reservation and tnt ~,fi`shore
oilfields in Baku. They t~ad talks with employees of the USSR Supreme Sovie:t Presi-
dium, the chairman of the RSFSR Supreme Soviet Nature-Conservation Commission and
employees of the AzSSR Supreme Soviet Presidium, representatives of the USSR Supreme
- Court, USSR Ministry ~f ,3usttce, RSFSR Ministry of Agriculture, the Vladimirskiy and
Rostovskiy oblispolkoms and fish conservation and hunting supervision authorities
and with leaders of the All-Ru~:~ian and F.azakh nature-conservation socie~ies and
also the Rostovskaya Oblast orgaRization of the Al~-Russian Nature-Conservation So-
ciety and so forth. An agreement was reached in 1978 on the establishment of direct
contacts between the All-Russian Nature-Conservation Society and the American Sierra
Club, and in 1979, in accordance with this agreement, the first visit to the USSR of
_ American public figures involved 3n nature conservation took place.
American specialists and public figures who have visited the USSR evaluate highly
the work being performed on nature conservation in our country. Such an evaluation
' was heard in the speech of [Dzh- A. BasterudJ, member of the Council for Envi~onmentai
' Quality, at the Expo-74 World Exhibition in Spokane. Prof T. Schoenbaum, who stu-
died or.ganizational-legal measures for the protection of reaervations in our country
over a period of several months, published in 19/6 in an American ~ournal of compara-
tive law the article "Protected Areas in the Soviet Union and the United SCates. A
Comparative View," which illustrated our achievements in this sphere and reco~mended ~
- the use in the United States of certain elements of Soviet experience di the legal
~ regulation of the protection of reservations. fihe representatives of American public
organizations who visited the USSR in 1979 evaluated highly the provisions of the
USSR ConsLitution devoted to nature conservation.
Soviet specialists, in turn, had an opportunity to familiarize themselves in 19i3
and 1976 with the organization and content of the work of the Counci2 for Environ-
mental Quality and the EPA and some of its peripheral subdivisions and with the
- activity of permanent commissions of the U.S. Congress, the departmentis of ~ustice,
interior and agriculture, the Atomic Energy Commission, the U.S. Supreme Court and
certain other district and state courts and nature-conservation organizations in
Washington, New York, Boston, San Francisco and Los Angeles. They visite~l the
Grand Teton, Yellowstone and Grand Canyon national parks.,, familiarized themseives
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with the work on recultivation of the land at the callieriea of the Decker Mine
Company (Montana) and thE protection of water~and the atmosphere at the "Kontsecot
~oppe*"copper-molybdenum enterprise (Utah) and participated in semtnars in Denver
(Colorado) and Salt Lake City (Utah).
The fifth me~eting of Soviet and fimerican specialists in the legal and administrativP
aspects of environmental protection was held in December 1980 in the United States
(Washington, Miami, Atlanta and New York). The American delegation was headed by
F. Knight, acting principal attorney of the host organization--the Coux?cil for Environ-
mental Quality. The delegation included the following prominent specialists: N.
Yost, director of a presidential work group for the preparation of a global ecologi-
- cal forecast up to the year 2000, J. Moorman, chief of the U.S. Justice Department's
Land and Natural Resources Division, G. Widman, deputy head or the Department of
the Interior's Solicitor's Office, E~ Greenberg, head of the Solicitor's Office of
the Commerce Dep3rtment's National Oceanographlc and Atmospheric Administration,
W. Smith, chief economist of the EPA, N. Robinson, member of the Sierra Club Board
of Directors, 0. Hook, vice president of the National Wildlife Protection Federation,
W. Futrell, president of the Institute of Environmental Law, and R. Hall, B. Bramble,
H. Osherenko and D. Shea, employees of various departments and agencies.
The Soviet delegation 3ncluded O.S. Kolbasov (leader), M.I. Kozyr', Yu.S. Shemshu-
- chenko, A.M. Kaverin and Yu.A. Starikov.
Opening the meeting, F. Knight emphasized that cooperation between the United States
and the USSR on a very complex problem affecting the interests of a11 countries--
~ environmental protection--had proven a~uite fruitful.
