MEMORANDUM TO MR. J. EDGAR HOOVER FROM DAVID BRUCE

• Document Type: SPECIALCOLLECTION
• Collection: FOIA Collection
• Document Number (FOIA) /ESDN (CREST): 06520290
• Release Decision: RIFPUB
• Original Classification: U
• Document Page Count: 73
• Document Creation Date: March 16, 2022
• Document Release Date: July 22, 2016
• Case Number: F-2016-02180
• Publication Date: July 16, 1942

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IIIICE OF STRATEGIC SERVICES 111
UNITED STATES GOVERNMENT
031213123NAMEtoedbatECtRigt==
WASHINGTON, D. C.
July 16, 19
TO: Ur. J. Edgar Hoover, Director,
Federal Bureau of Investigation,
Department of Justice.
FROM: David Bruce
zoo'
5 The attached material hassbeen obtained
from a reliable source and is being sent you in
the belief that it may be of interest.
ET/
avid Bruce
RECORDED
t ,
INDILTED
Vi
F
12 SEP 19 1242
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OFFICE OF STRATEGIC SERVICES
gagMalikNAS:03012ExikiEdigibilecTifikk
WASHINGTON. D. C.
Attached you . will find. material on the subj cot
ity4.1,Jazi Fifth, Colurnisms which was prepared for en
article to be published in one of the Lmericon
magazines.
This material 'MO gathered by a forzer covn-
seller of the Goma Legation at The Eague, and it
io believed that it 11.11 be of interact to your
Office.
104f-4`k
INCLOS7-S
/
9315-i
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� Although fifth.colusuism may bo dofinod as tile Art
of national disintegration, dOfion ie MAO difficult by
the fact that Obis activity to a rope wove* of a groat MN*
14, of separate strands. Tho press* tho' radio, the NO111041j
triad* rag4104.010# laber replatiONI, 3041Al rolationstips;
military intelligent's and espionage -- Oleo� are ally come
of the o trend**
It woul* be osprofound error to lamina that ,the
Wth eOlumm of Sajigattjvato a great smoothly working moohino,
built s000rding to a waper-biuoprint, a thing that "only those
offloiont gormeno could Mink up," Its obaracteristio to not
,
organisation �Vat diversity; t efficiency but dotorminetion,
Thor* is no doubt that t si fifth column did cone event-
ually to aohlevo a certain coordination, but muddle and dupli-
cation* though not externally vista., were the traits t
tinotly itaw. in *to ftrOt as secretary of,tho German embassy in
Landon, and Uteri, in 1938 and. 1939, when I was counsellor of
the permin le ion at The Rogue, One bat, one direeting
F'm ,16 ft, filo, Tomo muse
WOLOSURt
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40.
agency, one central office in the Reich, the Nazi fifth �
column never haal Fifty is &likelier number.'
There is first that special department of the Nazi.
Party known as thikreign Organization. Thera is Goebbelst
propaganda ministry, working with press and film and radio
agents in the non-German world. There is Goerings$ own staff
of foreign operatives, travelling ostensibly as representa-
tives of his persolAewapaperf the well�knoWl4ationalzeitung
of Essen, but to my knowledge frequently engaged in contact
and observation on behalf of the aviation arm of the military
establishment. There is the f
eau Ribbentrop, the
private fifth-column agency of Hitler's Minister or Foreign
Affairs. It was the agents of this bureau who, in England
for example, were chiefly instrumental in the founding of the
Anglo-German Fellowship into which they sucked such illustri-
ous appeasers as the late Lord Lothian,. Lord Londonderry, Lord
Mount Temple, the late Lord Rennell, and other innocents of
the highest intelligence, or station, or doubt concerning the
democratic processes. There Is th hrmacht -- the unified
High Command embracing the land, sea, and air branChes Under
a single �authority iniftl_t122L2Aplogage_andintelligence
services are centralized under the direction of Admiral. Canaris.
And there is the ubiqiutous and. ever-pesez Gestapo, permeat..*
ing every arm and agency of the Nazi regime,
000*
for amongst
the multiple functions of th' GEheime-STAats-POlizei ItheKS
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Secret State Police), one of the most important is the re t.4.,
less frightening\Of German nationals abroad into the ruthless
and unswerving performance of their duties as loyal Nazis. In
this way the Gestapo has its hand in everything, including
fifth columnism.
Besides these obvious instruments there are the
foreign branches of what the Germans call "cultural" agencies.
They are of course too numerous to list, but among them is the
Bund s Auslandsdeuts ssociation of Germans Abroad),
operating out of Stuttgart; .ichte Rston7and Dr. Johan**
sents bureau, whose headquarters are in Hamburg; the11isademic
Exchange Service, which swaps students and professors with
foreign universities; and the schools established in many
foreign countries with Nazi teachers and a Nazi curriculum.
All such organizations point to one important fact, which is
that "totalitarlanise is not merely a grotesque polysyllable,
it is a tremendous reality, if, for example, all the profesm.
sional and social associations in the United States were guided
by strict political principle and spied upon by an American
Gestapo 4.- the dentists, the history teachers, the osteopaths;
the Rockefeller Foundation, the Carnegie institution, the Bible
societies, the lodges and fraternal groups this would be but
a beginning of what totalitarianism represents. And every one
of these associations that worked in foreign countries would be
1
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a fifth column agency before it was. Anything else exactly.
As the German. Archeeologists..digglig last spring in Syria' .
were fifth columnists firOt* and Scientists only afterwards*
In the past* such organisations were represented
outeMe Germany by people et good will who, net being.in Iasi
hands* were certainly harmless and may even have bean useful
to thdOevorld at large* :By 1038 moat of' the decent Germans in
these peSts had been forced out and� replaced by /Iasi party
members* But even Where some secret antioNsAls remain,. they
are Ore helpless to do otherwise than serve a0 Ussi agents so long
as they cling to their Garman.natoneitY: and the reason It
that somewhere in the Organisatien* somewhere in the Country
In which they live and work* there is a rawer group of men.
whose orders they Are forced tOliake. *Weep:~ diuld.break
them* at Whose gismo and word they.traible* And That men is
by no meens.necesseriIT en await of the Gestapo: that men is
but who he is, is the sUbstan00 army stery*
�. You have never heard of Butting* :There is no
reeson why you elvauld'havei, 110,is not,a great .man* merely a
representative one* His like exists in every country where_en.
appreciable number .of Gorman nationals reside* Who the Dr. .
lkitting is for America* I de-hot know; and as I intend to speak
only of what I have Seen with my ,own eyes* and know of :my own
knowledge* I shell not speak of fifth columnis in the United
States* for I knew nothing about it.. But I AO know that there
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la a Dr4 Butting in itestery Latin Ameriean Country where
Clusters ,of German nationals� awe of them rich and inn:aim.-
resideie work* and ctkery on business. I know that the
lacuth. American Battings employ exe.otly the same mst.hods ae
issi Butting employed; and tocause the story I 1,bave to tell is
by and large the story of how the Neal firth calm works
today in Latin. Americal I. am telling it in. these pages*
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CON 'ID IAL
19315
I have alreadj said that in 1938 I was counsellor of
the German legation at The Hague* Few countries were more 'im-
portant in the pre-war.Nazi.strategy than Holland -- and for very
good reasons. Holland possesses a frontier: on the North 49. from
Which attack upon ]n land is immeasurably easier than from the
German coast. With its Independent shipping lines for men 1and
1
mails as well as goods, Holland was the ideal base for Nazi
espionage operations against both'EnPland and the Americas,' as
well as the natural port of entry for the merchandise which the
Nazis needed and preferped to buy through Dutch purchasing 'agents.
The Dutch themselves were rich in goods indispensable to thic Nazi
war economy, both in their domestic industries and in their
colonial empire. Their commercial relations with Germany w
re
so intertwined that these countries could scarcely live wit out
each other. And there were over 100,000 men and women of erman
nAtionality -4.- not refugees* but loyal German citizens -- rt sident
and working in Holland. For all these reasons it was imperative
that the Nazi party members in the Netherlands be rigorous*
orcanized, and their knoWledf2;e and influence employed for ttie
i
destruction of the Dutch morale./ This was Dr. Buttingts job.
1
It was not a job at which anyinan cdii14 werk-OpenlY. The
Dutch governments was democratic, wherefore it permitted the exis-
tence of a Dutch national-socialist party, and that party even
had a handful of representatives in the Dutch Parliament. .But
Germans resident in Holland wore forbidden by Dutch law to or-
ganize politically. This being so, both their organization and
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931.5
their leader had to Work under Cover. The cover for the -Nazi
. party organisation� was an outwardly social and cultural body
that went by the innocent name o chsdeatsche Gemeinsohaft,
erman Citizens' Association. Every member of this associa.
tien was a member of the Nazi Party of Germany. The president
of the association was bra Butting, s- and the cover furnished
Dr. Butting was an appointment as attache of the German legation
at The Hague.
Butttng was by profession a nose and throat spe-
cialist in an unimportant south German town. His practice had
been small, his income insufficient, and his grudge against the
world prodigious. He bad first beoome 4 Nazi, then an ardent
Nazi, and in the course of time an agitator in Austria. Among
the unfortunate Austrians he had acquired such skill in the art
of national disintegration (which is to say, fifth columnism),
that, rising in the Party nithke, he was eventually rewarded with
the high and lucrative post of Landesgruppenletter or National
GroUp Leader, for Holland. As diplomatic attach, he was my
sUbordinate or would have been had he over taken part in the
legationts work. As Party Leader for Holland he was in absolute
feet the uncrowned king of every German national resident in
that country. He reported solely and directly to Bohle, who was
at one and the same time head of the Party's foreign organiza-
tion and Assistant Secretary for Foreign Affairs. Thus nutting
had a double grip on us of the legation. As between Butting
and Goun Zech, our Minister Plenipotentiary, there was no.
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question which of the two was, in Bale's eyes, the more trust-
worthi and more userUl to the Nazi cause. Because Butting was
the very model of a Nazi high executive, the pattern of the in-
tellect and efficiency by which the world is to be ruled if the
Nazis are not destroyed, I must say something more about him.
Dr. Butting was a true social revolutionary. Not only
did he and his good wife sincerely despise titles and everything
that smacked of high living; not only did they refrain with al-
most inhuman belf-diseipline from good cheer and good things to
eat; they hated all the oppressors of the poor, including the .
bourgeois employer class. Butting honestly considered himself
the defender of the humble and a great worker in their cause.
The hundred thousand Germans in Holland were regimented by him;
he held them in the hollow of his hand and terrified them, but only for their own good and in order to preserve them from
exploitation by "Jewish plutocracy." For this reason it was With
a happy heart that he directed what I may be allowed to call the
Tammany.aspeot of Nazism (carried out in this case by the ladies'
and other auxiliaries or the Citizens' Association) -4. visits to
the sick, coal for the indigent, beer evenings and other get-
togethers for the various German communities in the Netherlands.
Meanwhile, a positive genius for inefficiency and dis-
order inhabited this little man. He never personaly put a letter
into an envelope but it was the wrong envelope. He never borrowed
a file from the legation but it became lost forever. It was
through his carelessness that the presence in Holland of a German
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-spy called Jonathan was revealed to the Dutcht.as thei former
minister, Van Kleffens, reports in his recent book, J rnaut
over Holland. His letters and dispatches were written. in phrases
Of such wild obscurity and peculiar illiteracy that only another.
fervent Nazi, attentive to the lingo of the Party, could by
Hitlerian inspiration guess their purport. He was the sort of
man who, having agreed to something on Monday, would forget that
he had agreed, and declare with perfect good faith on Tuesday
that you must have misunderstood himLiv.u. how could he have agreed
on all his convictions were to the contraryt Time and again
his orders were given in a language so muddled that they could
not be carried out A.f. with the result that the very clerks Who
took hi a orders were in the end rendered haphazard and inefficient
through working for such a chiefo
Yet it las a fact that Butting got things done. By
power of will, by persistence, rage, trial and error, despite
his ignorance and incapacity, and at the expense of immense waste
and undisciplined energy, he got things done, In nothing was he
more typically Nazi than in this
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In 1933 the German legation owned two houses in The
Hague., Both were Of course the subject of.diplomatic imrunity
and therefore inviolable as concerned -search and seiEure by
the Dutch police* 1 shall Call the house in which Dr. Butting
had his office !louse Uo. 2.
