JPRS ID: 10192 USSR REPORT ENGINEERING AND EQUIPMENT

• Document Type: CREST
• Collection: JPRS
• Document Number (FOIA) /ESDN (CREST): CIA-RDP82-00850R000400080047-8
• Release Decision: RIF
• Original Classification: U
• Document Page Count: 150
• Document Creation Date: November 1, 2016
• Sequence Number: 47
• Publication Date: December 16, 1981
• Content Type: REPORTS

FOR OFFICIAL USE ONLY
JPRS L/10192
16 December 1981
ERRE.TTJM: This cover should be substituted for cover on JPRS L/10192 of 16 December 1981 USSR Report ENGINEERING AND EQUIPMENT (PoliO 12/81).
USSR Report
ELECTRONICS AND ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING
CFOUO 12/81)
I FBIS I FOREIGN BROADCAST INFORMATION SERVICE
FOR OFFICIAL USE ONL’’
RELEASE: Thursday, June

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FOR OFFICIAL US ONLY
JPRS L/10192
16 December 1981
USSR REPORT
ELECTRONICS AND ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING
(FOUO 12/81)
CONTENTS
CERTAIN ASPECTS OP PHOTOGRAPHY, MOTION PICTURES AND TELEVISION
Experimental Thtee—M&-rix Color Television Carera Using
Ctarge—Coupled Devices With 580x532 Elements. ................. 1
COMMUNICATIONS, COMMUNICATION EQUIPMENT, RECEIVERS AND
T’ANSMITTERS, NETWORKS, RADIO PHYSICS, DATA TRANSMISSION
ANT) PROCESSING, INFORMATION THEORY
Improving Noise Inniunity of Pulse—Time Aircraft
Instrument Landing Systems. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . a • a • . a . a a a a a • • 16
Parameter Substantiation Technique for Electromagnetic
Interference Simulators . . . . . . . . . 22
Applying Posinomial Estimate to Efficiency Determination
of Equipment With High Electromagnetic Coinpatability
Indicators . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .,. . . 27
MICROELECThONICS
Magnetically Tuned Semiconductor Microwave Devices....... .. . .. . ....... 30 PUBLICATIONS, INCLUDING COLLECTIONS OF ABSTRACTS
Analog Integrated Circuits . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . a . . . • . . . 38
Annotation and Abstracts From the Journal ‘HIGH—VOLTAGE
TECHNOLOGY’ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . •. 43
Annotation and Abstracts from Collection ‘Imp’oving
Tractional Electric—Drive and Power Supply Systems’... .... ........... 48
— a — [III — USSR — 21E S&T FOUO]
FOR OFFICJAI USE ONLY
ihursday, June 18,
- OOO4OOO8G

FOR OFFICIAL USE ONLY
Annotation and Abstracts Fror.i Journal ‘NETHODS AND DEVICES
FORPRODUCTNGMTDPROCESSINGR.ADIOSIGNALS’.......................... 57
Annotation and Abstracts Fiom Collection ‘Methods and Means
for Optimization of Electromechanical Elements and Systc’s’.......... 63
Annotation and Abstracts From Collection ‘Physics of
Semiconductor Materials and Devices’................................ 70
CryogenicE1ectronicsinMarifleRadiOEqUiPmeflt.............. 76
Design and Production Technology for Microelectronic Digital
Measuring Instruments . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 80
Digital Information Transmission Via Low—Speed
Communication Channels . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . • . • . • . . • . . • • . . , . . • . . • • . • . 84
Electrical Engineering fIardbook......... .. . ... . . .. ... . .. .............. 88
Impurities And PointDefects inSeiniconductors........................ 100
Neuristor And Other Functional Circuits With Volume Coupiing........... 104
Non—Descructve Test Methods To Detect u1ty Radi’
Equipment . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • 109
Nn1inea Hydroacoustics . ...•..• •....•e••••e•eee•••••• 113
Operation ot Radio Systems ...•e••••••• •.....••••a•••e•••••e 118
Precision Standard Time Services ........................... 122
Problems of Radio Signal Processing.................... ....... 127
RadiocoTmnunicatiOfl Channels for ASU TP .................. 129
Reflector Scanning Antennas. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 132
Secondary Power Supplies for Radio Electronic Equipinent................ 136
Semiconductor Multiplier Diodes .. . . . .. . .. .... .. 140
Square—Wave Generators on MOS Elements... ........ 143
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I.’;0]
-b —
FOR OFF!CJAL USE ONLY
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FOR OFFICIAL US ONLV
CERTAIN ASPECTS OF PHOTOGRAPHY,
MOTION PICTURES AND TELEVISION
UDC 621.397.61:621.397.132
EXPERIMENTAL THREE-MATRIX COLOR TELEVISION CAMERA USING CHARGE-COUPLED DEVICES WITH
580x532 ELEMENTS
Moscow TEKHNII(A KINO I TELEVIDENIYA in Russian No 6, Jun 81 pp 30-38
[Article by Ye. V. Kostyukov, A. N. Markov, N. K. Mi].enin, B. Ya. Nepomnyashchiy, Ye. A. Polonskiy and A. D. Tishchenko, All—Union Scientific Research Institute of Television and Radio Broadcasting]
[Text] Much progress has been made here and abroad recently in developing large- format matrices of charge—coupled devices (CCD), making it possible to
use them for building models of all-semiconductor one-, two- and three-matrix color TV cameras [1, 4—8].
In the USSR we have developed both p- and n—channel large—format CCD matrices with irame transfer of charges and 580x532 elements [3]. These matrices are capable of operation at the 625—line standard and contain a storage section, memory section and output register (Figure 1) with three—phase electrode systems in the form of a three-layer, part],y overlapped polysilicon structure in which the electrodes of a single phase match up with each layer of polysilicon , which makes it possible to improve the technological effectiveness of CCD fabrication [2, 3]. The area of the storage section is 9.5x12.8 m, and that of the memory section 6.7x12.8 mi. The overall size of the crystal is 17.8x14.7 sin.
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—1—
Figure 1. Diagram of I,arge.-Format CCD Matrix With 58Ox532 Elements
Key:
FOR OFFICIAL USE ONLY
1. Storage section
2. F 1, 2, 3
st
3. Memory section
4. F 1,2,3
mem
5. Output register
6. F 1,2,3
reg
7. Shutter
8. Background charge input
9. Output
(1)
Ceiu wonneMaR
12g0%532)
(3)
cexuui
,lcMgmu
(29OJ2)
(5)
APPROVED FOR RELEASE: Thursday, June 18, 2009: CIA-RDP82-00850R000400030047..8

i.e
relative
2. 7k., run
ft flflfl
— nfl
FOR OFFICIAL USE ONLY
The image elements in the storage section measure 33x24 1im, in the memory section 24x24 1m, and in the output register 24x80 1im. Surface channels are used for charge transfer in the matrices. The CCD matrices which have been developed are assembled in a cermet case with 32 leads.
‘Saturation exposure with respect to light response amounts to about 0.03 lux•sec for the large-format matrices. The typical spectral response curve of the CCD riatrices is shown in Figure 2. The sharp drop in the blue region of the spectrum is caused by the absorption of light in the polysilicon electrodes, the 0.5_jim thickness of which is in accordance with the specified value of their resistance. The rate of charge transfer from storage section to memory section is governed by the time constant of the RC electrode system. A high rate. of charge transfer can lead to a darkening of the image in the center of the scanning pattern if the elec.trode system has bilateral power supply. Hence, RC is predetermined, and when C=(12-16)lO3pF the thickness of the electrodes, practically, can not be less than 0.5 un.
(1)
Figure 2.
Key:
0.2
Spectral Response Curve of a 580x532—Element CCD Matrix
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.500 700 1100 A MtI (2)
The inefficiency of charge transfer in the output register at an operating frequency of 10 MHz amounts to e = 6.1O, which leads to a difference of the frequency contrast characteristics (FCC) of the matrices at the left and right edges of the scanning pattern. On the left edge of the scanning Dattern, where inefficiency of charge transfer can be ignored, a decline is observed :i the FCC due to finite geometrical size of the elements, diffusion of charge carriers, an irregularity in the matrix output apparatus and so on (Figure 3).
The output apparatus of th’ large format CCD matrices has two outputs——primary and compensating. The output apparatus has a floating diffusionregion:tnthe primary channel and also integrated MOS—transistors for charge clearing, and integrated outflow repeaters in both the primary and compensating channels. The compensating channel is used for suppressing the interference from the operating pulses in the primary channel.
The functional diagram of a developed and fabricated experimental model color TV camera using three native large fotmat matrices (with 58Ox532 elements) is shown in Figure 4. Signals from the output transistors of the matrices 5 are read by
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preamplifiers 9 and fed to the inputs of balancing amplifiers 10, in which occur video signal coupling, black level regulation, supplemental amplification and compensation of light diffusion. The amplified signal goes to regulated amplifiers 11, which effect operation of the white level automatic balance system; thereafter, the signals pass through gamma correction units 15, limiters and blanking circuits
16. In the R and B channels the signals are handled in a 1.5-MHz band whereas, in the C channel, including the balancing amplifiers, the full bandwidth——5 MHz——is
Figure 3. FCC of a CCD Large Format Matrix at an Operating Freqeuncy of 10 MHz
Key:
1. Left edge of image
2. Center
3. Right edge
4. f, MHz
Li 1 2 3 4 S 6fWIU(4)
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________________ ________________ 1;0]
maintained, and just ahead of the buffer amplifier 14 the signal goes through a low pass filter 12 with a pass band of 1.5 MHz. The G signal is used to form the high frequency part of the signal, and the aperture correction signal is also formed from it in aperture corrector 13. The high frequency part of the C signal and the aperture correction signal are added to the R, C and B low frequency signals in summing amplifiers 17.
A preamplifier schematic is shown in Figure 5. The purpose of the preamplifiers is amplification of the useful signal and suppression of switching interference. The CCD outputs are the outputs of FET’s, one of them carrying a signal and switching noise and the other switching noise only. The signals from the matrix outputs proceed across decoupling repeaters VT1 and VT2 to the inputs of differential amplifier Al which suppresses synphase switching noise. Amplifier Al is an operational amplifier (200 V/psec, amplification factor 3000). This amplifier is loaded on a fifth order Cauer low pass filter, from the output of which the signal proceeds across emitter repeater !T3 to the video processing board. To reduce stray currents the preamplifiers are enclosed in shields and positioned next to the CCD matrices. The output signal from the preamplifiers has an amplitude of 200-300 mV.
The balancing amplifiers (Figure 6) perform a number of functions including amplification and coupling of the signal to the black reference level. It is usually not possible to isolate information on the black level during a horizontal quenching pulse because of the differential reading of the signal from the CCD matrices and the dependence of the blanks’ level on the control system for the matrices. Hence, coupling of the signal is performed at the black level derived from blacked out elements. Several elements on each line are covered up for the purpose. This method of coupling does have one defect however. Between the crystal face and the
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The foundation of amplifier Al in C ing from field to VT2, to which the
FOR OFFICIAL USE ONLY
Key:
Figure 4. Functional Diagram of the Three—Matrix Color TV Camera
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1.
350PF 7-lA lens
11.
Regulating amplifiers
for automatic
2.
Infrared filter
white balance system
3.
Color-separating prism
12.
Low pass filter
4.
Neutral light filters
13.
High frequency signal
shaper and
5.
CCD large format matrices
aperture corrector
6.
Output pulse amplifiers—switches
14.
Buffer amplifier
(drivers)
15.
Gaxmna correction units
7.
Apparatus for CCD matrix control
16.
Limiters and blanking
circuits
8.
Master oscillator and synchroni-
17.
Summing amplifiers
zation system
18.
Color monitor
9.
Preamplifiers
19.
Automatics systems
10.
Balancing amplifiers
20.
Diaphragm drive
protective glass of the matrix case is a gap through which light comes in part way under the darkening strip, leading to a distortion of the “black” level. An illuminatioH compensating circuit is used to reduce the8e distortions. From here on it is proposed to apply a darkening coating directly Co the CCD matrix crystal.
Beside’; coupling and amplifying, the balancing amplifiers also perform gain switching from field to field. The switching is necessary because the levels of the signals in adjacent fields are unequal. In the first field the signal buildup takes place at the electrodes of only the first phase, but in the second field it occurs simultaneously at the electrodes of the second and third phases.
the balancing amplifier (Figure 6) is a broad band operational channel; a 574UD1 can be used in R and B channels. Gain switch- field is done by a divi&r R2, R8 controlled by a switch on FET field frequency pulses go. The coupling circuit is made from
FOR OFFICIAL USE ONLY
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(1)
Key:
Figure 5.
The Preamplifier Circuit
1. Part number at VT]. and VT2 is KP3O3Ye
2. Cpacitive feedback, identified in text
(2) “ R? (1.)
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I
4;0]
(3)
Key:
Figure 6.
1. Input
2. Field frequency pulses
3. Clamping pulses
The Balancing Amplifier Circuit
4. KP3O3B
5. KP3O3Ye
6. Output
7. Illumination compensation
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operational amplifier A2, a type 153UD6. A switch on FET VT3 is opened by a shifted clamping pulse at the beginning of an active line. The signal level corresponding to the black strip is stored at capacitor C4. This signal is compared with zero potential and amplified by operational amplifier A2. The amplified error signal goes to the inverting input of amplifier Al. The operational amplifier A3, a type 153UD6, performs the functions of illumination compensation and black level regulation. Regulation of the black level R18 is accomplished by means of a disPlacement applied to the inverting input, and the compensation signal is formed via integration at capacitor C5. The degree of compensation is regulated by resistor R20. Amplifier A3 produces an error signal which is applied to the input of amplifier Al, and FET VT1 cuts off the compensation signal for the time of the c.upling operation.
Signals having an amplitude of 2 V and coupled to the black level from the balancing amplifier outputs go to amolifiers with a regulated amplificatior factor (Figure 7).. The regulating element in the amplifiers is a 525PS1 four—square multiplier. The signal from collector loads RiO, Ru is picked up by broadband operational amplifier A2 and then passed to the automatics system. This system compares R, G, and B signals and produces error signals. The error signals proceed across a divider R9, R12, inputting into a feedback circuit, to the amplifier’s controlling input. Resistor R8 establishes the nominal gain and the range of automatic balance. At the circuit output the signal output is 5 V, which is ample for normal operation of the very simple gamma correction unit employing resistive dividers and diodes. The signal, processed by the gamma correction unit, proceeds across the black-and-white-levels-limiters circuit (Figure 4). The hybrid integrated circuit of the limiters provides white level limitation of 2 V, black level of 60 mV, and also performs the blanking operation. After these operations, the high frequency part of the signal and the aperture correction signal are introduced into the R’, GT and BT low frequency signals. The summing is performed in broadband perational amplifiers with powerful output stages.
The formation of the high frequency portion of the R, G and B signals and the aperture correction signal takes place in the aperture correction unit (Figure 8). The C signal (5 MHz band) goes to the input of this cascade from the output of the balancing amplifier. The broadband signal passes across a delay line and a low pass filter with a pass band of 1.5 MHz. The high frequency portion of the signal is formed by operational amplifier Al as the difference between the bioadband and narrow band signals. For noise reduction purposes this signal is processed by a minimum limiter made up of transistors VT1 and VT2. Ihe aperture correction signal is generated..by operational amplifier A2 and is likewise limited with respect to minimum (VT3 and VT4). The correction unit includes provision for regulating the degree of correction by means of resistive dividers. The high frequency and aperture correction signals are added to the R’,G and B low frequency signals in summing amplifiers.
The drop in the FCC of the CCD matrices is caused by aperture distortions which crop up due to the ultimate geometrical dimensions of the image elements, by the integrating properties of the output apparatus, by inefficiency of charge transfer [9] and so on. The circuits in Figure 8 are not sufficient for total FCC correction. The model therefore includes additional correction circuits. Since an equivalent circuit of the output apparatus can be represented, accurately enough, as an integrating RC circuit, an FCC drop attributable to output apparatus deficiency can
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—6—
FOR OFFICIAL USE ONLY
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(l)
Key:
1. Video input
2. Output
Figure 7. Circuit of Amplifier With Regulated Amplification Factor
3. Output to automatics system
4. Balance voltage input
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I;0]
Key:
Figure• 8.
1. Input, f 5 MHz
2. Input, f 1.5 MHz
Circuit of the Aperture Correction Unit
3. High frequency output
4. Aperture correction output
can be corrected by a capacitive feedback (c*) in operational amplifier Al of the preamplifier (Figure 5). The circuits for corrections of the FCC drop attributable to inefficiency of charge transfer are examined in detail in [9, 10]. In these circuits the amplitude of the correction signal added to the primary signal is automatically regulated according to the sawtooth (or a more complex) law, depending on the number of charge transfers from a given image element to the output apparatus.
To form pulse trains with a variable PRF, common reference frequency f0=29.75 MHz. cuits for the control of the CCD matrices
use is made of circuits dividing one A functional diagram of the logic cir— and part of the synchronizing generator
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;1] ii .1.1 -IV1 -I W’i -— .J -i • ii -7vrr rTi .. .
4;0]
(19)
Ci:cuits for CCD Matrix Control
Figure 9. Functional Diagram of the Logic
Key:
1. Crystal master oscillator (f0=29.75 MHz)
2. Frequency dividers (D:7, f0=4.25 MHz)
3. Synchronization system (fcmp0r0ntal frequency, f= field frequency, fK=frame frequency)
4. Pulse train shaper
5. Frame quenching pulses
6. Horizontal quenching pulses
7. Commutator
8. Three-phase generator for vertical charge transfer
9. Distributor
10. 290-counter
11. Reset
12. Automatic centering gs
13. Three-phase generator for horizontal charge transfer
14. Shaper of pulses for matrix memory section control
15. Shaper of pulses for matrix storage section control
16. Buffer apparatus
17. Pulse amplifiers
l3. CCD’s CR, G and B)
19. Outputs: a, to SECAM coder; b, t automatics systems; c, to video processor
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is presented in Figure 9. A crystal stabilized master oscillator built on a K1LB313 microcircuit operates at the frequency f0=29.75 MHz, equal to triple the frequency of charge transfer from the horizontal registers (fTfOI3) and the seventh harmonic of the subcarrier frequency f0=f0/7=4.25 MHz of the SECAM color TV system. The frequency which is the master frequency for the synchronizing generator and is used in the SECAN coder, is formed by a division of the reference frequency by seven, performed by j-k flip—flops K531TV9P (a TTh with Schottky diodes).
The three-phase generator of pulses for control of the horizontal registers is a circular shift register using j-k flip—flops K531TV9P and is controlled by operational frequencies of f0.The phase is set at the start of each line by horizontal quenching pulses. At the output of this generator are formed three 120°—offset pulse trains for control of the phases of the horizontal registers; the PRF is fT—f0/3. By a conjunction of the second and third phase pulses, performed by a 159LK1 microcircuit, the generator also forms a sequence of short pulses intended for control of the reset key of the output apparatus CR8).
A background charge (“bold—face” zero) is introduced in order to lower the ineff 1— ciency of charge transfer in the output registers. For this purpose constant opening potentials are applied to the input going to the input gates of the horizontal registers. To avoid nonuniformity of background charge input from line to line, which shows up on the image in the form of periodic horizontal bands, there is provision f or horizontal phasing of the three phase generator for control of the output registers.
The number of horizontal elements chosen for the CCD matrices was 532. However, at the operating frequency t=0/, the charges from only 516 elements get into the output apparatus from the horizontal registers during the 52—psec active part of a line. The charges of the other 16 elements are taken out at the time of the horizontal quenching pulses. This was done in order to check the operation of the system for automatic image centering and to evaluate the advisability of using it in three-matrix color TV cameras. It is proposed later to shield part of these 16 elements on each line from light by means of a protective mask right on the crystal for the purpose of ensuring stable coupling to the black level.
From the output of the three phase generator for control of the horizontal registers, each of the pulse trains which have been formed proceeds to the inputs of three parallel distributing 159LK1 microcircuits where they are gated and then applied across a one-input pulse switch to the appropriate contact of the CCD matrix in channels R, G or B.
The synchronization system combines the actual synchronizing generator, the pulse section of the SECAN coding apparatus, a shaper of signals for controlling the pulse—digital automatics systems and also a shaper of auxiliary pulse sequences for apparatus controlling the storage and memory sections of the CCD matrices. The synchronization system generates pulse trains in accordance with GOST 7845-72 (for the parameters of the synchronization signals) and GOST 19432—74 (for the parameters of the color TV signals), including the signals for receiver synchronization, the mixture of quenching pulses, horizontal quenching pulses,
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frame quenching pulses, horizontal driving pulses, frame driving pulses, horizontal clamping pulses, and the pulse trains neded to operate the SECAM coder and the automatics systems.
The frequency fov=272Xfstr425 MHz goes to the input of the synchronizing generator. Double the horizontal frequency, 2fstr,is produced by a /136 divider consisting of series—connected /17 and /8 dividers. By dividing the frequency 2str by 625 via four series—connected /5 dividers, the field frequency f=5O Hz is produced. The horizontal linc.. frequency str and the frame frequency k are obtained by dividing 2str and f, respectively, by 2.
The horizontal frequency pulse trains (horizontal quenching, driving, clamping etc.) are formed by means of flip-flops to whose counter inputs is applied a meander of frequency str, and to whose regulating inputs are applied various combinations of signals out of the pattern of frequencies generated by the /136 divider. The frame. driving pulse and frame quenching pulse are generated by flip-flops to whose counter inputs is applied a meander of the field frequency f, and to whose regulating• inputs are, applied signals from the pattern of frequencies generated by. the /625 divider. The other pulse trains are formed in a simi!ar manner. The complex signals needed to control the SECAN coding apparatus are produced by means of additional scaling circuits.
TTL-logic microcircuits (155IYe, K1TK582 and the like) are used in the high frequency input stages of the synchronization system, whereas at lower frequencies, starting from 8str’ CMOS—logic microcirciits (series 164 and 176) are used. Type 158LA8 TTL circuits with open collector are used as level translators.
The timing diagrams of the pulses f or control of the storage and memory sections of CCD matrices with frame transfer of charges are well known Cli, 12] and are not included here. Charges in the first field are accumu1atec at the electrodes of the first phase and, in the second field, at the second and third phase (or second phase only) electrodes. The electrodes of phases not used for charge storage in a given field have a voltage applied to them and the surface layer of the semiconductor then has a concentration of base carriers, which reduces the rate of charge spreading (image blurring) under local exposure to light. During fly—back there are 290 charge transfers from storage section to memory section. A charge in the memory section during forward horizontal scan is stored at the second phase electrodes. For the line-by-line output of the information from the memory section to the output register during fly—back, the pulses of one of the three—phase trains (PRF f0/24 or OV’48 are applied to the electrodes of the phases of the memory section.
The three-phase generator of pulses for vertical transfer of charges is a circular register using j-k flip-flops (TTL). Via a commutator, the generator is cont;:olled during frame quenching pulses by pulses with a PRF of fov/2; in the active part of the field during horizontal quenching pulses itis controlled by pulses with a PRF
The three-phase generator converts each of the two pulse trains just
mentioned into three offset 120° in phase and with a PRF reduced threefold (f0/6,
;1] Al •II 1V1 I —i’T —j i •tj.’I %T.mr.y TI m.T ITiT&t.Wa 1A] 1 .IiYi114i1 -liYiTiV hYT&7Y _____________________________;0]
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DflDrcItr trD
I.rn IQ ‘)flAc. rIA DflIQ’) flflOrnDnnnAnnoniwi
FOR OFFICIAL USE ONLY
The transfer of charges from storage section to memory section during frame quench ing pulses is controlled by pulses with a PRF of f/6. There have to be 290 such pulses ir each field. A counter working in start—stop mode and a pulse distributor are used to count and separate the necessary number of pulses. The counter .s re— et by the 290th pulse and started by the frame quenching pulse wavefront. The’ dist.ributor separates th counted pulsea and directs them simultaneouely for con— trcl of the phases of the storage and wemory sections of the CCD matrices. A three—phase train of the two expanded pulses is sent by the distributor toapulse shaper for control of the memory sections of the CCD matrices where, by means of logic circuits and gating, a triplet of pulses is shaped which controls the line— by-line transfer of charges from the sto:-age section to the output register during the horizontal quenching pulses.
All the pulse trains generated are sent to the CCD matrices across a buffer apparatus and keyed balancing pulse amplifiers. These amplifiers regulate, within 0—20—V limits, the amplitule of the control pulses and shape their front. In order to provide for separate regulation of the CCD matrix operating modes, 10 individual keyed amplifiers are used for each matrix; they are mounted on a separate board and are made up of diacrete elements. On this board are four one—input amplifiers which control the output register and six two—input (or three—input) amplifiers which controt the storage and memory sections. Each amplifier has independent regulation of pulse amplitudes. The two—input (and three—input) keyed amplifiers are assembled as a parallel summing circuit (Figure 10). The output elements of all the amplifiers are twin complementary emitter repeaters which provide the necessary wvefront 1ngth f or pulses on a large capacitive load, which the system of electrodes of the matrices is.
Figure 10. Schematic of a Two—Input Pulse Amplifier (Driver)
Key:
1. ÷5V 4. —20V
2. Input I 5. Output
3. Input II
In connection with the camera model’s incorporation of an automatic centering system which operates on the principle of non—simultaneous tapping of information from the storage sections and output registers of the CCD matrices, different gates are used to form the beginning and eid of the pulse trains. The gating is performed in a buffer apparatus.
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Time Diagrams Illustrating
the Principle of Automatic
Horizontal Centering of
Images
Key:
1. 64 psec
2. 8 elements
3. 52 Ilsec
4. 532 elements
5. 516 elements
6. 8 elements
7. 16 elements
8. Zone for shifting the regulated front
FOR OFFICIAL USE ONLY
The experimental color TV camera cota.ns four auxiliary automatics systems: bal.. ance, luminance regulation, light—diffusion compensation and centering. The first three systems are practically no different from hrnio1ogous systems used in tube cameras. The automatic centering system is origina1..
The centering methods employed in tube cameras depend on variation of the constant component of the deflection current in the focussing and deflection system, due to which the scanning pattern is shifted on the target of the transmitting tube. CCD matrices, being devices with a rigid geometry, do not-allow the spatial movement of the image by electrical means. Hence, the CCD color TV camera employs an automatic centering system based on non—coincidence, with respect to time, of signals from the various CCD matrices.
The frequency of charge transfer in the output registers of the CCD matrices is In a horizontal blank, then, there are 16 element8 which contain
information about the image. This enables shifting in time the start of information readout from the R and B matrix output registers by an interval of plus or minus eighte1ements relative to the G matrix (Figure 11). The shifting is controlled by gating pulses: reference pulse (Figure 3.1, c), pulse fixing the center of the zone of regulation and the regulating pu’ses (Figure U, d). The position of the trailing edges of the regulating pulses, depending on the sign and magnitud.e of non-coincidence, is varied according to comands issuing from an analyzer. Automatic centering with respect to vertical is achieved by means of non—coincidence, timewise, of the moments of the start of line—by—line transfer from the memory section to the output register.
f+M (1)
;1] .1I YW1 . —— 1 — - -. -— Y.V.V.I 1 .I T.Y.W.V.I.WJ.I T.V.Y.V. V.Y.V.T.Y.y.W I.;0]
Figi.ire 11.
(6) O.’1O ,7ep6fl8a4eHtIa petv17upç61OeO JHfT%J
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Figure 12.
1. Starting
2. Triplet meander
3. Regulating inputs
— —
ni a
P0k OFFICIAL (1SF ONLY
Key:
Structural Diagram of Regulating—Pulse Shaper
4. Converter før non—cothcidence codes
5. R(B)
6. 0
;1] . I ] ] - . .. r -. -ii.i liii -i.rriy ry’rr.r1yj,, — ________________________;0]
The structural diagram of a regu!atiñg.ptilse shaper it presnted in Figure 12. The comparison of optical—type video sina1s in the basic G channel and the. regulated R and B channels, and also the conversion of the non—coincidence signal to digital form are accomplished in a non—coincidence analyzer. The converted non—coincidence signal goes to the regulafing inputs of a subtracting counter. At the moment of termination of the auxiliary starting pulse, which is situated within a horionta1 or frame quenching pulse depending on which axis is being centered, the pulses of one of the charge transfer phases begin to go to the counter’s subtracting input, and the counter’s signal returns to 0000 status. The regulating pulse, which consists of a constant part (starting pulse) and the varying pl3rt developed by the counter, is shaped by means of logical sunination and serves as a gate for the three—phase charge transfer pulses. Due to variation in the duration of the gat.. ing pulse, time-coincidence of video signals of the regulated and basic matrices is achieved with a precision of one—half an image elemeut.
The experimental three—matrix CCD color W camera is of monoblock construction with built—in cassette holder (Figures 13 a and b [photos not reproduced)). The boards for all the systems and apparatus, except those for the keyed amplifiers, are in.. stalled in individual guides. The camera weighs about 8 kg and draws about 60 W.
The camera’s resolving power with respect to horizontal at the center of the scanning pattern is about 400 TVL (over the height of the scanning pattern). Defects in the CCD matrices and fixed interferences caused by dark current irregularity are the main flaw in color—separated Images.
With the experimental model of the color TV camera we obtained the color images of various subjects and color strips. Due to the low sensitivity of the CCD matrices in the blue region of the spectrum, satisfactory images were obtained only with an illumination intensity of 10,000—20,000 lux on the subject at F/2.8 since it was necessary, in order to adjust the light fluxes in the G and R channels, to use, respectively, 3x and 4x light reduction with neutral density filters.
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Since the required resolving power in the blue channel is several times less than in the C channel, the sensitivity of a solid state color TV cxnera with respect to fluctuating interference could be improved by way of summing the charges from individual elements in the B channel, both horizontal and vertical, with the help of delay lines, for instance, or by ising CCD matrices with enlarged cells £13, 14]. Moreover, in the horizontal direction the sunoning of charges from adjacent elements is rather easily done in the floating diffusion region of the output apparatus if charge transfer to that region is accomplished at a frequency fT=f0/3, subtraction also—-at a rate less by a factor of xi if short pulses at the frequency TI are applied to the reset transistor (Re). However, in the camera here consiaered this method of improving sensitivity proved unsuitable because of large dark current irregularity which is markedly dependent on the level of ifluniination. The camera’s sensitivity is therefore limited principally by fixed interference caused by dark current irregularity in the B channel whereas fluctuating interference is practically imperceptible in the image, which is related, too, to the characteristics of its spectral makeup and the peculiarities of visual perception [15]. One possible way to improve the sensitivity of volor TV cameras using charge—coupled devices is to reduce the dark current irregularity.
B IBL IOGRAPIIY
1. Milenin, N. K., “Color Television Cameras Using Matrix Image—Signal Shapers,” TEKHNIKA KINO I TELEVIDENIYA, No 4, 1981, pp 57-64.
2. Dokuchayev, Yu. P., Kuznetsov, Yu. A. and Press, F. P., “Large Format Matrix Video-Signal Shaper,” ELEKTRONNYA PROMYSHLENNOST’, No 7(67), 1978, pp 54-57.
3. Dokuchayev, Yu. P., Kuznetsov, Yu. A. and Press, F. P., “AMatrixVideo—Sig— nal Shaper With 580x532 Elements,” Ibid., No 10(82), 1979, pp 33—34.
4. ‘Brief Cormrunications on Color TV Cameras Using CCD’s,” ELEKTRON]KA, No 2,
1978, p 92; No 7, 1978, pp 13—14; No 14, 1979, p 102; No 3, 1980, pp 17—18; No 1, 1980, pp’15—16 No 16, 1980, pp 10—11; No 21, 1980, p 124.
5. Rodgers, R. L., “Development and Application of a Prototype CCD TV Camera,” RCA ENG, Vol 25, No 1, 1979, pp 42—44.
6. Embrey, B. C., “Shuttle Orbiter’s Solid—State TV Cameras,” 7th Nat. Te1econiun. Conf., Birmingham, 1978, Conf. rec., p 10.2.1—10.2.4.
7. Macmann, R. H. et al., “Microcaiti—l; A New Concept in the Design of Portable Cameras tr Broadcasting Application,” 10th Annual SITFPE Winter TV Conf., 1976.
8. BROADCASTING ENG., No 9 1980, pp 59—93.
;1] Al i 1 • - A • 1.1.1 .J. Ip 1.1 .JiTi1L1 -]‘iT&Ti7 F&Ti1’&TTi1ili’—
•1 I;0]
9. Milenin, N. K., Nep’yasthiy, Yu. ‘Ia. and Rozval, Ya. B. “Correction of Linear Distortions in CCD TV Cameras,” TEKMNIKA KINO I TELEVIDENIYA, No 10, 1978, pp 47—55.
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10. Milenin, N. K., Nepomnyashchiy, Yu. Ya. and Rozval, A. B., “A Corrector for TV Camera Transient Characteristics,” USSR Certificate of Authorship
No 718943, BUll. IZOBRETENIYA..., No 8, 1980.
11. Berezin, V. Yu., Kotov, B. A., Lazovskiy, L. Yu., Levin, S. A., Pre8s,’F. P. nd Rubinshteyn, D. N., “CCD Matrix Television Camera,” TEKHNIKA KINO I TELEVIDENIYA, No 6, 1977, pp 54-59.
12. “Charge-Coupled Devices. Technology and Application,” Edited by R. Helen and D. Buss, N.Y., IEEE Press, 1976.
13. Milenin, N. K., Polonskiy, Ye. A. and Rozval, Ya. B. “A Color Transmitting Television Camera,” USSR Certificate of Authorship No 720817, Bull. IZOBRE— TENIYA..., No 9, 1980.
14. Milenin, N. K., Polonskiy, Ye. A. and Rozval, ‘La. B., “Use of Comb—Type Filters in Color TV Cameras,” TEKIINIKA KINO I TELEVIDENIYA, No 6, 1979, pp.31—37.
15. Milenin, N. K., “Noise in CCD Image—Signal Shapers,” Ibid., No 6, 1980, pp 51—57.
COPYRIGHT: “Tekhnika kino i televideniya”, 1981
5454
CSO: 1860/363
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VED FOR F hursday, June 18,

