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JPRS ID: 9728 USSR REPORT MILITARY AFFAIRS

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APPROVED FOR RELEASE: 2047/02/08: CIA-RDP82-00850R000400010024-0 - FOR dFFICIAL USE ONLY _ ~JPRS L/9728 12 May 1981 ~ USSR Re ~rt - . i~ ~ MIIITARY AFFAIRS - CFOUO 4/81) = Fg~$ FOREIG~V BROADCAST INFORMATION SERVICE FGR OFFICIAL USE ONLY APPROVED FOR RELEASE: 2007/02/08: CIA-RDP82-00850R000400010024-0 APPROVED FOR RELEASE: 2047/02/08: CIA-RDP82-00850R000400010024-0 I NCTE JPRS publications contain informa.tion primarily from foreign newspapers, periodicals and books, but also from news agency ~ transmissions and broadcasts. Materials from foreign-language " sources are translated; those from English-language sources are transcribed or reprinted, with the original phrasing and other characteristics retained. Headlines, editorial reports, and material. enclosed in brackets are supplied by JPRS. Processing indicators such as [TextJ , ar [Excerpt] in the first line of each ite~u, or following the last line of a b~ief, indicate how the original informa.tion was processed. Where no processing indicator is given, the infor- mation was summarized or extracted. Unfamiliar names rendered phonetically or transliterated are enclosed in parentheses. Words or names preceded by a ques- ti.on mark and enclosed in parentheses were r.ot clear in the original but have been supplied as appropriate in context. Other unattributed parenthetical notes with in the body of an = item originate with the source. Times within items are as given by source. � The contents of this publication in no way represent the poli- - cies, views or at.titudes of the U.S. Government. ~ t COPYRIGHT LAWS AND REGULA,TIONS GOVERNING 04NERSHIP OF MATERSALS REPRODUCED HEREIN REQU1"P.E THAT DISSEMINATION OF THIS PUBLICATION BE RESTRICTED FOR OFFICIAL USE O~TLY. , APPROVED FOR RELEASE: 2007/02/08: CIA-RDP82-00850R000400010024-0 APPROVED FOR RELEASE: 2047/02/08: CIA-RDP82-00850R000400010024-0 FOR OFFICIAL U~E ONLY JPRS L/9728 ~ 12 May 1981 USSR REPORT ~ MILITARY AFFAIRS (FOUO 4/81) _ CONTENTS MILITARY SCIENCE, THEORY, STRATEGY Book Discusses Automated Troop Control Systems (A. N, Romanov, G. A. Frolov; AVTOMATIZIROVANNYYE SISTEMY UPRAVLENIYA BOYEM, 1976) 1 ARMED FORCES Excerpts From Political Training Manual for Warrsnt Officers (D. A. Volkogonov; SLUZHBA RODINE, 1979) 10 ~iOSAAF AND MILITARY COMMISSARIATS Book Discusses Military-Patriotic Indoctrination of Population (I. Ye. Klimenko; PARTZYNOYE RUKOVODSTVO VOYENNO- PATRIQTICHESKIM VOSPITANIYEM NASELENIYA, 1979) 32 ~ - - a- L II Z- USSR - 4 FOUO~ APPROVED FOR RELEASE: 2007/02/08: CIA-RDP82-00850R000400010024-0 APPR~VED FOR RELEASE: 2007/02/08: CIA-RDP82-00850R000400010024-0 - FOR OFFICIAL tJSE ONLY MILITARY SCIENCE, THEORY, STRATEGY _ BOOK DISCUSSES AUTOMATED TROOP CONTROL SYSTEMS Moscow AVTOMATIZIROVANNYYE SISTEMY UPRAVLENIYA BOYEM in Russian 1976 (signed to press 8 Jan 76) pp 3, 10-13, ~OS-112 - [Annotation, excerpts from Chapters I and 2, Chapter 7, Chapter 8, and table of contents from bqok "Automated Troop Control Systems", by A. N. Romanov and G. A. Frolov, Izdatel'st~~o DOSSAF SSSR,27,000 copies, 112 pages; [Excer ts The o0o k talks in a p] popular way about the construction principles �nd components of automated control systems and rhe possiUi.lities for their use in an - army~ in aviation, and in a fleet during a combat situatii:.n 3nd during peacetime. The reader will receive an idea of h~w it is possible to control air~ra.ft, missiles, - ships, and troops on a battlef ield with the help of these systems. The book, wtiich was written using Soviet and foreign press material, is intended - for a wide range of readers and for youth preparing for service in the Soviet army and navy. Contents Page - A Little History g - The Structure of Military Control Systems 11 EVM [Electronic Computers]-- the Basis of ASU [Automated Control Systems].. 22 The Anatomy of ASU 23 The Algebra of Combat ...............................o....................... 66 On the Ground, in the Sky, and at Sea 82 For Peaceful Purposes 105 Readings 112 1 FOR OFFICIAL dJSE ONLY APPROVED FOR RELEASE: 2007/02/08: CIA-RDP82-00850R000400010024-0 APPROVED FOR RELEASE: 2047/02/08: CIA-RDP82-00850R000400010024-0 H'UR ON'FICIAL USE ONI.Y A Little History The processes for controlling troop and naval large units, especially in a combat situation, have become considerably more complicated with the appearance of nuclea.r missile weapons, supersonic airplanes, high-speed vessels with new armament, gnd nuclear submarines. This is why various automated control systems based on the latest achievements of science and t ec hnology are being introduced into modern armies more and more. Modern combat is com~ined arms combat because success is achieved by the joint efforts of all branches of service. The cuntinuous cooperation of units and large _ units, which is impossible without accurate control, is a necessary condition for _ achieving success during a battle. The process of controlling troops in combat constitutes one of the major elements in the activity of commanders and staffs at all levels. An enormous spatial range, the heretofore unprecedented power of firing strikes, the complicated coordination of branches of service, and rapid changes in the ratio - of forces are inherent in modern combat. Al1 this has led to a sharp increase in the amount of information which the commander of any rank needs in order to make a correct decision. The growing complex ity of combat operations and the appearance of nuclear missile weapons in ~the armaments of the armies of a number of countries has imposed extremely high demands on the efficacy anci eff ectiveness of control . and on the accuracy of the decisions which are made. The selection of the best decision is usually made based on a comparison of its various versions. It is here that an automated control system (ASU) which is based on an electronic computer (EVM) can come to the help of a commander and his subordinates. The ASU is not simply a"storehouse" of colle~ted informat ion about friendly forces and the enemy; it is not simply an "elPCtronic calculator" capa- ble of performing mathematical operat ions with enormous speed. It has been called - upon to act the part of an important element in controlling troops under the complicated conditions of modern combat. Whereas there was no great need for these systems in previous wars, they are now natural and extremely necessary items in the age of guided missile weapons, sup ersonic airplanes, and nuclear submarines= The Structure of Military Control Systems Military cy~~r.netics is the science which concerns the laws for controlling a battle. Ensuring high quality in control this means making and carrying out every time under those specific canditions those decisions which most accurately correspond to the situation which has taken shape and to the assigned task. Controlling effectively means that it is possible to spend less time on the control process so that as much additional time as possible can be given to the troops to carry out the task assigned to them. In a number of cases, even the best, but belated, decisions become useless and at times even harmful. Under modern conditions, the role of troop control has grown so much that it is acquiring more and more significance as a very important branch of military affairs ~ 2 FOR OFFICIAI, i1SE ONLY APPROVED FOR RELEASE: 2007/02/08: CIA-RDP82-00850R000400010024-0 APPR~VED FOR RELEASE: 2007/02/08: CIA-RDP82-00850R000400010024-0 FOR OFFICIAL USE ONLY - and is being developed on a scientific basis. Cybernetics, which has its own special branch military cybernetics, is the science which has been called upen to study the very general laws of control in systems of any character and complex- ity. The appearance of military cybernetics was called for by a number of distinc- tive features in military affairs. As is known, military operations frequently take place under conditions of uncer- tainty. Zhe position, condition of the enemy, and his intentions are never ~ accurately known to each of the warring sides. Therefore, the information about hi.m must be obtained with difficulty, by receiving fragmentary and even contradictary information from various sources. It is necessary to recreate a complete picture, _ a more or less likely one, on the basis of this information by means of a strenu- ous analysis. Subsequently, various mathematical computations, which are necess- ary for a correct estimate of the situation and decision-making,are made during the processing of the information which lias been received. Based on the fact that a number of events and factors composing combat operations have a chance nature, mathematical methods which usually operate with chance effects and proce~ses " (probability theory, game theory, error theory, etc.) are used during the compu- tations. The results obtained during calculations using the mentioned methods - naturally have a probabilistic nature, and their use in the control process pre- _ sents a definite risk. The sharp decrease in the time which control organs have available for the collec- - tion, processing~display, transmission, and documentation of information and for = the making of calculations, is another one of the distinetive features of troop control under modern conditions. The time factor has always played an important role in war. Now, very often time has begun to play the deciding role in the development and outcome of a battle or operation in connectioa with the creation of highly mobile combat systems (supersonic bombers, ballistic and guided missiles of various classes). The fleetin~ nature of those processes, which military organs have been called upon to control, has stipulated the exceptionally sharp nature of ~ the struggle by buth sides to gain time. The side which is able to assemble and . process the necessa~y information in the shorter time, to make the best decision, to assign a mission to the troops, to organize their actions, and to inflict a - decisive bl~w on the enemy, will be victoriaus. It i.s clear that in order to ensure ~uccess, troop control must be continuous, secret and reliable. In addition, it must not be opposed to capabilities and the individual. The EVM comes to help. Thus, in a number of cases the "bottleneck" in control systems is the psychophysiological capabilities of the individual himself. This contradiction cannot be resolved by simply increasing the assigned number of service staff. The way ~>ut of the situation which has been created is the use of high speed electronic computers (EVM) in those places where man is the "bottleneck" ~ in a control system. 1 In principle, the mechanization and automation of troop control processes can be carried out by using highly efficient technical systems in individual, the more labor-intensive, sectors and by creating combined automated control systems. 3 FOR OFFICIAL iJSE ONLY APPROVED FOR RELEASE: 2007/02/08: CIA-RDP82-00850R000400010024-0 APPR~VED FOR RELEASE: 2007/02/08: CIA-RDP82-00850R000400010024-0 FOR OFFIC(AL USF. ~NI.Y For Peaceful Purposes P icture to yourself, reader, that you are preparing t~ become a f ighting man in our armed forces, that you will operate some ele:nent of an electronic assembly during your servicetiYr??e in the army or navy. You ~an become the operator of an electronic computer, the operator of a radar set display unit or of a system for transmitting data over communications channels, etc. Without a doubt, you will learn your military specialty well, you will become a rated specialist, you will be able to operate the entrusted equipment under any conditions. Military service, which is f illed to the limit with combat and political training, normally flies by very rapidly and here is the day of your release into t he ~ reserves slready approach- - ing. As this day draws nearer, you involuntarily begin to think about your future work. Where will you f ind a use for your knowledge and skills after the army? This is the question which will disturb you. But the military specialty managed to catch your fancy strongly; you f eel that it will be difficult to give up the profession you have received, and you begin to estimate whether it is possible to use this specialty as soldiers say "in civilian life." The new phenomenon in economics and the new conditions for expanding production exclude the improving of control based on old traditional methods. The Communist Party and the Soviet government, which are tirelessly concerned about the growth of our motherland's might and the improvement of the Soviet people's well-being, point out the need to incorporate in every way possible automated systems as the _ key factor in improving production control. The party regards the improvement of control primaril.y as a political problem which permits the effectiveness of public production to be sh~rply increased. During the pr~.sent stage, the control system is being continuously improved as ~ scientific and technical progress is being expanded and is basically going in three directions: automating control using the latest computer equipment; deter- mining more accurately the functions and structure of control and a rational dis- tribution of control activities; and improving the economic mechanism of control perfecting a system of interrelationships. ~ L. I. Brezhnev pointed out in the report to the 24th CPSU Congress: a key ouestion in the party's economic policy is the perfecting of a control system for the economy. We are essentially talking about how we can better organize the work of society in accelerating economic and social development and ensure a _ fuller use of available capabilities..." The task has been assigned: "To create , branch automated systems more rapidly, bearing in mind that we will be faced in the future with creating a state-wide syscem for the collection and processing of information'* Materialy XXIV s"yezda KPSS"[24th CPSU Congress Materials], Moscow, Politizdat, 1971, pp 65, 67-68. 