What went on In House No. 2? It.had been reraodelled
and was divided like 4 two-family house vertically, not
horizontally; but between the two halves there was a commuhl-
eating door. One tide the house was Dr. Butting's. The other
half housed the Nazi military intelligence agent for HellancL.
1 &afl coue back siaortly-to Dr. Butting. First 1-must say
something about-thls Second Bureau man.
One day in June 1938 I received- an official visit
from the Uerzan MilitEiry attache at Brussels. He .was accompanied
by two ar4iy eolotels; from Berlins They had-coile to inform ne.
that .a civilian agent of the oilltary intelligence would hence-
ferward work out of The Hague, and that it would be useful if
ho could be accorded diplomatic status as an attach of our
legation.. (At that time, and until the spring of. 1030, there
was no representative of the Zigh Comand resident at our
legation. The London tzabassy attach4s covered Holland as regards
air and navy, the Brussels man aa regards the -army.)
"Do you think the Dutch will stand for it?" Leaked.
nOh*" they answered: ILwe have already spoken to the
Dutch, and they have aareed, re told them that this hien would
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A. 11 m
Operate only in England, although making his 14adquarters.here�
and promised that he would not work in or against Holland."
I said to myself that either the Dutch Wore very'
naive, or the military men were lying to me and had not spoken
to the Dutch at all. If they were not lying, would the Dutch
let their fellow democrats, the British, know, I wondered.
My visitors asked if I would agree to the appointment
they had in mind. Vie at -the legation were already somewhat
embarrassed by the pretence of Dr. Butting on our net. Not
socially though Butting 06 a top bat and his goed lady in
elbow-length gloves looted more like a pair of fierce Victor
Loores than anything Oleo* The ev0parrastMent was professional.
�'flat BUtting aid on his own was no butiness of ours, but he
had a habit of pestering US with a thousand pinpricks
insisting for instance that.we.prOtest to the Dutch foreign
office against the publication of 4 caricature of Hitler, the
presence of an anti-Nazi book in a Dutch shopwindow, the
showing of an.Americon filT4 all petty nuitmactita in which he
was_itvariablY sucported by our superiors in Berlin on
instructions.. they received from their superiors. ---Party
headquarters. With this in mind, and also with the professional,
jealousy of the career diplomatist, I refused my consent. The
army nen aid not insist, and we compromised on my .agreeing to
the appointment of their an at auxiliary clerk in the lejation..
Thus it was at a humble scribe, and not as an accredited
diplomatist, that an Important secret agent of the Nazis was
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2 ...
certified to the putch Government, Typical of Nazi self.,
assurance was that although the man did not possess diplmmatic
status, be ,took it anyway, and hie car carried a diplematio
lieenso.plate .4* with Dutch compIaisanee4
What this men may have, called himself in 107 I have
forgotten, but inmy.time at The Hague be wont by the name of
Bobulselerbett� ,Like the others practisinghie trade, be had
.A code name too 0) was that. ve7r*_21110e:mentioned in van
Mertens; book: as a-spy' %hese identity Was never revealed,".
We at the legation always referred to Schulte-Bernett
I =lit say that S4B, was pet a bad fellow, Of
-medium height, dark haired, with'a booked nog** be had bright
blue eyes that looked Out fixedly from beneath blaek eyebrows*
�Hi would sit habitually with his bead on one side, stbring
with .a steady blank gaze at a corner of the ceiling. I used
to find tyeelf imitathng. 'him unconseloutlyt it gave no a
queer feeling at being Some one else, -Of being suddenly a
.primitive, emptywminded, yet determined some one else* 8,B,
� spoke fluent Dutch, which it appears he had learnt as a planter,
a'olerk on -a plantationi In the Netherlands East Indies,
Bow ho came bi his Seeend, Bureau job I have to notion, He
Certainly bete none of the earmarks Or a military man, But
he was more attractive than Dr, Butting; a little slimy,
Physically not quite clean* but gentle and modest, and never
unbearable,
With B.Bp *6 had a great deal less to do than with'-
r- RAI tin-, His trade! was_ espionage, and we were to him not
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much more than a post office. One of the legation safes had
been put at his dispel, to which he alone had the keys. ?est
and packages that came .for bin were in the custody of
clerk until he chose to turn up. When he arrived, he
take away what he wanted, leek up the rest in his
the chief
would
safe, and
'be off agaln. His edlilmunications to and from Berlin went by
diplomatic pouch or course* Beyond this he neamed not to stand
In the special need of Our Services,
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This is as good a place as any to explain the role
of the German 'diplomatic officers -e at least Prior to
September 193b -- in the 1as1 system of espionage and fifth
columnism. I ahould say there are exceptions, no deubtt
but this has been my experience that the last place to look'
for Nazi underground workers Is among the senior career offieor8-
of the diplomatie servite. Of course there are spies and fifth
column workers attached to diplomatic and consular offices.
But the real operatives are almost never to be fund among the
.older career men for the cood reason that these senior career
4en have never been trusted either by the party or by the new
ArMy clique -- those two partners In the ruinous government
of the Third Reich, A person listed on the embassy payroll
as simple attache, as
messenger might be in
that country. If so,
auxiliary clerk, or furnace men, or
reality the boss of the Nazi shewin
he riould rarely be* seen in or round
the embassy or location; and certainly his work would never-he
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reported to the ambassador or minister, and it would never be
,
:reflected in the-diplomatio files,
The older career men serve the Kazis as camouflage and
decoys, and this .is the reason Why, up to the war at any rate,
they were retained by the Party men who despised them. My own
chief at The HaguefvforeXam/e,-was.Count Zech, a son*ln-law �
of the one tine imperial:ministerethmann".Hollweg. It was as
Bethmann-Hollwegts son...in-law/ is s reactionary� as an old
fossil, that Butting used to revile him.- Yet Count Zech was
kept at his post. ter -the very. reaSen that, since the dirty work.
went on outside the legation and not in it, his respectability
was useful to the Nails AA camouflage. All. the .leading
Hollanders were his friends), And they tended to say to them-
selves that "So long as old Zech is here, the rest is not so
great." Why did a Zech not resign? .Mostly because the Zechs
of our service hoped desperately that if they stayed they
might prevent the more serious outrages; believed that if they
left. everything would be worse, and the German-peoPle:would.be
judged abroad solely by the Baii.party.representativos,
It gees without saying, meanwhile, that the career
men were rAde lige of .by the special agents in one way or another.
They Were friendly-with some of us, especiallyif we pretended
to be As tough alithey'were, used dirty words as they did, get
a little drunk with them, -and proved in this way that we were
"men," .not �gentlemen," and were tiware that the world head changed.
.
,
In that case. they would loosen Up and tell us a good zany things.
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DA we alMost never lam* the whole Story about anything they
did. 4a-the London embassy under Ribbentrop there Were
actually, two sets of personnel. We who Were career men would
refer to the other set as the "staff" men, that Is, the Bureau
Ribbentrop men. Their important'work' was not reported to the
foreign office in Berlin, and they .certainly knew a lot that
.we never dreamt of. In a sense this Wet the position at The
Hague.
Net all of S..4,4s correspondence w s with Germany,
and of his Dutch correspondents by far the .at interesting.
.were his financiers, :the Rotterdam banking fi m that styled
orporated. If you will.eonsu t the British
(not American) Bankers. AlMapac for 193940 you ill learn that
Wodan was established.in 1910, that its president%is leer
a.c.P..':.jonit, ann, and its managers are R. vo erschen
i�
-
.and )r. N. E onenberg. Its London correspon.entse.,you will
observe, a Kleinwort Sons' and Company's.
93/5
�*S. B. was a spy, and I have no doubt a very god one;
\
but the Wodan group were at pretty a collection of fifth Column
agents as. you could with to assemble. No jigsaw puzzle coUld
fit together more satisfactorily than the S,}3.--Wodan pattern.
� "Honizmannin I said to myself when first I saw the:
connection*. '"Why Honigmann it a highly respected. name 1.21
Colognes not,a Dutch name at all.. Isn't it to Cologne that. S.%
Metors so frequently to deliver his, reports and take his orders
from the Second Bureau man who has a desk In the trading company
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(Th . 16 . 33.1.5
'called Heuer and Helmuth? Of course it is1 Yet this
HonigMann" .* and now I'become Sherlock Holmes for a moment .-
"this Hcmigmann must be a Dutchman. Ile puts four initials in
front of ,his name; and while the East Indians also do that,
� in Europe it is only the Dutch tno are so considerate of the
feelings of their godparents. But of course he is more useful
to the Nazis as a Dutohmen than he would be as a German*� ..
and Very likely be hes lived in Holland and been a Hollander
for many years,
"HO has been a Hollander*" I went on, "precisely as.
his.Oorresponclent oiki,inwprt, has been_as Engliehmen for.
years 'arid years." .7obody in the lAtitiin Government mould bother
old Kleinwort today, for he taust be near eighty years old.
Therefore. 1 need not scruple to recall that when I approached
Kleinwortls. in,London after the war had started*
to ask if be couldn't do sometains towards financing a"Pree
German" group in 1::ritain*.he'assured me with sincere regret
that it was impossible "Because the old men Is so violently
pro-Uazi, you know.!'
4rone erg I knew nothing* but the jigsaw piece
marked ":iier oersdhen", fit exquisitely into the puzzle.
Goersohen was one of a number of Getman army officers who,
.after the war' of 191.418* had found .jobs 1.x:Bolland and settlla
there. used to see him at the legation on days when he
personally. would deliver sacks of gold coin or packets of bank
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bills one packet contained a quarter of a million guilders,
say ;135000 triple-sealed and addressed simply "Apnalilalat"
There was always something strange about Goerschen 0 evident
dare to avoid meeting S 110-Jonathan personally, as if not even
we at. the legation.dhould-Ouspect that he might keep suspicious
company. let onto, at the end of 19380 when I was returning
to my post from a Christmas holiday in Germanyb. and had rut.
into Goerschen'in.the.train,:he forced himseltupon me and talked
at length about his �frequent Visits to the High Command in 13erlin--
specifically, X gathered, to Admiral Canaria, intelligent� and
espionage headquarters* (The High Command was located in the .
street called,Bendlerstrasse* and was Generally referred to by
the street name, just as the German foreign office was always
referred to as the Wilhelmstrasse*) Ooerschen repeated to MD
with extraordinary indiscretion what he knew of Bendlerstrasse
opinion about political matters, and I had the impression that
he would like me to lot some one in high place know that he,
Goerschen, MIS a good egg, was on "our"- side, and so on.
Lven more curious was the Way in which this Impression
was Confirmed *stile chatty Uertat train conductor after Goerschen
had left my compartment. Seeing him leave, the conductor, an
old acquaintance, had begun to talk about him.
"That gentleman must be on bad terms with the
Gestapo," the conductor remarked*
I was rather startled* "what makes you think so?"
asked.
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."Well," said the condueter;. "for one things he goes
back and forth 411 the time between Holland and Germany, wad
he never takes the same route twice in sUccestion* He i
always crossing the frontier at a different point.'
� "Trying to avoid sow one?" I suggested*
� The conductor nodded* "The Gestapo, I llbet*"
He went on.. "Another thing I don't understand Is
this* HOS a Getman, itnot.he?"
� "Of course," I.satd,
nlaybe he is and maybe ho lanIts" said the conductors
enjoying his little triumph* "I mean- be used to carry a Getman
passport, and now for sometime be has been travelling on a
Dutch passport."
Such things had happened before to my knowledge,
wherefore wat net to. astonished as I might have been.
Goorschen had certainly been living long enough in Holland to
arrange for Dutch citizenship' and a Dutch passpOrts What was
slightly peculiar about his situation was that,' on recommenda-
tionof the High Command, be was at the seine time permitted to
retain hta Getman nationality* "Legitimate" passport tricks
were common in the Nazi espionage and fifth column system*
yor instances ovetj. now and then we at the legation would' receive
a letter from the WilholMottasse Written "at the request of the
High Command", Which meant at the request of the Canaria bureau,
It would inform us thlt Certain Nati agents Would turn up at
the Hague to. Whom we. were inttructed to deliver. new Gorman
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a;4 19 coNuppergE 9315
passports bearing indication of a fairly long Dutch residence.
