CONTRADICTIONS ON CUBA

• Document Type: CREST
• Collection: General CIA Records
• Document Number (FOIA) /ESDN (CREST): CIA-RDP65B00383R000200220010-7
• Release Decision: RIFPUB
• Original Classification: K
• Document Page Count: 28
• Document Creation Date: December 15, 2016
• Document Release Date: June 7, 2004
• Sequence Number: 10
• Publication Date: March 1, 1963
• Content Type: OPEN

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96 SJ IGrRESSIQ, -AL-RECORD -SENATE
dilsh. slvidend>i, and cash seized at the time
of tbg?eral Aniline seizure.
I e l? gpresentatives have given
aastlrances tk}#t,payment to the Swiss will be
accomplished, in a manner which will not
adverrsely affect _e, .8. balance-of-payments
position.
The Attorney General will appoint a com-
mittee of financial experts to advise him on
when and how to conduct the sealed-bid
sale in order to secure the highest price. Mr.
Kennedy said he would request Interhandel
to suggest the name of at least one American
expert to serve on this committee.
Government proceeds from the sale of GAP
would go, by law and like other proceeds
from alien property sales, into the War
Claims Fund, This fund is used to pay
claims to American citizens for injuries and
property damage suffered at the hands of
enemies during World War II and for other
claims authorized by Congress.
Legal negotiations were conducted over a
period of months with Dr. Alfred Schaefer,
chairman of the board of Interhandel, John
'J. Wilson, Washington counsel for Inter-
handel in the long litigation and other rep-
resentatives of the company, Mr. Kennedy
said.
Tnterhandel's full name is the Societe
Internationale pour Participations Industri-
elles 'et Commerciales S.A. "Interhandel"
comes from its name in German, the Inter-
national Industrie and Handelsbeteiligungen
A.G., previously known as I. G. Chemie. The
firm's headquarters are in,Basle, Switzerland.
Mr. MANSFIELD. Mr. President, I
am glad to see this long-delayed move
get underway. I commend the Senator
frozri Louisiana [Mr. LONG]; the Senator
from New Jersey [Mr. WILLIAMS], the
Senator from Michigan [Mr. HART], and
the Senator from New York [Mr. KEAT-
ING], for their persistence in bringing
about the passage of the enabling legis-
lation; and I commend the Senator from
South Carolina [Mr. JOHNSTON] for his
long study of the basic problem of vested
enemy assets. I hope we will see the
fruits of this. sale in the form of higher
employment, a vigorous management
policy, and increased competition in the
industry.
Mr. KEATING, Mr. President, last
year Congress enacted legislation per-
mitting the early return of the vast
General Aniline & Film Co. to. private
American enterprise after 20 years of
Government control. A bipartisan group
in the House and Senate-led by Rep-
resentatives HowARD W. ROBISON and
LEo O'BRIEN-joined several of us in the
Senate., in bringing this legislation to
fruition after many years of delay and
obstruction by its opponents. It was our
view that this important company and
for the sale bill are delighted with its
important contribution to the Govern-
ment's efforts in this case.
It should be made clear, however, that
under our bill, General Aniline & Film
Co. could have been sold without any
settlement of the pending suit and that
nothing in our bill required a settlement
on any particular terms.
It was the publicly stated position of
the Department of Justice that any chal-
lenge to a sale of General Aniline & Film
Co. during the pendency of the owner-
ship litigation would be successfully
overcome within a year.
Under these circumstances the terms
of settlement are bound to strike some
observers as extremely generous from
the point of view of the United States.
What the United States has agreed to, in
effect, is a 50-50 split with Interhandel in
the proceeds of the sale of the contested
shares of stock with Interhandel agree-
ing to absorb tax and other claims in
the 1}eighborhood of some $24 million
out of its share. The net total payment
to Interhandel under these arrangements
could exceed $60 million.
Any settlement of this magnitude
deserves close scrutiny to make certain
that it is in the interests of the United
States. In the first instance, this will
be the. task of the district court, which
will have to approve any consent judg-
ment submitted by the parties. But,
Congress also has a legitimate concern
in this transaction, and congressional
study of the settlement would not be at
all inappropriate.
There is no suggestion that the De-
partment of Justice has not been suf-
ficiently zealous in the protection of the
interests of the United States in arriving
at this settlement. I recognize as a
lawyer that there is no certainty in any
lawsuit and also that a settlement will
lead to the disposition of GAP with the
least amount of?further delay.
At the same time, we cannot lose. sight
of a. number of salient facts: First, that
GAF is an extremely valuable asset of
the Government; secondly, that, hun-
dreds of millions of dollars have been
realized by the Government for payment
to American war claimants out of the
sales of other vested assets, in most cases
with no settlement at all with the former
owners and in no case with a settlement
approaching this amount; thirdly, that
any amount paid to Interhandel as a
result of the sale of the stock of GAF will
reduce the funds which would be avail-
levels of growth and prosperity under
private enterprise which could not pos-
sibly be attained under continued Gov-
ernlnent management.
.The Department of Justice has ad-
wised me that passage of this General
.Aniline &. Film Co. sale legislation sig-
iifleantly strengthened the Govern-
ment's hand in the negotiations leading
to a settlement of the long drawn-out
litigation over the ownership of General
l4nilline & Film Co. and that the actual
:ale ",of.. General Aniline & Film Co. will
ie "accomplished on a competitive bid
sasis."as authorized in the sale legisla-
lon,' L`',ertainly all of those,wkto w.or> ed
No, 33-19
ants-some of whom have received noth-
ing on their war claims to this very day.
Charges have been made that a Gov-
ernment deal to 'turn GAF over to a
Swiss cartel has been concluded under
the direction of William H. Orrick, Jr.,
now Deputy Under Secretary of State
and formerly Assistant Attorney Gen-
eral. The settlement announced today
makes it obvious that these charges are
without foundation. Under no view of
the settlement can it be fairly said to
constitute a transfer of GAP to Swiss
control. On the contrary this settle-
merit will guarantee, in accordance with
the GAF sale. bill, that GAF will be sold
3333
to American interests and never be re-
turned, whether to its former German or
alleged Swiss owners.
In order that the record may be com-
plete on this issue, I ask unanimous con-
sent to include at this point in my re-
marks the text of a Febrduary 13, 1963,
letter from me to Mr. Orrick on this
very point and Mr. Orrick's reply of
February 19.
There being no objection, the letters
were ordered to be printed in the REC-
ORD, as follows:
FEBRUARY 13, 1963.
Mr. WILLIAM H. ORRIGIr, Jr.,
Deputy Under Secretary of State, for Admin-
istration, Department of State, Washing-
ton, D.C.
DEAR MR. ORRICK: It has been reported to
me that you are in charge of negotiations
for a possible settlement of the General An-
iline case.
As you know, legislation was enacted dur-
ing the last session of Congress authorizing
the Government to sell this property despite
the pending litigation as to its ownership.
In my judgment, the continued operation of
this company under Government manage-
ment is a severe handicap to its growth'Rnd
prosperity. Its sale to private enterprise on
favorable terms, therefore, is a matter of
considerable importance to the thousands of
employees of the company and the com-
munities in which it operates.
In the hearings on 'this.legislation, Govern-
ment representatives expressed complete con-
fidence in the ultimate outcome of the pend-
ing litigation and any new suit challenging
the constitutionality of the sale bill. Under
these circumstances, I am concerned about
the reports that the Government is contem-
plating a settlement which may involve a
substantial payment to the litigants and
which may serve to delay unreasonably the
Government's disposition of this property.
Since this is a matter of particular" Im-
portance to several areas in the State of
New York, I would appreciate your furnish..
ing me with full information with respect
to this situation.
Your cooperation, as always, is very grat-
ifying-Very sincerely yours,
KENNETH B. KEATING.
FEBRUARY 19, 1963.
Hon. KENNETH B. KEATING,
U.S. Senate.
DEAR SENATOR KEATING: I have your letter
of February 13 and appreciate your natural
concern in the disposition of the General
Aniline case.
As you undoubtedly know, I was intimate-
ly involved in this case when I was Assistant
Attorney General in charge of the Civil Di-
vison. However, since I have been working
in the Department of State for the last 9
months, I no longer have any direct respon-
sibility over the General Aniline case, nor
am i in charge of any of the negotiations
which may look toward the eventual settle-
ment of the case.
I can assure you, however, that from my
experience in the Department of Justice and
from my knowledge of the Attorney Gen=
eral's view of the case, the Government
would not enter into any settlement which
did not coincide with a fair estimate of the
Government's case on the merits, or which
would unreasonably delay the Government's
disposal of the property.
May I suggest that the present officials in
the Department of Justice would be in a
better position than I to furnish you with
a more complete and up-to-date status of
any negotiations which may be in progress.
With best wishes, I remain,
Sincerely yours,
WILLT4*.H, Oiuuci ,. Jr. ;
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1 963-
trationr?n.Cuba-but not the return to
entrenched power and privilege of the
Cuban counterparts, now in Florida, of
the French, Bourbons who in a states-
man's cogent words: "Forgot nothing,
forgave. nothing."
Once again Cuba -is an example of how
we react, with a -military fixation to a
problem whose largest element perhaps
is nonmijitary in character. President
Kennedy has stated this danger as being
one of Cuba as a base for subversion in
the Americas. He has also stated that
time is short in-which to bring about the
social and economic reforms necessary to
forestall brutish, totalitarian revolution
in, the developing countries of the
'An. essential fact is that frustration
about Cuba is not new. Cuba has
troubled us for some 150 years. This in
itself should. indicate that some quick
solution is. not -available.
And that, leads me to a collateral com-
ment. There'
here exists a myth that the
Monroe Doctrine is some magic key to
resolving difficulties. In the first place,
Messrs. Monroe and Adams did not con-
ceive of their policy as "doctrine"-the
word was not employed until 1895 during
Cleveland's second administration when
Secretary of State Olney employed the
term,. Nor. did Messrs. Monroe and
Adams ever speak of "enforcing" it-if it
was enforced, it was enforced only by
.Courtesy of,the British Navy. Both rec-
ognized it could be. enforced only in co-
operation with another European na-
tion-in this case, as I said, the British
fleet,
In recent years the Monroe Doctrine
has in fact been mutualized under the
aegis of the-Organization of American
States which provides for consultation in
any possible application of the policy.
I would also like to point out another
historic parallel which has in the past
gotten-us in trouble-the use of the U.S.
mainland as a base for operations for fili-
bustering against Cuba and other na-
tions. This began with such adventurers
as Aaron Burr.
I think that Secretary of State Dean
Rusk is to be commended for not playing
politics with diplomacy. Diplomacy
should not be conducted by means of
Fourth of July oration papers.
Once again, there is no miracle tablet
to cure our frustration in Cuba and in
other troubled spots. There is the dan-
ger, too, of smaller nations or their self-
appointed representatives playing one
great power against another in frenzies
of an excess.
President Kennedy has said that the
Cuban problem must, be dealt with as
part of the larger worldwide issues. We
should exercise the wisdom that the
President has suggested and that he him-
self exercises. In an age of nuclear de-
struction, the charade of military might
in the form of orations and saber rat-
tling, is indeed unforgiveable and holds
the most profound consequences.
At this point, Mr. Speaker, I wish to
introduce an editorial on the Cuban sit-
uation that appeared in the February 28,
1963, issue of the Portland, Oreg., Jour-
nal and a column by Art Buchwald that
appeared in the March 3, 1963, editions
of the Washington Post.
POLITICAL WAa OVER CUBA
When President Eisenhower was in office,
and particularly during the 1960 campaign,
the Journal criticized leading Democrats for
partisan attacks on foreign policy of a kind
that were damaging to this country.
Now it seems to us that some Republicans
are guilty of the same thing over Cuba.
Cuba rightly is a foreign policy issue.
Communist control of a country 90 miles
from our shores is a serious matter. The
presence of 17,000 Soviet troops and heavy
supplies of Soviet military equipment is not
to be taken lightly.
But the nature of the threat from Cuba
ought to be kept clearly in mind. We see no
possibility of an overt attack from Cuba on
this country. We accept the proof offered
by the Defense Department from its surveil-
lance that Cuba does not possess missiles of
the range needed to strike this country.
The chief value to Castro of Russian troops
and materiel is to guard the Castro adminis-
tration from an internal uprising by Cubans
themselves or to defend against attack from
abroad.
But the main thing we have to fear from
Cuba is its use as a base for Communist
revolution in the rest of Latin America. If
Cuba is to remain a political issue, that ought
to be the focal point of discussion.