4 FOR OFFICIAL i1SE ONLY APPROVED FOR RELEASE: 2007/02/08: CIA-RDP82-00850R000400010024-0 APPR~VED FOR RELEASE: 2007/02/08: CIA-RDP82-00850R000400010024-0 FOR OFFICIAL USE (DNLY An ASL'-- in the national economy this is advantageous. Experience shows that the wide-spread introduction of ASU is especially advantageous under the conditions of a planned ~conomy, and the economic effectiver,ess of automated syste~as is demons- trated most fully with the bene~its of socialist management. The effectiveness of ASU use is based on accurate calculations which permit the resources and reserves of enterprises, associations, branches, and the national economy on the whole to _ be considered more fully. ASU which have been created on the basis of EVM must solve and are solving this complicated multt-plan task. - As the newspaper PRAVDA has reported, more than 1200 automated and automatic control systems are now operating in our country; 757 of them are in associations and enterprises, 391 are controlling complicated technological processes, and 58 are branch systems which service planning and statistical organs and union and republic ministries and departments. During the first three years of the Ninth = Five-Year Plan, ASU of all types provided the receipt of an ad::itional prof it of more than 700 million rubles. When automatic devices for cutting metal were introduced into 19 of the country's metallurgical rollirig mills, the output of high _ quality rolled metal increased by 181,200 tons. In a year, the enterprises received 3.2 million rubles of additional prof it with an overall e~:penditure of 3.6 million rubles for the creation of the systems. The Ivanovskiy Worsted Combine " increased the output of cloth by 160,000 meters a year with the introduction of ASU. As experience has sr.own, the use of ASU in machine building provides an oppor- - tunity to raise labor productivity up to six percent, increase production ;~ales volume by two-three percent, and decrease material stocks by two-four percent with- - out harming the enterprise's work rhythm. The optimization of the production plans for 61 associations and enterprises alone using EVM permitted thc~ output of commodity items during the year to be increased by 60 million rubles. In doing this, the additional profit reached 13 million _ rubles. _ The use o� automated systems for regulating road movement has no less important signif icance. The f irst "Gorod" ASU ir_ the Soviet Union is operating successfully in Alma-Ata. The electronic computer (EVM) of this system compares the specific situation with a control situation, determines the most advantageous version, and g ives a decision it turns on this or that traff ic light. With the help of ASU, it is possible to increase the traff ic carrying capac ity of a street by 40 p ercent and to d ecrease the time wasted by vehicles at traff ic lights considerably. How an ASU controls production. Let us explain the operating principle fcr an ASU ~ controlling production using a work example from one of the shops in the Minskiy Tractor Plant. This shop is typical of machine building enterprises which have a - ;arge series production nature., The shop's ASU consists of devices to automatic- ally register production progress and co~lect qu4ntitative shop information on the - supply of items, and a riinsk-22 EVM is provided with a set of pro~rams for processing the information. _ The.ASU operates in the following way. When he arrives in the shop, a worker drops a plastic counter with a punched number into the "Avtotabel'shchik". Befor ehand, the shop foreman distributes assignments to the workers. In daing this, he ~laces - 5 ~'OR OFF[CIAL iJSE ONLY APPROVED FOR RELEASE: 2007/02/08: CIA-RDP82-00850R000400010024-0 APPR~VED FOR RELEASE: 2007/02/08: CIA-RDP82-00850R000400010024-0 I FOR OFFICIAL USE ONLY ' inserts raith the numbers of the units to wnich the workers are assigned and with the numbers of the parts or of the operations into special holders. The holder is passed to the shop operator who gives the information directly to the work position. Arriving at his position, the wor.ker begins to perform the assignment prescribed for him. After the manufacture of the scheduled part (or performance of the = scheduled operation), he presses a sensor button on the stand's panel. The _ signal is received by the shop operator and is automatically noted on his panel. _ The information accumulated here can at any time be sent to an electric typewriter for use by the shop or section production controller or is perforated using a ribbon punch. The punched tape is sent to the plant's computer. If the danger of an equipment work-stoppage arises for some reason or other, the worker presses one of the keys on his position's panel which corresponds t~ the number of the service the culprit of the possible lost time. The number of the - machine standing idle lights up (blinks) on the servic e's display board. The _ transmission of the signal can be halted by a service worker only after the necess- - ary steps have been taken. If a stoppage nevertheless arie.s, the worker sends - the stoppage signal to the shop operator's display board where the number of the _ machine which is standing idle is lit (without blinking). On order of the shop - operator, a worker from the equipment adjustment and r epair service ( a metal _ ~ worker, a power specialist, an electrician, etc.) goes to the work position, turns on the key for starting maintenance, and eliminates the breakdown. The arrival of the signals counting the item5 at the shop operator's panel testifies to the end of the stoppage, and the stoppage signal on his display board goes out. _ If the emergency service does not respond to the signal in a timely fashion, an _ additional control circuit begins to operate; the signals on the workshop _ d isplay panels of the foreman and production controller, who are involved in the = elimination of the break,doWn, light up. The needed worker can be summoned by the production controller using a call system with an ind~_vidual radio call. Thus, ~ the switching on of this circuit serves as a guarantee for the control systems normal functioning. _ The second production control circuit passes through a calculator. The informat~on source is the punched tape prepared by the shop operator. The fact there was an equipment stoppage, its duration and the c.t.tlpr it are pointed out in the print-out . put out by the EVM. In accordance with this, t he "penalty" for the idle time is calculated using the latter. The computer sums up the shop's work results once a _ - month f or a shif t. ~ Thus, the "Piinsk-22" grocesses all the information arriving from the shop on the punched tapes and issues ttie necessary refErence documents for the directing personnel of the shop and sections and for the plant's production and product~on control service. In add ition, the EVM compares the actual use of the equipment and the estimated load according to the p1an, the number of items manufactured and t he assumed labor productivity of the workers and the planned manufacture, the . actually charged wages and the authorized fund, etc. _ _ = i u FOR OFFICIAL iJSE ONLY ~ APPROVED FOR RELEASE: 2007/02/08: CIA-RDP82-00850R000400010024-0 APPROVED FOR RELEASE: 2007/02/48: CIA-RDP82-44850R000400014424-4 FUR ONFICIAL USE ONLY . y _ The f irst series "Lvov" ASU has been developed and introduced into the L'vovskiy Television Plant by the Institute of Cybernetics of the Ukrainian SSR Academy of Sciences. In this system, oper.ata.onal information on the status of production is automatically p3ssed to the EVM from special sensors when drawin~ up the documents for transferring it~ns, assemblies and prepared items. In doing this, the EVM checks by means of a special program the correctness with which the documents are drawn up and reports the result of the check immediately to the operator. In addition, the electronic machine is charged in accordance with the "production control progra~r~' with checking on the progress of the manufacture of individual items within a certain period and the repair of equipment within a certain period and with reporting deviations to the plant's chief production ~ controller. As a result of the incorporation of the new ~ystem into the plant, labor productivity has been raised, tt~e turnover of resources has '~een acceler- ated, and the annual economic eff ect has reached 101,500 rubles. The future belongs to automated control systems. At the present time, diff erent opinions exist amang specialists on the use of ASU and its basis the EVM. How- ever, the majority of scienti~ts agree with the opinion that a large future belongs to automated systems. based on scientif ic forecasts, the majority of industrial - branches will be covered by full automation approximately by the year 2000. In - doing this, automated information systems will be widely distributed besides control systems. Specialists in a number of countries maintain that as a result of the growth of automation in the basic industrial branches, it is plann~d to decrease the overall number of workers by 50 percent before 1984. _ The majority of specialists working in the field of computer technology assume that small cheap terminal assembly systems, connected to a central eomputer,will be created in ~he future. The EVM and terminal system will be structured so that s?veral dozen large computers (for example, about 100 machines in Europe), several hundred medium EVM and several thousand mini-EVM and terminals can be connected. , They think that only one-third of the capabilities of many EVM are being used at the present time. The reasons for this are: insuff icient training of specialists in the f ields of mathematics and operational research and the organizational imperf ection of enterprises. Therefore, the elimination of these deficiencies and the developmentof a universal cantrol system will provide an opportunity to use ASU more eff ectively for the sake of the national economy. ~ The furt-her use of ASU in industrial enterprises will take place along the path of mechanizing administrative act iv ity, including statistics, charging wages, the introduction of so-called integrated systems, the calculations of the required amount of materials and items, etc. The wide-spread introduction of EVM as elements ' of ASU in the work of lower and middle control levels is expected in subsequent years. ASU will be the day-to-day instrument for controlling the production process, calculating the level of warehouse supplies and equipment loads. All enterprises will be connected with a branch computer system which has direct links _ both with the higher directorship and with markets using mathematical and statis- ~ tical methods. As a result of this, the organizational structure of enterprises ~ 7 - FOR OFFICIAL iJSE ONLY APPROVED FOR RELEASE: 2007/02/08: CIA-RDP82-00850R000400010024-0 APPROVED FOR RELEASE: 2007/02/48: CIA-RDP82-44850R000400014424-4 , _ FOR OFFICIAL t1SE ONLY will become considerably simpler. They think that the number of administrative workers will be decreased by 30 percent because of this. The demands on the prof essional and general education of the workers will be signif icantly increased. The directors, freed from administrative funct ions, will concentrate their attention on production strategy questions (long-term plans, etc.). Large scale systems for t he collection and processing of informat:ton will be used in ent erprises. This will permit different situations to be adapteded to, and the time . from the development of a new item to the.manufacture of the industriat model to - be decreased signif icantly. Those enterprises which master ASU more rapidly and eff ectively will receive a greater advantage over the others. - Thus, 'the wid e-spread incorporation of automated control systems promises large benef its for the national economy and assists iu creating communism's material technical base. Read ing s l. Abdurakhmanov, S. A. "ASU v narodnom ;:hozyxystve [ASU in the National Economy], Moscow, "Ekonomika", 1972. . 2. Bazanov, N. "Avtomatizirovannyye sistemy upravleniye" [Automated Cor_trol Sy~temsJ, TEKHNIK61 I VOORUZHENIYE, No 7, 1972. 3. Vinogradov, N. "EVM Are Prompted", KRASNAYA ZVEZDA, 28 Ma;~ 1975. - 4. Druzhinin, V. V. and Kontorov, D. S. "Ideya, Algoritm, Resheniye" [Ideas, Algorithm, Decision], Moscow, Voyenizdat, 1972. S. Denisov, V. G. "Chelovek i mashina v sisteme upravleniye" [Man and Machine - in the Control System], Moscow, "Znaniye", 1973. - 6. Yegipova, V. "EVM Selects the Book"~ MOSKOVSKAYA PRAVDA, 1 June 1975. 7. ZARUBEZHNOYE VOYENNOYE OBOZRENIYE, No 10, 1974. 8. "Istoriya voyn i voyennogo iskusstva" [The History of Wars and Military Art], Textbook, Moscow Voyenizdat, 1970. 9. Krysenko, G. D. "Sovremennyye sistemy PVa" [Modern AD Systems], Moscow, Voyenizdat, 1970. 10. "Nauchno-tekhnicheskiy pro~ress i revolyutsiya v vo,~onnomdele" [Scientific and Technolog ical Progress and the Revolution in Military Affairs], Moscow, ~ Voyenizda t, 1973. 11. Romanov, A. N. and Frolov, G. A. "Osnovy automatizatsii sistem upravleniya" [The Fundamentals ~or Automating Control Systems], Moscow, Voyenizdat, 1971. 