Those' persona would be coming from Germany in transit across; �
Holland on their way to work for the Canaria bureau in Englod
Or the Americas. Thus an innocent Dutch residence was sub-
stituted for that, in British or American eyes, might be a
sumiciousGerman residence:, and an innocent business. connection
in Holland was substituted for a perhaps suspicious official
connection in Germany.
The tab centering at. Cologne could doubtless be
followedAhread by thread round the world. There is in Cologne
a highly respected banking famili Lehmann. This
family is closely related to that other Cologne banker,
-1(achrooder, at whose house Hitler and Papen held their secret
meeting in .the course of which the first sod out his sociali
revolutionary comrades to big business -and the army, and the
second sold out conservative and aristocratic Germany --
including his then chic bleicher 46... to the Nazi thugs.
A young imichmann, wham I used to see at parties in London
when I was at-our embassy there, turned out to be in the employ
of lodan. -Then there wa allinckrot, also a member of a
Hhenlah banking family, and brother-inglaw of Coerschen.
This Uallinckrot had been a reat fiure socially in the
Gorman colony in Paris. Suddenly, in August ,l0159 be tUrned
up an Amsterdam representative of the oden firm. Of course
he and Deichmann might readily have been innocent instruments
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20
�flAL ,93.15
of tho ilazi banking agents; yet there was something curious
about the concentration of Cologne talent in the Hotterdam
bank called riedan
particularly as Cologne was the center
of Nazi espionage operations for western 1;urope and, it may
even be, overseas..
Such, then, were 3.13.1s bankers -- a firm with which
the legation did no business and whore the legation had no
account. As for 5.130.1s crew, I am reasonably certain that he
worked with only a-handful of pals in.Holland itself. There
as a mysterious individual call
armann who, I knew, was
in Holland on a Canaris mission. Paarmann was certified to
the Dutch (under their labor regulations) as a clerk in the
German Railway Information Bureau at Amaterdam -- one of the
scores of offices formerly maintained in the interest of
tourist service all over the world. (This bureau, incidentally,
was a favorite form of cover for l'Aazi underground workers
abroad.) Etat kaarmann was unlike S.B.� e. man of distinguished
appearance, and hi a means were presumably greater than the
salary of a tourist-aGoncy clerk since he lived in the most
.fashionable. and expensive suburb of The 4ague, a sort of Lake
Forest, or Burlingame, .or Locust Valley called 'iatasenaar.
We At the legation saw him very-rarely, and it is my guess
. that the railway bureau. saw him not
Closer to'5.7. was on aba (pronounc PPs).,
Who was listed as S.B.Is.chauffeur and was- in reality his
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wireless expert. There are two thins of interest to say
about 1;err Jabs.
As this is writton� in Autust 1941# the newspapers
report that the Argentine Government has ordered the German
Ambassador at Buenos. Aires to ship back to nerlin a 500-1b.
wireless transmitter whose pretence in the diplomatic pouch
was revealed as the chance result of a postal regulation. It
vas just such an instrument that Herr Jabs had installed
and used to Operate in the attic of S.B.fs half of House Le. 2#
r' �),,�J
in code. communication with the nendlorstraste. Viirelest-
transmitters are among the very rare articles that do not
enjoy diplomatic immunity under international law, yet Herr �
Jabs' playing on his instrument somehow never disturbed the
slumbers of the Dutch counter-espionage people.
The other item is also a press report, consornint
the presence. in Panama of a Herbert Jabs, said to be "of
military bearing0" and posing as a commision agent, though in
reality the "head Of German military intelligence on the.
Itithmus" (New York TimeSs� August 11, 1941). The �"military
bearing" of our Herr Jabs was diatinotly that of a corporal
and�not of an officer, but of his army background there could
be no doubt. Be far as I can judge, he should still be a
subordinate in the service of some one else, rather than
"head" of intelligence vork in any region. Yet it is not
improbable that the Panama Jabs (with a transmitter buried .
somewhere) is our Jabs of The Hague., for he did a good job
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in Rolland. Xis routine work there was of pourise useful;
but the greatest serviee he rendered (if -his own bout was
true) was the radio receipt' from a secret transmitter in
Paris* and the ite.Reeded transmittal to Berlin.* on or about
September 100..1959i .of the .complete French ,Starr Plan for the
disposition of, their armies across the whole of their. front.
flow the plazt came into the bandit or the 'Oanarie� agent In
Paris#I am unable to �say. .
liyotheek)
The lIagu.e a German doeument Which "proved that a an who had
been attache to the (Goren) legation, for -seNteral :years was
the heed Of militant' es-pionage.in Holland" and had under him
"another MAN wheee .iderttity Wait never revealed* but who
Worked under the no* of Jonathon*"
jonathat4 I need not remind the reader* Is our friend
S.& The "attache" cennet be Other than Dr. Butting; for until
the aumeteit.ot len/ when we were assigned a nalra). intelligence
officer* there was absolutely nobody else round the legation
who worked in any eons* directly With S.B. reit Butting was
not S.B.ts chief. S.B.* indeed* had A veri important .post*
with more than Rolland for his province. The true sitution
Was this,
book to Which I have already referred*
effects reports that bin people picked up in
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CONF TIAL
ft 23
S.B. may have bad as many as a dozen subordinates
working-in Xolland, all sub...agents of 'the Canaris bureau.
These were professional spies who knew their trade. But
they could not possibly know Holland as intimately as was
required by the strategy of the German nigh Command, as it
was' revealed following the invasion of nay 1940. For this,
not a dozen. but perhaps several hundred sources of 'information
Were necessary. And it is at this point that Butting and
S.B. come together. Through his German Citizens' Associations
Butting had. a pair of Nazi eyes, a pair.of Nazi ears, in
every town and hamlet of the Netherlands. They were the eyes
and ears of his minor party officials. Whenever 2.B. needed
information concerning a corner of Holland which his People
had not yet explored* or was anxious to Check information
relayed to him by one of his own people, he would go to Butting.
"Have you anybody along such...and-such a masa?" he
�
would ask; "or La such...and-sueh a town:."
Butting always had.
"Let Me see the felloWis card," S.B. would say. And
having driven out to serutinize the fellow-(most often a
BOW member, but sometimes a Hollander), having interviewed
him and been satisfied with him, 2.B. would mark him down as
a VertraUensmann, a man t� be trusted. Through such a man
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- 24
be woUld learn, among other things, whioh of the Hollanders
in the locality might be considered "reliable." he
Yertrauenamann would not, however, become 4 Canaris sdb.
-agent, If he were a Hollander, he would centinuo hie Work
for the Du h National-Zocialist Party run bssort and
EoKvonnineno If ,'as was moro likely, he were a Germano
be would go on working intermittently for S,B,, but would
continue his direct and normal Tarty service as fifth columnist,
that is, as a man who, standing well in the Dutch community
in which, he lived, was able to Aproad Uzi doctrine and win
sympathy for thn Nazis of Germany and their way of life.Incidentall, I ought to say that everything done
by the Nazis is double.ichecked and even triple-checked, If
we take aecoUnt of the Gestapo, What ZeB, learnt from one of
his own people he checked with a Butting man; and what the
�Butting men reported as unfailingly checked with en
man, or by S.B. himself,
"I know ovary etone,in Holland, J. once boasted
to me By"stone" he Meant canal, 'Aoki, bridge, viaduct,.
culvert highway, by.Troad, airport emergency landing field,
and the name and location of Dutch. Nazi sympathizers who
�woUld help the invading army when the time came. Had
Dr, Buttingts Tarty organization not existed under the innocent
.00vOr of his Citizens' Association' S,B's knowledge of
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931.5 --
ounalart,
.Zolland would he been as nothing compared with what it was.
Thus the_Citisenst Association served a double purpose it
was�invaluable for espiemage at the atone time as it fulfilled
its primary function as a fifth column agency* Or* to put
it zom trulY4 there is AD �such thing as fifth eolumnism
divorced from espionage* Fused and intertwined* they come
to the sums thing; and when you permit fifth columnisms
*mere propaganda** you are at the same _time intensifying
the espionage carried out against your country. All through
Latin America this situation is paralleled*
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(Th
26 -
The dispatch already referred to in which I found
the name of jabs mentions that the Nazi organization in
Panama "is reported to number in its party membership vir-
tually every one of German nationality in the Isthmus." The
important words in this statement are "German nationality."
They remind me since I am speaking for Amerieans that,
contrary to popular belief, the mass of foreign citizens who
haPpen to be of German birth or descent form a far less re.,�
liable instrument of Nazi action' than those residents of a
foreign eountry.who are, still eitizens of the Nazi State.
Of course there are many American citizens of
Gorman origin who are sympathetic with the Nazi cause. Some
are sympathetic teeause they are sample-minded believers
either in the nyth of German racial superiority or in .the
myth of Nazi social achievement, or both. Some are sympa-
thetic because for one reason or another they have had a'
hard time in America, and their adherence to the Nazi idea
Is a sheap fashion of taking their "revenge" on the country
in Which they failed to make good. !any thousands aro spa-
pathetic because, being of Germaa origin, it is unavoidable
that they should feel in their hearts a warm generous
pulse to side with Germans instead of with Englishmen or
Russians, se long as America herself is not at war. These
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27
are PeePle isbosi neVer having lived in the Inconceivable, hoe***
ror of Mai oorroptiots eni grand and potty" trrannYa
Vey belieVO that the Vaey Iowa' and loved still
exists* and that ovewthing against the noels is just
the old.
a Of germenzy by. ongogob.
mho* thous, ore woo boorto= ottissene of
Dorman crigin Who vork with the Myst* individuta
Ooaftehents and their like in and busittesso it so have
a material istake in the Itessi soecoss# either because they
still have Oman properties or two4tatWo Uttaty are being paid
handsome acoodssions and Zoete for handling2 usineseo
Secondly* individual tools and hotheads* or criminal types
Waspy to pis* up a bit of Nasi Desery money*" Jhviously
these latter are material for tha Pv0Poses or Nail newt*
in the teeitioas, but IP% collectively, moray inaviduelly)
not as intelligent cogs in an orgenistfixt madam of which
they loam theneelves to be a part*, but as more tools earning
the -small pay and the6 moat contempt of Moir ejoild. oriesplorraq
Could there be a more cotkPlets failure than 1?rits Illhasts Bond
of� Gereanf.iimerimax *Mame? boat)� not the very thirst for
publicity and boasting Qt its rirth-rato leaders show how
futile and amateurish the Bond wen* oottpuitod with true fifth
oolumnisn? 1:tse Vests were for too arm% to beck the Bund
sholstiheertedly# and the meson was this. American citizens
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9315
of German origin is useless to the Nazis en masse be se
the Nazis have no direct and unbreakable bold over them.
On the other hand, over the German citizen resident abroad,
even the German who secretly loathes the Nazi regime, the
Nazi agents have a terrible, hold, and they axe-rase over
such Germans a severe and inquisitorial The
real strength of the Buttings, in Latin America as in Holland,
lies in their power ever German nationals.� It is easy to show
how that power is exercised, and what results it produces.
A little later I Shall run hastily over some of the
endlessly varied activities carried on in Holland by the Nazi
Party under its cloak as a German Citizens' Association, par-
ticularly-because this may throw light upon the work of the
Nazi fifth column in the neighborhood or the country of my
readers in the Western Hemisphere. At this point I want to
cite a strikingly. vicious aspect of the Butting procedure.
Thore vas a scattering of German schools in
Holland a high school in The Liague and perhaps a dozen
primary schools in other cities German children, but also
the children of Hollanders and of some members of the dip..
'emetic corps, attended these schools. The schools were
subsidized by the Nazi Government. Their teachers were sent
out from German and were all Party members. The curriculum
vas prescribed by Berlin and was exactly that taught in Nazi
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29,
� Germany. Such schools it is well known, flourish through.