The recent visit to Washington of Vene-
zuelan President Romulo Betancourt is a re-
minder of this aspect of the Cuban threat.
Betancourt is convinced that Communist
terrorism in his country is fomented and
supported from Cuba.
If the Reds should succeed in destroying
the moderate kind of government Betan-
court has been trying to establish in Vene-
zuela, after years of misrule by rightist dic-
tatorship, then their threat to the rest of
LatiZ America will have been multiplied.
Communist control of Venezuela would be
many times more dangerous than Commu-
nist control of Cuba. U.S. policy toward
Latin America has to be a lot more compre-
hensive than simply getting the Russians
out of Cuba.
Soviet Premier Khrushchev has promised
to withdraw thousands more of Soviet troops
from Cuba. Nobody knows for certain that
he means it. But there ought to be a mora-
torium on debate over this particular point
until we see whether he fulfills his promise.
Some of the critics of our Cuba policy are
not clear on what ought to be done. Few
of them recommend that we invade the
island. They simply say that we ought to
do something.
Lots of things are being done. Time will
be required to see whether they 'will ac-
complish the goal short of all-out nuclear
war that nobody wants.
Meanwhile it helps to keep things in per-
spective if we remember that blame for Cas-
tro's rule can be widely shared. The bearded
dictator came to power during the Eisen-
hower administration. He consolidated his
position after Kennedy became President.
Everybody concedes that the Bay of Pigs
invasion attempt was badly bungled. No-
body knows whether it would have led to
Castro's overthrow even if it had been well
planned and executed.
We think the debate on Cuba ought to be
carried on more responsibly than it has been
in recent weeks.
GETTING THE NEWS Is ALWAYS A BATTLE
There has been a lot of talk about news
management in the Government these days,
but if you go through history you can find
that every presidential administration tried
to manage the press in one way or another.
We found an old transcript the other day of
3241
a press briefing between Abraham Lincoln's
press secretary and White House reporters,
which shows that even in those days at-
tempts were made to bottle up vital news of
interest to the public.
Here are excerpts from it:
Question. Mr. Nicolay, yesterday the Pres-
ident gave a speech at Gettysburg, and he
started it out by saying, "Four score and
7 years ago our fathers brought forth on
this continent a new nation." Sir, would
you mind telling us the names of the fathers
he was referring to?
SECRETARY.-I'm sorry, gentlemen. I can't
reveal the names at this time.
Question. The Saturday Evening Post,
which is published in Philadelphia, said he
was referring to Washington, Jefferson, and
Franklin.
SECRETARY. That's just conjecture. The
President is not responsible for everything
written by his friends.
Question. The President said yesterday in
the same speech that the country was en-
gaged in a great Civil War, testing whether
that nation or any nation so conceived and
so dedicated can long endure. He didn't
say how he intended to win the war. Does
this mean he . has a no-win policy?
SECRETARY. The President in his speech
was only concerned with the Battle of
Gettysburg, which incidentally we won. The
Department of War will give you full de-
tails on other battles.
Question. The Department refuses to give
us any information. We don't know how
many troops were used at Gettysburg, who
commanded them, or how many casualties
there were. All we were given were some
lousy photos of Confederate gun emplace-
ments. How can we be sure the Confederates
still don't have artillery hidden in the hills
around Gettysburg?
SECRETARY. We have constant surveillance
of the hills. To the best of our knowledge
all southern artillery pieces have been re-
moved.
Question. What about Confederate troops?
There are an estimated 17,000 in the area.
SECRETARY. We have the South's promise
they will be removed in due course.
Question. Mr. Secretary, why didn't Mrs.
Lincoln go with the President to Gettys-
burg?
SECRETARY. Mrs. Lincoln feels that her
place is at home with her children. But
she did send an telegram.
Question. In talking about the government
of the people, for the people, and by the peo-
ple, did the President have any particular
group in mind?
SECRETARY. Not to my knowledge, gentle-
men. But I'll check it out just to make
sure.
Question. Mr. Secretary, the President in
his speech yesterday indicated he intended
to manage the news.
SECRETARY. How did he do that?
Question. He said in the same speech,
"The world will little note nor long remem-
ber what was said here." It seems to me
in this phrase he was intimidating the news-
papermen who were there.
SECRETARY. I don't think you have to in-
terpret the speech in that manner. The
President's remarks, written on an envelope,
were off the cuff, and he felt there was no
reason tp be quoted. An official version of
his speech will be made available to the press
in due time, as soon as the President has a
chance to go over it again.
SOCIAL SECURITY SEEKS OUT ELI-
GIBLES UNAWARE OF BENEFITS
(Mrs. GREEN of Oregon (at the re-
quest of Mr. RYAN of Michigan) was
granted permission to extend her re-
marks at this point and to include ex-
traneous matter.)
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CONGRESSIONAL RECORD - HOUSE Arch 4
;o. the Washington Post, in the two ar-
duty. And It is particularly pleasing
ericans. These articles follow:
A cross-section of 350,000 names were se-
lected and they were sent to OASI'a district
offices which serve sections covered by the
original addresses of the missing insured,
many of them dating back 26 years when
social security started.
As a result, more than 100,000 persons,
many destitute like Jackson, are being paid
benefits they had overlooked. OA8I em-
ployees were unable to locate 191,088 of the
350,000 and the remainder weren't eligible
for one reason or another.
OASI then took another batch of 240,000
names, persons it described as "less obviously
insured," and sent them to its field offices
along with what few clues It bad on their
possible whereabouts.
This program Is In process now, and up to
a few days ago agency employees set in mo-
tion machinery to pay benefits to 17,811
additional persons who were no doubt
delighted with their windfalls.
The high degree of automation at OAST
makes possible the "big heart" program.
The machines may be cold and calculating
but they also provide material for the hu-
man touch which an agency like social secu-
rity can't afford to lose.
The machines, for example, keep Victor
Christgau. OA8I Director, supplied with the
names and addresses of each person on the
rolls who reaches age 100 and also the birth-
days of the 412 recipients of social security
who are more than 100 years of age. Christ-
gau sends each of them happy birthday
greetings. Incidentally, a dozen of the cen-
tury oldsters are still actively employed.
A, couple of weeks no, on a chilly night, a
grant crawled into a large trash can in
oWatowh Baltimore and fell asleep.
-File next morning, the man, who appeared
lip along with a pile of junk and throw
intd the city Incinerator when a truck-
laid he had no money, no home, no job; and
lie asked to be placed where he could be
IoOked after for awhile. The judge coop-
$rated by sentencing him to 90 days in city
jail.
But Jackson was better off than he had
thought and his near tragic experience was
A blessing in disguise. His story came to the
Attention of an employee In the sprawling
headquarters of HEW's old-age and survivors
insurance in the Woodlawn section of Balti-
more.
The employee wondered If the vagrant was
eligible Tor social secimity benefits. It took
him only a matter of minutes to get a pre-
11rhinary answer from OAST's stable of IBM
electronic machines, the largest single num-
ber in operation anywhere.
The machines spit out 313,134 names of
JaCksons, the 17th most popular surname in
OASI's file of 140 million names. There were
hundreds of Bernard Jacksona, but the robot
revealed that only one Bernard McKinley
Jackson was insured and eligible for bene-
ttts--and wasn't being paid them.
OAST investigators quickly confirmed that
the penniless wanderer was the Bernard
MoSlnley Jackson in their files. A claims
expert visited Jackson In jail to explain that
he should have been paid benefits for the
past_9 years-since he became 85-if he had
only applied for them.
Jackson signed the claim and he will re-
calve $320 in back benefits, the maximum
lie's entitled to under the law, and 140 a
month for the remainder of his life.
Vnusual case? Not really. OAST has
"What is officially known as a leads program
but which Is also referred to as a big heart
project to seek out aging persons who are
'eligible for social security benefits and to
snake payments to them.
Boeia'l security benefits are being paid
monthly to 17 million men, women, and chil-
dren"and its rolls are growing at a rate of
pearly a million annually. You'd think that
Anyone who pays into OA8I's insurance fund
would apply for benefits the minute he
quaiifes for them. But this Isn't necessarily
Ito. ,
To launch its "big heart" project, a few
buttons were punched on the electronic
Machines and they served up the names of
1,168,000 Insured persons who were over 65
and who had idled no claims for benefits.
OASI EMri,oyxre Ssvz Hzox Paoouctzvrrv
RA'rtwo
(By Jerry Sluttz)
Employees of HEW's old age and survivors
insurance are cocky, confident and proud.
They have good reason for their reassuring
attitude,
They have one of the beat work records
In or out of Government. The President
has publicly commended them on their effi-
ciency. Administrative costs taken only 2
cents of each dollar spent by OAST, a low
figure. Employee turnover is lower than the
average In either HEW or the entire Govern-
ment.
Employee productivity is rising steadily, an
estimated 5 percent this 1908 fiscal year and
a gain of 2.8 percent is contemplated in
fiscal year 1944. If production had con-
tinued at the 1962 level, about 2,900 addi-
tional employees and 018.5 million in new
funds would be required to operate the
world's largest Insurance system.
OASI pioneered the use of electronic data
processing machines and Its own experts
helped to develop some of the most advanced
and sophisticated IBM machines at its head-
quarters In the Woodlawn section on the
outskirts of Baltimore.
Someone guessed it would take a million
Federal employees to handle OASI's chores
If there were no electronic machines to work
their magic round the clock. Could be.
Consider this, One machine can produce
more work than 500,000 employees with desk
calculators.
More than 18 million persons are paid
monthly benefits and an average of 300,000
new claims for benefits are received each
month. About 75 million persons work un-
der social security and contribute to the
OAST fund each year and 280 million earn-
ing reports, supplied by their employers,
are recorded on their Individual accounts.
The latter makes OA8I the world's largest
bookkeeper but it has no books to keep.
The records are kept on tape and microfilm.
The names and social security numbers of
more than 140 million persons are main-
tained on 2.000 magazines of microfilm that
can be stored in a single room.
The agency handles its duties with a
35,000-man staff of whom 10,000 are at its
Baltimore headquarters, moved from Wash-
ington during World War II, and a goodly
number of them commute from the Wash-
ington area.
OA8I employees have no job worries. The
agency has never had a layoff and Its people
are well aware that social security has over-
whelming public and political support and
is here to stay. Despite the giant machines
that gobble up the work, - the staff has had
to be increased gradually to make effective
the more liberal amendments voted to the
social security law.
The employees are confident that one of
these days, or years, Congress will give it an-
other major task-to manage the proposed
medicare program for the aged- through so-
cial .security.
If and when that happens, the headquar-
ters building, the fifth largest in Govern-
ment, would need to build another wing to
house an estimated 3.000 new employees to
manage It.
OA8I has perhaps the most extensive pro-
gram of preventive medicine for Its 10,000
headquarters employees than any agency In
Government. Dr. Leon Kochman heads a
31-man staff of doctors, nurses and tech=
nicians.
Physical exams are given every 3 years to
employees under 40, every other year for
those between 40 and 55, and annually for
those over 55. Electrocardiograms are avail-
able to those 45 and older. A number of
cases of cancer, tuberculosis and other dis-
eases have been detected in their early stages
by the tests. The employees are referred to
their private physicians for treatment.
Chest X-rays, hearing tests and inocula-
tions, for small fees, also are available to
employees. The health office also keeps Its
own blood reservoir for the use of any em-
ployee and his family. The health office goes
further and checks cafeteria employees who
handle food even though they aren't em-
ployed by OAST but OASI employees are pro-
tected by this activity.
Only emergency treatment Is administered
by Dr. Rothman and his staff. Ailing em-
ployees must be treated by their private phy-
sicians who, Kochman stressed, have ac-
cepted the OA8I program.
Perhaps one of the secrets of the splendid
productivity record of OASI employees is the
fact that they have a large voice In setting
what Is regarded as reasonable standards,
or guidelines, for their work. Cardpunchers
and other mechanical groups are given two
10-minute breaks daily, one in the morning
and the other In the afternoon.
Sixty percent of OASI's employees are 0-
girls and women hold many of the key posts
in the agency. Civil service's federal serv-
ice entrance examination Is most used by
OASI which takes about 25 percent of all
persons hired from the register. More than
5,000 employees have been hired from the
FSEE during the past 2 years.
GABRIEL RICHARD, PRIEST, POLI-
TICIAN, AND PATRIOT
(Mr. RYAN of Michigan asked and
was given permission to extend his re-
marks at this point in the RECORD and
to include extraneous matter.)
Mr. RYAN of Michigan. Mr. Speaker,
140 years ago today, marked the begin-
ning of congressional service of Gabriel
Richard, priest, politician, and patriot.
