JPRS ID: 9845 USSR REPORT LIFE SCIENCES BIOMEDICAL AND BEHAVIORAL SCIENCES

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JPRS L/9845
13 July 1981
~ USSR Re ort
p
~LIFE SCIENCES
BIOMEDICAL AND BEHAVIORAL SCIENCES
CFOUO 9/81)
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JPRS L/9845
13 Jul.y 19 81
USS R REFORT .
LIFE $CIENCES
BIOMEDICAL AND BEHAVIORAL SCIENCES
(FOUO 9/81)
CONTENTS
PHYSIOLOGY
Ftiinctional Structures of the Second Signaling S~rstem--
Psycho~.~h~rsiological Mechanisms of Tnternal Speech 1
Ecolo@;ical Physiology of Animals. Part 1: General Ecological
Phy:ciology and Physiology of Adaptation, in ~Textbook of
Phy:~iology' Series 5
- Circadian Rhythms of Biological Processes and Their Adaptive
Significance in Vertebrate Qntogenesis ax~d Phylogenesis.......... 7
Sensc~ry 5ystems: Taste and Slnell 9
Mechanisms of Interaction Between Internal a,nd External
~ Analyzers: Visceral Afferentation of Brain ~.inctions 16
Acclima~tion of Animals.~~~~~~~~~.~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~�
Physiology of Circulation. Physiology of the Heart, in the
'Textbook of Physiology~ Series 23
'Myoton~ Unit for the Control of Movements 29
Sleep and Motor Activity--Stages of Ontogenetic Evolution of
Supraspinal Motor Control in the Human Sleep Cycle 32
Problems o.f Physiolo~y of Movement 35
Mechanisms of Man's Adaptation to High I,atitudes .............d..... 1~2
- a- [III - USSR - 21.a S&T FOUO]
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HUMAN FACTORS
Man Under Extreme Environmental Conditions 49 '
Aircraft Aerodynamics: Dynamics of Zongitudinal and I,ateral
Movement 56
Methodological and Technical Problems of Experimc~tal
Psychophysiology 61
Videoterminals in Informational Interaction (Engineering
Psychology Aspects) 68
Current Aspects o.f Adaptation 7~
Industrial Ps,ychology, Psychohygiene and Psychoprophylaad s
Referable to Seafaring Personnel 77
PSYCHOLOGY
Psychological Mechanisms of Regulating Activity 83
War. The Ocean. Man. Moral, Political and Psychological
Training of Seamen in the Soviet Navy $6
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PHYSIOLOGY
FUNCTIONAL STRUCTURES OF THE SECOND SIGNALING SYSTEM-~PSYCHOPHYSIOLOGICAL
MECHANISMS OF INTERNAL SPEECH
~
Moscow FUNKTSIONt1L'NYYE STRUKTURY VTOROY SIGNAL'NOY SISTEMY. PSIKHOFIZIOLOGICHESKIYE
MEKHANIZMY VNUTRENNEY RECHI in Russian 1979 (signed to press 21 Feb 79) pp 2-5,
247-248
[Annotation, introduction and table of contents from book "Functional Structures of
the Second Signalin~; System--Psychophysiological Mechanisms of Internal Speech", by
Tat'yana Nikol.ayevna Us}iakova, Institute of Higher Nervous Activity and Neurophy-
siolo~y and Instittite of Psychology, USSR Academy of Sciences, Izdatel'stvo
"Nauka", 3200 copie~s, 248 pages]
[Text] An effort w-as made in this work to conduct a psychophysiological study of
complex intraverbal and thinking processes, the manifestations of which are the
concern of psycholagy and linguistic5. The teaching of I. P. Pavlov was the
theoretical basis. It is very urgent to work on the problem of inechanisms of higher
mental processes and, accordingly, the problem of controlling them in the light of
the tasks in medical and pedagogic practice, cybernetics and science theory.
Introduction
This book deals with a subject that has been little-covered in the literature--
the second signaling system. The concept of second signaling system was formulated
by I. P. Pavlov in the last years of his life [109]. Its general orientation is
that the routes of physiological analysis of the most complex and specific forms
of man's mental activity, primarily verbal and intellectual processes are to be
delineated from the standpoint of the teaching ~n higher nervous activity. This
object of study is very complex, since it differs substantially, in many respects,
from th~ sr.iencF~ of hi.g}ier nervous activity studies in animals.
~ Ttie Eollow~rs of I. P. Pavlov have accomplished quite a bit to develop the concep-
tion of. the second signaling system; however, even now, much remains open for
research, as we11 as d~:ba~te. Not infrequently, inconsistencies arise even
with definition of the subject when studying the second signaling system. It is
equally difficult to determine the methods used. We find that the basic questions
of theory of second signaling system require discussion. The theoretical problems
that are the most closely related to the subsequent contents of this book are
discussed in Chap::er 1 of this work.
The main direction of our study was co add to the range of studied ph~enomena in
the second signaling system not only some simple forms of verbal activity, but to
1
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expand the area of verbal and word-thi~nking processes studied, selecting for psycho-
physiological analysis the substantive facts of language and speech singled out by ;
linguistics. From the standpoint of our approach, the special element that was
named internal speech in psychology was the most important in the mechanisms of
speech. We have made an attempt to analyze here the physiological mechanisms of
some phenomena of linguistic and verbal activity.
Chapter 2 deals with the mechanisms of such an important fact in organization of
thinking and language as the meaningful and linguistic cohesiveness of words. It
is demonstrated that so-called "interw~rd temporary associations," i.e., the neural
links established in the brain upon association of verbal stimuli, is the physio-
logical basis of this fact. These associations of verbal stimuli are demonstrable
in experiments with the use of various physiological techniques. Interverbal
_ temporary associations form distinctive neural networks ("verbal networks") in the
brain, which play an important role in organizing intraverbal Iinternal verbal?] pro-
cesses.
Chapter 3 analyzes the mechanisms of formation and function of linguistic structures
of a different level: mechanisms of separation into elements of a single verbal
stimulus and subsequent synthesis of the separated elements. Such analysis and syn-
r_hesis, which is performed by the nervous system, serves as the basis for formation
and utilization of morphologically formed words, and this constitutes an extremely
important aspect of vocal activity in inPlected languages. Data on developi~.~g
children's speech and, first of all, the distinctions of so-called creation of
words by children are the most adequate means of studying mechanisms on this level.
This phenomenon, which is well-known in psychology, yielded untraditio:is~ and
very informative material for a conclusion as to the nature of second sign.zl
analysis and synthesis of vocal signals.
j According to linguistic data, the morphological features of words are closely related
to their use in a syntactic cohesive sentence. Studies of th~ distinctions of
second signal analysis and synthesis of a speech signal ma.de it necessary to in-
' clude in the area oE consideration the mechanism of syntactic connection of words,
formation of senter~ces. Data on this sub~ect are presented in Chapter 4. A hypo-
thesis is expounded, according to which formation of special dyn~mic stereotypes
is the basis for synttiesizing words in a Gentence. Theoretical conceptions are
submitted concerning tlie possible mechanisms of syntactic operations. This chapter
includes data on the experimental approach to this subject.
We realize that the work we ar.e submitting for the reader's consideration reflects
only the first steps in studies of the physiological mechanisms of complex speech
phenomena. This is the reason for separation and different levels of some studies.
Nevertheless, �ae were able to introduce into the range c~ psychophysiological ana-
lysis the central phenomena of vocal activity described ir lingui_stics; the presence
of linguistic and vocal [verbal) phenomena; the fact that man not only perceives
but produces vocal sequences in the course of verbal communication.
The data of this study were gathered when this author worked at the Scientific
Research Institute of General and Pedagogic Psychology, USSR Academy of Pedagogic
Sciences, in contact with tlie Institute of Psychology, USSR Academy of Sciences,
as well as when he worked at the Tnstitute of Higher Nervous Activity and Neuro-
physiology, USSR Academy of Sciences.
2
)NLY
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f'OR UFF7('IA1. II~H: ONI,Y
Contents Page
. Introduction ~
Chapter 1. Subject and Methods of Investigation 6
1.1. Subject 6
1.2. Distinc.tions of inethods used to 'study the second signaling
system 16
Chapter 2. Neural Associations Between Words as One of the Mechanisms
of the Second Signaling System 22
2.1. History of investigations of neural associations between words 22
2.2. Analysis of experiments for demonstration of neural associa-
- tions between words 37
2.2.1. Nature of neural association established under the influence
of semantically similar words ~7
2.2.2. Nature of neural association established under the influence
of words ttiat sound similar 43
2.3. Funct3on of. systems of temporary associations between words 47
2.3.1. Method of investigation 41
2.3.2. Study of the process of formation of word-word associations
by the testinR methad 51
2.4. Special clianges in systems of temporary word associations 61
2.4.1. Experimental modeling of changes in temporary word associations 65
2.5. Temporary word associations and internal speech 70
Chapter 3. Second Si~nal Mechanisms of Organization~of Internal Word
Structure 75
3.1. Possibility of using children~s creation of words to
describe speech mechanisms 75
- 3.2. Data on word creation by children 82
3.3. Analysis of verbal stimul:~ in children~s speech 83
3.4. Conditions of interaction and differentiation of word
structures 124
3.5. Some linguistic data on analytical language processes 131
3.6. Synthesis of word elements in children's speech 134
- 3.7. Some linguistic data on ling~iistic synthesizing processes 1~s3
3.8. Generalized word meanings 147
3.9. System of generalized word meanings 150
3.10. Special means of formation of children~s neologisms
(of t}ie ~folk etymolo};y~ ~ype) 157
:3.11. An~:1y~:1s of literaturE~ on word creaticz by children 161
Ci~apter 4. Synti~esis of Word Signals in Man~s Construction of Verbal
Sentence 169
4.7. Current psycholo~;lca1 studies of generation of
synta~t.ically formed speech 169
4.'L. T}~e ~syntactic factor~ in ct~ildren's speech 185
4.3. 'Syntactic stereotypes' in speech processes 189
4.4. Anticipation stage in effecting speech. 'Internal speech~ 194
4.5. Mechanism of choice of word forms in constructing
verbal sentence 201
4.6. Distinctions of syntactic processes in development of
children's speech 205
4.7. 'Nonsyntactic forms' of children's word creation 209
4.8. Children~s word creation under experimental conditions 213
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4.9. Causes of onset and termination of the period of word
creation by children 218
4.10. Experimental study of the process of man~s construction of
a verbal sentence 222
Bibliography 235
COPYRIGHT: Izdatel~stvo "Nauka", 1979
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UDC: 6~,2:577.3
ECOLOGICAL PHYSIOLOCY OF ANIMALS. PART 1: GENERAL ECOLOGICAL PHYSIOLOGY AND
PHYSIOLOGY OF ADAPTATION, IN 'TL'XTBOOK OF PHYSIOLOGY' SERIES
Leningrad EKOLOCICH~SKAYA FIZIOLOGIYA ZHIVOTNYKH. CHAST' I: OBSHCHAYA EKOLOGICHESKAYA
FIZIUI.OGIYA I FIZIOLOGIYA ADAPTATS.7Y in Russian 1979 (signed to press 21 Apr 79)
- pp 2, 439-440
[Annotation and table of contents from "Ecological Physiology of Animals. Part 1:
General Ecological Physiology and Physiology of Adaptation, in 'Textbook of
Physiology' Series", edited by A. D. Slonim (editor-in-chief), Department of
Physiology, USSR Academy of Sciences, Izdatel'stvo "Nauka", 3100 copies,
44Q pages]
_ [Text] This book contains data from the li_terature and experimental material on
problems of general ecological physiology. There is discussion of general
problems and current status of this branch of physiology. Special attention is
given to the general effects of natural environmental factors on the organism,
problems of hibernation, torpid states and population physiology. There are 78
illustrations, 36 tables; bibliography lists 1467 items.
~ Contents Page
Chapter 1. Subject, Tasks, I'rocedures and History of Development of
Lcological Physiolofiical T~esearch (A. D. Slonim) 3
1. Definition, tasks an:i place in the system of biological sciences 3
2. In~;es~.~ga~i~n of pF~ysiological functions in the field and experiments 8
3. Lcological physiological description of species and populations of
species 12
4, Development of ecological. physiology in the USSR and abroad 15
5. Biotelcmetric methods in ecological physiological research
(V. P. Bakalov, M. M. Mirrakhimov) 21
Ctia~~ter 2. Natural Gnvironmental Factors and Their Effects on the
Orbanism (L. K. Cherednichenko) 36
1. Luminous radiation and its effect on the c~rganism 37
_ 2. Effect of magnetic fields on the organism 41
. 3. Tlie aIr environment. Meteorological factors 43
4. High and low temperatures 50
5. Effect of low barometric pressure on the organism 56
6. Substances that pollute the atmosphere, and carbon dioxide 61
7. The aquatic environment 68
8. Soil, its composition and properties 77
5
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Chapter 3. Teaching on Physiologica~. Adaptations (A. D. S1.oni,t~) 79
l. Definition, investigative procedures and classificati:on of
physiological adaptations 79
2. System and local (organic and tissular) homeostasis and its role 87

r' in adaptation of the organism
3. Structure of physiological adaptations and involvement of various
systems in the organism's reaction 100 ,
4. Conditioned reflexes and habituation in the course of adaptation 11C
S. Residual reactions and memory in formation of physiological
adaptations (T. A. Bagdasarova, A. D. Slonim) 115
6. Neurohormonal mechanisms of residual reactions and 'vegetative
memory' (L. 7.. Pevzner, A. D. Slonim) 121
7. Hormonal mechanisms of adaptation (D. Z. Zakirov) 126
8. Behavioral bases of adaptation,and homeostatic behavior 132
G. Pheno typic adaptation and formation thereof in ontogenesis 146
Y.O. Genotypic adaptatian, and ecological physiological specialization
of species 150
11. Cc~mplex forms of physiolo~;ica1 adaptation 161
12. Range of adaptive cap~icity of the organism (reaction norm) and
'price' o� adaptation 170
13. Maximization and minimization of physiological functions, and
overall characteristics of adaptations 173
Chapter 4. Physiological States (Hibernation, Estivation, Adaptive 183
Hypothermia of Birds, Diapause ot Insects)
l. Factors causing hybernation, falling asleep and waking up 183
(A. D. Slonim) 187
2. Metabolism and heat regulation (N. K. Popova) 198
3. Respiration and circulat~on (N. K. Popova) 205
4. Blood and hemopoiesis (,G. V. Alekseyeva, V. M. Yunker) 214
5. Fluid-electrolyte homeostasis and renal function (L. id. Ivanova) 222
6. Seasonal changes in the digestive system (I. P. Bel'skaya) Z25
7. Seasonal rhythms in endocrine system function (S. G. Kolayeva) 23~
8. The nervous system (N. K. Popova)
9. The role of endogenous and exogenous comp~nents in formation of 24~
seasonal rhythms in hibernating animals (S. G. Kolayeva) 255
10. Humoral trig~;erin~ mechanisms of hibernation (A. D. S?_onim) 258
t]. Forms of hibernation. Estivation (A. D. Slonim) 262
12. Adal~u~~' hyP~~t~~c~rmta in birds (Yu. E. Keskpayk) 270
l3. The diapausc (A. S. KonLkov) 2~~
Chapter 5. Links Bctween Organisms, and Physiology of Populations 277
L. TmitatLn~; behavic~r and ~roup reactions of ani~als (A. D. Slonim)
2. Spatial struct�re of populations and types of organization thereof 284
(A. D. S1c~nim) 291
3. Group behavior of mammals (L. M. Baskin) 303
4. Gregariousness of monkeys (G. M. Cherkovich)
5. Rcgulation of population size in mammals (Ye. V. Naumenko) 318
6. Group eff.ects in pharmacology and toxicology (E. R. Uzhdavini) 342
7. Echoranging in mammals (Ya. A. A1'tman) 352
Bibliography 371
Supplemental biblio~raph,y 436
COPYRIGHT: Izdatel'stvo "Nauka", 1979
10,657
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UDC; 577.31
~ CIRCADIAN RHYTHMS OF BIOLOGICAL PROCESSES AND THEIR ADAPTIVE SIGNIFTCANCE
IN VERT~'BRATE ONTOGENESIS AND PHYLOGENESIS
Novosibirsk SUTOCHNYYE RITMY BIOLOGICHESKIKH PROTSESSOV I IKH ADAPTIVNOYE ZNACHENIYE
V ONTO- I FILOGENEZE POZVONOCHNYKH in Russian 1980 (signed to press 21 Dec 79)
pP 2-3, 278
_ jAnnotation, foreword and table o` contents from book "Circadian Rhythms of
Biological Processes and Their Adaptive Significance in Vertebrate Ontogenesis and
Phylogenesis", by Gennadiy Dmitriyevich Gubin and Yefim Shmuylovich Gerlovin
(deceased), Scientific Research Clinical Department of the Siberian Department
of the USSR Academy of Sciences and Institute of Clinical and Experimental
Medicine of the Siberian Department of the USSR Academy of Medical Sciences,
= Izdatel'stvo "Nauka", 1800 copies, 278 pages]
[Text] This monograph deals with the rhythms of biological processes on different
levels of organization of living organisms, for the purpose of learning about
changes therein in ontogenesis and phylogenesis. The role of biorhythms is shown
in adapt~:.ion of vertebrates to changing environmental factors. Attention is
given to mechanisms of regulating circadian rhythms on the cellular level.
This book is intended for biologists, physiologists, morphologists and physicians.
There are 40 tables; 64 illustrations; bibliographv lists 799 items.
Foreword
At the present time, there has beeu an increase in interest in problems of bio-
rhythmology, the methodological principles of which are confidently penetrating
into studies of all levels of organization of living things. The tree of chrono-
biolo~y is growing and becoming stronger, forming more and more new branches,
whictl have practical importance (chronopharmacology, chronotoxicology, chronomedi-
cine, chronohygiene, etc.).
It is becoming obvious that tl~e problem of the effects of heliophysical and geo-
physical tactors on man's adaptation processes are closely linked with problems af
biortiyttimolo~y. By studying the circadian organization of biological systems,
efforts are being made to analyze the definitions of "health," "premorbid state,"
"disease." Development of inethods to assess the health status of populations that
live under inadequate environmental conditions, development of bases for reliable
forecasting of the health status of the public, make it necessary to use the
chronobiological approach.
7
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~h~ y~,Ca1 ~unctions o~ biolqgical systems are characterized by the existence of
stages and specific features in each period. In essence, we refer to the long-
term coexistence of an organism iz~ adequate and inadequate conditions. Is this
associated with change in the known [or some] mechanisms of ontogenesis or do
~ these mechanisms interact with another biological program determined by evolution,
which is implemented in the presence of prolonged inadequate environmental condi-
tions? Evidently, the genetic mechanisms and reserves of this program only inter-
- act with the ontogenetic program. Perhaps, certain changes in the hierarchy and
formation of goals of a biosystem are provided to implement these programs. If
we succeeded in finding the most limiting elements and means of implementing
new, prolonged adaptive processes, it would be possible to correct them more
- effectively and predict the results of encounters between a biological system and
inadequate conditions.
These pressing biomedical problems should be solved by investigating the distinc-
tions of rhythms of biological forms of movement of matter from the broad general
biolobical and evolutionary points of view.
However, there is still no systematic summary of studies of circadian rhythm~ of
biological processes in the literature.... [incomplete sentence, end of foreword
not available].
Contents Page
3
Foreword
Introduction
Chapter 1. Main Stages of Development of Teaching on Circadian Rhythm 8
of Biological Processes
Chapter 2. Distinctions of Circadian Biological Rhythms on Different 14
Levels of Organization of Animals
Chapter 3. Dynamics of Circadian Rhythms of Biological Processes in 22
Liver Cells of Adult Vertebrates in Phylogenesis
Chapter 4. Dynamics of Circadian Rhythms of Biological Processes in 105
Liver Cells of Some Vertebrates in Ontogenesis
Chapter 5. Correlation and Mutual Determination of Circadian Rhythms
of Biological Processes in Veretebrate Ontogenesis and Phylogenesis 155
Chapter 6. Significance of Biological Circadian Rhythms in Adaptation
of Organisms to Dif.ferent Living Conditions and in Response to 210
Administration of Toxic and Pharmacological Agents 241
Conclusion 244
Bibliography
COPYRIGHT: Izdatel'stvo "Nauka", 1980
10,657
cso: 184q'999
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UDC: 612.84+612.87
SENSORY SYSTEMS: TASTE AND SMELL
Leningrad SENSORNYYE SISTEMY. OBONYANIYE I VKUS in Russian 1980 (si.gned to press
2 Dec 80) pp 2, 179, 181-184
[Annotation, abstracts of articles and table of centents from book "Sensory Systems:
Taste and Smell", edited by G. V. Gershuni (editor-in-chief), Tnstitute of Physiology
imeni I. P. Pavlov, Scientific Council for Complex Problems of Human and Animal
Physiology, USSR Academy of Sciences, Izdatel'stvo "Nauka", 1700 copies, 184 pages]
[Text] This book consists of surveys and survey-experimental articles dealing with
olfaction and gustation of vertebrates, as well as chemoreception in gastropod
mollusks. Physiological and biochemical mechanisms of olfactory cell function, as
- well as significance of olfaction to the behavior of f ish and amphibians, are dis-
- cussed. There are experimental data on the distinctions of structural organization
of the organ of taste; current conceptions are summarized on biochemical bases of
reception ~f gustatory agents; some physiological mechanisms of function of the
sensory gustatory system and behavioral aspects of taste perception are described.