� out Latin America
Now the groat danger of�these schools �apart
from the poisoning of young minds with ludicrous notions of
rape and history, aadliazi doctrine generally comes from
� the fact that, more than any other category of German living
� abroad, these �Choc' teachers are completely under the thumb
of the Battings. They are not merely GerWans and Nazis, they
are civil servants-perticipatirg in a hierarchy and a pension
system in which they cannot afford to lose their rank and all
�
the benefits accruing.frem their past service, Therefore,. If
a Butting instructs them to nourish the eeed of anti-American
feeling taat lies in many a Latin.American breast, they will
do so. If they are ordered to undermine the confidence of an
employer (the Xather of one of their pupils) in a given em-
ployee, even by lying about him, they are bound to obey the
order particularly as the fundamental legal And moral
maxim .of the Nazi State ie, "Right (or law) is that which
is useful to the German People" (Recht lot was dean deutschen
Velk butzt). 13(ling in the first place men of the highest
� respectabilitand in the second place almoot the only
literate members or the Party abroad, they can make extremely
. �effective use of the propaganda material.furnlehed.them by
the agents of Goebbele and Eibbentrop. In Latin America, for.
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r1Q11.10.T.ArIT 9315
- 30 -
example, it is they who, with outward innocence, compare
full employment in Germany with unemployment in the United
States, and labor "peace" in Germany with strikes in the
United states to show the "superiority" of the Nazi system.
(Of course they do not add that the Nazis have from the be-
ginning had a war economy, such as the United States has
had only since 1040, and that Nazi labor "peace" is the
"peaco" of prison worhers.) They can cite figures to dis-
play what groat quantities of goods Germany normally buys
from a given Latin American country in contrast to the small
quantities bought from the same country by the United Aates.
Literate people such as the readers of this magazine can have
no notion of the astonishment with which illiterate people
are filled when the most commonplace facts are suddenly re-
vealed to them -- with a little twist of the truth that the
ignorant do not coo. And it is upon the illiterate that the
Nazis count as their easy victims in foreign countries (as
at home).
In Holland.theso teachers had still another funo-
tion.� Dr. Butting maintained at House No. .2. an enormous
� .Kartothek, a card fllar in which he vo:� stored everything
� that his agents knew about the German population of Holland,
as. well as about non-Germans. Uavinil.: no wish to draw attention
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NF 14NTIAL 9315
upon himself by the presence of a large elerical staff in
Huutse No. 2, he obliged the teachers to do his clerical work
for him after hours. Here was an instance of the sort of
'pressure a Butting could not bring to bear Upon anyone not
a German national, no matter how much that person loved
Germany and inclined to defend the Nazis because there had
once existed a Beethoven and a Goethe. And bore, also was
information which a Butting would never trust a German-Amer� -
lean to know the existenee of. In every aspect, this was
strict Party work.
One of the most pitiful and skilful aspects of
Dr. Buttingle domination in Holland was the control he pos-
sessed over the German working popvlation� even those who
were indifferent to polities or secretly anti-Nazi.'
We had in Holland, you will recall, at least
100,000 Oermans who had not surrendered, and by and largo
- did net intend to surrender, their Gorman nationality. As
workers, whether clerks, craftsmen, common laborers, or even
housemaids, they were, all required by Nazi law to be members
of the Labor Front. The Labor Front, you may have forgotten,
is that Nazi government department Which has replaced the
outlawed labor unions of Germany, and administers the workers'
insurance benefit, and pension system first instituted among
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9315
vs by BisMatek in the 1600's. In and,out.of Germanys every
German worker must 'carry a tabor Front card and must have
entered on that card the monthly contributions he makes to
the Pund out or which the benefit payments are disbursed,
Consider what a boon this represented to Dr* Butting*
Who in trollancishall collect these social Contributions?. Who.
but the Party mombors? Promwhomcollect? From every single
German in Rolland below the status .of an :executive or propri* �
etor of his own business* Thus, leaving aside the rOfngeOss
who had loot their nationality's every German man and woman
in Rolland yes known to. Butting's. Party men; every one was.
identified and his personal bistory.summarized, in that vast
124.rd file upon which the teachers spent their:evenings.
New to be a Gomm citizen and to be known to the
Nesikis to be in the power of the Nazis* So lens as you de
not surrender your' nationality, the Buttings are able to co*
Orce or blackMail.or bribe you into doim their. bidding.
They can breek.Y01.34 Pr. they can induct you Into the Party�
exactly as these vest*pocket Robespierres choose. That you�
Itappeate.rettide outside instead of inside Germany makes to
difference.. You are. their man; and this is of course espe*
�Lally true of the poori for the poor by definition live in
uncertainty's have no influential friends, andstand,in con,*
Stant dread of4hthority *- Whether it be the rent collector
br the police* �
_
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9315
remember that in the winter of 193849 Butting -
had received orders- to repatriate to Germany,:beeause of the
,war*edonomy labor shortage, literally thousands of German
housemaids who had been working in Holland. The great card
file was consulted, and Butting himself decided Which women
were to go and -which were to be allowed to iestaino., Those .
who were most ."useful" to the Party stayed; and I know.per-
:sonally that the German maida in the household of the Dutch
prime minister, kynheer Oolijn, were allowed to stay as a
"special.faVor"-to the minister. Since the papers of these
women had to be examined, it was to our legation that they
were; brought in droves twice a week* We had a large room
at the back of the house into which they were herded. I
used to call that room the Slave Market and had you seen it
filled with those hundreds of pale, drawn, unhappy fates you
would have agreed that there was no other name -for it.
Those girls know what Was ahead of them. ' They did
not *ant to serve the Nazi-State by doing rough wok on farms,
to which they were unused; pr heavy -work in, industry, for which
they *bad be hastily trained. They Who had lived in rich,
well4tedkalend had to mind to live in the thin ersatz eco-
nomy that the Nazis had bestowed Upon the Germane* They had
no wish to surrender the savings they had put away it sound
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34-
Batch guilders in exohange for Nazi reidhamarks of uncertain
purchasing power. But what could they do? They knew .nothing
of the law of nationality. They were aware that if a Dutch
lad married you, you became Dutch and thus escaped this trans,'
portation to what was in effect a national prison camp. But
it wasn't every day that a Hollander married one of these
girls; and aside from this there was no way out for them.
Later0, after the invasion of Holland began, I was
told that some of these girls, because of their knowledge of
certain regions of Holland, had been among the parachute
troops who dropped out of the Dutch skies in May 1940. This
may or may not be true: I can only say that *one Isf the' women
saw in the Slave Market impressed me as volunteers for that
.141.7id of service.
It was not far different with the men of Gorman
nationality. Somehow, if you didn't toe the lins you lost
your job. And What then? Holland, like all countries with.
out a war ecOndmicr, had her share of unemployed. Jobs wore
scarce, and the foreign unemployed were instantly deported
by the Dutch, who had no wish to extend the dole to them�
So you found yourself back in. Germany. What sort of work
oould you get in Germany if you, were in Butting' black
books? Labor camp work, and no other.
But there were other reasons than terrorism why
you should submit to Dr. Butting. There were those little
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-35-
every day reasons whioh play so large a part-in our lives
that we never think of them as docisive, nevor accord thom
the importance they possess. 'Par oxamplo, you -- and the
women too enjoyed oortain advantages by boing a "good"
German, that is, at least outwardly a Nazi sympathizer.
The 03oc1a1 Nppartment" of the citizens' Association through
which your Labor Front dues wore collected, also furnished
you sports, recreation, and entortainment throuGh its local
branches. It you had to sand money home to your family in
Germany, "the boys" knew whore you could get a favorable ex.0
acmes rate for your guilder�. Suppose you wore in funds,
and went home to Germany for Christmas. You oould get out
of Holland all right; but the only way to be reasonably sure
that you would be allowed back was to impress "the boys"
with the idea that you could make yourself useful to them.
So you spied on your employer; you answord questions about
what went on in your shop; you told "the boys" that the
regiment or the Dutch colonel in whose house you worked was
being transferred to such-and-suCh a place next month; you
let them know what Mynbeer A., the shipping agent, had said
about Hitlor to Lynhoor B., the oil rArt, at the club where
you wore a waiter. It didn't occur to you that by this
system German morality as a wholeyas beingsamedi that
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- 36
the Oerman pooplef were being turned into stool pigeons and
boot-lick ers 4-0 merely that you stood in a little better with
"the boys" and bad made a friendly gleam ,come fox. a moment
into a Party offioialts 0;ye that ordinarily was cold and
auspieieUes It two months later at the clubs you chanced
to overhear that the shipping man was no longer agent for
the German 1#he bis family had long represented, it meant
nothing to you. unless you were a versr clever lett) in
which 'case you were on the way to being one of "the boys"
yourself*
And- as the Rutting organization worked upon the
humbler Clem" people in Holland, 20 the,' were able to work
upon the humble Dutch people, What I am about to tell will
find no analogy in Latin Americas but it is still of con-
temporary signifieance beeause the same trick is being played
to.-day upon the bumbler people of Frame,
It was 112,19384 That Osman� labor shortage of
which I have, spoken was serious, The DUteho for their part,
were still experiencing an embarrasaing degree of =employ�
-
merit, The Nazis decided to isiport labor from }Tolland, In
the Dutch I bo ministry there was a highly placed civil
servant)kr even by names Who was a ferooiously erithusiastie
admirer of Nazi Oe
I:kitting� and his friends had seen
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37 ..;�
to it that van Noeven and his wife were often invited to
� Germany at government ezipenss, Le th0 lady was apparently
� very extravagant, the van Heavens managed to get themselves
pretty heavily into debt. to German shops and their debts,
I was told, were settled by the kindness ot their Nazi friends.
What else, van Hoeven ma; have been up to., I happened not to
learni but it is a fact that his own Dutch police put him
into prison as usual, too late in the spring of p.9406
It was with the ,aid of this van lloeven, awl with the !_t_dy. ice
or certain members or �the Dutch natiottaloseetaligt�Parti,
that the Dutch uneraployment records were carefully combed
for men to be put to work in Germany. selection was made
� of those young awn who were at once the best workers and
most disaffected spirits among � the Dutch unemployed.
The young men were shipped off to Gomm; and given
work at fair migoolie Thib foreign exChange regulations were
relaxed in their favor, and they were permitted to send hems
to their families, in Dutch guilders, up to two thirds of
their pay. They were decently housed, suite well fed, and
generously entertained, with free beer, movies, and dances,
sometimes three evenings a week, by the officials of the
"Strength Through Joy" mOvement or ono of the other Nazi
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agony:lie* for keeping up the spirits of the Nazi slaves at
llama* With their habitual dunning, the Nazis rotated these
Dutch unemployed. They would keep a man in Germany, in �
these favorable conditions, not above six months, send him,
baoks and replace him, by another* The total turnovers I re-
call was about 80000 Men.
When one of these men returned to Holland, and, found
himself again out of a jobs he Was more than ever dissatisfied
with the government and employers of hie own oountrys and more
than ever an admirer of Nazi ways. Often he became a. member
of the Dutch national..sooialist party; and �even if he did
not, he becago at least a now.resister of the German invasion*
The wives of these mans meanwhile who through their unemploy.
ment had suffered not only from wants but also from the de..
spondeney and ill-temper of a husband humiliated by the thought
that ha could not make &living for'his family* were perhaps
more proi.Vazi than their husbands. Thus s the woman. Who came
twice a week to clean: my house at Scheveningen, and whose
husband had done a siz months trick in these circumstanoess
said to my servant: "I Shan't care if the Germans invade 110.
My husband says they are certainly better than the government
and the bosses we have.
us work,"
Let them come* At least they'll give
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The result of this manoeuvre was something so
extraordinary' that It could have been foreseen only in the
perverted imagination of its Nazi inventors. I know
enbeis
be-
9315
cause I saw them with ray own eyes that In September 1930,
after the Nazis had provoked war agAirat Engl:And andlraneek.
aotually hundreds of Dutchmen appeared at our legation in
The Hague to offer their services to 2142i Oermany in any
capacity mem of them eu3VAitinl esPionaSe. Sueb- was
the intensity of the delusion implanted in thousands of
Hollanders by the months they had spent in Germany. We at
the legation, had orders simply to take the names and addresses
of these voluntoera, put them into sealed anveloses, and turn
. the envelopes over to the intelligenoo azrollt,
�
Ad.