12. Razmakhnin, M. K. "Radiolokatsiya bez formul, no s kartinka.mi" [Radar Without Formulas but With Pictures], Moscow, "Sovetskoye Radio", 1971. 8 FOR aFF(CIAL iJSE ONLY APPROVED FOR RELEASE: 2007/02/08: CIA-RDP82-00850R000400010024-0 APPR~VED FOR RELEASE: 2007/02/08: CIA-RDP82-00850R000400010024-0 FOR OFFIC[AL USE OiVLY ~ ~ 13. Romanov, A. N. and Frolov, G. A. "Operator-programmist" [The Operator- _ = Programmar], Moscow, Izd-vo DOSAAF, 1972. 14. Romanov, A. N. and.Frolov, G. A. "Radiolokatsiya--chto eto? [Radar-What Is - It?], Moscow, Izd-vo DOSAAF, 1973. COPYRIGHT: Izdatel'stvo DOSAAF SSSR, 197 6 8802 CSO: 18 O1/196 e 9 r FOR OFFICIAL i1SE ONLY APPROVED FOR RELEASE: 2007/02/08: CIA-RDP82-00850R000400010024-0 APPROVED FOR RELEASE: 2047/02/08: CIA-RDP82-00850R000400010024-0 FOR OFFICIAL USE ONLY ~ I I ARMED FORCES EXCERPTS FROI~I POLITICAL TRAINING MANUAL FC?R WARR.ANT OFFICERS Moscow SLUZHBA RODINE in Russian 1979 (signed to press 23 Jul 79) pp 1-8, 22, 32, _ 44, 60, 74, 84, 96, 109, 118, 131, 141, 158, 17Q-183 [Annotation, table of contents, introduction, intro~uction to chapters 1 through 13, and Chapter 14 of book edited by Maj Gen D. A. Volkogonov] [Ex~erpts] Title Page: - Title: SLUZHBA RODINE (Serving the Homeland) = Publisher: Voyenizdat Place and year of publication: Moscow 1979 Signed to Press Date: 23 July 1979 - Number of CopieS Published: 100,00Q ~ Number of Pages: 183 _ InformatiQn on authors and editor: The following participated in preparation of this training manual: Col Ye. A. Baranov; Candidate of Legal Sciences Col Yu. M. Bi.ryukov; Doctor of Philosophical Sciences Yrof Mai Gen D. A. Volkogonov; Candidate of Padagogic Sciences Capt 2d Rank P. N. Gorodov; Candidate of Philosophical Sciences Col Yu. I. Deryugin; Can- - didate of Historical Sciences Capt lst Rank G. N. Zabolotskiy; Doctor of Psychological Sciences Prof Maj Gen M. P. Korobeynikov; Candidate of Historical Sciences Col I. F. Ovcharov; Col Ye. I. Ovchinnikov; Doctor of Historical Sciences Prof Maj Gen N. R. Pankratov; Doctor of Philosophical Scien~,es Prof Maj Gen V. F. " Samoylenko; Candidate of Historical Sciences Col V. P. Khrobostov; Lt Col A. P. ~ Gh:~ntsov; Lt Gen ri. A. Shapovalov. Brief Description: This volume is intended as a textbook for the political training of personnel en- rolled in warrant officer schools. This book has been written in conformity with _ the political training curriculu~ for personnel enrolled at warrant off icer schoools. 10 , ~OR O~FI~~IAL USE ONLY APPROVED FOR RELEASE: 2007/02/08: CIA-RDP82-00850R000400010024-0 APPROVED FOR RELEASE: 2047/02/08: CIA-RDP82-00850R000400010024-0 ~ FOR OFFICIAL USF. ONLY Table of Contents Page Introduction 3 Chapter 1. The USSR A Country Building Communism 8 Chapter 2. V. I. Lenin and the CFSU on Defense of the Socialist Homeland 22 Chapter 3. The CPSU Organizer and Leader of the Soviet Armed Forces 32 Chapter 4. Army and Navy Command, Political and Engineer-Technician Cadres 44 ~ Chapter 5. Technical Foundation of the Combat Power of the Soviet Army ~ and Navy 60 Chapter 6. Soviet Laws on Warrant Officer Service 74 Chapter 7. The CPSU on Ideological-Political and Military Indoctrination of Military Fersonnel 84 Chapter 3. Indoctrination of the Serviceman as a Patriot and International- - ist 96 I Chapter 9. Forming in Military Personnel Responsibility,for Continuous Com- bat Readiness 109 Chapter 10. Instilling a High Degr2e of Discipline in Military Personnel 118 Chapter 11. Achieving Cohesiveness in the i~iilitary Unit 131 Chapter 12. Psychological an~ Pedagogic Fundamentals of Indoctrination and T.raining 141 _ Chapter 13. Individual-Indoctrination Woric in the SuY~unit 158 ~ Chapter 14. Independent Study With This Texebook 170 Intr.oduction More than six decades have passed since that day when the famed shot fired by the revolutionary "Avrora" proclaimed to the world commencement of a new era in the - history of mankind. During these years the Soviet people have built a developed socialist society. Our economy and culture have achieved unprecedented world I heights, and new social relationships have formed. At the saffie time the Communist Party has always focused particular attention on indoctrination of the new man the builder of communism and the armed defender of t~e socialist homeland. It was emphasized at the 25th CPSU Congress that "The party considers as its constant concern the indoctrination of Communist consciousness, the willingness, volition and ability to build communism." 11 FOR OFF[CIAL USE ONLY = APPROVED FOR RELEASE: 2007/02/08: CIA-RDP82-00850R000400010024-0 APPROVED FOR RELEASE: 2007/02/48: CIA-RDP82-44850R000400014424-4 FOR OFNICIAL USE ONLY Indoctrination is of a Communist character in our society. Soviet citizens form a scientific philosophical outlook and Communist convictions, which decisively in- fluence all other features of the new type of character and personality. The material foundation of Communist indoctrination is the societal, labor activity of - people free of exploitation and other social ailments of an antagonistic society. The spiritual, ideological foundation of Communist indoctrination is theoi~y of _ Marxism-Leninism, which scientifically substantiates the necessity and possibility of formation oi the new man and which elaborates its concrete program. Formation of people's Communist consciousness is a difficult and protracted process. This is due to the complexity af man's spiritual nature and the fact that such a task is being accomplished for the first time in history. It is necessary to over- - come the fierce resistance of an alien world and i.ts endeavor to "preserve" old ways in people's consciousness, to revive and revitalize philosophical prejudices and unscientific views. Enhancement of the role of C;ommunist in3octrirLation in Soviet citizens and enrich- ment of its content are vividly manifested in the extensive, comprehensive system of ineasures carried out by the CPSU since the 25th CPSU Congress. Iiuprovement of various forms of ideol.ogical indoctxination work (political instruction, lecture propaganda, mass agitation work, cultural-educational activities) has been accom- panied by strengthening of ideological influence on individual and public awareness ~ and by increased effectiveness in utilization of the mass information media. Recent years have been marked by attainment of a qualitatively new stage in ideological indoctrinatian work. Qualitative "return" on all activities pertaining to forming and shaping thz new man has appreciably increased on the basis of im- plementation of the resolutions of the 25th CPSU Congress, the decisions of sub- sequent CPSU Central Committee plenums, and ideas contained in addresses by L. I. Brezhnev on current problems of Communist indoctrination. "The achievements of the Soviet Union in forming the new man and in the development of science, culture and public education are great and widely known throughout the world," emphasizes the CPSU Central Committee decree of 26 April 1979 entitled ~ "On Further Improvement of Ideological and Political Indoctrinatiou Work." "We have at our disposal numerous, well trained ideological cadres. A wealth of ex- perience in propaganda and agitation work has been amassed. A powerful information- - propaganda edifice has been established in this country, furnished with modern equipment an extensively developed press, television, and radio." Today ideological influence on all sectors of army and navy life has increased. Whether the subject in question is theoretical elaboration of new points of Soviet military science, military regulationG, development of Marxist-Leninist teaching on - war and the army, or concrete questions of trainin~, inde~:trination, and problems pertaining to the professional growth of military cadres everywhere a special rol.e is played by ideological means. One can scarcely exaggerate the significance - oF ideological work, and if, as V. I. Lenin warned, anybody "has the idea that we - devote too much attention to propaganda, we must state that it is necessary for us to to do this to a hundred times greater extent. 1 Combat and political training, _ socialist competition, development of healthy"military collectives, moral-political and psychological preparation of military personnel for actions in conditi,ons of con- temporary warfare these and other aspects of army and navy life and affairs 12 FOR OFFICIAL USE ONLY APPROVED FOR RELEASE: 2007/02/08: CIA-RDP82-00850R000400010024-0 APPROVED FOR RELEASE: 2047/02/08: CIA-RDP82-00850R000400010024-0 FOR OFFICIAL USE ONLY - depend to an enormous degree on the organization of ideological indoctrination work . in the ur~it and on the naval ship, at the military educational institution and es- tablishment. Commanders, political workers, party and Komsomol organizations suc- r cessfully accomplish Communist indoctrination of Soviet military personnel with the - aid of concrete means of ideoiogical influence. An important role in this is played by warrant officers, the officer's closest assistants. Their closeness to , personnel, their considerable service exper3.ence, high degree of professional com- ~ petence and exce]~lent knowledge of the strong and weak points of tlieir pupils can provide additional opportunities to strengthen the effectiveness of ideological in- - doctrination work. - An impoztant direction of ideological and military conditioning of Soviet service- - - men is the organic combining of political training with military labor. Not only the content of military labor is of moral significance: to ma~ter an occupational specialty, to perform a combat exercise, to solve a concrete problem. The grocess proper of military labor constitutes a source of "production" of many spiritual values: persistence, tenacity, initiative, sense of duty fulfilled, etc. Solidarity, combat friendship, mutual assistance, collectivism, and responsibility for the common cause are reinforced in labor. Field exercises, naval cruises, training flights in difficult conditions, tough marches, and missile launches constitute an excellent school of. formation of firm convictions and excellent moral-fighting qualities. They make it possible not only to develop and consolidate necessary moral-fighting qualities but also to determine concrete moral Wealaie~'~s in certain personnel: ti~nidness, indecisiveness, excitabili- ty, etc. It is not surprising that exercises in the field, in the tank training - ai~a, on the gunnery range, and at sea are called the soldier`s or sailor's'univer- sity," where the moral and fighting qualities of the Soviet serviceman defender of the socialist homeland are forged and polished. The principal quality in the spiritual countenance of the Soviet serviceman is Com- - munist conviction. This is essentially that ideological reactor which causes the - - manifestation of 311 a person's inte~lectual, moral and physical forces and defines - one's position in life, motives and actions. The stronger one's convictions, the , greater the content of a person's conduct in a social sense. It is precisely Com- - munist conviction which enables a serviceman to understand the importance of his activities, the paths and character of performance of his functions of armed - defender of the socialist homeland. The Communist conviction of the Soviet serviceman enables him to perform his duty conscientiously at all times, imparts strength, and arms one with social confidence. The main attribute of a person's deep conviction is a unity of word and deed, thoughts and actions. And such a unity is characteristic, typical for the spiritual _ countenance of the Soviet enlisted man, warrant officer, officer and general of- ficer. The high degree of ideological conviction of the Soviet serviceman, as a central quality of his spiritual countenance, is particularly vividly manifested in his patriotism and internationalism. The Communist conviction of Soviet servicemen is, as it were, the ideological, spiritual foundation of all these other moral-political and moral-fighting qualities ~ of their counteaance. Courage, heroism, willingness to self-sacrifice, efficiency, and initiative all these features of the serviceman's character are inspired by ideological conviction and dedication to the principles of Communist morality. . 13 FOR O~FIC[AL USE ONLY APPROVED FOR RELEASE: 2007/02/08: CIA-RDP82-00850R000400010024-0 APPROVED FOR RELEASE: 2007/02/48: CIA-RDP82-44850R000400014424-4 FOR OFFICIAL USE ONLY ~ Ttie military facets of the spiritual countenance of the Soviet serviceman characterize his ability.to defend his socialist homeland resolutelv and skill- fully, courageously and selflessly. A profound expression of the military aspect of the moral portrait of the Soviet serviceman is his discipline. Rigorous and precise fulfillment of all the demands of military regulations is an important indicator of rhe moral-political maturity of a serviceman, for "all morality lies in this cohesive... discipline,"2 stated V. I. Lenin. The social development of society and the military-technological revolution have led to further strengthening of the moral foundations of military discipline of the socialist army. Revolutiionary reforms in the area of military affairs have ~ evoked such new phenomena as discipline of combat alert duty, discipline of opera- . tion and maintenance of modern combat equipment, discipline of interaction, etc. All these concepts presuppose an all-out improvement in organization, cohesiveness, and initiative in the actions of military personnel, the greatest individual and collective responsibility for the assigned task. Also highly characteristic of the spiritual portrait of today's Sov~.et serviceman is such a trait as willingness to perform heroic deeds, self-sacrifice for the sake of carrying out one's duty. The ideologically conv inced serviceman, acquiring com- bat conditioning, becomes capable of performing missions of the highest degree of complexity and intensity. All army and navy service develops, to quote V. I. Lening "heroic consciousness,"3 which we define as continuous moral willingness and - capability to manifest social activeness in. all conditions, even the most complex, and readiness to stand to rhe defense of the socialist homeland with weapon in hand. The warrant officer of the Soviet Armed Forces is not only a bearer of the qualities enumerated above but also forms and shapes the same qualities in his subordinates by means of all his service and activities. One of the most important methods of - indoctrinating personnel is the exemplariness of the warrant officer in his con- duct, deeds, in all his daily affairs. Warrant officers, in form.