O.S. Kolbasov noted the importance of Soviet-�American cooperation in the nature-
conservation sphere and pointed aut its place and role in the system of ineasures to
preserve peace and improve the general volitical climate and also people's living
conditions. He. informed those assembled in detail about the environmental protection
measures whicY~ have been implemented in the USSR in recent years and emphasized that
a place of particular importance is assigned nature-cons~ervation measures in the
draft "Main Directions of the USSR's Econo~ic and Socia.l LeveS.opment ia 1981-1985
and the Period Through 1990".
During the meeting the Soviet and American specialists di~cussed questions connected
with the need for and the obligatory nature of the consideration of ecological aspects
and questions concerning the environment in the elaboration of constructfon plans
arid with an analysis of the role in this process of the U.S. EPA and analogous na-
tional organizations. In particular, the question of the extent to whic,h the agency
takes account of ecnnomic factors in its decisions connected with environmental
protection was inquired into. The agency's position betrayed concern at the fact
that at the time of the 1980 election campaign in the United States allegedly unduly
~ s~trict laws and also EPA rules pertaining to environmental prote~tion which were
- all~gedly holding back economic development had bee~ criticized and that the opinion
tiad b~en expressed on the need t~ strictly set EPA officials "atraight" and reduce
expenditure on environmental protection.
- Glr~bal environmental problems were also examined and international mechanisms:of
_ environmental evaluation and questions of nature cflnservation worldwide were discussed
du*ing t~?e meeting.
,
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The American specialists fauniliari.zed the Soviet scientists with a synopsis of a
report to tfie U.S. President published in July 1980 which contained an ecological
forecast for the year 2000.
In the opinion of the authors of the report, the Earth's population in the ye~r 2000
will constitute 6.35 billion, and the developing countries will be responsible for
90 percent af the population increase, moreover. Food production wi11 have almost
- doubled by this time, but its increase per capita will constitute lesa than i5 percent.
- There wil.l be aiz even greater discrepancy in the economic provision of tre population

_zi of the developed and developing countries: the industrially developed coimtries
(one-fourth of the world's�population) wili, as before, consume three-fourths of the
~ world extraction of mineral resources. TE?e water shortage will increase in certain
areas of t'he world. Reservea of growing timber of-commercial proportionsr. will
decline by 50 percent (per capita); approximately 40 percent of remaining forests will
have been felled in the developfng countries. Up to 20 percent of existing anima.l
and plant species could possibly have disappeared forever in connection with consider-
- able changes in habitat. It is expected that the concentration of nitrogen dioxide
~ and other ozone-depleting chemicals~;~n the atmosphere wi11 have increased at such a
rate that by the year 2050 they wi~l have appreciably altered the Earth's climate.~
Despite the fact that ever increasing efforts are cur~ently being made with respect
to environmental protect~cn, they are, the authors of the report believe, manifestly
inadequate and incapable of changing the negative ecological trends. At the same time
the authors of the report have not taken account of the real economic and political
difficulties preventing people organizing their relations with nature more intelli-
gently, which increases the seriousness of the impending problems even more.
The report does not put forward any concrete plan of action to rectify the ecologi-
I cal situation (work on it~ third volume, which will contain recommendations on be-
~ ha"vior models for the�U.S'. leadership in the realization af ecological po~icy, has
i yet ta be compl~ted). It merply makes recommendations of a general nature: display
greater initiativ~ in tackling ecological problems and create global comprehensive and
Ii long-term environmental protection programs which should "init3ate an era of the
~
unprecedented cooperation and self-sacrif ice" of all peoples of the world.
authors of the report assert here that there are currently all the opportunities and
i compelling grounds for the United States to become the world leader in the movement
j for environmental protection.
- The Soviet specialists recognized the report as being very interesting and its mater-
- ial as meriting attenti~~e study. At the same time they emphasized that while, through
the fault of the opponents of detente, the real threat of a thermonuclear war still
exists and the arms race is intensifying it is difficult and unrealistic even to talk
of "unprecedented internat~onal cooperation" in the environmental protection sphere.
As far as U.S. leadership in an international nature-conservation movement is con-
cerned, it could be accepted by the international community only in the event of it
being er.ercised not to the detriment and not at t~e expense of other nations and
it being a leadership of good example and assistance to peopl~s in need.