He was elected as the Territorial Dele-
gate to the 18th Congress of the United
States from the Territory of Michigan.
His term was to commence on March 4,
1823.
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CONGRESSIONAL RECORD APPENDIX ^A1115
Itthe flesh and blood they gave It In our
representative system of balanced govern-
inent:
Both historically and currently, the Amer-
loan system is based upon a fundamental,
zlevolutlonary Idea: The importance of the
'individual human being and of his right to
gr''oW and develop to his full potential.
-"What has happened in America--chiefly
within the last 50 years'and only as a result
-of manifold struggles-is that logical pro-
jections have been and are being developed'
from this Idea and applied to the full range
of 10th century life-economic, social, psy-
' chological, as well as political.
The common good is no longer just a
political matter involving governments. It
Is vitally affected by economic and social
patterns. So they, too, must reflect the
common good-under the sanction of social
p'ressures which express themselves in at-
titudes of social responsibility and civic
conscience;' backed only when necessary by
governmental laws and actions.
The continuing success of our American
system? in my opinion, has rested chiefly on
two interdependent factors which have given
it a unique character.
The first of these is the concept of free-
dom as opportunity. Compared to other
societies, ours is an open society to a very
high'degree.
Opportunities for education and career
e,?vancente`iit are ever more widely available.
The individual man and woman enjoy a
degree Of human dignity unprecedented in
any other part of the world.
The social mobility possible in America Is
still unprecedented, extending to the dignity
of those who labor, giving the workingman
a self-respect greater than that of any work-
ingman in the world.
Admittedly, however, there are imperfec-
tions which must be removed. We must
strive even more ceaselessly to extend these
opportunities and this dignity to every mem-
ber of all groups in our society, no matter
what his race, color, religion, origin, or
status. Only in this way can we attain the
accomplishment of the American idea.
There is a second factor, however, which
Pas made for the flexibility and greatness of
our American system. We Americans are
so accustomed to talking about individual
rights that sometimes we overlook the other
basic concept. It is that we in America view
freedom as responsibility.
This responsibility begins, of course, at
the level of the individual citizen. It re-
quires emphasis on self-reliance and the dig-
nity of work. It includes his duty to respect
the rights of others. It extends as well to
those obligations of his which have to do
with civic participation.
It is the duty of every citizen not only
to cast his ballot, but to cast it as wisely
as he can-and this is not always easy.
There is a danger that the voter may mis-
take words for substance, panaceas for basic
solutions, and be deluded by slogans and
labels such as conservative, liberal and pro-
gressive. Life can be oversimplified-made
all black or all white. Conservative, liberal
and progressive are not mutually exclusive
concepts. " There are important elements of
basic values in all three.
We should respect conservatism-because
we know the measureless value that is our
heritage to save, to cherish and to enrich-
because we believe that everything that is
soundly built for the future is built in the
present on the foundations of the past.
:: Wq should respect liberalism-because we
should be more concerned with the oppor-
tunities of tomorrow than In the record of
yesterday-because out of the past and the
present a better future can and must evolve.
And we should respect a progressive point
of view-because the opportunities and chal-
lenges, facing us now and in the future, are
of such size and scope that we can-never halt
and say: "Our labor is done"-because we
believe in stable, ordered change and human
progress-in the perfectibility of the indi-
vidual human being and of the human so-
ciety.
The flourishing of the American system re-
quires a sense of responsibility, not only on
the part of individual citizens, but especially
on the part of America's leadership. I am
not speaking alone of political leaders, but
of the leaders of all phases of our society
as well.
To the extent that they do not exercise
their power and influence in the direction
of the common good, they are undermining
the very system that has given them that
power and influence.
This requirement begins, it seems to me,
with the elemental personal characteristics
of sincerity and honesty, candor and integ-
rity.
These are old-fashioned virtues that we
associate with the men who formed this Na-
tion and upon which the Nation was
founded.
I believe that political leaders today must
demonstrate the same personal integrity and
accept the obligation to insure that the gov-
ernments they lead also operate with in-
tegrity-and that this includes the concept
of fiscal Integrity.
I believe that political leaders have the
affirmative duty ruthlessly to prune out
wasteful and nonessential expenditures of
the taxpayers' money.
I believe that political leaders, at all levels,
have an obligation to preserve and to
strengthen the Federal system devised by our
Founding Fathers.
This system joins our States in a Nation
that allows a sharing of sovereignty, the pro-
motion of diversity within unity, and the as-
surance of government close to the people.
I believe that to preserve this system there
are certain basic principles we must adhere
to. The local community can justly appeal
to the State for help in meeting its economic
and social needs only if it does all in its own
power to satisfy these human wants at the
local level.
The States within our national union, in
turn, should call for vigorous Federal Iead-
ershipand action in areas of concern to the.
States only as they display and practice such
leadership themselves. For the guarding of
States' rights requires, before all else, the
meeting of States' responsibilities.
And so it is in the largest of our neighbor-
hoods-the world Itself. We can lead the
forces and extend the frontiers of freedom
everywhere only as we practice this freedom
-with responsibility-in our own national
life.
This freedom must be a chain in which all
men ultimately touch hands. Within this
concept of freedom, one can speak of the
equality of nations and the rule of law only
as he practices this equality where he lives.
On this day four years ago, I pledged my
every effort that the government of this State
would serve the well-being of all-that we
would work for new opportunity, for econ-
omic growth that would secure and enhance
the well-being of all the people.
Thanks to the efforts of dedicated men and
women, we have brought New York State
to a new and historic threshold of oppor-
tunity.
Therefore we are not here merely to look
pridefully on the past-but confidently to-
ward the future.
For this inauguration-this beginning-
should and must signify more than the start
of a new term of office. It must mean the
beginning of a new stage of growth and
progress, shared by all the people of New
York State.
Our efforts In the immediate years ahead
will be directed especially to four areas:
1. Improvement and extension of thes+'up-
portunities for higher education for all;
2. Expansion' and up-dating' of facilities
for training to meet the challenges of auto-
mation and the opportunities of a revolution
in technology:
3. All-out dedication to a further accelera-
tion of sound economic growth and expan-
sion of job opportunities which are basic to
a fuller life for all the people;
4. Greater emphasis on improving the
quality and quantity of research and de-
velopment activities to assure the building
of our future in the years ahead.
These steps are fundamental and inter-
related factors that are necessary for the
dynamic growth of our society. They are
essential as well to the fulfillment of the
people's aspirations for better housing,
health, cultural and recreational opportuni-
ties--and, most importantly for true equality
of opportunity for all.
And above _all, I pledge that I will continue
to strive for the best ways to preserve and
strengthen our American- system=-the best
means to Insure an ever richer fulfillment of
the American dream and the aspirations of
Americans. -
No individuals or groups should be neg-
lected; all should be included, whatever their
racial, religious or national origin, whether
young or old, whether businessmen, or
farmers, whether blue-collar workers, white-
collar workers, or professional people.
Every American has not only the right-
but the duty-to participate in shaping the
destiny of our American society,
It is in dedication to the realization of
these goals that I ask your continued assist-
ance. With the guidance of Almighty God
I swear to serve the people of the State of
New York to the best of my ability,
Slave Labor Camps in Sovietized Germany
EXTENSION OF REMARKS
or
HON. JOHN R. PILLION
or NEW YORK
IN THE HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES
Monday, March 4, 1963
Mr. PILLION. Mr. Speaker, Dr.
Walter Becher, a distinguished member
of the Bavarian Legislature, has asked
me to call to the attention of the people
of the United States, a descriptive ac-
count of the slave labor camps in Soviet-
ized East Germany.
The January 16, 1963, edition of the
Bulletin, published under the auspices of
the German Federal Government, re-
views the brutalities and Inhumanities
inflicted upon the German people by the
Soviet-Communist dominated Ulbricht
regime in East Germany.
A condensation of this article follows:
SLAVE CAMPS IN SOVIETIZED GERMANY
Fifteen thousand political prisoners are
held under most inhuman conditions in So-
viet-Communist occupied Germany.
More than 2,000 political prisoners are held
in the Bautzen slave labor camp. These
prisoners are part of a planned Sovietized
economic production system. It relies upon
mass terrorism and a constant replenishment
of slave labor to produce slave labor prod-
ucts at a cheap price to fulfill the regime's
economic targets.
In the Brandenburg prison, there are
2,000 prisoners. More than 80 percent of
them have been sentenced not for crimes
but for political disobedience. The warden
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Baluba representation. We may also
that the United Nations forces were
greeted with open arms when they entered
Jadotville and ]Koiwezi in, the heart of
Taholnbe';s tribal area.
Third. Tbhgmbe was estopped from plead-
ing the principle of self-determination When
he agreed to accept a single Congolese state.
He did this at the Brussels roundtable con-
ference of January 1960, before the Belgians
left. He has. done it on numerous occasions
since. He did it as recently as last fall when
he accepted the conciliation plan of the
United Nations. .
THE CONGO AND MISSISSIPPI
There are people who will concede all
these things but say: "Very well, but where
will this United Nations business stop? Isn't
the Congo a precedent for the U.N. going
into Mississippi?"
The answer Is "No" again, for three
reasons:
First, we would not ask theUnited Nations
to come Into Mississippi.
Second. If others Insisted on bringing the
U.N. into Mississippi. we could prevent this
from getting the necessary votes.
Third. by no stretch of the imagination
can the situation in Mississippi be regarded
as a threat to international peace and
security.
Finally, there are those who are satisfied on
these legal and moral questions, but ask:
"Wouldn't our national Interest have been
served better by supporting Tshombe?"
The answers is "No" because-
The central government under Adoula is
moderate and pro-Western.
Tahombe supporters have been working
with the leftists to destroy the central gov-
ernment.
Tshombe had no support in black Africa
and very little anywhere else. No country
Las ever recognized Katanga separatism.
The secession of Katanga under Tehombe
would have ended moderate government in
the Congo and would have precipitated the
disintegration of the country into tribal
groupings with maximum opportunity for
the Communists to Come in.
In short, the efforts of Tahombe to act up
a separate regime in Katanga played into the
hands of communism.
Now the military phase of the U.N. opera-
tion in the Congo has passed. The phase of
nation building has begun. A U.S. mission
to the Congo under Harlan Cleveland. As-
sistant Secretary of State for International
Organization Affairs, has just returned with
proposals for the economic reconstruction of
the Congo under U.N. auspices. In the eco-
nOmic tasks ahead for the Congo the United
Nations can play a role which no single na-
tion could play alone without compromising
Congolese Independence and making the
Congo a subject of cold war controversy.
U.N. SPECIAL FUND AND CUBA
The moral of this story is not that the
United Nations is perfect. Indeed, there are
a number of things that are done at the
U.N. with which we do not agree. During
the last 2 weeks we have had a dramatic il-
lustration of this in the decision of the U.N.
Special Fund to proceed-albeit on a tenta-
tive basis-with an agricultural research
project in Cuba.
This project was approved by the Govern-
Ing Council of the Special Fund in May 1961.
It calls for an allocation of 91.167,000 from
the Special Fund to assist in the expansion
of an agricultural experimental station in
Santiago de Is Vegas.
The U.S. Government did everything con-
sistent with the U.N. Charter to oppose
this project. We oppose any source of aid
and comfort to the Castro regime. We ar-
gued that special fund assistance to Cuba
at this time could not be justified under the
economic and technical criteria of the Spe-
cial Fund's charter, in view of the chaos
In Cuban agriculture which has resulted
from the application of communist tech-
niques and the sulaordinatlon of the eco-
nomic and social welfare._of.tlie.,Quban pkp-
ple to the narrow political alms of the,`
Castro regime.
Our arguments. I am sorry to say, did
not receive the necessary support in the
Governing Council. Mr. Paul Hoffman, the
Managing Director of the Fund, concluded
that he had no choice but to proceed with
the project on a tentative basis. In the
next few months he will send several experts
to determine whether or not conditions in
Cuba will permit the project to proceed
and It Is possible that the actual operation
of the project will not go forward when
representatives of the Fund have the op-
portunity to take an up-to-date reading
of conditions on the spot.
The Special Fund project in Cuba is an
example of a U.N. action with which we do
not agree. But it is well in these matters
to keep our eyes on the big picture. The
Special Fund, like all U.N. economic agen-
cies, is prohibited by its charter from mak-
Ing decisions on political grounds. The
failure of other U.N. members to support
us in our opposition to the Cuban project
came not out of any solicitude for Cuba
but out of the fear that stopping this proj-
ect would jeopardize other projects to which
the Soviet Union and other countries have
objected. The special fund has 11 projects
totaling $7.5 million in Korea, Vietnam, and
free China which the Soviets do not like-
and which are being carried out today
despite their misgiving.