This publication is intended for specialists in the field of physiology and allied
biological sciences.
Abstracts UDC: 612.861
"Physiological Mecha~iisms of Olfactory Receptor Cell Function," by A. V. Minor
Experiments involving recording of the electrooculogram and electrotonic potential
of the olfactory nerve, as well as intracellular derivations of potentials from
the olfactory epithelium, made it possible to investigate the properties of the
olfactory receptor potential. The flagella are the main chemosensitive part of
tiie olfactory cell.. At the same time, there is experimental evidence of the
fact that the area of active depolarization involves most of the membrane of~the
peripheral process. Tliere is substantiation of a concept, according to which
chemosensitive and electrogenic parts of the olfactory cell are spatially separated,
and that there is an internal mechanism that provides for a connection between them.
Estimates and experimental data indicate that the kinetic parameters of the ol-
factory receptor potential are not determined by diffusion of the aromatic sub-
stance in the layer of olfactory mucus, but by an internal intermediate process.
This E~rocess includes a system for synthesis and breakdown of cyclic AMP, which
plays the role of intracellular mediator in the mechanism of stimulation of the
olFactory cell. Bibliography lists 55 items; there are 6 illustrations.
9
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UDC: 612.86
"Properties and Functions of Olfactory Epithelium Proteins," by 0. S. Gladysheva,
D. M. Kukushkina and G. I. Martynova
On the basis of the authors' own data and the literature, information is submitted
on the role of proteins in the receptor process of the olfactory organ of verteb-
rates. It was demonstrated that there is individuality to the protein composi-
tion of the olfactory lining in relation to tissues of a different nature. A
change in activity of alkaline phosphatase was demonstrated under the influence
of olfactory stimuli. There is comprehensive discussion of the functional role of
this enzyme ln various structures of the olfactory epithelium, involvement in pro-
- cesses of inetabolite transport, cell differentiation, secretion, production of a
supply of inorganic phosphate and possibly special functions in the process of
reception of odors. Bibliography lists SO items; there are 5 illustrations and
1 table.
UDC: 597.5:591.512
"Significance of Olfaction to Fish Behavior," by G. A. Malyukina, A. 0. Kasumyan
and Ye. A. Marusov
Questions of chemical communication of fish in intraspecies and interspecies
correlations are di:.~ussed on the basis of the authors' own studies and numerous
data in the literature. There is comprehensive discussion of the results of ex-
- periments dealing with recognition of fish of differ..ent species according to
smell, as well as individual differentiation between specimens of their own
species, identification of their own roe nests and offspring, choice of mate
and determination of social status of a specimen of their own species. There is
also discussion of the role of various receptor systems involved in perception
of chemical stimuli. Much attention is devoted ro the defense reactions of
fish in response to chemical danger signals--alarm pheromone and scent of a
predator. The ontogenetic time of appearance of these reactions is given;
the intluence of a number of biotic and abiotic environmental factors, physiological
state of fish on intensity and nature of manifestation of defense behavior. There
is discussion of the role of olfaction in formation of correlations between fish
in populations and biocenoses. Bibliography lists 50 items; there are 59
illustrations.
UDC: 597.94:591.185.34
"Olfaction-Controlled Behavior of Caudate Amphibians," by S. E. Margolis
This survey deals with current conceptions of the role of olfactory signals in
organizing food-procuring, mating, defense and orienting behavior. There is
discussion of the signif icance of specific cutaneous glands of caudate amphibians
as a source of olfactory signals, on the basis of which chem.ocommunication takes
- place during the period of mating behavior, and their role in defense behavior.
Attention is called to the significance of olfactory signals as a function of
10
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behavioral reactions and ecology of caudate amphibians, and in this reference
the results are submitted of using origin3l methods of investigating the olfaction-
guided behavior of tritons. Bibliography lists 72 items.
UDC: 612.86
"Natural Amino Acids as Olfactory Stimuli in Some Amphibians," by N. B. Kruzhalov
According to data in the literature, amino acids are effective stimuli for the
olfactory receptors of fish and chemoreceptors of aquatic invertebrates; the chemo-
receptors of amphibians, fish and aquatic invertebrates are involved in food reac-
tions; the olfactory receptors of amphibians and fish are morphologically similar.
Using the method of recording electrical activity of the olfactory bulb, it was
demonstrated for the first time t11at the ol�actory.system of frogs is sensitive
to amino acids. Just as in fish, greater effecttveness of L isomers is inherent
in frogs, as compared to D isomers, and greater effectiveness of amino acids than
carboxylic acids. There is discussion of the distinctions of olfactory reception
of terrestrial and aquatic forms of amphibians. Data concerning the functional
properties of the accessory oi~actory system are discussed, as well as the sensi-
tivity of the vomeronasal organ *_o amino acids, which was demonstrated for the
f irst ti.me. Bibliography lists 66 items; there are 4 illustrations and 2 tables.
UDC: 612.65.87
- "Study of Gustatory Structures of Vertebrates by the Method of Scanning
Electron Microscopy, by T. M. Dmitriyeva, Z. V. Lyubimova and A. I. Yesakov
The authors submit the results of studies of structural organization of the
ancillar.y system of chemoreceptor elements of the tongue in the comparative aspect.
The distinctions of ultrastructural organization of various forms of papillae,
their topography on receptor-bearing surfaces in the order of vertebrates are dis-
cussed: in fish--Baykal cisco and oil-fish; acaudate amphibians--the frog; and
mammals--guinea pig, rat and cat. The nature of structural organizat?on of
papillae as related to dietary distinctions and the animals' habitat is discussed.
Bibliography lists 28 items; there are 7 illustrations.
UDC: 591.487
"Some Evolutionary Distinctions in Organization of the Gustatory Organ of Fish,"
by R. A. Pevzner
This survey submits the author's and literature data on ultrastructural organiza-
tion of receptor, supporting and basal cells of Elasmobranchii fish (carp, white
amur, pike and others). It was demonstrated that fish retain the general principle
of organization of the gustatory receptor: in all receptor cells there is a single
microvillous process, well-developed smooth endoplasmic reticulum, synaptic con-
_ tacts with nerve endings. Data are also submitted on the distribution and quantity
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of taste buds as relaCed to diet; there are fewest in predatory f~sh, ~n whom the
gustatory receptors cuntxol the food swallowed, and the most are found in phyto-
phages and benthophages, whose gustatory receptors can find the source of food.
Data are also submitted ~bout compensatory development of taste buds in blinded
predators, b~.ind cave fish and fish that live in murky or swift rivers. Biblio-
graphy lists 95 items; there are 5 illustrations.
UDC: 612.87+591.484/488
"Biochemical Aspects of Reception of Gustatory Agents in Animals," by R. N.
Etingof and I. B. Ostretsova
Data in the literature and the authors' own material are summarized concerning
the nature and properties of receptors that perceive sweet and bitter agents. It
was demon5trated that the "sweet" receptors are of a protein nature, similar in
properties in mammals and insects, which are localized in the membrane elements
of r.tie taste cell. Tl~ere is discussion of the possible involvement of some
enzymatic systems in tiie primary mechanism of the receptor process. In this
respect, special attention is given to enzymes that are involved in conversion
of cyclic nucleotides, as well as a-glucosidaGe of insects' sensillae. Bibliography
lists 66 items.
UDC: 612.65
"Significance of Metabolic Reactions of Gustatory Receptors to Perception of
- Chemical Stimuli," by V. 0. Samoylov, V. N. Solov'yev, N. G. Gurskaya and A. S.
Gu': chenok
A survey was made of data and conceptions developing and rejecting the enzyme
hypothesis of gustation. Analysis was made of the methodological difficulties in-
volved in solving this problem, and a new approach is validated for studying t:~e
role ot metabolic reactions of taste receptors in perception of chemical stimuli.
The r.c5ults of experimentll work on this score are summarized, and this enabled
~he authur5 to formul.ate their conceptlon of primary mechanisms of taste reception.
'I'I~e liypc~thesis ~I:; ex~ounded of heterogeneity of molecular mechanisms of perception
of substances tliat have different taste qualities. Bibliography lists 78 items;
there are 4 illustrations and 1 table.
- UDC: 591.18,481:185.31
"Central Mechanisms of Function of the Sensory Gustatory System," by N. Ye.
Vasilevskaya
A survey is offered of the current status of the question of central mechanisms of
gustatory reception. Data are submitted on the morphology of the primary center in
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different classes of vertebrates and representation of taste in the mammali~.n
thalamt~G and cerebral cortex. There is discussion of the results ot physiological
studies of the gustatory system of mammal:~. Special attention is given to the
_ results of studies of inechanisms of analysis and processing of gustatory impulses
in the centiral nervous system of fish and amphibians. Data are submitted on
- studies of evoked potentials in the f'ish and frog medulla, and in the tapetum
of the fish mesencephalon in response to stimulation of the afferent conductor of
gustatory reception, reactions of neurons to adequate stimulation of taste recep-
tors, as well :s the results of studies of insturmental conditioned reflexes of
fish directed toward restoring optimum conditions in the aquatic environment after
adding chemical agent~ to it. Bibliography lists 54 items; there are 3 illustrations.
UDC: 612.833+612.391+612.86
"Taste and Behavior," by V. G. Kassil' and G. V. Makukhina
Tliis survey deals with the significance of the gustatory analyzer in forming some
behavioral reactions. Data from the literatur~ are submitted concerning matura-
tion of t}~e gustatory analyzer in prenatal and postnatal ontogenesis. There is
discussion of inborn reactions related to gustatory analysis and choice in
eatin~ and drinking behavior, as well as species-related distinctions of gustatory
analysis related to the type of diet. There is comprehensive discussion of
questions of change in gustatory choice with change in state of the endogenous
environment of an organism and change in its requirements, on the example of atti-
tude toward foods, Much space is devoted to conditioned reflex changes in attitude
- toward different flavors on the example of formation and retention of gustatory
aversion. The authors' own experimental data are submitted, which deal with age-
and sex-related distinctions of formation of gustatory aversion in albino rats.
Bibliography lists 60 items; there is 1 illustration.
UDC: 612.821
_ "Individual Distinctions of Gustatory Sensitivity of i~an According to the
Results oE Screening 7'~.tsLc:rs," by Tt. V. Coloynya, V. N. Xakovleva, A. Ye.
Chesnokova, Yu. A. Borisov and A. V. Matveyeva
This article analyzc~s I.ndividual gustatory sensitivity of man. Of a total of 102
sub~ects, .16~ were found to be "color blind" and 2% had heightened sensitivity to
all four. main types oC El.avor--acid, sweet, salt and bitter. Of the total, 80.7~
of the sub~jects h1d heightened sensitivity for sweet flavor and 67.0% for salt.
The subjects~ sensitivity to different flavors dimini`shes in the following order:
- sweet, salt, bitter and acid. Using cluster analysis, a method was developed for
screening [professional] tasters suitable for rating the pleasing qualities of
foods. Introduction of an additional criterion made it possible to single out a
more homogeneous group among the most sensitive and psychologically stable tasters
for determination of the thresholds of taste and odor of individual compounds.
Bibliography lists 36 item~; there are 3 illustrations and 6 tables.
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UDC: 591(481.4+181.381.5):594.381.5
"Osphradial Sensory System of Gastropod Mollusks," by V. A. Sokolov, N. 13. Kamardin,
0. V. Zaytseva and T. P. Tsirulis
A study was made of physiology and morphology of the osphradial sensory system of
Lymnaea stagnalis. The cytoarchitectonics of the receptor epithelium and osphradial
ganglia are described. Tfao types of endings of receptor neurons were demonstrated.
It was found that the reactions of the f ibers of the osphradial nerve to osmotic
and chemical components of solutions differ in dynamic range and direction (increase
or decrease in impulsation frequency). The correlation between frequency of im-
pulsation and osmotic concentration of solutions is described by S-shaped functions.
Representation of osphradial reception in the large parietal and visceral ganglia
was demonstrated. Several forms of organization of interneuronal relations, which
are involved in discrimination between osmotic and chemical components of a stimulus,
as well as signaling to efferent systems, were demonstrated on the identified
neurons of these ganglia. The physiological mechanisms and structural correlations
between nerve elements on the visceroparietal level of integration of the osphradial
sensory system are discussed. Bibliography lists 42 items; there are 7 illustrations.
Contents Page
Olfaction
Physiological Mechanisms of Olfactory Receptor Cell Function (A. V. Minor) 3
- Properti~s and Functions of Olfactory Epithelium Proteins (0. S. Gladyshev a~ 18
D. M. Kukushkina, G. I. Martynova)
Significance of Olfaction to Fish Behavior (G. A. Malyukina, A. 0. Kasumyan, 30
Ye. A. Marusov) 44
Olfaction-Controlled Behavior of Caudate Amphibians (S. E. Margolis)
Natural Amino Acids as Olfactory Stimuli in Some Amphibians (N. B. Kruzhalov) 60
Gustation
Study of Gustatory Structures of Vertebrates by the Method of Scanning 73
Electron Microscopy (T. M. Dmi~riyeva, L. V. Lyubimova, A. T. Yesakov)
Some Evolutionary Distinctions in Organization of the Gustatory Organ of Fish 82
(R. A. Pevzner)
- Biochemical Aspects of Reception of Gustatory Agents in Animals 94
(R. N. Etingof, I. B. Ostretsova) `
Significance of Metabolic Reactions of Gustatory Receptors to Perception of
- ~ Chemical Stimuli (V. 0. Samoylov, V. N. Solov'yev, N. G. Gurskaya, 107
A. S. Gurchenok)
Centr~il Mechanlsms of Function of the Sensory Gustatory System 119
(N. Ye. Vasilevskaya) 134
TasCe and Behavior (V. G. Kassil', G. V. Makukhina)
Individua] Distinctlons of Gustatory Sensitivity of Man According to the
Results of Screening Tasters (R. V. G olovnya, V. N. Yakovleva, A. Ye� 148
Chesnokova, Yu. A. Borisov, A. V. Matveyeva)
Chemoreception in Mollusks
Osphradial Sensory System of Gastropod Mollusks (V. A. Sokolov, N. N. Kamardin, 159
0. V. Zaytseva, T. P. Tsirul3s)
14
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New Book, 'Olfactory Receptors of Verte�brates,' by A. t~. Bronshteyn
(reviewed by A. V. Minor) 1~~
Abstracts ~gl
COPYRIGHT: Izdatel'stvo "Nauka", 1980
' 1o,~s~
CSO: 1840/999
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UDC: 612.825~5:612.882 ,
MECHANISMS OF INTERACTTON BETW~EN ~NTERNAT~ AND EXTERNAL ANALYZERS. VTSCERAL
AFFERENTATION OF BRAIN FUNCTIONS
Leningrad MEKHANIZMY VZAIMODEYSTVIYA VNUTRENNIKH I VNESHNIKH ANALIZATOROV in
Russian 1980 (signed to press 8 Aug 80) pp 2-4, 149
_ [Annotation, foreword by Academician V. N. Chernigovskiy and table of contents
from book "Mechanisms of Interaction Between Internal and External Analyzers.
Visceral Afferentation of Brain Functions", by Vladimir Semenovich Raytses,
Izdatel'stvo "Nauka", 1350 copies, 150 pages]
[Text] This monograph summarizes data from the literature and the author's own
electrophysiological research on functional organization of central parts of
internal (visceral) analyzers and mechanisms of interaction between visceral
afferent signals and sensory messages going to the central nervous system from
somatic, vestibular and visual receptors. Current data are submitted on involve-
ment of the hypothalamic and limbic structures of the brain in central control
of sensory processes and mechanisms of interaction between interoceptive and
exteroceptive signaling. The significance of visceral signals to formation and
expression of certain forms of emotional reactions and purposeful behavior is
discussed, as well as emotional disorders in the presence of visceral pathology.
There are 50 illustrations and S tables; bibliography lists 449 items.
Foreword
This monograph by Prof V. S. RaytsES, which is small but has comprehensive contents,
deals with a problem, which is important and still pressing, but still not resolved,
that pertains to the correlations between two flows of signals, one of which informs
the organism of man and animals about events in the environment and the other,
about what is happening in the organism itself. ~
The importance oE this problem, which retains its significance in our times,
had already been appreciated by I. M. Sechenov. With reference to mechanisms of
regulation, he wrote abotit so-called systemic senses [feelings]: "The vague
overall feeling (probzbly from all organs of the body that have sensory nerves) is
the general background for the diverse manifestations that apply here, which we
call a sense of general well-being in a healthy man and a feeling of general
malaise in a weak or sick one. Zn general, this background has a very strong
effect on work performance, as well as man's mind, although it does have the
nature of a calm, even, vague feeling. The healthy ~onu~ of everyt~iing that
happens in the body, which medical men refer to as vigor vitalis and that wnich
is called spiritual mood in the psychological aspect depends on this feeling"
(Sechenov, 1956, p 671). ,
16
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In his monograph, V. S. Raytses summarized rather extensive material that he and
his colleagues gathered, which deals with the problem formulated previously. Of
special value in the monograph is the fact that it discusses comprehensively,
knowledgeably and on the basis of facts, the interaction between signals travel-
ing from various physiological systems of the organism to many branches of the
central nervous system and, particularly, those that one generally refers to
by the term "subcortical structures."
The author demonstrated convincingly that a signal coming from visceral elements
not only has its own communication channels with the central nervous system (the
existence of such channels is not questioned), but its own terminal "stations" in
different parts of the central nervous system and, what is more important, that
a signal arriving at these "stations" from visceral systems interacts with the one
coming to the same places from the receptive fields of the musculocutaneous, ves-
tibular and visual systems. It should be assumed that this continuous integra-
tion of signals on different levels of the central nervous system allows the human
and animal organism, as an integral system, to perform behavioral acts.
The author made a good choice of the problem of interaction of afferent systems.
Indeed, the receptive fields of the skin, like those of the e}~es, give our
body a clear idea about objects around us, and all effects directed to these
fields reach consciousness without difficulty. Conversely, signals from the
- vestibular analyzer, which are, incidentally, very important for our spatial
orientation, are not as easily and si.mply reflected in our consciousness. A man
who has s].ipped or stumbled can correct the position of his body in space in an
instant--with or without success--not because he clearly knows what he must do
to maintain a vertical position. This happens, as they say, instinctively,
without the involvement of consciousness.
Even vaguer are the sensations originating from muscles, which I. M. Sechenov
called "dark, dim." For expressly this reason it is very important to determine
how interaction of these very heterogeneous signals interact on different levels
of the nervous system.
_ This work, which was done on a modern level using modern methods, is dedicated
to ttie above problem. I bell.eve that it will be studie~i with interest by physio-
logists; moreover, it will be useful to clinicians as well, particularly neurolo-
gists who will not regret the time they spen~ reading it.
Contents Page
_ Foreword 3
_ Introduction 5
Ctiapter 1. BrieF Intormation About Morphofunctional Structure of Internal
(Visc.eral) Analyzers $
Chapter 2. Central Systems and Mechanisms of Viscerosomatic Tntegration 28
Chapter 3. Viscerosomatic influences on reactions of vestibular system 49
Chapter 4. Convergence and interaction of viscerosomatic and visual
afferent signals (g :
Chapter 5. Involvement of Hypothalamic and Limbic Brain Structures in ~
Central Control of Sensory Processes 88
Chapter 6. Visceral Signalization and Elements of Behavior 109
Conclusion 12C
Bibliography 132
COPYRIGHT: Izdatel~stvo "Nauka", 1980
10,657 17
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UDC: 575.4:577.4:591:612.014
ACCLIMATION OF ANIMALS
Leningrad AKKLIMATSIYA ZHIVOTNYKH ORGANIZMOV in Russian 1981 (signed to press
2 Dec 80) pp 2-6, 134-135
[Annotation, introduction and table of contents from book "Acclimation of Animals",
by Vladislav Vil'gel'movich Khlebovich, edited by Ya. I. Starobogatov, Zoological
Institute and Section of Chemicotechnological and Biological Sciences, USSR
Academy of Sciences, Izdatel'stvo "Nauka", 1900 copies, 136 pages]
[TextJ This book analyzes the phenomenology and mechanisms of acclimation of animals
referable to different taxonomic and ecological groups to environmental factors,
on the basis of a survey of the author's own data and those in the literature.
Acclimation is compared to processes that are similar in duration (about 2 weeks)
and mechanisms (gene regulation): some manifestations of ontogenetic development,
immunity, neurological memory, compensation of injuries, etc. Practical
acclimation procedures are described. Ecological and evolutionary aspects of
this biological phenomenon are discussed. There are 49 illu~trations, 9 tables;
bibliography lists 417 items.
Introduction
If we were to conceive of the field of activity of science as very rugged terrain,
in which we must see more and learn more, scientific theory can be mentally
drawn in the form of an observation [watcl~] tower. We could endlessly fortify
and build up the only~"co~rrect" tower, but we could build one, two or more new
towers that would enable us to see new objects around us or to examine already
known ones at a different angle or even from the opposite side. Probably, the
"observation sectors" from different towers will overlap, and this would car-
respond to the situation where the same phenomenon can be examined using the
armamentarium of concepts, terms and methods of different branches of sciences.