The scientific papers of the members of the Soviet delegation made an in-depth and
- diversified analysis of various aspects of current Soviet nature-conservation legis-
- lationy including preventive nature-conservation measures, and noted that there is
all-around consideration of questionst/~ environmental protection and thorough
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ecological appraisal 'uy experts of constructior~ plans in our country at the time of
= their elaboration. Those wfio submitted papers illustrated in detail the content of
~ the new Soviet laws on protection of the atmosphere and the protection and use of
the anirnal world and described the procedure of planning the rational use of nature
- and environmental protection in the sphere of agricultural production and legai guar-
antees of land protection and of an improvement in its fertility.
The American participants in the meeting received with great interest information on
the development and application of nature-conservation legislation in the USSR and
showed an interest in a strengthening of Soviet-Ameriean cooperation in the environ-
mental protection sphere.
During the visit to the United States the Soviet specialists held thorough t~lks with
the American specialj.sts which touched on legal and administrative questions of
envi:onmental protection in the USSR and the United States in the EPA and the interior,
commerce and justice departments and also in the Kennan Institute and the In~titute
of Environmental Law in Washington. They discussed w3th M. Wilkey, member of the Fed-
eral District of Columbia Court of Appeals, the question of the role of the U.S.
' courts in the sphere of environmer_tal law. They held talks with officials of the
legislatures of a number of states and certa3n local authorities on the effectiv~eness
- of the appltcation of federal and state environmental protection laws, rules and pro-
_ cedures, with representatives of U.S. public organizations involved in nature conser-
vatior1, particularly activists of the Sierra Club~~.and the National Wildlife Protection
Federation, and also with prominent practicing lawyers dealing with legal problems o�
env~~,~onmental protection and with professors of the legal faculty of Pace Univers3ty.
The members of the Soviet del..egation visited the Everglades national reservation, a
farm near Miami (Florida), the heat and electric power plant and the regional EPA
office in Atlanta, the Environmental Protection Department of the state of New York
- and a gas works near Calvert Cliffs (Ma.ryland) and wers received by the mayor of
;Grinburg] (New York state).
During these meetings the American figures in the nature-conservation sphexe displayed
great interest in the 5oviet experience and evaluated it highly. Thus J.W. Moorman,
_ deputy attorney general for environmental protection, expressed to the~Soviet special-
ists his admi:ation for the well-org~ized protectian of nature in the USSR, and
Prof N.A. Robinson in several of his speeches characterized as positive the coopera-
tion of the USSR and the United States in legal and administrative problems of environ-
mental protection and repeatedly cited articl~s 18 and 58 of the USSR Constitution
as a model of a responsible attitude taward nature conservation and calZed for the
further expansion of cooperation in this sphere. The top American spe~falists N. Yost
and 0. Hook made similar statements.
How can we evaluate the current state of. American law and administration and thefrr
role in environmental protection?
In the Soviet specialists' opinion, definite progress has been observed in the United
States in the last decade in legal protection of thP atmosphere and the offshore
continental zones of ad3acent seas (in previous years measures had been implemented
mainly to protect waters and regulate land use on the basis of terr3torial zoning)..
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- The experience af the effective application in the United Statzs of a new legal
institution--"Environmental Impact Statements"--upon the construction of various in-
- dustrial pro~ects and installations (gas mains and pipelines, dams, hydropow~r sta-
tions, irrigation canals and so forth), which is a comparatively strong means of
preventive control which, the American specialists believe, has helped in increasing
considar.ably the ecological justificat~un of economic decisions, avoiding mistakes
and increasing envir~nmental protection effectiveness} merits particularly careful
study, we believe. American specialists recommend the use of this form in the prac-
tice of other countries and also in international relations.
_ This system of preliminarq ecological control in the production sphere is implemented
in accordance with the National Policy in the Environmental Protectian Sphere Act
(.Tanuary 1970) and the analogous laws of certain states. The laws stipulate that
within a certatn geriod prior to the start of the construction or modernization of
, enterprises and other operational facilities businessmen and state authorities are
obliged to make a public "environmental impact statement" concerning these facili-
ties. The contents of the statement are analyzed within a certain period of time by
federal inspection authorities, public organizations and the local population, whic}~
may put forward objections to the implementation of th~s pro~ect or the other as a
whole owing ~o environmental considerations and propose alternative versions of or
amendments to the project. 1fie businessmen and federal authorities are obliged to
examine the amendments and within a certain perio~ ~f time publicly announce their
' acceptance or re~ection. If the autfiors of the observations and proposals are not
satisfied with the results of this examination, they can strive for their compulsory
implementation through the courts. As of now several tens of thousands of environmen-
tal impact statements have been examined at various levels of the American federal
structure; up to 5 percent of them here have been cha~lenged in the courts.