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COMMUNICATIONS, COMMUNICATION EQUIPMENT, RECEIVERS AND
TRANSMITTERS, NETWORKS-. RADIO PHYSICS,
DATA TRANSMISSION AND PROCESSING, INFORMATION THEORY
UDC 621.391.2:621.396.985
IMPROVING NOISE IMMUNITY OF PULSE—TIME AIRCRAFT INSTRUMENT LANDING SYSTEMS
Moscow RADIOTEKHNIKA in Russian Vol 36, No 6, Jun 81 (manuscript received 3 Jun 80) pp 28—31
[Article by A.K. Bernyukov]
[Text] Pulse—time aircraft instrument landing systems (ILS) with beam scanning and time readout, which have advantages in terms of precisionand carrying capacity over existing systems, are undergoing intense development at the present time both in the USSR and abroad. The signal from the radio beacon and the input to the on—board system receiver, x(t), because of multipath propagation, contains the components:
x (t) — S (1)4. nc (t) + N,.,(t) + N,.1(t), LE T,
;1] ii 1ia\VJ I —iTTi — A1 c.,.. . VA] 1 .FiTi11{i1 1iTiTaVFiTiT,1TaTiVb;0]
(1)
where s(t) = U(t) cos(uQ + w)t is the signal pulse received when the aircraft is irradiated by a scanning, narrow directional beam at a frequency of 2CK = 2rr/TCK (coo and are the carrier and the doppler frequency respectively);
L
S,, (1) — 2 pU (1— t,1) cos ((0. .f ‘o)E + ,g•J
1= -
are the internal and sidelobe interference, re—reflected from L dominant re—reflectors with local reflection factors of p and delays of t3j; N(t) is interference re—reflected from the rough subjacent surface; Nn.a(t) is the additive noise of the receiver and the antenna; U(t) is the law governing the change in the directional pattern of the radio beacon antenna.
A problem of paramount importance in ILS design is combating the influence of w,ul— tipath interference caused by the bending of the line of position, which makes it difficult to determine the heading (and glide slope) from measurements of th’ time interval r between the pulses s+(t) and s(t) obtained at the receiver output in the caseof “back and forth” scanning in a sector
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Statistical models are known [2 — 51 for the components of the additive mixture (1). The antenna and receiver noise N1-18(t) and the multipath interference from the subjacent surface N•(t) are close in their statistical nature (as a rule, they are normal), while the (t) noise is usually a more narrow band [4 — 61. When flying along a curved flight path, the signal s(t) fluctuates. One can swne, without taking into account the scanning and the Impact of the dominant re— reflectors, that the amplitude of the envelope Of the signal and interference mixture has a Rayleigh distribution:
(xis) x — x2/2 (1 + q’)/(I + q’), x >0,
where is the signal/interference ratio.
(2)
Under actual operational conditions of on—board and ground ILS equipment, returns from ground clutter (hangars, control towers, etc.) and periodic evolutions of the power spectrum of the interference N•(t) (at the scanning frequency) which are due to the not1on of the beam [5], make the process ,c(t) a nonsteady—state one. Moreover, the mobility of certain re—reflectors, the specific features of airports and nonlinear processing in the on—board receiver introduce a apriori ambiguity into ,c(t), which makes it difficult to detect the signal and estimate the information parameters by traditional techniques (for example, by means of maximum likelihood processing).
Considering the periodic nature of the scanning in the sectors with respect to the heading and glide slope with a beam of •k.r±(40°t060°) with a directional pattern width of c 1 to 2°, it is expedient to set up multichannel signal processing in M = 4K.r/cL 100 spatial channels (inicrosectors) (Figure 1). To resolve the contradiction due to the limited speed of the on—board computers and the considerable volume of computational procedures, it proposed that the processing of x(t) on board be organized in three steps:
1) Spatial selection (primary gating) of the dominant re—reflectors 11K (including the radio beacons) in L channels;
2) Adaptive compensation for the interference in the selected channels (secondary gating) to restore the “form” of the useful signal s(t);
3) Measurement of the information parameter (heading and g1de slope).
;1] . -J —i — —J — _ I.... r... ...- L —J 1 • bTbI11a1 —JaYaYYIaYa7aIq&r&v _______________________________;0]
j,,
Figure 1.
The basis of the on—board instrumentation computer coinpJex (Figure 2) is a microcomputer (MEVM) which realizes programmed signal processing. For the quantization of the heading and glide slope sectors +K.r- into K microsectors (channel intervals of tKaH Itchan.] = tK.r’M), the synchronizer S generates a reference pulse train at a frequency which is a multiple of the digitization fre9uency of the channel interval: Fref. = Tf = N/tchan. NM/TK.r, where N is the number of discrete steps in the channel interval tchan.= THr/M =
= [scan]• The video mixture of the
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ii ri1 im1 I nrarfiitiwa K( e ) tra) th out put of tlw on—botird rQciiver (flP) Lt* titcoded by iiieans ol a high speed analog—digital converter (ATsP). The digital signal xB.((t) is fed through the coupler (us) to the microcomputer, which is synchronized with the scanning system.
(1) (2) (3) (4)
AIL(fl : yC
(5)F15C (7) C
Figure 2
Key: 1. BP = On-board receiver;
2. ATP = Analog to digital converter;
3. Us = Coupler;
4. MEVM = Microcomputer;
5. GPS = Primary gating generator;
6. GVS = Secondary gating generator;
7. S = Synchronizer.
The spatial gating algorithm for the dominant re—reflectors should be invariant with respect to the interference statistic under the a priori ambiguity conditions. Among the known nonparanietric detection algorithms [2, 7, the most efficient in this case is a dual sample ranking algorithm of Wilcoxson, based on a sequential comparison of the sample being studied {x1, ..., X,1} of the video process xB•I(t) with the elements of the reference sample tyi ..., y} and then testing the statistic for the threshold C:
N
‘
£ — Z r = Z hJ h (xg — yjj) C, the aominant signals are gatd by instructions from the microcomputer using the primary gating generator
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Figure 3.
Key: 1. Data input;
2. [see figure]
3. rj ?..C;
4. Primary gating, I[, K
5. [see figure];
6. m[e1 = in[s];
7. Secondary gating, s(t);
8. Measurement of t = delay
FOR OFFICIAL USE ONLY
(GPS) pulses. Siñèe algorithm (4) is a variant of (3), inherent in it is iiinunity to various kinds of interference (7] (including chaotic pulse noise) as well as a considerable dynamic range. Since false alarms are not so dangerous in the primary gating stage (the number of channels being analyzed in the subsequent step is increased somewhat), it is expedient to set the alarm probabilities in a range of
= 102 — i03. The calculation of the detection characteristics of the dominant pulses in the video mixture having the distribution of (2) against a background of Rayleigh interference using the procedure of [71 demonstrated the possibit-ity of obtaining a radio beacon detection probability of D - 1 (something which is important when cc’ming in for a landing from a side direction) for the case of smaller (as compared to the case of radar observation) threshold signal/interference ratios (3 to 5 cl).
;1] Al .1.1 —TaiVl —I .T —i—I. —gi I . . ... . .... Li7iYiY.W 1i —I 1 .I•Z.iYil14j1 —JaTaTi ayayat.IaTi ________________________________;0]
‘S
L P )=P
suc. spec. con.
(1)
;1] ii .1.1 Ya’Lj di • i., .. .rj c. . .nn v1fT.i ;0]
For this reason, it is expedient to simulate the impact of interference on radio electronic equipment, taking into account the final goal of the test, expressed mathematically by means of (1).
Let 4r() be the distribution density of the random characteristic P of an interference field at the radioelectronic equipment input. Depending on the situation, such a characteristic can be the maximum electrical or magnetic field intensity, or the current or voltage induced by the electromagnetic field in cables or interassembly connections [5, 6]. The distribution density 4(fl) depends on the interference source power and it:s distance from the radioelectronic equipment, which are, as a rule, of a random nature. The distributions of the
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characteristic of TI for the case of lightning interference have been found experimentally and theoretically in a number of papers [7, 8].
We shall assume that the timewise characteristics of the interence are either determinate or averaged. In the case where this condition is not met, to avoid omissions of frequency resonance, the timewise characteristics of the test field should run through the entire range of variation in the time characteristics of the interference which are possible in the given situation during the testing process.
The parameters of electromagnetic interference simulators can be substantiated by means of the following method. We first find the minimum permissible level of system immunity to interference, corresponding to the successful operation probability spec Then, taking into account the statistical scatter in the interference generated by the simulator, its level is determined for the test. Thus, the essence of the method consists in determining the minimum interference level which confirms the minimum permissible successful operation probability. Papec.
By way of example, we shall consider the c’.se where the transformation of the electromagnetic field of the interference in the shields and circuits of radio electronic equipment and the failures which occur are linear processes. In the case of linear conversion of the random quantity II, there is a changc in the scale of the curve •(TI), while the overall shape of the distribution curve does not change. The distribution density of the random quantity It reduced by a factor of x times is:
— (xMg)x, (2)
where M = fix is the amplitude induced in the i—th radioelectronic component.
Let the equipment have a “weak” link, the immunity of which to electrical overloads is substantially less than the immunity of the others. The fimnunity level N3 [Me] of the “weak” link component to electrical overloads has a statistical scatter which can be described by the probability density +e(Me). From the equation [9]
_ Al,
spec ,,(M,1)d4.f, ,,, (xMg)xdM,, (3)
taking (2) into account, we shall find the minimum permissible attenuation factor x, of the amplitude of the interference It, at which the specified probability of successful operation of the equipment spec is just achieved.
Let the laws governing the scatter +() of the interference amplitude from the simulator be known relative to any nominal value m14 specified beforehand. We find the desired interference level mw.Ø for the Eests from the following equation:
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APF. _D FOR RELI
Thursday, June 18,
O85OROOO4OL... -8

11
— —
S.
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PT — ç , (M,) dM, Pii (x .MjH) x dMIK,
(4)
For normal distributions of P.7(Tt), e(Me) and •(H) with mean values and mean square deviations of iu7 and a,, me and °e and m.j and a, we obtain the following from (3) and (4) respectively following transformations:
m, — (m/x) 1
PT.$ — 0 IV’o+(oaIx,)*l’
PT.a —0 ,Ix,)’ J.
(5)
(6)
;1] A •J•I I — i1 4r..7!VITY.. ... .- rTirir.w V. -] i .izwir’ri ri -iir’rv .mriry1’r1v .;0]
where {y} is the probability integral; a t1 is the mean square deviation from the nominal value of An analysis of equations (5) and (6) shows that with an increase in spec x and n• also increase.
For normal distribution of the load and inununity, the proposed technique can alsQ be used in the case of an unknown immunity of the components to electrical overloads. In this case, it is essential to known only the coeficient of variation Ge/me, the value of which depends on the perfection of th production technology for the radioelectronic equipment components. By dividiJig the rnmierator and denominator of the expressions inside the curly braces in equation (5) and (6) by ni. [mel and writing xme = xe,, we obtain:
i—m,q4
“ 1 V(aj,)’+(anIx)2
I _______________
— (
(7)
In the case of unknown coefficients of variation Oe/Tfle and a.,/ni we find the quantity m,1•3 from (7). As we see, an increase in the ratio tIe/me, m1, decreases. Consequently, for an unknown immunity of the system components to electrical overloads, the customer designating the interference level for the tests should use as the basis the smallest possible coefficient of variation of component immunity. It is expedIent to determine the latter in laboratory tests. Moreover, one can make use of the data for similar components.
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where
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In the case of a sophisticated production technology for the components, equations (3) and (4) are simplified:
(8)
With sufficiently good repeatability of the interference amplitude from the simulator, equation (8) assumes the form: mH.Ø MeX.
The number of samples for the tests is determined from Pearson’s and Kiopperts formula [4].
The transformation of the electromagnetic field in radioelectronic equipment can, in the most gener3l case, be the consequence of nonlinear processes. The Inununity of nonlinear components to electrical overloads is no longer described by the amplitude of the induced voltage (as in the case of linear systems), but rather by the induced energy or power. When intarference flows through nonlinear systems, the distributions governing the interference characteristics change their form. For this reason, even if the distribution of the ininunity of the individual system components to electrical overloads is known, the law governing the distribution of the nonlinear system inimunity +C’r(flcT) is most often unknown. We approx— iinate the distribution of nonlinear system. immunity to interference with a normal distribution, by specifying a sufficiently low coefficient of variation We find a certain boundary distribution density fran (3), •CT. (ACT) having a
mean value of lncT.4 and a mean square deviation of GCT rnCT., , correspond
ing to the successful operation probability: cL rn
;1] i. •1•1 YaT1 —I -j —i — . . ,-K]j!jT.WaJ L —i .1 Z•LpaTaTJi1 JaYaYa’iTiYiT1.YiYL ______________________________;0]
‘“CTC?. • (ece*I%t, 2
\ ,
net
d17, 1(I7)dJ7.:
We determine the desired interference level for the tests, mH.p, the which is characterized by the distribution density +w.Ø(Itw), from an analogous to (4):
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• I7ct dI7 .e. • (17) dli..
scatter in equation
PT. $ (x Mg). dM,,
(x.M,.1)x dMIN.
p
spec
1
— 6CT mCT.. e
C?
— ______________
e ‘
a.m
171 CT
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Moreover, when testing nonlinear systems to find the possible amplitude resonances, it is necessary to act on one of the samples with a stepped changing load in a range of variation of U from zero to
BIBLIOGRAPhY
1. Naumov Yu.Ye., Avayev N.A., Bedrekovskiy MA., “Pomekhoustoychivost’ ustroystv na integral ‘nykh logicheskikh skheniakh” [“The Interference Immunity of Devices Using Logic IC’s”], Moscow, Sovetskoye Radio Publishers, 1975.
2. Galkin A.P., Lapin A.N., Sainoylov A.G., “Modelirovaniye kanalov sistem svyazi”“Modeling the Channels of Communications Systns’9, Moscow, Svyaz’ Publishers, 1979.
3. Gurvich I.S., “Zashchita EVM ot vneshnikh potuekh” [“Protecting Computers against External Interference”], Moscow, Energiya Publishers, 1975.
4. Pupkov K.A., Kostyuk G.A., “Otseuka I planirovaniye eksperlmenta” [“The Evaluation arid Planning of an Experiment”], Moscow, Mashinostroyeniye Publishers,
1977.
5. Alizady A.A., Khydyrov F.L,, ELEKTRICHESTVO [ELECTRICITY], 1978, No 9.
6. Bazutkin V.V., Zaporozhchenko S.I., ELEKTRICHESTVO, 1975, No 1.
7. Bronfman A.I., “Rezhimy raboty ventil’nykh razryadnikov pri grozovykh perenap— ryazheniyakh” [“Operational Modes of Diode Dischargers in the Case of Lightning Induced Overvoltages”], Moscow, Energiya Publishers, 19771
8. Alizade A.A., Muslimov M.M., Khydyrov F.L., ELEKTRICIIESTVO, 1976, No 11.
9. Kapur L., Larnberson I., “Nadezhnost’ 1. proyektirovaniye sisteni” [“Systems Design and Reliability”], Moscow Mir Publishers, 1980.
;1] Al •I .1 TaiV i-i. -(1 I ..— mv ITiTiT.Wà ;0]
COPYRIGHT: Radiotekhnika, 1981
8225
CSO: 1860/361
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APPLYING POSINOMIAL ESTIMATE TO EPPICIENCY DETERMINATION OF EQUIPMENT WITH HIGH ELECTROMAGNETIC COMPATABILITY INDICATORS
UDC 621.396.669
;1] . .1.1 —IaVi —‘ —J — I .. , K.JiYjT.i L —J 1 •LMaYT11a1 —JaTaTaT bYaYiI1*YY _______________________________;0]
Moscow RADIOTEKHNIKA in Russian Vol 36, No 6, Jun 81 (manuscript received 2 Jan 80)
pp 76—77
[Article byA.D. Kaluzhskiy]
[Text] The electrcnnagnetic compatability (EMS) indicators of equipment can be improved in the general case by means of incorporating additional devices (DU) and by changing the characteristics of the equipment itself, for example, the linearization of operational modes of amplifiers and additional shielding of assemblies. This entails a change in a ninnber of equipment indicators, and consequently, in equipment efficiency.
The problem of obtaining a function for the change in equipment efficiency when improving its e1ecfromagnetic conipatability indicators is a particularly acute one now, since an Improvement in electromagnetic compatability indicators of equipment is accompanied by an increase in equipnent complexity, size, weight as well as a degradation of a number of other characteristics, something ‘which at a certain point leads to a reduction of equipment efficiency as a whole Lii. When deriving such a function, it is necessary to choose an optimum design variant for the equipment for each value of the electromagnetic compatability indicator and correspondingly determine the weighting factors for each of its indicators. The specific features of this task are those situations where an improvement in electromagnetic compatibility indicators leads to a slight change in some of the equipment indicators, while others are constant. In this case, a nonlinear estimate of the efficiency is needed which makes it possible to ascertain and not lose these changes. It is expedient to use posinomials as such estimates: a nonlinear estimate proposed by R. Daffine, et al. [2J, and used to estimate the efficiency of conimunications systems by Yu.M. Vozdvizheuskiy [31. A special case expression for such an estimate has the form:
L fl
—
S
(1)
where k is the number of draft designs of the equipment, each of which has its own electromagnetic compatibility indicator; Lk is the efficiency of the k—th
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FOR OFHCIAI. USE ONLY
design; ri is the coefficient of success of the i—th indicator of the k—th equipment design; j is a coefficient which is defined as the weighting factor of the i-th equipment indicator. In (1), the quantity flik can be defined by the relationships of [4]: haeIbI iIh=*7ai where ik is the value of the i—th indicator of the k—th draft design of the equipment; aj mm and cj max are the best values of the i—th indicator from among the k designs considered for the equipment.
43
L4
;3
f .—q- r —F L4 0, -L-
/
j9 4ofr 1iv
E
0
To determine the value of Ej, we plot the family of curves n for various values of F (see the figure). Since small deviations of from i max and aj mm are assumed, and consequent1, also small deviations of n from 1, and a significant change in 11, then should vary from 1 to , i.e., 1 j . At the same time it is apparent that the greater the weighting factor, the smaller the value of L should be; moreover, the value of the weighting factors Bj usually falls in a range of 0 to 1. All three conditions will be met if we set j l/Bj.
The effectiveness of the k—th design in this case will be defined as:
By utilizing (2), one can plot the value of the equipment effectiveness as a function of its electroniagLietic compatibility indicators for the case of suffic— inetly small variations in the effectiveness and find the value of the electromagnetic compatibility indicator for which the equipment will have the maximum efficiency, i.e., determine the optimal design variant of the equipment.
Example. We shall consider the design variants of equipment for two váluès of the electromagnetic compatibility indicator (k = 2), in which the case the number of indicators is i = 2 and one of the indicators dos not change. Let “ = l2 =
0.8; 21 = 0.93; fl22 = 0.95; 11 = 612 = 0.7; B21 = 622 = 0.3. By substituting
the indicated quantities in (2) and using the curves depicted in the figure, we
attain values of the effectiveness of Li = 0.504 and L2 = 0.576.
The example cited here shows that a difference in the values of only one indicator by two percent in all leads to a difference in efficiency values by more than 14 percent, something which makes it possible to more precisely select the optimal equipment design variant.
BIBLIOGRAPHY
1. Kaluzhskiy A.D., RADIOTEKHNIKA, 1981, Vol 36, No 5.
2. Daff in R., et al., “Geometricheskoye programmirovaniye” [“Geometric Program— ming”], Moscow, Mir Publishers, 1972.
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qi t21J34 q5q5q7q8.t3.2
Lb = TI i11.
(2)
rsday, June 18, 2009:

Fok OFFICIAL USE ONLY
3. Vozdvizhenskiy Yu .M., TRUDY UCI1EBNYKH INSTITUTOV SVYAZI [PROCEEDINGS OF THF COMMUNICATIONS TRAINING INSTITUTESI, 1974, No 69.
4. Okunev Yu.B., Plotnikov V.G., “Printsipy sistemnogo podkhoda k proyekvaniyu v tekhnike svyazi” [“The Principles of a Systems Approach to Design in Coinmuni— cations Engineering”], Moscow, Svyaz’, 1976.
COPYRIGHT: Radiotekhnika, 1981 1860/361
;1] . -J - I YaW’ —i -— —J — — I -‘flu .,. .. v- . .. .. L,7iYaT. -1.1 .IL.iyit•i ii T 1IYIYiL•1&Y&’ —— ________________________________;0]
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8225
CSO:
APPROVED FOR RELEASE: Thursday, June 18, 2009: CIA-RDP82-00850R000400080047-8

MAGNETICALLY TUNED SEMICONDUCTOR MICROWAVE DEVICES
UDC 621.37/39.029.64
Moscow RADIOTEKHNIKA in Russian Vol 36, No 6, Jun 81 (manuscript received 28 Aug 80) pp 23—27
[Paper by V.P. Gololobov, V.1. Tsymbal and G.N. Shelamov]
[Text] The results of a study of various magnetically, tuned microwave devices are given (oscillators, filters, frequency multipliers, selective mixers, frequency discriminators and heterodyne frequency converters). The necessity of designing multifunction complex microwave devices is noted; these include superheterodyne magnetically magnetically tuned modules.
An urgent question in microwave electronics is the design of combined devices using solid state resonators (TTR), where these devices take the form of a combination of ferrite (FR) or dielectric (BR) resonators with semiconductor devices (Gunn diodes, transistors, varactors, mixer and p—i—n diodes). Such devices include oscillators, filters, frequency converters and superheterodyne modules.
In the process of studying semiconductor magnetically twied microwave devices, in which ferrite resonators are incorporated by means of one or more coupling turns, the interaction of ferrite resonators with n turns was analyzed [1], as well as selective matching networks based on ferrite resonators [2, 31 and ferrite varactor networks which provide for fine tuning the ferrite resonator frequency independently of the level of the nagnetizing field [4]; selective circuits based on ferrite res— onators have been designed for a specified circuit function (input impedance, transmission factor); microwave devices have been designed in a linear approximation [3—8] based on the impedance and wave parameters of the major components which were measured or calculated beforehand (ferrite resonators and semiconductor devices).
Transistors are used as the active elements in solid state microwave oscillators for the decimeter band and Gunn diodes (DG) are used for the centimeter and millimeter bands. The most promising are dual resonator oscillators [6, 7], which as compared to single resonator oscillators [9 — 11] provide for an expansion of the tuning range, simplification of the tuning and increased frequency stability. Some three main variants for the design of transistorized oscillators are known using two solid state resonators [3]: a simple three—point circuit (Figure la, a, d), a circuit with transformer feedback (Figure ib) and a “modified” three—point circuit with a matching transformer. The most widespread circuit for diode microwave
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MICROELECIRONICS
FOR OFFICIAL USE ONLY
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oscillators is the transformer circuit (igure le) in which the ferrite resonator is arranged in two orthogonal turns, one of which is connected to the Gunn diode, while the other is connected to the load. In the oscillator configurations depicted in Figures le and f, the solid state resonator plays the part of a selective matching transformer which provides for the resonant nature of the coupling of the oscillator to the load, and consequently, a lower level of spurious frequencies at the output.
The authors have proposed the use of varactors [3] for “fast” frequency tuning of semiconductor microwave magnetically tuned oscillators, something which is necessary in the realization of phase locked ioop frequency tuning systems. Various methods of inserting the varactors Dl in the oscillator circuits are shown in Figures ib, f, h and j. More suitable are the circuits in which the varactor is connected to a supplemental turn, which is coupled to one of the ferrite resonators of the oscillator. A characteristic feature of these circuits is the absence of additional elements for decoupling the power supply for the active semiconductor device and the veractor control circuit. Moreover, the influence of the veractor in such oscillators is manifest only at frequencies close to the ferromagnetic resonance frequency (FMR), while for other methods of veractor insertion, self— excitation of the oscillator is observed at frequencies other than the FMR frequency, something which is undesirable.
Electrical control of the output power level is accomplished by means of p—i—n diodes. In the oscillator design in the configuration depicted in Figure lh [12], the p—i—n diode D2 is connected to one the syninetrical leads of the power tap turn, while the load is connected to the center tap of this turn. The output power is reduced with an increase in the current through the diode, i.e., when its resistance decreases. The constant output power in the frequency range i.is achieved by the use of an automatic control system (ARM), the realization of which involves the use of detector D3: a heterodyne power level sensor (Figure ii)..
—31—
FOR OFFICIAL USE ONLY
‘—fin
FOR OFFICIAL USE ONLY
-
— dielectric resonator
(b)
Op — Ferrite resonator
(d)
P —P
BbD( out
(j)
• Gunñ diode
so.q— output I •—I
ynp control
U -U•
yrip control
(1)
APM - Automatic power
control
Puc. I
Figure 1.
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APPROVED FOR RELEASE: Thursday, June 18, 2009: CIA-RDP82-00850R000400080047..8