Apparently, this is more a positive than negative element, although it does
involve some difficulties of presentation of material, since the logic of facts
leads the researcher through branches of science that are beyond his own narrow
specialty.
In this book, we tried to consider from different angles the phenomenon of accli-
- mation which, like phyeiological adaptation, adaptive modification, as an act of
genetic regulation, as well as the method of determining the ecological spectr~tm,
is found to be linked to various biological disciplines.
l~
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Hi.storically, the concept of accli.mation emerged in connection with studies of ec:o-
logy of several species of marine animals. Studies of the temperature range of
vital function of some fish revealed that the ranges for survival, reproduction
or function of different systems of an organism depend on the temperature the
animals were exposed to before the experiment and how long this exposure lasted
(Sumner, Doudoroff, 1938; Stroganov, 1940; Doudoroff, 1942, 1945; Brett, 1944, 1946;
Fry et al., 1946, and others). It thus became apparent that, when comparing the
temperature reactions of groups of an~mals, they must first be kept under standard
conditions (they should be acclimated to the corresponding temperature). Subse-
quently, this requirement was applied both to the study of species referable to
other taxonomic groups and to work pursued to determine the effects on organisms
of other abiotic environmental factors: salinity, hydrostatic pressure, light,
pH, oxygen content, etc. (see, for example, ~the surveys by the following authors:
Bullock, 1955; Prosser, 1955, 1977, 1978; Kinne, 1964, 1970, 1971; Zhirmunskiy, 1966;
Hoar, 1967; Alderdice, 1972; Precht et al., 1973).
At the present ti:ne, acclimation is generally used to refer to a"compensatory
change arising in an organism in response to prolonged deviation of some environ-
mental factor (usually under laboratory conditions) from its original level"
(Prosser, 1977, p 19). This definition of K. Prosser, in spite of its vagueness,
is valuable in that acclimation is interpreted as a biological phenomenon, and
not as a methodological procedure for obtaining material that is comparable in
its physiological parameters.
There was the greatest interest in the study of temperature acclimation, since
- it is more universal and metlxiiologically more accessible (see surveys by: Kinne,
1970; Alderdice, 1972; Precht et al., 1973; Wieser, 1973). There are somewhat
fewer known works dealing with acclimation to salinity of marine organisms; how-
ever, information of a general nature is concentrated in the~e (see surveys by:
Kinne, 1971; Khlebovich, Berger, 1975; Prosser, 1977, 1978). For several years,
studies of acclimation of aquatic organisms to removal or addition of salt were
conducted in c~ur laboratory at the White Sea Biological Station of the Zoological
Institute, USSR Academy of Sciences, paying considerable attention to osmo-
conformers, i.e., organisms incapable of osmotic regulation of their endogenous
environment. In our opinion, these models have seLeral advantages, and they
should be discussed.
In the first place, marine organisms inhabiting shallow water, which is the source
of osmoconformers for the corresponding experiments, have a particularly large
phenotypic component of variability or, in other words, capacity for acclimation
(Scl~lieper, 1964; Neweil, ~3ayne, 1973; Oertzen, 1973; Mayr, 1974). Suffice it
to recall that such properties of organisms as eurythermia and euryhalinity,
which are so typical expressly of shallow waters, are related to the capacity
for acclimation to temperature and salinity.
In the second place, app~~rently because salt water is not only the habitat but
physiological environment for aquatic poikilosmotic or~anisms osmoconformers)
(Henderson, 1924), one can examine the process of salinity acclimation of these
animals with tne use of various chernicals, adding the appropriate agents, for
example, radioactive isotope-labeled precursors of synthesis of nucleic acids or
_ protein, directly in experimental containers with salt water. No matter how
complex the problem of permeability of substances through biological membranes
1)
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may appear, practice has shown that when the mos~t diyer~e substances are added to
salt water they penetrate rather quickly into the endogenous environment and
cells of poikilosmotic organisms. This is probably related to the capacity,
which was observed expressly in marine organisms, unlike fresh water organisms, '
to take up amino acids, sugars and other organic molecules by their body
surface, extraintestinally, and include them in their metabolic processes
(Stephens, Schinske, 1957, 1961; Stephens, 1964; Jor~ensen, 1976; Sorokin, 1977).
Curiously enough, in the euryhaline Polychaeta Nereis limnicola, as ambient salinity
declines uptake of glycine through the integument gradually diminishes, and it stops
completely with chloride concentrations of less than 100 mmole/k (Stephens, 1964),
whicti corresponds to salinity of about 6�/00, i.e., close to "critical salinity,"
which separates most fresh and salt water organisms (Khlebovich, 1974a). It can
be assumed that these advantages .of investigatitg acclimation on models of adapta- _
tion of salt water osmoconformers to desal'inization or salinization can extend to
- similar studies of some endoparasitic helminths, for example, thorny-headed worms
[Acanthocephala)(Mikt~aylova, Khlebovich, 1976; Khlebovich, Mikhaylova, 1976).
It must be stressed that one generally uses acclimation to refEr to both the pro-
cess of compensation For environmental factors and the result of this process.
One can assess acclimation according to compensatory changes in growth, metabolism,
some forms of activity and, finally, resistance. Accordingly, many procedures are
used to test acclimation. The tested signs are usually determined quantitatively.
In the study of acclimation phenomena, it is expedient to make a distinc.tion be-
tween six pairs of variants thereof, which reflects to some extent the diversity
of properties of acclimation, as weli as methodological approaches to its study.
1. Acclimation against the background of ontogenetic morphogenesis and acclima-
tion of definitive stages. The study of acclimation of developing individuals is
particularly promising in ecology, since the parameters used to test compensa-
tion for factors (rate of development and growth, time of puberty and fertility)
are extremely important base material for modern ecological efforts. Such an
approach was recently used with success by G. A. Galkovskaya and L. M. Sushchenya
(1978).
Studic~s of acclimation of. definitive stages will have the advantage in defining
the phenomenology and mectianisms of this process, since one must dissociate one-
self ytrictly Erom morphogenetic processes related to individual development.
Moreover, thanks to tt~e anabolic (Severtsov, 1939) nature of acclimation of
definitive stages, it is preferable to study them to solve acclimation-related
problems of benetics and evolution.
2. Acclimation of contormers (for example, poikilosmotic and poikilothermic
organisms) and regulators (homoiosmotic and homoiothermic organisms)--see
Figure 1 [not reproduced].
3. Acclimation to the tolerable range of a factor, tested by the intensity of
a physiological function (capacity adaptation) and resistance acclimation
(resistance adaptation), tested by the number of surviving specimens after a
certain period of exposure or dur ing exposure inducing death of a specific share
of specimens, for example, 50LT, 100 LT, etc. (see: Precht, 1958; Precht et al.,
1973).
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4. Organismic acclimation and cellular or tissular acclimation. Here, one should
apparently make a distinct3on between resistance or tolerance of cells and tissues
extracted from an intact organism that is in the process of acclimation or accli-
mated, from the situation where the cells and tissues themselves, isolated from
the organism, are acclimated.
5. Acclimation of prokaryotes ana eukaryotes.
6. Acclimation of unicellular and multicellular an3mals.
In this work, we shall dwe11 primarily on problems of phenomenology and mechanisms
of acclimation of definitive stages of multicellular animals, conformers and
regulators, in the tolerable range, on the level of the organism and the cell,
_ as well as in comparison to protozoans (Chapters 1 and 2). The conclusions con-
cerning ths fluctuating mode of function during acclimation, its duration and
underlying mechanisms of biosynthetic activity of cells made it possible to
compare acclimation to similar phenomena (Chapter 3), as well as to discuss
from this vantage point some elements of ecology (Chapter 4) and evolutionary
questions of appearance and tranaformation of a certain variability (Chapter S).
Contents Page
Introduction 3
Chapter l. Phenomenology of Acclimations 7
Fluctuating [oscillatory] mode 77
Duration of acclimation 11
Multicellular conformers 12
- Multicellular regulators 2~
Protozoans 24
Physiological adaptation to intermittent or periodic factors 25
Consequences of cessation or modification of tidal [ebb and flow]
and circadian rhythms of factors 28
- Reverse acclimaeion (deacclimation) [deadaptation] 29
Chapter 2. Principles of Acclimation Mechanisms 33
Inilibitor-depressed transcription of conformer capacity for acclimation 33
Dynamics of involvement of labeled precursors of RNA synthesis in
the process of salinlty acclimation of conformers 39
Changes in protein synthesis during acclimation of conformers 41 �
The effect of interrupt:Lng acclimation in poikilosmotic mollusks 47
Acclimation of regulatory organisms 48
Nature of the signal of cell genome activation 53
- Adaptogens and their effects on acclimation 55
Chapter 3. Acclimation and Similar Phenomena 61
Acclimation and developmental biology 61
_ Acclimation and immunity 65
Acclimation and problems of pathology 71
Some mechanisms and phenomena of neurological memory 76
Long-term consequences of brief exogenous factors 78
Chapter 4. Ecological Aspects of Acclimation 81
Acclimation as a procedure for obtaining comparable ecological data 82
~ Trophic phenotypic adaptations 87
Adaptation to fluctuations of environmental factors 87
Questions of. ac;.limation to toxicants 90
~
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Chapter 5. Evolutionary Aspects of Acclimation 92
Evolution of the broad norm of reaction 93
Dormant genes and evolution 95
'Replacement' of phenocopies by genocopies 9~
Phenospecific selection 100
Informativeness of the phenotype and genotype 104
Conclusion 109
Bibliography 112
COPYRIGHT: Izdatel'stvo "Nauka", 1981
10,657
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I~()!t ()I~1~1('IA1. Iltil~: UNI.Y
a
UDC: 612.17
- PHYSIOLOCY OF CIRCULATION. P~TYSIOLOGY OF THE HEART, IN THE ~TEXTBOOK OF
PHYSIOLOGY~ SERIES ~ -
Leningrad FIZIOLOGIYA KROVOOBRASHCHENIYA. FIZIOLOGIYA SERDTSA, V SERII .
"RUKOVODSTVO PO FIZIOLOGII" in Russian 1980 (signed to press 13 Mar 80) pp 2-4,
593-598
_ [Annotation, foreword by G. N. Konradi and table of contents from book
"Physiology of Circulation. Physiology of the Heart", in the "Textbook of
Physiology" series, edited by N. I. Arronet, Tzdatel'stvo "Nauka", 9850 copies,
598 pages, illustrated]
[Text] This book submits the principal data needed to understand the function of
the heart and its different manifestations. General properties of myocardial cells,
their ultrastructure, energy resources, genera.tion of electrical potentials, electro-
mechanical coordination and mechanism of contraction are discussed. Cardiac
automatism and spread of excitation over the heart are described. The heart's
_ pumping function, phases of its activity and results of studies of levels of
cardiac output are submitted; there is discussion of the~principles involved in
measuring and recording the pumping function of the human heart. Data are sub-
mitted on mechanisms of regulation of cardiac function, the role of hemodynamic,
innervation and hormonal influences on the heart, reflex control of its function.
The key issues that are iml~ortant to future studies are mentioned. There are 98
illustrations and 6 tables; bibliography lists 1306 items.
Foreword
Academician Vasiliy Vasi1'yev~ch Parin (1903-1971) and Yevgeniy Borisovich
Babskiy (1902-7.973), active member of the Ukrainian Academy of Sciences, played
- an exceptionally large role in development of Soviet physiology of circulation.
. They played a leading role in conceiving the idea and planning of the volumes of '
this "Textbook," which deal with physiology of. the cardiovascular system. V. V.
Parln and Ye. B. Babskiy were teachers who trained researchers, a number of whom
presently head large scientific teams. They were experts, not only in the~branches
of science in which ti~ey are to be credited with experimental research of major
importance, but of physiology as a whole; they were able to combine work on basic
problems with studies that had to be conducted because of the immediate needs of
clinical practice and applied physiology. Everyone who was fortunate enough to
know Vasiliy Vasi1'yevich and Yevgeniy Borisovich gratefully remenbers how valuable
were their advs.ce, fruitful critical comments, how meaningful was their assistance
and cooperation in conducting research that they considered worthy of support. The
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group of authors of this volume were constantly aware of the profound effect on
its content of the passing of V. V. Parin and Ye. B. Babskiy; we should like for
everyone who uses this book to find a stimulus and example for their efforts in the
works of Ye. B. Babskiy and V. V. Parin. ~
Ye. B. Babskiy was the inspiration for the volume dealing with physiology of the
heart. He made a general outline for this volume, essentially lined up the
authors, and chapters 2, 5-9, 12-19, 23, 24 and 26 were written in accordance with
his instructions and with his constant counsel. He was able to read over most
of these chapters, to indicate some desirable refinements, and himself wrote a
considerable part of Chapter 5, which contains the important results of his own
research. Chapters 1, 3, 4, 10, 11, 20, 21, 25 and 27 were written after the
death of Yevgeniy Borisovich, and he is not a party to the flaws they contain;
but it is hoped that the general tenor of these chapters does not digress from
~ his ideas and requirements.
Here, the discussion of. problems of physiology of circulation is pursued exclusively
in the aspect of normal physiology. Problems of pathological and clinical physiology
of the heart, effects on it of environmental factors and pharmacology should be
discussed in special pub lications. The chapter on coronary circulation will be
published in the next volume, which deals with systemic hemodynamics, organic
circulation and re~ulation of function of the cardiovascular system as a whole.
Spe cial mention must be made of the nature of bibliography references, which are
listed in a bibliography that covers all of the chapters. Of course, it would
have been impossible to cite the entire relevant literature on any of the
issues discussed in each chapter. The submitted bibliography has only the intent
of listing mainly new sources, from which it is easy to retrieve a more complete
bibliography on the subject. For this reason, the reader is referred, in most
cases, not to the first works that established some thesis or other, but to sub-
sequent publications containing data about prior research.
N. Ye. Babskaya was very helpful in compiling this volume; T. I. Khalevina helped
in its final preparation for publication and compilation of the general biblio-
graphy; ln addition to members of the editorial board, the following offered
valuable advice on diE�ferent chapters: V. Ya. Izakov, V. A. Levtov, S. N. Lyzlova,
S. A. Regirer, B. I. Khodorov and V. ~1. Ch~rnigovskiy. Many thanks to them.
Contents Page
Forec.ord 3
Chapter 1. Introduction. Some Features of Development of Physiology
of the Heart (G. P. Konradi) 5
Chapter 2. Ultrastructural Organization of the Myocardium
(V. V. Glagoleva, Yu. S. Chechulin) 25
2.1. Subce11u1ar structure of myocardial fibers 25
2.2. Mitochondria 29
2.3. The sarcoplasmic reticulum and T system 31
2.4. Golgi's complex and other elements of myocardial tibers 32
2.5. Distinctions of subcellular organization of atrial muscle fibers
and conduction system of the heart 34
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Chapter 3. Energy Resources of Myocardi.al Cells (ST. A. Saks,
L. V. Rozenshtraukh) 36
3.1. General energy characteristics of the myocardium 37
3.2. Glycolysis, oxidation of fatty acids and oxidative phosphorylation 39
_ 3.3. Regulation of energy-producing processes 40
3.4. The creatine-phosphate pathway of energy transport 44
3.5. Regulation of myocardial cell contraction 47
Chapter 4. Electrophysiolgy of My~cardial Cells (R. S. Orlov,
V. V. Barabanova) 51
4.1. Ion basis of resting membrane potential 52
4.2. Ion basis of action potential 54
4.3. Potentials of. embryonic tissue and cardiac tissue culture 57
4.4. Phases of action potentisl of myocardial cells 59
Chapter S. Automatism~of the Heart (Ye. B. Babskiy, S. Yu. Berdyayev) 63
5.1. Development of conceptions about cardiac automatism 63
5.2. Diastolic depolarization and threshold potential 68
5.3. Structure and properties of the sinoatrial node 72
5.4. Mechanism of diastolic depolarization 77
5.5. Electrical phenomena and ion current of pacemaker fibers 81
_ 5.6. Depression of automatism of potential pacemakers 87
Chapter 6. Dissemination of Excitation Over Different Structures of the
Heart (L. V. Rozenshtraukh) 92
6.1. Conduction system of the heart 92
= 6.2. Structure of excitation in the sinoatrial node 93
6.3. Sinoatrial boundary and conduction of excitation to atrium 97
6.4. Dissemination of excitation through the atrioventricular node 100
6.5. Conduction of excitation in ventricles 106
_ 6.6. Pathological modes of dissemination of excitation in the heart 113
Chapter 7. Electrical Structure of Myocard~.al Tissue L.V. Rozenshtraukh) 118
7.1. Contact membranes in functional syncytium of the myocardium 119
7.2. Electrical parameters of myocardial fibers 120
7.3. Conduction in the case of branched fibers 122
7.4. Reactive properties of syncytial structures 127
7.5. Model of electrical properties of the myocardium 128
- 7.6. Distinctions of electrical properties of syncytia with differ.ent
geometric structure 12g
Chapter 8. The Contractile Process in Cardiac Muscles (V. S. Sal'manovich) 134
8.1. Contractile proteins in the myocardium 134
8.2. Interaction between actin and myosin 140
8.3. Organization of contractile proteins in myofibrils 142
8.4. Mechanism of contraction of myocardial myofibrils 144
8.5. Electromeclianical coordination and structures involved 151
8.6. 7'he role of. calcium in electromechanical coordination 155
8.7. The process of myocardial rel.axation 163
8.8. Access of extracellular calcium into myocardial fiber 164
Addition to Chapter 8(G. P. Konradi) 167
Chapter 9. Mechanics oE the Myocardium 170
9.1. ~iill's model and active s~ate of myocardial fibers
(V. S. Sal'manovich) 170
9.2. Correlation between rate and force of contraction in myocardial
fibers (V. S. Sal'manovich) 174
9.3. Contractile and elastic elements of myocardial fibers, and resting
tension (V. S. Sa1'manovich) 178
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~.4. Application of Hill's model to the intact heart (V. S. Sal'manovich) 180
9.5. Some critical questions of inechanics of the heart (S. A. Regirer) 183
' Chapter 10. The Ro1e of Heart Rate in Regulation of Myocardial
- Contractility (Myocardial Chronoinotropism)
(V. Ya. Izakov, V. S. Markhasin) 186
10.1. Characteristics and classification of chronoinotropism 187
10.2. Potentiation of contractions and paired stimulation 190
10.3. Chronoinotropism in the entire heart 191
10.4. Effect of frequency of stimuJ.ation on electrical activity and
electromechanical coordination 193
10.5. Ion mechanisms of chronoinotropism 196
- Chapter 11. Structures Involved in Pumping Function of the Heart 199
11.1. The valvular system of the heart (Ye. A. Dyskin) 199
11.2. Configuration of cardiac chambers in the cycle of cardiac function
(N. B. Kuz'mina, A. D. Drogaytsev) 206
11.3. Formation of blood flow in the left ventricle (N. B. Kuz'mina,
A. D. Drogaytsev) 212
Chapter 12. Cardiodynamics (V. V. Parin, V. 1.. Karpman) 215
12.1. Time organization of the cardiac cycle 215
12.2. Pressure in cardiac chambers, aorta and pulmonary artery in the
course of the cardiac cycle 222
12.3. Changes in volume of ventricles and diameter of the aorta during
cardiac cycle 228
12.4. Venous influx to the heart and its pumping function 234
12.5. Force-displacement diagram of the heart 23~
- Chapter 13. Mechanical Manifestations of Cardiac Function and Methods of
Studying Them (V. L. Karpman) 241
13.1. Mechanocardiography 242
13.2. Electrokymography 246
13.3. Dynamocardiography and ballistocardiography 248
13.4. Angiographic, ultrasonic and rheographic methods of studying
kinematics of the heart 251
Chapter 14. Cardiac Output 255
A. Methods of ineasuring cardiac output (V. 0. Karpman, V. V. Parin) 255
14.1. Concentration methods of determining minute volume of circulation 256
14.2. Sphygnpgrr~phic~znd ballistocardiographic methods of determining
systolic volume 262
14.3. Roentgeno~,r~zPhlc, echocardiographic and rheographic methods of
- determinin~ syti[olic volume (A. D. Smirnov) 266
Addition r.o Secrlon A(C. P. Konradi) 269
I~. Level.s of c~1rd t~c ouCput (V. L. Karpman, V. V. Parin) 271
14.4. Systol-ic blood volume 2~1
14.5. Minute volume of circulation 2~3
14.6. Changes in cardiac output in the presence of some physiological
states 2~5
Ctiapter 15. Heart S wnds (G. I. Kassirskiy) 280
Chapter 16. Electrocardiography (B. M. Tsukerman, L. I. Titomir) 288
16.1. Ceneral description of electrocardiography 28$
16.2. Elementary electric generators of the heart and their electric
field 2g2
16.3. Theory o~ equivalent generator 29$
16.4. Electrocardiographic leads 302
16.5. Vectorcardiography 313
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16.6. Methods of recording, describing and processing ~information
about biological activity of the heart 317
Chapter 17. Modeling Cardiac Function (V. A. Shidlovskiy, V. A. Lishchuk,
A. K. Tsaturyan) _ 323
Chapter 18. Myogenic Self-Regulation of the Heart 333
18.1. Heterometric regulation (S. M. Shenderov) 333
18.2. Homeometric self-regulation of cardiac contractions (G. P. Konradi) 341
~.8.3. Self-regulatory changes in heart rate, and significance of
myogenic regulation (G. P. Konradi) 346
Chapter 19. Effects of Stimulating Cardiac Nerves (V. V. Frol'kis) 350
19.1 Mornhol.ogical structure of efferent innervation of the heart 352
19.2. Effect of extracardiac nerves on rate of cardiac contraction 354
(chronotropic influences)
19.3. 'Partidoxical' chronatropic effecta of stimulating the vagus 357
19.4. Effect of the vagus on conduction and excitability of the heart 359
19.5. Escape of the heart from influence of the vagus 362
19.6. F.ffect of stimulation of sympathetic nerve on heart rate 363
19.7. Effect of stimulation of extracardiac nerves on force of '
cardiac contraction 366
Addition to Chapter 19: Dependence of effects on the heart on
number of stimulated ~lements of the parasympathetic nervous system
and intensity of their stimulation (M. G. Udel~nov) 369
Chapter 20. Mediator Mechanisms of Parasympathetic Control of Cardiac
Function (N. Ya. Lukomskaya) 373
20.1. The concept of cholinergic mediation 373
20.2. Transmission of neural influences to different structures of the
heart 376
20.3. Effecr of acetylcholine on different structures of the heart 381
Chapter 21. Mediatory Mechanisms of Sympathetic Control of Cardiac
Funct~on (V. Ya. Tzakov) 386
21.1. Synttiesis, deposition, excretion and inactivation of catecholamines 386
21.2. Inotropic effects of catecholamines 390
21.3. Effect of catecholamines on electrical activity of myocardial cells 394
. 21.4. Metabolic effects of catecholamines 396
21.5. Cyclic AMP as a mediator of catecholamine action 398
Chapter 22. Significance of Efferent Innervation of the Heart (G. P. Konradi) 400
22.1. The role of vagal innervation of the heart and its tonus 400
22.2. The role of sympathetic innervation of the heart 404
22.3. Consequences of denervation of the heart 407
22.4. Correlations between pnrasympat}ietic and sympathetic
' innervation of the heart 409
Chapter 23. ~ffects of Hormones on the Heart (V. I. Kandror) 412
23.1. EfEects of catecholamines on the heart 412
23.2. Effects of thyroxin and triiodothyronine on the heart 415
23.3. ~ffects of corticosteroids on the heart 418
23.4. Effects of other hormones and hormone-like substances on the heart 420
Chapter 24. Afferent System of the Heart (F. P. Yasinovskaya) 425
24,1. Morphology of cardiac receptors 425
24.2. PrinciplES involved in studying the receptor zone of the heart 427
24.3. Mechanoreceptors of the atria, ventricles and pericardium 429
24.4. Receptors of unmyelinated vagal fibers 435
24.5. Receptors of spinal afferent nerve fibers 437
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Chapter 25. Reflexes From Cardiac Receptors 439
25.1. Distinctive features of studying cardiocard;tac and cardiovascular
reflexes (G. P. Konradi) 439
25.2. Reflexes from atrial and ventricular mechanoreceptors (G.P. Konradi) 442
25.3. Reflexes from receptors of the pericardium, endocardium and
coronary vessels in response to mechanical and chemical stimuli
(F. P. Yasinovskaya) 449
25.4. Cardiovascular reflexes (G. P. Konradi) 455
25.5. Afferent and efferent pathways of reflexes from cardiac receptors
(F. P. Yasinovskaya) 458
25.6. Significance of reflexes from cardiac receptor zone (G. P. Konradi) 461
Chapter 26. Intravascular Peripheral Reflexes (G. I. Kositskiy) 464
26.1. Morpt~ological substrate of peripheral reflexes 464
26.2. Characteristics of peripheral cardiac reflexes 466
26.3. Interac:tion between extracardiac and intracardiac mechanisms of
.,neural regulation of the heart 470
Chapter 27. Reflex Regulation of Cardiac Function Through Receptors of '
Vessels,~Tissues and the Respiratory System w� ' 475
27.1. Reflexes to the heart from the aortic-carotid zone and large
artery receptors (G. P. Konradi) 475
27.2. Efferent innervation of arterial chemoreceptors (V. 0. Samoylov) 486
27.3. Reflex effect o,f chemoreceptors of aortic and sinocarotid zones
on the heart (I. S. Breslav) 487
27.4. Reflexes to the heart from vascular receptors and visceral
chemoreceptors (G. P. Konradi) 492
27.5. Coordinate [con.~uga~ed] reflex effects c~n the heart from different
afferent fibers, mechanoreceptors of hollow organs and exteroceptors
(G. P. Kanradi) 495
27.6. Reflex regulation of cardiac function by skeletal muscle receptors
(G. P. Konradi) 501
27.7. Respiratory arrhythmia; reflexes from receptors of the respiratory �
system and trigeminal nerve (G. P. Konradi) 503
27.8. Effect of suprabulbar and subcortical structures of the brain
on ttie neart (G. Konradi) S~~
27.9. Effect of the cerebral cortex on the heart (G. P. Konradi) 510
Bibliography 524
Subject Index ~ ~ 583
COPYRIGHT: Izdatel'stvo "Nauka", 1980 -
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~MYOTON' UNIT FOR THE CONTROL OF MOVII~iENTS
Kiev "MIOTON" V UPRAVLENII DVI.ZHENIYAMI in Russian 1980 pp 2-4, 142-143
" [Annotation, foreword and table of contents from book "'Myoton' Unit for the
Control of Movements", by L. S. Aleyev, M. I. Vovk, V. N. Gorbanev and A. B.