~ng and shaping the citizen-soldier and soldier-patriot, ' seek maximally to utilize political and moral means. The special role of moral in- doctrination of personnel is due to the fact that all the most important principles of Communist morality are formally and legally embodied in military regulations and the military oath, acquiring the force of law. The unity of legal demands and moral standards and principles finds expression in these documents with maximuni force. There is not a single legal demand in military service which does not pos- sess moral force. The general rights and obligations of an official, expressed in - military legal documents, are in full conformity with the demands of the principles of Communist morality. The purer the moral atmosphere of the milita.ry collective, the greater the effective- ness of military indoctrination will be. And the moral climate in the cotlective determines to a significant degree its combat efficiency and indoctrinational role. Clearly evident in the moral atmosphere of the collective is the degree of its cohesiveness, unity, and discipline. A healthy moral atmosphere appreciably in- creases "efficiency" and fosters maintaining optimism, confidence, mutual demandingnQSS and high principledness. 14 FOR OFFICIAL USE ONLY APPROVED FOR RELEASE: 2007/02/08: CIA-RDP82-00850R000400010024-0 APPROVED FOR RELEASE: 2007/02/48: CIA-RDP82-44850R000400014424-4 EOR OFFICIAL USE ONLY ~ The moral atmosphere depends to a significant degree on the moral authority of the indoctrinator, and of the warrant officer in particular. Authority enables the indoctrinator to influence subordinates with his positive qualities. The moral authority of the officer and warrant officer is an important indoctrinational means, - which is supported by a high degree of moral fibar, professional comp~tence, honesty, and fairness. The commander, political worker, engineer, and technician, ~ possessing such authority in the unit and on the naval ship, is capable of creating _ an atmosphere of mutual trust and respect, frankness and mutual demandingness. The indoctrinator, who knows and finely senses the nuances of human intercourse, skill- fully utilizes the moral force of the collective and relies on public opinion and ' the authority of moral standards and rules, seeki.ng to obtain their conscious ob- servance by all subordinates. These are some of the traits and features which characterize the armed defender of the socialist homeland and ways of developing excellent moral-political and fighting qualities in him. The main directions of this work were defined by the resolutions - of the 25th Congress and concretized in the demands of the Minister of Defense and Chief of the Main Political Directorate of the Soviet Army and Navy. An extremely important role in this process is assigned to warrant officers as the immediate in- doctrinators of their subordinates. A profound Marxian truth states that the indoctrinat~r himself should be in- doctrinated. This training manual, which has been prepared on the basis of ap- propriate points of Marxist-Leninist theory and CPSU decisions, aims at enabling future warrant officers to become acquainted with some key problems of the political and military training of Soviet servicemen. This book discusses both the principal - content of the presented topic as well as certain advice and recommendations on organization and conduct of ideological-political and military indoctrination of personnel in the subunit. - FOO~TIOTES , 1. V. I. Lenin, "Poln. Sobr. Soch." [Complete Works], VoZ 39, page 374. 2. Ibid., Vol 41, page 313. - 3. See ibid., Vol 40, pp 321-322. Chapter 1. THG US;:R A COUNTRY BUiLDIPiG COrI~;U1~ISi; _ Our homeland, the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics, is great, beautiful and powerful. Its boundless expanses stretch from the Baltic to the Pacific, from the Arctic Ocean to the subtropics. The Soviet Union comprises half of Europe and one third of Asia, or one sixth of the earth's entire land surface. Its territory is - more than twice that of the United States and is 90 times that of England. _ A socialist state was born on this vast territory in October 1917 the first home- land of working people in the history of mankind. It was created by the worker class in alliance with the toiling peasantry, under the direction of the Communist Party, headed by V, I. Lenin, the greatest leader of the socialist revolution. 15 FOR OFF[CIAL USE ONLY " APPROVED FOR RELEASE: 2007/02/08: CIA-RDP82-00850R000400010024-0 APPROVED FOR RELEASE: 2047/02/08: CIA-RDP82-00850R000400010024-0 FOR OF~ICIAL USE ONLY Chapter 2. V. I. LENIN AND THE CPSU ON DE~ENSE OF THE SOCIALIST HOMELAND The Soviet state i5 peace-loving by nature. It is profoundly symbolic that our state's first legislative enactment was Lenin's peace decree. The So~~iet Govern- ment showed all the peoples of the earth the only correct solution to the bloody chaos of the wars into which the exploiter system had plunged them. It turned to all bel.ligerent peoples and governments with the proposal that a universal and just peace be concluded immediately. This appeal, however, evoked no response on the part of the leading imperialist na- tions. "It was precisely the Anglo-French and American bourgeoisie," wrote V. I. - Lenin, "which did not accept our proposal; it was precisely this bourgeoisie which refused even to discuss world peace with us!"* Chapter 3. THE CPSU ORGANIZER AND LEADER OF THE SOVIET ARMED FORCES Armed with Leninist teaching on defense of the socialist homeland, the Communist - Party created a powerful military organization of the Soviet state, which has with- ~ stood the test of time an.d has demonstrated its indisputable advantages over the military organization of capitalist nations. Under party leadership, the Soviet Armed Forces carried their colors through the flame of all trials and achieved out- standing victories over the shock forces of world imperialism during the years of civil war and the Great Patriotic War. Today they are vigilantly guarding the - peace and security of the Soviet people and, together with the other brother armies, - are protecting the achievements of world socialism. The experience of history indicates that the most powerful source of the might and = invincibility of the Soviet Army and Navy lies in the wise guidance and leadership of the Communist Party. This is why study of the activities of the CPSU as or- - ganizer and leader of the Soviat Armed Forces is of great theoretical and practical significance. It helps our military cadres, including warrant officers, more deeply to comprehend the essence of CPSU military policy and the demands made of military personnel in present-day conditions. Chapter 4. ARMY AND NAVY COI�iMAND, POLITICAL AND ENGINEER-TECHNICIAN CADRES At all stages in the development of Soviet society the CPSli has displayed and con- - tinues to display tireless concern for cadres. The party proceeds from the position that cadres determine the success of an undertaking; practical implementation of party policy is dependent on them. V. I. Lenin stated that policy is implemented through people, and therefore selection of personnel and verification of execution is the key to success. The wisest policy and the most correct decisions will end up not implemented and executed if there are no capable, dedicated cadres. V. I. Lenin considered selection, placement and indoctrination of cadres to be a priority task of party and government leaders. Vladimir I1'ich pointed out that one should appoint to leadership positions "persons with a sober mind and practical intelligence, people who combine dedication to socialism with the ability to organize without a lot of fuss (and in spite of noise and confusion) firm and smooth joint work by a large number of persons...."** * Lenin, op. cit., Vol 37, page 53. Lenin, op .cit., Vol 36, page 193. - 16 FOR OFFICIAL USE ONLY APPROVED FOR RELEASE: 2007/02/08: CIA-RDP82-00850R000400010024-0 APPROVED FOR RELEASE: 2007/02/08: CIA-RDP82-00850R000400010024-0 FOR OFFICIAL USE ONLY Chapter S. TECHNICAL FOUNDATION OF TEiE COMBAT POWER pF THE SOVZET ARMY AND NAVY The Communist Party of the Soviet Union, concentrating ~fforts on carrying out the grandiose plan~ of socioeconomic development of our society and the campaign for - strengthening peace and the s ecurity of peoples, at the same time takes account of the aggressiveness of imperialism and its military,preparations and is doing every- _ thing necessary to stxen.gthen the nation's defense capability and the might of the Soviet Armed Forces. ' In accomplishing this task, the party devotes particular attention to development of the military-technological base of the Scviet Army and Navy. Together with the brother parties, the CPSU ensures building the technological foundation of the com- bat power of the allied armies, essential for holding, in check the aggressive forces of imperialism and for reliable defense of the nations of the socialist com- munity. Chapter 6. SOVTET LAWS ON WARRANT OFFICER SERVICE ~ Trie USSR Constitution states that the USSR Am~ed Forces were created and a universal military service obligation was established for the purpose of defense of socialist achievements, the peaceful lab or of the Soviet people, and the sovereignty and ter- ritorial integrity of the state. The military obligation, estab lished on the basis of the USSR Constitution by the Law on Universal Military Service Obligation, is realized in military service. The essence of military service consists in the direct performance by Soviet citizens of their constitutional obligation to defend socialist achievements with - weapon in hand, in the ranks of the USSR Armed Forces. Precisely this determines the specific features of military service as service to the state of a special kind. The obligation to serve in the ranks of the Soviet Armed Forces applies only to citizens of the USSR. As a rule Soviet citizens are conscripted into military service by induction notice or mobilization, that is, i~z a compulsary manner, while labor in other spheres of - societal affairs is performed on a voluntary principle, on the basis of an in- dividual contract of service. Chapter 7. THE CPSU ON IDEOLOGICAL-POLITICAL AND MILITARY INDOCTRINATION OF - MILITARY PERSONNEL ti Building of communism in our country is inseparably linked with creation of the material and technological fo undation of the new society, improvement of societal relations and forming of a comprehensively developed individual who harmoniously combines within himself spiri tual and intellectual riches, moral purity, and physical perfection. This def ines the place of Communist indoctrination of the working people of the develop ed socialist society, army and navy personnel in the overall system of concrete socioeconomic and political problems with which our homeland is faced today. 