The fact is that the U.N. Special Fund
has been a great asset to the free world
through its efforts to promote the material
basis for free Institutions. Even on the nar-
rowest of political calculations the free world
has got more out of the Special Fund than
ithas put in, while the reverse is true of the
Communist bloc.
The bloc countries have contributed some
$7 million to the Special Fund; with this
project in Cuba added to two previous proj-
ects in Poland they will have received $3
million in return. If you add Yugoslavia,
Communist contributions add up to $8 mil-
lion, projects in Communist countries to $6
million. Out of the 288 Special Fund proj-
ects so far authorized, 282 have been in non-
Communist countries. In financial terms,
some $248 million of the grand total of $254
million of Fund projects-over 97 percent-
go to the non-Communist world.
It would be tragic If our dissatisfaction
with the project in Cuba were to destroy our
support for the Special Fund. It would be
the height of folly to sacrifice the 97 percent
of its work we do like for the 3 percent we
do not like. We do not bench a baseball
player who Is batting .970, nor fire a football
coach because he loses one game in thirty.
The price of participating in any political
Institution is that you cannot get your way
all of the time. We cannot expect to get our
way all of the time in the United Nations.
There will be entries on the debit as well as
on the credit side of the ledger. The central
question is whether the credits exceed the
debits-whether looking at the balance
sheet as a whole the Institution is making
a net contribution to our national interest.
The U.S. Government continues to believe
that the answer to that question is over-
whelmingly In the affirmative.
TO STRENGTHEN THE UNITED NATIONS
Let me stress once again, however, that
we are not entirely satisfied with the United
Nations. We want to make It better.
In specific terms, we want to-
Strengthen the independence of the Sec-
retariat against the attacks of the Soviet
Union who have never accepted article 100
in principle or in practice.
Improve the method of financing peace-
keeping operations and make defaulting
members pay up.
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We could intervene directly-and trigger a
nfrontaton In the heart of Africa of the
tlon in the Congo legal? The answer is
s. for three reasons:
First. the Government of the Congo asked
narles
Third, the military actions of' the U.N.
f rte were taken In pursuit of these man-
tes and In self-defense.
It is well to remember that the recent
ting which culminated in the end of the
4cesslonof $atanga began on Christmas eve
en drunken .atangese soldiers attacked a
N. command post. This was the culmina-
of a long series of harassments of the
soldiers designed to cut them off from
01e another and from their supplies and
C mmunications.
I think it is a generally accepted principle
o both domestic and international law that
aCOp who Is lawfully on the beat has a right
Second, this, was not an Internal matter--
tere was a clear threat to International
p ace and security because of the actual or
potential lnvofvement of outside powers.
Still other people ask: Doesn't this violate
tional United States support for the
principle of self-determination? The an-
h- me and abroad the dangers of Balkiniza
t n. Suppose the mayor of a Texas town
ich happened to have most of the oil In
xas decided to secede from the State and
e the oil with him. I don't suppose that
uld be permitted by the people of Texas
by, the people of the United States. The
a plicatlon of the principle of self-determi-
n tion In the Congo without any qualifi-
c Lion would mean the creation of some 20
bal states ' and the, disintegration of the
ale Into disorder and chaos.
Second, even according to the standards
ptetend to speak for the Katanga. As you
k ow, he was the leader of the Lunda tribe,
oe of several tribes in Katanga. The Lun-
 19 3 COQ RES IO1 AL RECORD APPENDIX A1133
I
Increase the efflcien, 1 of the U. +1 +hrneco this operation without Democratic votes. Important I M lest( ne
,. nvr,in erA -eniel mnrT= re rFi..,,la r1.. ?nh, t1
4x?+ +i. o? -1 ~.~a +w s,. ...... i ,.-. ,...: .. .. ,... .. ,. _ Cessna's
?ized agencies. budgets in the 80th Congress and they think EXTENSION OF REMARKS
Strengthen the U.N.'s capacity to 'settle they can do it again. of
future disputes first., through preventive If the Republicans and their Democratic
diplomacy to keep disputes from erupting kindred spirits can make major cuts in next HON. GARNER E. SHRIVER
Into violence and,, second, through peace- year's.budget, they believe it will help justify of KANSAS
keeping actions to contain those disputes the tax cut both parties want. But the IN THE HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES
from widening into a ,global conflict. President's tax reform program is left out of
In this last ambition we must learn'from, the operation. Monday, March 4, 1963
the Congo experience to strengthen the Maurice Stans, President Eisenhower's last Mr. SHRIVER. Mr. Speaker, the
U.N.'s future peacekeeping. operations.' We' Budget Bureau Director, has, done the re-
must improve the training, supply, financing, -search job and compiled the figures which Cessna Aircraft Co., of Wichita Kans.,
intelligence, public relations, and command will be used as basis for the Republican- last week achieved an important mile-
and control of U.N? military operations. planned cuts. Mr. Stans will not take an tone in its history when it delivered its
We want to do these latter things not active part in the operation but stay in the 50,000th airplane. ItTs appropriate that
only for their own sake but as a means of background as an adviser- we recognize the achievements of this
promoting general and complete disarm- During the past month or so he has been aircraft company for it has grown into
ament. For the fact" is that nations will 'commuting from his Los Angeles home to
the world's largest manufacturer of busi-
cally be willing to eliminate or even radi- Washington while making an item-by-item
tally reduce their arms until they have some and line-by-line analysis of the Kennedy ness, pleasure and utility aircraft in the
substitute means of efendin their terra budget.
true American tradition prise.
. Cessnof free enter-
torial integritay and defending ' their vital l Cutting the Presidents request for $108 interest. billion in new obligational authority by from It was Clyde V a, a farmer-me-
In an age when the Soviet Union and the $10 to $15 billion would mean an $83 to $98 chanic from Kansas, who founded this
United States have In their arsenals weapons- billion new obligatlonal authority. The re- company in 1927. Cessna built his first
each of 'which have the destructive power of suiting cut in spending for the year begin- airplane in 1911 and for the next 16
all the bombs dropped in the Second World fling next July 1 would be from $4 to $6
War, in an age when we face the prospect billion. This would make an administrative years barnstormed through the Midwest,
de expenditure budget of from $93 to $95 billion making constant modifications on his
that might no matter how her side many could weapons
escape onne side
in place of the President's $99 billion. original aircraft during the off seasons.
-
imaginable destruction in a nuclear holo Possible economies suggested by Mr. Stans From this modest beginning, Cessna
caust-in such an age there is no rational do not represent an across-the-board per- has grown to its place of prominence in
alternative but to develop a civilized system centage cut. Reductions are considered pas- the American aviation industry. Dwane
of collective security under the aegis of the, sible for every major item in the budget,. L. Wallace became president and general
United Nations. however, including even national defense and of the company in 1936. Only
In Cuba, in the Congo, and elsewhere, the exploration of our outer space. man
United Nations has, acted-in the words of While no figures have been given out, it is one mother anager agar firm In s the Nation in has had a
a distinguished commentator-not as a world believed that defense cuts will. be sought at total production of more than 50,000
superstate, but as a world public utility. a little lower percentage figure than for most aircraft.
It it did ,not exist. it would have to. be of the civilian agencies. For smaller agen- In addition to its prominent role in
invented. cies, where cuts of less than. $500,000 are the private plane market, Cessna has
he em down. -- - - -?- "- military posture oI our Nation. During
G6P Economy Drive pare them,
The space progra would definitely be World War II the United States and
EXTENSION OP` REMARKS and bring it under tighter, more efficient 5,402 twin-engine T-50 Bobcats and 750
of
control. The expressed idea is to take the gliders, were built by Cessna at its Hutch-
t
fr
enzy out of
p
he present crash program. inson, Kans., plant for the Normandy
HON, FRANK T 1, BOW
he $40 billion estimated total cost of, put- invasion
.
or o$IO t ng men on the moon would remain. The Korean war again brought Cessna
Whether the mission would be accomplished
IN THE HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES into manufacture of military products.
by 1970 or maybe 1975 isn't considered im- Today it continues to serve as a parts
Thz~rscday, February 21, 1963, portant.
of Subcontractor for several of this Na-
Mr, BOW. Mr. Speaker, one of the One the points Republicans are em-
phasizing in planning these cuts is that they bon's major weapons systems. The
first newspaper comments on the Repub- will not result in an austere budget- company's military division is producing
lican appropriations committee task. Their idea is to stop budget growth for a the twin-jet T-37, which is the first air-
force to reduce the. Federal budget is an few years and stabilize expenditures so that plane in which the U.S. Air Force
excellent column' by Peter Edson which the economy can catch up. If this isn't done, student pilots receive flight training;
I wish to include with My remarks. Republicans say the budget won't be bal-
anced for years. the O-lE-L-19E-liaison-observation
As ,Mr. Edson , points out, we hope to
have the support 11 1 economy-minded They point out that President Eisenhower plane, more than 3,300 of which have
Members from both sides of the aisle, for submitted an $81 billion new obligational been delivered to the U.S. Army since
-we hope that the citizens generally and Kennedy's $108 billion budget for 1964 is a tainer for the Minuteman missile.
the Members of, Congress ,are not di = 3-4-percent increase in 2 years. The Cessna story exemplifies the
vided along partisan lines when they "What we need," says one Republican, "is strength of the free enterprise system in
view with, apprehension the constant in- an adding machine on the President's desk America. It is a story of determined
crease in Governor nt spending. so he can keep track of" the cost of all the
and aggressive effort by both manage-
The Edson article follow new programs he is asking for's
The Republicans want to stop nonemer- ment and employees working together-
GOP ECONOMY pRivx gency public works and put a moratorium on Hard work and perseverance have re
(By PeferyEdson) new projects not essential to security. Gov- sulted in Cessna's prominence in the
Spearhead for the Republican drive to cut ernment construction-$7 billion in 1962 is aircraft industry.
from. $10 to $15 billion fromPresident. Ken- estimated at $9 billion for 1964 under the . Mr. Speaker, under leave to extend my
nedy's $108 billion budget for next year is Kennedy budget. remarks in the RECORD I include the fol-
Representative FRANK T. Bow, of Canton, Government civilian employment would be lowing editorial from the Evening Eagle
Ohio, and other GOP'members- of 'the House ? cut ,back by the GOP economy drive, but it & Beacon published February 25, 1963:
Appropriations Committee. is said this will not endanger national se-
Representative Bow and his group will op- curity or public welfare. The idea is to cut CESSNA's IMPORTANT MILESTONE
erate under Republican congressional lead- the planned 500,000 increase of Government Behind the announcement that Cessna
ers hut, they will seek support for their personnel from 2.5 to 2.7 million military Aircraft Co., will deliver its 50,000th air-
budget cuttfn from economy-minded Demo- and 2.3 to 5.8 million civilians by June 30, plane today is a story of remarkable achieve-
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Yet, in so doing. we also realize that it is
he who lends honor and stature to the award
by b4ctming its first recipient.
The Hungarian-born, naturalized Amer-
lean citizen ranks among the scientific giants
of our time. His aerodynamic theories are
fundamental to the air age.
As President Kennedy aptly observed in
making the award, there is "no one else who
so completely represents all areas involved
In this medal-science. engineering, and
education."
Authorized by Congress In 1959. up to 20
s11db medals a year can be granted to bestow
national honor for outstanding scientific
achievement. We are glad to am this sban-
nel for recognition begin to be used.
In selecting the much-honored aerody-
namicist as the first medalist, the President
has marked the award as one of great dis-
tinction. Future medalists, even though they
may not have the long-established fame of
a Von Karman, will know that the standard
of achievement for which they are honored
is high.
With this precedent established, the White
House now should quickly seek out others
deserving of the award whether they already
have some formal professional recognition
or not.
Vigorous yet tasteful use of the authority
to grant a number of medals each year would
do much to encourage a high level of Amer-
tcan scientific endeavor.
District of Columbia Schools and
Their Prospects
EXTENSION OF REM
HON. EDWARD P. BOLAND
OF MASSACWVSTTr9
IN THE HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES
Monday, February 11, 1963
Mr. 'BOLAND. Mr. Speaker, the sat-
urday edition of the Washington Post
editorialized on the condition.of the pub-
lic schools in the District of Columbia.