—i-— -
J
l4 l’
,
7jqlp( ‘)
adB TTJT[]
3±A
a Z3 I
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The tuning range of semiconductor oscilla— tors based on solid state resonators can be expanded by using the second harmonic of the generated signal. For this, a waveguide section is inserted between the oscillator and the load, a section which blocks the first harmonic and regularly passes the second (Figure ic, g). In this case, the expansion of the frequency baud is not tied to an increase in the resonator magnetization field, and consequently, an increase in the size and weight of the magnet system, sotuething which is especially important for millimeter band oscillators.
The basis for the structural design of magnetically tuned devices is the microwave assembly which is placed between the poles of a magnet system. A radial cylindrical structural configuration for the microwave assembly of a dual resonator transistorized oscillator is shown in Figure lh. Resonator holders 2, feed—through capacitors 3 and coaxial cable sections 4 are installed in cylindrical housing 1 radially with respect to the holes in which the set of ferrite resonator turns are positioned. Such an arrangement provides for convenience in assembly, tuning and the replacement of individual device components.
Solid state microwave filters based on ferrite and dielectric resonators have been described in numerous papers, for
example, in [4, 13—15]. The utilization of semiconductor devices makes it possible to adjust and improve the parameters of the filters. Thus, in ferrite filters with ioop coupling elements, the use of a varactor (Figure 2a) expands the pass— band by several times [8], while the insertion of a p—i—n diode in the filter circuitry provides for adjusting the foreward loss level by 20 dB for a dual— resonator bandpass filter (Figure 2b) and by 15 d13 for a single resonator stop— band filter (Figure 2c). The transistor in “active” microwave filters (Figures 2d, e) is inserted between two selective matching four—pole networks, designed around solid state resontators. Ferrite filters (FR1 and FR2) having a transfer gain which can be electrically controlled by means of p—i—n diode Dl, are used in the input device (Figure 2f) as well as a low—noise amplifier MShU and a selective detector (FR3, D2 and D3), designed in a balanced circuit configuration; the filter and the detector are structurally combined in a single microwave assembly.
FOR OFFICIAL USE ONLY
(a)
(b)
input Mç out &c LLL1
S1h’tI • 9MI&,J ,cr - I
F-I ‘- H tnA
I b5 :..‘ 3j
(d) ftipi’ r (e)
In Ofttp t
[;!t)
7 Plo - (g)
:4 rii I .1. .1. .J. ou 30 ‘p,
Figure 2.
Key: 1. Control voltage, volts;
2. Control current;
3. Output dielectric resonator;
4. Low noise amplifier.
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FOR OFFICIAL USE ONLY
Figure 3.
Key: 1. Power input;
2. Beat frequency oscillator;
3. Input I;
4. Intermediate
5. Input II
6. Intermediate
7. IF output;
8. Input;
9. p—i—n diode;
10. Automatic power control;
11. Low frequency output.
a
( C
(
frequency 1 output; frequency II output;
;1] , ••, IáT —I. iTh -J i — WAl —1vrr c.y, ri-iy gIiTir.W V-J 1 -JaYaYa aYaI1.Ti _____________________________ ..;0]
Frequency multipliers in which ferrite resonators are used as the selective systems effectively supplement and expand the capabilities of semiconductor microwave oscillators. Multipliers designed in a dual tuned circuit configuration (figure 2g) possess the best characteristics, in which the nonlinear element is inserted between two gang tuned filters, which are tuned to the first and the n—th harmonic of the oscillator frequency. In a doubler which was studied, the efficiency varied from 40 percent to 25 percent in 40 percent of the passband, while the efficiency of a doubler with a single ferrite filter did not exceed 15 percent
[16].
In the frequency converters described below, the nonlinear elements are semiconductor devices, while the ferrite resonator operates in a linear mode.
Selective mixers are designed in various circuit configurations [8, 17, the major ones of which are shown in Figures 3a, b and c. The mixer resonators are tuned to the input signal frequency or the heterodyne frequency, while in mixers with a “high” intermediate frequency (Figures 3d and e), they are tuned to the output signal frequency. In the mixer depicted in Figure 3e, the wave— guide is a regular waveguide for the intermediate frequency signal and a blocking waveguide for the input signals.
A heterodyne frequency converter (Figure 3g) takes the form of the combination of a beat frequency oscillator and a selective mixer. The choice of a balanced mixer configuration and the tuning of the mixer ferrite resonator to the hetero— dyne frequency reduces the level of parasitic frequency components both at the input and at the output of the mixer; the attenuation of the back radiation of the BFO amounts to —20 dB. A schematic of a heterodyne converter designed around a ferrite mixer is shown in Figure 3h. The ferrite resonator with two orthogonal windings, one of which (the IF signal power tap coil) is perpendicular to the direction of the magnetizing field, is placed inside the waveguide, in particular,
FOR OFFICIAL USE ONLY
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in a asymmetrical stripline. Such an orientation provides for decoupling between i11 of the inputs of the converter on t!ie order of 25 dB. One of the most preferable asynchronous detector circUits from the viewpoint of suppression of hetero— dyne noise is the converter with an intermediate frequency of zero, which is shown in Figure 31. In it, the tuned frequencies of the ferrite resonators are equal, something whiëh facilitates their gang tuning and makes it possible to use a ferrite filter at the input which is tuned’;to the same frequency, the use of which is not essential, but is desirable from the viewpoint of attenuating the impact o-”high power” signals on the normal operation of the mixer diodes.
Microwave input;
Automatic intermediate frequency control;
Automatic gain control;
Automatic intermediate frequency control winding;
Mixer filter;
Coupling winding;
Tuning winding;
“Level” [control]
Automatic power control;
Intermediate frequency output;
Gunn diode.
A filter designed around a solid state resonator and semiconductor diodes which are connected to a winding coupled to one of the resonators are used together in selective detectors (Figures 2g and 3j).
FOR OFFICIAL USE ONLY
;1] Al i .1 -T&iN -r- -i—I • _ .. . .. I,]irT&J v -] I ;0]
Figure 4.
Key: 1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
11.
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The sensitivity to a change in the input signal frequency with respect to the ferromagnetic resonance frequency in microwave frequency discriminators is achieved by using a system of two mutually mistuned resonators (Figure 3f) àr one ferrite resonator positioned in a position of orthogonal turns with the appropriate commutation of the leads of these turns.
Superheterodyne microwave modules [18] which take the form of complex combination devices perform the functions of spectrtml filtering and transposition. Included in the modules (Figure 4) are a filter F, beat frequency oscillator G, a selective mixer SS, an intermediate frequency preamplifier PUPCh and ar ARM system [automatic power control]. The filter, beat frequency oscillator and mixer in the module (Figure 4a) are placed inside a single magnet system [19, 20], which contains windings for tuning, coupling and automatic tuning of the heterodyne frequency, APCh; a p—i—n diode is connected to the ferrite filter, to which the automatic gain control signal is fed, the ARU signal, with the appropriate delay.
The tuning of the modules in a wide frequency range is accomplished by changing the current in the winding; tuning in a narrow range (in the case of a broadband filter) is accomplished by changing only the heterodyne frequency. The frequency tuning range of the module is governed by the working range of the heterodyne stage and the degree of matching of the tuning characteristics of the module components. The sensitivity of the module depends on the sensitivity of the selective mixer and the forward losses of the filter; the passband and the image rejection are governed by the numbers of resonators in the filter. An increase in the selectivity is achieved by inserting resonator DR1 [dielectric resonator 1] at the input to the module (Figure 4b) as a stopband filter, the tuned frequency of which is equal to the image channel frequency. The output signal intermediate frequency, i.e., the difference between the tuned frequencies of the filter and the beat frequency oscillator, can be set in a range of from tens to several hundreds of megahertz by varying the current in the coupling winding.
;1] .1.1 -YaWl —I — — j — . . .... . . . L•YiTiY.W -] 1 .t•L.T•I11I —JT11 • .i’virr&T... — ______________________________
I;0]
BIBLIOGRAPHY
1. Bokrinskaya A. A., Tsymbal V.1. Shelamov G.N., RADIOTEKHNIKA [RADIO ENGINEERING],
1979, Vol 34, No 4.
2. Tsymbal V.1., Shelamov G.N., RADIOTEKHNIKA, 1978, Vol 33, No 10.
3. Kovbasa A.P., Shelamov G.N., Gololobov V.P., Tsymbal V.1., “Magnitno-upravlya— yemyye ustroystva SVCh s lineynoy perestroykoy chastoty” [“Magnetically Controlled Microwave Devices with Linear Frequency Tuning”], Part 1., “Poluprovodnikov— yye generatory” [“Semiconductor Oscillators”], “Rumb” Central Scientific Research Institute, 1977.
4. Gololobov V.P., Tsymbal V.1., Shelamov G.N., “Ferritovyye SVCh rezonatory i ikh primeneniye” [“Ferrite Microwave Resonators and Their Applications”], Kiev, “Znaniye” [“Knowledge”] Society of the UkrSSR, 1979.
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DrW1fl flD DI ThiircrI, Iiiri 1* )flflQ. IA DflDQ flflQflDflflfl,IflflflQflfl,I7 Q
FOR OFFICIAL USE ONLY
5. Tureyeva O.V., Tsymbal V.1., Shelamov G.N., VESTNIK KIYEVSKOGO POt ITEKHNI(HES— KOGO INSTITUTA. SERIYA RADIOTEIUINIKA [BULLETING OF KIEV POLYTECHN [CAL INSITUTE. RADIO ENGINEERING SERIES], 1977, No. 14.
6. Gololobov V.P., Tsymbal V.1., Shelamov G.N., IZVESTIYA VUZOV SSSR, SERIYA RADIOELEKTRONIKA [PROCEEDINGS OF THE HIGHER EDUCATIONAL INSTITUTES OF THE USSR, RPDIOELECTRONICS SERIES], 1977, Vol 20, No 10.
7. Tsymbal V.1., Shelamov G.N., VESTNIK KIYEVSKOGO POLITEKIINICHESKOGO INSTITUTA SERIYA RADIOTEKHNIKA, 1978, No 15.
8. Gololobov V.P., Ishchenko M.G,, Tureyeva OV., Tsymbal V.1., Shelaxnov, G.N., IZVESTIYA VUZOV SSSR, SERIYA RADIOELEKTRONIKA, 1979, Vol 22, No 5.
9. Oliwier P. IEEE J. SOLID—STATE CIRCUITS, 1972, Vol 7, No 1.
10. Shelatnov G.N., IZVESTIYA VUZOV SSSR. SERIYA RADIOELEKTRONI1CA, 1974, Vol 27, No 8.
11. Vyz ‘minova M.D., et al., TEKI1NIKA SREDSTV SVYAZI, SERIYA RADIOIZMERITEL ‘NAYA TEKHNIKA [coMMUNICATIONS EQUIPMENT ENGINEERING, RADIO MEASUREMENT EQUIPMENT SERIES], 1976, No 5.
12. USSR Patent No. 725195, “Generator SVCh” [“A Microwave Oscillator”], Gololobov, V.P., Ishchenko M.G., Misevich V.1., Shelamov G.N., Tsymbal V.1..
13. Lebed’ B.M., Nikolayeva K.S., Smol’kov V.1., Paper in the book, “Ferritovyye SVCh pribory I materialy” [“Microwave Ferrite Devices and Materials”], Moscow, “Elektronika” All—Union Scientific Research Instit’ite, 1970, No 1 (17).
14. I1’chenko M.Ye., Melkov G.A., Mirskikh G.A., “Tverdotel’nyye SVCh fil’try” [“Solid—State Microwave Filters”], Kiev, Tekhriika Publishers, 1977.
15. Kovbasa A.?., Shelamov G.N., Gololobov V.P., Tsymbal V.1., “Nagntno—uprav1ya— yemyye ustroystva SVCh s lineynoy perestroykoy chastoty.” [“Magnetically Controlled Microwave Devices with Linear Frequency Tuning”], Part 2, “Preobrazo— vateli chastoty i fil’try” [“Frequency Converters and Filters”], “Rt.unb” Cen— trat Scientific Research Institute, 1978.
16. Shitov A.M., Kireyev V.S., VOPROSY RADIOELEKTRONIKI, SERIYA RIDIOIZMERITEL’NAYA TEKHNIKA [QUESTIONS IN RADIOELECTRONICS. RADIO MEASURENT EQUIPNT SERIES], 1974, No 2.
17. Gololobov V.P.. Ishchenko M.G., Tsymbal V.1. Shelamov G.N., TEKiNIKA SREDSTV SVYAZI, SERIYA RADIOIZMERITEL’NAYA TEKHNIKA, 1978, No 6.
18. Bokrinskaya A.A., Tsymbal V.1., Shelamov G.N., “Analiz I inzhernaya realizats— iya sistem funktsional’noy elektroniki SVCHh diapazona” [“The Analysis and Engineering Realizations of Microwave Band Functional Electronics Systems”], Kiev, “Knowledge” Society of the UkrSSR, 1979.
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19. U.S. Patent No. 3839677, Cl. 325/446 (HO4B1/261).
20. USSR Patent No. 677018, “Magnitnaya Sistema” [“A Magnet System”], Bokrinskaya, A.A., Gololobov V.P., Misevich V.1., Tsymbal V.1., Shelamov G.N.
COPYRIGHT: Radiotekhnika, 1981
8225
CSO: 1860/361
;1] Al •] .1 —IaiV —1— i1• —(LI I .,.. .z_ n. .nn .v. IT&TiT.’i VA —] .1 .TiYa14i1 1iYiY&Y IiYaTilliY&Y ;0]
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PUBLICATIONS, INCLUDING COLLECTIONS OF ABSTRACTS
ANALOG INTEGRATED CIRCUITS
Moscow ANALOGOVYYE INTEGRAL’ NYYE MIKROSKMEMY:
(signed to press 11 May 81) pp 2—3, 160
UDC 621.3.049.77
SPRAVOCIINIK in Russian 1981
[Annotation, foreword and table of contents from book “Analog Integrated
Circuits”, by Boris Petrovich Kudryashov, Yuriy Vasilyevich Nazarov, Boris
Viadimirovich Tarabrin and Viktor A].ekseyevich Ushibyshev, reviewer Candidate of
Technical Sciences N. N. Goryunov, Izdatel’stvo “Radio i svyaz’”, 300,000 copies,
160 pages 1
[Text] General information is given (classification, designations), along with electrical paraneters and schematics, of serially produced analog ICs in general use, which are of greatest interest for radio amateurs.
It is intended f or a wide range of radio amateurs.
FOREWORD
;1] Al •J -J I&TJ • AL’1 TTrr2 rT .. IyTT.LI Vi —1 &I ;0]
Microelectronics is intensively penetrating all spheres of the national economy and radio amateur practice. Specialists and radio amateurs alike are convinced that radio electronic equipment and very simple devices based on integrated circuits (IC) combine excellent reliability with small size and weight.
The use of IC’s also makes it easier to calculate and design the functional units and blocks of radio electronic equipment. By viewing the IC as a “black box” having certain properties, the equipment designer or radio amateur is freed of the necessity of calculating the IC. component conditions; he need only supply the electrical conditions for it stated in the technical specifications to obtain the IC’s guaranteed parameters. For this reason, interest in IC’s is steadily growing.
The task of this book is to familiarize radio amateurs with the technical data of the most popular classes of analog IC’s. In the authors? opinion, these include differential and operational amplifiers, which are very widely used, and high, intermediate and low frequency amplifiers and voltage stabilizers.
As a rule, for each IC in this reference book are given the chassis design, schematic diagram, standard connection circuit, maximum and standard operating conditiofls, electrical parameters, and graphs of the parameter dependences on modes and conditions of use.
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‘—nfl
FOR OFFICIAL 1JSF ONLY
4
The external elements required for normal IC operation are given with the standard connection circuits, which are one of the variations of the IC’s use (generally the main one for differential, HF, IF and U amplifiers and voltage stabilizers and not the main one for operational amplifiers, since their use without negative feedback is a special case). The electrical parameters of IC’s are measured with their connection in a standard circuit according to AU—Union State Standard 19799—74 “Integrated Circuits. Methods of Measuring Electrical. Parameters and Determining Characteristics.”
The maximum operating conditions usually exceed the IC conditions at which its parameters are nieasured. Irreversible physical changes do not occur given the IC’s operation in the maximum conditions, but its electrical parameters in such a case are not standardized by the delivery document. Exceeding the maxim’tim conditions can result in the circuit’s failure, accelerated degradation of its parameters or disruption of operation.
With the exception of specified cases, the tables provide for each IC model the worst values of the electrical parameters for the indicated enviromenta1 temperature and electrical measurement conditions. For example, K8u 1O 1501 means that all amplifiers of the given model will have a voltage gain greater than or equal to 50,000.
For most IC’s, this book gives the standard dependence of electrical parameters on the use conditions and environmental temperature. Except for specified cases, the dependences of electrical parameters on use conditions are given for a normal (25°c) environmental temperature. The IC conditions from which the graphs are taken correspond to those indicated in the electrical parameter tables for the corresponding parameter. When desigdng functional radio electronic equipment units using IC’s, one must use not the standard electrical parameter values, but those guaranteed from the electrical parameter tables.
The use of IC’s in an actual device is determined by the degree to which their parameters (electrical and operational) meet the requirements which the equipment places cn them.
The authors request that all comments and suggestions for improving this work be sent to: 101000, Moscow, Chistoprudnyy Blvd., Izdatel’stvo “Radio i svyaz”, Popular Radio Library Department.
;1] A • • - a -. — — —w- c.y, .-i-iy JiYT.Wa Vh -J a . iYiTjf1 7TTj IiTjj ____________________________;0]
TABLE OF CONTENTS
Foreword
Chapter 1. General Information on Integrated Microcircuits
1..1. Terminology
1.2. Technology and Design
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3
4
4
5
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1.3. Classification of Similar Microcircuits by Functional Purposes, and Their Conventional
Des igna t ions
1.4. Operating Conditions
Chapter 2. Differential Amplifiers
Microcircuit K118IJD1
Microcircuit K175UV2
Microcircuit K175UV4
Microcircuit 198UT1
Microcircuit K198UN1
;1] 11.1.1 ]IVj -Ji• A1 I.,.. .i n.. .r. IITIT. VA .iil ;0]
Chapter 3. Operational Amplifiers
Microcircuit K14OUD1
Microcircuit K14OUD5
Microcircuit K14OUD6
Microcircuit K14OUD7
Microcircuit K14OUD8
K14OUD9
K14OUD11
K14OUD12
K284UD1
K284UD 2
K544UD1
K544UD2
K5 5 3UD1
K553UD2
Microcircuit
Microcircuit
Microcircuit
Microcircuit
Microcircuit
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Microcircuit
Microcircuit
Microcircuit
Microcircuit
11
12
15
17
21
24
25
27
29
33
38
42
46
49
51
55
56
59
62
64
67
71
74
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Chapter 4. HF, IF and LF Amplifiers
Microcircuit K11BUN1
Microcircuit K118UN2
Microcircuit K123UN1
Micrécircuit K148UN1
Microcircuit K148UN2
Nicrocircuit K157UN1
Microcircuit K157KhA1
Microcircuit K157KhA2
Microcircuit K167UN3
Microcircuit K174UN3
Microcircuit K174UN5
Microcircuit K174UN7
M].crocircuit K174UN8
Microcircuit K174UN9
Microcircuit K174UR1
Microcircuit K174UR2
Microcircuit K174UR3
Microcircuit K175UVL
Nicrocircuit K175UV3
Microcircuit K224UN16
Microcircuit K224UN17
Microcircuit K2US371
Microcircuit K2US372
;1] 1 .1.1 —YalT. — — — -h i . . .,. m . .. L7YY.W 1i —1.1 .I.Z.’Ti ii —JaTaijY _______________________________;0]
FOR OFFICIAL USE ONLY
77
78
82
84
89
91
94
97
99
101
103
104
107
109
111
114
116
119
122
123
125
126
127
129
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Microcircuit
Microcircuit
Microcircuit
Microcircuit
Microcircuit
Microcircuit
Microcircuit
Chapter 5.
5.1.
K2US373
K2US375
K2ZhA371
K2ZhA372
K2ZhA373
K2ZhA375
K2ZhA376
FOR OFFICIAL USE ONLY
Voltage Stabilizers
Principle of Operation and Basic Electrical Parameters
5.2. IC’s K142YeN1 and K142YeN2
Bibliography
COPYRIGHT: Izdatel’stvo “Radio i svyaz”, 1981. 9875
CSO: 1860/17 -
;1] ii .1.1 IAIVi —I 1 f1 i• —VALI _ I.,.. c n.. .r. I]iTit• VA —] 1 T.JiTiTV I 11TTi! ________________________________;0]
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131
132
1,3
136
138
140
141
144
144
147
159
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FOR OPflCIAL USE ONLY
ANNOTATION AND ABSTRACTS FROM THE JOURNAL ‘flIGH-VOLTGE TECHNOLOGY’
— n
Moscow TRUDY MDSKOVSKOGO ORDENA LENINA I ORDENA OKTYABR’ SKOY REVOLYUTSII ENERGETICHESKOGO INSTITUTh, TEMATICHESKIT SBORNIK: TEKI1NIK* VYSO1CIKH NAPRYAZHENIY in Russian No 510, 1981 (signed to press 11 Feb 81) pp 2, 139—144
[Text] This collection reflects the results of Investigations and studies regarding the major scientific schools of thought in tbe department of high—voltage technology:
electrical discharges in gases, lightning protection, lnsulatioii of high—voltage equipment, overloads in electrical systems, testing and electrophysical equipment, electrostatic technology, state electricity, environmental protection.
This collection is dedicated to the department’s 50th anniversary and, therefore, some of the articles are surveys.
The information in this collection can be of interest to a broad circle of readers:
scientific workers, engineers and undergraduate and po8tgraduate students working and specializing in the field of high—voltage technology.
UDC 621.3.01
;1] ri - . - i.i -Yrrr . .. .r. L -] .1 •ILZaTaTJal -IbYaT& TYaTaTYaTiY __________________________;0]
MAJOR STAGES IN THE DEVELOPMENT OF THE DEPARTMENT OF HIGH-VOLTAGE TECI1NOLOGY
[Abstract of articleby Larionov, V. P.1
[Text] The major schools of thought in educational and scientific research work are examined at various stages of the department’s developnient. This article characterizes the current content of the “High—Voltage Technology” department. The major achievements of the department’s scientific divisions and the problem—solving and specialized laboratories are described.
TJDC 621.315.618
AN INVESTIGATION OF ELECTRICAL DISCHARGES IN AIR GAPS
[Abstract of article by Sergeyev, Yu. G., Sokolova, N. V., and Tarasova, T. N.]
[Text] This article provides a brief overview of the basic results of Investigations Into electrical discharges conducted at the department of High—Voltage Engineering of the Moscow Power Engineering Institute using pulse and high—f requeucy voltages. It presents the principle of the engineering method for calculating initial voltages.
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FflDfJfl flD DI I.. IQ ‘)flflô. (‘IA DflDQ’) flfl*flDflflAAflflAQflflA7 *
FOR OFFICIAL USE ONLY
DDC 551.594:629.735.33
LIGHTNING PARAMETERS AN]) LIGHTNING PROTECTION
[Abstract of article by Agapov, V. G., Brekhov, V. N., Larionov, V. P. and Sergiyevskaya, I. M.]
The vulnerability of ground objects and aircraft is examined. A method is given for evaluating the re1iabi14-y of the lightning protection on aircraft and for determining the calculated and test parameters of lightning.
UDC 21.315.62
CALCULATION OF THE ELECTRIC FIELDS OF INSULATION DESIGNS
[Abstract of article by Kolechitskiy, Ye. S., and Moieeyev, V. N.]
[Text] Electric fields of calculated models of insulation designs are examined.
A connection is established between the form of the dielectric interface and the
distortion of the field calculated in a homogeneous medium. The ‘feasibility of
a purposeful selection of the dielectricts forni in order to reduce field nonuniformity both in dielectrics as well as on their interface is demonstrated.
UDC 537.533.4.621.315.611.002.25
POWER ChARACTERISTICS OF PARTIAL SURFACE DISCHARGES MD THEIR APPLICATION FOR
ESTIMATING THE SERVICE LIFE OF POLYMER INSULATION
[Abstract of article by Aronov, N. A., Ivanov, A. V., and Kokurkin, N. P.]
[Text] The tages and forms of damage to solid polymer insulation due to the effects of partial surface discharges are studied. A criterion is established for the transsition from erosion damage to other types of deterioration. The practicability of utilizing the power characteristics of partial suface discharges to estimate the service life of polymer insulation is demonstrated. A method for speeding up the testing of dielectrics is developed.
UDC 621.313.12:621.315.61.001.5
THE STUDY AND DEVELOPMENT OF ELECTRICAL INSULATION FOR PWERFUL GENERATORS WITh NOMINAL. VOLTAGES OF 110 TO 220 kV
[Abstract of article by Kulikov, I. P., Minyayeva, 0. V., Mikleyeva, N. V., Pintal’, Yu. S., and Plotnikov, Ye. A.]
[Text] This article cites the basic results regarding the creation of electrical insulation for stator windings of high—voltage hydrogenerators with nominal voltages of 110 to 220 kV These studies were conducted from 1965 to 1980 in the Department of High-Voltage Engineering of the Moscow Power Engineering Institute and at the “Uralelektrotyazhmash” [Ural Electrical Heavy Machinery Plant] inieni. V. I. Lenin.
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A STUDY OF ELECTRICAL INSULATION OF POWER CABLES
UDC 62l.315.2Jt16.2:621.315.6t4.6.ÔO1.5
[Abstract of article by Pintal’, Yu. S., and Sbakhgedaoova, S. N.J
[Text] This article presents the results of an experimental study of the characteristics of initial partial discharges in paper—and—oil insulatioii of oil—f il.led cables. It is shown that in the paper—and—oil Insulation of oil—filled cables for 110—500 kV networks, initial partial discharges appear at Intensities of about
10 kV/nim. For this reason, they can determine the service life of oil—filled cables, particularly the new cables created for networks with a greatly restricted overload level.
UDC 621.372.21
TIlE INFLUENCE OF ELECTRIC-TRANSMISSION STRUCTURE UPON THE SELECTION OP A METHOD FOR CALCULATING OVERLOADS
[Abstract of article by Bazutkin, V. V., and Dmokhovskaya, L. F.]
[Text] This article presents a comparison of various methods of calculation and shows that standing—wave methods and integral transformations make it possible to detect the effects of various factors upon the amplitudes and forms of overloads.
IJDC 621 .316.935
;1] . -J —, I —I — J —l — ASl cy, ri-i-.y.- IJ&T&.W i —] .1 .1.T&1141 —1YT. • .Tt _________________________________;0]
AN INVESTIGATION OF THE PULSE CHARACTERISTICS OF LIGHThING-PROTECTION GROUNDING
RODS
[Abstract of article by Ryabkova, Ye. Ya.]
[Text] Methods of calculating the pulse resistance of Individual grounding electrodes are pointed out. In order to determine the pulse resistance of complex grounding devices, it is proposed that physical models be employed. Characteristics are cited for a model developed In the department of High—Voltage Engineering of the Moscow Power Engineering Institute.
UDC 629.735:621.316.98
DEVELOPMENT AND STUDY OF HIGH-VOLTAGE TEST-PULSE EQUIPMENT
[Abstract of article by Bizyayev, A. S., Kuzhekln, I. P., Mlnyayev, Yu. G., Naymark,
G. V. and Prokhorov, Ye. N.]
[Text] This article briefly presents information regarding the parameters of current and voltage test pulses. Relations are derived which associate the pulse parameters with parameters of an equivalent circuit for voltage—pulse generators. Descriptions are given of circuits, designs and parameters of voltage and current puls’ generator’i intended to investigate a discharge channel up to 1 in in length and to conduct tests of lightning iiunity.
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DDDWIfl ID DI tAct. Thiirc,I., I.irin 1* ‘)flflO. (IA DflDQ flflQflpflflflAflflflQflflA7 Q
FOR OFFICIAL US ONLY
IJDC 621.3.014.33.002.614
APPLICATION OF PULSE CURRENTS IN INDUSTRIAL AND ELECTROPHYSICPL EQUIPMENT
[Abstract of article by Avrutskiy, V. A., Borisov, R. K., Budovich, V. L., Kalenikov, A. V., Kiselev, V. Ya., Koshchiyenko, V. N., and Kuzhekin, I. P.]
[Text] This article presents an overview of the work done by the Department of High—Voltage Engineering of the Moscow Power Engineering Institute in the area of the theory and technique of utilizing powerful current pulses and magnetic fields under laboratory conditions and in industry. Formulas are given for calculating the operating conditions of high—voltage pulse equipment.
UDC 621.3.015.001.24
METHODS OF CALCULATING THE FIELD AND BEHAVIOR OF PARTICLES DURING A CORONA DISCHARGE
[Abstract of article by Vereshchagin, I. P., and Morozov, V. S.]
[Text] This article examines the analytical aid numerical methods of calculating the field of a unipolar corona discharge, widely used in electrical equipment.
Approximated analytical methods of calculation are developed f or two—dimensional fields. The article examines features of the field calculation for corona—forming electrodes with a varying radius of curve. It presents a method f or calculating the orientation and movement of particles in the electrical field of a corona discharge based on the actual form of the particles.
UDC 621.359.48.662.96
PROCESSES IN ELECThOFILTERS USED TO PURIFY DUSTY GASES
[Abstract of article by Mirzabekyan, C. Z., and Makal’skiy, L. N.J
[Text] This article presents the results of research into the processes that occur in the active portion of an electrofilter. Nethods of calculation are suggested which make it possible to determine the degree of purification of the gas in electro— filters with small and large input concentrations of a disperse phase. Relationships are cited which determine the values of the concentration, starting with which it is necessary to consider the effect of the disperse phase on the process of particle capture. The calculated methods give results that agree well with the experiment. Recommendations are given for intensifying the purification process which can be carried out on industrial equipment.
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FOR OFFICIAL USE ONLY
UDC 621.359.7 575)576 .001.5
ELECTRICAL PROCESSES DURING THE PRODUCTION OF A CHARGED AEROSOL
[Abstract of article by Vereshchagin, I. P., Makal’skiy, L. N., and Mirzabekan,
G. Z.]
[Text] An analysis is presented of the possible processes of particle charging during the formation of a charged aerosol., chief among which are the charging In a corona—discharge field and induction charging during the break—up of drops in an electrical field. It is established that with the condensation formation of an aerosol in the presence of charged ions of steam, there takes place the diffusion charging of aerosol particles outside of the discharge gap.
An analysis is conducted of the phenomena at the output of the charged—aerosol generator. It is established that with a 40—50 pA aerosol charge transfer each second, discharge phenomena appear in the initial portion of the charged stream. It is shown that the condensation and evaporation of drops of liquid in the charged stream influence the processes of charge transfer.
UDC 667.644.3:621.319.7
PHYSICAL PROCESSES AND EQUIPMENT FOR APPLYING A POLYMER COATING IN AN ELTRICAL FIELD
[Abstract of article by Pashin, K. M.]
;1] A •J •J iaT I • WA1 ..TTrr7 . n. ..n IIiTaT.Wá VA -] ;0]
[Text] This article examines the processes of charging particles of powdered polymer materials in electropneumatic sprayers and in a fluidized layer with the application of an electrical field. In the latter case, charging takes place in the field of a corona discharge. The considerable role of the field of the bulk charge of the particles of the material in the deposition process is shown. A method is presented for matching the characteristics of the high—voltage power source which insures the maximum safety of servicing.
UDC 537.222.2.001.5
STATIC ELECTRIFICATION AND NEUTRALIZATION OF CHARGES IN LIQUIDS TRANSPORTED BY PIPES
[Abstract of article by Maksimov, B. K., Obukh, A. A., and Tikhonov, A. V.]
[Text] This article cites the results of research into the electrification of white oils during their charging in pipelines and railroad tank cars.
A method is developed for determining safe conditions for filling tank cars and the maximum permissible speed for pumping petroleum products at an automated pumping station is established. An arrangement is suggested for the automatic control of the operational mode based on a sensor to monitor charge density which was developed for this purpose.
COPYRIGHT: Moscovskiy energeticheskiy institut, 1981
9512
CSO: 1860/25
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FOR OFFICIAL USE ONLY
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FOR OFFICIAL US ONLY
ANNOTATION AND ABSTRACTS FROM COLLECTION ‘IMPROVING TRACTIONAL ELECTRIC—DRIVE AND
POWERSUPPLY SYSTEMS’
Moscow TRUDY NOSKOVSKOGO ORDENA LENINA I ORDENA OKTYABR’ SICOY REVOLYUTSII
ENERGETICHESKOGO INSTITUTA, TEMATICHESKIY SBORNIK: SOVERSRENSTVOVANIYE $ ISTEM
TYAGOVOGO ELEKTROPRIVODA I ELEKTROSNABZRENIYA in Russian No 493, 1980 (signed to
press 11 Dec 80) pp 2, 169—179
[Text] This topical collection includes articles written by staff members and graduate students in the department of electrical transport using the results of a scientific examination of tractional electric—drive and power—supply systems for various types of rolling stock f or trunkline and urban electric transport.
This collection is of interest to scientific workers and engineers engaged in matters relating to tractional electric drive and power supply.
LJDC 621.336.001
;1] i .j.i IaITI —i —f1—T.i — —w.i —hr!7 ri . I]iYit.W. V] i liTiTilliTa _______________________________;0]
EXAMINATION OF THE RELIABILIT’i AND STAEILITY OF FIBERGLASS TROLLEY BOOMS
[Abstract of article by Yefreinov, I. S., Isayev, I. P., Savina, T. I., Matveyevich,
A. P., Puzankov, A. D., and Kozlov, L. G.]
[Textj Criteria are established for evaluating the fatigue strength of fiberglass booms of a trolley bus current collector. A description is given of a vibration test bench based on the electromagnetic principle and results of fatigue—strength tests of booms are presented.
The article suggests expressions for determining the service life of the booms based on results of the tests.
AN EXPERIMENTAL TESTING UNIT FOR TROLLEY BUS DIAGNOSTICS
UDC 621.335:658.562.001.5
[Abstract of article by Aksenov, N. D., Ozhigin, V. P., Sevost’yanov, A. N., and Stremovskaya, G. P.]
[Text] This article describes the design of an experimental testing unit for comprehensive trolley bus diagnostics. The construction and operational principles of the testing unit’s individual assemblies and hardware are examined.
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FOR OFFICIAL US ONLY
UDC 629.113.6.629.119
AN APPARATUS FOR REMOTE CONTROL OF A TROLLEY BUS ON AN EXPERIMENTAL DIAGNOSTIC
UNIT
[Abstract of article by Ozhigin, V. P., Kalashnikov, B. G., Arshlnov, S. A., and Prokudin, V. F.]
[Text] This article substantiates the necessity of creating an apparatus for remote control of a trolley bus on an experimental testing unit. Specifications for the apparatus are drawn up. A description is presented of the apparatus’s design and electrical circuitry.
UDC 629.1.13.62:658.56
A METHOD FOR RAPID DETECTION OF FAULTS IN THE CONTROL CIRCUITS OF A ZIU-9B TROLLEY
BUS
[Abstract of article by Arshinov, S. A.]
[Text] This article examines and analyzes the methods for rapid detection of faults in the control circuits of a ZIU—9B trolley bus. A method is suggested for rapid detection of faults in the trolley bus’s control circuits using a logic circuit.
UDC 629.113.6:629.119
PRINCIPLES OF CONSTRUCTING DIAGNOSTIC EQUIPMENT FOR THE CONTROL SYSTEM OF A TROLLEY BUS’S THYRISTOR PULSE VOLTAGE REGULATOR
[Abstract of article by Glushenkov, V. A.]
;1] .1.).] .Y1yJ I — -J -, ,.. . .. - r.y.y.r.-.] V -] I • r.. .TTi • .Y.Tit]ij w ___________________________;0]
[Text] This article examines the principles of constructing diagnostic equipment for the control system of a trolley bus’s thyristor pulse voltage regulator. These principles make it possible to quickly detect a malfunctioning assea,ly at the replaceable circuit board level. On the basis of the analysis of the flow sheet of the system, a schematic is developed for an automated control system.
UDC 629.113.6:629.119
A PULSE SELECTOR FOR DIAGNOSIS OF THE ELECTRONIC CONTROL UNIT OF A RVZ-7 TROLLEY
CAR
[Abstract of article by Nikolayev, V. F.]
[Text] This article examines the circuit for a pulse—duration selector constructed on the basis of integrated microcircuits. Time diagrams are presented for the circuits major points. The application of the selector in diagnostic systems is recommended.
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FOR OFFICIAL USE ONLY
UDC 621.335.—621.314
AN MALYSIS OF THE DYNAMIC PROCESSES IN CLOSED SYSTEMS OF TIIYRISTOR PULSE—WIDTH
REGULATION
[Abstract of article by Komarov, V. C.]
[Text] This article examines a systm of thyristor pulse—width regulation and its characteristics as a nonlinear pulse sys..ni. Based on the actual structure of a pulse—width modulator, an analytical expression is derived which describes the dynamic process of modulation and which establishes the physical essence of dynamic distortion in pulse—width modulators. The Influence of these dynamic distortions in open and closed systems is analyzed.
UDC 621.382.2.072:629.113.014
A STABILIZED LOW-VOLTAGE POWER SOURCE FOR A TRAM CAR ELECTRONIC CONTROL UNIT WITU A THYRISTOR-PULSE SYSTEM OF REGULATION
[Abstract of article by Kos’kin, 0. A., and Suslov, B. Ye.]
[Text] Th.s article examines a stabilized low—voltage power source consisting of a pulse voltage stabilizer, a control circuit. for the stabilizer’s power transistor made from a unijunction transistor, a fixed—voltage converter with an automatic— start circuit and a unit for protecting the transistor of the current regulator.
UDC 621.382.2.072:629.113.014
;1] Al i 1 • - A • I .1FIY.J. rFrar— I IIiTI1.iWA..I 1 1 .JiTi1L1 IiTi1&V FITiT&TiYalia__;0]
A DEVICE FOR DEFINING THE CURRENT SETTING IN A TRACTIONAL ELECTRIC DRIVE
[Abstract of article by Suslov, B. Ye., and Kryuchkov, A. A.]
[Text] This article examines a contactiess device for defining current setting which consists of a voltage sensor, a rotating transformer and two operational amplifiers turned on through a circuit of a comparator with positive feedback and an integrator.
UDC 621.337.5.2:621.382.8
A TIME-TO-PULSE BRAKING-POWER SEN4OR
[Abstract of article by Kiryukhin, Yu. A., and Guyber, 0.]
[Text] This article examines a microelectronic—based computer f or calculating braking power. The computer has enhanced stability of its characteristics due to the introduction of negative feedback into the circuit. The computer is intended for use in automatic electric—braking control systems for electric drives.
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A STATIC CONVERTER FOR SUBWAYS
P0k OPPtCIAL USF ONLY
UDC 621.314.57:621.335.42
[Abstract of article by Krasnov, V. F., Marchenko,v, A. P., and Lisin, A. V.]
[Text] This article examines a static converter for supplying he excitation windings of subway car traction motors.
The static converter is designed to supply the.excitation windings of subway cat’ traction motors with regulated direct—current voltage and is configured with an independent parallel inverter to whose output are connected regulated thyristor rectifiers. The article examines the operational characteristics of the static converter under subway conditions. These characteristics determine the selection of the schematic and the parameters of individual elements. A test model of the static converter proved reliable during test rung on a YeZh—type car. Experimental load characteristics and diagrams of the static converter’s working process are presented.
UDC 621.337—52.001.5
A DIGITAL CONTROL SYSTEM FOR A THYRISTOR CONVERTER WITh INDUCED COMMUTATION FOR AN ALTERNATING-CURRENT ELECTRIC TRAIN
[Abstract of article by Trakhtman, L. M., Karpov, Yu. A., and Starodumov, V. S.]
[Text] This article presents specifications for a system intended to generate control pulses for a thyristor rectifier—inverter converter with enhanced power characteristics. Control of the converter requires four pulses during each half—cycle of the circuit voltage. The phase angle of these pulses depends upon the mode of operation (tractive or braking) and the magnitude of the load current (working or pulse). A block diagram is presented and the operation of the control system is described. This system is based on a digital principle of time—interval a8signment which insures the temperature stability of the phase angles of pulse delivery under the indicated operational modes.
DDC 629.423.31:621.314.6
;1] .1 J 7IVJ .I — — A i — AJ — flu L7iTt•W yA• -I .1.1 i’YT... iTh1v Fill?. h YáTá’v ____________________________;0]
A ROTOR-POSITION AND ROTATIONAL-FREQUENCY VARIABLE-RELUCThNCE PICKUP FOR A THYRATRON
MOTOR
[Abstract of article by Tulupov, V. D., and Kovalev, Yu. 1.1
[Text] Results are presented from the development of a rotor—position variable— reluctance pickup based on a self—oscillator with sequential shift of position and negative feedback with respect to alternating currnt.
A block diagram is presented for a digital rotational—frequency sensor for thyratron motors. This sensor utilizes information obtained from the output of the rotor— position pickup.
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APPROVED FOR RELEASE: Thursday, June 18, 2009: CIA-RDP82-00850R000400080047..8

FOR OFFICIAL USE ONLY
UDC 621.337—52.001.5
A CONTROL-SIGNAL COMMUTATOR FOR AN AUTOMATIC CONTROL SYSTEM OF M AC ELECTRIC TRAIN
WITH SEPARATE EXCITATION OF THE TRACTION MOTORS
[Abstract of article by Panov, V. F.]
[Text] This article proposes a system of automatic tractive—free control for an AC electric train with separate excitation of the traction motors. It examines a method of switching from voltage to current regulation of traction—motor excitation. It describes a block diagram that provides f or this transition (a control— signal commutator) and the processes that arise in this case.
POWER INDICATORS OF PULSE-FREQUENCY REGULATION ON AN ELECTRIC TRAIN
UDC 621.3.017.8
[Abstract of article by Bure. I. G., Khevsuriany, I. M., and Shevchenko, V. V.]
[Text] This article presents the results of tractive power testing of an electric train at a voltage of 6 kV DC with pulse—frequency voltage regulation of the traction motors and with the train’s internal needs being supplied from a static thy— ristor converter. A comparison is made of the experimental and calculated power indicators of electric rolling stock in traditional and regenerative—braking modes.
UDC 621.335:621.314.6.57
;1] Al •J •1 .IaIT -i T-1.i — tA1 -Tvrr,,’ r .i-i.- I IL,IiTTh1....... a V’ -] ;0]
SUITABILITY OF APPLICATION OF A STATIC THYRISTOR CONVERTER FOR SUPPLYING THE INTER
NAL NEEDS OF AN ER-2 ELECTRIC TRAIN
[Abstract of article by Bayryyeva, L. S., and Shevchenko, V. V.]
[Text] This article examines the suitability of using static thyristor converters to replace electromechanical converters to supply the internal needs of an ER—2 electric train. A converter layout is suggested based on an inverterwith two commutator circuits. The article examines the operation of this converter under various types of operation and compares the converters with respect to power and dimensional indicators.
UDC 621.316.72
TRANSIENT CHARACTERISTICS OF DC ELECTRIC TRACTION MOTORS SUPPLIED BY A PULSE— FREQUENCY CONVERTER
[Abstract of article by Bayryyeva, L. S.]
[Text] As a result of calculations applied to URT—11OA and DPE—400 traction motors and the parameters of pulse—frequency converters installed on rolling stock, it is shown that there is a reduction in current surges which arise during supply— voltage differences. These surges are reduced by more than a factor of two in comparison with the standard supply system. Results of experimental testing are cited.
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APPROVED FOR RELEASE: Thursday, June 18, 2009: CIA-RDP82-00850R000400080047-8