Shevchenko, Izdatel'stvo "Naukova dumka", 144 pages].
[Text] This monograph describes a method of bioelectrical control of human move-
mezts and construction of programmed multichannel ur.its of the Myoton type, in
which transformed bioelectric potentials of muscles are used to control contrac-
tile activity of skeletal muscles. It was demonstrated that the Myoton is a
result of development of electric muscle stimulators. There is a technical des-
cription of the unit, as well as of the method of practical operation thereof
by an operator. The authors' experience with the Myoton used to "i~mpose"
principal movements on man is described.
The desirability and potential of using this type of unit are demonstrated, in
conjunction with other therapeutic measures, for some disturbances of motor func-
tions resulting from diseases of the nervous system.
This book is intended for physiologists, physicians, scientists concerned with
biological and medical cybernetics, as well as engineers working in the field of
biomedical instrument making.
There are 49 illustrations and 2 tables; bibliography is listed on pp 130-141
(243 items).
Foreword
This work deals w.tth tlie question of practical use of a method of controlling
man's motor functions on tt~e basis of biocontrolled electrostimulation of muscles.
Man's motor function is one of the most complex and best developed functions,
which were formed as a result of long-term phylogenesis. Motor coum~ands formed
in the cortex and other motor centers of the human brain on the basis of afferent
information, which is received as a result of environmental factors, are pro-
cessed numerous times, as they travel toward effector mechanisms---muscles--on
different levels of the nervous system, and are transformed from the "general
task of movement" into concrete commands.
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In the definition of I. M. Sechenov, a significant part of external manifestations
of cerebral function ultimately amounts to only one phenomenon, muscular activity.
In other words, the.process of man's interaction with the environment is largely
_ expressed by movements.
The question of control of man's movements has drawn in recent years the attention
of a wide range of specialists--physicians, physiologists, engineers. If we con-
sider that, with all the diversity and extreme differentiation and complexity of
human movements, they are implemented by a system consisting of only a few dozen
muscles, as well as the fact that efficiency of muscular function is very high, the
interest in comprehensive investigation of man's motor system becomes understandable
and warranted.
Interest in controlling motor functions, or at least to influencing them to correct
some pathological deviation or other, arose not only on the basis of purely
scientific interest, but as a practical need. The importance of the problem of
controlling motor functions is also related to the already existing possibility of
using artificial control systems to re5tore and compensate for lost motor func-
tions, as well as the need to render assistance in movements and conditioning
of the muscles of a man under specific conditions (which arise, for example-, in
- connection with the development of space exploration and studies of the world's
oceans).
In the presence of some diseases of the nervous system, particularly those associ-
ated with impairment of motor function, electrostimulation therapy was and remains
, an inseparable element of the overal set of therapeutic measures. Direct stimula-
tion of nerves and muscles for therapeutic purposes makes it possible to prevent
muscular atrophy when there is absence or drastic weakening of motor functions,
as well as to increase the force of muscular contractions, improve delivery of
blood to muscles and other tissues. However, traditional methods of stimulation
(pulsed current of different forms, diadynamic current, sinusoid amplitude and
frequency modulated current) do not solve completely the problem of rehabilitating
patients with motor disturbances.
At the present time, the main problem in the area of electrostimulation therapy
of impaired motor �unctions is restoration with its help not only of the strengtll
of involved muscles, but a lost motor skill, i.e., to obtain rather complex
movements of the limbs, torso cr head. In this respect, the use of bioelectric
potentials derived from muscles, which carry information about movement, was an
important stage in the development of~electrostimulation therapy. We are not
referring to the simple use of amplified bioelectric potentials as stimuli, but
tu ttie use of rhese potentials as factors that control the operation of the
stimulator. In this casc?, the EMG [electromyogram] is transformed in order to
~ain inf~rmation f:rom it ahout movement, and the transformed signal is used to
control thc~ stimul.~t~in~ signal. Expressly this approach was implemented
in the method of programmed, multichannel bioelectrical control of human movements,
which was developed in ttie Department of Bioelectrical Control and Medical Cyber-
netics of tlie Institute of Cybernetics, Ukrainian Academy of Sciences, on the
basis of which several control units of the Myoton type were created. Such units
made it possible to turn to flexible control programs. The latter are formed on
the basis of the characteristics of natural muscular contractions. In turn, tl~e
change to flexible control programs made it possible to impose movements on man
that are close to natural ones with the use of the Myoton unit and, in the pre-
sence of pathology of motor functions, to augment the efficacy of rehab3.~itation~
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7'hc� EirHL rxperimentnl prototype of tlie Myoton unit was produced in 1965. Then
_ experimental lots of the Myoton-2 unit were manufactured.
5ince then, the Myoton has successfully undergorn~c~.inical trial in many USSR
clinics and resorts, and in 1977 it was recommended by the USSR Ministry of Health
for use in medical practice and series production.
We wanted to share with the readers of this monograph the experience we gained
as a result of many years of research directed at development and practical intro-
duction of devices for bioelectrical control of human movements. ~
Contents Page
Foreword 2
Main Abbreviations Used in This Book 4
Chapter 1. Historical Aspects of Development of Devices for Bioelectrical
Control of Man's Movements 5
Control of physiological �unctions based on electrical stimulation 5
Current trends in the design of electrostimulators . 7
Diagnostic and therapeutic electrostimulators 9
. Electrostimularors with arfiificial control program 12
The 'Myoton~ as a bioelectrostimulator of the proportional type 22
Chapter 2. Bases of the Method of Programmed Mu1ti-Channel Bivelectrical
control of man's movements 25
Physiological prerequisites of the method of programmed bioelectr3cal
control 25
The concept of bioelectrical image of movement 26
- Choice of sites for derivation arid delivery of stimulating signals 28
Formation of control program ~ 33
Parameters of stimulating signal 37
Chapter 3. Technical Execution of 'Myoton' System SO
General specifications for electrostimulators of human muscles 50
Functionaldiagram of Myoton-2 unit 54
Specifications for main elements of Myoton-2 59
Construction of Myoton-2 ~p
Methods for practical operation of Myoton unit 75
Distinctive features of the series-produced Myoton-S model 80
Chapter 4. Practical Use of Myoton Unit 85
Principal movements obtained by the method of programmed, multi-
channel bioelectrical control 85
Use of electrostimulation and bioelectrical control in rehabilitation
of motor Eunction disturbances 91
Experience in rehabilitation therapy of patients with hemiplegia and
hemiparesis 95
Experience in treating patients with spinal cord lesions 110
Recommendations for clinical use of Myoton unit 117
Use of i~fyoton uilit under special conditions of muscle conditioning 123
Conclusion 12~
Bibliography 130 '
COPYRIGHT: Izdatel'stvo "Naukova dumka", 1980
10,657
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UDC: 612.821.7
SLEEP AND MOTOR ACTIVITY--STAGES OF ONTOGENET~C EVOLUTION OF SUPRASPINAL MOTOR
CONTROL IN TH~ HUMAN SZEEP CYCLE
Leningrad SON I DVIGATEL'NAYA AKTIVNOST'--ETAPY ONTOGENETICHESKOY EVOLYUTSII
SUPRASPINAL'NOGO MOTORNOGO KONTROLYA V TSIKLE.SNA U CHELOVEKA in Ru~sian 1980
pp 2-5, 150-151
[Annotation, introduction and table of contents from book "Sleep and Motor
Activity--Stages of Ontogenetic Evolution of Supraspinal Motor Control in the
Human Sleep Cycle", by I. A. Vakhrameyeva, USSR Acadzmy of Sciences, Institute
of Evolutionary Ph siology and Biochemistry imeni I. M. Sechenov, Izdatel1stvo
_ "Nauka", 152 page~
[Text] This book offers a survey of the present status of the problem of inechanisms
of regulating movements in man in the continuum of sleep; it also submits the
results of the author~s experimental research on development of these mechanisms
in early ontogenesis. Three stages of development of inechanisms of depression of
spinal motor centers in human ontogenesis are singled out on the basis of analysis
- of the dynamics of reflexes on the spinal and bulbar level during the sleep cycle
of premature and term neonates; their role in organizing adaptive behavior during
the neonate period is discussed. Bibliography lists 494 items; 31 figures and
2 tables. . ~
Introduction
A11 our efforts are directed toward studying each function of
the organism in the course of its inception, formation and individual
development...." (L. A. Orbeli, "Selected Works," Moscow--Leningrad,
Vol 1, 1961, p 436).
In the last 10-15 years, conceptions of sleep as an active, complexly organized
process have been signif.icantly augmented, not only due to the intensive accumulation
of facts and gener~ilizations dealing with neurophysiological and biochenical nature
of sleep, but tlianks to creation of the conception of motor control, directed to-
ward active restriction of muscle tone and mobility during sleep (Pompeiano, 1966,
1967, 1976). The conception of Pompeiano, which is striking in its orderliness and
argumentation, for which reason it was gained general recognition, not only hands
over neurophysiological substantiation of many of the distinctions of sleep
behavior, but can serve as the theoretical basis for studying pafihological disorders
that are based on selective impairment of supraspinal motor control (sleep-walking,
talking in one's sleep, etc.). At present, it is no longer questioned that rela-
tive immobility and muscle relaxation, which are the typical signs of a sleep state,
32
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do not reflect inactivity of higher motor centers; rather, to a much greater extent
_ they reflect the activity of nuuierous mechanisms fihat limit conduction to effectors
of an excitatory flow of impulsation traveling to the spinal centers over cortico-
spinal and rubrospinal pathways, as we11 as afferent pat~:~taays of spinal reflex ares.
Activation of the system of inhibitory motor control occurs chiefly at the stage of
sleep that Jouvet (Jouvet et al., 1959) graphically called paradoxical, which is
characterized by prevalence of heightened excitability and activity of higher motor
centers, unlike the stage of slow-wave, or orthodox sleep. Thus, the basic hypno-
genic processes that develop in the central nervous system when falling asleep
and with the succession of stages of sleep constitute a sort of "switch" for motor
functions, setting the system of regulation of movements to a new functional mode.
It is logical to expect that the formation in ontogenesis of man of the waking--
sleep continuum was also associated with development of inechanisms of inhibitory
motor controlsfor spinal depression during paradoxical sleep. However, while the
problem of formation of sleep stages in human ontogenesis is being studied in
depth and comprehensively in many laboratories of the world, the question of onto-
genetic evolution of inechanisms of inhibitory motor control during paradoxical
_ sleep has not yet been investigated systematically. In essence, as we undertook
the experimental study of dynamics of monosynaptic reflexes during daytime sleep
of neonates, we only had the cona~ption that supraspinal motor control is organized
- differently at the early ontogenetic stages than in adults, which was formed on
the basis of data in the literature and our own concerning the distribution of
motor phenomena during the sleep cycle of neonate infants and animals. Yet it is
extremely important, from the standpoint of general biology, to comprehend the
- process of development of both different elements and the entire system of inhibitory
influences on spinal centers ~~iring sleep, since this process reflects the general
principle of evolution of inhibitcry influences at the early stages of ontogenesis.
_ In addition, one must take into consideration the circumstance that newborn
infants spend most of the time sleeping, and 50-60% of total sleep time is refer-
able expressly to paradoxical, or active sleep. On this basis, we can realize how
great the share of inechanisms of inhibitory motor control in the general system of
organization of the infant's adaptive, postural and motor behavior. Of course,
this monograph does not presume to shed exhaustive light on this complex and
pressing problem, let alone offer a solution. The author hopes that the experi-
mental studies and generalizations, which are the subject of the third--~main--
chapter, will serve as an impetus for development of new work in this direction,
which will undoubtedly be more refined from the standpoint of inethods.
Questions of formation of the waking--sleeping continuum in early ontogenesis of
man and devetopment of inectianisms of organization of depression of spinal motor
centers in active sleep are the sub~ect of the chapter which discusses in detail
the distincti.ons of distriU�tion of muscle tone and movements in different stages
of sleep of adult man, as well as mechanisms on which this distribution is based;
much attention is given to discussion of the conception of Pompeiano and its rela-
tion to curre~it conceptions of the genesis of paradoxical sleep. Such a section
was needed, not onl.y Cor the purpose of preserving the intrinsic logic of our
presentation, but because this aspect of neurophysiology of sleep has been left
virtually untouched in the Soviet literature, while the existing surveys in English
(Gardner, Grossman, 1975; Pompeiano, 1976) are not readily available to the reader
_ at large.
33
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1~()R ()I~fl('IA1. Iltil~: ()NI,Y
The experimental data described and generalized in the third chapter and, to a
lesser extent, in the second, were obtained as a result of many years of research
conducted at the neonate department of the Inst~.tute of Obstetr~cs and Gynecology,
USSR Academy of Medical Sciences. It is my pleasant duty to express my apprecia-
tion to the management of that institute and to G. P. Polyakova, department head,
for granting me the opportunity to conduct my studies there, as well as to scien-
tific workers M. L. Finkel' and I. I. Yevsyukova who participated actively in the
experimental work. I also wish to express by deep gratitude to my coworkers of
many years standing, A. G. Kamenetskaya, T. G. Antonova, I. G. Antoshevskaya and
N. K. Glukhova.
Contents Page
Introduction . 3
Chapter 1. Mechanisms of Organization of Motar Control in Adult Man
During Sleep 6
Motor phenomena and their distribution over sleep stages 6
Dynamics of bioelectrical activity of motor elements of the brain
during sleep 17
Mechanisms of organization of depression of spinal reflexes during
paradoxical sleep 26
Conception of inhibitory motor control in the light of current
conceptions of genesis of paradoxical sleep 34
Chapter 2, Muscle Tone and Motor Activity of Newborn Infants During
Wakefulness and Sleep 43
General features of motor activity of neonates 43
_ Segmented and supraspinal mechanisms of organization of postural-tonic
and motor activity in early human ontogenesis 48
Formation of sleep stages in human ontogenesis 59
~ Distribution of motor phenomena in sleep stages 68
Chapter 3. Development of Mechanisms of Organization of Depression of
Spinal Motor Centers in Human Ontogenesis 75
The problem of identifying sleep stages in neonate infants differing
in level of physiological maturity
Parameters of tonic and phasic depression of spinal centers during
sleep, and age-related dynamics thereof 85
Supraspinal influences on the interneuronal system of reflex ares of
the spinal cord in sleeping neonate infants 98
Involvement of gamma servomechanism in organization of depression of
spinal centers 103
Comparative dynamics of reflexes on the spinal and bulbar levels in
sleeping neonates 112
Stages of.ontogenetic development of supraspinal inhibitory inf luences
during sleep 119
Conclusion 125
Bibliography 128
List of Abbreviations 149
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10,657
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UDCt 612.748.76~821.3
PROBLEMS OF PHYSIOLOGY OF MOVEMENT
Leningrad PROBLIIKY FIZIOLOGII DVIZHENIY in Russian 1980 (signed to press 17 May 80)
pp 2-4, 213-216
, [Annotation, foreword, abstracts and table of contents from book "Problems of
Physiology of Movement", edited by V. S. Gurfinkel', Institute of Physiology imeni
I. P. Pavlov, USSR Academy of Sciences, Izdatel'stvo "Nauka", 2000 copies,
216 pages]
[Text] This collection consists of 15 articles which deal with problems of
central mechanisms of coordination of movements, interaction of supraspinal and
segmental reflex mechanisms, coc~ing of information about movement by receptors
of the motor system and properties of muscle as the object of control in per-
forming movement. The collection is intended for specialists in physiology and
psychology concerned with problems of higher nervous activity and physiology of
movement, as well as specialists in the field of industrial physiology and
sports.