However, we have succeeded in studying far from alI essential aspects of the legal
~ protection of the environment in ~he United States in the years of cooperation. The
system, functions and interaction in environmental protection of U.S. federal authori-
, ties, which include, inter alia, the U.S. Justice Departu~~nt, the Council for Environ-
' mental Quality under the jurisdiction of the U.S. President and the EPA, are still in
~ need of more in-depth study.
~
~ There has also been utterly inadequate study of the system of preventive nature-
I conservation measures in U.S. agriculture and also the negative influence of the in-
dustrialization and, particularly, the chemicalization of agriculture on the state
of the natural environment.
Study of the practice o~ the hearing af nature-conservation cases in.the American
courts and an analysis of the measures of property liability for harm caused nature
(for example, the imposition on those found guilty of large fines af the order of
- $25,000 for each day of infringement) is a~so of great interest for Soviet legal
experts--scientists and practitioners.
The United States' international nature-conservation measures and their place in this
state's overalZ policy and in its application ta various regions of the world as a
whole, particularly in connection with food aid to the developing countries, al.so
deserve to be studied. It is al~o~n~:cessary, finally, to study the aspects of American
theory and practice which are connected with the deveiopment of an internstional law
of the environment.
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As far as an evaluation of the current status of Soviet-American cooperatirnjn legal.
- and administrative groblems of envi~~onmental protection is concerned, it was formul3ted
thus in the:meeting's summary protocol: "The sides observed that the fiftn meeting
was successful and that the exch~nge of information and experience was satisfactory.
~ The specialists acknowledged the need to continue the exchange of opinions, informa-
tion and docimm~nts and observed that cooperation on environmental issues on a world
scale is of great significance and merits increasing attention."
The Frotocol also formulated the main areas af cooperation for 1981-1982. As before,
the exchange of information and opinions concerning the elaboration and application
of legislation on environmental protection in the USSR and the United State:; will be
continued. There will also be a continuation of the exchange of informa.tion on a'~.
- study and evaluation of environmental i~acts batfi within each country and on the
Earth as a whole, on the collation of economic factors with environmental factor5 and
_ oa the implementation of laws on the enva.ronmen*_. The exchange of scientists and
those on special tours studying legal and administrative aspects of environmen~a3.
protection will continue.
It was also decided to study the question of paths of the further cooperation ~f t'he
USSR and the United States in tack'ling the long-term tasks of environmental prat,~ee-
tion and making rational use of natural resources internationally.
It is proposed to discuss all these problems at the sixth meeting of Soviet and
American specialists which is to be held in 1982 in the USSR.
The participants in the meeting agreed to ascertain the possibility of the joint
preparation and publication in both countries of a collection of articles devoted to
ar. evaluation of environmental protection at the national and international levels,
the apglication of legislation and also an analysis of administrative measures in the
- sphere of environmental pratection being impl.emented in the USSR and the United
S~ates.
In speaki.ng of the results of the 9 years of Soviet-American cooperation in legal and
administrative problems of environmental protection it should be mentioned that its
main result has been deeper knowledge of the theory and practice of legal regulation

" in the sphere of nature conservation in both countries and in the system af interna-
_ tional law.
In addition to its immediate professional usefulness, cooperation has contributed to
_ maintaining a spirit of trust and mutusl understandir~g between the Soviet and Arneri-
- can peoples.
COPYRIGHT: Izdatel'stvo "Nauka", "Vestnik Akademil naul: SSSR", 1981
8850
CSO: 5000/1
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� FIDF~tAL REPUBLIC OF GERMANY
LOWII3 ~.tiBE DE~~ASTATED BY POWII3 PLANTS, INDUSTRY
- Hambur~ STF~tN i.n German 17 Sep 31 pp 53~ 54~ 56~ 60
~Article by Christian Jungblut: ~~When a River Dies, the Fish Are the First To Go~~
~ext] Blooc~red tumors sWell f`rom the mouths~ gills and flesh of
_ eels in the F1be ~Rive~. Fishert~en have t4 throu back a third of
their :,atcri. An official study faund higher amounts of inercury than
the food laws allow in 61 percent of the eels caught.