FOR OFFICIAL USI ONLY
UDC 621.314.6
A STUDY OF RECTIFIERS IN A HEaVY-DUTY SEMIREGULATED BRIDGE-TYPE RECTIFIER ASSEMBLY
[Abstract of article by Arzamastsev, N. V.1
‘—I”)
[Text] This article examines the operational characteristics of diodes and thyris— tors in a heavy—duty regulated bridge—type rectifier connected at the output of a static converter. It presents a method of determining losses in the rectifiers of a bridge-type rectifier assembly and provides recommendations for reducing these losses. It also gives the results of experimental testing of a 150—kW static converter on a VL—II—OO1 electric train.
UDC 621.314:681.335.7
A STUDY OF AN INTEGRATED MICROCIRCUIT CONTROL SYSTEM FOR AN ELECTRIC TRAIN WITH
PULSE REGULATION
[Abstract of article by Bederova, A. N., and Kukushkin, S. P.]
[Text] This article presents results from the construction of an integrated microcircuit control system for thyristor converters on electric rolling stock with pulse regulation. It provides the foundation for selecting the elementary basis for the development of integrated microcircuit control systems and an evaluation of their reliability.
UDC 621.335.42
;1] . .i .i -YT -I -J — .. ..-_ ..n v FT.riTi’n.....r V-] &1 -IZ.W.T.T3 hi -IaYaiiV aYaT’lIr.y __________________________;0]
A POWER-CIRCUIT LAYOUT FOR SUBWAY CARS WITH REGENERATIVE-RESISTOR BRAKING
[Abstract of article by Tulupov, V. D., Marchenkov, A. P., and Lyapunova, N. D.]
[Text] This article examines the feasibility of re—equipping mass—produced subway cars with a separate automatic system of regulated excitation of the traction motors. The primary advantage of this system is the energy saving (about 30 percent) due to the application of regenerative braking despite the presence of ballistic resistors in the armature circuits, included f or maintaining a high braking effect. Purely resistive braking remains as substitute braking at low speeds and in case of accident. The article presents an arrangement of subway—car power circuits which realizes the tractional mode of operation as well, as the regenerative and rheostatic braking.
UDC 621.313.339
FEATURES OF SELECTING TUE CAPACITANCE VALUE OF A FILTER IN A TRACTION DRIVE WITh
ASYNCHRONOUS MOTORS AND WITH PARALLEL CONNECTION OF FREQUENCY CONVERTERS
[Abstract of article by Stepanov, A. D., Anders, V. I., Bogatin, A. A., Kolobov,
M. G., and Ivanov, V. I.]
[Text] Basic relationships are presented for the selection of capacitance for a frequency-converter filter. In selecting the filter capacitance, the parallel operation of several frequency converters upon it is taken into consideration.
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FOR ornaAL US ONLY
UDC 621.335.5
PRINCIPLES OF CONTROLLING MOTORS WITH SEPARATE EXCITATION FOR INDIVIDUAL DRIVE- WHEEL TRACTIONAJ. EQUIPMENT
[Abstract of article by Ustinov, A. V., Zykov, Yu. A., and Shadrin, V. A.]
[Text] Examined are questions of control of DC motors with separate excitation in the presence of individual excitation regulators and series connection of motors when there are a great many drive wheels. Recommendations are provided for constructing a system of automatic excitation regulation during tractional and braking operation. An alternative for the schematic of such a system is suggested which is configured using integrated microcircuits.
UDC 625.282—681.325.6
A METHOD OF SYNTHESIZING LOGIC DEVICES WITH REPEATED CYCLICAL VARIATION OF THE INPUT VARIABLES
[Abstract of article by Nabebin, A. A., and Prechisskiy, V. A.]
[Text] This article examines a method of synthesizing 1gic circuits whose graph— scheme is. represented by many identical cycles of variables, based on the example of a device for switching poles in the AC electric transmission of a self—contained
locomotive.
;1] Al •J .1 1 WL’1 .4TITF’2Y .. .y VA -] I .I.ZTiTiI1 -1i1Iri’ FT iI1i11V b1;0]
UDC 621.335.2
TECHNICAL AD ECONOMIC ASPECTS OF THE APPLICATION OF AC ELECTRi TRANSMISSIONS
WITHOUT INTERNEDIATE CONVERTERS IN SELF-CONTAINED LOCOMOTIVES
[Abstract of article by Prechisskiy, V. A., Novikov, V. A., Chernyshov, V. A., Trofimenko, V. I., and Barten’yev, 0. V.]
[Text] This article cites the results of technical and economic calculations which point out the suitability of utilizing an electrical transmission with conununtator— less AC motors without intermediate converters in self—contained locomotives, particularly in those with multishaft gas—turbine engines.
UDC 629.414.1:621.436—61.004.18
ENERGETICS OF SHUNTING OPERATIONS AND THE PROSPECT OF REGENERATION FOR DIESEL SHUNT
LOCOMOTIVES
[Abstract of article by Boldov, N. A., and Bkhatt, D. P.]
[Text] This article shows the suitability and practicability of utilizing regenerative braking on diesel shunt locomotives and presents the basic circuit arrangements for and characteristics of regeneration. It evaluates the efficiency of regenerative layouts which result in improved shunting operation with a simultaneous reduction in fuel losses and brake—block replacement, as well as a reduction in pollution of the environment.
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ON THE SELECTION OF LIGHT-DUTY TRACTION MOTORS
UDC 621.313. 13
[Abstract of article by Stepanov, A. D., Anders, V. I., Boldov, A. N., and Safronov, A. V.]
[Text] An analysis is made of existing motor designs from the standpoint of thei± utilization as traction motors in transportation equipment. The motors are compared with respect to the active—surface utilization factor.
UDC 621.316:632.001.5
EFFECT OF TRACTION LOAD ON THE SERVICE LIFE OF RECTIFIERS OPERATING IN RECTIFYING ACTION SUBSTATIONS OF STREET CARS AND TROLLEY BUSES
[Abstract of article by Yefremov, I. S., and Kalasbnikov, B. G.]
[Text] This article presents a method for evaluating the effect of a cyclical traction load on fatigue deterioration of semiconductor power rectifiers operating in converter substations of street cars and trolley buses. Results are cited f or the deterioration of silicon power rectifiers in street car and trolley bus substations.
UDC 621.331:621.311.031
A STUDY OF THE POWER CI4ARACTERISTICS OF A TRACTION-DRIVE SYSTEM FOR HIGH-SPEED SURFACE TRANSPORTATION
[Abstract of article by Dolaberidze, G. P., and Stroyev, V. P.]
;1] . -J - I YaW’ —i -— —J — — I -‘flu .,. .. v- . .. .. L,7iYaT. -1.1 .IL.iyit•i ii T 1IYIYiL•1&Y&’ —— ________________________________;0]
[Text] This article examines an algorithm for designing a power—supply system for high—speed surface transportation on magnetic suspension with linear synchronous traction motors. Values for the supply voltage, the power factor and the efficiency of the system are found f or the various lengths of the winding sections in the active motive structure depending upon the motor’s excitation current.
UDC 621.331.021.516.93:621.314.5
A STANDARDIZED CONVERTER UNIT FOR STATE ELECTRICAL TRUST SUBSTATIONS
[Abstract of article by Zagaynov, N. A., Chibisov, A. N., Osipov, V. Ye., and Maksimova, L. A.]
[Text] This article examhes a unit designed to supply a State Electrical Trust contact system in decentralized as well as centralized supply systems. Systems are described for the control and protection of the unit under emergency conditions. An analysis is made of the electromagnetic processes arising during external shorting of the rectifier with respect to the zero supply circuit. A calculation is made of the dependence of short—circuit current peaks upon the length of the supply cable.
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APPROVED FOR RELEASE: Thursday, June 18, 2009: CIA-RDP82-00850R000400080047-8

FOR OPflCIAL US ONLY
UDC 621.314.5—714:621.382.026
AN INVESTIGATION OF THE INFLUENCE OF DESIGNS FOR A THYRISTOR CONVERTER WITH NATURAL
AIR COOLING UPON THE THERMAL CHARACTERISTICS OF POWER THYRISTORS
[Abstract of article by Nikol’skiy, I. K.]
[Text] Results are cited of experimental studies of the effect of the design for a rectifier case upon the steady—state heating of a T630 thyristor body with an OA—032 cooler when a sing1 power unit and three SPP’s [power semiconductor device] are situated in the compartment.
COPYRIGHT: Moskovskiy energeticheskiy Lnstitut, 1980
9512
CSO: 1860/23
;1] Al .1.1 -JiTJ I -1’ .J-i t1 .47TIT2 t my iTh1i.i VA -] ii ;0]
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APPROVED FOR RELEASE: Thursday, June 18, 2009: CIA-RDP82-00850R000400080047-8

a p
FOR OFFICIAL liE ONLY
ANNOTATION AND ABSTRACTS FROM JOURNAL ‘METHODS AND DEVICES FOR PRODUCING AND PRO
CESSING RADIO SIGNALS’
Moscow TRUDY MOSKOVSKOGO ORDENA LENINA I ORDENA OKTYABR’ SKOY REVOLYUTSII
ENERGETICHESKOGO INSTITUTA, TEMATICHESKIY SBORNIK: METODY I USTROYSTVA FORMIROVANIYA
I OERABOTKI RADIOSIGNALOV in Russian No 463, 1980 (signed to press 22 Jan 80) pp 2,
10 1—107
[Text] The articles in this collection are devoted to the pressing theoretical and practical questions of the production and processing of signals in various types of radio equipment. A number of articles analyze the principles of construction of precision phase—locking communication systems. They also examine problems of increasing the quality of signals with phase and frequency modulation. Considerable attention is devoted to the study of methods for improving the quality characteristics of signal—processing equipment. Questions are examined regarding the determination of the structure and parameters of the optimum analog and digital filters f or extracting a legitimate signal. The results of research into the performance of data systems in terms of error probability are cited. The articles examine methods for improving the quality of equipment intended for the reception and pro— c.esslng of optical signals as well as of transistor amplifiers and active filters.
This collection can be useful for specialists working In the area of radio—receiver and radio—transmitter technology.
UDC 621.391.535
;1] TTi1 Th1y —I — — — — .. .. . ... iiirir. VA —j .1 i -i&iii. .. — -_______________________________;0]
THE STRUCTURE OF RADIO SIGNALS MATCHED WITH LINE FILTERS
[Abstract of article by Sudakov, S. S.]
[Text] A random linear radio circuit is examined as a matched filter for specific radio signals. A structure is found for radio signals which are matched with:
1) a parallel oscillatory circuit; 2) a balancing mixer loaded on an oscillatory
circuit; 3) a superheterodyne receiver with a radio—frequency amplifier; 4) a super— heterodyne receiver with double frequency conversion.
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STATISTICAL CHARACTERISTICS OF A DATA SYSTEM WITH FEEDBACK
[Abstract of article by Bystrov, S. T.]
[Text] This article describes a data system with feedback in which, during the data— transmission process, a change in the amplification factor of the transceiving section is achieved by means of the introduction into the system of a parametric multiplier with dependent pumping. It is shown that the introduction of this element into the system makes it possible to achieve a given probability of error and accurate data transmission with lower gains in the data channel than in a system without dependent pumping.
DIGITAL KALMAN FILTER FOR A SIGNAL IN THE FORM OF A QUADRATIC POLYNOMIAL
[Abstract of article by Denisov, S. A., and Rakov, V. K.]
UDC 621.398.505
[Text] This article examines the construction of a transient digital filter which, in an optimal fashion, separates a legitimate signal in the form of a quadratic polynomial with random coefficients from a blend of the signal with noise. The method of construction consists of synthesizing an analog filter prototype which solves a given problem in continuous tiwe and of making a subsequent transition using one of the known methods to a digital filter. The feasibility of constructing such a filter using microprocessors of various word length is evaluated.
EVALUATING THE EFFECTIVENESS OF PASSIVE-NOISE SUPPRESSION
[Abstract of article by Razgonyayev, Yu. V.]
TJDC 621.391.82
[Text] This article analyzes the effectiveness of application of moving—target selection using continuous—radiation Doppler radar with coherent analog accumulation. It is shown that the introduction of such an indication in the presence of Intense passive interference with a symmetrical power spectrum gives a 3 dB gain in the threshhold signal in comparison with a receiver without selection.
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UDC 621.391.82
;1] A •J •I —I .‘ • WL1 —L..TTIT2 cy, m-y- IIiTiT.Wá VA -] ;0]
SENSITIVITY OF A DATA SYSTEM WITH FEEDBACK [Abstract of article by Botnev, V. N., and Grusha, S. A.]
[Text] This article examines a osc illation—propogation medium, closed dynamic system, since it or a damped—oscillation mode in under investigation is close to but, in contrast to the latter,
data system with feedback in which the transmitter, receiver and non-noisy feedback channel form a is possible to establish either a self—excitation
it. It is shown that the sensitivity of the system the sensitivity of a system with phase modulation does not require phase locking.
UDC 621.396.962.2
APPROVED FOR RELEASE: Thursday, June 18, 2009: CIA-RDP8Z-uuobuR000400080047-8

FOR OFFiCIAL IJSF ONLY
nJ_ a.
UDC 621.383:535.241:778.35.03
ON THE EQUIVALENCY OF FREQUENCY AND SPATIAL-FREQUENCY FILTRATION IN OPTICO-ELECTRONIC ANALYZERS
[Abstract of article by Blagorodov, A. N., Vanetsian, R. A., Daniiov, B. V., Sharov, Yu. V. and Shtykhno, V. V.]
[Text] A noncoherent optical correlator (NOK) is examined from the standpoint of the phenomenon of spatial resonance. It is shown that with the help of filtration of the output power signal of the NOK, an equivalent transformation of the spectrum of spatial frequencies of the output image can be carried out. The article cites the results of a computer calculation of the weighted spectral harmonic coefficients of the output signal. __________ __________________ - - -
UDC 621.391.822.01:621.396.621.2:621.396.232
ON THE NOISE FACTOR OF THE LINEAR SECTION OF A RADIO RECEIVER WITH A SEMICONDUCTOR— DIODE DETECTOR
[Abstract of article by Osipov, Ye. Ye.]
[Text] On the basis of an analysis of the coherence of high—frequency noise at the p—n junction of a semiconductor diode operating as an HF detector in a radio receiver, high—frequency noise reflected from the input of the detector and high— frequency noise arriving at the input of the radio receiver, an expression is derived for the noise factor in the HF section of the radio receiver with respect to the output passed to the p—n junction of the detector diode. Conditions are determined under which this noise factor can be replaced with a known noise factor with respect to the output reflected from the input of the HF detector.
UDC 621.354.76
;1] Al .1.1 -Iij —l -j —i — —wA1 —Tvrr2 --.-,-- II&T.W VA -] i .iysriii -ivvv rivivirli ______________________________;0]
TR.ANSFORNATION OF T-SYSTEN NOISE PARMIETERS LINEAR UHF QUADRIPOLES
[Abstract of article by Kurushln, A. A., and Tekshev, V. B.]
[Text] Relationships are presented f or calculating the primary noise parameters in a T—system of various connections f or two noisy quadripoles: parallel, series and cascade. This article examines the influence of external feedback on the transmitting and noise characteristics of microwave transistors.
UDC 621.375.4(088.8) (520)
MINIMIZING NONLINEAR DISTORTION IN TRANSISTOR NPLIFIERS
[Abstract of article by Bogatyrev, Ye. A.. and Grebenko, Tu. A.]
[Text] This article examines the question of e44ng nonlinear distortion Ilk transistor amplifiers. In order to describe the nonlinear properties of amplifiers, an apparatus of functional Volterra series is used. The following procedure is suggested for synthesizing a highly linear amplifier: 1) the development of base
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I— an —
a I-. —.
FOR OFFICIAL USF ONLY
amplifier modules which describe a functional Volterra series with a zero kernel of the second order; 2) the synthesis of a block diagram for connecting amplifier modules which describes a functional Volterra series with a zero kernel of the third order.
UDC 621.372.54
NOISE CHARACTERISTICS OF ACTIVE RESISTIVE-CAPACITIVE FILTERS OF THE SECOND ORDER [Abstract of article by Kapustyan, V. I.]
[Text] This article compares the noise characteristics of certain second—order circuits which have received the bcoadest practical application. The calculated relationships derived are presenbed In a form convenient for engineering calculations. Methods are determined for expanding the dynamic range of the circuits examined.
UDC 621.373.52.001
INFLUENCE OF DUTY LOAD ON THE SYNCHRONIZATION BAND OF SELF—EXCITED TRANSISTOR OSCILLATORS V
[Abstract of article by Artenienkov, S. L., Sanioylenko, 0. I., and Smol’skiy, S. N.]
[Text] With the help of calculations made on a digital computer, the influence of a transistor’s duty load on the size of a self—excited oscillator’s synchroni.za— tion band is analyzed. The analysis was carried out for a piecewise model of an active element. This article examines the behavior of resonance characteristics and the local stability of steady—state synchronous modes of self—excited oscil— lators. It examines the influence of certain parameters of synchronized self—excited oscillators on their synchronous band.
UDC 621.373.121.11; 621.37632
;1] Al .I•] -riwi -i . 4i - -] —i - —..i i.... . rv . .. — - iqii -i&rai v, iii T.r’rav _________________________;0]
PARASITIC AMPLITUDE MODULATION WITH FREQUENCY MODULATION OF OSCILLATIONS OF SINGLE—
CIRCUIT OSCILLATORS
[Abstract of article by Laut, L. N.]
[Text] The ‘abbreviated” differetit11 equations derived earlier for single—circuit generators of frequency—modulated oscillations are solved together with the equation for the bias circuit. The active element is treated as inertialess. Using the expressions derived for the variable components of the amplitude of the oscillations, the article examines the influence of the bias circuit parameters on the parasitic amplitude modulation.
APPROVED FOR RELEASE: Thursday, June 18, 2009: CIA-RDP82-oo85oR00040008004y..8
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I

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BAND CHARACTERISTICS OF SINGLE-CIRCUIT VARACTOR FREQUENCY DIVIDERS
[Abstract of article by Ob”yedlcov, A. F., and Turkin, A. A.,]
UDC 621.374.4
[Text] This article presents an accurate method for determiu:Ing the separation band of varactor frequency dividers with a piecewise characteristic.
The article examines circuits with external and automatic bias. The dependence of the separation bandwidth upon the magnitude of the bias and the resistance of the autobias with various dampings in the circuit are derived.
UDC 621.397
ON CALCULATING THE INTERCOUPLINGS IN THE SIMPLEST ACTIVE PHASED ANTENNA ARRAYS [Abstract of article by Bikmurzin, R. S. Dvornikov, A. A., and Chukov, A. H.]
[Text] This article examines the influence of intercouplings on the operation of an active two—element phased antenna array in which self—exciting oscillators or regenerative amplifiers are used as active modules. It demonstrates the feasibility of narrowing the band of external synchronization of active self—exciting oscillator modules. The article also points out the occurrence of instability in the operation of active regenerative—amplifier modules.
UDC 621.373.8
;1] Al .1.1 Ta1V I i1 - — -rn-. I.,. k.yvm Iririy.w y-i .i . dTh.rb1 -Jararii r&riTT7jy, w.;0]
CHARACTERISTICS OF MODELING TRANSIENTS IN LASERS USING ELECTRONIC ANALOG COMPUTERS
[Abstract of article by I1’in, Yu. B., and Konstantlnov, V. H.]
[Text] This article examines the types of and reasons for instability in the operation of a laser model composed of a MN—18 analog computer using Statz—DeMars equations in accordance with the standard methodology. By means of .a qualitative analysis of the model’s phase plane, the article demonstrates the deciding role of fluc— tuat ions in the machine variables and the error in the polygonal approximation of the integration operation of the multiplication block In the formation of instability effects.
UDC 621.317.7
MULTIDIMENSIONAL INTERCOUPLED PHASE AUTOALIGNING SYSTEMS WITH SIGNAL-FREQUENCY CON
VERTERS
[Abstract of article by Kapranov, M. V.1
[Text] Matrix differential equations are derived for multidimensional interconnected phase autoaligning systems of random structure with frequency conversion of many external signals. This article also examines frequency—conversion matrices for various methods of organizing the partial rings into an intdracting collective.
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TRACKING PHASE AUTOALIGNMENT WITH INTEGRATED CONTROL
[Abstract of article by Kurochkina, T. I.]
UDC 621.373.078.6.001
[Text] This article examines the feasibility of utilizing a system of phase auto— alignment of frequency with integrated cortro1 based on frequency—phase autoalignment in order to track the linearly varying frequency of a signal. This article determines the dependence of the critical rate of tracking and the noise band upon the parameters of such a systam. It also uses these indicators to compare a phase auto— aligning system having integrated control with a phase autotuning system having an ideal proportional integrating filter.
UDC 621.396.2
AN ANALYSIS OF THE STABILITY OF A MUTUAL-SYNCHRONIZATION SYSTEM WITH TWO SPATIALLY SEPARATED SELF—EXCITING OSCILLATORS
[Abstract of article by Getta, T. G.]
[Text] The phase—plane method is used to investigate the stability of a large mutual synchronization system of two spatially separated self—exciting generators. Cutoff points are determined for the occurrence of synchronous, quasi—synchronous and asynchronous operation depending upon time delays in the communication channel.
UDC 621.396.96
;1] A 1 .1 1&Ji — -i—I — AI F I TII-J.3 E.TV rIIY. t -J 1 •IbTaT1a1 -JaYaYaV IaYaYaT1iTil _____________________________;0]
SYNTHESIS OF A FILTER IN A SYSTEM FOR AUTOMATIC CORRECTION OF REGULAR DISTORTION
OF A LINEAR-FREQUENCY MODULATED SIGNAL
[Abstract of article by Belov, L. A.]
[Textj This article presents a synthesis of several filter variants in a feedback circuit of a system for autoalignment of regular distortion in a linear—frequency modulated signal formed after the feedback circuit. A calculation is made of the errors between cadence points and their dispersion with various system parameters.
UDC 621.396.96
DISTORTION OF WIDEBAND SIGNALS WITh LINEAR FREQUENCY MODULATION IN PHASED ANTENNA
ARRAY S
[Abstract of article by Tomskiy, A. M.]
[Text) This article examines the reasons for distortion of wideband signals with linear frequency modulation when passing through a phased antenna array. An expression is presented which describes the form of the signal’s linear—frequency modulation envelope after passage through a phased antenna array, and results are cited for the calculation of the signal’s linear—frequency modulation envelope with various angles of reception of the signal by the phased antenna array.
COPYRIGHT: Moskovskiy eriergeticheskiy institut, 1980
9512
CSO: 1860/22
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FOR OFFICIAL USI ONLY
ANNOTATION AND ABSTRACTS FROM COLLECTION ‘METHODS AND MEANS ELECTROMECHANICAL ELEMENTS AND SYSTEMS’
FOR OPTIMIZATION OF
Moscow TRUDY MOSKOVSKOGO ORDENA LENINA I ORDENA OKTYABR’ SKOY REVOLYUTSII
ENERGETICI{ESKOGO INSTITUTA, TEMATICRESKIY SBORNIK: METODY I SREDSTVA OPTIMIZATSII
ELEKTROMEKI1ANICHESKIKH ELEMENTOV I SISTEM in Russian No 500, 1980 (signed to press
29 Jan 81) pp 2, 129—136
[Text] This collection reflects the new directions in research on electric drives, electrical machinery and electrical devices. The articles present new methods for the study and optimization of electromechanical elements and systems.
A great many of the articles are devoted to discrete drives which have received broad application in the USSR and abroad in various automated systems. This collection presents the results of studies which have considerable economic significance.
Questions are examined regarding the construction of optimal systems for robots and manipulators as well as regarding the optimal design of electrical machinery. Also studied are features of the dialog method of solving design problems which makes it possible to effectively carry out the design of electromechanical devices and equipment as well as a nuither of pressing questions regarding the building of such apparatus.
This collection is intended for engineers engaged in the development and operation of automated electric drives, their elements and the autatic systems in which the given drives are employed. The collection can also be useful for undergraduate and postgraduate students in the corresponding specialities.
UDC 621.313.323—133.22
;1] Al.] .1 -IVJ —I ._ — — —..‘ -.Irrr r. . . IIITIT.WlI 1A -] I .i...’ T’r.ri -IYITIV ryiyiTTiy, b’.___________________________;0]
A POWER MODEL OF SINGLE-PHASE STEP MOTORS AND A STUDY OF QUASI—STATIC NODES OF OPER
ATION
(Abstract of article by Kulevokaya, Ye. F.]
[Text] Quasi—static step modes are analytically examined on a power model of a single-phase step motor. As a result of an examination of the operational control over excess—energy and metered pulses, it is shown that the best motive performance and highest efficiency with control of excess—energy pulses is had by motors with a great many working harmonics which insure a high coefficient of nonsynnuetry for
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the angular momentum characteristics. With control of the metered pulses, the best indicators are had by motors with two working harmonics.
UDC 621.313—133.22
METHODS FOR IMPROVING THE MOTIVE PERFORMANCE FOR QUASI-STATIC STEP OPERATION OF SINGLE-PHASE STEP MOTORS
[Abstract of article by Kvznetsova, 0. N.]
[Text] This article examines certain questions regarding the elimination of speed fluctuations in single-phase step motors whose fixing moment has the same periodi— cIty as en elee.tromagnetic motor. A mathematical expression is presented for determining the time of movement of the rotor in such a motor with start—stop control.
UDC 62—83:621.313.13—133.4
A STUDY OF THE OPERATION OF A SINGLE-PHASE STEP MOTOR WITH SINGLE—POLE CONTROL IN THE AUTOSWITCHING MODE, BASED ON A MATHEMATICAL MODEL
[Abstract of article by Obukhov, N. A.]
[Text)
phase
rotor
This article examines the high—frequency operating conditions for a single— step motor with single—pole control and which is closed with respect to the position. Step—motor characteristics are presented in polynomial form.
UDC 621.313.13—133.3.001.33
;1] .jTT rav —I — — —. — —wia I.... .r.. .. .. . . ... IiliYiY.W IA -] .1 .1,iyi . KY7TT. .&ryarira1 , _____________________________;0]
A COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS OF INDUCTIVE AND CAPACITIVE STEP MOTORS WITH GAS SUPPORTS
[Abstract of article by Kopylov, A. I.]
[Text] This article compares the maximum specific forces developed by inductive and capacitive step motors having two versions of geometrical configuration for the toothed area. It demonstrates the feasibility of utilizing capacitive plane step motors with gas supports in precision—positioning systems.
UDC 621.313.323—133.22
ELECThOMAGNETIC FORCE OF A LINEAR PERMANENT-MAGNET MOTOR
[Abstract of article by Moshchinskiy, Yu. A., and Kiryakin, A. A.]
[Text] This article derives an expression for the force of a linear step—type per— manent—Inagnet electric motor based on the magnetic resistance of the pernent magnets. An expression is derived for the maximum force.
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DYNANIC EQUATIONS OF A T1—COORDINATE STEP MOTOR
UDC 621.313.323—133.32
[Abstract of article by Moshchiiiskiy, Yu. A., and Kopylov, A. I.]
[Text] This article derives general dynamic equations f or a two—coordinate step motor based on dynamic equations for a free rigid body.
UDC 621.313.17
MODEL OF AN AUTOMATIC POWER REGULATOR FOR CALCULATING THE CHARACTERISTICS OF MT
ASYNCHRONOUS MOTOR IN THE DIALOG MODE
[Abstract of article by Dmitriyev, M. M, and Kuznetsov, N. L.]
[Text] A model is suggested for an automatic power regulator which makes it possible to study the characteristics of asynchronous motors under transient and steady—state operating conditions. It also makes it possible to derive polynomial relationships between the parameters of asynchronous motors using methods of planned experiment and to obtain series 4A scale—less drawings.
UDC 621.313.323—133.22
METHODS OF INPROVING THE MOTIVF CHARACTERISTICS OF SINGLE-PHASE IIAPNONIC STEP MOTORS IN STEADY-STATE OPERATION
[Abstract of article by Popovich, Ye. A., anid Kuznetsova, 0. M.]
;1] Al •] .1 iV7 —ii — -] —fl_ - — . ., rrj.y cr, . r.--- IJjYjT. JTij1yi.,,11 IITaTa11aYI kM
4;0]
[Text] It is shown that a directed selection of the nuirber and magnitude of pulsing and stationary fields can be used to completely eliminate speed fluctuations in single—phase step motors in the two most characteristic modes of operation for these motors: in synchronous rotation when fed a sinusoidal current and when operated as a contactiess DC motor supplied with square-wave pulsed current.
UDC 621.313.3
A METHOD OF DETERMINING TUE ZERO-POSITION DEFLECTION OF ROThTING TRANSFORMERS WHEN
THE TEMPERATURE OF TUE ENVIRONMENT VARIES
[Abstract of article by Shnayderman, L. N., and Viasova, T. H.]
[Text] An indirect method is suggested for determining the zero—position deflection of rotating transformers which is associated with the determination of e.m.f. fluctuations in a square winding.
APPROVED FOR RELEASE: Thursday, June 18, 2009: CIA-RDP82-00850R000400080047..8
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I