I wish to commend this editorial to the
attention of my colleagues, and ask that
It be printed in the Appendix Qf the
Racoso,
aIAMri SnsMai SKAr4Sl
Washington now has before it a full,
tdcused picture of its public schools. The
picture is presented in Superintendent Carl
Hansen's latest report: "Our Schools and
Their Prospects." It I. a picture which can
be looked at only with bitter shame and
consternation and dismay.
The report convicts this community of
callous neglect of its children. There Is not
a category in which the schools are not in-
adequate to the children's needs. The re-
port is prickly with damning statistics.
Porty percent of the elementary school
buildings In the system are nibre-than half
a century' old. Three out of four elementary
schoolchildren are in buildings taxed be-
yond their efficient capacity. There are now
2,648 students on double shifts. More than
two-thirds of the elementary students are
in classes with more than 30 students, 19.586
in classes of 85 or more. A third of the
system's teachers are temporary-that Is,
not fully qualified. Counselors, clerical
help, librarians, psychiatrists, special class-
room teachers are tragically lacking through-
out the system.
If such conditions were disclosed In any
self-governing community, the elected
school board responsible for them would be
thrown out of once at the next election. But
the school board here is not responsible
for them. Neither is the superintendent.
He has pointed time and time again to the
desperate needs of the school system. And
the school board has given him support.
The District Commissioners, It Is fair to
say, have done what little they can to help.
But the truth is they are all helpless.
The blame for the current situation must
be laid at the door of a Congress which
refused to let the District of Columbia cope
with its own problems and refuses at the
same time to deal with those problems ef-
fectively. Members of the Congress, large-
ly indifferent to District affairs, have al-
lowed the children of this community to be
despoiled and cheated-have allowed the
House District Committee to treat these
children as pawns in a wicked game designed
to prove that desegregation cannot suc-
ceed.
The evils, inequities, and inadequacies of
the District schools are breeding juvenile de-
linquency and racial strife and social de-
cay. To discuss local school problems in
terms of whether to administer corporal
punishment to the victims of these prob-
lems is to waste time on an Irrelevancy.
The schools are producing troubled chil-
dren far faster than the rod or whip can
subdue them. By withholding from children
in desperate need the healing help which-'
modern understanding of childhood could
provide, by denying to children from wretch-
edly deprived homes the kind of teaching
that could foster their native gifts, by
threatening to crush instead of assuage a
rebelliousness the children themselves can-
not understand, against conditions they had
no share in creating, by offering hostility
where only kindness can avail, Washington}
is generating its own destruction as a com-
munity.
The children in Washington's schools are
Washington's children. Washington is re-
sponsible for them. If they are delinquent,
It is the community's delinquency that has
helped to make them so. Let us stop-trying
to punish them for our sins and let us begin
instead to demand for them their birth-
right as Americans.
William Attwood, Ambassador to
Guinea
EXTENSION OF REMARKS
or
HON. JOHN V. LINDSAY
OF NFEW YORK
IN THE HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES
Monday, March 4, 1963
Mr. LINDSAY. Mr. Speaker, the
United States is fortunate in having Wil-
liam Attwood as its Ambassador to
Guinea. Guinea, part of Franch speak-
ing Africa, is a young country. It has
had its share of troubles, as any vibrant,
new nation does, but it has met those
difficulties sensibly and courageously.
The Communists early mounted a
drive in Guinea, and for awhile the new
government and the forces of modera-
tion in Guinea were in peril. But the
Soviets overplayed their hand. Their
Communist front runners unmasked
themselves and revealed that you don't
get Soviet aid without Soviet Commu-
nist rule. The Communists understi-
mated the intelligence,of the people of
Guinea, and they underestimated the
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'CONGRESSIONAL RECORlS' A1EPN15IX arch 4
ed with their business dreams even when
In the miii-1930's, when Dwane Wallace
t over owng'rhip and management, the
C a1~igg' any beg"aa Its long, uphill climb. By
World War II It ws~ ready to perform in a
or way for the-U.S. war effort, turning
t 5;402 T'-50 Bobcat twin-engine trainers
HON. JOE L. EVINS
07 TENNE$s*
Monday, March 4, 1963
ation's major aerodynamle research
portent Center of the US. Air Force.
fact, the Air Force has designated one
Tennessee.
Mr. Speaker, the Christian Science
onitor)xi a 'recent editorial has praised
. von ragman for his outstanding work
d congratulates him on his receipt of
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CONGRESSIONAL RECORD - APPENDIX
father,.a.native of Italy and one of Gari-
b~&,1cWs,first 1,000 soldiers, came to America
in ]$67,_, 1 mother, Mary, who Caine from
0,eno Italy, was an interpreter at Luzerne
Cou my Courthouse for 33 years.
Asa boy, Mr. Sordoni worked in the mines
as a mule driver. At the age of 17, he en-
listed in the U,S. Army and served as a
private in the Coast Artillery from 1904 to
1907.
In 1910, he was married and immediately
thereafter.. started in business for himself
With a ,team-, of horses borrowed from his
father, Ile worked' 12 to 16 hours a day
hauling coal, removing ashes, digging cellars,
and other =all jobs.
Shortly afterward, he became an Inde-
pendent.contractor with a small office in
Forty Fort,, After a time, he got into the
electric line construction field and later in
building construction, first as Andrew J.
Sordoni, contractor, and later as the Sordoni
Constructs= Company
In .1951, Gov. John S. Fine selected Mr.
Sordoni to ,be secretary of commerce and
he remained in that post until 1954. As
head of the department of commerce, he
was a member of. many organizations. He
served as chairman of the State planning
board, State aeronautics commission, Penn-
sylvania. Industrial and Construction Ex-
posit o, and Pennsylvania Anthracite Com-
lnittee,. Fle..wasalso a member of the State
Athletic commission In 1951.
His Interest In the rapidly growing auto-
Mob le,eage Was awakened in the early 1920's
and i4, those, early years he was a staunch
advocate of the construction of an adequate
highway system. This led to his interest in
motor club work of which he was a member
singe . 1919, and since 1924 he had been a
director of Wyoming Valley Motor Club.
He was president of the club from 1942 to
1054 and was again elgcteil president in 1956.
AssocIATION
Senator Sordoni became active in the
American Automobile Association a number
of years ago and became Its senior vice pres-
ident in 1953. He was elected president of
the American Automobile Association in
1964 and served until 1956. He was a mem-
ber of the American Automobile Association
finance and investment committee and pol-
icy resolutions committee and chairman of
its international relations committee. He
,had been a trustee of the American Auto-
mobile Association Safety Foundation since
1947.
Be was also, a member of the World Tour-
ing and Automobile Organization of London,
England; former vice president and execu-
tive committee member of Federation of
Inter-American Automobile Clubs of Buenos
Aires, Argentina, and a member of the An-
tique Automobile Club.
He became a life member of the Pennsyl-
vania Motor Federation executive committee
in 1939; was elected a director in 1940 and
.served As president from 1945 to 1954.
Ile had also been a director of Luzerne Coun-
ty Chapter, Pennsylvania Motor Truck Fed-
eration, since 29j7.
In 1951, he served as chairman of the
Pennsylvania State Cancer Crusade and the
same year was honorary chairman of the
Luzerne County Heart Fund campaign. He
also served on local and State boards of the
Crippled Children's Association..
A member of Wilkes-Barre Rotary Club
since 1920, he was its president in 1927.
During World War II, he served as chairman
of the. War Production Board for Luzerne
County.
He was trustee of the Dr. Leo Spears Chi-
ropractic Sanitarium, Denver, Colo. In May
-957, he was awarded the degree of Doctor
f Chiropractic from the National College of
hiropractic, Chicago, Ill.
He was associated with the Samuel H.
Kress Foundation of New York City, having
been a trustee since 1949, and a vice presi-
dent since 1955.
He was a director of the U.S. Independent
Telephone Association; member of Keystone
Chapter, Telephone Pioneer Association, Erie;
member of the board of governors of Penn-
sylvania Manufacturers' Association; member
of Pennsylvania Manufacturers' Association
Casualty Insurance Co., Pennsylvania Man-
ufacturers' Association Fire Insurance Co.;
past director of the State chamber of com-
merce.
He entered electric and telephone line
construction work more than 40 years ago
and did work for many of the large utilities,
He expanded into the general construction
field In 1925. Since then, his firm has be-
come known throughout the country and
his equipment can be seen throughout the
Northeastern United States.
?As Mr. Sordoni's interests broadened, so too
did the Sordoni Enterprises, which now in-
clude the Sterling Hotels System compris-
ing the Americus and Hamilton Hotels, Al-
lentown; Altamont Hotel, Hazleton; Hotel
Sterling, Wilkes-Barre; Montrose Inn, Mont-
rose, and the Arlington Hotel, Binghampton.
It also includes the Commonwealth Tele-
phone Co., Harveys Lake Light Co., Sterling
Engineering & Manufacturing Co., National
Tree Surgeons, Public Service of Pennsyl-
vania, Sterling Farms, and the Andrew J.
Sordoni Foundation. In these enterprises
he employed an average of 5,000 employees.
He obtained Commonwealth Telephone
Co. In 1928, when it had about 6,000 sub-
scribers, old worn-out manual equipment,
and an outside plant, badly in need of re-
pair and replacement. Today, Common-
wealth has more than 50,000 subscribers and
with more than 75 percent of its territory
automatic dial operation. It is the 3d
largest independent telephone company in
Pennsylvania and 30th in size of more than
5,100 independent companies in the Nation.
ELECTED TO STATE SENATE
Active in Republican politics for many
years, his first public office was as a party
Fort councilman. He served from 1912 to
1924, and was president for a time, In 1926,
he was elected senator from the 20th sena-
torial district and held that post until 1938.
A member of First Presbyterian Church,
Wilkes-Barre, Mr. Sordoni was a 33d degree
Mason. He was a member of Wyoming
Lodge 468, F. & A. M.; Dieu be-Veut Command-
,ery 45, Knights Templar; Shekinah Royal
Arch Chapter 182; Keystone Consistory;
Irem Temple, Irem Temple Country Club,
Shrine Club of Greater Wilkes-Barre, and
the Royal Order of Jesters, Binghampton.
Mr. Sordoni had been active in Harveys
Lake affairs for a long period. A director
of the Harveys Lake Protective Association
since 1925, he served eight terms as presi-
dent and he was chief of the Daniel C. Rob-
erts Fire Co. from 1925 to 1953.
FLORIDA AFFILIATION
In Florida, Mr. Sordoni took an active part
in the civic and fraternal life. His Miami
Beach memberships included: Board of gov-
ernors of Committee of 100; member of
Miami Heart Institute, trustee of Miami
Beach Taxpayers' Association; board of gov-
ernors of Surf Club, member of LaGorce
Country Club and honorary member of the
Tatem Surf Club. He was also a charter
member of the Hialeah and the Boca Raton
Hotel and Club, Boca Raton.
Bucknell University, of which he had been
a trustee since 1928, granted him a doctor of
laws degree at its 100th commencement in
1950, while Lafayette College gave him the
degree of doctor of humane letters in 1953.
He was also a member of Sigma Chi Frater-
nity at Bucknell,
Senator Sordoni served, on the board of
trustees of Wilkes College and was elected
A1141
second vice chairman of the board in 1960.
He was president of Wyoming Valley Hos-
pital from 1941 to 1954, and had been a direc-
tor from 1936 to 1954, and a trustee since
1956.
A director of the chamber of commerce
since 1918, he was president In 1922-23. He
was a member of the Committee of 100, Com-
munity Chest Board; former trustee of the
YWCA, former director of the Wyoming Val-
ley Veterans Building, Inc., and director of
Luzerne County Manufacturers' Association.
He was an honorary member of the Order
of Sons of Italy; past honorary trustee, Ital-
ian Historical Society of America; member of
Second Army Advisory Committee for Lu-
zerne County, Grand Central Art Galleries
of New York, Metropolitan Club, New York
City; Union League, Philadelphia; Pan Amer-
ican Society of the United States; Pennsyl-
vania Society, New York; TWA Ambassador
Club, United Airlines 100,000 Mile Club,
Pennsylvania Hotels Association, of which
he was a former director; Hotel Greeters of
America, Inter-American Hotel Association;
director of Pennsylvania National Horse
Show.
He was also a member of Skytop Club;
POS of A, Kingston; Legion of Honor, Wilkes-
Barre District; Franklin Club, Eagles, Elks
and Moose, all of Wilkes-Barre,
[From the Wilkes-Barre (Pa.) Times-Leader,
Feb. 27, 19631
ANDaEw SORDONI, 1887-1963
The death of Andrew J. Sordoni at his
winter home in Miami Beach today writes
finis to a life that constitutes one of the
most exciting success stories the community
has known in its long and eventful history,
although in a broader sense he will live in-
definitely through Sordoni Enterprises and
good works that will go on for generations.