17 FOR OFFICIAL USE ONLY APPROVED FOR RELEASE: 2007/02/08: CIA-RDP82-00850R000400010024-0 APPROVED FOR RELEASE: 2007/02/08: CIA-RDP82-00850R000400010024-0 FOR O~FICIAL USE ONLY ; ' Chapter 8. INDOCTRINATION OF THE SERVZCEM?N AS A PATRIOT AND INTERNATIONALIST , i - The moral-political qualities of Soviet servicemen are formed and shaped by our en- i tire socialist way of life, by the entire cours~ o� affairs in society, and partic- ! ularly by the purposeful, persistent ideological-indoctrination work of the party. ~ i Communist moral fiber i5 a central quality of the Soviet serviceman. It is ~ precisely Communist moral fiber which constitutes ~that spiritual foundation which defines a person�s philosophical position, his deeds, intentions, and motives. A - serviceman's moral fiber finds many different manifestations in the process of military service and performance of duty. A person's patriotism and international- _ ist consciousness is one such va.vid expression of Communist moral fiber. The _ Soviet serviceman, standing guard over his socialist homeland, is always a fervent - patriot and consistent internationalist. And all army and navy activities, training, - alert duty, and daily routine instill these noble moral-political qualities of the Soviet serviceman. Chapter 9. FORMING ZN MILITARY PERSONNEL RESPONSIBILITY FOR CONTINUOUS . COMBAT READINESS ' - In recent years, thanks to persistent efforts by the Soviet Union and the other ~ nations of the socialist community, as well as all progressive forces throughout - the world, there has occurred a shift from "cold war" to international d~tente and - toward strengthening the principle of peaceful coexistence between countries with - differing social systems; the danger of nuclear war has been lessened. Today ef- - ~ forts are concentrated on strengthening and deepening d~tente, on making the process of its development irreversible, on halting the arms race, and on ending the threat of nuclear war once and for all. - However, as was noted at the 25th CPSU Congress, the aggressive nature of im- - perialism remains unchanged. There are existing and actively operating in the capitalist world forces which onpose d~tente anc~ disarmament. These forces seek to expand existing and create new military blocs and achieve military superiority over the nations of the socialist community. Reactionary imperialist circles sup- port focal points of tension, provoke military conflicts, are stepping up material preparations for another war, are allocating fabulous sums for development of new weapons, and are escalating the arms race, which is becoming increasingly more - danp,erous. China's present leaders, who are pursuing a militarist, anti-Soviet _ policy, are falling more closely in line with extreme imperialist reaction. Today - China has become transformed from a reserve of imperiaZism into its ally. Al1 this malces the present international situation exceptionally complex and con- flictive. And as long as imperialism continues to exist, the threat of war cannot be considered eliminated. This is why the CPSU and Soviet Government are forced _ constantly to be concerned with strengthening the nation's defense might and with all- , out-improvement of the Armed Forces. ~ . Chapter 10. INSTILLING A HI~H DEGREE OF L~IS~IPLINE IN MILITARY PERSONNEL We know that firm military discipline is one of the determining conditions for in- creasing combat readiness. It is impossible to achieve victory in modern warfare - without discipline, and without discipline it is impossible to form excellent ~g FOR OFFICIAL USE ONLY APPROVED FOR RELEASE: 2007/02/08: CIA-RDP82-00850R000400010024-0 APPROVED FOR RELEASE: 2007/02/48: CIA-RDP82-44850R000400014424-4 FOR OFFICIAL USE ONLY moral-fighting qualities and to achieve consummate combat expertise. Soviet mili- ~ tary discipline, grounded on a hi~h degree of poli*_ical awareness by military per- sonnel, thei.r total dedication to the home?and and a profound awareness of their military duty, makes our Armed Forces a strong, cohesive fighting organism capable ~ of carrying out any and all missions. Iron discipline is a law of life for every serviceman. Regardless of a serviceman's ~ j~b be he pilot or tanker, artilleryman or sailor, missile crewman or motorized rifleman he must be exceptionally disciplined and ef~icient, and must rigorously and unswer.v~.ngly observe the demands of regulations and manuais, as wel.l as orders by superiars. The experience of daily training and service teaches us that only a disciplined serviceman can totallv master weapons and combat equipment and learn to employ them skillfully everywhere on land, on the sea, and in the air. Chapter 11. ACHIEVING COHESIVENESS IT1 TI-I~ i~:sLITA~:Y UP3IT _ The Soviet military collective is a variant of the socialist labor collective. It _ constitutes a highly organized community of people, the goal of which is defense of the achievements of socialism. The mutua'_ relations which form between military personnel are determined by Communist ideology and the production relations prevail- - ing in our society. At th e same time the army and navy are a special school of col- lectivism. In the Soviet Armed Forces a person's character is formed first and foremost by the immediate conditions of life, practical activities, and experience - of contact within the group the entire structure of military life. With tY~e development of the crew-served weapons engendered by the military technolog- ical revolution, group responsibility of personnel for the state of combat~ readiness - of units and subunits has become stronger in the military. At the same time col- lective responsibility does not supplant individual responsibility. On the contrary, - the latter is based precisely on the former. In this case the collective no~ only carries out the function of monitoring the conduct of the soldier or sailor but also assists in correcting the elucidated shortcomings and errors of omission of each serviceman. - Precise resolution,purposefulness and strictness these constant component elements of mutual relations in the military collective entitle one to consider. relations between military personnel a unique standard of organization. The military collective is the commander's support. But in order to utilize this enormous force in indoctrinational work in full measure, it is necessary to under- stand the structure of the military collective and the "mechanism" of formation of public opinion. Chapter 12. PSYCHOLOGICAL AND PEDAGOGIC FUNDAMENTALS OF TNDOCTRINATION ANA TRAINING In the Armed Forces the Soviet serviceman studies military affairs, receives politi- - cal, technical and specialized knowledge, receives training in tenacity and dis- cipline, and is indoctrinated in a spirit of total dedication to the Communist Party and socialist homeland. Warrant officers play an important role in his training and indoctrination. 19 FOR OFFICIAL USE ONLY ~ APPROVED FOR RELEASE: 2007/02/08: CIA-RDP82-00850R000400010024-0 APPROVED FOR RELEASE: 2007/02/08: CIA-RDP82-00850R000400010024-0 = F01R OFFiCIAL USE ONLY - Today it is impossible successfully to perform training and indoctrination work with personnel without knowledge of tt~e psychological and pedagogic fundamentals of training ` and indoctrination. This is why warrant officers should not only possess a mastery of such knowledge but also continuously deepen thi~ know~e~aP. ' Chapter 13. I:NDIVIDUAL-INDOCTRINATION WORK IN THE SUBUNIT - Twice a year each milxtary subunit experiences a solemn moment arrival of new _ rep lacements. This is a complex and responsible time for all commanders, political - . workers, party and Komsomol organizations, noncommissioned officers, warrant of- ~ ficers, and the entire collective. - Indoctrinators carefully scrutinize the newcomers. At first it seems that all young personnel are as alike as two drops of water. But gradually a difference in their characters, abilities, habits, and interests becomes increasingly more evident. And then tha following questions naturally arise before the indoctrinators: ~ How should all this be taken into consideration in work with the men? How should each newcomer be ~transformed into a skilled specialist? How should one develop in - a newcomer excellent moral-political and fighting qualities, and how can he beco~ne - squared away as quickly as possible in his new job? Chapter 14. INDEPENDENT STUDY WITH THIS TEXTBOOK Independent study is an importar.c method of assimilating politic.~..'_ knowledge and transforming it into personal convictions. The role and significa.~ce of in- dependent study is particularly increasing today in connection with an improvemen~ in the general educational level of Soviet military personnel and greater knowledge- ability about matters of CPSU domestic and foreign policy. - Independent study in political instruction in the broadest meaning of the term is - a specially organized type of intellectual activity aimed at mastering political ~ knowledge and consisting in studying, taking notes on and analyzing the wxitin~�,s of - the founders of Marxism-Leninism, party documents, training and popular scienti~ic literature. Many books have been written on the role of independent study in as- similating scientific knowledge, and particularly Marxism-Leninism. This subject is especially thoroughly and com~rehensively discussed in the writings of V. I. Lenin. "Without certain independent labor," he wrotP, "one cannot find the truth in any seriQUS matter, and he who fears lab,~r deprives himself of the opportunity to find the truth."1 V. I. Lenin substantiated the rule of independent study as a most important method in mastering political knowledge, which promotes formation of a scientific philosophical outlook in workers and military personnel, as well as the ability to understand compl~x problems of social development, military organizational develop- ment, and daily life. The great leader called upon Communists and all working people time and again to assimilate science in a conscious manner, not memorizing ready formulas, recipes and prescriptions but to process in a practical manner - - knowledge amassed by mankind and to develop the ability to elaborate Communist views on one's own. - 20 - FOR OFFIC[AL USE ONLY APPROVED FOR RELEASE: 2007/02/08: CIA-RDP82-00850R000400010024-0 APPR~VED FOR RELEASE: 2007/02/08: CIA-RDP82-00850R000400010024-0 - FOR OFFICIAL USE ONLY Purposefulness, Systematicness, and Persistence The founders of Marxism-Leninism constitute a remarkable example of tireless ' creative work and independer.t assimilation of the wealth of intellectual culture. - K. Marx did not tolerate superficial omniscience and demanded that revolutionaries ~ display independence, thoughtfulness, and a comprek~ensive, exhaustive approach t~ the study of theory. Independent study of various political and literary sour~es _ occupied the bulk of Karl Marx's time. F. Engels worked just as intensely and in- spired. We are familiar with his profound knowledge of mathematics, natural sci- ence, military affairs, and foreign lunguages. One's attention is drawn by the systematic structure of his work, which he rigorously planned, determining and holding to a rigid timetable. The scientific and political activities of V. I. Lenin, his entire life, constit.ute _ ~ a great example of inspi.red, creative independent study. Vladimir Il'ich amazed everybody with his knowledge of Marxism from the years of his youth. His early - ~ writings are already permeated with revolutionary ideas. The leader of the proletariat was a most highly educated Marxist. Purposefulness, systematicness, and exceptional persistence in studying various sources these are the qualities which V. I. Lenin developed in himself from the time he was a schoolboy. Vladimir I1'ich knew how to work in an organized and thoughtful manner. Great demandingness on himself was a distinguishing trait of Lenin. Any job he set about to do he would perform in a thorough manner, and he was constantly developing his memory. While in prison and exile, when he had no reference literature at hand, - he would reconstruct from memory lists of books he had read, he could make _ reference to journals with articles of interest to him, etc. _ But V. I. Lenin "did not rely on his memory, although his memory was excellent," wrote N. K. Krupskaya. "He never presented facts from memory, 'approximately', but presented them with the greatest accuracy. He would go through mountains of materials (he could read extremely rapidly, just as he wrote), but whatever he wanted to eommit to memory he would write down in notebooks. His notebooks contai.n great numbers of extracts."2 A planned, systematic character was one of the features of V. I. Lenin's in- deper.dent study. His work time b udget was always figured out and distributed by hours. If it was necessary to depart fr4m the specified plan, he w~uld always make it up later. Mariya Il'inichna U1'yanova relates ttiat Vladimir I1`ich would not , have become what he became if he had not worked so diligently on self-improvement - throughout his entire life. Vladimir Il'ich had the ability to work systematically and assiduously. He not only read books but studied them, worked through them, read them according to a specif ic plan. V. I. Leiiin did not avoid drafting and notetaking: he himself would select requisite material for study and would himselfperform calculations and prepare tables. V. I. Lenin's notes and outlines which are preserved at the CPSU Central Committee s Institute of Marxism-Leninism a.re extremely instructive for us. 21 FOR OFF[CIAL USE ONLY APPROVED FOR RELEASE: 2007/02/08: CIA-RDP82-00850R000400010024-0 APPROVED FOR RELEASE: 2007/02/48: CIA-RDP82-44850R000400014424-4 ' FOR OFFICIAL USE ONLY Vladimir Il'ich never tolerated a formalistic approach to study of literature; he himself worked 3n an exemplary manner and demanded of those around him a conscien- tious attitude toward the independent study method of acquiring knowledge. In his . speech at the Third Komsomol Con~ress, supporting the necessity of study, V. I. Lenin noted time and again the harm and uselessness of perfunctory assimilation vf knowledg~e without a critical. attitude toward that knowledge and called upon his audience closely to link theory with prar_tice. It was precisely a thorough under- standing of the teachings of K. Marks and F. Engels which helped him in his struggle against the opponents of Marxism, to defend and develop Marxism in a new historical - situation. V. I. Lenin taught party and economic leaders the ability to work independently, to improve their knowledge in a productive manner. lie suggested that they adopt the fo"llowing rulet "If I know that I know little, I shall strive to know more...."3 V. I. Lenin considered as the most important thing in working on studying a book to - be the endeavor indPaendently to investigate the material and not to fear difficul- - ties. "...That which you do not understand the first time you read it," he stated, '~ou will understand the second time you ~ead it, or when you subsequently approach the question from a somewhat different aspect...."4 Vladimir I1'ich advised people - to arrive at the meaning on their own and to resort to the assistance of others or?ly in exceptional cases, in extreme need. Old Bolsheviks who knew V. I. Lenin well comment that he always amazed them with how well read