Foreword
Distinction of physiology of movement as an independent branch of physiology
occurred in the 1970's. For a long time, ha.ving developed within the framework
of biomechanics, industrial and sports physiology and engineering psycholqgy,
physiology of movement developed its own approaches and defined the subject of
its investigation.
Purposeful movement is always performed in the form of an integral reaction af
the body, involving both the numerous structures of the nervous system and other
systems in this activity.
The wide diversity oF p~ssihle methodological approaches to the problems con-
tained in the range of interests of physiology of movement is attributab'e to
the complexity of these problems.
Up to the mid 1960~s, there was pre?alence in physiology of movement of the
cybernetic systems approach to the question of movement coordination, and in
the next decade it was replaced by analytical directions. Within the framework
of these directions, chiefly by methods of intracellular recording of evoked
potentials, data were obtained on the structural and functional connections of
different populations of neurons of the cerebellum, subcortical elements and
cerebral cortex wiCh neurons of the spinal cord, as well as about the projections
of afferent elements of the motor system in different parts of the central
nervous system.
35
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In recent years, a tre~id h:?s appeared in the worldwide literature to combine the
� strong points of the systems approach with the capabilities of analytical methods.
The problems that are being worked on the most intensively at the present time
are related to determination of the patterns of regulation of different types of
movement--rhythmic, following, precision and regulation of positio.n as a special
instance of mbvement; nervous control of diff erent parameters of movement--force,
amplitude, speed, direction of displacement; role of unconditioned reflex mechanisms
in regulation of voluntary movement; supraspinal control of reflex mechanisms in
regulation of movement; coding of information about position and movement by the
receptors of the motor system; coding of motor commands by the nervous system;
~ neural mechanisms of initiation, ongoing regulation and stopping movement.
' To sc~me extent, this collection sums up the results of work done in the laboratory
of physiol.ogy of movement, Institute of Physiology imeni I. P. Pavlov, over the
last few years,'under the supe~vision of Prof N. A. Rokotova.
It would be difficult to exaggerate the contribution N. A. Rokotova made to develop-
ment of the range of problems in physiology of movement. It was inherent in her
to conduct innovative research, both in the area of theoretical formulations and
development of inethodological approaches. The untimely death of N. A. Rokotova
was a great loss to our science.
Tlie collection is made up of studies referable to the most important directions of
physiology of movement. The problems raised by the authors of the articles are
the key problems in comprehension of processes of formation and regulation of
- movement. There is no need Lo assess here the extent, to which they have been
solved and what has yet to be accomplished.
It is hoped that this collection will be useful, not only because it describes
the results of observations, but its general orientation in working on problems
of physiology of movement, which is undergoi~ng dynamic development.
_ Abstracts UDC; 67.2.763
NERVOUS REGULATION OF MGTOR ACTIVITX
- [Abstract ~f article by N. A. Rokotova]
[Text] There is discussion of information processi,ng i.n musc7.e Xeceptors and means
of possible use thereof in the regulatory ring proposed in the hypotY~esis of N. A.
_ Bernshteyn. It was shown that the length of a muscle, rate of change therein,
start and end of extension are coded in the frequenc; of discharges of different
types of muscular afferents. Influences from muscle receptors expressed in the
segmenta?. ring of control are coarser and more generalized than supraspinal in-
' fluences. There are 11 111ustrations; bibliography lists 28 item~.
UDC: 612.763
- PROGRAMMING AND FEEDBA(;K IN REGULATIQN OF RHYTHMIC MOVEMENTS SET BX EXOGENOUS
SIGNALS
[Abstract of article by N. A. Rokotova]
[Texr.] A study was made of coordination o:� regulation of parameters of human motor
activity on the example of following movements and muscular tension in an isometric
36
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mode. '1'he experimental re~u],ts are ~ntexpret~d as ~:nd;txe~t ev~:dence p~ ~x~Ste~ce
of separate s-~stems for the control of force, speed and ampl~tude of znoyement.
There are 5 illustrations; bibliography lists 19 items.
UDC: 612.763
ARE THERE ~STANDARD SCALES' IN VOLUNTARY CONTROL OF MUSCULAR TENSION?
[Abstract of article by N. A. Rokotova, N. P. Anisimova and Yu. T: Shapkov]
- [Text] The hypothesis of existence of descriptions in the nervous system that
could serve as standard scales in voluntary control of isometric muscular tension
was tested in experiments on healthy subjects. Wide variahility of initial and
terminal tension, number of gradations and magnitude of build-up, correlation between
results and testing conditions are interpreted as evidence of absence of standard
scales. There are 3 illustrations, 1 table; bibliography lists 12 items.
UDC: 612.76
NONSPI.CIFIC NATURE OF SPINAL PREADJUSTMENT OF VOLUNTARY MOVEMENT
[Abstract of article by I. N. Krylov and N. A. Rokotova]
[Text] Experiments on nine essentially healthy subjects by the method of testing
the latency period of voluntary movement with the H reflex showed that alleviation
of motoneurons in the latency period of movement in response to an audio signal
is related more to the activating effect of the sound proper than to events that
prepare for the movement. When movement is triggered by a visual symbol no
prior accentuation of the H reflex is observed. There are 7 illustrations; biblio-
graphy lists 22 items.
UDC: 612.833
REACTION OF NONSPECIFIC MOTOR ACTIVATION (STARTLE REACTION) IN MAN AND DEPENDENCE
THEREOF ON TH~ STATE OF ATTFNTION
[Abstract oE article by I. N. Krylov, N. A. Rokotova and N. F. Suvorov]
[Text] h:xp~riment5 w~re cc~nducted on 4U healthy subjects to study manifestations
of the slartle renction !n man to stimuli of moderate intensity, as well as
- dependence of degree of reaction on attention. It was demonstrated that selective
atter.tion efFectively attenuates the activating effect of any startle stimulus.
The fact that changes in indicators of the state of different neuronal levels
(cortical, pontomesencephalic, spinal) of this reaction occur in the same direction
is tentatively interpreted as evidence of corticofugal inhibition of multisynaptic
reticular formation of the stem and mesencephalon. There are 10 illustrations;
bibliograE~hy lists 62 items.
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UDC: 612.748:816
FREQUENCY OF IMPULSATION OF llIrFF.RENT MOTOR UNITS IN VOLUNTARY CONTROL OF ISOMETRIC
MUSCLE TENSION IN MAN
[Abstract of article by D. Kozarov, N. A. Rokotova, Yu. T. Shapkov and N. P. Anisimav]
[Text] A new method of selective derivation of single motor unit activity was used
to track the frequency of discharges in achieving maximum voluntary tension of the
biceps brachii at four different speeds. It was demonstrated that there is a
minimal correlation between magnitude of interimpulse intervals between the first
four discharges and rate of development of tension. There are 4 illustrations, 2
tables; bibliography lists 8 items.
UDC: 612.831:834
STUDY OF CONVERCENCL OF INFLUENCES FROM AFFERENTS OF ANTERIOR AND POSTERIOR LIMBS
ON MOTONEURONS OF 'CHI: LUMBAR REGION OF THE SPINAL CORD
[Abscract ot article by V. D. Avelev]
~
[Text] A study was made of interaction between polysynaptic descending and segmental
reactions to stimulation of afferents of the flexor reflex of anterior and posterior
limbs of cats by the method of itnracellular recording and derivation of potentials
from the dorsal surface in motoneurons of the lumbar spinal cord. It was shown
that descending interextremital responses depress segmental and spino-bulbo-spinal
reactions without appearance of visible inhibitory potentials in the motoneuron.
Three periods of inhibitory influence were demonstrated: 7-15, 40-150 and 300-500 ms.
The possible mechanisms determining a given duration of inhibition are discussed.
There are 5 illustrations; bibliography lists 27 items.
UDC: 612.82,62-501.72
CONVERSION OF INFORMATION IN THE NEURONAL STRUCTURE OF A MODEL OF THE SPINAL LEVEL
OF CONTROL OF MUSCULAR CONTRACTION
_ [Abstract of article by 5. P. Romanov]
[Text] A neuron model operating on a real time scale, which permits reproduction
of tt~e nature of conversion of impul~ation inherent in various types of neurons on
tlie spinnl ].evel, is described. There is discussion of patterns of transmission of
informatton ~n sim~~].e n~~uronal structures and methods of analysis of interimpulse
1nCervz].~ E~r indlvi.du:~l ncurons, which permit demonstration of direct and feedback
connecti.ons between them. There are 9 illustrati~ns; bibliography lists 5 items.
UDC: 612.833
TONIC VIBRATION R~FLEX AND SUPRASPINAL CONTROL THEREOF IN MAN
[Abstract of article by Yu. T. Shapkov and V. I. Goryayev]
[TextJ Experiments on healthy subjects showed that fhe reflex to standard vibrostimu-
lation of the biceps brachii increases proportionately to the increase in voluntary
3t~
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tension of the muscle. The results are interpreted as confirmation of the hypo-
thesis that there is a variable coefficient of intensification in the servo circuit
[loopJ of the tonic vibration reflex. The hypothesis is expounded that this is
implemented by supraspinal change in effectiveness of excitatory influences of Ia
afferents on phasic a-motoneurons. There are 5 illustrations; bibliography li,sts
26 items.
UDC: 615.47
_ METHODS OF STUDYING PROPRIOCEPTIVE REFLEXES IN MAN
[Abstract of article by Yu. P. Gerasimenko and S. P. Romanov]
[Text] The authors describe a device for mechanical stimulation of mobile elements
of the limb, which permits delivery of stimuli of graded duration and force. Ex-
periments are described that examine EMG responses when reflex reactions are
elicited by the effect of sudden removal and application of load on man's motor
system. Therc are 7 illustrations, 1 table; bibliography lists 11 items.
UDC: 612.741+612.855
MECHANICAL TRANSFORMATIONS IN THE 'MUSCLE-MUSCLE SPINDLE' SYSTEM AND DISCHARGES
OF SPINDLE AFFERENTS DURING EXTENSION OF MUSCLES
[Abstract of article by N. A. Rokotova, V. I. Zalkind and I. M. Gorbunova]
[Text] Experiments conducted on more than 500 deafferented muscle receptors of
anesthetized cats examined the correlation between the responses of spindle receptors
and state of extrafusal muscle and intrafusal muscle fibers, with which the receptor
nerve endings come in contact. Several examples are given, where the same input
signal can elicit different patterns of receptor di.scharges. Views are expressed
about t}ie correlation between mechanical force that builds up in the region of the
terminals of ttie atferent under study. The characteristics of the discharges
clepend on the current state of extrafusal and intrafusal muscle elements during
delivery of the stimulus. At the same time, units of different functional types
may reflect differently the same input stimulus. There are 7 illustrations,
2 tables; bibliography lists 30 items.
UDC: 612.885
SENSITIVITY OF MUSCULAR RECEPTORS TO CHANGE IN STATIONARY MUSCLE LENGTH
[Abstract of article by V. I. Zalkind and I. M. Gorbunova]
[Text] There is discussion of conventional methods of assessing static sensitivity
of spindle receptors, as well as the authors' and literature data concerning the
distinct~.ons of discharges of different receptors when detecting an unchanging
muscle length. The responses of 3b0 tested receptors were processed using the
following criteria: 1) range of muscle lengths that a given receptor detECts,
- from the static tlireshold to 10 mm extension; 2) probability of increase in dis-
charge frequency with increase in muscle length; 3) configuration of "length-
frequency"curve and its position in a system of coordinates; 4) coefficient of
regression wtien the "length-frequency" function is close to linear; 5) degree of
39
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stability of interimpulse intervals expzessed as a co~ffic~;en~ of variata:on. It
was found that, when examining the discharges of several receptors situated in the
same muscle, as well as when analyzing the responses of a large population of units
from several experiments, one can always demonstrate a wide spectrum of responses,
and this perhaps has a desynchr.onizing effect on central neurons. Many muscle re-
ceptors do not present static linear behavior, and it is difficult to describe the
"length-frequency" function with coefficients of linear regression without resort-
ing to oversimplification of the actual situation. There are 2 illustrations, 2
tables; bibliography lists 31 items.
- UDC: 612.741
FUNCTIONAL MODEL OF A SKELETAL MUSCLE
[Abstract of article by S. P. Romanov]
[Text] A model of a muscle was executed on an analog computer, and it is viewed as
a complex structural entity that not onlyperforms motor functions, but is supplied
with its own receptor system. The model takes into consideration the nonlinear
characterlstics of conversion of length and te nsion, change in plastic and viscous
properties of muscle fibers during contraction, distinctions of formation of recep-
tor potentials in muscle spindles and tendon organs of Golgi. The model of the
muscle is tlit object of control when studying neuronal mechanisms of control of
muscular co~itraction There are 11 illustrations; bibliography lists 11 items.
UDC: 612.748:816
THREE-DIMENSIONAL CONDUCTION OF ACTION POTENTIALS AND RATE OF PROPAGATION OF
EXCITATION OVER MOTOR UNIT FIBERS OF HUMAN SKELrTAL MUSCLES
[Abstract of article by G. Dimitrov, N. Tankov ;,id Yu. T. Shapkov]
[Text] Extracellular recording of action poCentlals of motor units of the human
biceps brachii and flexor carpi ulnaris revealed nonuniformity of rate of con-
duction of excitation over muscle fibers constituting a unit. Maximum values
were recordc:d in the region of myoneural synapses, which is attributable to the
- patterns of conduction of potentials in a three-dimensional conductor. However,
the differences in rate of conduction in proximal and distal directions cannot
be explained from this point of view. There are 4 illustrations, 1 table; biblio-
grapliy lists 19 ilems.
UDC: 612.741
_ POSTACTIV[1TION YOTGNTIATION OF MUSCLE IN TETANIC CONTRACTION
[Abstract of ar~icle by N. P. Anisimova and Yu. T. Shapkov]
[Text] Experiments on the cat's triceps surae showed the potentiating effect of a
preceding te~anic contraction on the next one. Maximum potentiation is manifested
- in the tiiird-Lifth contraction, with an interval of 3-S min. In tetanic tension,
the contractile reaction o� the muscle to each stimulus in a series depends on the
magnitude of interimpulse interval and number of prior stimuli. There are
6 illustrations; bibliography lists 32 items.
1~0
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r~k oNH~rcinL utir: ()NLY
_ Contents Page
Foreword 3
Part 1. Problems of Neural Ca,,trol of Movement
Nervous Regulation of Motor activity (N. A. Rokotova) 5
Programming and Feedback in Regulation of Rhythmic Movements Set by
Exogenous Signals (N. A. Rokotova, N. P. Anisimova, Ye. S. Rogovenko,
Yu. T. Shapkov) 25 ~
Are There 'Standard Scales' in Voluntary Control of Muscular Tension?
(N. A. Rokotov a, N. P. Anisimova, Yu. T. Shapkov) qg
Nonspecif ic Nature of Spinal Preadjustment of Voluntary Mgvement
(I. N. Krylov, N. A. Rokotova) S~
Reaction of Nonspecific Motor Activation in Man (Startle Reaction) and
Dependence Thereof on State of Attention (I. N. Krylov, N. A. Rokotova,
N. F. Suvorov) 69
Frequency of Impulsation of Different Motor Units in Volunta.ry Control of
Isometric Muscle Tension i.n Man (D. Kozarov, N. A. Rokotova, Yu. T.
Shapkov, N. P. Anisimova) 84
Study of Convergencc of Influences From Afferents of Anterior and Posterior
Limbs on Motoneurons of the Lumbar Region of the Spinal Cord �
(V. D. Avelev) 92
Conversion of Information in the Neuronal Structure of a Model of the
Spinal Level of Control of Muscular Contraction (S. P. Romanov) 104
Tonic Vibration Reflex and Supraspinal Control Thereof in Man
(Yu. T. Shapkov, V. I. Goryayev) 123
Methods of Studying Proprioceptive Reflexes in Man (Yu. P. Gerasimenko,
S. P. Romanov) 136
Part 2. Information Coding by Receptors of the Motor System and
Properties of Muscles as the Object of Control in Regulation
of Movement
Mechanical Transformations in the 'Muscle-Muscle Spindle' System and .
Discharges of Spindle Afferents During Muscular Extension (N. A.
Rokotova, V. I. Zalkind, I. M. Gorbunova) 148
Sensitivity of Muscular Receptors to Change in Stationary Length of
Muscle (V. I. Zalkind, I. M. Gorbunova) 161
Functional Model of a Skeletal Muscle (S. P. Romanov) 172
Three-Dimensional Conduction of Action Potentials and Rate of
Dissemination of Excitatian Over Motor Unit Fibers of Human Skeletal
Muscles (G. Dimitrov, N. Tankov, Yu. T. Shapkov) 190
Postactivation Potentiation of Muscle in Tetanic Contraction
(N. P. Anisimova, Yu. T. Shapkov) 198
COPYRIGHT: Izdatel'stvo "Nauka", 1980
10,657
- cso: 1840/999
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' UDC: 613.12(98+99)
MECHANISMS OF MAN~S ADAPTATION TO HIGH LATITUDES
Leningrad MEKHANIZMY ADAPTATSII CHELOVEKA V USLOVIYAKH VYSOKIKH SHIROT in Russian
1980 pp 2-8, 199
[Annotation, introduction and table of contents from book "Mechanisms of Man's
. Adaptation to High Latitudes", edited by Prof V. P. Kaznacheyev, academician of
the USSR Academy oP Medical Sciences, Tzdatel~stvo "Meditsina", 200 pages,
illustrated]
[Text] This monograph sums up extensive, but thus far scattered and contradictory
data in the literature, as well as the clinical and experimental findings of the
authors, who pursued prolonged and comprehensive studies of the distinc.tions of
man's adaptation to high latitudes.
The "polar stress syndrome," which develops in man in the Extreme North is viewed
as a multilevel process, which is based on biophysical patterns of interaction
between the body and the environment, distinctive mechanisms of bioenergetics
(activation of processes of free radical oxidation of lipids, depression of
antioxidase enzymatic systems). On the level of the integral organism, this syn-
drome is manifested by changes in enuroendocrine regulation, diverse functional
changes, which develop in phases and vary in biological importance from adaptive
to pathological. Consideration of these data is important for short- and long-
term forecasting of the health status of the inhabitants of the Extreme North
and Siberia.
This book is intended For physiologists, pathophysiologists, biochemists, as well
as physicians in different clinical spec:ialties concerned with problems of man's
adaptation to long-term extreme factors.
This book has 47 tables, 34 figures, 1 diagram; bibliography lists 358 items.
Introduction
Scientific and technological progress, which has radically altered the interaction
between mankind and the environment, has posed several problems today, which cannot
be solved apart from biology and medicine. We refer, first of all, to problems of
urbanization, population growth, species-specific life span, diet, occupational
diseases, etc. The main criterion of effectiveness of solving these problems is
the health status of a population, and the overall term of man's active life can
be considered the integral indicator of population health. For expressly this
4%
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reason, the very concept of "health" should be considered and defined as the pro-
cess of preservation and development of biological and psychological functions,
optimum efficiency [fitness for workJ and social activity of man, ability to
reproduce healthy offspring with maximum life span (V. P. Kaznacheyev, 1977).
Soviet public health, which is refining and developi.ng the forms and methods of
rendering therapeutic and preventive care to the public, is based on the achieve-
ments of inedicine. Great strides have been made in our country in this field:
under the lOth Five-Year Plan, availability of physicians will come close to
the optimum standard--36 per 10,000 population, which totals 960,000 physicians.
At the present time, there are 2.7 million physicians in the world, 893,000 of
whom are in the USSR (A. F. Serenko, G. N. Sobolevskiy, 1978). According to
the Program of the CPSU ad apted at the 22nd Party Congress, the number of people
covered by dispensary supervision is increasing annually. This is an important
prerequisite for the change to universal dispensary care of our country's people.
Refinement of all systems for preservation and development of health, preventive
and therapeutic measures, and rehabilitation is impossible without prior theore-
_ tical work. The decree of the CC CPSU and USSR Council of Ministers, "On Further
Improvement of National Public Health" (1977), mentions the need for searching for
new forms of more effective interaction between science and practice.
In our country, much attention is devoted to development of polar health care,
which is characterized by constant improvement of the material and personnel base
of therapeutic and preventive institutions, with due consideration of geographic
pathology in northern regions, broad use of preventive measures, which is the
leading principle of Soviet medicine. As of 1972, there was an average of 28.9
physicians per 10,000 people and 102.4 paramedical workers in northern regions
and national okrugs. As compared to 1965, the number of hospital beds in 1972
increased from 12.5 to 18.9 per 1000 population (11 beds in the RSFSR). At the
same time, there were wider opportunities to render specialized medical care.
Thus, in 1965-1972, there was a 90% increase in number of surgical and general
_ medical beds, 36% increase in pediatric beds and 83% increase in otolaryngologi-
cal beds (S. Ya. Chikin, B. M. Cheknev, 1975, 1978). Along with the development
of large medical complexes (hospitals and polyclinics) with all types of spe-
cialized medical care, which are typical for the large cities in the North
(Murmansk, Arkhangel'sk, Vorkuta, Noril'sk and others), a wide network of district
hospitals and feldsher-midwiFe centers has been created in rural areas. At the
present time, qualified specialized medical care is available to all of the
inhab~tants in the North of the USSR thanks to the existence of appropriate centers
(hospitals, polycl.inics, dispensaries) with trained personnel, modern resources
for transporting the sick and in~ured (specialized motor vehicles and aviation
service).