D. It was
not until Nolland was invaded in Lay 1940, many months later,
that I realized what S. Z. had been able to do with these
fellows. Certa1n/4 they were amonz the Nellanders of every
Boatel stratm, high and low, who helped to welcome, shelters
and 014do the /amen parachutist troops in whom they saa the
saviors of their country.
I want to draw one immensely important conclusion
before X leave this subjeot. The Dutch armifought magnif-
icently against unbeatable odds. The Dutch people were in
an immense usJerity loyal to their Queen and their way of
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.11fe. The'number of. those 1040 were .delUded:,by tae Lards, or,
who mold out to the'Nazist may have been tx ssoall 4g cosoop
or as'great as 24)0,000 out of say .--..iraCI0,000 alts. In 2!.o1land.
tven of the smaller numberr, only some oan be called traitors
in the moral'sensot for' many ef taem Klust 4ave believea
ibiy were acting La the trUe.intorest of the nation. In-
themaelvoar these 20000Wor bpu,swo uou had no power. ,The
Dutch L:ovornraent was not in their bands. The Dutch kl.rmy was
not theirS. The bdn nd business Caw:unity was by no
geans.completely Dazified. The strengta of this minority was
created directly .and absolutely by Nall fifth colutnismr
. r :
- and tie real danc;er of tirth columnism is not. that it makes .
converts but that lt�takes doubters4
It was ;Iasi fifth columniam which saw the wealmoseos
in the Wtch democratic and capitallstie struoturo and ex,
ploited them. 'Because you.are democratic and'capitalistio,
t407 prcaslacdc Yea have unemployMent. Because of this your
� J
rich fereign trade has dwindled. Because.of.this you haVo
governers who aro Weak and Cowardly and not leaders of ten.
Thus nazi, fifth OCIUmnism influenced the non,ilazi UolIander
by taking hlm:akePtical of the Value of 1u traditional Dutch
institutions. VilthoUt being actually disloyal te those In-
.
stitutiongfr the non-Wasi liollander was not entirely sure that .
they,wer44sorth defending. Ite was-not absolutely certain that
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41
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they would net) in roalityf be swept away by a *wave of the
future" as the Nazis were constantly telling him they would
be, _So be became not a Nasif of course, but a passive nons
resister' a man unsure of himself and of his world. This VDU.
Nay take to be gospel .- it,ip not the converts but the
doubters) the non.resisteref Who explain the collapse of
their nations. And the truly decisive product of fifth.
columniam is not the convert, I repeat, it is the non.rosisters'
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315
I have more than ono emphasized that Gorman
citizens are resident In foreign eountries in large number,
These are people eh� hope sooner or later* When the world
has quieted down, end when they have made their little fortune
abroad, to go home to Germany to live. So long as the Naas
were going great guns, h camouflage organizationlUe the
German Citizenat Assootation bad a quite special attraction
for these Gemena.
Whereas in Germany IOW the nazi Party has been
closed since 1934 or 1934 and virtually to new lathers admite
tad, It IS still Pesaihle fora ndeaerving" Gent= living
abroad to attain to the boner and achieve the material ad-
vantage or ParkSWanosae, or Partylmmober. Out at 80,0000000
4Phsbitante there are only 30�00,000 Party members In Greater
Gormanyip It goes without saying that, each on, hie own social
level, they conetitute the prosperous and the preferred class
of pVesent-dayGernaKe .--exaetly ac the limited number of
members of the Communist Party in the DAM constitute the
preferred and governing class in that other one-party despotiSm.
Therefore, those Gerttane -Who tilling-to-their nationality ehlle,
they live abroad-cannot but yeara to beconm Party members and
enjoy the solid dollare-and-eents advantages of Party timber.
ship in the mother country. My one of them who possesses the
least tendency to unscrupulousness can be led round by the noso,
if only the promise of Party membership is dangled before him
as an eventual reward for his services to the Butting of the
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43 .*
=try�in which he resides+
� The Party organisation in Holland (as 1,n any Latin
American count:4) followed tbat at home as siosely as its
smarter =umbers -would permit. Under Dr+, Butting served a
corps�of district loaders,.. h district loader .had
cluster of precinct COtains.* So to say'. An4t;oath praaluot
eaptaia was in command or his troops+ La sawn imitation
. or the Part7 bxweaueratOr at lame*. the Party in Holland was
� aeltelvrtatored by-a large� staff which included an slraost comical
variet7 apeataists (Some' of three high re4cing Party digs.
nitarieg)* kid a Ganlaii goothall 'teem arrive to play against
4 Dutch, tes34? The Apop4Mart4 Or Sports warden, met them with
a band at Vie railway station* orsanised a cheering 'section*
� and arranged for the fraternisation ot Data. ti;Xid Gene= teals
� and enthusiasts at a gr.eat boor 'bust after 'the gam* Did a
43454' 4b1c#A or Nazi 40b4oltaacchors Come to attend a convention
wit4 their Datc)..4:tolloagues?.. A Selaulwart* or actuua warden*
himself& clergyman and Party leader* eras on hand to ai4 in
demonstrating that one coad be a /hal without oeaslm to be
et.. pious Christian and'a man ot exaturee Was there a� n exhibition
of Ger= fine printing in Holland?. A pucOtart4 or book warden
herded t). Dutch publishing trade to the show* indicated who
=long theu �vivo inoortant OID0142 to be given complimentary oepies
of expensive books* and arranged that a Gem= speaker at the
Medilg� banquet gitbeuld say flattering thingt about the Dutch
program+
4,ortrab LAL 93.15
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� 44
9315
'Xadeed, the roartp cf aetioa at the disposal of Dr.
Butting wore without end* One was the Uzi. Youth Movement*
� Sinee Uoilu4 la,1 alongside Germany* it was ntittira that thiS
Diovezent mould have its imitators among the Dutch* and should.
be wed to further onthusiaszt in, the rietherlande for the nazi
way of life*,
There was. a, vigorouso self,-made industrialist in
*Rotterdam ongh by name* sto financed Dutell youth camps on the
.Vollmer Tongb, was a man who witted his workere
well with all hie heart* They were given the lunch, and
furnished reereation, sports and entertainment without stint
wader his Stera.ly charitable �eye* They had good wages* and
�nothing was denied thsea except independmoe� of opirit and the
possession of their own soulsa Butting* ordinarily so wrathful
against the capitalist amPloyer olassio Traedotetted with
Ilynheor %tough* It was hard tor a Dutchman, to arouse enthusiasm
in our little Butting* but o Jong he would exeltilmt ItThere
is a real man* a man of our own kindin
tiongh had � noante srioat delicht in lire* which was to
attend the annual yihrtmewso#0 the Pour Devi Ilareho in which,
about a hundred Nazi youthis and the same number of Dutch youths
tramped and camped �round Holland .in the ham fraternity or the
out-deors. This circus always closed With a review a the
future eannon foddert, borer� a coaling Dr. Duttingto a hearty and
haz)y 2yrheer Jonah, and a tiny general of the Dutch army, still
in aotive Service* whoso name was something 1,1ijnders* The
general* I am sure* was present in the line of duty* and not out
of nazi onthusiasza* �
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Calttai' RIAL
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� The March :that I went down to witness in AtigUat 1W3J
vas a very gay affair* One group after the moZt for they
were competeim in the 'matter of form and Speed the boys,
strode throtagh villages bung With Dutch and Nazi flags and
crowded with onlocksis vbose faces beamed With delight at the
� sight of all thoSe-healthy attractiVe 1a4s Se if here re0417
was true fraternity true intarnationalian, a true promise oi
peace on earth.
Agatil it was a little thing, a minor sPooloo or
fifth columnismt yet:What Could go -deeper than the implanti
of this OheerfUl impreasion or the innocence and decency of the
Nazi spirit? I have spoken t'o mazy Amerioans who travelled
thr,ottgh Germany in the years between 1933 and 1239. �Efseetly
eS they used to extol MuSsolini as the,great man Viso caused 1.1
Italian trains to runL on timer. So they would pralgte Hitler
because the youth of Germanyo, wallanifsir. the voodoo strtr.min$14
it sitherS and Dingliqg its folk-songs, proved that justice (luld
freed= were the outstanding characteristics of the as rog-ms.
� Of the poisoning of min4s against all foveig*ers including
these Anerlcans themSelveso of thereorruvtion of souls and e
- _
daily life, these travellers sew nethEngl--and-it�goes=without
sayinG that no one dared tell tlama anythinc. Between those
youths and their true life as Basin there was avroy4rmtoly
the nano relationship as between American summer cams for slu:a
children and the homes those children rosily live in.
Before I move on to a wore iuport&Et topic I UNBt
tell a story of absolutel7 elellbontine traal clunsiness in
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r- \
/Cc.:11D11-.,,Lf.21411.1,
7.;?rol)azadda, a vast scheme in which Wo at the legation fotand
oursolvo.s inVolved
� The Bureau. Ribbentrep had its own foreign press
I
and prooaganda service, very 4uch to the chagrin of Goebols�
who deomed this his exelusivo province Over this (and moll
$315
else) the two great men would wrangle constantly, and it was
part of the peasant.Ounning of Hitler that be would never
promunee a final decialen between them* By this refusal to
judce between his aides, Hitler was able to keep them all fot4--
ful lea; they were sliwing in biS �stem, and therefore mere
mrt7tous than evor to demonstrate their loyalty to bin.
In the summer or lZD Ribbontrop particularly�
enraged Goobbels by suddenly setting up his own teletype
machines id the foreign (=hassles and locations, for the trana-
aittal of Gorman nova* This 'served a double purpose. It cut
squarely across-Otebbelst daqa4n0 and it furnished spot news 1
with iz1 coloring to the feroign press leng before mat of the
non..Nazi k;oueies coUld 'pass along natter to the local. news-
pa;ers4 But 17 story concerns sametymc ether than prO42 ser.Vico.
At the Malec 'hogi,MachinOto 7, installed, the
� Aiif till
kw. ,.
Bureau Ribbentro7.) hadlto braidstrt conceAmod the
f -
notion of mailing out Viall and at..tatourizth ;Topa:Andra Laterial
to hundreds of thousanda rfallas� o: noQermans, he
business Wan almost as complicated aa it waa.
First, all missions' abroad wore instructed to send
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. 47
to the toroisn office at Berlin UM* of foreign twos and
addre: B43084, . We at The Hague oellected the local teloAtteno,
directories, club. end &coo:elation lists, rbote Who in the
NeUeolands, en4 multi:4 and ehipped them art* Nett
began to roceivo# poroi:m14177 dopimaed by diplomatte oourrioz'4.
pooches stiffed with .tlacusends apon..theusands of Orntelepee#
Maim onvolopOO Oontainod tbo propaganda natorial ---onatt000
speetbas limo.* and otber.tlangs no. ono but A� atUdOnt ore
Vinatio trelAW read. The envolOpes bore no- indicatien of. the
sendori and WeVe 14,043,84Sed. 112 **lean female lusads, by women elao
had ndisiepolled every ether name or person and ctreot# ..sinco the
I ot we recayeit for mailing from Vollenti was ad:42,13**d .cier to
OW* ittngand and Prates, ; take it that the DOch addrecepoe
repaired their :44%144* matter treckethe legations: in France or
Englani e,.Switatorleind,�.
�Oleala4y# this tesill hatl to he stooped* New to buy
iqoli000 or 100-#000 five*Pent Amps is rot a legation a ticklish
boineac, eapecially in a nt'ylikliollen� Uct.