he was and hi.s ability to _ get a grasp on any subj ect. The writings of the founders of Marxism-Leninism reveal the laboratory of their ~ creativity. Therefore one can adopt the know-how of independent cognitive activity of K. Marx, F. Engels, and V. I. Lenin with a thorough study of their writings. Officers and warrant officers, studying the creative laboratory of the founders of Marxism-LPninism, rece~ive excellent training in organization o~ intellectual , labor. They learn from Marx, Engels, and Lenin persistence and pert:inacity in in- dependent study of a book. V. I. Lenin's statements on independent study as the principal method of mastering knowledge and studying party policy are fundamental for Soviet military personnel in raising their political and general educational level. The significance of independent study to assimilate political knowledge lies in the f act thar_ it promctes active transformation of acquired political knowledge into convictions. Independent work and pertina.ious study of political literature en- sure thorough knowledge of the substance of revolutionary theory and f ormation of Co~m?unist canviction. Addressing the student body ot Sverdlovsk University, V~ I. Lenin stated: "..If you learn independently to gain an understanding of a question... only then can you consider yourselves sufficiently firm in your convic- tiais and can you sufficiently successfully defend them before anybody and any time."5 Assimilation of knowledge and its transformation into convictions as well as the - development of views, stated V. I. Lenin, takes place primarily as a result of in- depmdEnt study, by means of one's thinking pror_ess. 22 FOR OFFICIAL USE ONLY APPROVED FOR RELEASE: 2007/02/08: CIA-RDP82-00850R000400010024-0 APPR~VED FOR RELEASE: 2007/02/08: CIA-RDP82-00850R000400010024-0 FOR OFF[CIAL USE ONLY The significance of independent study also lies in the fact that it fosters the development of excellent moral, political an.d professional qualities, required both in peacetime and especially in a combat situation. Independent study promotes the deve~opment of industriousness, purposefulness in _ performing one's military duty, and not only produces firn knowledge but also - develops the ability of innovative interpretation of the complex phenomena of so- cietal affairs. - Independent work on the study of political literature teaches one fio find the im- portant and the secondary and teaches one to analyze important points of theory, domestic and international events, and corrpctly to juxtapose them wi~th the practi-~ cal business of building communism, with military life and activities. _ Knowledge acquired in the process of persistent independeizt study more rapidly becomes a per:on's convictions, is retained lifelnng, and constitutes a guide in all of one's deeds and actions. Loyalty to the party and people and a hi.gh degree of ideological conviction on the part of Soviet servicemen, formed on the basis of assimilatian of political knowl- edge, con.stitute that cementing foundation which multipli.es energies and makes it possible to overcome all difficulties and privations in modern war. ' - Practical experience indicates that painstak~_ng, systematic and thoughtful in~- = deper:dent study by military personnel pramotes the development. of their character, the forming of an active life position, and helps them successfully withstand at- tacks by bourgeois ideology. _ Mastering political knowledge is not a short-lived phenomenon, but rather systematic work, the effectiveness of which depends on a systematic character, consistency, intelligent. utilization of one's time, and skillful organization of one's labor in the study of Marxist-Leninist theory and the practical business of building com- _ munism. Organization of Independent study by Warrant Officers _ Independent study is the principal method of studying riarxism-Leninism. In the _ process of this study one should seek to assimilate not the letter but rather the _ spirit of Marxism-Leninism, to ensure that "communism is not something you have learned by rote but is something you yoursel~es have thought through, a result ~f _ those conclusions which are inevitable from the standpoint of modern education."6 All this requires well-conceived, scienti:`.ically organized independent preparation. ~ Experience su~;gests that independent stuay by warrant officers can be planned both at the unit level by determining place, datP, time, and specific assignment, and - _ individual study, proceeding ~rom one~ pers~nal time availability and the Yisz of _ literature, which should be prepared in advance. But any cas~ there should be constant monitoring and verification of progress in independent study, combined with regular, skilled assistance. Independent study will be more productive if it is organized and conducted in a systematic, regular maiu~.er, following thoroughly conceived and developed plan and schedule, thar_ is, on a sci~ntific basis. What are the important elements? - 23 FOR OF~'ICIAL ~JSE ~N~.Y APPROVED FOR RELEASE: 2007/02/08: CIA-RDP82-00850R000400010024-0 APPROVED FOR RELEASE: 2047102108: CIA-RDP82-00850R000400010024-0 . FOR OFFICIAL USE ONLY 1. Purposeposefulness and conscious activeness in the search for improved methods of assimilating knowledge, ability and skills for independent creative thinking. These qualities give an indoctrinational character to the entire organization of ' independent work by warrant officers, promotin g forming in them an integral philosophical outlook and excellent politica?-moral and fighting qualities. _ 2. Systematism and consistenc~� in study. Departure from this principle and ~ last-minute rush study lead to disrupt3on of the logical succession of knowledge. A consequence of *_his disruption is fragmentati~n and a disconnected nature of - knowledge, making subsequent assimilation of material difficult. 3. High demandingness on oneself during indep endent study. When organizing independent study of a book, i t is necessary to focus special at- tention on the following: lists oE definitions of terms and concepts are drawn up on the recommenda- tion of the instructor by the trainees themse lves. Experience indicates the ef- fectiveness and necessity of such lists, for one encounters failure to understand terms which are in constant use: class, polit i cs, nationalism, etc. It is best to detail the definition of these terms in ~~hat p art of the synopsis which cantains space for the student': own thoughts and add i t ions; = a list of historic figures and poor].y-understood passages in the book is also drawn up by the students . Practical experience indi .:ates that few individual.s prepare such a list without being requested by the instructor. At the same t~~e it is important in a psychological respect because it fo~uses att~_ntion on difficult- - to-understand passages of a book and teaches ene to evaluate the words and actions - of histozical personages from a class position; a system of practical tasks is prepared by the c.lass instructor individually for each student in the group. Such tasks can include the following: preparation of a brief report on some historic figure, an oral presentation on the significance of a specific CPSU Central Committee decree for development of the Soviet Armed Forces, preparation of an analysis diagram and synthesis of theoretical peints, analysis of similar p arty decrees adopted pr eviously, etc. A correct, scientifically substantiated time budge.t distributian occupies an im�� portant place in organization of independent study by warrant officers. ~ Analysis of the component elements of the ove rall time budget makes it possible to - determine the principal ways to achieve its efficient utilization for Flanned and purposeful in~ependent work. This budger_ consists of two component parts: a) of instruction classes with the dirPCt participation of the warrant of- ~ ficer political training group instructor; of time for warrant officer independent study. 24 FOR OFFICIAL USE ONLY APPROVED FOR RELEASE: 2007/02/08: CIA-RDP82-00850R000400010024-0 APPROVED FOR RELEASE: 2047102108: CIA-RDP82-00850R000400010024-0 FOR OFFICIAL USE ONLY - The f ormer comprises mandatory working-hours time specif ied by the schedule and . requisite for daily systematic assimilation of knowledge specified by the warrant officer Lraining program. - The following must be distinguished in the training time structure: ~ 1) classes under the supervision of an officer the political training group leader listening to and taking notes on lectures, participation in semina~.~ and group class sessions; r 2) warrant officer independent study study of and taking notes on writings of the founders of Marxism-Leninism, CPSU Central Committee and Soviet Government decrees, documents of the international Communist and worlcer movement, individual - consultations, preparation f or seminars and group-class ~essions, taking final - examinations or inspector tests. Of course this time budget demarcation is relative. Warrant officer independent study is a capacious term. In the broad meaning of the term it includes all work pertaining to mastering scientific knowledge and practical skills, vigorous intel- lectual activity in the course of political training, as well as participation in voluntary'n1blic-spirited activities. No other method can compare with the method of independent study of literature. The - place assigned to it in the training process is determined by those features pos- sessed by reading of a printed text in comparison with listening to 3n oral presentation. There is no forced pace in reading. The warrant officer himself - determines the pace, depending on the goals, nature of the text, and one's level of preparation. In reading there is no mandatory contir.uity of perception, as is the case when listening to a lecture. At any time one can stop to think something through more deepiy, for comparing new material with previously studied material, one can reread a text which is not immediately understood, one can look things up in other books, etc. Thus during reading favorable conditions are cr~ated for com- prehensive understanding and reinforcement of study material. Learning to work with a book means for a warrant officer first and foremost to ac- quire good habits and skills of independent study of instructional materialse It is impossible to imagine a situation in which a warrant officer, who has thoroughly - assimilated an assigned topic, has not worked with a book but has merely listened to lectures and prepared for a test from his lecture notes. What is the methodology of working with a book? S. I. Povarnin, a prominent ex- pert in the area of inethodology, stated that work with a book requires: 1) concen- - tration on what one is reading; 2) "squeezing out" the essence of what is being read, and rejecting trivia; 3) "grasping the author's idea" clearly and 3istinctly; 4) thinking sequentially; 5) finally, visualizing clearly and distinctly, as if experiencing what one is reading.~ An old truth remains valid: books are good only for those people who are able to read them. Work with a book is work with pencil in hand. Various notes on material which one has read discipline a reader, facilitate his mental labor, and mobilize _ his attention. Notes test one's understanding of what one has read, as it were. They facilitate memorization and protect against possible inaccuracies. ~5 ~ - FOR OFFICIAL USE ONLY APPROVED FOR RELEASE: 2007/02/08: CIA-RDP82-00850R000400010024-0 APPROVED FOR RELEASE: 2047102108: CIA-RDP82-00850R000400010024-0 FOR OFFIC[AL USE ONLY - The following types of notes are recommended for independent study. I. Notes in the margins. These are made only in one's own (not library) books and constitute a system of underlining and symbols. Each reader has his own personal - syste~, for methods and techniques of working with a book are highly diversified and always bear the imprint of personal habit and experienc~. II. Outline. This is a concise or detailed list of items, revealing the inner logic of the text of a book. Tt is easy to outline a book if the material is well under- stood and has been thoroughly thought through. The outline includes precisely formulated main items of the text, without detailing. III, Excerpts. These are taken down in notebooks or on separate sheets or cards and comprise in some cases retelling in one's own words, and in other cases word- for-word copying of the most important passages in a book. Any such extract or excerpt, especially a direct citation, should be accompanied by a reference to source. IV. Resume or summary. This is a concise statement of a given theoretical point presented in a book and is especially convenient when one must ma.ke a seminar presentation on the contents of a certain work or subject recommended by the in- - structor. V. Synopsis. In contrast to the outline, this is a fairly detailed presentation = of the material contained in a book in conformity with its internal logical struc- ture. The synopsis coritains not only a list of items and subitems which reveal the interrelationship of the ideas contained in the book, but also a sequential presenta- tion of the materiai with individual excerpts, citations, diagrams, tables, etc. Writing a summary ir_ the process of working on a book is one of the principal forms of independent study. This is why it is extremely important to take notes on recommended literature and why this is a mandatory requirement in the warrant of- ficer political instruction system. Experience in methodology an.d techniques of writing summaries and synopses of works resolutely