Studies of the effects of climate and geographic factors of the North on man is
a tradition in our medicine. The following have made a particularly large contri-
bution: G. M. Danishevskiy, I. S. Kandror, A. P. Avtsyn and V. V. Yefremov.
Schools and scientific directions of inedicogeographic investigation of the North
were formed in such cities as Moscow (A. P. Avtsyn, A. P. Shitskova, V. V.
Yefremov), Leningrad (N. N. Vasilevskiy, A. L. Matusov, I. F. Ryabinin) and
Arkhangel'sk (N. P. Bychikhin, G. A. Orlov, N. P. Neverova, T. I. Andronova). In
the last few years, this direction was developed in the North of our country
(V. P. Kaznacheyev, N. R. Deryapa, K. R. Sedov, N. V. Vasil'yev, V. P. Lozovoy,
1~3
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N. S. Motavkina and others). It would have been unr~al.istic to be successful ;
with studies and development of the Extreme North of our country without the ;
participation of a large aray of Soviet physicians, and it would be ~mpossible ,
to exaggerate their heroic work.
Foreign scientists also played an important role in development of biological and
medical problems of the North: Kh. Forsius (Finland), L. Linderholm (Sweden),
K. Oygard (Norway), L. Caprio, B. Harwald (Denmark), 0. Shefer (Canada) and many
others. The international unification of efforts of scientists and physicians
in the area of inedicine of northern territories is the logical and mandatory
condition, not only to refine preventive and therapeutic measures, but for progress
in modern biology and medicine as a whole. This is indicated by the results of
four international symposiums on polar medicine (Fairbanks (Alaska, 1968), Oulu
(Finland, 1971), Edmonton (Canada, 1974) and Novosibirsk (USSR, L978).
One could formulate a number of important problems, in our opinion, that are
related to the future development of biological and medical research in the
European and Asian North: in the first place, a definition of the medicogeographic
aspect of northern territories; in the second place, the distinctions of man's
adaptation to live at high latitudes and means of correcting deadaptation changes;
in the third place, the health status and morbidity structure of new arrivals and
_ aborigenes of the North at the present time and how these indicators will change
in the future; in the fourth place, the distinctions of clinical course of various
pathological processes in man, principles of treating them and preventive measures;
inthe fifth place, pressing problems of organizing public health care in polar
regions.
The solutions to these problems should include the following main directions:
universal dispensary care coverage of the public and medical implementation of
professional screening (roads to health); health-improving measures (resorts,
sanatoriums, rest homes, recreation [rest] zones; system of ineasures for the
development of physical culture and sports, optimization of working, living,
recreational conditions, etc.); creation of inedical complexes (hospitals, poly-
clinics, etc.).
Universal coverage with dispensary care should be directed toward detection of
prenosological states in man by means of informative tests, with the use of
computer technology.
In our opinion, from the standpoint of possible control of population health and
condition of the environment, the conception of life support system is the most
promising. It includes in-depth analysis of a number of subsystems involved in
personal (social and biological) needs of man. A life support system is a com-
plex of interrelated and mutually complementary socioeconomic, biomedical
measures, which are differentiated in accordance with regional distinetions and
are directed toward performing national economic tasks and providing for vital
function of people 3n accordance with the Soviet life style, with maximum pre-
servation and development of man's health, preservation and development of the
environment (V. P. Kaznacheyev, 1978).
What is the correlation between health status, stress and pathology of man,
population healtli and structure of population morbidity? There is reason to
believe that the nature of this correlation is largely determined by the adaptation
~~t
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procebs (t. V. Davydovskiy). 'Phc~ adaptut~ion process is a special form of human
vital function, to maintain and preserve man's health under inadequate environ-
mental conditions, i.e., in conditions that do not conform with his phenogenotypic
and psychosocial needs at a given time (V. P. Kaznacheyev).
Thus far, there is inadequate investigation of adaptation on all levels of organi-
_ zation of biological systems (population, organism, organocellular, etc.), although
expressly adaptation processes constitute the key positions of both health and
pathology. The qualitative distinctions of these processes determine, to a
substantial extent, the symptomatology and evolution of modern human diseases in
the North. Demonstration of the distinctions of the mechanisms of adaptation in
the prenosological period could be one of the means of constructing a basically
new classifications of human diseases. One should develop and introduce into
practice untraditional principles aimed at detection of prepathological states
by using current informa ion on the problem of human adaptation to the extreme
conditions of the North, correlations between physiology (norm) and intensity of
adaptive mechanisms and pathology in both an individual and the population as a
- whole.
The prospect of continued development, not only of biology, but medicine, lies
in profound investigation of adaptation mechanisms in man. In the course of man's
development of northern territories of earth for many generations, ther.e was
formation of inechanisms that determined development of the state of adaptation
of various populations to the extreme factors of these regions. A study of the
history of formation of adaptive mechanisms on all levels of social and biological
process will help solve such extremely important biomedical problems as the
probles of chronic stress, appearance of new forms of pathology and others.
The uniqueness and specifics of human diseases in polar regions, the distinetions
of inedical geography, epidemiology of infectious and noninfectious diseases create
the prerequisites for deper and new understanding of the etiology and pathogenesis
of the most widespread diseases, and they enable us to predict the appearance
of possible pathology in the future.
Today, the North puts many biomedical pr~blems to us, but it also helps us solve
them. Thus, the study of the distinctions of atherosclerosis and ischemia in
northern countries lias already enriched substantially modern cardiology. In the
North, there is, so to speek, "exposure" of certain weak elements of the defense
mechanisms oL the human body, which are concealed at central latitudes. For this
reason, biomedica.t survey~: of the inhabitants of northern countries cauld be
interpreted in modern medicine as a natural, huge "historical experiment," which
determines the viability of human populations under special, extreme environmental
conditions. Underestimation of the results of this "experiment" could be costly
to mankind. It is also necessary to bear in mind that the human populations
that acquired special adaptive mechanisms with regard to certain extreme factors
(for example, high latitudes) could be found to be more resistant or more
vulnerable to numerous deleterious consequences of scientific and technological
progress. For this reason, future medical surveys of the population of northern
countries require a spec:ial approach, and they cannot always be planned by the
same methods that are used with success at other latitudes. A new, deeper as-
_ pect, which is very important in the practical respect, of the problem emerges,
that of similarity and differences in the mechanisms of onset and development of
seemingly utterly similar diseases in different climate and geographic regions
of earth.
45
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The attention ot scientists has been long since drawn to man's acclimatization to
the North. The facts obtained at the present time deal mainly with physiological
evaluation of man's adaptation to the rigorous climate and geographic conditions
of the polar region. Much experience has been gained in the area of controlling
avitaminosis and prevention of hypovitaminosis in the North. There is information
concerning changes in neuroendocrine regulation. However, there has been a sub-
stantial change in the situation in the area of biology and medicine in the last .
10 years. There has been a significant increase in methodological possibilities
f.or studying the human body, our methodological approar_hes have changed and so
have the criteria for evaluating the obtained material. For this reason, of course,
many questions in the problem of man's adaptation to the North today require defi-
nition and many require further development. There has been extremely little
study of inetabolic changes; we still know very little about the cellular and mole-
cular mectianisms of man's adaptation to the North. There are many contradictions
in evaluation of functional changes in the endocrine system. Methodologically,
there must be development of the question of the extent to which the state of man's
adaptation to the North is unique and specific, what differences there are in the
course of pathological processes and what their causes are. Much depends on the
correct answers to these questions and, mainly, the approach to prevention and
treatment of diseases in the North and, consequently, health of the population as
a whole.
- This monograph is a summary of the field studies of the staff of the Institute of
Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Siberian Affiliate of the USSR Academy of
Medical Sciences, whose data were obtained mainly from investigation of the
Asian northern regions of our country, which are characterized by rigorous climate
and geographic conditions. The submitted material enables us to consider the pro-
cess of man's adaptation to the set of climatic and geographic factors of the
polar region in different seasons, with due consideration of age, sex, life span
in the North, dietary distinctions, etc.
The obtained results were systematized according to level of organization of the
biological system. It was shown that, on the molecular and cellular levels,
adaptive changes are characterized by intensification of reactions of free-radical
oxidation of lipids witti concurrent decline of their antioxidative activity.
Fatty acid hydroperoxides, which are highly reactive, could lead to alteration of
cell membranes and impairment of their functions. These findings were made
from a study of human erythrocytes. These conceptions served as the basis of
the concept of the "polar stress syndrome."
On the level of the or~anism, the most important element of adaptive changes is
the chan~e in regulatory mechanisms, primarily neuroendocrine ones. The organism.
changes to a different l.evel of regulation, and some of the clinical manifestations
of hyperadrenocorticism do not develop because of increased production of gluco-
corticoids and marked increase in level thereof in blood, but because of a de-
crease in concentration of the opposite hormone, insulin. Such a mechanism of
regulation corresE>onds to a different type of inetabolism--"northern metabolic
type." There i.s a change in metabolism of protein, fats, carbohydrates; however,
the chief sign is promotion of the role of lipids in energy supply for adaptive
processes. There is also a change in metabolism of vitamins, macroelements and
trace elements, with reduction of the renal barrier to some water-soluble vitamins.
The demonstrated changes determine different "standards" for parameters of the
t~6
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endogenous environment and different "standards" for man's food intake in the
North (L. Ye. Panin, 1978).
Changes in natural reactivity, which determine the distinctions of inflammatory
processes, their tendency toward a chronic course (chronic, slowly progressing
forms of rheumatism, nonspecific inflammatory diseases of the lungs and others),
occupy an important place in the adaptive alteration of the organism. Changes in
external respiratory function and pulmonary circulation are associated with
development of discrete respiratory insufficiency. Noninfectious diseases of the
cardiovascular system (atherosclerosis, cardiac ischemia, essential hypertension)
- are characterized by a severe, continuously progressive course, and they usually
strike young people of an employable age.
In this work, an effort was made to show that the distinctions of adaptive changes
and course of pathological processes in man in the North should be considered from
the same positions. Various approaches have been used to solve the formulated
problems. The study of adaptive mechanisms in man was supplemented by experi-
mental studies of animals.
The authors do not presume to have solved the problem definitively. Future
studies will provide the fullest and most objective answer to all of the posed
questions.
Contents Page
- Introduction (V. P. Kaznacheyev) 3
List of Abbreviations 9
Chapter 1. Distinctions of Ecological Factors at High Latitudes
(V. P. Kaznacheyev, V. Yu. Kulikov, L. Ye. Panin) 10
Chapter 2. Psychological Adaptation and Psychosomatic Correlations
(L. Ye. Panin, V. P. Sokolov) 24
Emotional changes 24
Emotional stress and psychosomatic pathology 28
Chapter 3. Neuroendocrine Mechanisms in Chronic Stress (L. Ye. Panin) 35
Changes in endocrine regulation 36
~ndocrine-metabolic correlations under stress conditions 42
General adaptation syndrome and resistance of the organism to
stress factors 50
Chapter 4. Reactions of Free-Radical Oxidation of Lipids and Some
Parameters of Oxygen Metabolism (V. Yu. Kulikov, V. V. Lyakhovich) 60
Chapter 5. Distinctions of Energy Metabolism (L. Ye. Panin) 87
Chapter 6. Changes in Metabolism of Vitamins, Salts and Trace Elements
(L. Ye. Panin) 98
Chapter 7. Seasonal Fluctuations of Biochemical Parameters of Blood
(T.. Ye. Panin) 109
Chapter 8. Adaptation and Optimization of Diet (L. Ye. Panin) 116
- Cl~apter 9. Effects of Ecological Factors at High Latitudes on Animals
(V. P. Kaznacheyev, L. Ye. Panin, V. Yu. Kulikov, Yu. P. Shorin,
D. N. Mayanskiy) 123
_ Chapter 10. Circadian and 'Arcadian' Rhythms (V. P. Kaznacheyev,
L. Ye. Panin, V. Yu. Kulikov, Yu. P. Shorin) 145
Chapter 11. Some Distinctions of Human Pathology in the Extreme North
(V. P. Kaznacheyev, V. Yu. Kulikov) 155
47
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- Conclueton (V. P. Kaznacheycv) 174
- Bibliography 182
COPYRIGHT: Izdatel'stvo "Meditsina", Moskva, 1980
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1~()k ()I~I~1('fAl. lltil~: ()NI.Y
HUMAN FACTORS
MAN UNDER EXTREME ENVIRONMENTAL CONDITIONS
Moscow CHELOV~K V~KSTREMAL~NYKH USLOVIYAKH PRTRODNOY SREDY in Russian 1980,
pp 3-9, 190-191
[Annotation, English summary, foreword by Academician 0. G. Gazenlco and intro-
duction from book "Man Under Extreme Environmental Conditions" by V. G. Volovich,
_ Izdatel'stvo "Mys1 191 pages, illustratedJ
a
[Text] Each year, thousands of scientific expeditions, exploring detachments,
hunting parties and tourist groups travel to distant places--Arctic latitudes,
taygas, arid deserts, dense jungles, seas and oceans. Not infrequently, they
find themsevles in difficult and hazardous conditions, when both successful
achievement of goals and life itself are threat~ned. This book systematizes the
minimum amount of information needed �or different natural conditions for the
preservation of life and health in critical situations.
English Summary
~ This book was written aboard life-boats amidst stormy waves of three oceans, in
frozen tents on drifting ice in the center of the Arctic, under unsteady tents in
the burning deserts of Central Asia and beneath the sweltering cover of tropical
forests. The author, a scholar in problems of survival, participated in many of
the experiments in extreme natural conditions.
Travelers, tourists, geologists, navigators will coane across numerous useful
_ pieces of advice on how to survive and preserve one's health, if by chance they
find themselves "face to face" with Nature: how to look for water in the desert,
or buitd a temporary shelter out of snow, render help to people bitten by poisonous ~
_ snakes and scorpions. They will learn about unfamiliar edible plants in the
- jungles, habits of sharks, of the worm palolo, poisonous mollusks of the tropical
- waters and many other things. A physielogist, biologist will get acquainted with
the latest findings in ~tudies concerning the state of human organism under
' different natural conditions.
The lucid language and numerous illustrations make the book an absorbing reading
for everyone.
The foreword is written by academician 0. G. Gazenko. The bibliography has over
a thousand references.
~J
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Foreword
Relatively recently, at the start of our century, expeditions consisting of a
small number of individuals tried to reach the North and South poles, persistently
- overcoming difficulties, and to conquer the peaks of the highest mountains. The
history of these expeditions, many of which ended with the death of courageous
travelers, constitutes a heroic chronicle. To this day, we cannot read about the
attempt of Captain Scott to conquer the South Pole without experiencing much
excitement. The history of this expedition, the death of all its participants,
which is reflected in the sparse entries in the diary of Captain Scott and in his
letters to relatives, the notes of his subordinates and comrades, ~ust like the
histary of the expedition of the Russian Captain Sedov, who died in an attempt
to reach the North Pole, constitute documents that elevate man, in spite of all
their drama.
In the past, i~ ~Jas relatively rare to succeed in saving people, mainly travelers
or scientists, who encountered troubles in remote geographic regions of our planet
that were poorly adapted for human life. The technological revolution, whose
contemporaries we are, the appearance of more sophisticated aircraft, helicopters,
ships designed for specialized purposes, development of effective means of
radio communication should, it would seem, have eliminated to a signiPicant degree
the acuteness of the problem of saving a man or group of people in the event of
their e~cposure to the extreme conditions of a natural environment--in the unin-
habited regions of the Extreme North, in remote desert regi.ons, in dense tropical
jungles and the vast expances of ocean waters.
Strange as it seems, but this is not so. Moreover, it can be stated that the
problem of assuring the safety of man, even for short stays under such conditions,
is a rather important practical task of our times. This is quite understandable,
since there is no absolutely reliable equipment. Ocean liners sink, and hundreds
of people find themselves in lifeboats or rafts in the ocean waves; aircraft have
to make forced landings and, as a result, people find themselves under conditions
that are extremely unsuitable as a habitat. Spacecraft also could, in emergency
- situations, land in virtually any region of the globe: in the ~ungles, desert,
high mountains and expanses of the ocean.
For this reason, a new branch of inedicine was formed in the last few years, which
deals with problems of man's survival when left to himself in geographic regions of
the earth that are extremely difficult to live in, in which it ~ay be an unsur-
mountable proUlem to obtain f.resh water needed for drinking, food, protection
_ against sun rays or, on tt~e contrary, against icy cold. To solve the problem of
rescuing man Erom the above-~mentioned extreme situations, it became necessary to
study, boti~ under laboratory conditions and in the field, the capacity of the human
body to withstand life-threatening extreme factors and, at the same time, to start
developing diverse means of rescue.
Having scientifically substantiated knowledge about the latent reserves of the
body, which enable man to fight actively against the deleterious effects of
various extreme environmental factors f~r a certain period of time, the researcher
can derive a rather va].uable conclusion both about the optimum strategy of a man's
behavior under such conditions and about the most effective means of helping him.
j0
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~
N'OR OFF'IC'IA1, f1SE nN1.Y
In the book offered to the reader, all these interesting problems are discussed
for the first time in a popular form by a scientist who conducted such studies for
over 25 years, actively and with much enthusiasm. The author, V, G. Volovich,
is one of those rare specialists who has his own rich experience in studying
- problems of man's autonomous existence in different geographic regions.
V. G. Volovich started his scientific work with studies of man's self--contained
existence in the Arctic. He was the physician in scientific expeditions on the
drifting North Pole-2 and North Pole-3 stations, the work of which gained broad
recognition. He is to be credited with some serious medical investigations during
self-contained existence on various vessels in the tropical zone of three oceans.
_ He also headed and was directly involved in the difficult and, at times, hazardous
studies directzd toward investigating the possibility of autonomous existence in
the deserts and jungles. V. G. Volovich summarized in this book his many years
of fruitful work in this new branch of inedicine, in situations where a man has
to strain to the utmost his will, mobilize all his strength for wise adjustment
to and struggle with extremely difficult natural conditions. He succeeded in
telling the reader in a fascinating form about the most serious aspects of the
problem of "man in an extreme habitat." The reader will glean from this book
some valuable scientific information about the distinctions of vital functions
of the human body under difficult climate conditions; he will learn about the
experiments conducted by Soviet scientists on the problem of survival in different
geographic zones, about wild edible plants in jungles and deserts, about poisonous
snakes and methods of protection against sharks, about catching fish with poisonous
plant substances and many other things; he will receive much useful advice, about
how to behave under conditions uf autonomous existence, how to orient himself,
build a shelter, find water and food, render first aid, etc.
Jne need not question the fact that readers in the most varied professions will
read this book witli interest and will benefit from it.
Introduction
The thirst to learn about the environment is one of the powerful moving forces in
man. This is what compels a man, in spite of incredible difficulties and depriva-
tion, to strive toward the poles of our planet, to climb, risking his life, the
highest mountain peaks, descend to ocean depths and volcano cr~.ters, and to
assault cosmic space.
Untiring geologists search for underground treasures; explorers blaze new trails
in the tayga and deserts; seafarers and fishermen channel their way through the
blue expanses of the ocean, wtiile the restless tribe of tourists travels on
distant tr.ips over be~lten and unbeaten paths.
It wou.ld s~~em ~hat, in our ttmes of the technological revolution, when numerous
rind ciivc~rsc means t~~ve bcen developed for protection against the deleterious effects
c~f i~[t;li lllL.l['U(]G~G and low temperatures, when the technical sophistication of air
~iiicl mar i nc transl~or. t assures man's safety in flight and on the water, while the
me:~tis of communicatior~ make it possible to send a signal for help from any point
on our plane't, travelers, seafarers and land explorers could not be threatened
witE~ the tragic fate of,Georgiy Brusilov and Vladimir Rusanov, Robert Scott
and John Franklin, Solomon Andre and Roald Amundsen.
~l
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But, ~to ~atter how far techrological progress has advanced, the arctic snowstorms
have not grown warmer, hurricanes are still striking in their force, ocean storms
and typhoons have not grown kinder, and the arid heat of the desert is still just
as pitiless.
And it happens at times, that circumstances put man in a critical situation, '
one on one with nature.
One can read in the worldwide press about seamen who have been shipwrecked and
found themselves on boats and rafts in the raging ocean, about fishermen carried ~
out to open sea on tragments of icebergs, about wayfarers beset by a violent snow-
storm, about tour.ists who have lost their way in the tayga or desert. Not in-
frPquently, beFore help comes, the victims of a disaster must survive on their own,
i.e., on their limited suply of food and water, using the available life support
gear.
A good out~ome of autonomous existence depends on many factors: physical and mental
state of people, supply of water and food, effectiveness of emerge.ncy gear, etc.
(Figure 1 [not reproduced]).
The environment, its physicogeographic conditions, is important to man's vital
- functions when he is on his own. By actively effecting the human body, it
prolongs or shortens the time o� autonomousexistence, helps or prevents survival.
Environmental factors that affect man are quite diverse and numerous. They in-
clude temperature and air humidity, wind, solar radiation and many others.