Old Harm is tell:ng me t;o hurry up. "The water~ s leaving us behind~" he calls~ and
casts off the lineso As the tide starts to go out~ we leave Friedrichskoog harbor .
and set out for Trischen the island Uird sanctuary opposite the mouth of the
- ~~'.lbe. My ferryman~ s real name is Hermann Thormaehlen, but everyone on the coast
just calls him Haxw. The fishermmn born in Finkenwerder has spent most of his 80
j years on the lower EZbe.
F~w people ~ow the 100 kilometers of river betrreer~ Hamburg and the North Sea as
j well as he doss. Harm has seen how this original river landacape ~ras devastated by
a gigantic industrializatian program within a period of ~ years. It began with the
nuclear power plant at Stade~ 30 km below Hamburg. When the atomic reactor w as .
i built in 1970~ they sa:.d that private households needed more electricity. Shortly
~ thereafter~ two large users of Plectricity moved in 10 km downstream near the vil-
_ I lage of Buetzfleth: the American Dow Chemical Company and the L'nited Aluminum Works
, foundry. The new Elbe tPnan.ts were in a hurry. Long after the two plants had
I start,ed producing~ n~t c;ven a construction permit was in evidence.
A second aluminum pl~nnt was rising out of the ground at the ~me time ~n the ou~
skirts of Hamburg~ the American Reynolds oompeny plant. Nor was there a permit
when Hamburg' s mayor a~ that time~ Herbert Weir,.~mann~ ceremoniously broke ground
for the building in 1q70. The Hanseatics ev~n got atround the prescribed zoning pro-
cedure and overrode the residents' veto rights by simply declas�a.ng Z~rge parts of
the island of Finkenwerder to be part of the harbor expansion district by law. The
city~ s own Hamburg Electricity Works purchased a one-third interest in the Stade
nuclear power plant so that it could supply Reynolds tirith electric poW~r~
The waue of construction spilled over to f~he other side of the Elbe and deacanded
upon Brunsbuettel, a provi.ncial town in Schleawig-Holstei.n. The first structure to
be built at the spot where the North SearBaltic Cana1 flowa into the Elbe was a
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quay. A nuclear power plant soon followed the second one on the Elbe. Conatruo-
tion of the large Bayer, Huel.s and Schelde chemical plants began soon thereafter.
And finally~ last year saw the beginni.ng of a third ~omic reactor~ the Brokdorf nu-
clear power plant~ 15 km downstream in the t~li~ater Marsh. And once again the alleg-
edly risin~ electricity consumption by private households was cited as justifica-
tion.
5carcely a week has passed since the begi.nning of industrialization without new
horror stories about the decline of the lower Elbe: toxic wastes~ cooling-water
that gives off heat, dyi.ng �ish, corrosive aluminum sludge~ lethal waste gases~ mis^
hap s at the nuclear power plant.
~'This River Is Too Precious for ldylls"
Hermann Thormaehl~r.~ the fisherman they call Har~i~ asks whether this Elbe is ~ill a
river at all or has already become the industrial canal which ,iamburg' s former econ-
omics s~nator Iielmuth Kern probably had in mind when he declared: "This river is
too precious for idylls."
Some-thing of an idyll still reffiains at the spot where the Elbe flows into the sea
and the broad funnel of the estuary opens to the north. Old Harm is guiding his
small motorboat along here. Leaving Friedrichskoog as the watsr receded~ the ebb
tide dreW us out into the almost endless gray expanse. The opposite shore at Cux-
haven was not to be seen. But now~ after l~ hours under way~ the sea has shrunk to
the size of a channel. Sandbanks ~retch out around us as far as the eye can see.
Anyone can stick a flag i.n the sand here and establish his own state. There is
enough room for a kingdom. At low tide9 more than 100 square kilometers of land
loom up out of the water. Monaco has only 1.8 square kilometers. But the conquer-
o reign would last only until the n.ext flood tide.
- For thousands of years this kingdom has been surfacing i.n rhythm with the ebb and
flow and sinki. ~ a.gain after 12 hours like an eternal Atlantis. But already there
are plans to rescue the land from the tides forever. They i.ntend to pour vast
quantities of sand on it. A gigantic artificial mainland is to arise land for
new industry to build on.