As in the case of many illustrious figures, his
influence will not end . with the grave, but
will continue as a powerful force for good
and as a source of inspiration to contem-
poraries and to those who will come after
them.
The youngest of 12 children, ,this native
son of Nanticoke had no place to go but up
when he came into the world under modest
circumstances. Although he was lacking in
material things, he had two assets he prized
above all else-his mother and father. Of
them, he once said. "I owe what artistic
appreciation I have to my father; and to my
mother, I owe the determination to do that
which is right."
He idolized his mother who, for 33
years, was a court interpreter in Luzerne
County courthouse. From her teachings, his
character was molded; from her, he acquired
industry and integrity, qualities that were
to assert themselves daily in the 76 years
that were alloted to him. They were the
foundation on which he built his amazing
career as an Industrialist, philanthropist, and
public servant whose interests were Inter-
national in scope, although the principal
impact of his life was felt in greater Wilkes-
Barre, Pa., and the United States.
So many things entered into the develop-
ment of the Andrew Sordoni we knew in
the past quarter century that it is not pos-
sible to enumerate them all. Perhaps next
to his parents, his wife, and close associates,
one of the most important factors was a
tour of duty with the Army for 3 years. It
was there he learned the lessons of discipline
and leadership that were to play so im-
portant a role in all his activities. The
dynamic personality that emerged from
the Armed Forces in 1907 was of incalculable
value in the ensuing half century.
An organizer and builder, he always shared
credit for his success with others.
"It has been the friendships, accomplish-
ments, and comradeship, in whatever we
have attempted to do together, that mean
so much more to me than any other measure
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91,
A1142
CONGRESSIONAL RECORD - APPENDIX
of success," he once told associates. "Men
and woman. such as you, are the nucleus of
organizations and by your example have
shown the way others might follow In our
footsteps' Any success that we may claim,
we've achieved together. That Is what has
made It Mt the more worth while.-
. another occasion. he observed: "A man
I. known by the company he keeps and a
companyt by the men it keeps. To me, an
ounce of loyalty is worth a pound of
clevernets."
Another of the stimulating observations
that provided a key to his character was.
"My mind is so clear because I change it
often. You know, if you have a dollar, and
I have `a dollar, and we exchange dollars,
we still each have a dollar. But, if you
have an idea, and I have an idea,, and we
exchange ideas, we each have two Ideas."
Andrew Sordoni never forgot has friends,
especially those who gave him a helping
hand. His appreciation found expression
In many ways, especially In the Sordoni
Foundation, one of his pet enterprises; in
the State senate and in the cabinet of Gov-
ernor Fine as secretary of commerce; in his
art collection which he sh-ired with the
public at Hotel Sterling; and in a multitude
of extra curricular activities like the Motor
Club, the Wyoming Vsliey Hospital, and the
organizations in which he played a leading
role. '
The' honors that carne to him, like doc-
torates from colleges, the 33d degree from
the Masons, and the Brotherhood Award
this thonth, among scores of others, he took
in stride, accepting them not so much as
recognition but as a challenge.
Bu why go on? Andrew Sordoni is gone
and is community and his country mourn
a distinguished son and valiant spirit who
left the world a better place than he found
it o a February 11, 1887, when he was born.
senator's reaction to it all was
ed up in these words in commenting on
on the occasion of his 711th birthday an-
niversary: "Where, oh where, but in America
could this have happened? Most wonder-
ful is our heritage. I am most grateful."
t
(From the Wilkes-Barre (Pa.) Record,
Feb. 28, 19531
MARK OF A MAN-ANDatw J. SORDONI
gt4hed citizens who received the Wyoming
P ey Brotherhood Raundtable Award.
usable to attend under his physician's
arqm, be Bent a note from Florida to his
sdilJack, '!ho represented him at the dinner.
7Tell thelh, ` he wrote, "that this is one of
the highest bonora ever bestowed me, because
it comes from My friends; and in honoring
mi, they honor my mother and my father."
en he was singled out at home for distinc-
n.
In 049, Wilkes-Barre Rotary Club, in nam-
ng him `Citizen of the Year, presented a
In civic, community. State. and national or-
ganisations, a farmer of distinction with
thousands of acres of one of this Nation's
most progressive dairy farms, Andrew Sor-
doni, above all else, marvelously exemplifies
the freedom and opportunity a man is given
in this great country of ours."
From humble beginnings to the pinnacle
of success as founder of extensive enterprises
employing upwards of 5,000 persons, Senator
Sordoni remained a human and warm person
because as a boy he knew what It was to work
long hours for very little but the necessities
of life.
He was born in Nanticoke. the youngest of
12 children. His father, Nicholas, a native
of Italy, came from a wealthy old family In
Venice. Of his mother. Mary, a remarkable
and astute woman, the Senator often re-
marked that her early teachings provided the
guiding principles which molded his entire
life.
While his senatorship and later, his ap-
pointment as secretary of commerce under
Governor Fine, highlighted his political ca-
reer, foremost among his Interests had been
his deep Interest and enthusiastic work on
behalf of motorists. This began, as a local
pundit once put it, "from time time in his
youth when he'd arouse his neighbors in
Forty Fort with the roar of his one-cylinder
motorcycle as he'd leave for work shortly
after daybreak."
Over the years, he served as president of
the Wyoming Valley Motor Club and for 8
years of the State body, the Pennsylvania
Motor Federation, culminating, in 1955-58,
with his ascension as president of the 5-
mlllion-member American Automobile As-
sociation, which duties carried him on tours
of major countries of the world.
Still another side of Senator Sordoni was
represented by the Sordoni Foundation,
which he established for charitable and edu-
cational purposes, and through this has
flowed many of his philanthropies, modestly.
without public notice.
One of the highlights of his career came
with the celebration of the golden anniver-
sary of Sordoni Enterprises, when he stated
to his employees: "Our strength. the strength
of many, is only as strong as each of us Indi-
vidually. As Americans, opportunities are
ours in abundance, yet the very freedom that
makes it so is our sacred trust. You and I
are heavy investors in the fast-changing
times. We can keep pace only It we are aware
of and squarely meet our responsibilities. I
feel a great pride in having a set of standards
that have weathered a half century and have
not been found wanting."
Thus again, in his own words, Senator Sor-
doni put forth his philosophy of life-a phi-
losophy marked by ambition. Integrity, loy-
alty, and a driving energy which composed
the mold of this man's stature.
Quarantine Legality
EXTENSION OF REMARKS
HON. JOHN V. LINDSAY
or NEW TORE
TN THE HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES
Monday, March 4, 1983
Mr. LINDSAY. Mr. Speaker, Eustace
Seligman, Esq., is a distinguished In-
ternational lawyer, a member of the New
York law firm of Sullivan & Cromwell,
and a constituent of mine who I am very
proud to represent In Congress. Mr.
Seligman has written a most interesting
article on "The Legality of U.B. Quaran-
tine Action in Cuba." which appears In
March 4
the most recent Issue of the American
Bar Association Journal. His analysis is
a clear statement of why the U.S. action
was consistent both with the United Na-
tion's Charter and with established prin-
ciples of international law.
Mr. Seligman's article will be of great
interest to my colleagues in the Con-
gress, and I include It herewith:
T z LzoAtrrr or U.S. QVARAH'ITNE Acriore
UNDEa THE UNITED NATioNs CHARTER
(By Eustace Seligman)
The question of whether the quarantine
action taken by the United States was or
was not a violation of its obligations under
the U.N. _Charter is one of great importance,
and not merely to lawyers. We profess to
believe in sanctity of obligations, we demand
that of other nations, and yet we hear It
frequently stated in connection with the
Cuban quarantine that, since our national
security was involved, we could not be de-
terred by legal niceties.
Was our action in imposing the quarantine
of this nature in violation of our written
word? It is believed not, for the reasons
hereinafter set forth.
ARTICLE 2(4) or THE CHARTER
The basic restriction on the use of force
In the U.N. Charter Is article 2(4). The
article does not expressly prohibit all use
of force-but only force of specific kinds. It
reads as follows:
All members sball refrain in their interna-
tional relations from the threat or use of
force against the territorial Integrity or po-
litical independence of any state, or in any
other manner Inconsistent with the purposes
of the United Nations.
In order for a use of force to come within
the prohibition of article 2(4) It must be
of a kind enumerated unless the enumera-
tion is to be deemed surplusage and Ignored,
which would appear to be unjustified by any
sound rule of construction.
As is stated in Bowett, "Self-Defense in In-
ternational Law," 1958, at page 151:
"This, In effect, was the construction which
the United Kingdom agent, Sir Eric Beckett,
sought to place on the article in contending
before the International Court of Justice in
the Corfu Channel case that `Operation Re-
tail: the subsequent minesweeping operation,
was not contrary to Article 2(4). He said:
"'But our action on the 12th/13th Novem-
ber threatened neither the territorial integ-
rity nor the political independence of Al-
bania. Albania suffered thereby neither ter-
ritorial loss nor any part of its political In-
dependence.'
"As previously Indicated, the finding of the
Court, against the United Kingdom on this
point, made no specific reference either to
this argument or indeed to article 2(4)."
Writers on international law have ex-
pressed conflicting views on the question.
However, Bowett, after weighing them, con-
cludes at page 152:
"Despite these reasons it is submitted that,
the phrase having been included, it must
be given its plain meaning. Moreover, to
give it Its plain meaning coincides with the
limitations on the obligation of noninterven-
tion which traditional international law rec-
ognizes."
Unless article 2(4) is construed to prevent
all use of force, it is difficult to conceive of
any use of force which would be more clearly
excluded from the scope of article 2(4) than
a quarantine to prevent the Introduction of
offensive weapons. The quarantine was not
a use of force-
(a) Against the territorial integrity of
Cuba, or
(b) Against the political independence of.
Cuba, or
(c) In any other manner inconsistent wits
the purposes of the United Nations--c
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to maintain peace and security-the o?bjec- purpose was of secretly building up nuclear this action Is justifiable in our opinion is
tive of the quarantine, offensive weapons In Cuba, located so as to Westlake.
It would, therefore, appear that under the, be able to bypass our DEW line radar detec- Two other arguments should be considered
sound construction of article 2(4) which tive network? Was another Pearl Harbor in connection with our reliance on self-
has heretofore been advocated by Britain, planned? Or was it intended once the in- defense. First, it has been urged that the
the U.S, quarantine did not violate Its obli- stallation was completed to deliver to us an Russian-Cuban action was not a threat of
gations under the U.N. Charter. , uti}natum. to withdraw from '.West Berlin, the use of force, but itself justified by self-
8 -DEFENSE Europe, Turkey or elsewhere? Surely the defence of Cuba to prevent a U.S. invasion.
Even if article 2(4) could be construed to possibility of this was sufficiently great so This contention Is clearly fictitious. The
Include In its prohibition the use of force as to justify our taking immediate action to Castro regime has been in power for almost
involved in a quarantine, it is well regog- remove the danger. 4 years and yet no attempt has been made
Hued that it cannot properly be construed Furthermore, the limited nature of the by U.S. forces to invade the island. On
to prohibit a quarantine or any other use of U.S. reaction confirms that it was defensive several occasions Cuba has appealed to the
force, if carried out in self-defense, only and solely designed to eliminate the Security Council to ask protection against
This question is full discussed in Bowett, threat to its security caused by the introduc- a threatened invasion, but has never been
in the work cited, who concludes at page tion of the offensive weapons. Consequently, able to adduce and evidence in support of
186: the quarantine was not an act of aggression its claim. Finally, proof conclusive of its
"For these reasons we would pt intain that prohibited by the obligations we have en- falsity was furnished When at the time of
the obligation assumed Wider article 2(4) is tered into when we signed the U.N. Charter. the landing at the Bay of Pigs by the re-
in no way inconsistent with the right of self- One of the problems raised by the claim of turning Cubans we refused to give them the
defense recognized in international law." self-defense is the difficulty of deciding assistance of our Air Force which they
However, the use of the words "armed when it is false and when legitimate. The desired.
attack" in article 51 of the charter raises justification of anticipatory self-defense has Second, it has been suggested that if the
a further question as to whether the charter frequently been falsely advanced-as in the position of the United, States is sound, it
as a Whole should, be construed to forbid case of Hitler's claim in September 1999 that follows that the action which the United
"anticipatory" self-defense-that is, action Germany had been attacked by Polish States took in establishing a base in Turkey
prior to an actual armed attack. Article 51 troops. This, however, is no reason for was similarly a threat to. the peace in viola-
reads' as follows: denying reliance upon it when it is in fact tion of the charter.