condemns the practice followed _ by certain warrant officers, who do not prepare a summary or synopsis but limit their efforts to a few cursory notes jotted down in the form of answers to a few quest ions in the seminar outline. These warrant officers must spend considerable time on rote repetition, reading literature and additional note-taking, especially prior to taking the training period final. examination. Such a method and technique of note-taking fails to achieve the main goal thorough mastery and assimilation ~ of the curricular material. . Writing of summaries and synopses is not an end in itself, but one of a number of important devices which greatly assist the warrant officer in reinforcing what he has read. The objective is independent r_omprehension of reading material and thorough mastery of its content. Principal attention is devoted to independent study of pri.mary sources and study of problem items. Warrant officers should avoid, from their very f irst classes in the political instruction system, superficial assimilation of points of curriculum on the basis of popular literature and propagandist articles; it is recommended that one thoroughly study the curriculum-specified sour~es in the original, thoroughly - and comprehensively. - 26 - FOR OFFICIAL USE 1r~iLY APPROVED FOR RELEASE: 2007/02/08: CIA-RDP82-00850R000400010024-0 APPROVED FOR RELEASE: 2007/02/48: CIA-RDP82-44850R000400014424-4 - FOr2 OFFIC[AL USE ONLY Many forms of organization of independent study by warrant officers are common both in studying the fundamentals of Marxism-Leninism, as well as military items. However, the process of independent study of military subjects does possess certain specific features. Organization of independent study of military subjects is based on requirements imposed on organization of commander training of officers. Fulfill- ment of these demands is connected with mandatory independent study by waxrant of- ficers in the following areas: a) study of guideline materials (orders, f ield manuals, regulations, ha:zd- ~ books and manuals); - b) study of instructional materials (textbooks, classroom materials, mili- tary j ournals) ; ' c) study of the principles of design and layout of the most modern combat equipment; d) conduct of training sessions on special equipment (tank simulators, cock- pit simulators, etc); e) perusal of military memoirs and fiction reflecting various aspects of military theory. Planning of independent study of military subjects can Le of two types future, and detailed. Line unit command future planning is expressed in determination of time for in- _ - dependent study of military subjects. Depending on the unit's specialization area, specific f eatures of performance of service duties by warrant officers, and the - features of a given period of training, an independent study plan is drawn up for = study of an entire topic (subject), or a schedule reflecting the approximate distribu- tion of time for independent study. Detailed planning consists in revising the future plan (schedule) and preparing warrant officer personal study plans. As the independent study time draws closer, hours (and also possible days as well) of independent study allocated for work in the lecture hall are detailed in the schedule. Warrant officers have all this information and plan their personal study in con- - formity with it. Methodology and Technique of Preparing Notes for Lecture Presentation and Prepara- tion for Seminar Classes Taking notes in the process of working on a book is one of the principal forms of _ independent work in the concluding stage. The note summary is a detailed presenta- tion of the material contained in the book, in conformity with its internal - logica]. structure. The notes contain not only a list of items and subitems which - reveal the interrelationships of the ideas presented in the book, but also a sequential presentation of the text material with individual excerpts and citations, _ diagrams and tables, etc. 27 FOR OFFICIAL USE ONLY APPROVED FOR RELEASE: 2007/02/08: CIA-RDP82-00850R000400010024-0 APPROVED FOR RELEASE: 2007/02/48: CIA-RDP82-44850R000400014424-4 FOR OFFICIAL USE ONLY Taking notes on the recommended literature, as a means of thorough cognition of theoretical points, :s a mandatory requirement in the training system. = In the process of note-taking the warrant officer should refrain from the incorrect - and harmful practice of reading and taking notes simultaneously, almost "synchronoue- ly": a sentence or paragraph is immediately summarized as soon as it is read. The result is a mechanical and almost word-for-word copying of the text. Such a tech- nique leads to unwarranted expenditure of a large amount of time and, most important, does not ensure thorough and solid mastery of the subject (topic item). It is recommended that one first go through for purposes of familiarization the materials designated for independent study, accompanying this reading with notes pertaining to the items specified in the program or seminar plan, as well as deter- mining what pages discuss the program topic items. This is followed by straight- through reading and assimilation of the main points of the text, talcing notes in one's notebook in the sequence required by the program. The same procedure should be followed in taking notes on the second and third topic items, etc. As a rule one summarizes the text in one's own words, with reference to the corresponding pages. When necessary, the most important passages and evaluative formulations can be taken down word for word (citation), with precise in- - dication of source. In all cases it is recoimmended that wide margins be left, in order to supplement the summary with new scientific materials. Each warrant officer must be thoroughly familiar with party requirements pertaining to innovative study of Marxi~t-Leninist theory. What does this signify in practice? ~ 'In the first place, that when reading any work by the founders of Marxism-Leninism, one must be clear on how the party was guided (is guided) by these theoretical points in its practical activities and what results it has achieved. Secondly, this obliges warrant officers to study how a given theoretical or practical point developed and was added to subsequently. For this purpose one should in- - dependently, or on the instructions of the political trainir.g group leader or unit propagandist, cite the newest sources, which reveal the latest word by science on the given problem. Third, the task of innovative study of Marxism-Leninism and party decisions obliges _ each warrant officer to develop in himself activeness in the campaign for practical " implementatian of party and government decisions. Such a study of Marxist-Leninist theory demands that word be in agreement with deed on the part of each and every Communist, Komsomol member, army and navy serviceman, that acquired knowledge be- come conviction. Seminars are an important element in warrant officer training and indoctrination. In combination with lectures and other forms of study, they teach warrant officers - to think independentJ_y, to penetrate into the nature of the complex phenomena of societal and military affairs, and to understand the great vital force of the ideas of Mar~ism-Leninism and Communist Party policy. - At sen~inars warrant officers develop in themselves activeness and a correct ap- proach to solving the various problems which are today advanced by life, the practical business of building communism, and military service. Seminars give 28 FOR OFFICIAL USE ONLY APPROVED FOR RELEASE: 2007/02/08: CIA-RDP82-00850R000400010024-0 APPROVED FOR RELEASE: 2007/02/48: CIA-RDP82-44850R000400014424-4 FOR OFFIC[AL USE OMLY warrant officers the opportunity to use their knowledge and to form deep Communist - conviction in themselves. It is recommended that seminar preparations begin from the moment lectures are - presented on the seminar topic and that preparations be conducted comprehensively, on a.ll seminar topic items, in the following sequence: thoroughly clarify the topic of the seminar as a whole and topic items specified in the seminar plan; determine tasks for oneself, specify the sequence of study, specify ~*hat sour~es must be studied and when, for each seminar topic item, when and in what - form synopses and summaries should be prepared, and what items should be prepared for presentation, with discussion of one`s own ideas and synthesizing conclusions. Selection, initial perusal, and study of the recommended literature is the second stage of preparation for a seminar. What does it mean to study the literature? It means first and foremost reading through it carefully, utilizing recommendations - on scientific organization of intellectual labor; gaining a thorough comprehension of what one has read; actively and thoughtfully examining and understanding what is said on a given subject in various sources, in what source ideas are well formulated, and in what source reasoning and proof is best presented; taking notes on what one has read; firmly committing to memory the m~in points. Individual and group consultations constitute one of the tried and true forms of assisting warrant officers in independent study. Every warrant officer should regularly take advantage of consultation with the unit propagandist, warrant officer political training group instructor and subunit political workers if questions arise as a result of what one has read and if the necessity has arisen to receive advice and recoIIUnendations on the content and methodology of note-taking, and to discuss a studied topic in order to assimilate it more deeply and comprehensively and to prepare better for the next seminar. A certain time should bP anoniF;od an~d all.ocated f~r ::~'ding consultation~ ~n the _ unit methodology room, time during which the skilled propagandist and staff politi- cal worker should be prepared to answer questions which have caused difficulties - during independent study. The warrant officer should bear in mind that propagandists and political training group instructors also follow the practice of summoning individual warrant officers _ for consultation, in order to determine their pr~gress in independent study and to assist them in studying the reco~nended literature, in preparing for a seminar, - etc. Group consultations are held in addition to individual consultations. They can be organized at the initiative of warrant officers who need consultation on a given general problem, for clarification of pro~lem items, and for analysis and discus- sion of de~iciencies occurring in a training group. It is recommended that group consultations be held more frequently during the period of preparation for ta'king - a f.inal examination or inspector's test. 29 FOR OFFICIAL USE ONLY APPROVED FOR RELEASE: 2007/02/08: CIA-RDP82-00850R000400010024-0 APPROVED FOR RELEASE: 2047102/08: CIA-RDP82-00850R000400010024-0 FOR OFFICIAL USE ONLY Independent study by warrant officers in assimilating knowledge of Marxism-Lenin- ism is akin to research work. "One must learn constantly to improve one's knowl- edge and to develop the skills of the investigator and broad theoretical knowledge. Without this it is difficult to gain one's bearings in the constantly increasing volume of knowledge...."8 - Independenr study by warrant officers occupies an important place in the system of mastery of knowledge of Marxism-Leninism and in improving one's military skills. The task consists in developing the ability independently to improve one's knowl- edge, an ability needed by the warrant officer, from the very first days of study in the political instruction and combat training system. Independent study develops a high level of intellectual labor, which presupposes not only the ability to study a book and take notes, but also and, first and fore- most, intellectual effort, the need for independent activity, and the endeavor to penetrate to the heart of a matter, to delve deep into as yet unresolved problems. In improving his intellectual labor capability, the warrant officer achieves better results in his independent study and in assi*nilating knowledge. Only he who is capable of assiduous, tireless labor is capable of accomplishing creative ac- tivity. The individual abilities of warrant officers, their propensities and interests are most fully elucidated in the process of independent study. It promotes the transformation of knowledge into convictions and develops such important qualities in a serviceman as organization, discipline, activeness, initiative, and per- sistence in achieving the stated goal. Independent study by warrant officers occupies an important place in organization of political training and constitutes the principal method of thoro~igh and com- prehensive study of curricular material. An essential condition of succ~ss in in- dependent study is its scientific organization, correct time planning, and ef- ficient utilization of facilities. FOOTNOTES l. V. I. Lenin, "Poln. Sobr. Soch." [Complete Works], Vol 23, page E8. 2. N. R. Krupskaya, "Budem uchit'sya rabotat' u Lenina" [We Shall Learn to Work From Lenin], Moscow, 1933, page 10. _ 3. Lenin, op. cit., Vol 41, page 305. 4. Ibid., Vol 39, page 65. S. Ibid. 6. Ibid., Vol 41, page 306 7. See S. I. Povarnin, "Kak chitat' knigu" [How to Read a Book~, Leningrad, 1960, - page 21. 