- ~~Do you think there~ll still be a Trischen then?"~ asks Harm~ when we reach the
island that rises out of the water eve,n at high tide. I jump out on land sudd~n-
1y the ke~per of the birds stands before me. He lives on a kind of raised platfo.r.m
and has seen us coming from a long way off. He now bars the wa.y in a threatening
manner. "I bring you the mai1~"says Harm; "so let my guests go ashore with me."
With his thick blaclc beard and tattereci ~rousc.rs~ the custodian gives the impres-
sion of being shiptirrecked on a lonely island. Yet he stays here only in the summer
half of the year to count the birds as they brood and ~est. For Trischen is one of
northern ~zrope~ s mo st i.mportant landing grounds for migratory birds. Clo se to
150~000 birds stop over on this s andy spot every year on their way to far-off lands.
Sometimes up to 8~000 pai.rs breed here. The island is one of the last great oases
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oi nature on the lower Elbe. This is why keepers of birds here are always hunters
_ of ineri as well. They defend this sanctuary against all intruders.
But what can they do if one day suctic~ dredges move i.n to sluice up sand in front
of their island and perhaps build a levee? They rrill be as helpless as old Harm~
who today carries mail and supplies to Trisclzen~ and who for a, long time has been
unable to make his living from fishin.g the way his father and his father's ~ther
_ used to do.
= I~arm~ s~;randfather had become a wealthy man on the Elbe. Once he put out his npts
and in a single sweep pulled from the water a catch worth half the actual value of
his cutter. He collected 1~800 marks for the 60 sturgeon. A new boat cost 3~000
th en.
, Only a Handfu7- cf the ~1.be~ s 10~000 Fishermen Remai.ned
At that time the F1be still teemed wi.th snipe eel, pike perch and pike~ bream~
= stuart and sturgeon. There were catches like the legendeary sturgeon that weighed
1g0 pounds~ including the caviar~ and brought as much money as a hog weighing 3 cent-
ners. Harm~ s grandfather spent the money on a fur-trimmed winter coat that was
even worn by his grandson.
r;a.r.ely a handful remain of the rlbe fisherm~n who used to number 10~000 men like
i~ans-Heinrich Becker~ who in the evening at the Neufeld vi.llage inn counts up last
week~ s catch for me: rtonday, /+0 pounds of ee1; Tuesday~ 12 pounds; Wednesday~ noth-
ing; Thursday~ 32 pounds of eel and 8 pounds of flounder. Friday was the best day:
' 60 p~unds of eel. Nathing again on Saturday. On S~anday the ~lbe belonged to the
- sailboat enthusiasts ana weekend skippers he turned rig~t around a~d csme back,
Yet IIans-Heinrich Becker was lucky that week; he had to throw back only half of his
catch the fi sh with the ulcerou s growths.
^1he fishermen know what is causing the fish to be diseased: the filth that comes
' from industry. The chemists call it gamma hexachlorina-cyclohexane~ tin~ chromium
~ and phenol~ polychlorinated biphenyls~ dielcirin~ heptachlorine and cadmium.
The water is no longer fe.rtile. Nor is the land. From time immemorial~ the ~].be
has repeatecll.y washed the land in front of the levee~ has fertilized and irrigated
it. Generations of farmers dug ditches to provide drainage for their lush fields.
Now new levees separate the headland from the river in many places~ and the farmers
p ofte.n do not know where to find enough water for their livestock.
Only tlie old-timers still tell of the s~ught-after land~ of the rich grazing land in
front o~ the levee~ where cows used to be sent from the hinterland to be put out to
pasture ev~n horses from Westphalia. Thexe are tales like the one about the
~,nights of Kehding who once invited the peasants of Krummendeich to a feast in
Stade; they then made sure in their fashion that only a few of them returned to
their farms. Thus~ in accordance with ancient law~ their land passed to the nobil-
~ ity.
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~lodern Levees Turning the River Inte ~ Industrial Canal
The mod.ern robber-barons stand at their drawing Y~oards. They tinker with floW
models~ do computer calcul.ations and build levees around the headlands as was
done at Ideufeld~ where the old levee jags in two directions~ toward Friedrichskoog
and Brunsbuettel. This is the site of Delf Jans's house~ a village inn frequented
only by coastal folk. Delf is from Dithmarschc:n, and as the saying goes Dith-
marscheners axe hardhcadcd. Pec~ple whom DeJ.f Jans does not like will not even get
an egg grog at his place the punch made of beaten egg yolk and hot straight rum~
a drinl; that you can take only in small sips but sti11 gives you hot flashes.