"Nothing In the present charter shall ,im- justified. This suggestion is without merit for the
pair the inherent right of individual or col- The United Nations Charter has en- following reasons:
lective self-defense if an armed attack oc- deavored to solve this problem by recogniz- The action we took In Turkey was not
curs against a member of the United Nations, ing the necessity of an immediate unilateral the initiating action of an aggressive nature,
until the Security Council has taken the decision by a threatened state of when and but our response to the prior aggressive steps
measures necessary to maintain international how to react, but under article 51 requires taken by Russia in Its expansionist program,
peace and security," it to report immediately to the Security and was of a defensive nature. As has been
There is a full discussion of this question Council the action taken. This is clearly well stated by Mr. Frank Altschul, vice
also in Bowett, who concludes at page 191: set forth in Oppenheim's International president of the Council on Foreign Rela-
"It is not believed, therefore, that article Law, eighth edition, 1957, edited by Lauter- tions, in a letter to the New York Times of
51 restricts the traditional right of self- pacht, volume 1, at page 299: October 29, 1962:
defense so as to exclude action taken against "The reason of the thing, of course, makes "There are few things less in keeping with
an imminent danger but before an armed at- it necessary for every state to judge for it- our national tradition or desires than to
tack occurs. In oux.view such arestriction is self, in the first instance, whether a case of have, in time of peace, armed forces of the
both unnecessary and inconsistent with arti- necessity in self-defense has arisen. But, United States stationed far from home at dis-
cle 2(4) which forbids not only force but unless the notion of self-preservation is to tant points around the globe. Yet we have
the threat of force, and, furthermore, it is be eliminated as a legal conception, or unless felt obliged to break with tradition and pref-
a restriction Which bears no relation to the it is used as a cloak for concealing deliberate erence in response to Soviet conduct, which
realities of a situation which may arise prior breaches of the law, it is obvious that the has, ever since the fall of Czechoslovakia, in
to an actual attack and call for self-defense question of the legality of action taken in and out of the United Nations carried the
immediately if It is to be of any avail at all. self-preservation is suitable' for determina- conviction that the Soviet Union has in no
No state can be expected to await an.initial tion and must ultimately be determined by sense placed limits on its well-advertised de-
attack which In. the present state of arma- a judicial authority or by a political body, termination to spread its dominion to the
ments, may well destroy the state's capacity like the Security Council of the United Na- farthest corners of the earth.
for further resistance and so jeopardize its tions, acting in a judicial capacity. The "Our bases, accordingly, represented an im-
very existence." charter lays down expressly that measures portant, If by no means the only, contribu-
The traditional right of self-defense which taken in the exercise of the right of self- tion we have made to the defense of the non-
it is believed was preserved by the charter defense must be immediately reported to the Soviet world against the overweening ambi-
has been described by Westlake, Interna- Security Council." tions.of the Kremlin.
tional Law, second edition 1910, part I, page This obligation to report to the Security "The Soviet missile base in Cuba, on the
312, as follows: Council was complied with by the United ? other hand, is of quite a different character.
"A state may, defend itself, by preventive States. 'Our history,' as Mr. Kennedy said in his
means if in its conscientious judgment nec- Oppenheim (op. cit. p. 299) gives the fol- eloquent address, 'unlike the Soviet's since
essary, against attack by another state, threat lowing example of the exercise of the right the end of World War II, demonstrates we
of attack, or preparations or other conduct of anticipatory self-defense, of a far more have no desire to conquer or dominate any
from which an intention to attack may extreme nature than the quarantine: other nation or impose our system on its
reasonably be apprehended. In so doing it "After the peace of Tilsit of 1807, the people.'
will be acting In a manner intrinsically de-, British Government was cognizant of a se- "The masters of the Kremlin know as well
fensive even though externally aggressive." cret article of this treaty, according to which as we do that the missile base, so furtively
From this it follows that the legality of Denmark should, in certain circumstances, under construction in Cuba, cannot possibly
the quarantine depends upon whether it was be coerced into declaring war against Great be regarded as essential either to the defense
an act of genuine self-defense even though Britain, and France should be enabled to of the Soviet Union or Cuba. Located close
anticipatory, or in fact an unprovoked act seize the Danish fleet so as to make use of it to our shores, It Is purely aggressive in nature
of aggression. The answer to this is clear: against Great Britain. As Denmark was not and furnishes evidence that the Soviet Union
The conveying to Cuba by the Sino-Soviet capable of defending herself against an at- still regards the threat of a nuclear holo-
powers of offensive weapons was the initiat- tack of the French Army in North Germany caust as a useful instrument for advancing
ing cause which led to the V.S. reaction and under Bernadotte and Davoust, who had Soviet objectives."
'was a threat to U.S. security. The unpro- orders to invade Denmark, the British Gov- THE ACTION OF THE O.A.S.
voked and unjustified secret installation of ernment requested Denmark to deliver up It has been suggested by our State Depart-
offensive nuclear weapons in an area pre- her fleet to the custody of Great Britain, ment that there is a different legal basis
viously free from them and close to another and promised to restore it' after the war. for the quarantine in the resolution adopted
state,. creates a threat to such other state Denmark, however, refused to comply with on October 23, 1962, by the Council of the
justifying under the right of self-defense the the British demands; Whereupon the British O.A.S. authorizing action which would In-
use of force In order to cause their removal. considered that a case of necessity in self- elude and go beyond the quarantine. The
Applying the test laid down by Westlake defense had arisen, shelled Copenhagen, and argument advanced is that the charter specif-
quoted above, the installation of such weap- seized the Danish fleet." ically recognizes regional organizations and
ons under all the attendants, circumstances, Ina footnote Lauterpacht states that: assigns to them an important place in carry-
including Castro's, threats against Guan- "The action of Great Britain In this case, ing out the purposes of the United Nations
tanamo and various Latin American coun- while condemned by most continental writ- in that article 52(1) states that-
tries, was conduct "from which an intention ers, is approved by many British and Ameri- "Nothing in the present charter precludes
to attack may reasonably be apprehended." can writers." the exi
t
nc
f
s
e
e o
regional arrangements or
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very directly reflective of public sentiment, of Communist activities throughout the Na- try or Its citizens are to have any self-respect
thus demonstrates more than ever, the tion than existed 10 years ago. We are dis- left. Nothing is perhaps accomplished by de-
apathy, indifference, and lack of understand- tressed by the apathy, the complacency, the scriptive adjectives, but your committee is
ing that besets America in this field. With- indifference, and even the blindness of too beginning to wonder whether the world
oUt.doubt, eclipsing all other nonpolitical many comfortably situated Americans who thinks we are afraid to stand up for what
issues either domestic or international, the hear Khrushchev in Austria claim that the we believe in.
paramount problem of this time is whether Communist Party line has eliminated force To put off dealing firmly with a situation
communism and capitalism can live in one and violence but remain uneasily aware of outright Soviet military aid to the Castro
world inpeaceful coexistence or are destined that throughout history every Communist government in Cuba is to mortgage the fu-
to clash in the death throes of hydrogen leader since Karl Marx has said that war be- ture day when a much worse problem is pre-
warfare. Tactical maneuvering by the Com- tween communism and capitalism is in- sented with Panama. In terms of the in-
munists has wkrmed the cold war as this re- evitable. Your.committee is strongly of the ternal security of the United States-not
port is written, to a point where it is seri- view that the internal security of each State Solely of the State of Florida-At is simply
ously urged that he United States maintain would be materially improved by procedures intolerable that we should permit the Ion-
a 24-airborne, hydrogen and atomic bomb designed to enable each State government to struction of missile launclyi`ng bases, land-
equipped air alert against the possibility of be kept advised of the nature and extent of ing fields, or Russian submarine bases 90
surprise Communist attack. Hhrushehev's the operations of Communists In that State. miles off the American oast even if it takes
treatment of the Preei~ nt of the United For_ such purposes the use of the subpena force to prevent it. a same principle ap-
States at the recent ampted Summit power through legislative investigation Is in
plies to the unlaw i thefts and diii
s
r
-
-
c
conference has beyond question materially
in dispensable. In this view the committee is nations by the Cstro government against
increased world tensions but t, of value in aware of the fact that Communist Party Americans in ba. The impetus to this
revealing the real, Communist attitude to- members have not carried cards for more new aggressio is undeniable. How can any
ward this Nation, than a decade. It also knows that many of American by safe in any Caribbean travel if
d
ork fo
d
-
-'_
6C, __,,..,...-.y .
an
in behalf o
-a
ternational factors, This is for the mason the mmunist Party and Communist-front For ny years the unpleasant moment
that communism is international in soqpe organizations have never assayed member- whi~~~II is now upon us has been foreseeably
and purpose and seeks the destruction of atl ship for reasons obvious. Your committee predictable from American policies which
free nations everywhere in the world by _ continues to be of the abiding conviction have deferred the day of reckoning by
force and violence if other means fall, This that every Communist in the United States Continued appeasement of Communist
objective with regard to the United States is a potential security risk and that Stat ` aggression.
has never been clearer than in the propa- and Federal policy should not fail to tJust as surely as this Nation misled Brft-
ganda of hatred toward the United States
due cognizance this fact. ` and France into believing that the
that is daily taught the of the Soviet ct. n d
The relationship of the foregoing the might with our sanction use farce to defend
Union and its satellites and by devious internal security of each State is clear. In their interests against Nasser's taking of
means is spread among the youth of other this time no attorney general on ifehali of the Suez Canal, and misled the Hungarian
lands to inflame them against the American any. State can disregard within/his State, into believing if they
people ng we would help and warmongers. That such Communist operations whatev r they ma would rise up and rid themselves of com
y efforts can be successful has be. As attorneys and membe~'ri's of the bar munism'e yoke, it is a certainty that we
been proven last month in Japan. That it sworn to uphold the Constitution of State would use force to prevent the taking over
continues unabated is re
orted daily at in-
p
and Nation, it is our fundamental moral and
telligence levels within the U.S. Department legal responsibility to e`icert ever lawful
of State, particularly in reference to Latin y
America and Mexico. means to keep apprised" ,f the machinations
How much of the same pernicious propa- of those who would estroy our Constitu-
ganda is being distributed to. young and tion, our system, an our way of life.
old in this country is hard to know. The Your committee r cognizes that -l no amount
nufnber of Communist-front groups and of fixed doctrine,/nor Maginot-line-type of
or
niz
io
i
fllt
ga
es"
ns
n
a d Ny .,..omm inista la necessary to
reported by Federal committees to be sub-
of eommunis
a}a each h
i - i
av
t p
li}a st mission reflecting the
Communist Party line of the moment. How defeated t orld war or there will be i the
far such propaganda separately or cumula- left in t world but chaos and destruction.
--A Thereto e. with conflden- in the
llluocllce ~uati ins nay will soon
generally is impossible to assess. It is indis- me when the 'Courts will affirm in indis-
p table however that as thin .....
rt ,..
i~.
o
wr
that
ten there has been a recent noticeable re- tthhose ose wh ho claim 1"lle the uage the
priceless principle benefits of
o claim of Communist activity both ope American citizenship and the protection of
and secret throughout the entire Uni its laws owe to their State and Nation both
States. That this was predictable was s ted moral and legal res
,b:,,._ - ,
pons
to th
association in Sun Valle in June 19 The a ""a"" `s
e a`~hat the
3' our people, your committee reports that the
suggestion from sources that sho d know internal security of the Nation is under con-
better that Communist activity in is coup- tinuin
Comm
i
t
t
g
un
s
s
ress which is being par-
try is some kind of lawful polit cal activity tially met by active State and Federal
Haan.. "4 +ha
United States.
We should all be gr
Supreme Court in
States, 260 U.S. 109
spoken activity might be effectively waged by-State yagen-
throughout the ties, and to the extent that each member
of this association in his State can assist in
this direction, he is respectfully urged to do
so.
Most Americans are concerned by the de-
velopments in Cuba as well as In other less
easily recognized locations in this hemisphere
indicating intentional aggressive Communist
penetration of what has always been here-
tofore considered a place of primary concern
and control of the United States. It is
shocking to see American properties and
American citizens and companies pushed
around and discriminated against by the
Castro government while we stand by and
just watch. Economic sanctions in such
circumstances are not enough if this coun-
manian Government become too friendly
with the Soviet Union, accept its aid and
military supplies as Egypt has done, and
attempt to seize it.