30 FOR OFFICIAL USE ONLY APPROVED FOR RELEASE: 2007/02/08: CIA-RDP82-00850R000400010024-0 APPROVED FOR RELEASE: 2007/02108: CIA-RDP82-00850R000400010024-0 FOR OFFICIAL USE ONLY 8. L. I. Srezhnev, "Rech' na Vsesoyuznom slete studentov" [Speech at All- Union Student Rally], Moscow, 1971, page 14. COPYRIGHT: Voyenizdat, 1979 3024 CSO: 1801/192 31 - FOR OFFICIAL USE ONLY APPROVED FOR RELEASE: 2007/02/08: CIA-RDP82-00850R000400010024-0 APPROVED FOR RELEASE: 2007/02148: CIA-RDP82-44850R000400014424-4 rutc urri~lAL u5~ UNLY ' ' ~ ; . DOSAAF AND MILITARY COMMISSARIATS BOOK DISCUSSES MILITARY-PATR?OTIC INDOCTRINATION OF POPULATION Moscow PARTIYNOYE RUKOVODSTVO VOYENNO-PATRIOTICHESKIM VOSPiTANIYEM NASELENIYA in Russian 1979 (~igned to press 17 Nov 78) pp 2-7, 103 [Annotation, introduction and table of contents from book "Party Leadership of Military-Patriotic Indoctrination of the Populatian", by I. Ye. Klimenko, Politizdat, 50,000 copies, 103 pages] ; [TextJ Smolenskaya Oblast is rich in revolutionary, combat and work traditions and in examples of military exploits and military courage. The names of the worker revolutionaries Petr Alekseyev and Petr Moiseyenk.o, are wid ely known. M. I. Glinka, P. S. Nakhimov, A. A. Andreyev, NP .N. Tukhachevskiy, M. A. Y egorov, and Yu. _ A. Gagarin are natives of the Smolenskaya lands. More than 250 natives of Smolen- skaya Oblast have become Heroes of the Soviet Union. The author of the book the first secretary of the Smolens kiy CPSU obkom tells how the oblast party organization exercises leadership over the military-patriotic indoctrination of the population, using the oblast's rich r evolutionary, combat and work tradition in their work. The book is intended for the general party aktiv. Contents Page - The Indoctrination of Patriots $ With a Large Arsenal of Measures 34 From a School Desk 61 _ We Prepare Future Fighting Men 76 In a Spirit of Internationalism and Soviet Patriotism 87 32 FOR OFFICIAL i1SE ONI.Y APPROVED FOR RELEASE: 2007/02/08: CIA-RDP82-00850R000400010024-0 APPROVED FOR RELEASE: 2007/02108: CIA-RDP82-00850R000400010024-0 FOR OFFICIAL USE ONLY Introduction - The year 1977 w ill enter the history of our country as a bright and unforgettable page. This wa s the year of the 60th anniversary of Great October and the year of the adoption of a new Constitution of the USSR. The Soviet people, the workers of fraternal socialist countries, and all progressive humanity perceived these eve:~ts, which have become important landmarks in the history of the 20t h century, with profound inter est and hearty approval. - The spiritual r ichness of the Soviet people and the f eelings of ardent patriotism which are inher ent in them are being displayed with special boldness in the broad scope of social ist competition and in the splendid deeds and wor k accomplishments _ of our people. Infinite love for the socialist motherland and d evotion to co~un- ist ideals unit e the hearts of all Soviet people. The Constitut ion of the USSR states that a d eveloped socialist society is "a saciety of high organizational capacity, ideological commitment, and consciousness of the working people, who are - patriots and internationalists." Our party has a lways attached and is attaching major importance to the indoctrina- tion of Soviet patriots. As is known, the patriotic qualities of the people are _ not born and they do not develop by themselves. They are formed by the entire tenor of our 1 if e and especially by purposeful and persistent id eological and indoctrinationa 1 work. This is why the duty of party organizat ions to put into operation all ideological work systems in order to strengthen t he communist convic- _ tion and sense of Soviet patriotism and socialist international ism in each communist and Komsomol member and each Soviet indiv~dual is emphasized in the decisions of the 25th party ccngress and the subsequent decrees of the CPSU Central Committee. The CPSU Centra 1 Committee report to the 25th party congress sa id: "The strength- ening in the consciousness of workers, especially in that of the youn~er genera- tion, of the id eas of Soviet patriotism and socialist internationalism, of pride - in the country of the soviets, and in our motherland, and of the readiness to rise to the def ense of socialism's accomp~.ishments ha.s been and remains one of the party's most important tasks."1 The military-pa triotic indoctrination of the workers is a process for the purpose- ful formation of the Soviet people's high moral, political and p sycholoSi~dl quali- - ties. At the basis of this it~doctrination lie the Marxist-Leninist teachings on defending the socialist homeland, and on Soviet patriotism and socialist inter- nationalism. As is known, K. Marx and F. Engels were the first to put forward the idea of = defending a socialist homeland. In developing their teachings under the new historical conditions, V. I. Lenin justified the need to defend the proletarian state from internal counterrevolution and the international bourgeoisie and dem- onstrated the importance of the working class solidarity in this struggle and the importance of p roletarian internationalism. 33 FOR OFFICIAL iJSE ONLY APPROVED FOR RELEASE: 2007/02/08: CIA-RDP82-00850R000400010024-0 APPROVED FOR RELEASE: 2007/02108: CIA-RDP82-00850R000400010024-0 h'UR UNF'IC~AL USE ONLY - Even before the victory of the Great October Socialist Revolution, V. I. Lenin foresaw the need for the state's armed defense against the aggressive aspirations of the bourgeosie. He wrote that "ob~ectively, it is possible to resist an imper- inlist bourgeososie war, a war of highly developed capitalism; from the point of ~ view of forward development, from the point of view of the progressive class there is only a war against the bourgeoisie; i.e., it is first of all a civil war by the , proletariat against the bourgeosie for power, a wax without which there cannot be any serious forward movement; and then only under well known special conditions a possible war in defense of the socialist state against bourgeois states".2 V. I. Lenin repeatedly pointed out that during the period of the shift from capitalism to socialism the main source of military danger would be ungerialism. ~ Vladimir I1'ich revealed the nature of wars, define~ their types during the age of i.mperialism, and established the main criterion for the political evolution of a war--its ~lass nature. He developed the military program of the proletarian revolution, and f irmly proved in Marxist science the conclusion that the proletariat will not be able to construct socialism if it does not create its own armed forces - and organize a firm defense of the socialist state against imperialist aggression. Addressing the party and the working class, V. I. Lenin said that "any revo~ution is only worthwhile if it is able to be defended"3 and that "the ruling class, the proletariat, if it wants to rule, must also show this by its military organization".4 In creatively developing Marxism, V. I. Lenin showed that the defense of socialism is an obj ective conformity to law which flows from the very conditions of the victory of the proletarian revolution, a conformity to law which operates throughout the entire period of the shift from capitalism to co~unism. V. I. Lenin defined the ways and means to defend the Soviet state reliably. He thought that for a firm - def ense of the country it is necessary to ensure economic development and the creation of a solid material technical base for socialism; to organize a strong - rear area and the moral, political, and military training of the people; to create - and strengthen the armed forces; and to conduct a correct and flexible foreign - policy. In doing,this he emphasized that the working class, in defending the Soviet _ country, is defending the interests of the world revolution and is performing its international duty.5 The propositions on the need for a thorough and comprehensive preparation of the people for this is a very important part of the Leninist teachings on defending the socialist l~omeland. V. I. Lenin pointed out that it is impossible to conquer a - people and its army who "are clearly aware that they are defending a Soviet socialist republic and the rule of the workers over the capitalists, that they are defending the cause of the world-wide proletarian socialist revolution."6 Lenin's conclusion _ about the role of the moral factor in war, about the readiness and capability of the Soviet people and its army to undergo very severe ordeals and not lose the will for a decisive struggle and victory, was completely conf irmed by the subsequent - history of our state. - V. I. Lenin called the military and work exploit of the workers and peasants, who defended and consolidated the power of the soviets during the years of the civil war and who repulsed world imperialism's f irst invasion of the young Soviet republic 34 FOR OFFIC[AL ZJSE ONLY APPROVED FOR RELEASE: 2007/02/08: CIA-RDP82-00850R000400010024-0 APPROVED FOR RELEASE: 2007/02108: CIA-RDP82-00850R000400010024-0 ~ ~F~CIAL USE ONLY - under the leadership of the party of the communists, the best revolutionary patriot- ism. The unwavering determination of the Soviet patriots, their readiness to endure every~hing, ~o undergo everything in the name of defending Great October's accomp- lishments, delighted the leader of the revolution. V. I. Lenin said: "The patriot- ism of an individual who f inds it better to go hungry for three years rather than surrender Russia to foreigners this is true patriotism without which we would not have held out for three years. Without this patriotism we would not have achieved the defense of the Soviet republic...."~ The high moral and political qualities of our people have been given birth to by the Saviet state and social structure, by all the conditions of life in a social- ist society; they have been instilled b,y the day-to-day painstaking activity of the Communist Party and all state and public organizations. The present international situation requires that the enormous and truly invaluable experience, which has been accumulated by the party and people during the 60-year history of the country of the soviets, be fully used to further strengthen the _ military-patriotic indoctrination of the Soviet people. The study of this exper- - ience has except ionally important signif icance, It gives wor kers, especially youth, - an opportunity to become deeply acquainted with the sources of the Soviet state's strength and power and to see the enormous mobilizing and inspiring role of the CPSU in organizing the socialist homeland's defense. Filled to overflowing with shining events, the chronicle of the Leninist party's heroic ~ourney and that of our great multinational motherland is a source not only of very valuable experience but also of the revolutionary patriotic spirit which impels the Soviet people to active work and public activity. L. I. Brezhnev pointed out during ~he 16th trade union congress: We, tlie communists, do not look back only to observe with legitimate pride the scale and _ - historic ~ignificance of what has been done. We perceive the past as a very rich reservoir of experience, as material for thought.... We draw inspiration from the past for today's and future deeds".8 _ Guided by the Marxist-Leninist propositions on matters concerning the workers' military-patriot ic indoctrination, the party organizations of Smolenskaya Oblast are organizing their work with a consideration for the experienc e available. The _ necessity to thoroughly reinforce this work is based on the following circumstances: ~ --the presence in the world of influential aggressive forces which are coming out against the normalization of the international situation, for the preservation of military blocs and the arms race; - the changed nature of modern warfare which has immeasurably raised the r.equirements on the fighting men's military, moral and psychological training; the striving of imperialism to sp iritually weaken Sov iet yout h by ideological subversion, deceit and blaclanail; to undermine its class consciousness and belief - in the ideals of communism; and to make them incapable of def end ing the motherland; 35 - FOR OFFICIAL USE ONLY _ APPROVED FOR RELEASE: 2007/02/08: CIA-RDP82-00850R000400010024-0 APPROVED FOR RELEASE: 2007/02148: CIA-RDP82-44850R000400014424-4 FOR OFFI~IAL USE ONLY _ --the growth in the proportion of youth who have not gone through the stern school of struggling against the enemies of the Soviet homeland and who have not exper- ienced the difficulties which fell to the fate of the older generation; --the decrease in the periods of active service which requires a sounder prepara- ti~r of. youth even before induction into the ranks of the Soviet army and navy. I All this must be considered in the daily activity of party organizations. The present brochure talks about hora the political awareness of the young generation is increased during the military-patriotic indoctrination process - how a communist world outlook and a deep ideological conviction in the rightness of our great cause is formed in them, and the form and methods used in this work. FOOTNOTES 1. "Materialy XXV s"yezda KPSS" [25th CPSU Congress Materials], Mo scow, Politizdat, 1976, p 75. 2. V. I. Lenin;'Poln. sobr. soch:' [Complete Collection of Works], Vol 30, p 13. 3. V. I. Lenin;'Poln. sobr. soch.,"Vol 37, p 122. 4. V. I.Lenin,"Poln. sobr, soch.,`Vol 38, p 139. - 5. Cf. V. I. Lenin,"Poln. sobr. soch:; Vol 37, p 76. 6. V. I. Lenin," Poln. sobr. soch:; Vol 38, p 212. 7. V. I. Lenin, "Poln. sobr. soch:'Vol 42, p 124. 8. L. I. Brezhnev," Leniniskim Kursom"[A Leninist Course], Speeches and Articles, Vol 6, Moscow, Politi~.adat, 1978, p 345. COPYRIGHT: Politizdat, 1979 8802 CSO: 18 O1/200 END 3b - FOR OFFICIAL ZJSE ONLY APPROVED FOR RELEASE: 2007/02/08: CIA-RDP82-00850R000400010024-0
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