Blittting vac elammoviod to tilo voratuei. exit it was his Partr
ilbS) bottglat the sterips in all the pciStta� ttaktona, "Mena
62$ worth $50 Vorth #toriblo porhtpi.s *CO op. 4600 ?mirth. in
'044b:of the big city offices.-
�Saddon4 it 'as dl000vored 00 1104%6 the etemPe
wao even :11430 problem th4OLimiAg,thopt, The teadbotobad bola
broughtLu, tbo local Pav,ty opOuptOopnandoorOdt but otill the
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� let� Wei tee big* And when a eend isnormoue shirsont was
threatened; Dr. Butting was able to arrange a commutes with
Berlin* Ma people in Solland Would buy the-Dutch stoma. i?ut
would have to lioic them, And of went the stove to;
Satinifl the 4144,0nattO Pout/4
Of course the matter did uot end here, since, carrying
Dutoh stamps*, the storelopes hod to be mailed Nolland* So
book cow tho atempst tlaa that) stuck to onVeloPee transported
by the sweating courriers* and, the nailing palest was taken
in handy It Wee solved by instructing Oath, /somber with a ear,
to .distributo his quota through an the post offices and mail
bozos over an area of perhaps ilfty or a hundred square miles.
Thusi titt enermous **pease" tons of "Usually useless
matter wore destined tor the wastenuspor baskets of perhaps
millions of non4fericane the world over., I think of this and of
like incidents each time that ; hear the go/fernmont of a demo-
cratic cciestri attacked for itc Otravagaselois liatravtagant tPata
democratic governments may well hej but if yoU want 400 eee
goversmenteI extravaganocir a r pork barrel sancit really gigantic
to the Nazis*. Thor/ Control the whole of the German
*mete*
natieStal ineeme; and a great b4. Sou141 be written on the lithimsies
for Ithioh they use great ohunk0 of tiust Gorman� national incouie,
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At,;)
VI
40171'..n
hc Citizonot Association was doninnted by poraci
fifteen lecdInj Unnic resident in naland. Sme of noir 2;11r-
120= they carried out throuh the, assocition itself; othorc
were effcctLd thmuhcollate,2al orcaniations rfaoss directors
were precontble and less obvious razio than the vulr
Dr. Lattinr', thou,jh still worldn- closely with his:. or in-
stance, there was the Dutch counterprt of tho 21n10-Geman
Pellowohip, called the Gel-,aan-Detherlands r.)ocioty (Deutsch-
Medorlaendischo Gesellschaft). As in anclane,, talc vac a
abbentrop creation; an4 it was a curious thin:7, that wherc:c
the :.0.o-Corma croups was led, on thc Britidh ride, by tlo_LI
,ivuobrions the ijutch-Coruan society 'ac represented ontho
Dutch side aLlost alto.-ether by business ;Ion. Sala Court of the
L'acen of Bolland inclined to be old-fashioned and severely e=.-
elusive. 5.'he 'Dutch aristocracy had its liazi sy.Apathisers
the very rich Ceurei-41Ansinbonif, for exanyle -- but they were
tota117 without Influence at Court, and the enteurace of tl*.4
cen. 'Lac ilbcolutely above suspicion.
71us, the president and other officers of the aozlan-
Lettlendc ocicty :oro all ropr.Dzentativer of the TAItch busi-
noon world. nt tl-Qiv elbows stood the ir.-Jortnnt 1:ienbors of the
C:rnan businers connunity in Holland. ho fraternisation be-
tween the to ole,lonts was co:!rlote bui; on a sti.lcUy
feanCatLon. their banquets, certain conventional phrasor
3315
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(?315
were pronounced concerninc the racial affinity betwoon the two
ITordic poo271oz, but tho chiof strozo was laid upon the comer-
cial interdoi,endenco of noliana. and V.;,-..,.rmany, upon all-land as
Gor4:.anyts cateVa7 to the Atlantic, and co on. I recall cittins
at ono oL thoir- dinnors beside a Vrician landowner who accured
1.71.th auotion that ho v:ould not imoT.7 what to do without tho
Ilona= gtot for his onions, now that the Britich -gore, no lon3-
or buyinc then. Mae iu alleorie i?roducors laced cane lan-
LO nicht a Latin-baorican exporter than: hic
ctarc for Glieman buyors 1,-.Then noither thia imericano nor the
,...;nr:lich Were .in the if..arizot or 7.4.13 pr.oduct'. It inno-
cenb enen-h on the Lutch aid�. � They 1701.1/(1. Clitct2taill. :Lull:, the
/..iniater of 5.1atienal. :::7conony, when he eai;;.:J to ::.;olland.
1.ez,- held dinnorz for ian com.:oreial Taissionc,, and for the -
-dele,7ationz �who arriveet. todi:-.1c1,,x,.c ''zhe a-orzian-Dutoil dbt-oloar-
in
procran; but it vaao all in �,'Jhe Iine of 'trade.
The Irasic had been �ontraordinarily clover ,about coins
deeply into debt Ilhorevor they could. c2here is a ca-6,ini,-.; ozionr,
ur.. that 'IlTo oo onoy i.c to be 1.7Qats" c.ir4a.0 contrary was true of
the a.t-zio. Lou have only to buy Liore frop us � and clear off
your cred.itc011. they would zay caoothly to the retch banks and
chambers of eorraoree. Their rein MO always to nalze. the Dutch
dependent upon. gornan courcos of indiuctrial cupply. Tiley vietticl
trtIzo Dutch orders readily, 'in order te l:eep the Dutch out of
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other laarheto, and thon would fill the wdovo or not, ao:it
ni-lat cult their boo::4 Por 11:ever lct the Dutch.
buy airplanoo aurdhero but in _7;eraany if thoy could laolp it;
and '....112onably zuz.ee that all, or nearlZr. all tho'butt war
pla;ic�re Zo!:7.1.0-1.7.1fo frau Cor.lany, probably delivered in in-
oufZiciont nuEbt;r. Anothor =apple: TAo Dutch ,:lore tryily; In
the Lc;,-.Trinc, of LX..50 to place ordorz for artillery pioo.m.
.210 Vronell and Eritioh, %faola thoyhaa anlvoadhed, could
words� only linitod olivor...:),aT.76-,3,ronap9orftioini the Cori:Ian
nilitary attache at Lru000lo, 2,ot wind of the no3otialeno, and
irmediato17 Dre=we wno Dut -Llpon tho lintah. to o22 w=1.
t7.1.o �now.; anfl oontw.ot 2a.i? 73uno
Oslo.
cuen. QC'.. by pm:Aces
of. 61oli-vory that V:I.:;; 1-roneh ana Lticli dared iot dDLo. (1',re-
el3oly Vac, E-are %;0.3 1.12a; in (:).al-inr:-; withecrzmnyto
lan and Latin fzIo:eicarlei?oclitorz.) fjonoiderin7, the latc.dato�
of the �velar I arezpeot that =ar.,, of thooe mno woo over actually
doliverd to Lolland� aad it lo ;.1.rc;n117:o17 that ib ,:raz nevor
latonded taoy chould To delivered. At that 24,.to dat the MAD
.1ntont can only have be= .that. the 1.)o az litn.o emioed
for war no -ooboible. Tneidentally, Dr. :uttinL3 wao a :carty to
th000 nocotiations; and it opealm eloquently of. the nuib.:Jr and
variety of strin,:o in blo.hands that I novor had th loaot idea
het . he happened to be involved In tt, en the cau.7.11ao, aoc;3 not
soaa to be a fifth eau:au job at all.
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3315
T'Aer,:- was in Instordan a Drill� firttco1ii ecater
callc.Z.�Tho Gor..mn Lilasabor of Com-dere� for the :7,et%or1and.s. Its �
officoro vero -Cor:rlari and r:asi, and itr2, pre,--iident �
I7a.c a certain Dre-.7771o3cho. 11.:)sche was ono el.' t'.'ao Zish Itcn.
of i.:10 Citirionr.0 Ilmsociation, Izey rim who sorvod as a cushi. nc;
fountain of inforai..tion for the spy,ii., oven- k:era than for
Buttin.;. it was ho, as well as ontr-Tporlin, head of the
Gon:tan railway bureau which I have already ilentioned, .1771.o we
the c-;.-.4.ief 'coAsuitants and .00m.,CeS of data for VI� s)ocis./ war
-
economy attache assiL:n.ed to our Ansterclaill consulate in 1t-i3f)to
maim a co:yiplote censtls of 7.;atch business .prorties. c:Che nano
sort of censm,' was t....lizon by -tie sam sort of oDeclalist in
other lAropean countrios; and it was, thanks to the infornation
they cathoreel, that the 113.->h rior.z:an.d was able after � the invasion,
to see. that Doran supplies of raw. Liaterials an2 nanui'acto.roz
wore proordtly supplement:c.d by t7.:,o zi;oci,zs �seat iri t".le immcloc?..
countrios. � The saue data, also, tolO. the 1:az1 prof-.7.toors
forolcn. Properties to "buy up" with the paper curroncies thor
issued in the invadod countr::ea and forced upon -Ulu stocAdors
of the proerties they coveted..
Another tazi: carrlod out bu Dlosa:lo and ,c7,porlin.:,- had
to ,-.10 with the activitiop of 3.T. 0CWACO It tac a Zirt Carinan,72
Job-, and not a stralrit-P;; colum oo, it -.7ao and not
E`;.:i.tt'anc Who was inotctoCa to apDolzit f3e,ran business nen in
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Holland ac:asents for a purpose whiCh I shall doscribo, and it
-
was Plosche and Oporlin3 who. nomin.atod thoso aconts out of tho
:lornan Chalabor of Cormorco nomborship. IJot as a coalittoo,
but individually, each ianorant of the fact, that others wero �
alSO worlanz for the Hich :Command, one Uori4an business -man was
appointed by 0.13. azont for the quiet purchase of oil supplies
on Uazi behalf; another was caployed to erica3o 'carco space in
advance for tho inport of war natorials to co to Germany; a
third was sent into the Ilarkot to pick up -cold poin; and so on..
P.11 this was arran3od in. E:ay and Juno 1039 When, havik; tahon
ezoeloslovakia, the Uazid had made up their vinds to rick war
that c tumor and, were hastoninz their final preparations.
Dr. Flosoho's position in -Dutch as well an Gen!an
business circles in. Holland was cl.solutoly unaccailaolo; and
had he ;,loon attacked in the Lutc4 press before Sentembor 1950
it is probablo that every decent business .wan in Holland would
have cried oror shame! The laful in oin3 porsecuted!" Yet only
one wool before the invasion of Lay 1940 the DAtell police ar-
rooted Ploscho as a nazi spy and, incidentally, ompolled the
autocratic Dr. :Buttin3. I mention this. not to attack Plescho
porconally for Iv. story deals with bizcor thins than
personalities -- but to let the roador coo that no quarter is
toe respectable, no Circle too emlted, to be infested with
ocpionace� with treason (as in the case airoady citod of van�
Foovon), and with fifth colunnirm. r.-here was in the Latch �
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CONFI aTIAL
civil service a Jew, even, who toadied to the German colony
in Holland, sat always at the guest table when the Gernan-
Netherlands Society or the German Chamber of Commerce gave a
banquet, professed the greatest admiration for the Nazis, and
was in the end awarded a Nazi decoration by Funk himself. --
although after something of a battle amongst the Nazis. The
men's name w:Z*;Hirschfeld; his function was the drafting of
commercial treaties between his government and foreign govern-
ments; and be held the highest rank to which a civil servant
can obtain -- permanent Assistant Secretary of Commerce. Yet
by reason of some quirk in. his nature, the Man was doubly a
renegade -- to his nation as a Hollander, to his people as a
Jew.
A minor aspect of Fleschels function -- if any aspect
of fifth columnism can be called minor -- was to flatter Dutch
businessmen, for example by whispering to them that Minister
Funk, on his last visit, had asked specially about them. When
the Utrecht Fair was bold -- the greatest annual event in Dutch
business -- it was Flesche who saw to it that the right
Hollanders were decorated withthe Order of Merit of the German
Eagle, the Nazi reward reserved for meritorious foreigners.
He was always present at the powwow Where it was deteroined
which Dutch business should be accorded the signal honor of
an invitation to the annual Congress of the Nazi Party at
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cor.dx4itrTfa.
Ilurenberc thoujb. the 11`1).1teli national-oocialinto aceltleC.). the
ana 3attin310 apnroval Qao-necsoary for the final
decision about t'at7; lit.