UDC 621 .313.045.57.072.9;621 .314.57/001.5
REACTIVE FACTOR OF EDDY CURRENTS IN THE ROTOR CORE OF SYNCHRONOUS ALTERNATING- CURRENT MACHINERY
[Abstract of article by Shapiro, L. Ya., and Iseuibergenov, N. T.1
[Text] An expression is derived for the reactive factor of eddy rotor core of synchronous alternating—current machinery when the
from sheets of relatively great thickness. Curves are presented
dependence of the eddy—current reactive factor upon the ratio of ness to the depth of electromagnetic—wave penetration.
UDC 621.313.2.004
EFFECT OF LIQUID-INSULATOR VISCOSITY UPON THE EFFICIENCY AND OPTIMUM PARAMETERS OF DIRECT-CURRENT MOTORS
[Abstract of article by Tokarev, B. F., Kholod, Yu. D., and Sadykov, S. P.]
[Texti Results are presented from “BESM” electronic computer calculations for an optimum—efficiency submersible DC motor based on the effect of the viscosity of the liquid insulator. The calculated data can be used to select a liquid dielectric for submersible motors.
UDC 621.313
SELECTION OF THE OPTIMUN NTJNBER OF TURNS FOR EXCITER WINDINGS OF MOTORS WITH SHIELDED POLES
[Abstract of article by Sentyurikhin, N. I.]
[Text] This article examines the problem of specific optimization of the length and winding data for motors with shielded poles. When a series of motors is designed, it often becomes necessary to utilize this or that transverse configuration for motors of various outputs. This dictates the necessity of optimizing the winding data for the given configuration of stator plates. The maximum possible eff i— ciency of the motor when restrictions have been placed upon the ratios of the start— ing and maximum torques and the magnitude of the net output is used as the criterion for the optimizing operation.
UDC 621—83.001.4
ON SELECTING A CRITERION FOR OPTIMIZING MOTORS IN ELECTRIC DIRECT DRIVES [Abstract of article by Tsatsenkin, V. K.]
[Text] In the majority of cases in practice, an electric motor must provide a given rate of acceleration to a mechanism. It is shown that in a direct drive there exists a simple conaection between the optimum diameter of the rotor in an electric motor and the given abceleration and machine constants. This article examines con— FOR OFFICIAL USE ONLY
I. IIn
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currents in the core is constructed which show the the plates’ thick—
;1] !aIVJ —ii ri - -i—i I.,.. . .. rimr.wa ra ]&i .1 .iii -xivn.. r&I1Ir __________________________;0]
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ditions f or the physic’1 realization of a motor with optiimm dimensions or tie utilization of other optimization criteria——for example, a minimum of losses in the copper of the armature.
A SEALED STEP ELECTRIC DRIVE WITH SEGMENTED STEP FOR MANIPULATORS
[Abstract of article by Rozhanskiy, Yu. Z.]
UDC 621—083.001
[Text] It is showi that the application of a step electric drive for sealed step— type metalworking equipment has a number of adavantages in comparison with the app— lication of a DC drive and makes it possible to increase the drive’s nominal torque.
UDC 621.316.8
DIALOG METHOD OF OPTIMIZATION--AN EFFECTIVE MEANS OF SOLVING THE PROBLEM OF DESIGNING ELECTROMECHANICAL DEVICES AND EQUIPMENT
[Abstract of article by Vysotkiy, A. F., Kolniakova, L.A., and Zaytsev, Yu. V.]
[Text] This article examines and analyzes questions regarding the use of the dialog method of optimization in order to solve the problem of designing electromechanical devices and equipment.
The article cites the characteristics of the dialog method of solving the problem of design and shows its advantages over the usual methods of calculation and design which are used at present by designers of instruments and devices.
Likewise analyzed are features of the dialog method of solving design problems-— features which make it possible to effectively design electromechanical instruments and devices.
UDC 621.316.8
;1] — — ._ _7 —— _1 — V.J — V I I .i.yv TT • i.;0]
SEMICONDUCTOR TI4ERNORESISTORS FOR START-CONTROL DEVICES OF ELECTRIC DRIVES
[Abstract of article by Zaytsev, Yu. V., Zharnovskiy, V. A., Kron, F. S., and Kolinakova, I. A.1
[Text] This article examines questions regarding the use of semiconductor power thermoresistors based on oxides and monocrystals of seniiconducting materials for start—control devices of electric drives and cites the characteristics of semiconductor power thermoreb.tors. Examples are given of the application of semiconductor thermoresistors for electric—motor start—control devices.
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DDDfW1I fD DI Tk..rrIi. I..ri, 10 )flflQ. (IA DIDO) flAQflDflflflAflAfl0flflA7 0
FOR OFFICIAL USF ONLI’
UDC 621.318
CALCULATION OF THE PERNEANCE OF TUE RUNNING CLEARANCE IN A SYMMETRICAL SEALED REED RELAY
[Abstract of article by Shoffa, V. N, and Davydov, S. V.]
[Text] This article demonstrates the feasibility of determining the permeance of the running clearance in a symmetrical sealed reed relay by means of measuring the maximum magnetic flux in the contact cores and the e.m.f. between them. An empirical formula is derived for calculating the permance of the running clearance. The results of the calculations are compared with ‘data obtained using known formulas.
UDC 621.313.323
INVERTED HERMETICALLY SEALED DC MOTORS
[Abstract of article by Gertsov, S. M., and Knyazev, V. N.]
[Text] A description is presented of a new type of DC motor which has a fixed armature winding with a collector and a rotating inductor and brush assembly.
The hermetic sealing from the output side of the shaft is accomplished by Introducing a nonmagnetic screen into the bore of the stator. The rotation from the rotor (inductor) of the electric motor is transmitted to the brush assenbly through the screen by means of a magnetic clutch.
A description is presented of the possible design alternatives; operational and dynamic characteristics are given (under transient conditions); a comparison is made with the traditional types of DC motors.
UDC 621.318.5(088.8)
CALCULATION OF TIlE MAGNETOMOTIVE FORCE NEEDED TO TRIGGER A DIAPHRAGM-TYPE RELAY [Abstract of article by Pushkov, A. S., and Novikov, A. G.]
[Text) This article examines a method for calculating the magnetomotive force needed to trigger a diaphragm—type relay using an equivalent magnetic circuit derived from an analysis of magnetic flux distribution under experimental conditions. Specific design features are iadicated and analytical expressions are cited for the calculation of the permeance. The calculated error does not exceed 14 percent.
UDC 621.313 PREDICTING SPARKLES S COMMUTATION FOR DC MOTORS AT THE DESIGN STAGE [Abstract of article by Volkov, V. S.]
[Text) This article examines the influence of armature—winding parameters on the range of the sparkiess—operation zone. The range of the sparkiess—operation zone
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DDDWiJfl flD DEl AQC. Thiir,,1.,i, Iiirit IQ ‘)flflO. (‘IA DflDO Afl*flDflflfl4flflflQflfl47 Q
FOR OFFICiAL US ONLY
is inversely proportional to the magnitude of the reactive e.m.f. A method of systematized experiment is employed to establish the influence of each of the parameters and their fluctuations upon the magnitude of the BDP (expansion not provided].
UDC 621.313.323—184.4:621.3138
A MATHEMATICAL NOBEL OF A SYNCHRONOUS RELUCTANCE MICROMOTOR FOR STUDYING VARIATIONS IN ROTATION
[Abstract of article by Kuznetsov, V. V.]
[Text] This article presents a method of quantitative analysis of the rotational instability of synchronous reluctance micromotors based on the serration of the core and the discreteness of the windinga. The method is based upon a system of differential equations composed by the method of conductance of toothed contours.
UDC 621.313
FEASIBLE METHODS FOR REDUCING TEMPERATURE ERRORS IN ROTATING TRANSFORNERS [Abstract of article by Shnayderman, L. N., and Viasova, T. M.]
[Text] This article examines the reasons for the appearance of temperature errors in rotating transformers. Design and experimental methods are presented for reducing these errors.
UX 621.—52.OO1.2
A UNIVERSAL POWER AMPLIFIER FOR A DISCRETE ELECTRIC DRIVE
[Abstract of article by Balkovoy, A. P., Piskunov, A. G., and Mayorov, V. V.]
[Text] This article examines a sampled—data current—control Bcheinatic of a power amplifier for a discrete electric drive. The conclusion is reached that the given circuit insures high power indicators thanks to the feasibility of regenerating the kinetic—energy of the drive’s moving mass and the electromagnetic energy of the motor’s windings.
UDC 621.313.323
METHODS OF DESIGNING ELECTRIC STEP MOTORS
[Abstract of article by Novakovskaya, Z. D., Popovich, Ye. A., Kuznetsov, V. V., and Piniakina, N. V.]
[Text] Methods are examined for designing electric step motors using physical models, active experiment and calculations on digital computers.
COPYRIGHT: Moskovskiy energeticheskiy institut, 1980 9512
CSO: 1860/24
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ANNOTATION AND ABSTRACTS FROM COLLECTION ‘PHYSICS OF SEMICONDUCTOR MATERIALS AND DEVICES’ V
Moscow TRUDY MOSKOVSKOGO ORDENA LENINA I ORDENA OKTYABR’ SKOY REVOLYUTSII
ENERGETICHESKOGO INSTITUTA, TENATICIIESKIY SBORNIK: FIZIKA POLUPROVODNIKOVYKH
MATERIALOV I PRIBOROV in Russian No 512, 1981 (signed to press,9 Feb 81) pp 2, 75—80
[Text] This collection includes articles devoted to the investigation of the electrophysical, optical, galvanomagnetic and acoustoelectronic properties of a broad class of 1—VI, Il—VI and 111—V semiconductor compounds and solid solutions, as well as silicon and oxides of zirconium, vanadium, yttrium and scandium. A nuther of studies examine the physical processes taking place in inonocrystalline p—type semiconductor structures, photovoltaic cells and illuminatidfl—poWer meters.
This coLection will be useful to a wide circle of readers——scientific workers and engineers working in the areas of deriving, investigating and applying various semiconductor materials as well as for undergraduate and graduate students in the upper classes of.the corresponding specialities.
UDC 621.383.44:546.28.001.5
;1] Al •J .1 .1i. —i—I • _ I.,.. j..y_ •nn .y. I]iTiT.i1 VA —] 1 .TTi1i,hi —1iTYiV hTiTi1TTiV ;0]
EFFICIENCY OF CONVERSION OF MONOCHROMATIC RADIATION BY CONVENTIONAL AND PLANAR PHOTOVOTJTAIC CELLS
[Abstract of article by Vasil’yev, A. N., Yermakov, B. V., and Kozintsova, M. B.]
[Text] This study compares the efficiency of conventional, and planar photovoltaic cells. Results are cited for calculations of optional values f efficiency and irradiance for the two types with various values of the re1aive base thickness.
UDC 535.231.6:!)37.324
TEMPERATURE DEPENDENCE OF THE SFNSITWI OF SILICON—BASED DEVICES FOR ASURING
THE .OVE[ OF OPTICAL RADIATION
[Abstract of article by Aleksandrov, Yu. V., and Sharikln, V. F.]
[Text] This article examines the temperature dependence of the sensitivity of ideal devices f or measuring the power of optical radiation using silicon thermo— piles. It is demonstrated that the nature of the temperature dependence of the
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flA a
sensitivity is determined by the meter’s design. The value for the temperature variation in the thermal conductivity of silicon is pointed out.
UDC 539.124.143:546.47
PHOTOSENSITIVE ELECTRON PARAMDLGNETIC RESONANCE OF Cr+ IONS. IN ZINC SELENIDE [Abstract of article by Corn, I. A., and Chernyy, V. D.]
[Text] This article experimentally examines the spectrum of optical excitation of photosensitive electron paramagnetic resonance of Cr+ ions in a monocrysta]. of zinc selenide. A power model is suggested £ or the level of Cr2+ and Cr+ ions in zinc selenide.
IJDC 539.211:548.552.22
CALCULATION OF THE ELECTROPHYSICAL CHARACTERISTICS OF FINE PARTICLES IN INSULAR
FILMS
[Abstract of article by Podlubin, L. I., Avilova, I. V., and Chuchukina, L. Ya.J
[Text] The density-functional method is employed for fine metallic particles with a considerable surface curve. A calculation is made of the profile of electron density, the electric potential distribution, the surface energy and the operation of the output. The contributions of the kinetic, exchange, correlation, nonuniform and Coulonb’s components are taken into account. It is shown that none of the interacting mechanisms can be ignored.
UDC 537.311.33
;1] Al •i•J Ia1VJI 1 ‘& ] •A1 ITIr2 I..1T •• •- ii&rTa VA i.1 .FMiYiT1i1 —1iTiTiV hYiT&1i — _______________________________;0]
DETERMINING THE OPTIMUM ALLOY LEVEL OF SILICON ARMS FOR THERI()ELECTRIC DEVICES USED
TO MEASURE THE POWER OF OPTICAL RADIATION
[Abstract of article by Barto, M. P., and Mochalova, L. Yu.]
[Text] This article examines the temperature dependence of the differential thermal e.m.f. of silicon wfth various alloy levels, and, on the basis of the results obtained, provides recommendations regarding the suitability of utilization of low— resistance silicon whose ifferentia1 thermal e.m.f. is in the region of super— heating determined by the instrument’s dynamic range and, for all practical purposes, is not temperature dependent.
UIIC 541.133
EFFECT OF SMALL ADDITIONS OF ALLOYS ON THE ELECTRICAL CONDUCTIVITY OF A MONO—
CRYSTAL 0 .9ZrO2--O . tYO3
[Abstract of article by Gruzdev, A. I., and Ryazantsev, A. D.]
[Tex] Within a broad range of temperatures, measurevients are made of the mutual and electron conduction of monocrystals of solid solutions of 0.9 Zr02—O.09 Y203—
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fl as as
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0.01 Ln203 and 0.9 Zr02—0.097 Y203—O.003 MeO where Ln is the rare earth element and Me is an element of the iron group. A reduction is detected in the activation energy of the mutual and electron conductance with an increase in the atomic number of the rare—earth element.
UDC 534.29.001.5
MANIFESTATION OF THE QUANTUM DIMENSIONAL EFFECT IN ACOUSTOELECTONIC INTERACTION [Abstract of article by Gavrilin, V. I., Gulyayev, A. M., and Bashkirov, A. M.]
[Text] This article examines the effect of the thickness of a semiconductor film on the interaction of an electrical field of a surface acoustic wave with free carriers In the film. It is pointed out that the effect of dimensional quantiza— tion leads to oscillations of the acoustoelectrical current in a structure with a film of variable thickness.
UDC 535.37:546.47
FLUCTUATIONS IN COMPOSITION AND THE NATURE OF TONUNIFORNITIES IN LOW-RESISTANCE
MONOCRYSTALS OF ZINC SULFIDE ALLOYED WITH ALUMINUM
[Abstract of article by Morozova, N. K., Gaistyan, V. G., Muratova, V. I. and Filipova, V. A.1
[Text] Using the spectra of microcathode luminescence, a study was conducted of the nonuniform distribution of aluminum and oxygen in monocrystals of sphalerite grown from a melt.
I
UDC 621.315.543:621.315.592
;1] Al .1.1 IaV —I — — — AI —Trr2 .a 1h •J a lYlI1&I .1&TTjV IiTii r’Y) ____________________________;0]
THE APPLICATION OF ELECTROACOUSTIC METHODS FOR STTJiYING INTERNAL ELECTRICAL FIELDS
IN DISORDERED MATERIALS
[Abstract of article by Borcvov, G. I., and Voronkov, E. N.]
[Text] It is shown that acoustic oscilltions appear in a number of vitreous chalcogenide semiconductors under the application of an alternating electrical field. Cooling to 150 to l10°K brings the material to a ferroelectric state. In silicon—based monocrystal p—type semiconductor structures, the amplitude of the acoustic signal depends upon the magnitude and the sign of the fixed bias. This article points out the feasibility of studying the processes of captured—charge relaxation.
UDC 546.47.21.535
EFFECT OF HEAT TREATMENT ON THE RESIDUAL CONDUCTIVITY OF ZINC OXIDE MONOCRYSTALS GROWN BY THE HYDROTHERMAL SYNTHESIS METHOD
[Abstract of article by Malov, M. M., and Mendakov, N. N.]
[Text] This article examines the kinetics of attenuation, the quasi—static volt— ampere characteristics and the temperature dependence of the residual conductivity
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factor of samples cut along the (0001), (0001), (1010) and (1011) faces of hydrothermal monocrystals of zinc oxide, depending upon the conditions under which they were grown and heat—treated. The best examples f or an optical memory system prove to be thosq crystals which are cut along the (0001) and (1010) crystal faceS and which undergo treatment in air in a suspension of lithium carbonate.
ELECTRON MOBILITY IN THIN LAYERS OF SILICON ON SAPPHIRE
tJDC 537.311.33:621.382.323
[Abstract of article by Smotrakov, A. A., Soldatov, V. S., Varlashov, I. B., and Kalinin, A. V.]
[Text] This article employs the field—effect and Hall—effect methods to examine silicon—on—sapphire p—type films with a silicon layer 0.6 im thick. It is established that the concentration and mobility of electrons decreases along a line away from the junction with the silicon oxide. A calculation is made of the mobility profile In a proposal which suggests that the major dispersion mechanisms are dispersion on charged dislocations and on the surface. Good correlations are obtained between the calculated and experimental data.
UDC 621.315.592
INVESTIGATION OF THE ELECTROABSORPTION AND ELECTROREFLECTION SPECTRA OF ZINC
SELEN IDE MONOCRYSTALS
[Abstract of article by Khirin, V. N., and Virchenko, S. Ye.]
[Text] This article examines the electroreflection and electroabsorption spectra of ZnSe monocrystals at 77.3°K depending upon the magnitude of the modulating voltage at a frequency of 365 Hz. A bound—exciton band is detected on the neutral acceptor in the electroreflection spectruti, while impurity—absorption bands are found in the electroabsorption spectrum.
INFRARED TRANSMISSION SPECTRUM OF YScO
UDC 539.216:546.42.28:543
[Abstract of article by Klimova, S. H., Uskova, Z. A., and Polyakova, I. K.]
[Text] The transmission spectra of oxides of yttrium, scandium and yttrium scandiate are examined. The infrared band of the yttrium scandiate tramsmission spectrum is identified.
UDC 546.681.171.1.546,681.682
OPTICAL AND ELECTRICAL PROPERTIES OF EPITAXIAL LAYERS OF GALLIUM NITRIDE IRRADIATED BY ELECTRONS WITH ENERGIES OF 0.1—1.0 MeV
[Abstract of article by Karentnikov, I. A., Mironenko, L. S., Buronov, A. G., and Kuznetsov, A. V I
[Text] Through the use of optical and electrical measurements, a determination is made of the “threshold” energy of formation of donor—type radiation defects
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in gallium nitride. Results are presented of a theoretical calculation of the possible concentration of defects in sublattices of gallium and nitrogen which appear as a result of radiation. A proposal is made regarding the presence of impurity defects in the layers in considerable quantity due to hydrogen.
UDC 621.315.592
USE OF THE REACTIVE SPUTTERING METHOD TO OBTAIN VANADIUM DIOXIDE FILMS ON METALLIC SUBSTRATES
[Abstract of article by Mokrousov, V. V., Kornetov, V. N., Dmitriyev, V. A., Borodin, A. S., Khanin, V. A., and Belyakov, V. I.]
[Text] This article examines the properties of vanadium dioxide films on metallic substrates f Al, Cr, V, Ni, Re and Pt. It is shown that the greatest light contrast between phases0with a phasE: shift of Al—substrate reflectors is achieved with an oxide layer 1650 A thick. Examination of the other substances requires further development of methods for deposition of oxide layers as well as measures directed at improving the adhesion of V02 to metallic substrates.
OPTICAL PROPERTIES OF CuC1 POWDERS OBTAINED BY VARIOUS METHODS
[Abstract of article v Boroshneva, T. V.]
UDC 548.55:535
;1] A —1.1 IaV1 —I U —f1 — —j — Ar—I —Tvrr, ..._. . . irTir.w v —] i -iz.yrii —7TTv — _______________________________;0]
[Text] An investigation is made of the diffuse—reflection and cathode—luminescence spectra in the low—temperature range for analytically pure CuC1 powders and for powders obtained by pulverizing monocrystals. The spectral position, intensity and half-thickness of the reflection and cathode—luminescence bands are analyzed.
UDC 548:55
GROWTH AD OPTICAL PROPERTIES OF CuCl MONOCRYSTALS
[Abstract of article by Shalimova, K. V., Boroshneva, T. V., and Dobrshchanskiy,
C. F.]
[Text] Monocrystals of CuC1 are grown using the Bridgeman method with the introduction of various fluxes into the initial mixture. Reflection spectra are obtained as well as photoluminescence and excitation spectra for the monocrystals grown. Analysis and identification of the spectral bands is carried out.
UDC 546.47 21.535.374
LUMINESCENCE OF BOUND EXCITONS IN ZINC OXIDE
[Abstract of article by Kutepova, V. P., and Malay, N. M.]
[Text] This article identifies for the first time the ultraviolet luminescence bands of zinc oxide caused by the radiation annihilation of excitons localized on
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0
singly and doubly ionized interstitial atoms of zinc oxide, lithium and sodium and on ions of lithium and sodium which create acceptor defects when replaced with zinc.
OPTICAL PROPERTIES OF ZINC ORTHOTITANATE POWDERS
[Abstract of article by Agafontsev, V. F.]
UDC 546.47.21.535
[Text] This article examines the low—temperature spectra of luminescence, excitation and reflection for zinc orthotitanate powders obtained by the oxolate method and subjected to chemical treatment to remove free zinc oxide. An identification of the spectrum obtained is made.
COPYRIGhT: Moskovskiy energeticheskiy institut, 1981
CSO: 1860/21
;1] IàV —I -1’iT —J — Al —Tvrr, ... KJi1ir.i t -J 1 1 WYIl1b1 -JaYaYaV aYaI1.T&V _____________________________;0]
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9512
APPROVED FOR RELEASE: Thursday, June 18, 2009: CIA-RDP82-00850R000400080047-8

CRYOGENIC ELECTRONICS IN MARINE RADIO EQUIPMENT
UDC [621.59:621.37.391:629.12
Leningrad KRIOGENNAYA ELEKTRONIKA V MORSKOM RADIOOBORUDOVANII in Russian 1980 (signed to press 8 Jul 80) pp 2—3, 222—223
[Annotation, foreword and table of contents from book “Cryogenic Electronics in Marine Radio Equipnent”, by Yevgeniy Germanovich Pashchenko, Anatoliy Mikhaylovich Pozharov and Viktor Vasil’yevich Tikhonov, Izdatel’stvo I?SudostroyeniyeI, 753 copies, 224 pagesj
[Text] An analysis is provided of the effectiveness of using cooled and superconducting electronic units in marine radio equipment. New types of devices based on the phenomenon of superconductivity are studied. Their physical nature, operating principle and possibilities of production are reviewed The book contains a survey of domestic and foreign works published at various times in the periodical literature, as well as results of the authors’ research.
It is intended for engineering and technical personnel, marine radio equipment designers, VUZ students, and a wide range of specialists working on developing low—noise radio equipment.
Illustrations: 118. Tables: 12. Bibliography: 133 titles.
Foreword
;1] Al i •] TaV -j I — WA1 TS1T2 t .rny.- iiifTi -] ;0]
Developers and designers of radio equipment for maritinie uses are currently devoting increasing attention to cryogenic electronics as a means of raising the quality of marine radio equipment. For example, by using extensive cooling it is theoretically possible to lower the dimensions of certain types of antennas, raise the frequency selectivity and total noise of immunity of radio electronic equip— inent while raising its sensitivity, increase the directional properties of electrically small aerials, etc. However, the conditions under which cryogenic radio electronic equipment is used at sea are very specific, which determines both the maximum allowable characteristics of cryogenic radio electronic equip— inent and its effectiveness, and the advisability of using intense cooling under sea conditions.
This book examines the possibilities of raising the basic electrical parameters of radio electronic equipment in the use of cryogenic temperatures, with consideration of certain specific features characteristic of such equipment’s use
at sea.
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FOR OFFICIAL USE ONLY
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The first chapter briefly explains the basics of cryogenic radio electronics.
The second and third chapters are devoted to the theory and technology of scanner assemblies. The limit characteristics of superconducting antennas, the effect of the deck, superstructure and sea water on them, and their design features are examined. The question is investigated of the possibility of reducing the size and increasing the sensitivity and spatial selectivity of scanners.
Thc fourth chaper examines cooled matching devices and preselectors.
The fifth and sixth chapters are devoted to amplifying and heterodyne devices, built both on transistors and on specific components based on superconductivity physics effects.
The last chapter is devoted to technological and operational features of cryo— electronic sea radio equipment, including cryogenic provision of cooled units of radio electronic equipment of marine facilities.
All the chapters were written jointly by the authors. V. V. Oshiyko and
E. T. Krylov participated in writing sections 4.2 and 4.3.; section 3.3 was written by 0. G. Veradik.
Certain questions discussed in the book might be controversial. The authors will be grateful for comments and suggestions on the books contents.
The authors wish Co express their gratitude to Professor V. I. Vinokurov ar.d Candidate of Technical Sciences A. ‘. Petrov, whose comments and suggestions helped to improve the book.
Table of Contents
;1] Al .fTTvi 1 & fal — -] 1 - u. .rr.., .r,. . ..- VA• -] .T —r&riri -iiir& IiTiTiT7i ;0]
Foreword
Conventional Symbols
Chapter 1. The Foundations of Cryogenic Radio Electronics
1.1. Some information from low temperature physics
1.2. Nyperconductors and superconductors in a variable electromagnetic field
1.3. Josephson effects and quantum interference
1.4. The properties of superconductors at low temperatures
Foundations of Theory and Design of Superconducting Marine Antennas
Chapter 2.
2.1. Function of superconducting antennas and their general charac tens tics
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3
4
5
5
15
20
32
39
39
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Chapter 3.
3.1.
3.2.
3.3.
Chapter 4.
4.1.
FOR OFFICIAL USE ONLY
2.2. Basic parameters of superconducting antennas and methods of determining them
2.3. Maximum characteristics of superconducting antennas
2.4. Effect of the deck and superstructure of a ship on the parameters of superconductin antennas
2.5 Energy characteristics of superconducting antennas in
sea wat4r
Design features of superconducting antenna devices
Superconducting antenna devices f or underwater research
Shortwave superconducting antenna devices Superdirec tive antennas
Cooled matching devices and preselectors
Superconducting antenna matching principles and devices
Certain features of superconducting preselectors Ryperconductor preselectors and their effectiveness Cooled amplifying and heterodyne transistorized devices
Static characteristics of field effect transistors given cooling to low temperatures
Noise parameters of cooled amplifiers with PETs
Examples of making cooled low—noise transistorized amplifiers
Cooled heterodyne devices
Superconducting aiip1ifiers
Cryotrorc amplifiers
Superconducting parametric amplifiers
Amplifiers and mixers based on Josephson effects
4.2.
4.3.
Chapter 5
5.1.
;1] A -J .TT’1wj — -] — A1 I .‘,-i-i-j cw rI-Iy KJi1jT&W t -J .1 • bTbTJ1a1 JaYaTa IaYaYaT1ijij ______________________________;0]
5.2.
5.4.
Chapter 6.
6.1.
6.2.
6.3.
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42
48
52
59
64
64
75
86
99
95
99
105
114
114
122
I
136
148
151
151
168
175
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Chapter 7.
7.1.
7.2.
FOR OFFICIAL USE ONLY
Technical and operating features of cryogenic electronic marine radio equipment
Methods of measuring and monitoring noise parameters
Design features of cryogenic electronic radio equipment units
7.3. Cryogenic provision of cooled units of radio electronic equipment on ships
Conclusion
Bibliography
COPYRIGHT: Izdatel’stvo “Sudostroyeniye, 1980
9875
CSO: 1860/4
;1] A .1.1 -YV,i “&‘I- -J — i I ....,.. . .. ..n v K.TiTiT.W L -] .1 1LaTiTJ4àl -IaYaTaV TaYa!ir•y*Tk __________________________
______________________________________ /;0]
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186
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215
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UDC: 681.586.72
DESIGN AND PRODUCTION TECHNOLOGY FOR MICROELECTRONIC DIGITAL MEASURING INSTRUMENTS Moscow KONSTRUIROVAEIYE I TEKUNOLOGIYA PROIZVODSTVA MIKROELEKTRONNYKH TSIFROVYKR IZMERITEL’NYKH PRIBOROV in Russian 1981 (signed to press 3 Apr 81) pp 2—4, 174—175
[Aunotation, foreword and table of contents from book “Design and Production Technology for Microelectronic Digital Measuring Instruments”, by Yuriy Sergeyevich Nal’tsev, Energoizdat, 15,000 copies, 176 pages]
Annotation
;1] il.I.1 -yiy —i — —, — . . . i..,. v .. L..7aTiy.. v-i 1 .T TI .Tr1v1vv riYiTat•iiTi _____________________________;0]
[Text] The circuit engineering, design methods and production technology of microelectronic digital measuring instruments based on integrated microcircuits (IC) are examined. The problem touched upon include using design and technological methods to ensure noise tolerance, reliability and stability of instruments, matching of ICe with indicators and other external devices, effective cooling, etc. Features of installing, assembling, adjusting and powering microelectronic digital instruments are described. Descriptions are given for •the circuits and construction of the best domestic and foreign models.
The book is intended for engineering—technical design bureau workers and technologists involved in the construction and production of instrumenta.
Foreword
The development of microelectronics involves the requirement for improving electronic equipment, increasing its reliability, reducing its cost, increasing its speed and reducing power consumption.
The microminiaturjzatjon of measurement devices, particularly digital measuring instruments, has brought about a qualitative change in the characteristics of measurement facilities. The use of the principles of microelectronics in the creation of measurement modules in digital instruments has made it possible to improve measurement accuracy through the fabrication of a number of elements within a single technological cycle. It has become possible to create measurement facilities which are new in principle and whose implementation without integrated circuits would be senseless because of the increased number of elements and complication of instrument circuitry. Instruments have been created which combine the
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functions of measurement facilities and devices which process measurement results. This has made it possible to process the results of a series of measurements simultaneously with the taking of those measurements, to linearize the characteristics of nonlinear sensors, to introduce scaling factors needed to reflect information on natural scales, to calculate the results of indirect measurements, etc.
The design principles of digital measuring instruments have also changed significantly. The appearance in large—scale production of a number of special microcircuits which replace entire functional blocks in measurement instruments (analog—digital and digital—an3log converters, logic units, etc.) has contributed to accelerating the design of new instruments. It has become possible for the developer to concentrate his efforts on solving such problems as proper arrangement of microcircuits, optimal lay—out of printed circuits, prevention of parasitic coupling and induction, ensuring effective heat removal from instrument housings, etc.
The easy availability of inexpensive microelectronic operational amplifiers with guaranteed characteristics has made it possible to change the princip’es of designing the circuits of measurement modules in instruments, which have begun to be based primarily on the multifunctionei. utilization of operational amplifiers, which has led to standardization of circuit treatments. Significant shifts have also occurred in the area of digital instrument production techology. Practically all instruments are now built using printed circuitry, which has resulted in a thorough change in the technological processes of wiring and asembltng them. The sharp reduction in the size and weight of instruments has made it possible to fabricate their housings using efficient technological processes (using formed plastic, etc.).
The change in the design and production technology of instruments has brought about a change in the nature of the production and an increase in the amount of of electrical wiring and assembly operations at the cost of reducing the proportion of preparatory and other ancillary operations. The amount and complexity of adjustment and checking operations has increased because of the more complicated functioning algorithms used in the instruments. This has resulted in the introductIon of automated computer—based testing and technological devices.
The book attempts to generalize the scattered material published here and abroad which reflects the main problems of the design and production technology of microelectronic digital instruments. The author is deeply grateful to book reviewer
I. Ya. Kaverkin and editor I. D. Belikov for their.helpful advice and remarks, which helped to improve the book. Understanding clearly that the book is not without shortcomings, the author will be pleased to receive critical comments, which should be sent to 113114, Moscow, Shlyuzovaya Naberezhnaya, 10, Energoizdat.
;1] Al .1.1 -TáW1 —I i’ —. —j 1 r. —. I.. ... I,7ijjT....j l —. 1Ti vT& FITIYIIIIT&WfrA _____________________________;0]
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I

Foreword Chapter 1.
1.]..
1.2.
1.3.
Chapter 2.
FOR OFFICIAL USE ONLY
Table of Contents
;1] Al .1.1 -IV -i -ri . -,.i -ivrr r .i-iv iTh1E.i VA -] 11 .TiTjT1iii1ThTáT1ijjZ’—;0]
Basic types of integrated microcircuits
Design and technological features
Linear IC
Logical IC
Circuit construction methods for microelectronic digital measuring ins trun?’2ntS
2.1. IC—digital indicator matching
2) Methods for outputing coded information to digital indicators
b) Gas—discharge indicators
c) Luminescent indicators
d) Liquid crystal indicators
e) Semiconducting indicators
f) Improving reliability of information display devices
2.2. CircuLt engineering of microelectronic analog—digital and digital—analog converters
a) Monolithic digital—analog converters
b) Miroelectronic integrating ADC
c) Circuit engineering methods for improving DAC characteristics
2.3. Planning circuits for measurement modules of instruments
a) Current and voltage scaling converters
b) AC measurement converters
c) Standard design schemes for measurement converters based on operational amplifiers
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3
5
5
10
19
26
26
26
29
36
40
44
47
52
52
57
59
68
68
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Chapter 3.
Chapter 4.
FOR WFICIAL USE ONLY
Design of microelectronic modules in digital instruments
3.1. Design of analog modules
3.2. Design of logic modules
3.3. Design methods for ensuring stability and reliability of instruments
Fabrication technology for microelectronic digital instruments
4.1. Wiring and assembly features
4.2. Technological methods for ensuring stability and operating reliability
4.3. Alignment, adjustment and testing of digital instruments
Chapter 5. Circuit, design and technological features of digital measurement instruments
5.1. Digital measuring instruments in panel—type implementation
5.2. Multifunctional digital instruments
5.3. General—purpose digital measuring instruments
Bibliography
COPYRIGhT: Energoizdat, 1981
6900
CSO:
;1] Al .1.1 -rvi —i . . . —, . i .. ... .;0]
1860/11
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83
83
90
97
103
103
111
117
138
138
149
163
169
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a
DIGITAL INFORMATION TRANSMISSION VIA LOW-SPEED COMMUNICATION CHANNELS
UDC 621.394
Moscow PEREDACHA DISKRETNOY INFORMATSII P0 NIZKOSKOROSTNYM KANALAM SVYAZI in
Russian 1980 (signed to press 23 Jul 80) pp 2—3, 126—127
[Annotation, foreword and table of contents from book “Transmission of Digital Information Via Low-Speed Conununication Channels”, by Madzhidulla Nigmatovich Aripov, Izdatel’stvo “Svyaz”, 6700 copies, 128 pages]
[Text] Questions are discussed of noise—proof transmission of digital information via low—speed communication channels. Existing methods of evaluating such channels’ quality and questions of distortion of unit elements and their grouping into packets are examined; the effectiveness of methods of raising channel quality is evaluated.
For engineering and technical personnel in the field of digital information transmission..
Foreword
;1] • Ia%7 -I I -al — JIh -wAviThTr7 C.TV rii, IIiTit.Wa] VA -1. .T iy1i1 -1iTiTiT ijyiTilliri __________________________;0]
Our country is currently setting up the Nationwide Automatic Information Collection and Processing System (OGAS), required for keeping records on, planning and managing the national economy based on a state network of computer centers and the country’s Unified Automatic Connnunication8 Network (YeASS). The 25th CPSU Congress
laid down the task’ of organizing the Nationwide Data Transmission System (OGSPD).
The first stage in creating the YeASS is being accomplished based on low—speed communication channels (50-200 baud), meeting the requirements of 60—80% of the automatic systems of control of technological processes formed using TT—48, TT-12 and other systems.
Information theory specialists in recent years have turned away from idealized models of channels, and are studying models approximating actual channels. A correct solution to the problem of reducing errors during digital information transmission depends on studying error statistics and constructing a mathematical model of the errors’ source. The evolution of data transmissioi systems shows that a tendency can be noted towards complication of error protection devices, which makes it necessary to accumulate larger amounts of error statistics since
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a . .-. . a
FOR OFFICIAL USE ONLY
the effectivenesc of using one or another error protection method basically depends on the number of increasingly infrequent errors, not detected by the given method. In connection with this, special error flow analyzers have been developed, algorithms for computer processing of these data are being created, and error flow imitition devices are being designed.
Solving the problem of optimizing data transmission systems only on the basis of an error source model results in an increase in code redundancy, with a corresponding rise in transmission speed loss, while the coding and decoding devices gain in complexity as the unit length grows. Selection of the coding method must therefore be done not only on the basis of error statistics, but also with allowance for possibilities of using signal quality detectors which enable simplification of the coder and decoder and reduction of their cost.
This book is devoted to questions of generalization and further development of research on methods to analyze and monitor various parameters of code signal distortion in actual low—speed communication channels, and to the search for effective techniques for raising reception fidelity by parametric methods.
The author expresses his sincere gratitude to Professor V. 0. Shvartsman, and to the reviewer, Candidate of Technical Sciences L. 1. Zubovskiy, for their helpful discussions of the book.
Comments regarding the book should be sent to the “Svyaz”, Publishing Rouse, lO:L000, Moscow, Chistoprudniy Blvd., Bldg. 2.
Table of Contents
;1] j .j—yj .—1 -41 —r.- — Ix... .r..,. .v .... I7jTjT. — —. .‘iTiT•1(i1 -1iTjTj IITiTiIIjTiV ;0]
Foreword
Lntroduction
Chapter 1. Methods of Evaluating the Quality of Low—Speed Data
Transmission Channels
1.1. Evaluating unit element distortion parameters
1.2. Quality characteristics of channels in distortion packeting
1.3. Evaluating channel quality using indirect error detection methods
1.4. Evaluating error statistics parameters
1.5. Investigation of the effects of communication distance and transmission speed on information reception fidelity
via ChVT (Time—frequency telegraphy) system channels
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3
4
7
7
8
11
14
17
I

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Chapter 2.
2.1.
2.2.
2.3.
2.4.
2.5.
2.6.
Chapter 3
3.1.
3.2.
3.3.
3.4.
3.5.
Chapter 4
4.1.
4.2.
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19
19
21
25
29
39
39
41
50
60
66
71
71
75
80
Distortion Packeting Theory
32
36
Formulation of the problem Stochastic estimation of unit element distortion
Methods for revealing packets of distorted unit elements
Algorithms for recognizing the beginnings of distortion packets
Correlation function of unit element distortion within the distortion packet
Methods of predicting distortion sites within the distortion packet
Statistical Methods of Analyzing Distortion Packeting
Formulation of the problem
Technique for estimating distortion packet parameters
Technique for machine analysis of distortion packet structure
Technique for estimating parameters and analyzing the structure of splitting pulse packets
Technique for evaluating error packets in voice—frequency crier telegraphy channels and their connection with distortio’i packet parameters
Parametric Methods of Raising Reception Fidelity
Methods of monitcring digital information reception quality
Correlation analysis f the connection between erasure packet parameters and error packet parameters
Effectiveness of using methods with reception quality monitoring by component
Effectiveness of using methods with multiirametr. reception quality monitoring by element
4.3.
4.4.
.OVED FO.
CIA-RDP82