I used to go to Neufeld quite often for a~ egg grog~ following the bends of the in-
l 1et downstream in my boat ~through the broad headlandsy past grazing sheep and
gcese to the house on the levee. At high tide during a storm~ the water sometimes
surges almost to its doorstep. Then a~ritches~ cauldron ra~es in the headlands.
- But thz levee has always he1d.
A levee like this is raore than just a piled-up wall of earth. It is a bulwark, a
coaplicated set of defenses. "The levee is life for us all,~' says Delf Jans.
In ezslier times~ when everyone still had to lend a hand, anyone who did not de
proper work on the levee was run off like the Pastor of Hollern because he was en-
_ dangering them all. And the annual levee review~ at which time its condition was
asse~sed by experts~ was more impor`'~ant than any church festival.
ue:.Lf' Jans himself u:,ed ~co help build levees in his younger years. But today he
grumbles: "`1'hey're pla~lning to build a new levee that will close in the whole head-
land." ~~1hat is his obj ection?
Did he not once acquire new land himseli by buiJ_ding levees? "That~ s something
ertirciy different~" Delf Jans informs me. "At that time we built levees that were
in l:eeping with nature. But they inte,nd to just lop off a corner. No one who's
fro~c ~ne coast does something like that. Thsoe who are doing the planning may have
,,tuclied at the university~ but ~hey don~t lrnow the Elbe."
~1 look at the map shows w?~at ~~the university men~' have already done rrith the largest
levee construction program in the history of the lowsr be. In recent yeaxs they
have built more than 300 lcm of the new lev~e. Tributaries were simply walled off~
as at iiaseld~rf~ 30 km below Hamburg. Old Elbe ports have been filled in or blocked
o~f; i:,lands became part of the mainland. In many places the new levee is situated
miles in fror.t of the old one and is forcing the once wide-branching riverbed of the
i:;l.be in on itself like a cana1.
The ~raves fro~ the tides used to play th~selves out on the corners and edges of the ~
old angled levee. Today the s~nooth walls of ~he new one conduct the ri.sing tide
upstrear,? via the shortest route. The new reeves of the levee have made a funnel out
of the lower ~lbe~ an enormous hydraulic press that can be manipulated by any nar=.
- row-breasted northwe~t wind.
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Remarlcable }~l.asticity of Pollution Limits
A~orm has already given the levee plax~ners their comeuppance. Yet it was not near-
_ ly as st~ong and persi,~tent as the one during the catastrophic flooding in 1962.
But when this northwester on 3 January 1976 pushed the massive waves out of the
Ilorth Se~, into the ulbe~ the water rose even higher so high that the people of
nau~uurg feared that their 3owntown area would be inundated.
But the construction program will continue nevertheless~ until the entire river has
been straightened out into a streamlined waterway. Levee builders like these once
would have been hounded out of towr. li~e the Pastor of Hollern. In those days lev-
ces were built to protect people~ land and livestock. Levees are htilt today to ob-
tain dry land for industrial construction proj ects.
I;ew levee.s and che~ical plants~ atomic reactors and aluminum works this is how
the ~l'oe i~ being surgically destr.oyed. In this case the scalpels~ clamps and swabs
are ca~ ~ed area planning~" "development model for the lower Elbe~ ~~land planning
- in Schleswig-Holsteir." and ~'developmer.it program in Lower Saxony." The head physi-
cians are to be found sitting in parliaments~ the operating surgeons in industries
and the anesthetists in government agencies.
Dr, ~'snst Hinze of the Harburg Health Office was one of them. Wnen the Reynolds
~flluminum plant was about to be built~ and concerned citizens were asking ~out the
; highly toxic fluoririe waste gises~ he a.nformed them: "Fluorine in small doses is
. i even good for the teeth.~~
~ I=rofessor Hubert Caspers of the ~iamburg Hydrobiological Institute sprinkled hi.~
expert water opinions over concerned fishermen. When the Bayer plant at Bruns-
~ buettel was in the planning stage a facility that in its final phase of devel-
~ opraent would put l.u million tons of waste water into the river every day he had
- this to sayt Yes. "But this infusion ~ri.ll probably bring the El.be up to its pol-
- lution limit."