� The oil]aoct �aso 1n 'ohich the Lazi flithcoin
woed 1.rnon the Dutch busineoc uorla wa::, to eliminTto =cu.-
�tiveo unfrIcad17 to the Uazi rezlace by :their own
the bociminf:;. the Nom= war, mro or loon Imiqiazara,
the U0.310 inotill uncertain :low far tlioynd.:;ht co. aa
.acWtal 'plan, it I-aturea oily in 15-)Z.0.� In.nat 7ear, for the
first tine, it vyao dotowined to cot ria 4cwa wherever
pozsible outside ;:ernany.. As. there vas .ccarce17 a larce rutch.
fira without &fix .arions. ito officers or 'aroctors, Nollana vras
lanediately a4fected. Tibor tho Jow cane other undesirables,
troathe Wazi point of view. And the intoroatik-; thins io that
it was not the propa!Landa nen but the zilitary ino11icuco 2en
who .arst saw the advantaco of rarlovin3 undosiraUes =ifi- re-
placins then by lisafeu people in foreisn businesses.
�azttin.,-; and his co1lect:72os - or the l'a!toi Low'
Association worked: upon both COliali12 naa 1:011arl3e0 � It Z:Z.Z;i3
be borne in uind that gem' 1::iriortant firz.s in T_Iellraul were
not in sone tioacixeo deponlent- upon the CD701:1a.11 a.:10.
Ger4s.n connection. 2,1110 tg.1.0 03010.3.3.7,7 true of tl-iu nuLl.cooLlo
houses$ inport anJ, export businesses, c.,0ency
and 2acterinc fir:1s, and transport and insurance coillpanies. A
larc;e part of llollandts shippiuz ana transit trade was' amo for
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COLTIQ;;;Ellt
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German account-. .,iherever a Dutch business man turned he found
himsolf faced with the problem of Germany*. ,./Ind or course this
vzaz particular17 true of the bks.
The �GorInan in liolland who was not menablo to the
dictation of Luttin:; and his -friends had no cAance. .-rhatever to
stay in business. No .was throatonod first of all with the loss -
of his passport.. -liore is a tiwoat so serious that hmericans,
citizens or a really frau. rofJoblic) can hardly grasp its im-
port. It puts a nan b erore those alternatives: either go b ack
to Germany, or declaro yourself a rofugoo am'. cut yoursolf off �
frau your country and your family at home. 'Tad this particular
Ce.enan a job .-wit'71 a oroan fir,a in .Tiolland? LO Wt.s fired auto-
matically. -Atli a Du.tch, firm? A word in the proper ear and
the an was out of work.. Was he th.6 agent of a .German princi-
pal? uttin, had only to write. to 3.oh1e, in -3erlin, ;.;'..??:,.'%; one X,
Rotterdam agent of tllo German firLi X, was nicht Zuverlo.ossig,
not trastworthg. A peremptory .note from, 1.3ohlo (party headquartors) to the .,3erman firm in cluostiOn, and Xts agoncy eon-
tract was imnodiatoly .rescinded. Viac the man proprietor of
his, own business`;' � As he -was a German, his business was sum
to have a Carman tas.s or connoction, .and ho was proMptly ruined.
.source of supply .was blocked, his credit 'line was withdrawn
by the banks, his narixt was closed to him. In one way or an-
other .the German in Kolland was -faced with this fira choicot
Com in with us or blor your brains. out! Vifth .colunnism has
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r7��
it trarle side OV01.1. 205.3 the aerivin; and I cannot but believe
that :any ado,3en;; ::lerztan. businesz z:Alan i riatin_Ailerica iz
to-day pia Inc a part 'lie leathee and of vaieh he atthayled.
t2horecAlor 7L112orcive add' .Z;hat I zay thit.3 without
partizanship. It i inply in the naturo of thins that not.
all the ''rel.):iilans in the worlc7. ,cai fail to sec tho. hideousness
of the ITs.zi reii.te, not all of thou can with to conspire
:acainst the whole world and te fools onouzb. to aroma of eon-
quorins it.
�:or 170.0- it Laich harder to c,;et at the Dutch, not
of eouroe in their strictly 3.;;r.tch enterprises, but 1,7-kterovol;
there waz any connoctioll. at all itii kriaany. .."lostze
Ifollandor who for years has hz..-.d a .profitablo connection.as
aisent :,:er a Ger.z.m.qi If his a-eneg wa valuable to
az in the case of a ..mlehincry C.letributor, Chi Yr4,1011.''', �772..,z.,.� an
3315
oil ilai-Jorter who sold hie product in the C-c.x.lan 1.:m.)2:ot -- that
in had absolutely to live in the oo raec of Thy.'3u.ttinz
:and his friends, or .z,:s,e out of, business. Buttins nicht be Till:3�
pielous of tb.o man, or not 111:0 his face, If se, he wbuld
whistle up one of his lieutenants.
"Get soillothinzo.so-and.-so for Ile," he would order;
and the lieutenant, havin3 interviowod a Gernan lad t:or::La:.; for ��
the asoneys would roport bad: that the Hollandor had Lipolcon
Zlifatinsly of the inforior ersatz tiatorialc.: coins into the
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"
S31,5
German product be handled, or that his wife went to a Jewish
dentist. 1YoU dontt believe that about the Jewish dentist? I
myself,- whovent to a Dutch -- not Jawidh -- barber, had to
endure reproaches from Butting because I did not give my trade
to, an inept German barber in The Hague.) When, soon after,
that agent was replaced, his successor was bound to be a
Hollander who knew which side his bread was buttered on. A
man who would do as he was told.
Nor would Butting hesitate .to put in an incompetent.
Hollander -7 if the man was a good Nazi and Useful to the Party.
The Dutch national-socialist leaderilussert# night drop a word
to some one in Berlin. Or it night b, les17Vi4 onningen who �,
spoke, MUssert's partner and rival -.�-� for all Nazis are at one
and the same time partners and rivals, standing shoulder to
shoulder against the world with their knives drawn, ready to
Cut each other's throat. The Dutehman would say to the German:
"Leek bore,' I have a wonderful fellow in Rotterdam,
a great Party worker. Hats down on his lack and needs a job.
See what you can do for him. It would. help us a let."
By the grapevine, the appeal would- reach Buttingts.
desk. In a couple, of months the Dutch Nazi would have boon
given a mall agency. His pals would think him a groat fellow --
yesterday unemployed, to-day representative of a .German firm,
no less l And he would say to his pals: "You see the sort of
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thing the Party could do for everybody If only. we got rid of
.thie anti Nazi government of ourst"
The reader can imagine that this Sort of dictation
to Dutch business. and disruption of Dutch business personnel
irritated and disturbed the Hollanders beyond telling. To
what lengths the kaZis in Holland wont I saw in the cas of
the great worldwide Dutch shipping agency, Willi
or
a: Co. This honorable firm had for-many years been agent in
'Dutch territory for a number of European. navigation companies,
including the German lines -.6 Hapag. and North German Lloyd.
When the Nazi fifth column got well Under way, and was going.
great guns, it was determined to inform the Muller Company.
that the personnel of its board of directors was unacceptable
to the Nazi. Government and would have to be changed. The pre..
'text was that the. Nazis could not halm "untrustworthy" people,
cote of them Jews, directing an agency which represented German
lines. I imagine that the MUlleritrose in. their wrath and told the
Nazis what' they could dot for no change *as made, NegotiationS
. went on for months, the Malers fighting the Nazis toe to too
and the last I heard about the case was that the Nazis had been
forced to give way at least to this eXtent, that they were begging
the Mullers to incorporate a Separate company for the German-lines
agency and set up a board of directors that would be half ruller
and half Nazi. If those negotiations dragzed out to May 1940,
then of course they came to nothing, and the Mullers were dic-
tated to by the invaders, not argued with.
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I may have hinted, meanwhile, that. Dr. Butting was
t the sort of man with whom the real leaders of Dutch busi-
ess would consent to /deal. /,mean by real leaders for
ex-
pie, Pentner
issingen,ithe. predecessor of Mr. Thomas
��nr
atson as President of the. International Chamber of Corn-
epee, and Mynheer Cron
uestioned probity and
another Hollander of un-
/ .
character. Not only were these men too
ntelligent and experienced in affairs to be impressed by a
tting, their good will was too necessary to. the Nazis for
...
Butting to be allowed to irritate them. Somebody with more
1g
reeding and distinction, with more subtlety, someone breath-
less fire against the capitalist system had to be used to
approach Hollanders of their quality and their circle. This
Was the work for which the Bureau Ribbentrop was cut out.
I
! . They were curious follows, the Ribbentrop men. Their
' �
principal characteristic was a comblnation of good breeding
I
With SOMB flaw or other that made them not quite suitable for
ty membership.. Rittfteister (cavalrycaptain)ickel, for
e ample, the Ribbentrop.man for Holland, had Jewish blood and
w si therefore not a Party member. He wore a glass in his.eye,
w s distinctly a "gentleman" and something of 6 swell, and the
w y in which he affected a tolerant contempt for the Nazis was
beth charming and impressive. "My dear fellow," he would say
in substance to the Dutchman of the Gorman-Netherlands Society,
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If
-61-
u
know of course that in Germany I dare not open my Mouth.
Bu here in Holland, and.to a Man like yeu, I can talk freely,
Biieve to when, speaking as a good German, I give ,you my word
that the Nazis are swine. Not all of them. Not all of them,
ma d you. The Fuehrer, after all is really a great man, a
gerkius. But practicalltall _01. them. Swine." And he would
oh t amiably on until the moment came for him to slip into
hi discourse the falsehood Wwanted you to be impressed.by
an to repeat everywhere. "War?" It would come forth. "War,
my dear chap? Impossible. I know for .a fact that the Nazis
he enft got eight days' oil sullipply in Germany. How can they
e war?" And he weUld add hastily: ."But for heaventS sake,
do It tell anybody I said sol It's aS much as my life is worth
to be talking like this." It is a fact that Captain Wiekel
ac. ally made this statement about oil in late August 1930,
one week before Ribbentrop ProVeked the second *world war. A
Fentner or a Crena might know c)c) much to believe it; but most
of the members Of the German-Netherlands Society were.not of
their class, and they were impressed.
.Those big Dutch business men whose affairs were con-
stantly being threatened with 'Incompetent intruders foisted
upoin them by_the Wickels.and tbe Buttingst had bUt.Onemeans
of defense: .They were obliged to cultivate the Party leaders in
Germany in order to be able to go over the heads of these
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Kao find a L'elitnor, a Grona nin to nain-
to.iry. Er:Loudly .relations with ttibbentrop, with chacht and 'later
vith� :7.es3, with 2,011le (assl subordinate and -,7,uttlar,f
sw)erior). They he.a to be able to cp to Zerlin and ar:ue
that the nicehlef-zialzesre iauct be called off and the protent
thoy invariably savo vac.3 one that invariably Worizocl. "If this.
Le :)co:iifted," 12ontnc,,r could say, ?.-d.our Dutch business nut
irievitably sufror, and your inoono in -Dutch *sunders raust
evitably dwindle." �io one thinc that the 2.aois wore shortor
oE tb.an anytilik; els� was foreirm....aeanz of payaent, sound in-.
ternational currencies lihe the 7;u_ilder, the atios franc, the
� voitad c:60:Aina, r. ho dollar. 6nly with such eurvencios
eoula they pay each for essential lazorts in those' la UV ICS of
linitod.'r.Aates. for ezzauple � where they hd
been unable to avrarue barter afsroeLlents and had no credits.
Thus, up to a point at /oast, the laic; Dutch. business tlen
but only the bio ones had e. liode of defense they could cot
ar,!,aiust the
Ii f.ellown it,en thio tho..t tkore was soriethin3 ex.cus-
nlo in the appeaoK1c.),nt policy of the Vontners and their .1:Lid,
and. in their endeavco toremp.in on !:30ed terms .with the 1:azi
5.1hey wantal no ,,-.7ar; they strove sincerely to provomt
dictu.rbanses to the -world at law:e; they too!: no pleasure
those strivin,73 or r.rot the .0,ontacts they had to naintaln with
Berlin. o nay Sreoly c:oant that .they wanted 11c:taco quite ac
9315
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AlOW f L 11.