FOR OFFICIAL USE ONLY
4.5. Effectiveness of using methods with reception quality monitoring by sign
4.6. Effectiveness of using methods with reception quality monitoring by unit
Appendix.
Bibliography
Subject index
Minimization of loss in transmission speed in systems with request for repetition with distortion and error packeting
COPYRIGHT: Izdatel’stvo “Svyaz’”, 1980
1860/5
;1] . .i.i Ya”.V —I —J 1 — Al ....- . . IJi1iTih_...Ja VA -J lIL,Yt•J4à1 laTiT&V aYaTI&TaY ______________________________;0]
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101
107
117
121
124
98 5
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I,DD(MIr ID DI IiO. Tk...,1..... I...,.- 40 ‘)flflO. fIA Drrnp’ nnornDnnnAnnnpnnA7 0
FOR OFFICIAL USE ONLY
UDC 621.3.01(03)
ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING HANDBOOK
Moscow ELEKTROTEK..NICIIESKIY SPRAVOCUNIK (V TREI TONA1GI), TOM 2: ELEXTROTEKRNICUES
KIYE USTROYSTVA in Russian 1981 (signed to press 3 Mar 81) pp 2-3, excerpts pp 5,
59, 103, 148—149, 243, 266, 298, 373, 418—419, 483, 560, 615
[Annotation, table of contents, note from the editoral. board, and sectional contents from book “Electrical Engineering Handbook (in 3 volumes), Volume 2: Electrical Devices”, 6th edition, revised and enlarged, edited by professors of the MosCow Power Engineering Institute V. G. Gerasimov, P. G. Grudinskiy, L. A. Zhukov, V. A. Labuntsoy, I. N. Orlov (editor in chief), M. N. Sokolov, A. 14. Fedoseyev A. Ya. Shikhin, and engineer I. V. Antik, Energoizdat, 80,000 copies, 640 pages]
ITextJ This book contains information on resistors, capacitors, reactors,.transfor zuers and autotransforme’s, electric machines (including machines for automatic devices), high and low voltage electric devices, high—voltage equipment sets, valve converters of electric energy, and chemical sources o current. The previeue, 5th, edition of this handbook was published in 1975.
The book is intended f or electrical engineers.
Contents Page
Section 16. Resistors, Capacitors, ReactorS 5
Section 17. Transformers and Autotransforiflers 59
Section 18. General Problems of Electric Machines 103
Section 19. Alternating Current Electric Machines 148
Section 20. Direct Current Machines and Commutator Motors 243
Section 21. Electric Machines of Automatic Devices 266
Section 22. Nigh Voltage Switching and Protective Equipment 298
Section 23. Current and Voltage Transformers 373
Section 24. Low Voltage Devices 41.8
Section 25. nigh Voltage Equipw.ent Sets 483
Section 26. Valve Converters of Electric Energy 560
Section 27. Chemical Sources of Current and Their Uses 615
Subject Index 638
Note from the Editorial Board
Materials of the second volume were prepared by:
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Section 16
Section 17 —-
Section 18—20
Section 21 ——
poR ornCIAL US ONLY
Candidate of Technical Sciences Ye. G. Alcimov (16—1 and 16—2); Candidate of Technical Sciences, Docent M. A. Zhavoronkov; and Candidate of Technical Sciences, Docent A. A. Chunikhin (16—3).
Doctor of Technical Sciences, Professor P. M. Tikhomirov.
-- Doctor of Technical Sciences, Professor A. V. Ivanov-Smolenskiy; Doctor of Technical Sciences, Dbcent F. M. Yuferov (19—16, 19—17, 19-39, 19-40 and 20-15); Engineer M. A. Avanesov (19-10 —— 19—15,
19—33 —— 19—37 and 20-il —— 20—13).
Doctor of Technical Sciences, Docent F. M. Yuferov. Technical Sciences, Docent A. A. Chunikhin (22-1
SectioaE22 and 23 —— Candidate of Section 24 --
Section 25 Section 26
Section 27 --
-- 22-4, 22-6, 23-1 -- 23—8, 23—10 and 23-11); Candidate of Technical
Sciences, Docent M. A. Zhavoronkov (22-5, 22-7 —— 22-9, 23—9 and 23-12).
Doctor of Technical Sciences, Professor I. S. Tayev (24-1 -— 24—7);
Candidate of Technical Sciences, Docent G. G. Nesterov (24—8 -- 24-10).
Engineer C. Ya. Kazanovich (25-1 —- 25-5); Candidate of Technical
Sciences, Docent V. S. Zhdanov (25—6).
Candidate of Technical Sciences, Docent N. N. Bogdanov; Candidate of
Technical Sciences, Docent 0. C. Bulatov and Senior Lecturer M. L.
Fratkina.
Doctor of Chemical Sciences, Professor N. V. Korovin.
The materials of the sections of this volume were examined by department heads of
the Moscow Power Engineering Institute: Doctor of Technical Sciences, Professor I.
P. Kopyiov; Doctor of Technical Sciences, Professor V. A. Labuntsov; Candidate of
Technical Sciences, Professor B. N. Neklepayev; and Doctor of Technical Sciences,
Professor I. S. Tayev.
The materials of this volume were edited by Professor V. A. Labuntsov
A. Ya. Shikhin.
Section 16. Resistors, Capacitors, and Reactors
Contents
and Professor
;1] Al.].] YiVJ —I. —r1 — — — —.-. dmvy ...._ .. ... I.YiTiY.W Fi Ifl,.,’v. .4.1 -I.T.T. b
__________ 0;0]
16—1. Resistors
General Information (5). Design Features of Resistive Elements (7). Resistor Units (11). Starting Rheostats and Starter-Regulator Rheostats (15). Excitation Rheostats (17). Load Resistors and Rheostats (18). Design Fundamental of Resistors ad Rheostats (19).
16—2. Capacitors
General Information About Power Capacitors (21). Capacitors
for Alcernating—Curre’t Industrial-Frequency Electrical Units
(23). Higher Frequency Capacitors (26). Capacitors for
Capacitive Coupling, Power Take-Off and Voltage Measurement
(27). Filter Capacitors (28). Pulse Capacitors (30).
Capacitors of Semiconductor Power Converters (32).
16—3. Reactors
Purposes and Classification (34). Conversion Reactors (34).
Designs of Reactors (35). Calculation and Selection of the
Main Parameters of Alternating Current Reactors (39). Selection
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of the Main Dimensions and Calculation of Concrete Current-Limiting Reactors (45). Doubled Reactors (50). Reactors Produced in the USSR (51).
Bibliography 58
Section 17. Transformers and Autotransformers
Contents Page
17-1. Basic Definitions and Designations 59
Basic Definitions (59). Basic DesignatiOns (60).
17-2. Main Parts of a Transformer 61
17-3. Classification of Transformers 61
17-4. Operation of a Transformer Under Load 62
17-5. No—Load Conditions of a Transformer. No-Load Test 63
17-6. Short Circuit of a Transformer. Short-Circuit Test 64
17-7. Approximate Calculation of the Parameters of the Equivalent
Circuit of a Double-Wound Transformer 65
17-8. Changes in the Secondary Voltage of a Transformer. Losses and
Efficiency 66
17-9. Parallel Work of Transformers and Groups of Winding Conneç
tions 66
17-10. Unbalanced Load of Three-Phase Transformers 69
17-11. BasicEquatioflS and Equivalent Circuit of a Three-Winding
Transformer 68
17-12. Transformers with Split Windings 70
17-13. Autotransformers 70
17-14. Adjustment and Stabilization of Transformer Voltage 72
17-15. Transformer Calculation Scheme 73
17-16. Determination of the Basic Electrical Parameters •f a
Transformer 73
17-17. Determination of the Main Dimensions of a Transformer 74
17-18. Insulation in Transformers 76
17-19. Major Insulation of Windings. Minimum Permissible Insulation
Distances 77
17-20. Longitudinal Insulation of Windings 80
17—21. Design Selection and Calculation of Windings 81
17-22. Calculation of Low-Voltage Windings 83
17-23. Calculation of high-Voltage Windings 84
17-24. rj&erminatiofl of Short-Circuit Parameters 85
17-25. Short-Circuit Currents and Mechanical Forces in Win.iings 87
17-26. Calculation of the Magnetic System 88
17—27. Appro.imate Determination of the Masses of Active Materials
in Tran&formers 90
17-28. Load-Carrying Capacity of a Transforme.r 91
17-29. Transformers and AutotransformerS for Networks of 10, 35, 110,
220, 330, and 500 kV 92
17-30. Low-Power Transformers 100
17-31. Standardization jfl the Manufacturing of Transformers 102
Bibliography 103
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CIA-i jjr*2-00850R00040008L.,,. -

FOR OFFICIAL USE ONLY
Section 18. General Problems
18—1.
18-2.
18—3.
18-4.
18—5.
18—6.
18—7.
18-8.
18—9.
18—10.
18—11.
18—12.
18—13.
18—14.
18—15.
18—16.
18—17.
18—18.
18—19.
of Electric Machines
Contents
Page
104
108
109
110
111
115
115
115
117
117
118
118.
119
122
123
124
132
132
133
110
142
144
147
148
A. Basic Definitions and Specifications
Basic Designations. Rated Modes and Rated Parameters of
Electric Machines (According to GOST 183-74)
Basic Designations (104). Rated Modes and Rated Parameters
(106)
General Definitions (According to GOST 183-74 and GOST 17154-71)
Specifications for Electric Machines (According to COST 183-74)
Maximum Permissible Temperature Excesses of Electric Machine
Parts (According to COST 183-74)
Electric Strength and Insulation Resistance of the Windings
of Electric Machines/According to COST 183-74)
Power Losses Efficiency of Electcic Machines
Designations Ci ‘ng Termina1 (According to GOST 183-74)
Rated Rotation Fre& :eiicies of Electric Machines (According to
GOST 10683—73)
Heights of Rotation Axes of Electric Machines (According to
GOST 13267—73)
Cylindrical Ends of Shafts (According to GOST 12080-66)
Conical Ends of Shafts (According to GOST 12081—72)
Tests of Electric Machines (According to GOST 183-74 and COST
118 28—75)
Classification of Electric Machines
Principal Standards for Electric Machines
B. General Theoretical Problems
Main Dimensions, Machine Constant, and Electromagnetic Lcads
of Electric Machines
Armature Windings of A1ternatiig-Current Machines
Circuits of Field Windings
Short-Circuited Squirrel-Cage Windings
Electromotive Force, Nagnetoniutive Force, and Field
Polyphase Wirdings
18-20. Magnetoniotive Force and Field of Exciting Windings
18-21. Resi3tance of Windings
18-22. Inductive Resistance of Windings
18-23. Uses of Computers in Designing Electric Machines
Bibliography
of
Section 19. Alternating-Current Electric Machines
A. Asynchronous Machines
Contents
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19-1. Basic Types of Asynchronous Machines
19-2. Structure and Operating Principles of a Three-Phase Asynchronous Machine
19-3. Active and Inductive Resistances of Windings
19-4. Calculation of the Magnetic Circuit of an Asynchronous Machine
19-5. Basic Equations, Equivalent Circuits and a Vector Diagram of an Asynclv’onous Machine
19-6. Basic Energy Relations, Rotational Moments, and Mechanical Characteristics of an Asynchronous Machine
19-7. Circle Diagram of an Asynchronous Machine. Performance Characteristics of an Asynchronous Motor
19-8. Asynchronous Short-Circuited Motors with Improved Starting Properties
19-9. Special Operation Modes and Special Versions of Asynchronous Machines
19-10. Nain Requirements for Asynchronous Motors. Standards for Asynchronous Machines
19-i1.. General Information on the Series of Asynchronous Motors
Produced in the USSR
19-12. Three-Phase Asynchronous Motors of Unified Series AN-2 and AKN-2 with a Power over 1000 kW
19-13. Three-Phase Asynchro’-ous Motors of Series 4A with a Power of
0.06-400 kW
19-14. Special Versions of Motors of Series 4A
19-15. Crane and Metallurgical Asynchronous Motors
19-16. Asynchronous Micromotors
General Information (181). Three-Phase Asynchronous Microinotors
(181).
19-17. Single-Phase Asynchronous Micromotors
General Information (183). Single-Phase Asynchronous Micromotors
with Shielded Poles (185).
B. Synchronous Machines
149
149
151
154
156
157
159
162
163
165
166
168
168
1.76
179
181
;1] il.I •1 I1V — .IWi - - — i-i ... .r. I JaYiT.L J al-I lTaTliiJ ITTjJ FTiTiTf1jTj) ;0]
19-18. Main Types of Synchronous Machines
19-19. Structure and Uperating Principle of a Three-Phase Synchronous
Machine
Structure of a Three-Phase Synchronous Machine (187). Operating
Principle of a Three-Phase Synchronous Machine (189).
19-20. Magnetic Field in the Gap Between the Statcr and Rotor. Magneto- motive Forces. Field Coefficients.
19-21. Substitution of the Damping Winding of a Machine by Equivalent Circuits. Field Coefficients of the Damping Winding.
19-22. Reduction Coefficients for the Exciting Winding awl Equt’ia1ent Damping Circuits
19-23. Per-Unit System of a Synchronous Machine
19-24. Inductive Reactance of Windings
19—25. Effective Resistance of Windings
19—26. Calculation of the Magnetic Circuit of a Syncñronous Machine During Idling
19-27. Performance of a Synchronous Machine Under Load (Basic Equations and Vector Diagrams)
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183
186
187
189
193
194
194
195
198
198
201

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Magnetic Circuit During Idling
Magnetic Circuit Under Load
Characteristic Triangle. Rotational Moment
Direct-Current Generators
Direct-Current Motors
243
244
245
246
203
203
205
207
207
211
212
213
216
217
19-28. Short-Circuit Currents of a Synchronous Machine.
Symmetric (Three-Phase) Short Circuit on the Machine Terminals. Nonsymmetric Short Circuit on the Machine Terminals (204).
19-29. Parameters and Time Constants of a Synchronous Machine
19-30. External and Adjustment Characteristics of a Synchronous Generator. Charging Power
19-31. Parallel Operation of Synchronous Machines.
Methods of Switching Synchronous Machines to Parallel Operation
(Synchronization Methods) (207). Operation of a Synchronous
Machine in Parallel with a Powerful Electric Network (238).
Oscillations of Synchronous Machines (210).
19-32. Synchronous Motors
19-33. ExcitatiOn Systems of Synchronous Machines
19-34. Main Requirements for Synchronous Machines. Standards ,f or Synchronous Machines
19-35. TurbogeneratOrS and Synchronous Compensators with Indirect Hydrogen Cooling
19-36. Synchronous Machines with Direct Cooling
TurbogeneratorS (217). Hydrogenerators (223).
19-37. Information about Medium and High Power Synchronous Machines Produced in the USSR
General Information (224). Turbogenerators (224). Hydrogenerators (227). Synchronous Compensators (227). Synchronous Generators, and General-Purpose Motors (231).
19-38. Prospects for Increasing the Power of Large Electric Machines
i9-39. Synchronous Micromotors with Permanent Magnets, Hysteresis and Reaction Motors.
Main Characteristics. Classification (236). Synchronous Motors with Permanent Magnets (236). Synchronous Hysteresis Motors
(237). Synchronous Reaction Motors (239). Single-Phase Synchronous Motors of the DSD and DSDR Types (239).
19-40. SlowSpeed Synchronous Motors with Electromagnetic Reduction of Rotation Frequency
Bibliography
Section 20. Direct-Current Machines and Commutator Motors
Contents
20-1. Basic Designations
20-2. Structure and Operating Principle of a Direct-Current Machine
20-3. Types of Direct-Current Machines
20-4. Diagrams of Armature Windings of Direct-Current Machines
20-5. Electromotive Force and Magnetomotive Force of Windings. Winding Resistance
20-6. Calculation of the
20-7. Calculation of the
20-8. Voltage Equation.
20—9. Characteristics of
20—10. Characteristics of
224
234
236
240
242
Page
248
249
250
251
252
254
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20-11. Main Requirements for Normal Direct-Current Machines
20-12. General Information about the Series of Direct Current Machines Produced in the USSR
20-13. Direct-Current Motors of the Unified Series 2P with a Power of Up to 200 kW
20-14. Metallurgical and Crane Direct-Current Motors of Series D
20-15. Direct-Current, Alternating-Current and Universal Commutator
Micromotors.
General Information about Direct-Current Micromotors (259).
Direct-Current Motors of Parallel (Independent) Excitation (260).
Direct-Current Motors with Permanent Magnets (260). Direct-
Current Series-Excitation Motors (261). Alternating-Current
Commutator Micromotors (262). Universal Commutator Motors (263).
20-16. Three-Phase Commutator Motors Bibliography
Section 21. Electric Machines of Automatic Devices
Contents
266
281
283
;1] 1.).] -71yJ ..I .fj - _— . .._ ... . r.yrr.w] .] i .T. iTh . . __________________________
(;0]
21-1. Actuating Motors.
General Information (266). Asynchronous Actuating Motors (267).
Direct-Current Actuating Motors (271). Step-by-Step Actuating
Motors (277).
21.2. Amp lidynes (ENU).
Classification. General Information (281). Transverse-Field
Amplidyne (281).
21-3. Tachogenerators
General Information (283). Synchronous Tachogenerators (283).
Asynchronous Tachogenerators (284). Direct-Current Tachogenerators
(285).
21-4. Electric Machines in Synchronous Communication Circuits (Selsyns)
General Information (286). Single-Phase Contact Selsyns (287).
Magslips (288). Selsyn Operation in the Indicator Mode (289).
Selsyn Operation in the Transformer Mode (290). Synchronous
Communication Circuits with Differential Selsyns (290). Magnesyns (293).
21-5. Rotary Transformers Bibliography
Section 22. High Voltage Switching and Protective Equipment.
Contents
Air Circuit Electromagnetic
286
294
298
Page 298
22-1. General Information on Switches.
Definitions (298). Oil Circuit Breakers (302).
Breakers (306). Elegas Circuit Breakers (313).
Switches (314). Vacuum Switches (314).
22-2. Calculation of the Elements of Switches. Calculation of a Current-Conducting Circuit (316). Calculation and Selection of Contacts (316). Calculation of Electrodynamic
Forces (319). Elements of the Calculation of Air Circuit Breakers (321).
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254
254
255
258
259
264
266
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22—4.
22—5.
22-7.
22-8.
23—4.
23—5.
23-6.
23—7.
23—8.
23—9.
23—10.
333
334
351
353
362
368
372
383
384
386
387
387
388
390
22-3.
328
22—6
Elements of the Calculation of Oil Circuit Breakers (324).
Voltage Restoration on a Switch.
Basic Designations(328). Recovery Voltage for Circuits with
Lumped and Distributed Parameters (328). Calculation of Constants
and Simplified Equivalent Circuits (331).. Methods of Determining
the Equivalent Capacitance when Changing from a Circuit with Distributed Parameters to a Circuit with Lumped Parameters (331). Normalization of the Parameters of the Recovery Voltage (332).
Purposes and Selection of Bridging Elements.
Alternating-Currext Switches Produced in the USSR.
Oil Switches (334). Load Switches (340). Air Circuit Breakers
(342). E1ectromanetic Switches (345). Vacuum Switches (346).
Drives for Alternating-Current Righ-Voltag Circuit Breakers.
Electrcmagnetic Drives (346). Spring Drives (349). Pneumatic
Drives (350). Pneumohydraulic Drives (351)
Parameters of Drives Produced in the USSR.
Disconnectors, Shorting Devices, and Separators
General Information About Disconnectors (353). Disconnectors of
Indoor Units (353). Disconnectors of External Units (357).
Shorting Devices and Separators (358). Drives for Disconnectors
(361)
22-9. Nigh-Voltage Fuses
22-10. Dischargers and Overvoltage Limiters.
Bibliography
346
Section 23. Current and Voltage Transformers
23—1.
Contents
23—2.
23—3.
Page
373
382
Selection of Basic Parameters in Calculating Current Transformers. Basic Designations (373). Basic Information (374). Error keducing Methods (377). Selection of the Parameters of Current Transformers of Standard Designs for Measurements (377).
Compensation of Current Transformer Errors. Compensation of Errors by thg Scattering Field (382). Compensation of Errors by Countermagnetizing (382)
Operation of Current Transformers Under Steady Conditions at a Deep Saturation of the Magnetic Circuit.
Operation of Current Transformers in a Transient Mode. Selection of a Current Transformer.
Cascade Current Transformers Induction-Type Magnetic Current Transformers Opticoelectronic Current Transformers Current Transformers Produced in the USSR.
Selection of Basic Parameters and Calculation of Errors of Voltage Transformers
Basic Designations (404). General Information (405). Selection of the Basic Parameters of Standard Voltage Transformers (406). Cascade, Capacitor, and Opticoelectronic Voltage Transformers. Selection of the Basic Parameters of an NKF-Type Voltage Transformer (408). Capacitor Voltage Transformers (409). Opticoelec— tronic Voltage Transformers (409)
23—11.
404
408
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23-12. Voltage Transformers Produced in the USSR.
Dry Voltage Transformers (411). Oil Voltage Transformers (411).
Bibliography
Section 24. Low Voltage Devices
Contents
;1] Al J 1 Ji• —WA1 I... ..— n.. .r IrIrIr.’.L..J VA -] ii1 irr1f1 -IiTiTi FiT&YiT TiTY z;0]
24-1. Electromagnets and Methods of Their Calculation.
Initial Relations and Methods of Calculating Electromagnets (419).
Calculation of Magnetic Circuits (421). Permeance of Nonmagnetic
Gaps (421). Reluctance of Magnetic Circiit3 (425). Equivant
Circuit of a Magnetic Circuit (426). Analytical Relations (427>.
Calculation of Windings (429). Basic Characteristics of Electromagnets (430). Electromagnetic Clutches and Electromagnets for
Machines (433).
24—2. Electrical Contacts.
Basic Information (434). Calculation of Contacts (Rated Conditions)
(436). Calculation of Contacts (Excess Current Flow Mode) (439).
Mass Transfer in Contacts and Evaluation of Their Durability (440).
24—3, Current-Carrying Parts of Devices and Methods of Their Calculations.
Basic Information (441). Equations of leating and Cooling (441).
Calculations in the Case of a Long-Term and Short-Term Current Flow
Through the Conductor (441). Equivalent Currents of Long Duration
(443).
24-4. Low-Voltage Switching Devices and Relations for Their Calculation.
General Information (443). Relations for Calculating Direct-Current
Arc Arresters (444). Relations for Calculating Alternating-Current
Arc Arresters (445). Hybrid and Synchronous Switching Devices (447).
24-5. Contactors and Starters.
Approximate Order of Calculating Contactors and Starters (449).
Direct-Current Contactors (450). Alternating-Current Contactors
(450). Alternating-Current Starters (452).
24—6. Automatic Circuit Breakers and Safety Devices. Bimetallic Elements (456). Some Varieties of Automatic Circuit
Breakers (457). Safety Fuses (460).
24—7. Command Apparatus, Knife Switches, and Changeover Switches.
24—8. Control and Protection Relays.
Control and Automation Relays (6). Hercons (Hermetical].y
Sealed Magnet-Controlled Contacts) and Relays Using Them (466).
Protection Relays (471).
24-9. Noncontact Control Devices.
Magnetic Amplifiers (472). Semiconductor Amplifiers and Relays
(476). Noncontact Devices for Controlling E1etric Drives (477).
Stabilizers (478).
24-10. Transducers.
Inductive Transducers (479). Transformer Sensors (480). Resistance
Transducers (481). Capacitance-Type Sensors (482).
Bibliography
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410
418
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434
441
443
447
445
463
466
472
4?
482
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Section 25h High Voltage Equipment Sets.
Contents
25—1. General Information.
Terms nd Definitions (483). Classification of Electrical
Equipment Sets (485). Main Advantages of Equipment Sets (185).
25—2. Distribution Sets for Indoor Installations (KRU) of 6—10 ky. cabinets of KRU2-1O-20 and KR-1O/31.5 Series (487). Cabinets of K-XII Series (495). Cabinets of the K-XXVt and K-QtVII Series (497). Cabinets of the K-XXVIII Series (504). Cabinets of the KM-1O Series (505). Cabinets of the KR1ODJ.O Series (506). Cabinets of the K—X and K-XXI Series (507). Cabinets of the K—XXV Series (512). Cabinets of the K—XXIV Series (514). Cabinets of the KE—lO and KE-6 Series (515). Main Directions in the Development of New Designs of Distribution Sets (522).
25-3. Distribution Sets for Outdoor Units (KRUN) of 6-10 kV. Cabinets of the K-VITJ and K-IX Series (523). Cabinets of the
K—37 Series (525). Cabinets of the K-33M Series (528). Cabinets of the KRN—1OUI Series (529). Cabinets of the KRN—tII-1O Series (530). Cabinets of the KRN-6 (10) L Series (531). Main directions in the Development of New Designs of Distribution Sets for Outdoor Units (532).
25-4. Indoor Transformer Substation Sets (KTP) of 6(10)10.4—0.23 kv. KTP of 1000, 1600 and 2500 kV.A of the Chirchik Transformer Plant (535). KTP of 400, 630 and 1000 kV•A of the Khniel’nitskiy Transformer Substation Plant (539). KTP of 250, 400, and 630 kV’A of the Armelektrozavod (542). KTP of 160, 250,and 400 kVA of the Birobidzhan Plant of Power TranBformers (545). KTP for the On-Plant Uses of Thermal and Atomic Electric Power Stations of the KTP-SN-O.5 Series (545). Main Directions in the Development of New Designs of 1P of 6(10)/0.4 kV (552).
25-5. External Transformer Substation Sets (KTPN) of 6(10)/0.4—0.23 kV.
External Transfàrmer Substation Sets KTP25/6(1O)—KTP25O/6(1O) (525).
Transformer Substation Sets IP-4OOU1, ETP—630U1 and KTP-1000TJ1
(554). Transformer Substation Sets KTPN-72M (556).
25-6. Special Features of Using Distribution Sets in Educational Designing. Bibliography
Section 26. Valve Converters of Electric Energy
Contents
;1] il-I.] -Ia’jV —I — .Fi — —wi —Irrz c. ri-i-y IJj7iT. L -J al F TiT11 ITTJ Ii TiTiT’1jTj) b ____________________________;0]
26—1.
26—2.
26—3.
26—4.
Types of Electric Energy Conversion.
Types of Electric Valves.
Conventional Symbols Used in Calculating Circuits of Converters.
Rectifiers with Ideal Valves and Transformers.
General Information (563). Single-Phase Half-Wave Rectifier
Circuit (563). Circuits of Single—Phase Full—Wave Rectifiers
(564). Circuits of Three-Phase Current Rectifiers (565).
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4.3
485
523
534
562
556
559
Page
560
561
562
563
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26-5. Pulsations in the Curves of aectif Led Voltage and Current Smoothing Filters.
26-6. Calculation of Filters.
26-7. Calculation of the Number of Valves of a Rectifier.
26—8. Voltage-Multiplication Rectifiers..
26-9. Circuits of Rectifiers of Three-Phase Current of Medium and High Power.
Uncontrolled Rectifiers (568). Relationship Phase Regulation of Rectified Voltage (571). tions for rn-Phase Rectifier Circuits (572). ation of Rectifiers (572).
26—10. Multiphase Composite Rectifier Circuits.
26-li. Power Factor of a Rectifying Unit.
26-12. Network-Guided (Dependent) Inverters.
26-13. Methods of Improving the Power Factor of Valve Converters. Control Algorithmsfor Valve Converters (577). Cascade Connection of Converters with Various Control Algorithms (579).
26-14. Circuits of Converters with Combined Control of Valve Units Ensuring Changes in the Direction of the Energy Flow.
26-15. Circulating Current.
26—16. Separate Control of Valve Sets.
26-1.7. Direct Frequency Converters.
26—18. Control Systems of Valve Converters.
26-19. Thyristor Forced Turn-Off Methods.
26—20. Forced Switching Units.
26-21. Direct-Current Voltage Pulse Converters.
26—22. Circuits of ShIP [Pulse—Duration Converters] with Series Connec— tion of a Key Instrument.
26-23. ShIP Circuit with an LC-Filter and Active Load.
26—24. Parallel ShIP Circuit.
26-25. ShIP Circuit vith the Output Voltage Adjusted Higher and Lower Than the Input Voltage.
26-26. Direct-Current Voltage Converters with the Capacitor Discharge into the Load (Converters with Measured Out Transmission of
Energy).
26-27. Alternating-Voltage Regulated Converters.
26—28. Self-Contained Inverters.
26—29. Current Inverters.
26—30. Voltage Inverters.
26-31. Series Inverter.
26-32. Protection of Semiconductor Valves Against Overvoltage.
26—33. Cooling Valves of Converters.
26-34. Some Types of Converters Produced in the USSR.
Bibliography
Section 27. Chemical Sources of Current and Their Uses
Contents
of Voltages During Calculated RelaCounter e.m.f. Oper
;1] J J —( — -, • • . ..r .1YiTiV ,ITITiT.Ty. . ________________________________;0]
27-1. General Concepts.
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566
566
567
561
568
573
575
575
577
580
582
583
584
586
588
589
592
592
593
594
595
596
598
600
601
604
60d
610
61].
612
614
Page
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n
of Current (615).
Definitions and Classification of Chemical Sources Parameters of Chemical Sources of Current (616).
27-2. Primary Chemical Sources of Current.
Classification of Primary Sources of Current (618). Primary Chemical Sources of Current with Aqueous Electrolytes (618). Primary Chemical Sources of Current with Nonaqueous Electrolytes (625).
27-3. Fuel Cells and Electrochemical Generators.
27-4. Secondary Chemical Sources of Current.
Acid (Lead) Accumulators and Batteries (627). Alkaline Accumulators and Batteries (631). Accumulators with Solid and Melted Electrolytes (634).
27-5. Devices for Charging Accumulators and Batteries.
27-6. Uses of Accumulators at Electric Power Stations and Substations.
Bibliography
COPYRIGHT: Energoizdat, 1.981
10233
CSO: 1860/42
;1] w.J .1 TafV u J.( • — wv cr, .. ..v. 1laYII.a -I’iYiT14iI I!ITirirlTlTgiy&frL. ____________________________
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618
626
627
634
635
637