The arctic regions and the tropics, mountains and deserts, tagya and ocean--each
of these natural zones is characterized by its own distinctive climate; topugraphy,
plant and animal kingdom. They determine the specifics of vital functions of a
man who finds himself in one of these regions: his behavior, means of securing
water and food, building a shelter, nature of diseases and means of preventing
- them, moving about the locality, etc.
However, the degree of importance of each factor is determined by the geographic
location of a region.
For example, in the desert, the prime factors will be those directed at protection
from heat and finding water; in the Arctic, fighting against the cold moves to
the fore; in the jungles, people should strive, first of all, to prevent tropical
diseases, etc.
Experience sliows that people are capable of enduring the most rigorous natural
conditions for a lon~ time. However, a man who is not accustomed to such condi-
- tions and who is exposed to them for the first time, by chance, due to e+ircumstances,
is mucti less adapted f.or lite in an unfamiliar environment than its permanent
inli~bitants.
For this reason, the more rigorous the environmental conditions, the shorter the
period of autonomous existence, the greater effort is required to fight against
nature, the stricter adherence there must be to rules of behavior, and the
costlier each mistake that is made.
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To survive, man requires certain conditions: food, water, shelter, etc. At the
same time, being a member of society, he is accustomed to the idea that many of
his needs are furnished by people around him, that someone is constantly concerned
about meeting his needs, that he can always count on someone's help in any
unfavorable situation. And indeed, in everyday life, man does not have to rack
his brain over how to f ind shelter from the heat or cold, how and where to slake
his thirst and hunger. If he has lost his way in an unfamiliar city, he will
_ have no trouble finding the needed information, and if he gets sick he can turn
_ to physicians for help.
In the case of astonomous existence in an unpopulated region, such a mundane
philosophy developed by civilization is utterly unacceptable, since meeting even
the most ordinary vital needs sometimes becomes a problem that is difficult to
solve. In spite of experience acquired over many years, man's life begins to
depend on very different factors (solar radiation, force of wind, ambient tempera-
ture, presence or absence of sources of water, animals, edible plar~ts), rather
than the customary criteria (education, professional skills, financial status,
etc.).
The Cavo.rable outcome of autonomous existence depends largely on a man's psychophy-
sio].ogical traits: will, decisiveness, collectedness, resourcefulness, physical
conditioning, endurance and others. But not infrequently, these factors alone
are not enough for survival. People die of heat and thirst without suspecting that
there is a life-saving source of water within a few steps; people freeze in the
tundra because they were unable to build a shelter out of snow; they die of hunger
in a forest teeming with game; they fall victim to poisonous animals because they
do not know how to give first aid for bites.
The ability of man to survive is the basis for success in fighting against the
forces of nature. Survival means active, purposeful action, applying one's know-
ledge, experience and inventiveness, using the available gear and means at hand
with utmost effectiveness for protection against the deleterious effects of
environmental factors and to meet the body's needs for water and food.
T}ie main postulate for survival is that man can and must preserve his health and
life under the most rigorotis physicogeographic conditions if he is able to make
- use in his interests of everything that his surroundings have to offer.
But, certain tlieoreticaJ knowledge and practical experience are needed for this.
When st~irtin~ ou~ on a distant journey, man must have an idea about the physico-
~;eograpt~ic c~ndiCions in tlie area of his proposed expedition: about the topography
and sources of w~ter, plants and animals, climate factors that could have an
adverse effect on the body (cold, heat, solar radiation and others), the distinc-
tions of these effects and methods of protection. He must learn to orient him-
self by the stars and other natural phenomenon, to identif y edible plants, to
make a fire without matches or lighters and to prepare food without dishes.
Diversified informatian gained in the course of learning and practical skills
that are acquired not only will help fight the diff iculties that arise for some
reason or other, but increase a man's confi.dence in his strength, convince him
that he will be able to cope with any adversity, since he will know what has to
be done and how to do it.
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For an untrained man, the environment seems to be the source of all sorts of
hazards. He is in a state of constant anxious stress, since he does not know
where to expect the danger from and, even if he does know, he cannot correctly
assess its degree.
Such a state may last from minutes to many days, and the less informed a person is
about the conditions that circumstaflces placed him in, the longer it lasts. Thus,
an equally important ob~ective of education is to psychoiogical train a man to over-
come a potential emergency situation, increase his emotional and volitional stabi-
lity, teach him to properly understand and assess the existing situation and to
act accordingly.
Still, no matter how well trained a man could be in methods of life support under
conditions of autonomous existence, no matter how sophisticated his gear, the length
of time, during which the body can withstand high or low temperatures, lack of
water and food depends on the speed of alteration of physiological functions,
severity of disturbances thereof and reversibility of processes.
The capabilities of the human body, like those of all living things, are limited
and fit into a rather narrow range. What is this range? Where is the threshold,
beyond which changes in functions of organs and systems become irreversible?
What is the time limit that people may have under specific extreme environmental
conditions?
How can one slow down processes of dehydration or cooling, overheating or desalina-
tion? How can one extend the permissible time of self-contained existence, post-
pone the fatal hour?
Scientists go to the Arctic and deserts, to the tayga and ocean in order to answer
these questions, which are posed by life,in the real situation, as close as
possible to the conditions of autonomous existence.
This book deals with problems of survival of man, who finds himself under condi-
tions of autonomous existence in different physicogeographic regions of the globe.
It is based on the results of studies on this problem, which the author obtained
during expeditions to the Central Polar Basin, the drifting stations, North Pole-2
and North Pole-3, in experiments in the field conducted in the polar Kola region,
in the tropical zone of the Pacific, Indian and Atlantic oceans, in the Kyzylkum
Desert and ~ungles of South-East Asia.
The author made an attempt to summarize on these pages Soviet and foreign knowhow
in the area of survival, which was gained in the last decades, as well as to
analyze and describe current views on different issues related to this problem,
including the physiological essence of processes occurring in the human body under
the influence of deleterious environmental factors.
~ The objective of the book was not only to acquaint the reader with the basic prin-
ciples of human behavior during autonomous existence on land and in the ocean, but
to help with practical advice on what one should do and how to do it under such
conditions, making use of everything that the surroundings offer to preserve
health and life.
5 ~t
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- Contents Page
Foreword 3
Introduction 5
Chapter 1. Man Under Autonomous Conditions of Existence 11
Orientation 13
Communications and signaling 15
Nutrition during autonomous existence 17
Water provisions 24
Self- and mutual help in case of trauma or sickness 25
Chapter 2. The Arctic Region 31
Brief physicogeographic description of the Arctic 31
Man existing autonomously in the Arctic 34
Communications and signaling 40
Energy expended by the body in the Arctic and food provisions during
autonomous existence 40
Some problems of fluid-electrolyte metabolism and water provisions in
_ the Arctic 4$
Transition to the Arctic 51
Prevention and treatment of diseases 54
Chapter 3. The Tayga 59
Brief physicogeograph~c description of the tayga zone 59
_ Man existing autonomously in the tayga 60
Food provisions 64
Transition to the tayga 71
Prevention and treatment of diseases 72
Chapter 4. The Desert 75
Brief physicogeographic description of desert zone 75
Man existing autonomously in the desert 78
Fluid-electrolyte metabolism at high ambient temperatures 80
Water provisions in the desert 86
Nutrition at high temperatures 89
Transition to the desert 94
Prevention and treatment of diseases 96
Chapter 5. The Jungle - 101
Brief physicogeographic description of the tropical forest zone 101
" ~ Man existing autonomously in the jungle 104
Some questions of heat and fluid-electrolyte metabolism in the tropics 104
Water proVisions in the ~ungle 107
Nutrition in the jungle 108
Transition to the jungle 114
Prevention and treatment of diseases 119
Chapter 6. The Ocean 127
Brief physicogeographic description of the world's oceans 127
Man during autonomous floating on rescue flotation devices 130
Signaling and co~unication 133
Autonomous sailing [or swimmingJ in the ocean 133
Water provisions in the ocean 134
Survival in cold water 139
Nutrition durtnR autonomous existence 14~3
Prevention and tr.eatment of diseases 145
Seasi.ckness 146
Poisonous ~~nimu].s 147
Landing on shore 166
Concluston 173
Bibliography 174
COPYRTGHT: Izdatel'stvo "Mysl 1980
10,657 5~
cso: 184a~999
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~
UDC: 629.7.015.001
AIRCRAFT AERODYNAMICS: DYNAMICS OF LONGITUDINAL AND LATERAL MOVEMENT '
Moscow AERODINAMIKA SAMOLETA: DINAMIKA PRODOL'NOGO I BOKOVOGO DVIZHENIYA in Russian
1979 pp 4-7, 348-349
[Annotation, foreword and table of contents from book "Aircraft Aerodynatnics:
Dynamics of Longitudinal and Lateral Movement", by G. S. Byushgens and R. V.
Studnev, Izdatel'stvo "Mashinostroyeniye", 352 pages, illustrated]
[Text] This book deals with the distinctions of stability and controllability
of longitudinal and lateral motion of modern aircraft. It submits the results
of studies of pilot rating of piloting characteristics of an aircraft as
related to its aerodynamic and inertial characteristics. It discusses the main
directions of automation of control of aircraft by the pilot, including questions
- of automation of control of an aerodynamically unstable aircratt.
This book is intended for engineering and technical personnel, and scientific
workers in the aircraft industry.
Foreword
In the last few years there has been substantial development of investigation
of problems of flight dynamics, which is related to the desire to improve the
reliability and safety of flights, improve f lying characteristics of aircraft
and, ultimately, to increase the efficiency of thei~ use.
Optimum introduction of automation for aircraft control by a pilot plays a signi-
ficant role in ref ining aviation technology. At the present time, it is vir-
tually inc~nceivable to discuss aircraft dynamics without concurrent analysis of
. problems oP automation of control, particularly analysis of systems for improving
stability and controllability in manual control. Such problems as piloting an
aircraft when performing various maneuvers made it necessary to conduct deeper
stuclies of interaction between the aircraft and pilot, as well as to work out a
mathema~~c~l description of. pilot work.
W~.de use of. automated control is related to the possibility of malfunctions and
need to develop diPEerentiated requirements for different flying conditions. In
particular,~'with eacti subsequent malfunction of devices in the control system, some
worsening of its characteristics is permissible provided that safety of the flight
is ensured.
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1~()R (11~1~1('IA1, l1tiH: ()NI.Y
Finally, there has been particular development ~n recent years of studies on
special flight simulators ["piloting stands"], with a system for view~ng the
_ external situation, mockup of pilot's cabin with all the necessary flying instru--
- ments and controls. ~quations of aircraft movement are solved on electronic
computers. In the most modern flight simulators with movable cockpit, there is
approximate reproduction of accelerations and o~her sources of sensations of
flight to which a pilot is exposed.
Such simulators play a rather substantial role in studies of the dynam~cs oP modern
" aircraft. The work done in the U~SR and abroad with the use oi� such simulators
yielded vast material for choosing parameters of the aircraPt that determine
stability and controllability, parameters of the control system, dynamics during
vigorous maneuvering, in take-off and landing modes, etc. Studies with the
simulators realize a savings in material and reduce substantially the time for
development [finalizing) an aircraft.
In spite of the rather extensive literature dealing with various aspects of
- dynamics of flIght and questions of automation of control, the abovP issues have not
been studied comprehensively enough or covered sufficiently in the literature.
Investigation of different problems related to aircraft flying requires a differ-
ent degree of accuracy of description of dynamics thereof. When analyzing the
motion of an aircraft exposed to minimal perturbances and control actions, one can
separate the equations of spatial movement into equations of longitudinal and
- lateral movement, and study them separately.
In those cases where perturbances or controlling actions are sizable, one must
consider spatial movement and analyze nonlinear equations [14]. Finally, in order
- to study the distinctions of aircraft dynamics when certain parameters of motion
exceed ttie permissible ranges of chan~e therein, one must examine the so-called
critical flying modes (such as stalling, spinning, etc.), and this usually requires
analysis of virtually complete equations describing aircraft movement.
In this book, analysis is limited mainly to examination of the patterns of aircraft
movement, where linearization of equations is permissible and one can consider
- longitudinal and lateral movement separately.
In writing ttiis book, the authors pursued the following objectives:
1. To summarire the main results of investigationswof properties and distinctions
of aircraft dynamics under traditional conditions of movement with minimal per-
turbances.
2. To discuss the pilot's rating of flying characterj,stics of an aircraft as related
to dynami.c cliaracteristics thereof and the methods of studying such relationships
on flight simulators, as well as some of the specifications for such simulators,
ensuing from the desire to obtain a semblance of simulating flight.
3. To discuss the means oPautomation of manual control of modern aircra~t that
are bein~ developed in recent years, for the purpose of improving flying charac-
- teristics ol aircraft, as well as some questions of automating control of an air-
craft, the aerodynamic canfiguration of which was optimized to improve flying
characteristics.
57
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A11 of the material in the book is divided into four parts.
The first part is introductory, to some extent. It gives the equations for air-
craft movement and simplification thereof for solving different problems of dynamics,
mathematical description of processing of piloting an aircraft by a pilot, meGhods
of simulating flights on flight stands and some of the specifications for the
construction thereof.
The second and third parts deal with problems of longitudinal and lateral aircraft
movement, respectively, as well as the distinctions of dynamics and analysis of
requirements pertaining to flying characteristics.
Finally, the fourth part deals with problems of automating manual control of an
aircraft by a pilot.
The authors wish to express their appreciation to the following individuals, who
were very he1~~Pu1 in makjn~ estimates ana analysis of some problems contained in
the book: Yu. A. Vino~radov, Yu. B. Dubov, V. I. Kobzev, A. V. Novikov, V. A.
Serovatskiy, S. N. Suprunenko, V. M. Shibayev and others.
The authors wish to tt~ank V. K. Svyatodukh, doctor of engineering sciences, and
M. A. Tayts, doctor of engineering sciences, Honored Scientist and Engineer of
the RSFSR, who reviewed the book, for their valuable comments about the manuscript.
Contents Page
Foreword 5
Conventional designations 8
Introduction 10
Part 1. Introduction to Aircraf t Dynamics
Chapter 1. Equations of Spatial Movement of a Flight Vehicle 15
l. Complete system of equations for movement of a f light vehicle 16
2. Control oE aircraft movement 27.
3. Linearization of equations of aircraft movement. Separation of
complete system of equations into independent systems of
lon~itudin~l. and lateral movement 36
4. Lquations oC s~~~tial movement o�� an aircraft in dimensionless form 38
Chzpter 2. Approximated Mathematical Description of the Process of
Pil~t Flyin~ of an Aircraft 44
5. Mathematical description of pilot action when performing single-
cilannel stahil.ization tasks 47
� 6. Mathematical model of pilot's behavior when stabilizing an
aircraft over several control channels simultaneously 61
7. Model of ti~e process of aircraft control by a pilot for some
special flying instances 63
Chapter 3. Studies of Flying Dynamics With the Use of Flight Simulators 66
8. Principles of construction and main elements of flight simulators 67
9. Comparative significance of sources of information in simulators
when modeling various problems of flight dynamics 71
10. Displaying visual information in flight simulators 84
11. Modeling angular accelerations and G forces on flight simulators 93
12. Modeling additional sources of information about flying conditions
on flight simulators 104
13. Some questions of inethodology of studies with flight simulators 107
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Part 2. Tongitudinal Stabi.lity and Controllabi7,$t~ of Aixc~a~t
Cliapter 4. Dynam~ics ot Longitudinal Aircraft Movement 113
14. Equations for longl~udinal movement 113
15. Long-period (phugoid) longitudinal aircraft movement 119
16. Stability and controllability of an aircraft in flight at
constant speed 12~
Chapter 5. Effect of characteristics of longitudinal stability and
controllability of aircraft on evaluation of its flying
characteristics by the pilot 133
17. Specification~ for static characteristics of aircraft
controllability 135
18. Specifications for dynamic characteristics of aircraft in
longitudinal movement 141
- 19. Specifications for characteristics of aircraft longitudinal
movement in stabilization mode (use of mathematical model of a
pilot) 148
Part 3. Stability and Controllability of Aircraft in Lateral Movement
Chapter 6. Main Properties of Lateral Movement of Aircraft 167
20. Analysis of stability of lateral aircraft movement 167
21. Approximated analysis of lateral perturbed movement of aircraft 173
22. Effect of aerodynamic parameters of aircraft on roots of
performance [characteristic] equation of lateral movement 181
23. Controllability of aircraft in lateral motion 200
Chapter 7. Effect of parameters of lateral movement of aircraft on
evaluation of its flying characteristics by pilot 208
24. Specifications for rapid action in ch~nnel of transverse control
of maneuverable aircraft 209
25. Specifications for rapid action in transverse control when making
a landing approach 215
26. Pilot evaluation of flying characteristics of aircraf t in
lateral motion 219
27. Studies of distinctions of lateral movement of landing aircraft
in the presenc~ of side wind 2g2
Part 4. Automation of Manual Control of Aircraft
Chapter 8. General Questions of. Automation of Aircraft Control 243
28. Some directions of development of automation of aircraft control 243
29. General requirements for systems of aircraft control by pilot 246
Chapter 9. Automation of longitudinal aircraft control 250
30. Damper of longitudinal oscillations and machine for improving
longitudinal stabil.ity 252
31. Increasing maneuverability of aircraft and improving its flying
cl~aractcrL4tic5 by changing to low reserves of longitudinal
stability 25$
32. Automr~~ic' .1Sta~1.r. };yrascope for longitudinal control 26g
33. Analysis of the eEfects of nonlinear characteristics of actuating
drives on dynamics of aircraft with astati~ automatic gyroscope
for longitudinal control 2g1
34. Astatic overload automatic device for longitudinal control 287
35. Static systems for longitudinal control of aircraft 296
Chapter 10. Systems For Assnring Stability and Controllability
Characteristics of Aircraft in Lateral Motion 305
36. Improving characteristics of aircraft stability and controllability
with automation of control thereof in lateral motion 305
59
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37. Analysis of characteristics of lateral aircraft motion with
bank damper 316
38. Characteristics of lateral aircraft motion with yaw damper 326
39. Distinctions of using oscillation [sway] dampers on an aircraft
that is unstable for banking or yawing 336
Bibliography 343
- COPYRIGHT: Izdatel'stvo "Mashinostroyeniye", 1979
10,657
cso: i84o/999
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UDC: 621.:612.8
METHODOLOGICAL AND TECHNICAL PROBLEMS OF EXPERIMENTAL PSYCHOPHYSIOLOGY
Moscow METODICHESKIYE I T~KHNICHESKIYE VOPROSY EKSPERIMENTAL~NOY PSTKHOFIZIOLOGII
in Russian 1980 (signed to press 13 Aug 80) pp 2, 90-95
[Annotation, abstracts and table of contents from book "Methodological and
Technical Problems of Experimental Psychophysiology", edited by'V. G. Volkov,
candidate of engineering sciences, Izdatel'stvo "Nauka", 1500 copies, 95 pages]
[Text] This collection contains data on the study of the characteristics of 3n
operator during simulation of various conditions of operator work, as well as
on development of psychometric equipment for tests.
It is intended for specialists in the field of engineering psychology--
psychologists, physicians and engineers.
UDC: 621:612.8*
EFFECT OF DURATION OF JOINT WORK ON EFFICIENCY THEREOF
[Abstract of article by V. A. Bodrov and I. Ye. Doroshenko]
(Text] A study was made of tlie eff iciency [or effectiveness] of joint experimental
~ waxk as rel.ated to ~ifferent durat3.on of such work. The main task for the sub-
~ects consisted of tracking for 20 min, against the background of which one of
four additional tastcs was presented three times for 15, 45 and 180 s: "Instrument
di.als," "Scale of vectors," "Time reflex" and "Sensorimotor reaction of choice."
The greatest decline of efficiency of tracking was noted when it was associated
for 15 and 180 s with the "Instrument dials" and "Scale of vectors" tasks. The
change in efficiency of performing the additional tasks in these same segments of
- time occurred in di.EEerent directions, and it was determined by the psychological
structure oE problem solving. The results of these studies are interpreted from
the positions of the conception of P. K. Anokhin concerning the "exclusiveness"
of inental activity and the dominance theory of A. A. Ukhtomskiy. There are 2
tables; bibliography lists 10 items.
IsLECTROLNC~PHALOGItAPHIC CORRELATES OF OPERATOR RESISTANCE TO STRESS
[Abstract of article by L. P. Grimak, L. G. Dikaya and 0. M. Salmanina]
*Translator's note: UDC number is the same for all.abstracts and is not repeated.
61
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'Ptiis article discusses the results of madeling various types of opex'ator stress
with the use of hypnosis. The simulated states are differentiated from emotions
and fatigue on the basis of EEG data; the EEG parameters of operator resistance
to stress are described. There are 2 illustrations; bibliography lists S items.
CHANGES IN TRACKING FUNCTION WHEN OPERATOR USES THE METHOD OF MENTAL REGULATION
[Abstract of article by Yu. F. Isaulov and N. N. Lebedeva]
[Text] This article describes the results of experiments testing the eff ect
of one of the methods of inental self-regulation, autogenic training [biofeedback?],
on tracking function when the operator works at a forced pace. There are 2 illus-
trations; bibliography lists 3 items.