~i,
j But when the issue asose of building f~he Brokdorf nuclear power plant only 15 1~
downstream a plant whose cooling-water will raise the tem~perature of the river
~ in the future Professor Casper favored this project as well~ but here again he
I~ added this prov~so: "This infusion will probably bring the Elbe up to its pollu-
tion limit.
~'The ~laste Water Has Properties Like Those of Mosel Wine or Sauerkraut~~
� And when goveriiment experts ase rendered truly speechless with ind.ignation~ environ-
- mental saecialist such as Dr Hans Hermann Weber of the Bayer company step in. He
had this to say about the acid content of the liquid wastes that are to flow into
- the Llbe when the Bayer plant at Brunsbuettel is completed: "The wast~ water has
- propex~ties like those of Mose1 wine or sauerkraut.~~ He was talking ~out these
quantities: 1~ 300 kg of inercury; 130~000 kg of lead; 1~ 300 kg of ca~3mium and 2~ 600
tons of iron every ;~ear.
- The planners thus go around pullin~ the wool over everyone~ s eyes~ and more and
more factories spring up. 4Jhen they draw near~ a flood usually precedea them
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~ a flood of sand. Sand is floocling the outskirts of Hamburg harbor again right now.
N.tenwerder, the island in the .r~~l.be~ is to be covere~ with sand so that a container
terminal can be enthroned upon it at a later date.
ihe sluicing area is ~till a bare wasteland crosse~i by a pipe that extends down to
the water~s edge~ where the pumping ship and the sand-laden barges lie. There are
gur~ling and rustling noises in the tube. The pipeline spews out the barget s load.
. !~n unending deluge pours over the greesi meadow. Wet sand floods ditches and roads~
pu:i.ls doGm trees and fences. A villa~;e is being entombed here. Only the church
and the cemetery are to be spared~ for the dead have a right to 25 years of peace.
Residents of the village were laid to r est there only a short time ago.
But the living are pulling out. Piot only in Altenwerder but also in Buettel~ not
far from thc Tlorth Sea-Baltic Canal. From the Elbe ievee~ Buettel looks like many
a village in Sleepy-Holstein. But the quiet in Buettel is a deathly silence.
IIouses still stand here~ but only the rrind moves the curtains now. Where a door
stands onen~ as though someone had forgotten to close it a few minutes before~ a
spider spins its web. In the farmer~ s garden the weeds are taking over the last of
the blooming dahlias.
2'he residents of Buettel h~~~ to make way so that the ahemical industry in nearby
Brunsbuettel can continue to blow pollutants into the air. Farmer Loft now has a
new iarm in the Wilster hlarsh. But construction is due to begin there again as
~_rell the Brokdorf nuclear power plant. And fa~~cner Loft does not know what else
_ is going to happen and whether he will be aole to re.tnain there.
Lxpe?lees of 1981: Becker~ the ~;lbe fisherman~ has moved to I'inkenwerder from Alt-:
en~rerder where the sluicc field is gro~ring. But sand is already being sluiced up
righ~ across from his new home so that industry can expand. It is driving the
_ i,oits and f~he Beclcers before it. And it is consuming the DuebbEls.
ile~! JoUs Are E1J.ready Being Rationalized Away
~rwin Dubbels was a balcer in Krummendeich. He is now a foundry worker at the
Uni~Led Illuminum 4Jorks in Buetzfleth. t~lany colleagues used to be his customers
agricultural workers and part-time farmers �or whom he baked bread. Now they bake
little rolls together. Only the most menial jobs are for the local unskilled work-
ers. The oomnanies brought their foremes~ right with them to the coast. The locals
~,ritched profession;, because indu~s~~~`~fem regular working hours and secure posi-
- tion; . Operation~ are now being rationalized~ people are losing their jobs and
o~Lhers are having to work overtime.
On the way home to Yrumraendeich in the bus~ they argue vehemetltly over whether it
would not have been better to give companies the government subsidies to build light
industr~~. Or perhaps they saou~d at least have imposed stricter conditions on the
big factories.
- After a119 says someone~ thes~ plants came here not only because the water is deep
enough for oceangoing ships and land in front of the levee is cheap. They came be-
cause no one would have them anywhere else.
COPYRIGHi: 1981 Gruner + Jahr Ag & Co.
7458 IND
CSO: 5000/2007
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