IMPURITIES AND POINT DEFECTS IN SEMICONDUCTORS
UDC: 621.315.592
Moscow PRIMESI I TOCIIECI1NYYE DEFEKTY V POLUPROVODNIKAKH in Russian 1981 (signed to press 26 Mar 81) pp 2—5, 247—248
[Annotation, foreword (excerpts) and table of contents from book “Impurities and Point Defects Semiconductors”, by Vad1ii Valentinovich Yemtsev and Tat’yana Vadimovna Mashovets, Izdatel’stvo “Radio i svyaz”, 4,000 copies, 248 pages]
Anno tat ion
;1] . .1.1 —YVa —I —j —I — tA1 —TTr . .. KJjYjT.WaJ L —i .1 •Z•Zp’aYT•J4i1 IaYaYaV bYiYiI1.7aY _________________________________;0]
[Excerpts] The findings from investigating impurities and point defects in diamond—like semiconductors are presented. Some sections of the book are written In condensed fashion, and new aspects of the problem of defect formation and migration are considered in more detail. The book is intended for scientific workers and engineers in corresponding specialties.
[The book was reviewed by Doctor of Technical Sciences Yu. A. Kontsevoy and Professor P. V.-Pàvlov.]
Foreword
It is well known that the most important properties of semiconductors, from the practical viewpoint, are determined by the nature and concentrations of crystal lattice defects, which may include impurity atoms.
The extensive use of semicoxiductor devices in nuclear and space technology is now stimulating intensive study of defects occurring in semiconductors under the influence of radiation. However, problems concerning the properties of impurities on the one hand, and radiation defects on the other, are generally discussed eparate1y in the scientific literature. One feature of the present monograph is the fact that it examines impurities in close association with other crystal lattice point defects; in the real world this connection is dictated by their interaction.
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FOR OFFICIAL USE ONLY
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rfle primary attention in the book is devoted to diamond—like semicond’ictors. The first section discusses the power spectra and niicrostructure of point defects, while the second is conce.cned with processes of generation, migration and interaction of various types of defects, and annealing processes. The properties ci elongated defects and disordered regions are not discussed: these questions have been considered in detail, e.g., in C. Matare’s monographs Elektronika defektov v 2oluprovodnika (The Electronics of Defects in Semiconductors) (Moscow, Mir Press, 1974), R. F. Konopleva, V. L. Litvinov and N. A. Ukhin’s Osobennosti radiotsionnog. povrezhdeniya poluprovodnikov chastitsatnt ‘d-ysokikh energiy (Sirtgularities of Radiation Damage to Semiconductors by High—Energy Particles) (Moscow, Atomizdat Press, 1971) and R. F. Konopleva and V. N. Ostroumov’s Vzaimodeystviye zaryazhennykh chastits vysokikh energiy s germaniyem i kremniem (Interaction of High—Energy Charged Particles With Germanium and Silicon) (Moscow, Atomizdat Press, 1975).
The book presents some of the results obtained in the Laboratory of Nonequilibriuni Processes in Semiconductors of the USSR Academy of Sciences Physico—Technical Institute iiueni A. F. loffe under the supervision of Professor S. M. Ryvkin, who is one of the initiators of research on radiation defects in semiconductors in this country.
It is the authors’ pleasant duty to express their genuine thanks to Doctor of
Physical and Mathematical Sciences M. I. Klinger and Candidate of Physico— Mathematical Sciences N. A. Vitovskiy for their frequent useful discussions on
the problems touched upon in this monograph.
The authors are deeply indebted to N. N. Yemtseva, Yu. N. Daluda, and N. A. and
A. V. Bagryanskiy, who rendered a great deal of assistance in preparing the manuscript.
Table of Contents
;1] Al -1.1 —Yñj . — -j • — I.,.. .r .nn r- ILLIITII&ki....Ji VA..JTi .TzriTJi1xaTay1iiTiT1ii1
I;0]
PART I. POINT DEFECTS IN SEMICONDUCTORS. THEIR ENERGY SPECTRUM
AND MICROSTRUCTURE.
Chapter 1.
Inherent crystal lattice defects in semiconductors
1.1. Frenkel pairs
1.2. Theoretical investigation of electron structure of vacancies and internal interstitial atoms
1.3. Experimental investigation of internal point defects in semiconductors
Impurities, impurity centers and systems of impurity atoms with internal defects in diamond—like semiconductors
Chapter 2.
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3
7
8
15
29
55
Foreword
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2.1.
2.2.
2.3.
2.4.
2.5.
2.6.
2.7.
2.8.
PART II.
Chapter 3.
3.1.
3.2.
_. — It ne_ I__.
FOR OFFICIAL USE ONLY
Group—I impurities
Group—Il impurities
Group—Ill Impurities
Group—TV impurities
Group—V impurities
Group—VT impurities
Group—Vu impurities Transition metal impurities
FORMATION OF INTERNAL POINT DEFECTS IN SEMICONDUCTORS AND ThEIR INTERACTION WITH IMPURITY ATOMS
Defect formation in semiconductors during excitation of electron crystal subsystem
Types of possible sub—threshold mechanisms
Experimental investigations of defect formation in semiconductors. during subthreshold irradiation
3.3. Occurrence of impurity ionization defect formation mechanism during super—threshold irradiation Defect formation in semiconductors during elastic
scattering of electrons
4.1. Interaction of gamma—quanta with matter
4.2. Defect formation under influence of fast electrons
4.3. Threshold energy and cross—section of primary defect formation as function of material parameters and irradiation conditions
5. Movement of internal defects in crystal Self—diffusion in germanium and silicon
Migration of vacancies and interstitial atoms in
silicon and germanium
5.3. Radiation—accelerated migration in semiconductors
;1] Al.) .1IiVi 4i’• at — ...iztTV .. i.y. I]’riI.r V’ 1.1 .!l.,IfiT!l4I1 .1TiTiki.1iTi1tT’r —
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5.2.
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Kinetics of defect formation during irradiation
Basic regularities of secondary—defect formation process
6.2. Kinetics of formation of primary internal structural defects
6.3. Kinetics of defect formation when defects are created only near impurity atoms
6.4. Kinetics of defect formation during interaction of one Frenkel pair component with one type of impurity atoms
6.5. Kinetics of defect formation when impurity atoms are annihilation centers of vacancies and interstitial atoms
6.6. Kinetics of defect formation when impurity atom encompasses sequentially several primary defects of the same type
6.7. Defect formation rate as function of intensity of irradiation
Interaction between internal defects and impurities during irradiation and anniling
7.1. Diamond and silicon carbide
7.2. Silicon
7.3. Germanium
7.4. AIBV compounds
7.5. A11B’ compounds
7.6. Tellurium
Bibliography
COPYRIGHT: Izdatel’stvo “Radio i svyaz”, 1981
Chapter 7.
6900
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UDC 621.382
NEURISTOR AND OThER FUNCTIONAL CIRCUITS WITH VOLUME COUPLING
I1oscow NEYRISTORNYYE I DRUGIYE FUNKTSIONAII’NYYE SKREMY S OB”YEMNOY SVYAZ’YU in Russian 1981 (signed to press 9 Apr 81) pp 2—4, 110—111
[Annotation, introduction and table of contents from book “Neuristor and Other Functional Circuits With Volume Coupling”, by Vitaliy Ivano’ich Stafeyev, Konstantin Fedorovich Komarovskikh and Grigoriy Ivanovich Fursin, Izdatel’stvo “Radio L svyaz”, 10,000 copies, 112 pages]
Annotation
[Text] This book examines the operating principle of the neuristor —— a multi— functional element which executes various logic operaticns and stores information. Various designs of neuristor and other functional circuits are described: those based on seiniconduting devices with negative resistance, laser—active media, superconducting devices and tunnel diodes, and injection—fed integrated circuits. Technological, circuit engineering and applications features of these functional circuits are given
The book is intended for a broad class of engineers working in the area of microelectronics and electronic technology. [Book reviewed by Doctor of Technical Sciences D. I. Yuditskiy and Candidate of Technical Sciences B. A. Kalabekov.]
Introduction
The extensive introduction of computer technology into all branches of the economy and the rapid development of integrated automation of production processes require the creation of inexpensive, economical computing devices. The search for new ways of creating such microelectronic devices in order to expand their functional capabilities and improve reliability sharply is extremely important.
The primary difficulties of modern microelectronics involve the problem of the “tyranny of numbers” of integrated—circuit components, which results in a reduction in the reliability and a reduction in the output of good circuits. The appearance of this problem .s caused, on the one harh, by the sharp complication in the
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functions executed by electronic equipment, and on the cther, by the traditional circuit engineering approach used in planning, where expanded functional capabilities of equipment is provided only by increasing the number of components, primarily transistors, rather than making fuller use of solid—body physical phenomena.
One of the methods of overcoming the “tyranny of numbers” is to use negative— resistance devices as active elements: because of the presence of positive internal feedback, these are very simple functional devices [1,2,12]. The S—devices which have been known for over 20 years [li,17,18,19] are now used extensively in widely varying equipment. In particular, high—efficiency light sources and photodetectors based on S—diodes were developed a few years ago, as were high—speed memory elements for static and dynamic LSI memories, shift registers and logic circuits based on Plasma_cojPled S—devices [2,11,12]. The sorage density of these devices 1000 bits/mm which exceeds the density of the I L-circuits based on p—n—p—n type inultilayer structures operating in the injection state, which are undergoing intensive development, etc.
The creation and application of neuristors is of particular interest. As solid— state analogs of neural fibers, neuristors have a number of remarkable properties which make them highly reliable multifunctional elements which execute any logic operations as well as store information. The appearance of the first neuristors coincided with the birth of integrated transistor electronics, which delayed their extensive application in computing devices. However major successes in technology and circuit engineering plus the use of LSI, a w1l as the newly awakened interest in neuristors on the part of radioelectronic equipment developers, allow us to hope that neuristors will soon provide the basis for the creation of efficient, reliable computing devices with associative .nd parallel information processing which will implament the many principles of naural networks and homogeneous media with adaptive and variable logic strueture.
The present book generalizes the results of research on neuristors and certain other types of functional circuits which has been undertaken in the USSR and abroad over the past 15 years. A great deal of information on different neuristor designs, the physics of their operation and fundamental circuit engineering principles are systematized; various types of negative—resistance devices used to implement neuristors and other volume—coupled circuits are described. Features of constructing functional circuits using S—devices are examined, and the latter are compared with IC using IGFETS and Tm— and 12L— ICs. A considerable portion of the material presented is based on original research done by the authors.
Table of Contents
;1] 1.1.1 YaV —I —, — —wt,a _• I ... r.. .rw ... .. LIjYaT.WaJ IA JT7z ,_?7.J4j 1iYiYi1 ri rY1 iiri _______________________________;0]
Introduction
1. Semiconductor devices with negative resistance
1.1. Two—electrode structures with negative resistance
1.2. Three—electrode structures. with negative resistance
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1.3.
1.4.
2.1.
2.2.
2.3.
2.4.
2. 5
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2.
Neuris tors
Adjustable S—structure with volume—coupled circuits Basic properties of S—elements with volume—coupled circuits
— neural based on based on based
an
on
3.
Neuristors fiber analogs
Neuristors multilayered structures
Neuristors S—diodes using compensated semiconductors
Neuristors germanium S—diodes
Relationship between neuristor pulse and parameters of external circuit
2.6. Neuristors based silicon S—diodes
2.7. Neuristors based on modulation transistors
2.8. Neuristors based on single—junction transistors
29. Neuristors based on tunnel diodes
2.10. Neuristors based on superconducting devices
2.11. “Quantum neuristors — neuristors based on laser—active media
Neurocons and certain other neuristor applications
3.1. Neurocons
3.2. Flat television screens
3.3. Other neuristor applications
Implementation of elementary logic operations using S—devices
4.1. Selection of optimal active coupling between S—elements
4.2. Inhibiting coupling
4.3. Transmission line
4.4. Elementary logic operations
Functional logic modules based on S—elements
5.1. Some problems of designing and fabricating integrated circuits ufiug S—element’i
4.
5.
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5.2. Module implementing OR NOT function
5.3. Dynamic shift register
5.4. DynamIc integrated circuits
6. Large—scale integrated circuits
6.1. Standard modules
6.2. Basic features of integrated circuits using S—elements
6.3. LSI input elements
6.4. Logic modules
6.5. Large—scale integrated circuits
7. Features of designing functional circuits using various types of S—elements
7.1. Functional circuits using unijunction transistors
7.2. Integrated circuits using modulation transistors
7.3. Integrated circuits based on p—n—p—n—structures
7.4. Functional circuits using current filament effect
8. Principles of organizing computers using S—elements
8.1. Promising areas of application of computer devices using S—elements
Functional diagram of computer
Experimental research on IC and arithmetic unit
of computer
9. Circuit engineering and technological singularities of volume—couped integrated circuits based on bipolar
transistors and charge—coupled devices
9.1. It1jection—fed logic circuits
9.2. Collector—controlled logic circuits
9.3. Charge coupled devices
10. Comparison of actively coupled integrated circuits using S—devices with transistorized integrated circuits
;1] A .i .1 IaIN —I i—I. LL1 I . ....y • • .v. I]aT&r.wa VA —] 1 .IZiYiT1i1 —1iTiYiV riYiYa1iYi _______________________________;0]
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10.1.
10.2
10.3.
10.4.
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Basic parameters of integrated circuits
Adaptability to manufacture and percentage output of
good ICs
Reliability
Level of integration
Conclusion
Bibliography
COPYRIGUT: Izdatel’stvo “Radio i. svyaz”, 1981
6900
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DDDwItr tfD DtI EAE. I...- 10 flflQ. tIA DFD0) flflOflDflflflAflflflOflflA7 0
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NON-DESTRUCTIVE TEST METHODS TO DETECT FAULTY RPDIO EQUIPMENT
Kiev NERAZRUSRAYUSHCHIYE METODY OBESPECHENIYA NADEZHNOSTI RADIOELEKTRONNOY APPARATURY in Russian 1980 (signed to press 3 Mar 80) pp 4—8, 198—199
[Annotation, introduction and table of contents from book “Non-destructive Methods for Guaranteeing Reliability of Radio—Electronic Equipment”, by Mikhail Makarovich Nekrasov, doctor of technical sciences, Vitaliy Vasil’yevich Platonov and Lyudmlla Ivanovna Dadeko, candidates of technical sciences, Izdatel’stvo “Tekhnika”, 3700 copies, 200 pages]
[Text] In the book, methods for detection and elimination of potentially unreliable items are set out. Data from new methods for detecting hidden flaws in components at the designing and operations stages are presented. Modern equipment for operational inspection of radio—electronic equipment under production conditions is described.
The book is intended for engineering and technical workers studying the operation and development of radio—electronic equipment, and it may also be useful to students at VIJZs for the appropriate specia1tes.
INTRODUCTION
Reliability is the property of an object to perform its prescribed functions, preserving in time the value of established operating indicators within given limits which correspond to given modes and conditions for the employment of maintenance, repair, storage and transportation.
The reliability of electronic items is determined by external influencing factors or modes of operation or internal influencing factors, among which are aging, wear and processes leading to flaws and nonhoinogenieties in component structure. mdicators of the object’s reliability are a function of the parameters of the elements and the rate of change of these parareters, given exposure to various factors. Among the basic external influencing factors are mechanical, temperature, climatic, electrical radiation and other stresses. A breakdown in the functioning of an object in the process of its operation is conditioned by a change in the object’s structure and it results in its failure. The structure of an object is formed during design in accordance with its manufacturing technology. However, deviations from the optimal structure of the object in the course of its creation which are
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conditioned by flaws in the original materials and by undetectable and uncontrollable fluctuations of the manufacturing process are unavoidable. If identical objects were to be obtained at the end of the production cycle, questions of reliability would be solved. In actuality, for any lot, objects which are manufactured from the same materials according to the same technology and on the same equipmeit are not identical. Even if the differences in the objects are functionally insignificant, they could result in the fact that indicators of individual reliability of the objects will be distinguished within rather broad boundaries.
The problem of nondestructive monitoring of object reliability is in essence the sorting of objects according to the traits of a standard. It is sufficient to divide the group of elements being tested into two groups: more reliable and less reliable. Sorting is done using measurements of informative parameters (those which characterize the ability to perform the basic function), the detection of which is frequently complex for a specific type of object since a study of the object’s breakdown processes during operation is required. The informative parameters are usually selected from their possibility to depict load distribution within the object.
An important moment in the development of questions of reliability is the relationship to the phenomenon of failure. If one assumes that failure is a random event unassociated with the structure of an object, then probability and statistical methods are used in order to determine the parameters which characterize it. Mere it is necessary to consider that requirements imposed on reliability of modern components are so, high that the process itself of obtaining information about their reliability indicators poses significant difficulties. For example, the application of statistical methods to determine the reliability of components which are characterized by a failure of iO per part [ch1, given a sampling of io3 items will require testing, the duration of which will be about 10 years. Moreover, a qualitative determination of the reliability indicators does not yet resolve questions of increasing the reliability for the objects being studied. Labor intensiveness, the low level of information content in regard to increasing the objects, the impossibility of operative control of the manufacturing process with this goal in mind and the high cost of statistical tests in order to determine the reliability of objects all result in the need f or development of operative nondestructive methods for predicting reliability. In particular, an attempt is made in this work to generalize materials on the basis of nondestructive inspection for reliability of certain radio—electronic components based on the use of their informatie parameters. If one is to consider that failures are caused by processes of breakdown of the objects and are determined by magnitudes of influencing factors in the weakest link in the structure of the object, then predicting failures requires the detection of physical—chemical processes of aging which cause it. In practice, a dialectical unity of probability—and—statistical and physical tendencies (an overall approach) takes place. Such an approach is in complete accord with the principle of complementarity [13, 24.
Frequently physical methods are constructed on the principle of measuring parameters of non—unifirmity, i.e. areas in the working body of the object where the stress is greater than rated stress. Determining the actual magnitude of stress in the weakest link of the working body of the object with the aid of informative parameters permits us to improve the reliability of the probability—and—statistical appraisals and the accuracy of the predictions.
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Introduction Chapter
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CONTENTS
;1] • • —ri. —ral — 1 — A’I • ••• IYiTiT•W 1A —] 1 el iTiT1f ii 1iTiT&’, . . .. ,. _________________________________;0]
1. Methods for inspection of radio—electronics components
1. Fundamental tasks of the quality and reliability service at enterprises
2. Peculiarities of monitoring radio—electronics equipment components using statistical methods
3. Possibilities for predicting reliability of radio— electronics components based on accelerated testing results
4. Application of physical methods to predict radio— electronics component reliability
5. Prospects for nondestructive radio—electronics component quality and reliability control
Chapter 2. Mechanisms of electronic equipment breakdown
1. Electrical dielectric and semiconductor breakdown
2. Breakdown of semiconductor materials and components
3. Mechanical and corrosion breakdown
4. Breakdown of resistance components
5. Breakdown of nonhomogeneous stressed elements
Chapter 3. Recommendations on the development and application of nondestructive radio—electronics component control methods
1. Classification and characteristics of nondestructive electronics equipment control methods
2. Nondestructive methods for reliability control of resistance and capacitance components
3. Use of nonlinear statistical characteristics of radio— electronics components for nondestructive control methods
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4. Methods f or measuring nonhomogeflieties in electrical Insulation designs and thin—film components
5. DeterminatiOn of the informative parameters of nonlinear statistical characteristics of objects
6. A method of form discrimination for predicting service life of capacitors
Methods for evaluation of the reliability of seniiconductOr devices and integrated circuits
1. Analysis of the space and surface currents of junctions
2. Control of flaws in semiconductor devices
Chapter 4.
3. Study of the surface of solid bodies using exoelectrofliC emission
4. Measurement of the thermal resistivity and thera1 fields of semiconductor devices
5. Methods for quality control of microcircuits and printed boards
6. NondestructiVe control of objects using holographY
7. ApplicatiOn of liquid crystal preparations in the study of thermal fields and in flaw detection of radio-
electronics components
;1] Al .1.1 IàV I (al i-i. A1 _• I . . IJiT&r. V ;0]
List of Literature
COPYRIGHT: Izdatel’stVO “Tekhnika”, 1980
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NONLINEAR HYDROACOUSTICS
FOR OFFICIAL USE ONLY
UDC 681.883.4:534.222.2
Leningrad NELINEYNAYA GIDROAKUSTIKA in Russian 1981 (signed to press 27 Mar 81) pp 2-4, 262—264
[Annotation, foreword and table of contents from book “Nonlinear Hydroacoustics”, by Boris Konstantinovich Novikov, Oleg Viadimirovich Rudenko and Vladimir Ivanovich Timoshenko; Editorial board: A. P. Yevtyutov, A. Ye. Koiesnikov, Ye. A. Korepin,
V. V. O1’shevskiy, L. V. Crlov, A. L. Prostakov, G. N. Sverdlin and Yu. F. Tarasyuk (editor—in—chief); Reviewers: A. Ye. Kolesnikov, doctor of technical sciences, and V. G. Prokhorov, candidate of technical sciences; Scientific editor: V. B. Zhukov, candidate of technical sciences; Izdatel’stvo “Sudostroyeniye”, 3,100 copies, 264 pages]
[Text] This book examines the basic aspects of nonlinear wave theory as applied to solving the problem of wideband directional radiation and reception in hydro— acoustics. It presents the current status of questions regarding the study, design, testing and application of hydroacoustic apparatus with parametric and optothermoacoustic arrays.
This book is intended for researchers and engineers engaged in the development, testing and operation of hydroacoustic apparatus as well as for undergraduate and postgraduate students in the corresponding fields.
Foreword
;1] - - — — — — — —.———w. —---C — ;0]
Nonlinear phenomena, the study of which is of interest for the solution to applied problems of modern hydroacoustics, are by their physical nature very diverse. Included among these are cavitation, sound generation, acoustic currents and a number of other phenomena, the description of which requires a consideration of the noz— linear terms in the hydrodynamic equations. Problems relating to nonlinear acou— tics have attracted great attention in recent years. A typical nonlinear acoustic effect——the distortion of the profile and spectral composition of signals——stems from the violation of the principle of wave superposition, a principle common for all linear problems.
Nonlinear wave effects are observed during the propagation of blast waves in the ocean. There is, inwever, a certain difference between the blast itself and the signals which excite the electromechanical transducers. If the acoustic signals
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possess well—controlled parameters and make it possible to carry out exact 8pectral measurements, the blast impulse signals, as a rule, are not reproduced in experiments. Measurements using blast impulse sLgnals give low accuracy. For this reason, an increase in the intensity of waves formed by acoustic methods is a pressing ,rob1em.
The utilization of coherent acoustic signals of great Jntensity makes it possible not only to increase the operational range of sonar devices but also to improve the accuracy of determining the target coordinates and to enhance a number of other parameters of hydroacoustic apparatus. There appear at high radiation levels essentially new effects which did not exist in linear acoustics. Certain of these phenomena (as, for example, nonlinear attenuation and clipping of the signal level in water) are undesirable in the majority of cases.; many of them, on the other hand, can be useful and can be employed In the construction of hydroacoustic devices of an essentially new type.
The results of theoretical and experimantal studies of the interactions of nonlinear waves are presented in numerous articles and are sunarized in the monographs of
R. T. Beyer [1101, L. K. Zarenibo and V. A. Krasil’nikov [261, G. A. Ostroumov [74] and 0. V. Rudenko and S. I. Soluyan [80]. These studies make it possible to create a reliable base for applied research. The number of annual publications on questions associated with this subject exceeded 250 In 1977. A considerable portion of the publications is devoted to the utilization of parametric arrays and instruments In hydroacoustics.
It is all the more difficult to decipher the rising tide of information, since the researchers use various models and methods for calculation and publish the results of experiments conducted under very diverse conditions with different ranges for varying the parameters. This, to a considerable degree, stems from the complexity of the processes under investigation
This book presents to the reader an attempt to examine from unique positions the basic aspects of nonlinear wave theory as applied to solving the problem of the wideband directional radiation and reception of hydroacoustic signals. This book also presents the current status of questions regarding the design, testing and application of a new type of hydroacoustic apparatus——nonlinear parametric devices.
This book summarizes the scientific achievements and results of studies of nonlinear parameteric receiving and radiating arrays as well as of the hydroacoustic Instruments in which these arrays are employed. It presents the necessary Information regarding the Interactions of one—dimensional waves and the basic results of a quasi—optical approximation of the linear theory of di.Zraction. It gives a uni— versal theory for parametric arrays which makes it possible to study their characteristics with a high degreee of accuracy. Analytical relationships are obtained by the authors on the basis of the solution of nonlinear equations describing the behavior of acoustic beams in approximation of quasi—optics. In certain cases, results are obtained from these soittions which are calculated within the framewDrk of the we11—knon models of Westerveit and Berktay, et. al., possessing a limited area of application.
A large part of the book is allocated to questions of long—distance contactiess acoustic excitation using the thermo—optic demodulation effect of powerful light radiation in the surface layer of the water.
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Chapter 4. Parabolic Equation Method and the Basic Results of the
Linear Diffraction Theory • •
4.1. Diffraction of circular Gaussian beams.
4.2. Calculation of the directional diagrams in parabolic approxi— t ion
4.3. Diffraction of a circular beam with equal distribution of ampli— tudeonthesource
4.4. Diffraction of focused and unfocused Gaussian beams
4.5. Diffraction of plane (slit) waves
Chapter 5. Parametric Acoustic Sources With Nondiffracting Beams of Pump Waves
5.1. Overall scheme of calculation and solution for random propagations of amplitudes and phases on a pump transducer
5.2. Directional diagram
5.3. Process of producing parametric radiation in a field of non—
diffractingpumpwaves
Chapter 6. Calculations of Various Operating Conditions for Parametric
Sources
6.1. Effect of diffraction of nonattenuating pump waves on the fornia—
tion of a differential wave
6.2. Calculation of parametric sources in media with diffusion
6.3. Effect of dispersion on the characteristics of a parametric source
6.4. Parametric radiator with focused and unfocused pump beams
6.5. Parametric sources of low—frequency broadband signals. .
6.6. Area of application for the source model examined
Chapter 7. Parametric Receiving Arrays
7.1. Nonco1:iner interaction of plane acoustic waves
7.2. On the operation of a parametric receiving array . . .
7.3. Quasi—optical approximation in problems of calculating the nonlinear parametric acoustic receiver. Influences of nonlinear, dissipative and diffractive effects
Chapter 8. On the Operation of Parametric Sources With High Pump—Wave Intensities
8.1. Calculation of the generation of low—frequency harmonics and features of the structure of the directional diagram .
8.2. Form of the low—frequency signal in the f at zone, saturation mode.
8.3. Numerical results
Chapter 9. Thermal Optoacoustic Arrays
9.1. Excitation of plane waves, transfer functions
9.2. Acoustic signals excited by single lig’it pulses in honiogenous and optically nonhoinogenous media
9.3. Staged approach and diffraction distortion of optoacoustic pulses.
9.4. Moving optoacoustic arrays
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An analysis of the various operational conditions’ of nonlinear hydroacoustic devices is conducted on the basis of the actual properties of the environment. A comparison is given of the theoretical and experimental data regarding spatial propagation and the frequency, amplitude and phase characteristics of parametric sources and receivers. For ease in making the engineering calculations, nomo— grams have been constructed which make it possible to simplify considerably the selection of the parameters for nonlinear arrays. A series of conso1idatd nomo— grams for the near, far and intermediate zones of a parametric array has been put into the appendix. Here also are given recommendations for using the nomograms as well as an example of the numerical calculation of the characteristics of a specific parametric instrument.
The book presents design features and cites the basic characteristics of domestic and foreign parametric instruments: small—scale wideband measuring radiators and receivers for tanks and test stations, precision echo sounders, parametric fish detectors, sonar devices for shelf zones, parametric devices for the transmission of broadband Information on a hydroacoustic channel, parametric Doppler sonar devices and acoustic recorders, parametric geolocation devices, parametric instruments for acoustic mapping through a water layer, etc.
The foreword, conclusion id Chapter 1 were written by 0. V. Rudenko and V. I. Tlmoshenko; Chapters 2, 4, 5, 8 and 9 by 0. V. Rudenko; Chapters 3, 6, 7 and the appendix by B. K. Novikov; Chapters 10, 11 and 12 by V. I. Timoshenko.
The authors use this opportunity to thank V. A. Poyarkov, T. N. Kutsenko and
L. N. Timosheriko for their help in shaping the book’s manuscript.
Comments and remarks regarding the contents of this book will be gratefully received by the authors.
Contents Page
Symbols andabbreviations • • • • • • • • • • 3
Foreword 5
Chapter 1. On Parametric Acoustic Sources and Receivers 7
Chapter 2. Methods of Calculating Interactions in Acoustic Beams . . . . 13
2.1. On minor parameters used in the calculation of wave interactions. 13
2.2. Solving hydrodynamic equations by the method of successive
approximations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15
2.3. Calculating a secondary field by the Green function method
Vestervel’tFormula . 17
2.4. Evaluations of the basic characteristics of parametric sources
using nomograms . 23
2.5. Slowly varying profile method and simplified equations for
nonlinear acoustics . . . . . 26
Chapter 3. Nonlinear Interaction of Plane Waves 30
3.1. Burger’s equation. Propagation of a harmonic signal. . . . . . 30
3.2. Wave interaction with a slight manifestation of nonlinearity. 36
3.3. Interaction of strong acoustic waves. . . . . 41
— 116 —
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-. .E: Thursday, June 18, 2009: CIA-RL,.

Chapter
10. 1.
10.2.
10.3.
Chapter
12.1.
12.2.
12.3.
12.4.
12.5.
12.6.
12.7.
138
138
146
151
154
154
156
161
165
179
182
189
193
197
198
203
203
211
215
219
226
228
233
247
248
253
FOR OFFICIAL USI ONLY
10. Design Features of Parametric Hydroacoustic Devices.
Schemes for signal generation. . . . . . . . . .
Design features of parametric—array elements . . . .
Effect of non1near active materials on the characteristics of parametricarrays. . . . . . . . . . . . .
Chapter 11. Experimental Research and Testing of Parametric Arrays.
11.1. Features of hydroacoustic measurements of the characteristics of
nonlineararrays . . . . . . .
11.2. Test stand for parametric devices . . . . . . .
11.3. Propagation of the primary and secondary fields on the axis of
theparametricarray. . . . .
11.4. Directional diagr.in .. . . . .
11.5. Phase characteristics . . . .
11.6. Amplitude—frequency characteristics. . . . . . . .
11.7. Amplitude and phase—amplitude characteristics. “Saturation” of a
parametric source. . . . . . . . . . . . .
11.8. Basic characteristics of parametric receivers . . .
11.9. Effect of media properties on the characteristics of parametric
arrays . . . , . . . . . . •
11.10. Feasibility of controlling the basic characteristics of nonlinear
arrays . . . . . . . • • •
12. Parametric Devices and Areas f or Their Application .
Measuring sources of the nonlinear acoustic—source type.
Measuring parametric receiver of the nonlinear parametric acoustic receiver type . . . . . . . . . . .
Receiving parametric arrays . . . . . . . . . .
Parametric devices for the transmission of wideband information
Nonlinear hydroacoustic devices for active detection. . .
Parametric echo sounders for recording the land profile.
Parametric sonar devices and instruments for maritime geolocation
Conclusion
Appendix .
Bibliography
COPYRIGHT: Izdatel’stvo “Sudostroyeniye”, 1981
9512
CSO: 1860/16
;1] i •ii .iV7.i -• -] I --.. ..r .. . Kp7àT*Y. i TLTl 1’Y1ITjTjV IiTriT•71y1y, b;0]
— 117 —
FOR OFFICIAL USE ONLY
APPROVED FOR RELEASE: Thursday, June 18, 2009: CIA-RDP82OO85OROOO4OOO8OO4T..8

OPERATION OF RADIO SYSTEMS
FOR OFFICIAL USE ONLY
UDC 621.396.6
Moscow EKSPLUATATSIYA RADIOTEKBNICHESKIKH SISTEM in Russian 1980 (signed to press 19 Mar 80) pp 2—3, 222—223
[Annotation, introduction and table of contents from book “Operation of Radio Systems”, by Aleksey Yakovievich Alekseyenko and Ivan Vladmirovich Aderikhin, Voyenizdat, 15,000 copies, 224 pages]
[Text] The bases for safe Gperation of complex radio systems and sets are examined in the book, and practical recommendations are made for its organization in the military, taking into consideration the requirements of ergonomics. The material is illustrated using examples of radio systems in use during aircraft testing and control.
The book is designed for military specialists engaged in the operation of radio systems anr sets, and it will be useful to students of VUZs for the appropriate specialties.
INTRODUCTION
;1] A111 YI1Vi i’ & — ‘i 1.1.1 . •1 I Jilil. i VU i ii iT&I11 -]iTiTiV FiTiTiTIiTi
S;0]
The modern-day development of the USSR armed forces is characterized by uninterrupted improvement in their technical equipment. Scientific and technical progress has prompted the appearance among the military of new equipment tor information processing transmission, extraction and storage, among which are complex information— measurement radio systems and complexes (RS and RC).
To keep equipment in a high state of readiness, it is necessary not only to know it and to have mastered it completely, but also to know how to organize and carry out its use on a scientific basis. Commanders and engineers studying questions of operation should clearly imagine on what conditions and factors the successful completion of a given mission depends, and they should know how to control the change in operating conditions and in the technical state. Only strict scientific organization and execution of the entire set of measures associated with the operation of equipment will permit the tasks impending’bef ore RS&S to be performed with the prescriIed efficiency.
— 118 —
FOR OFFICIAL USE ONLY
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FOR OFFICIAL USE ONLY
The scientific bases for organization of operation and ways to insure a high degree of readiness of complex RS and RC in the military are offered to the reader. From unified methodological positions, typical measures associated with preparation of the equipment for use, maintenance, repair and storage are examined, methods for evaluating the influence of various operational characteristics and indexes of the quality of operation are given, with the requirements taken into consideration, and fundamental regulations for the organization of safe RS and RC operation are presented. The exposition is made using a mathematical apparatus which is accessible to commanders and engineers operating complex RS&S.
The book was written based on materials from open domestic and foreign literature, taking into consideration requirements of state standards for equipment and terminology.
C0):ITENTS
Chapter 1. Upkeep of military operation
1.1 General nature of radio systems and sets
1.2. Principles of organization of radio system operation in the military
1.3. Stages of military operation and their upkeep
Calculation of ergonomic factors while using radio systems and sets
Page
3
4
4
6
;1] i .j.j - iaiTA •A1 I rijy. Vi 1.1 .FWiYT7iI 1YiTiV IiYiY&1liTil _____________________________;0]
Chapter 2.
2.1. Fundamental provisions of ergonomics
2.2. Peculiarities of operator activity from the positions of ergonomics
2.3. Professional selection and training of operators
2.4. Formation of collectives
Chapter 3. Operational—technical characteristics of radio systems
3.1. Operational properties of radio systems and composition of operational—technical characteristics
3.2. Classification of systems and characteristics of failure
3.3. Radio system reliability indicators
— 119 —
FOR OFFICIAL USE ONLY
11
17
17
20
30
33
38
38
46
54
Introduction
APPROVED FOR RELEASE: Thursday, June 18, 2009: CIA-RDP82-00850R000400080047-8

‘ eunp’Aepsin’’
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s.zowpuT 4c:TqBTe.I uiasics au1apIli—UER
69
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09
SL
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99
.z.
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.t1.t
7
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7.6.
7.7.
Chapter 8.
FOR OFFICIAL USE ONLY.
Radio system storage Metrological insurance of radio system operation
Collection and ways of using information on the reliability of radio systems
8.1. Requirements for statistical data on radio system reliability
8.2. Organization of the collection and sequence of statistical data processing
8.3. Use of information on radici system reliability by operations services
Protection of servicing personnel from microwave radiation effects
9.1. Effect of electromagnetic microwave fields on man
9.2. Protection from electromagnetic microwave fields List of Literature Used
COPYRIGHT: Voyenizdat, 1980
9194
CSO: 1860/2
Chapter 9.
;1] 1.).] -71yJ ..I -f1 - _— •_ ‘.— ..fl -y--— r.yrr.w] Vi .] I .T. TT.. .,Th . . __________________________;0]
— 121 —
FOR OFFICIAL USE ONLY
182
188
196
196
200
209
211
211
214
220
APPROVED FOR RELEASE: Thursday, June 18, 2009: CIA-RDP82-00850R000400080047..8

PRECISION STANDARD TIME SERVICES
FOR OFFICIAL USE ONLY
IJDC 529.781
Moscow SLUZUBA TOCHNOGO VREMENI in Russian 1977 (signed to press 9 Dec 77) pp 2-6
[Annotation, table of contents and foreword from the book “Precision Time Service” by Pavel Ivanovich Bakulin and Nikolay Sergeyevich Blinov, Izdatel’stvo “Nauka”,, 2,950 copies, 352 pages]
[Text] A systematic presentation of methods of precise time determination, storage and transmission is given in the book. Questions related to the determination of precise time frcn astronomical observations, astronomical instruments and observational methods using them are treated in the most detail.
A detailed description of the instruments is given: precise time storage devices, starting with astronomical pendulum clocks and going to atomic frequency standards of various types. Modern methods of precise time signal transmission and reception are described.
The main task of the book Is to acquaint the reader with the principles of chronometry. The scientific problems related to time determination are presented more briefly, such as the study of nonuniformity in the earth’s rotation, the motion of continents, tides, etc. One chapter of the book is devoted to new methods of tune services: radio interferometry and lidars.
The book is intended for readers familiar with the fundamentals of radio electronics.
Some 23 tables, 141 illustrations and 12 bibliographic citations.
astronomy and
;1] w.) .1 —TaV • . . . .r v .. (•,1jTjT., Th .T Yi.i-ii 1a11T&V FiTiYit.1ayfr4.. ____________________________;0]
Table of Contents
Foreword to the Second Edition
Introduction
Chapter I. Measurement Units and Time Reckoning Systems
1. Sidereal days; sidereal time
2. Uniform (mean), true and quasi—true sidereal time
— 122 —
FOR OFFICIAL USE ONLY
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6
7
10
10
11

FOR OPPICIAL US ONLY
3. True solar days; true solar time
4. The mean ecliptic and mean equatorial sun
5. Mean solar days; mean solar time
6. The relationship of true solar time to mean solar time (the time equation)
7. The relative length of mean solar and sidereal days
8. The relationship of mean solar time to sidereal time
9. Tine reckoning systems
10. Length of the tropical year. Fictitious year.
11. Julian and Gregorian calendars
12. Date lines
13. Astronomical and historical time reckoning
14. Julian days
15. Nonuniformity in the earth’s rotation
16. The impact of pole oscillations on time measurements
17. Quasi—uniform time
18. Ephemeris time
19. The determination of the difference between ephemeris time and universal time
20. Ephemeris second
21. The relationship of ephemeris time to atomic time
Chapter II. Time Measurement Instruments
22. General remarks
23. Clock operation and corrections
24. Systematic and random changes in the running of a clock; estimating clock quality
25. The astronomical clock pendulum
26. Pendulum suspension
27. The Shortt pendulum clock
28. The Fedchenko clock
29. Crystal clocks. Vacuum tube oscillator8
30. Crystal resonators
31. Crystal controlled oscillators
32. Block diagram of crystal clocks.
33. Flip—flop frequency dividers
34. Phase shifters
35. The precision of crystal clocks
36. Atomic and molecular clocks. The occurrence of atomic and molecular spectra
37. Alkaline metal spectra. Atomic beams
38. The atomic beam ridiospectroscope
39. Atomic beam clocks
40. Molecular oscillators
41. The use of molecular oscillators to design high precision time storage devices
42. The hydrogen oscillator
43. The precision of atomic
44. Measurement equipment.
45. Electronic counters and
46. Chronographs. The loop
43. Summing chronographs
— 123 —
;1] i .i. i . iTT-i — -i..7!rr ., v. -] ri .T.ZiWit.11 -Trir’v b.;0]
clocks
The chronoscope
frequency meters
oscillograph
FOR OFFICIAL USE ONLY
14
16
18
18
21
23
26
31
32
36
37
38
39
41
44
46
50
57
57
60
60
61
62
65
69
71
75
77
81
85
87
91
94
98
99
102
105
107
112
115
117
119
121
122
126
129
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FOR OFFICIAL USE ONLY
48.
49.
50.
51.
52.
53.
54.
55.
56.
57.
58.
59.
60.
61.
62.
63.
64.
65.
66.
67.
68.
69.
70.
71.
72.
73.
74.
75.
76.
77.
78.
79.
80.
81.
82.
83.
85.
86.
FOR OFFICIAL USE ONLY
135
135
136
141
143
147
150
151
155
158
159
162
166
169
171
178
182
183
185
190
191
194
197
202
205
208
210
212
216
218
221
223
225
231
234
234
238
242
249
249
Chapter III. Astronomical In:;truments f or Precise Time Determination
The principles of determining a clock correction
The transit. General description
The transit at the meridian. Its main errors
The basic formula of a transit at the meridian
The determination of the numerical values of the errors i, c and k
The inequality and errors of bearing pins
Visual recording of star transits; the contact micrometer
Computing clock corrections. Observational programs
A conclusion concerning visual observations with a transit
Photoelectric recording of star transts
Photomultipliers and photoelectric cells
A photoelectric unit with an alternating current amplifier
The photoelectric unit of N.N. Pavlov with a mirror sighting grating
Photoelectric cell delay
Determining the delay for trapezoidal waveform signals with sinusoidal sides
Determining photoelectric cell delay during observations
Determining the diameter of stellar images
New methods of recording stars photoelectrically
The advantages of photoelectric transits over visual ones
Photographic zenith telescope
Determining the times of star culininations with a photographic
zenith telescope
The measurement of the photographic plates of a zenith telescope
Recording points in time with a photographic zenith telescope
The rotor of a zenith telescope
The tube of the telescope. The mercury horizon
Automatic programmed devices for observations with a photographic
zenith telescope
The influence of instrument errors of a photographic zenith telescope on the determination of clock corrections
The major merits and drawbacks of a photographic zenith telescope
The prism astrolabe
The Wollaston prism
The operational principle of A. Danjean’s impersonal micrometer
A. Danjean’s prismatic astrolabe
The derivation of the working formulas for processing obervations
made with A. Danjean’s astrolabe
The major features of an astrolabe
!nstruments for determining ephemeris time
Measurement of photographic plates and the calculation of the correction of tT
Pavilions for astronomical instruments.
environment on the accuracy of observations
84.
The influence of the
Chapter IV. New Astronomical Observation Methods in Time Services
The use of radio interferometers for the purposes of tline service The use of laser satellite and lunar ranging for the determination of universal time and more precisely specifying the coordinates of observation points
— 124 —
262
APPROVED FUI
Thursday, June 18, .j i.i. - .WP82-OO85OL,.,..