ITIAL
much because they were patriotic Hollanders, who know that
trade was the life blood of the Dutch people, as because they
had a nrivate material stake in the continuance of the exist-
ing order. They took, perhaps without realizing it, almost
exactly the line that tho Germanbusiness men themselves had
taken from 1932 on. But, as in the case of the German -business
men, the results seem to indicate that these Hollanders were
guilty of poor judgment. They had said to themselves that oven
if the worst came, even if the Nazis took them over, Dutch
workmen would at any rate have employment; they, the loaders
of Dutch business, would at any rate be taken into partnership
by the Nazis; and tho Now Order in which they kept their place
would at least net be communism, and might net be very different
from the existing order. But they ware wrong on three counts.
� First, the pickings loft by the Nazis to their part-
ners whether Germanbusiness mn or others � are small
pickings indeed. Secondly, for a first class business man, a
decent income, even a largo income, is not enough. The memory
that ho who is new tied to the tail of the Nazi cart was once
a free agent, free to exorcise his talent, his imagination,
and his energy as the true head of his business, is bound to
gnaw at the vitals of any big man caught in the Nazi machine,
and make his life miserable. To the smaller executive, the
man used to carrying out the big manes orders it makes less
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�
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�
difference; a:ad we coo as a nil� that it is -Lao third rate,
or the. third rank executive. who is and remains an entllurflautic
or Pascist szralathiser.. But of tile really bit:, unn thifl
is. not true. by olze did iiriiigh-,y'ssc,Nn run away fren his
country and his enormous family business'? Thyssen fled be-,
cause he was I-.-itherins- away with the unhappiness o; seeinz.
incompetent liazis crowded into his raanafsoment by a corrupt
and alreedy.GOveramen.tal" :.;anz,; was bound hand. and foot, help.!
loss to rescue tly.:It prodicious, that in a. way beautiful str_Lc-
turo, the United .Stool ';orks of Germany, frex:l the r1i4l hat
.he saw t':-..,roatonin3 it at tlie hands of t'ilat war-nonerin:-' mon-
strosity, the Last Party, whieh. he had� been .17:1-prudent enoujfia
to finance as a bulwark acainst cofzun.icra.
And the third point is this, that the ilazip will
slarely be ovarti3rown before .-ever they and their junior part-
� ners shall erect a liew Order and bet:An to enjoy the fruits of
their victories of 13,10-ell. It does net -matter that
the ;-.7oviet liussians ay bc,, too weak for thou. It does not -
natter that the united States ay net jump into war witts. )oh
Loot, 511Cil circacstances would hasten, the nazi ova row; but
that overnrow will cone in any case,
Those who assume that the Lazis riay found an endurinz
ordor forset entirely what the peoples of urope are. The
peoples of Luropc.: are far t oe advanced in civilization, too
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COOPID
9315
solf-respectinc, and indepontent in spirit, too and
inze1lo7,10 to re-,afa i'or any oisnliicallt lonsth ok tho
slaves of a l'iow ("fedev rfaicA t_to, to bo -oent apon
enslaveNent.� The 1.Yol,ean3 arc not co,Ltle arid -.1nouL,12ectinz
Je0,h So Islioio.J:_zey have sJea befe, caft they
know very well Uhat cha3ns are no Iwrobracoleto and noe.-
laces. ",e4o'; are not 4edfucins'ilelpless ainst
fireamm. They tnemselvoz havo forod firearms; and as soon
az t:ey have :7�ot their second wind they will ficjht this ty-
rant with all the recourcofolnoso that the mind of civilized
scan can colziand. Thor will borTin, by sabotasinc, and they ,
will end by uestroyinf., noir ITazi rotors.
Anybody, Corn= or non-Geran, evlo7er or worker,
who has IPA hi tonoy on tile lazi hors� 13 bound to lose it.
lot 1,ocause Luroc,oan man has theories about liberty a,d do-
Locrac7, not bocause he bothers his head to reAenbe the
strnxles of the nast in wIlich his liberty end his di-nity
vere deo-deratoly von. Thoorios of Ilistory Co not concern
and I am not discpssinc than. I alzdiccuozin: a reality,
which is this: Unknown to t:lomsolves,--to the poasant, ti(o
laborer, Vac, clerk, the nochanic� the
there lives within thou a spirit that is already oazrinc to
Thoro Is some dirt wo will not eat!" It is that
irit that will overt:71m ilitler as it overthrow
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pita iazi censordip, we are already hearins-
the voice of that spirit fr:4a every country of Lurope, and
we should bear it from Cormans in Germany if the Uazi war
clamor did not drown it out. Sooner or later, that voice will
say what fora of covernnent these menshall live under. Paid
it will not be the aiipoact,orwho will be consulted about that
form oe covernnent, ioteocazse the appeaserts "class enemies"
will deny hiu a rifrit to a voice, but because the patriotic
mubers of his own class will brudh Ic it to be
thouht that the Czechs in =Ile, the Poles in exile, the Free
rend, the .Serbs in exile, the Uormans in exile willwolcome
into. any restweJ covernment of Europe those of their cot-
patriots w_o Sacciubed to the ilazi lure, or sold out their
peoples to the Ictzi power? Uhen.Lurope is ,restored to freedom
it will be even clearer -than it is now that the nan of property
has but one lone interest, and it is to ficht with his people
aranst the nzl .deoination. Only then will his people accord
him a S;Aaro in the world to be restorod; and only thon, out of
respect for him, out of recoznition of his patriotiamt,will his
people fizht with, Ilia acLinst.all other forces that seek to im-
pose recInmntation and serfdoauponmankind. It is not by the.
razis that the an of property will be preserved from comuniszt.
If be IG wise and loyal, hi S Own workers will preserve him.
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93
- OONFID
I have still somethihg to add, both by. way of summary
and conclusion., And concerning' myself !and My kind.
� 'Nadi fifth columnism is a three-ring circus, built one
ring inside the next. The innermost ring is represented by the
,normal espionage and Intelligente service of the military eStab-
1
lishment common to all governments. The middle ring Is the Nazi
party organization with its af iliated agencies operating on
foreign Soil. And the outermost ring LS the soeio-ecenomic sit-
uation of thesWerkera and bueihess men ih-the non-German country
. I
where the Nazi spieS and fifth columnists are at work..
Against the Innermost ring t .e sole remedy is a first
class Counter-espionage Service.. This might seem to the reader
too obvious to be worth saying!, but if we look at the Dutch!
�
Government in the years .1939 alnd 1939, if we read the book Of
the Dutch foreign minister pubithed in 1941� we are bound to.
say to ourselves .that to men as intelligent as the Dutch, it !
was not obvious at all. Mynheer van Kleffens admits that his
people did not know who Jonathan" was; yet � B. drove a car with
a Dutch diplomatic license plaie, hobnobbed with the leadere of
German business in Holland, scutinlzed every square toot or the
country, crossed the,qerman-,Dutch frontier by motor innumerable
1
times. Where was the Dutch coUnter-espionage bureau? Why did
they not know what was going Oh In house No. 2? Why were they
not aware that a radio transmitter was installed in its attic.
One wonders If they knew, even, that the Dutch police itself-
in particular the Amsterdam *ice commissioner�would Oh..pcea-
sion hand over German refugees to the Gestapo without the formal-
ity of extradition papers..
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- 7
Against the middle ring the remedy Is of two kinds.
First, defensive: So long as the Nazis rule Germany, aller-
ganitations of German pationere in a non..German country,iftwo.
thior open or camouflaged as. chowder and marching clubs, must
be outlawed, even the most innocent inAppearanee, The offi-
cers and the purposes of such organizations are in one eases
innocent individuals, but they are nevertheless tools employed
to fulfill Nati ends, and the original purpottes have been per..
VerteCto those ends. Seeond,:offensIVe: The government must
be strong enough* sure enough of Itself,. well enough aware of
its awn true Interest, to smash every secret Nazi organization
of Whioh it gets wind, In the ease of Holland / cannot believe
that the Buts& did not at least Suspect What the German citi-
zens' Ansociation was, and what Dr. Buttingta role Was; and I
am bound to believe that they shut their eyes voluntarily, out
of fear and out of total misjudgment of their own true Interest.
AS for the outermost. ring, a:nation whose social and
()canonic house is in order will not need to fear that its own
nationals ,will willingly collaborate with foreign fifth colum.
nists. When orders. are flowing on the order books, and work�
eit are opening weekly pay envelopes, neither employers nor
emleyed will take time to listen to subversive talk on the
radio or on the atreetw.dorner, or to discuss among themselves
that ought to be done about "the situation.," This ia.the basic,
.tho'fundamental problem. A healthy society is immune to fifth
celimon poiaonj a 41.01.4 eeelety:will be. killed by
,As for me personally, I am a German refugee. Not a
Jewish refugee, Not an involuntary refugee, Had 'I Chosen, I
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might have remained for many years in that diplomatic sorties*
in which I represented first the German Republic and then the
Third Reich until the war broke out in September 1939. Why /
chose otherwise is a story I shall tell another. day.
There are two reasons for the publication 6f What 11
know about Nazi fifth columnism. The first is that I wanted
to show who the fifth columnists are, and to show that by and
large there are no bona fide German refugees among them.
�
Certainly there are fake refugees in the Nazi spy system.
Certainly there are occasional weaklings who, being refugees,'
have nevertheless allowed themselves to be bribed or black-
mailed into serving the Nazis. But these regrettable circumm,1
stances cannot be hold and should not be held against the
great mass of honorable bona fide refugees living abroad.
Secondly, I seek to dissipate fear of the Nazi
fifth column. Not that it is ineffectual. Far from it. My
story shows in considerable detail how extraordinarily effect.*
ive it was in the Netherlands. But what men really fear is tho-
unknown, and what I seek to do is to tear the veil from this
particular unknown. It is only when facts are revealed that
measures can be taken against them. And when find our-
selves taking measures against the enemy, he ceases to be a
bogeyman, and We.dease to fear him,. We no longer tremble
about who may be hidden undw,.the bed: we drag him out And
beat him over the head,
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Approved for Release: 2016/07/22 C06520290
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� Tho whole iJea of ilfn Is a u??oat boon
*Jo-the lazio4 It Lat.= Cjiworl: casir4?. $2.1jato'As
rosi; of wxold. It c,ivoa lnioresoloa. of a t2K)
nocrot wea2on af'ainot thoro s a3 CAefonne.
joicon :Itler boco, b cactin.,:; r.:J*Icioa upon over or
rofuLpo, It cril?i4160 and paralyson t-no rowers 02 tliese l'ae1u,2peo
an(a.ozoor1ono0 of :",apisrtral-rht bo rnefeA to Vae
authoritIo o So land In which tAo fifth colurmlbt�lo o�t
Pinally, I co: to e=pono tho..eriior In tho noon
tnat the nazi successes nvo to proauct '7)2c tapeadonsly of-
ficient and wloottl-ruianin: orcakAzation a3ainst thlea tIle boot
rwiod7 io an ov.cAly Obapondals 1-less of buroans, eon
sowleon, ,c.%-endlo:3, cad VI� 11:::e� o encnoiV2o,
atos.7.0 is not; t7,1012, ofil_e_ency (tii'ml0.1 X will oxouf,t fian. thls
tho Gbnoval Staff In its stvictly professional
1=1 ottionzn; nr..;7r faaaVeal tills th-Ar Ureic= :,a,c-'st-
e!or cohcon'6rat3.o2 -ipon objectives w_tIch co 4ot the cb-
jectives of or daily life but aro tho objoet:Woo of
Cailw ilayfc w)r to do, c1 o
of yaw is to -0-c11 an au=illar: nuloane0.2or c4-.7vn :-?7; g_o-
�����.I�
vox. Lt Tdto al)avt fr3n ';;11.t.) c.toot,lon of war,. :0�,1,5:
aca:Inot .t1-10:::. lc to worh as hard to �En.7:0 L7,4m fro� no
b11047 vor:: 'L;o oIavoo,!, bAlovo as7acolomtay that
do:zooracy d0foi4incac Uloy 7:,o12.0vo it worbi.l. do-
oi;royInce Only out of tlao otrivInc aml out of tils :.asslon
can eom a natIon that will surolj .bo
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Approved for Release: 2016/07/22 C06520290
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Approved for Release: 2016/07/22 C06520290