IMPROVED QUALITY OF DETECTION OF VISUAL SIGNALS UNDER THE INFLUENCE OF FEEDBACK
FROM PARAM~TERS OF TH~ OPERATOR'S NICTZTATING REACTION
[Abstract of article by Ye. P. Sviridov]
['l'ext] This study deals w.tth the efFect of delivering stimuli to an operator
over the fcedback ctiain Lrnm tlle I~arameters of the subject~s nictitating reactiqn
[corneal reflex?] on efFectiveness of detection and tracking of randomly appearing
visual signals under conditions of prolonged monotonous work. The obtained data
indicate that there is a decrease in signal detection time under the inf luence
of stimulation, increase in level of wakefulness of the operator, manifested by
changes in physiological parameters of his functional state. A difference was
demonstrated in the dynamics of parameters of operator performance during
work, as well as a difference in their susceptibility to the influence of stimu-
lation. There are 3 illustrations.
FUNCTIONAL SHORTAGE OF TIME IN OPERATOR WORK
jAbstract of article by Yu. B. Pikovskiy and L. S. Khachatur'yants]
[Text] This article submits a functional systems analysis of changes in quality
of automated activity in modes of discrete-continuous and continuous tracking
when operators nr~ t[red. Specif.ic mistakes are described, which are inherent in
each typc ~F traclcin~;, and th~ principle is expounded of functional shortage of
time a~ tf~r main conct Ltion lowc~ring operator efficiency [fitness for work] .
The possibility is discussed of enhancing the functional resistance of an
operatar Uy metl~ods oP purposeful. psychological design of activity as it
relates to adverse c:nvironmental factors. There are 2 illustrations; biblio-
graphy lists 2 items.
- EFFECT OF REFRACTIVENESS OF THE VISUAL ANALYZER ON RELIABILITY OF OPERATOR
PERFORMANCE IN A SYSTF;M OF VISUAL OBSERVATION
- [Abstract of article by 0. 0. Ryumin]
[Text] This article submits the results of studies of the effect of refracting
capacity of the visual analyzer on reliability of operator performance dealing
witti visual. observation under conditions simulating the work of cosmonauts as
it relates to rendezvous and docking operations. As shown by the studies,
62
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the reliability of perfornance is lowEr in operators with hypermetropic eye
refraction than in eunnetropes and myopic ones, since they develop fatigue faster.
It is concluded that it is imperative to have equigment conform with the physio-
logical capacities of the human visual analzyer, and to use operators with
emmetropic and myopic refraction for such tasks, as well as to develop special
work and rest schedules to provide high efficiency. There are 2 illustrations;
bibliography lists 2 items.
A METHOD OF FU:VCTIONAL DESIGN OF' ACTIVITY
(Abstract of article by N. A. Luzhbin]
[Text] The method is based on successive transformation of the goal of activity
[work] into the tangible level of its performance and processing of a number of
unchanging characteristics of activity. Four levPls of transfermation were
singled out: goal, plan, functional scheme a.nd material [tangible] execution, which
constitute precise models of man's reflection of future activityy and each .
successive level is the material carrier of the preceding or~e. Activity is
viewed as a functional system, iahile the route over the leveis constitutes
retrieval and execution of system components. A symbolic description is given
of the content of the levels and retrieval [search] strategies in terms of the
desired changes in parameters of activity.
DYNAMICS OF SOME PHYSIOLOGICAL FUNCTIONS DURING 10-DAY HYPODYNAMIA WITH REPRODUCTIVE
SUGGESTION OF HYPERGRAVITY AND HYPOGRAVITY STATES
[Abstract of article by A. A. Alelyukhin.and M. L. Khachatux~yan~s]
- [Text] This article describes the results of ineasurement of simple motor reac-
tion, muscular endurance, tremor, critical fusion frequency and "tamping [typo
for tapping?] test in operators submitted to hypodynamia for 10 days. All of
the operators were divided into three groups: control, group with simulation of
hypogravity ar~d group with si,mulation of hypergravity. In the course of the
experi.ment, tllere was demonstration of substantial differences in dynamics of
a11 three groups of sub~ects according to the first three methods (simple motor
reaction, muscular endurance, tremor). No changes whatsoever were demonstrable
with re~ard to critical fusion frequency and "tamping test." There are 5 i11us-
trations; biblio~xaphy lists 4 items.
EFFECT OF FATIGU~ ON SOME PARAMETERS OF VERBAL COMMUNICATION
[Abstract of article by N. A. Yerashchenko]
[Text] Studies wcre made of the effect of fatigue on the quality of verbal
instructions and some temporal characteristics of verbal flow, which occur
in communication between speakers (operatorsj. It was shown that these para-
meters may be a~ood indicator of changes in the psychophysiological state of
an operztor in the course of prolonged operator work. There are 2 illustrations;
_ bibliography lists 2 items.
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SOME DISTINCTIONS OF DYNAMICS c~F EVOKED POTENTIALS DURING INTELLECTUAL ACTIVITY
[Abstract of article by G. M. Chernyakov~
[Text] Acoustical vertex potentials (VP) were recorded on subjects while reading
texts, the form of presentation of which differed in difficulty of perception. A
marked variability was demonstrated for single VP recorded successively in the
course of one test. An effort was made to group the single VP's according to ampli-
tude and configuration. On this basis, it was possible to distinguish several
types of acoustic VP's in each subject. When changing from simpler to more compli-
cated texts, the different types of VP presented a different tendency with regard
to changes in their components. A change in one of the isolated types of ~TP
showed a correlation with difficulty of the text. There are 3 illustrations; bib-
liography lists 9 items.
~ METHODS FOR STUDYING GROUP OPERATOR PERFORMANCE
[Abstract of article by N. N. Lebedeva and Yu. B. Pikovskiy]
[Text] This article describes the methods used to study the process of formation
and execution of sensorimotor skills in interaction between two operators to
perform the common task of trackin~ specified trajectories. There is also a
description of the apparatus and equipment base for the experiments and methods
for mathematical analysis of the results. There is discussion of the possibility
of using these methods to study problems of group operator compatibility,
alr,ernating leadership and stability of group skills with complication of working
conditions. There is validation of the methodological novelty of this approach
and its difference from conventional methods of studying group operator activity.
There are 2 illustrations; bibliography lists 4 items.
UNIT FOR RECORDING MEAN FREQUENCY OF NEURONAL ACTION POTENTIALS
- [Abstract of article by S. N. Kozhechkin and V. S. Golichenkov]
[Text] An electronic device is described, which is intended for recording
ongoing mean frequency of neuronal action potentials. The digital unit is
assembled from integral microcircuits and contains, as its main elements, an
impulse counter and code-voltage converter. The operating principle of this
unit consists of counting input impulses over successive fixed intervals and
conversion of the obtained binary code into voltage. The range of frequencies of
input signals is from 0.1 to 1000 Hz. This unit permits recording information
on inertial automatic printers. There are 3 illustrations; bibliography lists
7 items.
ANALOGUE UEVICL I~OR COMPLGX L:VALUATION OF TIME PARAMETERS OF THE REACTION
OF INTEWICTING OPI:RATpRS
[Abstract of article by V. G. Volkov and V. I. Kichkin]
[TextJ This work describes a device designed to measure sensorimotor reaction
time of operators in a simulated conflict situation. By virtue of inclusion of
a logic unit, specially developed for our purposes, in this device, it was
possible to analyze this physiological characteristic, both with regard to its
absolute values and several important derivatives, i.e., to assess the quality
= G1~
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oF opcraCor performancc according to a given parameter, as well as to relate
the outcome of the conflict situation to finer mechanisms of sensorimotor activity.
There are 2 illustrations; bibliography lists 5 items.
CIRCADIAN RHYTHMS OF OPERATOR EFFICIENCY
[Abstract of article by Ye. A. Ivanov]
_ [TextJ A description is given of the methods and results of experimental studies
of efficiency [work fintess] levels of an operator in the course of continuous
work for 3 days. Reliable circadian cycles bf theses levels were demonstrated.
The periods, amplitude and phases of cyclic changes in efficiency level were
found to differ for different forms of activity. A link was found between
level of efficiency and autonomic system parameters. There are 2 illustrations;
bibliography lists 5 items.
DYNAMIC CORRECTION OF PARAMETERS OF A CONTROL SYSTEM WITH AN OPERATOR
[Abstract of article by M. V. Frolov]
[Text] There is discus~:ion of adjustment of control system parameters to the
existing psychophysiolop;ical state of an operator, on t-he example of a tracking
complex. Adjustment is made dynamically to enhance the quality of tracking
system operation as a whole. There are 3 illustrations; bibliography lists S items.
STUDY OF TRANSIENT CHARACTERI3TICS OF RESPIRATORY REGULATION OF ELECTROCARDIOGRAM
- T WAVE AMPLITUDE
[Abstract of article b~ G. B. Milovanova]
[Text] This article discusses the effect of respiratory regulation on amplitude
of the T wave. The transient characteristics of T wave amplitude obtained in
experiments are given; there is discussion of questions of mathematical description
- thereof. There are 2 illustrations; bibliography lists 3 items.
INSTRUMI:NT FOR GRAPHIC RECORDING OF ARTERIAL PRESSURE
[Abstract of article by R. P. Kolokolenkina and I. V. Larin]
[Text] This article deals with a portable instrument for recording arterial
pressure on one of tlie recorder's channels by the auscultative method. This instru-
ment permits graphic documentation of arterial pressure in complex examination of
functional parameters of patients' cardiovascular system in the case of long-term
observatlon. There are 3 illustrations; bibliography lists 4 items.
PHYSICAL MOllLL OF ASSOCIATIVE ENTRIES AND REPRODUCTION OF INFORMATION
[Abstract of article by A. A. Frolov, S. A. Gusainov and Ye. V. SerbinaJ
[Text] This work deals with a description of a physical model of simple associ-
ative memory, which refers to a functional device capable of reproducing a pre-
viously recorded complete information code upon itiput into the unit of anj~ sig-
nificant part thereof. The experiment conducted with this model confirmed the
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feasihility of technical execution of sonie of the main principles of associative
- information processing in the nervous system. There is 1 illustration; bibliography
lists 12 items.
EFFECT OF FATIGUE ON SPEED AND ACCURACY OF IDENTIFYING TONAL SIGNALS
[Abstract of article by V. G. Volkov, A. K. Yepishkin and V. A. Shilova]
[Text) Summary results are submitted of experiments dealing with the dynamics
of efficiency [fitness for work] determined discretely in the course of 72 hours
of continuous operator work. There are 2 illustrations; bibliography lists S items.
STUDY OF PSYCHOPHYSIOLOGICAL CHARACTERISTICS OF AN OPERATOR IN A STATE OF EMOTIONAL
- STRESS
[Abstract of article by A. K. Yepishkin and V. A. Shilova]
[Text] Data are submitted on changes in level of efficiency caused by operator
stress in ground-based simulation of space flight conditions. The results of
the test of tracking discrete tonal signals revealed wide individual differences
- in direction and magnitude of the parameters studied. There are 2 illustrations;
b~bliography lists S items.
Contents Page
Effect of Duration of Joint Work on Efficiency Thereof
(V.A. Bodrov, I. Ye. Doroshenko) 3
Electroencephalographic Correlates of Operator Resistance to Stress
(L. P. Grimak, L. G. Dikaya, 0. M. Salmanina) $
Changes in Tracking Function When Operator Uses the Method of Mental
Regulation (Yu. F. Isaulov, N. N. Lebedeva) 15
Impro~-~d Quality of Detection of Visual Signals Under the Influence
of Feedback From Parameters of the Operator's Nictitating Reaction
(Ye. P. Sviridov) 18
Functional Shortage of Time in Operator Work
(Yu. B. Pikovskiy, L. S. Khachatur'yants) 21
Effect of Refractiveness of the Visual Analyzer on Reliability of
~ Operator Performance in a System of Visual Observation (0. 0. Ryumin) 24
A Method of Functional Design of Activity (N. A. Luzhbin) 28
Dyn:~mics of Some Physiological Functions During 10-Day Hypodynamia
With Reproductive Suggestion of Hypergravity and Hypogravity States
(A. A. Alelyukhin, M. L. Khachatur'yants) 32
Effect ot Fatigue on Some Parameters of Verbal Communication
(N. A. Yerast~chenko) 3~
Some Distinctions of I)ynamics of Evoked Potentials During Intellectual
Activity (G. M. Chernyakov) 40
Methods for Studying Group Operator Performance
(N. N. Lebedeva, Yu. B. Pikovskiy) 47
Unit for Recording Mean Frequency of Neuronal Action Potentials
(S. N. Kozhechkin, V. S. Golichenkov) 49
Analogue Device for Complex Evaluation of Time Parameters of the
Reaction of Interacting Operators (V. G. Volkov, V. I. Kichkin) 53
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Circadian Rhythms of Operator Efficiency (Ye. A. Ivanov) 58
Dynamic Correction of Parameters of a Control System With an Operator
(M. V. Frolov) 62
Study of Transient Characteristics of Respiratory Regulation of
Electrocardiogram T Wave Amplitude (G. B. Milovanova) 69
Instrument for Graphic Recording of Arterial Pressure
(R. P. Kolokolenkina, I. V. Larin) 73
Physical Model of Associative Entries and Reproduction of Information
(A. A. Frolov, S. A. Gusainov, Ye. V. Serbina) 76
Effect of Fatigue on Speed and Accuracy of Identifying Tonal Signals
(V. G. Volkov, A. K. Yepishkin, V. A. Shilova) 81
Study of Psychophysiological Characteristics of an Operator in a State
of Emotional Stress (A. K. Yepishkin, V. A. Shilova) 85
COPYRIGHT: Izdatel~stvo "Nauka", 1380
10,657
- cso: 1840/999
67
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~
UDC: 007:681.5
VIDEOTERMINALS IN INFORMATIONAL INTERACTION (ENGINEERING PSYCHOLOGY ASPECTS)
Moscow VIDEOTERMINALY V INFORMATSIONNOM VZAIMODEYSTVII (INZHENERNO-PSIKHOLOGICHESKIYE
ASPEKTY) in Russian 1980 (signed to press 23 Oct 80) pp 2, 200
[Annotation and table of contents from book "Videoterminals in Informational
~nze~ract~ot~ (~ng~neering Psychology Aspects)''', by Valeriy Fedorovich Venda,
_ Izdatel'stvo "~nergiya", 8000 copies, 200 pages, illustrated]
Text] This book deels with principles in engineering psychology for the choice
and use of videoterminals, optimization of the structure of informational inter-
action between man and computers in solving different problems of an operational,
managerial, planning and design, and scientific research nature. Methods are
described for mathematical modeling of processes of informational interaction.
Special attention is given to methods of upgrading videoterminals and their
practical use in developing and refining automated control systems.
It is intended for specialists in the field of automated control systems, computer
and information technology, engineering psychology, ergonomics, scientific or-
ganization of labor and management [control].
Contents Page
_ Foreword 3
Introduction 5
Chapter 1. Engineering Psychology Bases for the Design of Videoterminals 26
1-1. The problem of optimum organization of interaction between man
and computers 26
1-2. Methods for analysis of psychological structure of operator work 44
1-3. Concordance of videoterminal characteristics with the structure
of operator work 50
Chapter 'L. Types of Videoterminals 82
'L-1. Ctiief principl.es of operat3on of information display equipment 82
2-2. Videotermin~ils with cathode ray tubes 89
Ctiapter 3. rngineerin~ Psychology and Artistic Design of Information 93
Complexes
3-1. Lngineering psyctiological evaluation of videoterminals 9s
3-2. Means of optimizing the visual characteristics of videoterminals 107
3-3. Experimental analytical methods in the design of videoterminals 119
3-4. Principles of investigation and optimization of structures for
display of multielement information 130
3-5-. Engineering psychological planning and artistic design of
videoterminals 162
68
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Conclusion ~9~
Bibliography ~~3
COPYRIGHT: Izdatel'stvo "Energiya", 1980 .
10,657
cso: 1840/999
~
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i
UDC: 612.017.2+616.003.96
CURRENT ASPECTS OF ADAPTATION
P:ovosibirsk SOVREMENNYYE ASPEKTY ADAPTATSII in Russian 1980 pp 2-9, 191 ~
[Annotation, introduction and table of contents from book "Current Aspects of
Adaptation", by V. P. Kaznacheyev, USSR Academy of Sciences, Siberian Department,
Scientific Research Clinical Section, Institute of Clinical and Experimental
Medicine, Izdatel'stvo "Nauka", 192 pages]
[Text] This monograph deals with theoretical problems of human adaptation, work
on which is gaining special importance. Scientifically substantiated recommenda-
tions to safeguard and develop the health of man (population) in different climatic-
geographic and industrial conditions are needed in view of the development of
new regions ~f our country that were previously not inhabited, and creation there
of industrial production complexes. T~e eorrelation between processes of adaptation
and pathological states is explored in this book. Some principles are expounded
for diagnosis of different human states; their significance is analyzed with
respect to prenosological dispensary care of the entire population and early pre-
vention of disease. The main directions of research on man's adaptation to the
Extreme North and Siberia are disr_ussed.
This book is intended for biologists, physiologists, hygienists and physicians.
There are 24 tables and 28 illustrations. Bibliography lists 540 items.
Introduction
The development of the national economy of our country and of vast neF~ territories,
especially in regiuns witl~ rigorous climate and geographic conditions, as well
as with spec~.fic and insuf.ficientiy studied endemic, bacterial-viral and parasitic
infections, introduction of new industrial technology, urbanization processes (North,
BAM [Baykal-Amur Mainline Railroad] region, mountains, deserts) and other conse-
qt~ences of scientific and technological progress have altered appreciably processes
of interaction between man and the environment. The formed biogeocenoses, psycho-
physiological I~roperttes of modern human populations, structure and nature of dis-
eases are c~�,nging. The ~ualitative changes in biological and psyche~hysiological
parameters of a modern population are characterized by development of new biological
and general pathological patterns, the specific direction thereof under given climate,
geographic and socioindustrial conditions.
The socioindustrial and hygienic aspects of life support systems are gaining in-
creasing significance in the effectiveness of preventive measures. From the
70
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practical point of view, of great importance are the works of A. L. Chizhevskiy and
V. I. Vernadskiy about the biosphere, noosphere, problems of regional and global
ecology.
Analysis of the physical condition of the inhabitants of eastern parts of our
country, some mountain regions, the arid zone and seas shows that a significant
part of the nPw arrivals and indigenous population are in a state of chronic
stress. With the ever increasing shortage of manpower, growth of labor producti-
vity, faster pace of production and life, the task that advances to the fore is not
only to predict onset of diseases and premature aging, but to safeguard and
develop the health of present generations, as well as to assure the health of future
generations.
Man and human populations, ethnic, biological and psychophysiological patterns,
_ changes in the environmen[, processes of technogenesis and noospherogenesis,
noocosmogenesis are becoming problems of paramount importance in modern natural
science, not only because the study thereof discloses more and more the capabi-
lities of science in all areas, but because of their first and foremost practical
significance to society. The modern srientific and technological revolution, the
transformation of historically formed natural conditions over vast territortes of
earth and water, and the profound changes in the biosphere have advanced the
' problem of "man and the environment" among the ranks of pressing and priority prob-
lems, and the interdependence of these processes on earth to the level of problems
on a global scale. Solution thereof is acquiring an increasingly acute sQ~io-
political aspect.
Among the elements of the current problem of man and the environment, one of the
basic ones is adaptation, for which several major international programs have
been developed intensively in the last few years. Many-year studies of man's
_ adaptation to extreme conditions, within the framework of an internationa]_ biolo-
gical program, have been completed (1964-1974). The results of the research of
Soviet scientists have been published in the periodic press and a special three-
volume monograph (Z. I. Barbashova, N. G. Rychkov, M. M. Mirrakhimov, N. N.
Sirotinin, N. R. Deryapa, A. L. Matusov, F. F. Sultanov, N. P. Neverova, T. I.
Andronova, N. N. Mikloshevskaya, I. I. Likhnitskaya and others). A major contri-
bution to development of this problem was the publication of the collective mono-
graphs, '~Society and Human Health" (1973) and "Philosophical Problems of Adaptation
Theory"(1975) edited by G. I. Tsaregorodtsev. Theoretical and clinical aspects
are discussed in the works of V. V. Parin, A. P. Avtsyn, G. M. Danishevskiy, A. M.
Chernukli, F. 'L. Meyerson, M. M. Mirrakhimov, A. D. Slonim, Z. T. Barbashova, I. S.
kandror, N. R. Deryapa ~1nd L. Ye. Panin.
Eour intc~rnationE data in the literature, the author's own
findin~;ti, r~~f~~rablr to studic~5 of inental health of seamen conducted since 1961
b~~th c~n l~ind rind on ships during perluds of ].ong-term cruises. Analysis is made
uE extr~~me f~~cCc~rs i.n thc+ wc>rk c~f seafaring personnel. There is systematization
c~f th~, c~lusc~5 of p5ychological disharmony occurring in seamen during ocean voyages.
The activicies ot the Industrial [sectorial?] Medicopsychological Laboratory of
~iie USSR Ministry of the Fistiing Industry, founded in 1974, are described; they