88.
89.
90.
91.
92.
93.
94.
95.
96.
97.
98.
99.
100.
101.
102.
103.
104.
105.
106.
Foreword to the Second Edition
268
212
272
274
276
278
281
290
298
301
308
310
313
317
321
326
326
327
328
335
338
339
The second edition offered to readers is a systematic presentation of the modern fundamentals of the theory and practice of precise time determination.
The basis for the book is the special course on “The Time Service” which has been offered f or many years in the astronomy branch of the physics department
— 125 —
FOR OFFICIAL USE ONLY
P0k OFFICIAL USE !NLY
87. The laser gyroscope and the possibility of its application in time services
Chapter V. The Time Service
The International Time Service
The USSR Time Service
The determination and storage of precise time
Atomic time
The dissemination of precise time
The reception of precise time signals
The determination of delay
The calculation of the composite times of precise time
reception
Bulletins of the International Time Bureau (Bill)
The derivation of the TAI atomic time scale in the BIH
Geophysical problems being solved by time services
The determination of longitudes
The variability of longitudes as a result of continental drift
signal
system
Chapter VI. Improving the Right Ascensions of Stars Used for Time Determination
General considerations
The determination of random errors of the source catalog The determination of type &t systematic errors in the source catalog
The determination of type & systematic errors in the catalog
The determination of type & systematic errors in the catalog
A summary catalog of Soviet Union tLme Bervice
Appendices
source
source
Table 1. The Conversion of Mean Tftie Intervals to Sidereal
Table 2. The Conversion of Sidereal Time Intervals to Mean
Table 3. The Starting Points in Time of the Tropical Year
343
Time Intervals 343
Table 5. The Julian Period
Table 4. Sidereal Time Corrections for Various Longitudes
Bilbliography
Time Intervals
344
345
346
347
352
Ly, June 18, 2009:

an
FOR OFFICIAL US ONLY
of Moscow State University. The majority of the book is devoted to astronomical techniques of time determination and other problems related to this question..
A chapter has been added to the second edition in which techniques of time determination by means of radiointerferometers and lasers are treated. Sections devoted to time storage and the transmission and reception of precise time signals, as well as a number of other sections have been revised taking modern achievements into account.
Thebasic goal of the book is to acquaint the reader with the procedures for precise time determination, storage and transmission and with the problems of a practical and scientific nature which arise in this case.
The book is intended for readers familiar with the fundamentals of astrometry and radioelectronics. It will be useful to astronners beginning to specialize in the field of time service (especially students and graduate students), as well as geodesicts, geophysicists as well as to everyone interested in questions of precise time determination. V
The introduction and sections 1 — 28, 48 — 56 and 88 — 89 were written by P.1. Bakulin and all the remaining sections were written by N.S. Blinov.
COPYRIGHT: Glavnaya redaktsiya fiziko-matematicheskoy literatury izdatel’stva “Nauka”, s izmeneniyanii, 1977
8225
CSO:
;1] Al .1.1 -YaT1 —I -ii. -.i_ WA . I,r&r&r.w 1A —] 1 • _J1Y11j5r1i .rTy rv v&r.i&r _____________________________;0]
1860/6
— 126 —
FOR OFFICIAL USE ONLY
APPROVED FOR RELEASE: Thursday, June 18, 2009: CIA-RDP82-00850R000400080047..8

FOR OFFICIAL USE ONLY
PROBLEMS OF RADIO SIGNAL PROCESSING
Moscow TRUDY R.ADIOTEKHNICNESKOGO INSTITUTA AKADEMII NAUK SSSR, NO. 33:
VOPROSY OBRABOTKI RADIOTEKIINICNESKIKII SIGNALOV in Russian 1978 (signed to press
Li Jan 79) pp 150—51
[Table of Contents from collection “Works of the USSR Academy of Sciences Radio Technical Institute, No. 33: Problems of Radio Signal Processing”, edited by
V. K. Sloka, Radiotekhnicheskiy institut AN SSSR, 250 copies, 151 pages]
[Text]
Table of Contents
3
;1] Al .1.1 YiVJ —I f1 - — — —__ ... .. I.Tá!iTiI......rK_ I b;0]
V. N. Lesnyak, A. A. Vasil’yev. Use of Interferometry Methods in Radio Systems
A. N. Blinkov, A. A. Vasil’yev, Ye. V. Grokhol’skiy, I. N. Presnyakov. Algorithm for Localizing Group of Gaussian Noise Sources
Ye. V. Grokhol’skiy, A.—A. A. Gilis, L. L. Vishnyauskas.
Measurement of Phase—Frequency Responses of Communcation
Links With Spatially Separated Input and Output
A. I. Fendrikov, S. N. Mayevskiy, Ye. V. Grokholskiy. Ways. to Improve Accuracy of Phase Meter With Low Signal Access Time
Ye. V. Grokhol’skiy, A. N. Blinkov. Correlation Characteristics
of Microwave Amplitude—Phase Discriminator !aed on
Three—dB Directional Couplers
I. N. Presnyakov, Ye. V. Grokhol’skiy, H. I. Kochkin. Cross- Correlation Estimation Using Intermediate Spectral Bases
V. I. Artamoriov, A. A. Vasil’yev, A. A. Korolev, A. A. Frolov— Bagreyev. Phase Method of Measuring Integral Electron
Concentration in Ionosphere
S. Yu. Korshunkov, V. S. Losev. Calculation of Array Directivity Pattern Considering Relief Irregularity
— 127 —
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17
28
37
42
51
60
66
I

FOR OFFIOAL USE ONLY
S. 11. Zhurav, V. S. Losev. Effect of Thin Metal Cross—Pieces on Dipole Matching in Array
C. N. Kolobrodov. Reflection of Wave Fields During Holographic
Recording of Electrical Signals
G. S. Alekseyev. Multichannel Phased Splitter in No—Load Mode
A. A. Evshteyn. Synthesis of Non—Multiple Frequency Conversion Circuits Using Special Numerical Sequences
N. L. Shuman. Comparison of Direct—Type Frequency Synthesizing Structures
N. A. Pekelis Algorithm and Program for Finding Eigenfrequencies of Radio Components
M. A. Pekelis. High Speed Algorithm and Programs for Analyzing Radio Component Stability
S. T. Biryukov. Design of Surface—Wave Converters With Few Electrodes
COPYRIGHT: RADIOTEKHNICI1ESKIY INSTITUT 11N SSSR (RIAN SSSR), 1978
6900
CSO: 1860/352
;1] A a 1W 1.4 • AL1 • .r C.TV ... .y 1iTiYjy, FiTiYiT.yjT1y, w. ___________________________;0]
— 128 —
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77
90
102
I
113
119
126
134
144
I

bDDfWIfl DtI I.rn IQ ‘AflQ. (IA DflDQ flAQflDflflflAflflflQflflA7 Q
FOR OFFICIAL USE ONLY
UDC 621.391.1.233
RADIOCO?YNUNICATION CI4MNELS FOR ASU TP
Moscow KANALY RADIOSVYAZI ASU TP in Russian 1980 (signed to press 14 Jul 80) pp 2—3, 104
[Annotation, foreword and table of contents from book “Radioconinunication Channels for ASU TP [Automated Systems of Control of Technological Processes]”, by Anatoliy Aleksandrovich Goryachev, Izdatel’stvo ‘Svyaz’”, 7000 copies, 104 pages]
[Text] The peculiarities in designing transmission and receiving equipment for small streams of telemetric information equal to several baud units from remote non—serviced monitored sites for ACS [automated control systems] for industrial processes of diverse designation are examined, as are design principles, basic engineering decisions, characteristics, the results of tests on the main liaes of the 10—meter band (HF), the carrying capac4.ty of which is matched to the information content of ACS information sources. The efficiency of codemes and the conditions for transmission and reception of remote measuring remote .ignaling and remote control signals with minimum losses of power and frequency band of communications channels for diverse purposes are determined.
For engineering and technical workers specializing in the design of ACS and
information transmission systems.
Foreword
Effective control of the national economy is impossible without using modern information transmission systems. In many branches of the national economy they are striving to make broad use of inexpensive radio communication technology for the transmission of information for diverse purposes. With the increase in the number of users transmitting information by radio channels, the load of the radio frequency spectrum grows. This results in the growth of interference, complication of radio channel equipment, increase in cost, difficulties with the electromagnetic compatibility of individual communications systems, etc.
The constantly growing demand for communication transmission over communications lines advances the task of creating radio channels with a more effective use of transTnission time, frequency spectrum and radio signal power by matching the information transmission speed with the carrying capacity of the coimnunications system.
— 129 —
FOR OFFICIAL USE ONLY
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FOR OFFICIAL USE ONLY
The basic results of the research conducted by the author are set out briefly in the book, and, based on the example of the designing of equipment for transmission and reception of small streams of technical information equal to several baud units, design principles, basic engineering decisions, characteristics and test results on a radio channel in the 10-meter bandwidth (HF), the carrying capacity of which has been matched to the information content of communication sources are examined.
The author acknowledges the assistance given him during the process of and writing the manuscript by Professor Doctor of Technical Science A. whose useful and well—wishing advice facilitated an improvement in the of the book, with deep thankfulness and sincere gratitude.
preparing
A. Pirogov, contents
Questions on the design of low capacity radio channels are essentially dealt with for the first time in the book. Obviously not everything in it will be self— evident to the readers, and therefore the author wi1. receive coients and suggestions, which should be sent to the following address, with gratitude:
101000, Moscow, Chistoprudnyy Blvd., 2, Izd—vo “Svyaz’”.
Contents
Author
Page
3
4
6
6
;1] Al—I—I —I1Vi . a1 ] — ii.i .j. w •1 .i. i 11Th. V ] .f.T LT&r 1{i1 —3iTiTiV rvthTTTv M;0]
Introduction
Chapter 1.
Technical characteristics of a radio channel
1.1. Information streams
1.2. Frequency instability
1.3. Modulation
1.4. Frequency band
1.5. Power characteristics
Transmission equipment
Chapter 2.
2.1. Stabilization of operating frequencies
2.2. Formation of operating frequencies and control of oscillations
2.3. Amplification and radiation of radio signals
— 130 —
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8
17
19
20
31
31
38
56
Foreword
APPROVED FOR RELEASE: Thursday, June 18, 2009: CIA-RDP82-00850R000400080047-8

Chapter 3.
3.1.
3.2.
3.3.
3.4.
Chapter 4.
4.1.
4.2.
FOR OFFICIAL USE ONLY
Receiving equipment
Optimum signal reception
Interference resistance quality of niultiphase detection
Radio reception technology
Synchronization and information recovery
Exper linental research
Laboratory tests
Line tests
Chapter 5.
5.1.
5.2.
Conclusion
Bibliography
COPYRIGHT: Izdatel’stvo “Svyaz”, 1980
9194
CSO: 1860/1
Improving the accuracy of conununication reception
Corrective coding
Code
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REFLECTOR SCANNING ANTENNAS
UDC 538
Moscow ZERKAL ‘NYYE SKA4IRUYUSHC1{IYE PJ4TENNY:
1981 pp 2, 300—302
TEORIYA I NETODY RASCUETA in Russian
[Annotation and table of contents from book “Reflector Scanning Antennas: Theory and Design Methods”, by L. D. Bakrakh and G. K. Galiniov, Izdatel’stvo “Nauka”, 303 pagesl
[Text] This book examines general questiozis of theory and pre8ents research and desigii methods for various types of reflector antennas. Strict and approximate methods of calculating the directional pattern are analyzed. A large portion is devoted to design and study of such widely used antennas as parabolic and Cassegrainian antennas. However, the book’s primary attention is devoted to advanced antennas: various modifications of aplanatic and spherical antennas. The dynamic programming method is used to develop methods and algorithms for synthesizing optical scanning antennas whose properties are suprior to those of known aplanatic antennas. Certain questions are examined of the construction of Cassegrainian antennas, widely used in practice. Illustrations: 252. Tables 7. Bibliography: 122 titles.
1.2.
Reflector antenna design by the differential equation method
Foreword
Table of Contents
Introduction
Page
Chapter 1. Methods of Calculating Reflector Antenna Surfaces
1.1. Wave—front conversion method
3
7
12
14
1.3. Approximate method of designing Cassegrainian antennas:
the method of tangents
15
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FOR OFFICIAL USE ONLY
1.4.
1.5.
1.6.
1.7.
1.8.
Chapter 2.
2.1.
2.2.
2.3.
2.4.
2.5.
2.6.
2.7.
22
25
31
42
50
50
53
57
61
63
67
70
85
90
96
101
20
Approximation method by 3econd order curves Design of a broadside Cassegrainian antenna using an integral equation of the energy balance
Design of a reflector antenna feed assuring the maximum directive gain
Design of a reflector antenna feed
Diffraction methods of designing Cassegrainian antennas
Calculation of Reflector Antenna Parameters
Wave—front method
Determination of antenna radiation center with scanning
Determination of maximum radiation direction with scanning
Graphic method of determining wave—front shape with scanning
Reflector antenna dizectional pattern calculation methods
Distribution of currents on parabolic reflector surface and of fields in its aperture
Calculation of directivity pattern and field of antenna by currents on the reflector surface
Calculation of directivity pattern of. parabolic by distribution of field in aperture
Use of geometric diffraction theory to design reflector antennas and feeds
Analysis of side radiation of single reflector antennas by the GTD [expansion unknown] method
Calculation of Cassegrainian antenna side lobes by the GTD method
Analysis of reflector antenna radiation by the equivalent edge current method
Use of the moment method to design large reflector antennas
2.8.
2.9.
parabolic
2.10.
antenna
2.11.
73
2.12.
77
2.13.
— 133 —
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DVED FOR F.

Chapter 3.
3.1.
3.2.
3.3.
3.4.
Chapter 4.
4.1.
4.2.
4.3.
4.4.
4.5.
4.6.
4.7.
4.8.
4.9.
4.10.
Chapter 5.
5.1.
5.2.
5.3.
5.4.
5.5.
103
103
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111
112
116
116
124
127
134
136
137
140
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144
161
173
173
206
208
209
220
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Aberrations of Reflector Antennas and Methods of Eliminating Them
The concept of reflector antenna aberrations
Abbe sine conditirn
Isap1anatism condition
Cosine condition
Reflector Antennas Without Special Correction of Distortion During Scanning (Nonaplanatic Antennas)
Parabolic antennas
Parabolic cylindrical antenna (scanning in the generator plane)
Antenna built on a Cassegrainian circuit design
Cassegrainian antenna built on a Gregory circuit design
Astigmatic antenna
“Sand glass” type antenna
Spherical single—reflector antennas
Spheroparabolic toroidal antennas
Cassegrainian spherical antennas with a correcting reflector
Cassegrainian concentric antennas
Aplanatic Reflector Antennas
Cassegrainian aplanatic antenna built on a Cassegrainian circuit design
Astigmatic aplanatic antenna
Cassegrainian aplanatic antenna built on a Gregory circuit design
Nonaxisymmetric aplanatic antennas Three—reflector aplanatic antenna with a spherical main reflector
FOR OFFICIAL USE ONLY
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Chapter 6.
FOR OFFICIAL USE ONLY
5.6. Bifoc1 p1anatic antennas (symmetric)
5.7. Zoned reflector antennas
5.8. Cassegrainian antenna built on a Mersen telescope circuit design
5.9. On designing aplanatic axisyiimetric antennas with a small—diameter auxiliary reflector
5.10. Scanning reflector aDtennas with a cosecant beam
5.11. Certain questions on constructing a wide—angle scanning antenna
Certain Questions of Synthesizing Optimum Cassegrainian
Antennas with a Scanning Directivity Pattern
6.1. Formulation of the problem
6.2. Use of the dynamic programming method to synthesize reflector antennas
6.3. Synthesis by the “grid diagram” method
6.4. Synthesis by the controlling function variation method
6.5. Features of the synthesis algorithm of a monofocal Cassegrainiari antenna
6.6. Synthesis algorithms of a monofocal Cassegrainian antenna with a fixed scanning sector
Synthesis algorithms of afocal antennas
Research on an antenna with minimal distortion given deviation of the directivity pattern by a fixed angle
6.9. Cassegrainian cylindrical aitenna with “constant” distortion in the scanning ‘tor
Bibliography
Subject Index
COPYRIGHT: Izdatel’stvo “Nauka”, Glavnaya redaktsiya fiziko— matematicheskoy literatury, 1981
9875
CSO: 1860/20
;1] . •i—iyj -ia, ——j —i . . • . i.rii. — .. i.1 ii MIyi1.1fi, ;0]
6.7.
6.8.
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221
230
231
234
242
249
262
262
265
270
272
275
278
284
287
289
293
298
I

FOR OFFICIAL USE ONLY
SECONDARY POWER SUPPLIES FOR RADIO ELECTRONIC EQUIPMENT
UDC 621.311.6:621.396.6
Moscow ISTOCHNIKI VTORICHNOGO ELEKTROPITANIYA RADIOELEKTRONNOY APPARATURY in RussIan 1981 (signed to press 20 May 81) pp 2—4, 223—224
[Annotation, foreword and table of contents from book “Secondary Power Supplies for Radio Electronic Equipment” by Eduard Mikhaylovich Romash, Izdatei’stvo “Radio i svyaz”, 60,000 copies, 224 pages]
[Excerpts]
Annotation
Information on planning and designing secondary power supplies for modern radio electronic equipment is provided. Examined is a broad class of such devices intended for powering radio e1ctronic equipment from primary ac or dc lines. Features of the operation oT semiconductor devices in modern power supplies, as well as the features .of the operation of the latter at high conversion frequencies, are investigated. The book is intended for a broad class of radio amateurs.
Foreword
;1] — J — WA’I TIT2 L.fl •flfl Y. ITiT’iT.W VA —] 1 .i,1y1i 1-Ill .1iTiTi ..iTi11iT&Y _______________________________;0]
Developments in this country and abroad have resulted in the creation of a broad class of semiconducting converters which are unprecedented among those which have been known to present. The present book contains basic information on secondary power supplies for radio electronic equipment, as well as methods for their design and planning. The book uses the terns and definitions established by GOST 23413—79 “Secondary Power Supplies for Radio Electronic Equipment. Terms and Definitions”.
According to COST 23413—79, a secondary power supply device is that functional section of radio electronic equipment which utilizes electrical energy obtained from an electric power system or electric power source and is used to form the secondary power supply of the radio electronic equipment.
The secondary power supply source of radio electronic equipment (EPS) is a secondary power supply device of a radio electronZc equipment which provides secondary power supply for autonomous devices or individual circuits in a system of radio electronic equipment.
136 —
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Secondary power supply secondary power supply several functions, for regulation, etc.
FOR OFFICIAL USE ONLY
sources consist of the functional modules of the of radio electronic equipment which execute one or example, rectification, stabilization, amplification,
The electrical parameters of the power transistors and diodes used in EPS and
their literal designations correspond to GOST 20003—74 “Transistors, Bipolar.
Electrical Parameters. Terms, Definitions and Literal Designations” and
COST 20004—74 “Diodes, Seiniconductiug. Electrical Parameters, General. Terms,
Definitions and Literal Designations”.
The author expresses his thanks and sincere recognition to book reviewer Candidate of Technical Sciences 1. A. Kraus and scientific editor, Candidate of Technical Sciences B. N. Ivanchuk for the large amount of work they did in reviewing and editing the book, and for a number of valuable suggestions which contributed to its improvement.
Foreword
Chapter 1.
Table of Contents
Secondary power supplies for radio electronic equipment
1.1. Classification and parameters of secondary power supplies
1.2. Secondary power supplies using electricity obtained from electric power system
1.3. Secondary power supplies using electricity from autonomous dc source
Semiconductor power elements for secondary powr supplies
3
5
5
8
;1] Al .1.1 —Yj —‘ —J —I — —, ‘Li —7vrr, ..._ . .. L.7Y&t.w V -1.1 .IL,iTil1hl -1aYYv IITi 7T’. ______________________________;0]
Chapter 2.
2.1. Semiconductor diodes
2.2. Transistors
2.3. Thyristors
Chapter 3.
Ac voltage regulators and stabilizers
31. Operating principle of basic single—phase regulator circuits
3.2. Basic circuits of three—phase regulators (stabilizers)
Rectifiers
Chapter 4.
4.1. Basic circuits and characteristics of single—phase rectifiers
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13
20
20
25
35
39
39
55
60’
60
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Chapt1 %.
5.1.
5.2.
Chapter 6.
6.1.
6.2.
6.3.
Chapter 7.
7.1.
7.2.
Chapter 8.
8.1.
8.2.
8.3.
8.4.
8.5.
Chapter 9.
9.1.
9.2.
9.3.
70
75
86
86
99
107
107
110
113
118
118
129
139
139
147
151
157
165
176
176
190
194
78
83
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4.2. Three—phase rectifiers
4.3. Transistor smoothing filters
4.4. Operating features and design of rectifiers supplied from increased—frequency rectangular alternating voltage
4.5. Operating features and design of rectifiers supplied with rectangular alternating voltage with fluctuating relative pulse duration
3ustab1e rectifiers
Basic circuits of adjustable rectifiers
Practical circuits of adjustable rectifiers
Continuous stabilizers for dc voltage
Basic types of stabilizers and their parameters
Parametric stabilizers
Compensation stabilizers for dc current
Pulsed dc voltage stabilizers
Operating principle of basic pulsed stabilizer circuits
Practical circuits for pulsed stabilizers
Voltage converters (inverters)
Single—phase inverters (genera]. remarks)
Feedback oscillators with saturated power transformer
Feedback oscillators with unsaturated power transformer
Independently excited inverters
Special transistor inverters
Dc converters
Basic circuits for dc converters
Dc charging converters
Fundamentals of designing dc converters
FOR OFFICIAL USE ONLY
— 138 —
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FOR OFFICIAL USE ONLY
Chapter 10. Miniaturization of secondary power supplies for radio electronic equipment
10.1. Significance and means for integrated miniaturization of secondary power supplies
10.2. Problem of increasing conversion frequency in secondary power supplies
10.3. Miniaturization of secondary power supplies using electricity obtained from electric system
10.4. Miniaturization of hardware base of secondary power supplies for radio electronic equipment
10.5. Problems of efficient cooling in secondary power supplies of radio electronic equipment
Bibliography
COPYRIGHT: Lzdatel’stvo “Radio i svyaz”, 1981
6900
CSO: 1860/10
198
198
200
210
216
219
222
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RELEASE: Thursay, June 1
CIA-L i’o2-00850R00040008L..,,. -

SEMICONDUCTOR MULTIPLIER DIODES
FOR OFFICIAL IJSF ONlY
UDC 621.382—181.48.64
Moscow POLUPROVODNIKOVYYE UNNOZHITEL’NYYE DIODY in Russian 1981 (sigijied to press 20 Feb 81) pp 2, 4—8, 135
[Annotation, introduction and table of contents from book “Semiconductor Multiplier Diodes”, by Vladimir losifovich Pil’don, Izdatel’stvo “Radio i svyaz”, 5000 copies, 136 pages]
[Excerptsl
Annotation
;1] Al i 1 I1Ti — A1TTrrZT TTL_J I• I1T. ILL,1iTi!. . VU 1.1 .TITiT!LITJáYáTTTáTáTYhM’;0]
Features of the mechanism of frequency multiplication based on a nonlinear semi— conducting capacitance are presented. Physical processes occurring in a diode in the presence of large sinusoidal signals are analyzed, and the azw.lytical relationships between the diode parameters and the electrophysical c.aaracteristics of the semiconducting material are examined.
The system of parameters and technical construction features of various subclasses of multiplier diodes are examined.
The book is intended for specialists involved in the development and application of semiconductor devices.
The book was reviewed by Candid’tes of Technical Sciences A. A. Vizel’ and
V. K. Trepakov
Introduction
The problems put forth by the modern—day development of radio electronics include the creation of solid—state microwave oscillation sources with minimum size and weight, low power consumption and high reliability. Such source3 are needed for the transmitters in airborne and ground Doppler radar installations, radio relay links for troposcatter and space communication, radio astronomical research, spectroscopy, etc. Depending upon their function, the oscillators must provide steady—state output power from a few milliwatts to tens of watts in the centimeter nd millimeter wavebands, and the long—term frequency instability caused by fluctuation of the supply conditions or external factors must not exceed 10—8 — iO—7 for periods of tens of hours.
— 140 —
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One possible way to obtain microwave oscillations is to convert the power generated at a frequency of In a relatively low-frequency range to electrical oscillation power at the harmonic nWj of the fundamental frequency. This is done in parametric frequency multipliers, in which the nonlinear elements are semiconducting multiplier diodes (MD). These can be used to obtain oscillations at frequencies significantly higher than that of a crystal—stabilized transistor master oscillator. Recent years have been marked by significant successes in the development of semiconducting multiplier microwave diodes and a variety of radio technical devices based upon them.
Improvement of MD power characteristics and reliability is determined to a significant extent by reducing internal losses in the nonlinear elements. Therefore, the creation of multiplier diodes capable of developing high power levels efficiently at various harmonics determines the developmental trend of this class of semiconducting devices.
Thanks to the increased power of transistorized master oscillators, the improvement of diode fabrication technology and the improvement of the design of frequency multipliers themselves, transistor—multiplier network output power has now reached several watts in the 3—cm band with low long—term instability; there is a trend toward improving the latter still further.
The development of millimeter—band ND will make it possible to create solid—state power sources in the submillimeter waveband (300—450 GHz and higher), i.e., in the frequency region in which it is difficult to generate electrical oscillations with Gunn diodes or avalanche transit time diodes because of a number of physical limitations.
Thus, the requirement for creating stable, powerful sources of electrical oscillations in the shorter—wave portion of the microwave band puts forth the problem of the further development and perfection of semiconductor MD.
The present book examines these problems, which comprise the foundation of the design and construction of semiconductor multiplier diodes.
The goal of the book is to assist device and equipment developers with practical recommendations on selecting design methods and ways of using multiplier diodes of varto’i°. subclasses. The main attention of the book is devoted to the physical processes which occur during frequency multiplication, and engineering methods for calculating the parameters of multiplier diodes based on the nonlinear capacitance of p—n junctions (varactors, fast—recovery diodes and diodes using the junction fusing effect). Engineering calculation methods and technical methods examined can be used in planning other classes of semiconductor devices such as limiters, pulsed, etc.
The author is indebted to book reviewers, Candidates of Technical Sciences
V. K. Trepakov and A. A. Vizel’ for the helpful critical remarks they made while reading the manuscript.
;1] Al .1.1 I1y I — .. —. — —.. • , .. .nn .y. I]iTT. VA —] 1 .iTi. (ii 1iTáTE, iTiTi11j1i b _____________________________;0]
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List of notation used
Introduction
Chapter 1.
1.1.
1.2.
1.3.
Chapter 2.
FOR OFFICIAL US ONLY
Table of Contents
;1] .1.1 ‘1 ..1 • I .1.1 .T.ZW.7.T.Jj1 .7.7.7.7 r.y.y.t.y.y.y, ;0]
Features of frequency multiplication on nonlinear reactive element. System of diode electrical parameters Basic types of nonlinear seiniconducting capacitance
Frequency multiplication on model of nonlinear capacitor
Frequency multiplication in rapid recovery mode Electrical parameters of multiplier diodes as a function of semicotductor structural characteristics
2.1. Optimization of structure of varactor operating in
nominal excitation state
2.2. Dynamic series impedance of varactOrB with fusing
effect
2.3. Analysis of transient characteristics of DNZ (diode with charge storage) in preBence of large sinusoidal currents
Technical design features of multiplier diodes Engineering design methodology for multiplier diodes
Analysis of technological methods of creating semiconductor structures with design parameters
Basic technological diode fabrication schemes Basic types of diode consruction
System of electrical parameters and application features of multiplier diodes
4.1. Typical MD characteristics
4.2. Physical limitations influencing output power
4.3. Prospects for application of multiplier diodes
Chapter 3.
3.1.
3.2.
3.3.
3.4.
Chapter 4.
Bibliography
COPYRIGHT: Izdatel’stvo “Radio i svyaz”, 1981 6900 V
CSO: 1860/13 — 142 —
FOR OFFICIAL USE ONLY
3
4
9
11
23
30
36
38
47
55
66
66
73
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99
107
109
117
123
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I— ae —
In
FOR OFFICIAL USE ONLY
SQUARE-WAVE GENERATORS ON MOS ELEMENTS
Moscow GENERATORY PRYANOUGOL’NYKH ThUL’SOV NA
(signed Co press 28 Apr 81) pp 2, 5—6, 229—230
UDC 621.373
MOP-ELEMENTAKH in Russian 1981
[Annotation, excerpts from foreword and table of contents from book “Square—wave Generators on MOS Elements”, by Stefan Volkov, abridged translation from Bulgarian by S. N. Smolski.y, Energoizdat, 15,000 copies, 232 pages)
[Excerpts) In this book a Bulgarian author examines pulse devices based on MOS elements. Equivalent circuits, mathematical models and very simple logic elements are described; threshold devices, univibrators and multivibrators are analyzed; and an apparatus Is developed for calculating sensitivity and optimizing circuits on MOS elements. Compared to the Bulgarian edition, the author has substantially reduced the intermediate formulas and described new circuitry technology solutions.
For engineering technical personnel in the field of radio electronics, automatics and measurement technology.
Foreword
;1] i .1 .1.Tá .I.1--JJ • ITjTj. ... .WTiT.l4ii -JTriv rTiITITIV, ;0]
Data on the parameters and capabilities of pulse generators on !40S elements are practically absent in current literature. Circuitry solutions specific for MOS technology are few and incomplete and, in contrast to circuits with bipolar elements, their design technique has not been developed.
Pulse generators on MOS elements can be used not only in computer technology, but also in many other sectors of the economy. Their development will thus enable a rise in effectiveness of scientific research. Besides the usual advantages of MOS circuits, discussed in detail below, the necessity of developing pulse generators on them is also related to considerations of compatibility with other devices on MOS elements in order to raise the degree of their integration. The introduction of plastic chassis is resulting in a sharp reduction in the cost of general purpose MOS IC’s. Besides the currently predominant technique of producing a p-type channel :with a metal gate, new technologies are being used with a self— centering gate, ion implantation, silicon gates, etc. They enable a sharp increase
— 143 —
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DDDr)Ir) rr Dri I.. 40 ‘)flflQ. (‘IA DflDO) flflQflDflflflAflflflQflflA7 Q
FOR OFFICIAL USE ONLY
in the operating frequency of MOS elements and reduction of threshold and supply voltages; in CMOS circuits they lower the power consumption to a minimum. All this makes MOS technology extremely promising from the practical standpoint.
The obstacles listed above must be overcome if pulse generators on MOS elements are to be widely introduced in practice. Such is the basic objective of this monograph.
This book is a systematic presentation of the main areas of pulse technology based on MOS elements. It gives practically all the known diagrams of pulse generators based on MOS elements and results of research on them, which can be used ir the design and rating of generators. In all the chapters, new, more current circuitry technological solutions are proposed, for which the author has received some 30 inventor’s certificates. The question is comprehensively resolved of stability of pulse generators with preservation of maximum efficiency, simplicity and a high degree of integration. New, effective stabilization methods are offered, including a simple and effective circuitry design method for obtaining MOS IC’s with stable transmission characteristics. These methods can be used to create universal MOS IC’s which are substantially superior to all existing series in stability and recurrence of parameters. Algorithms and programs are given to determine the sensitivity of pulse generators and optimize them, which in turn results in an increase in stability and technological reliability of the circuits.
A large part of the circuits and methods of stabilizing them described in the book can be used not only in MOS technology. The algorithms and programs for optimizing circuits and calculating their sensitivity are universal, and can be used in any field of technology.
As far as the author is aware, there is no book in the world’s literature devoted to a systematic presentation of questions of pulse technology based on MOS elements. It is the task of this book to fill in gap. It also attempts to provide several new definitions and develop a new classification of pulse generators, which is a generalization of preceding experience and should promote the further development of pulse technology.
The author thanks all his colleagues for their help in performing research and writing the manuscript.
Sofia, October 1978
The book manuscript presented for translation into Russian was substantially revised compared with the Bulgarian edition. In particular, intermediate computations were left out and material dealing with machine analysis and optimization of integral inverters was shortened. The book also included new circuitry technological solutions and the results of the author’s research performed recently.
Sofia, August 1980
—144—
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FOR OFFICIAL USE ONLY
Table of Contents
Foreword 3
Chapter 1. Parameters and Characteristics of Integrated
MOS—Transistors and Logic Elements
1.1. Equivalent circuit and mathematical model of an MOS—transistor
1.2. Parameters and characteristics of MOS integrated logic elements
Threshold Devices
Classification
MOS integrated threshold devices with positive
hysteresis
2.2.1.
2.2.2.
Schmitt triggers
Threshold devices based on a “cliff erential” amplifier
2.2.3. Threshold devices based on a noninverting amplifier
2.2.4. Threshold devices based on an RS—f lip—f lop
2.3. MOS integrated threshold devices with zero and negative hysteresis
Interval detectors
MOS integrated threshold devices with low response levels
Univibrators
Classification
Univibrators on MOS—trarisistors
Univibrators on logic elements
Univibrators with RS—f lip—f lops
Pulse shapers
Pulse stretchers
— 145 —
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a
Chapter 2.
2.1.
2.2.
;1] , .j., IáT —I. -1iTh —J i — WAl —1vrr nv ..n .v. gLLIirjr.i L -J 1 •I WYTlia1 -JaYaY,. aYaI1.T. _______________________________;0]
7
7
11
27
27
28
28
46
50
51
61
64
68
71
71
72
85
89
101
127
2.4.
2.5.
Chapter 3.
3.1.
3.2.
3.3.
3.4.
3.5.
3.6.
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Chapter 4.
4.1.
4.2.
4.3.
4.4.
4.5.
4.6.
4.7.
Chapter 5.
5.1.
5.2.
In
FOR OFFICIAL USE ONLY
Multivibrators
Classification
Syimnetric multivibrators based on invertors
Symmetric multivibrators based on RS—f lip—flops
Asymmetric multivibrators based on MOS-transistors
Asymmetric inultivibrators based on invertors
Asymmetric multivibrators based on RS—f lip—flops
Multivibrators based on threshold devices
Sensitivity and Optimization of Pulse Generators
Sensitivity determination methods
Optimization methods
Bibliography
COPYRIGHT: Dots., kand. tekhn. nauk, inzh. Stefan A. V”lkov. 1979 Sokrashchennyy perevod na russkiy yazyk. Energoizdat, 1981
9875
CSO: 1860/15
139
139
140
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166
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;1] .1.1 -yyj - W -t -Z -. — -._.. . ... ,.. a• .. _T7_. • .‘r’rj 411 -IiTáT TiT1Tir&V ba.;0]
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I