We should meet the Cuban aggression now.
Latin America and the entire Caribbean are
watching.
The conclusion is inescapable that the
tfnited States must be ready to risk war to
keep hostile Communist military establish-
ments out of this hemisphere. The heavy
logistical burden of maintaining effective
military defensive action in Indochina and
other places in the Far East is not present
with respect to operations in this hemi-
sphere. Those who claim that if we can arm
bases in Turkey the Communists have the
right to do so in Cuba, are Intellectually
dishonest, for the mission, objective, and
spiritual dedication of the American people
as well as American policy is neither imperi-
alist nor'eggressive toward any other nation
in the world, whereas Soviet communism
aims at ufSlawful world domination and
individual slavery by aggression and vio-
lence all over the world.
Neither In terns of international law nor
in the field of propaganda is there merit
to any charge that by acting to prevent
such military prepfations by a foreign
enemy power in this'.., hemisphere, we are
imperialists. As Americans the United
States seeks nothing other than a world in
which freedom and equal justice under law
will stand some reasonable, assurance of
continuing in peace. Such a position, prop-
erly explained to the peoples o the world,
is all the moral sanction we need. If the
Communists can get away with what Is go-
ing on in Cuba in plain view, we stand (and
deserve) to lose not only the respect but in
all probability the support, of a great ma-
jority of the countries of Latin America.
No thorough contemporary assessment of
our Internal security in this time should
fail to appraise the intrinsic will of the
American people to fight to preserve the
American way of life. Such an appraisal
does not, lend to optimism for the future
ence to the Comp i'nist Party has now said
that those who weuj 1 claim that it was "just
an ordinary political party from the stand-
point of national security, is to ask this
Court to blind itself to world affairs. which
-have determined, the Whole course of our
national policy since the close of World War
II-and to the vast burdens which these
conditions have entailed for the entire .
Nation,"
Your committee believes that there is even
more pressing present need to keep abreast
No. 33-3
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CONGRESSIONAL RECORD - HOUSE
Panama Canal. We have treaties with
Panama-the Hay-Bunau-Varilla Con-
vention of . 1903-and with Great
Britain-the Hay-Pauncefote Treaty of
1901-to mention two. However, if,
after study, it is considered desirable to
deny the use of the canal to vessels
trading with Cuba, there are ways to do
it. If it is impossible under existing
agreements, these agreements can be,
revised, as they have been before. . We
can ask the cooperation of the Organi-
zation of American States. We can
consider extending our right to deny the
use,of U.S. ports to include those ports
at either end of, the canal., We can
consider the possibility of, liberally in-
terpreting these treaties of the early
1900's to permit such action in view. of
the cold war of 1963,
Regrettably, we have lost much of the
advantage we held some months ago.
To wait further could result, within a
matter, of months, in having communism
firmly established on the continent of
South America. We cannot afford four
or five South Vietnams in this., hemi-
sphere. I urge prompt consideration of
this resolution in the House,
Mr. Speaker, I ask unanimous consent
to revise and extend my remarks and to
include in the RECORD at the conclusion
of my remarks a column from the Chi-
cago Sun-Times of March 1, discussing
Communist trade through the canal, and
an editorial from the Chicago's Ameri-
can of February 25, concerning the re-
cent OAS report urging the individual
member nations to invoke the 1948 Rio
Treaty for their mutual defense against
Communist Cuba. also refer the
Members of the
j~o_ll,~g to the recent tes-
mon
ti
of CIA Chief John McCone be-
ore n Affairs omm ee or a
lemof Communist subversion in South
America:
[From the Chicago (Ill.) Chicago's Ameri-
can, Feb. 25, 19631
WARNING TO T= OAS
A rgport just made public by the Organ-
ization of American States soberly warns
that individual member nations can no
longer defend themselves adequately
against the threat of Communist Cuba, and
urges them to invoke the 1948 Rio treaty
for mutual defense.
The report was submitted by a special
7-man study group and is "advisory," mean-
ing that it doesn't have official OAS ap-
proval. Getting it adopted will involve
many a wrangle, since some of its recom-
mendations-for instance, breaking off all
`hemisphere relations with the Castro gov-
ernment-are still regarded as controversial
by some member states. But the United
States and other governments aware of the
danger should press hard for approval; there
isn't much time to spare.
What has been revealed. of the, report is
restrained and factual, and does not indulge
in nightmares. It points out that Castro
and the Soviets have developed in Cuba a
"political-military aparatus" which is ex-
pressly designed to get around the haphaz-
ard security measures now in force. Against
the Communists' highly engineered tech-
niques of subversion and agitation, the
hemisphere's defenses aren't much beyond
what they were in 1948, and are simply not
adequate for the job.
One sorely needed element, the report
said, is coordination of intelligence and
counterespionage work among the hemi-
sphere's free nations. Without that, they
won't have the means to plan and carry
out joint action. The report also called for
organizing, equipping, and training secu-
rity forces of the American republics to
counter subversion and guerilla activity
directed from Cuba.
This does not mean that the United
States should rely wholly on cooperative ac-
tion against Cuba. As Defense Secretary
McNamara said last week in testifying be-
fore the Senate Armed Services Committee,
it is United States policy to eliminate Cas-
trosim and communism from Cuba, and
that's a job that will have to be handled
principally by this country.
But the United States cannot police the
rest of the hemisphere against subversion
and guerrilla attacks. That will be up to
the governments involved-and they'd bet-
ter get together fast on ways to do it.
[From the Chicago (Ill.) Sun-Times, Mar.
1, 19631
How REDS USE PANAMA CANAL
(By Milburn P. Akers)
Red China and Soviet Russia are making
very good use of the Panama Canal in efforts
to bulwark Fidel Castro's regime in Cuba.
The 1962 report of the board of directors
of the Panama Canal Co. contains, on page
cargo moving to Red China and Russia.
Cargo movements to Red China totaled 877
-
,
000 long tons for an increase of 600 percent
and' movements to Russia totaled 344,000
long tons for an increase of 48 percent.
Sugar movements from Cuba accounted for
the vast majority of this combined tonnage.
In the return flow of cargo, Red China and
Russia shipped 52,000 tons of cargo to Cuba."
U4doubtedly, Nikita Khrushchev, Mao Tse-
tung and Castro fully appreciate the use of
this American-built and American-operated
facility which helps them to carry out their
Caribbean designs without the necessity for
the long and expensive sea voyage around
South America. The fact that the Panama
Canal Co., which operates the canal for its
owners, the taxpayers of the United States,
spent $16,100,000 to improve the canal in
1962 probably causes them to rejoice also.
Ships which transit the canal are required
to pay for its use. Such payments are, no
doubt, a bit of a load on the Cuban economy.
But now that the traffic has been called to
Washington's attention efforts will no ;doubt
be made to remit the tolls on these ship-
ments. Such action would be in line with
the solicitous manner in which U.S. policy
in respect to Castro's Cuba is currently con-
ducted.
Why the United States should permit use
of its facilitiels to undermine its position in
the Caribbean is difficult to comprehend.
The statement that we are obligated by
treaty and international law to permit transit
of the canal by the ships of all nations is
not a sufficient answer.
The United States doesn't recognize Red
China. Treaties and international laws and
practices which may be binding upon the
United States insofar as other nations are
concerned are not applicable to Red China.
The United States has broken diplomatic
relations with Cuba. There may be a tech-
nical distinction between nonrecognition
and the current status of United States-
Cuban relations. That point is moot. If,
however, the United States has the right to
deny use of American ports to foreign ships
engaged in the Cuban traffic, a right it has
asserted, it can find ample legal grounds on
which to deny use of the Panama Canal and
its facilities, including the harbors, to the
ships engaged in this particular traffic.
The ships engaged in the Sino-Soviet-
Cuban traffic fly many flags. Those three
Communist countries have relatively small
merchant marines. Much of the traffic is
carried in Greek, British, Norwegian, Leba-
nese, Japanese, Polish and Yugoslav bottoms.
These also should be forbidden use of the
canal's facilities for this particular traffic.
If the American Government doesn't in-
tend to employ every economic tool it has to
bring about Castro's downfall it `shouldn't
announce such policies; halfway measures,
such as it now engages in, are worse than
none at all.
Since the ending of World War II Panama
Canal traffic has increased 212 percent. In
1962 canal shipments between Red China
and Cuba increased 600 percent over 1961.
This huge increase gives some measure of the
use to which this American-built, American-
operated facility is being employed to thwart
American policy in respect to Castro's Cuba.
The United States stopped buying Cuban
sugar for the sole purpose of wrecking that
island's economy and, in so doing, bringing
about Castro's downfall. To prevent that
downfall, Red China and Soviet Russia
have been taking huge amounts of Cuban
sugar in barter deals. As noted in the 1962
report of the Panama Canal Co., sugar ship-
ments from Cuba to Red China and Soviet
Russia "accounted for the vast majority of
this (increase) combined tonnage."
This is but another example of the fact
that the United States, as a consequence of
inept policies and implementation, does
more to defeat itself than all the Communist
nations combined.
RESOLUTION TO PREVENT U.S. CON-
TRIBUTIONS TO UNITED NATIONS
FROl\' , BEING USED FOR ASSIST-
ANCE TO CUB1,
(Mr. MONTOYA asked and was given
permission to address the House for 1
minute and to revise and extend his re-
marks.)
Mr. MONTOYA. Mr. Speaker, I have
today submitted a resolution to the Con-
gress to prevent U.S. contributions to the
United Nations from being used for as-
sistance to Cuba. The resolution pro-
vides that if the United Nations ex-
panded program of technical assistance
or the United Nations Special Fund here-
after provides any assistance, directly or
indirectly, to Cuba, then the maximum
U.S. contribution which may be made to
that program or Fund, as the case may
be, for the next calendar year shall be
reduced by the amount spent by such
program or Fund in providing such as-
sistance to Cuba.
The recent decision by the U.N. Di-
rectorate to extend $1,157,600 from the
United Nations Special Fund for a 5-
year project intended to diversify Cuban
agriculture reveals the need for such a
joint congressional resolution. U.S. offi-
cials strongly opposed the project, which
was first considered in May, 1961, when
it came up again before the Special Fund
several weeks ago. It was argued that
the likelihood of success for such a proj-
ect was considerably less than when the
project was first approved because of the
increasing chaos, in fact the uttter dis-
organization, of Cuban agriculture caused
by Castro's follies. It was pointed out
that some of Cuba's best agricultural ex-
perts had fled the country, that food pro-
duction was in trouble, in short, that
Castro's dictatorial hand and his inept
policies were reflected throughout the
agricultural sector. Foreign agents-
Soviet agricultural experts-were replac-
ing native technicians, And yet, the
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Special Fund was not convinced by these
arguments. The old contention that the
extension of assistance must be decided
on the basis of project feasibility alone-
and that political considerations must
play no part-was once again dragged out
In support of the United Nations action.
But do not these facts-the disorganiza-
tion of Cuban agriculture, the inept agri-
cultural policies of the Castro govern-
ment, the presence of large numbers of
Soviet agents-challenge the feasibility
of the United Nations scheme?
Furthermore, Castro has not been
noted for his cooperation with the
United Nations in the past. He blocked
the recent United States-Soviet negotia-
tions on the crisis caused by the Soviet
military buildup In Cuba at every point.
He refused to allow United Nations in-
spectors on Cuban soil to verify the re-
moval of Soviet offensive weapons.
When Secretary General U Thant at-
tealpted to mediate in the crisis. Castro
adamantly denied him every point. He
alleged that Soviet bombers belonged to
Cuba and could not be withdrawn with-
out his consent. In short, Castro has
failed to cooperate with the United Na-
tions in political settlements in the past.
Why should he now be granted Special
Fund assistance? What guafbntee is
there that once United Nations experts
arrive, Castro will aid their efforts?
What about the Soviet agricultural ex-
perts? Will they and the U.N. teehni-
,eians work hand in hand? The answers
to these questions are vital to the feasi-
bility of the project. The question
marks are surely numerous enough to
have made the Directorate think twice
and then a third time before extending
,
g
wor
o
assistance to Castro. not to maintaining international peace and again stated we are pursuing with
Granted, these questions also Involve and security but to deterring interna- regard to Cuba. The U.S. Congress can-
political considerations, but political tional peace and security? not allow the United Nations to take over
considerations of a sort which must be Even more basic than these questions the function of formulating U.S. foreign
taken into account, I contend, In decid- insofar as the U.S. Congress is concerned policy.
ing upon any United Nations activity. is the relationship between the United We feel too that it was impolitic of
The Special Fund criteria for determin- States and the United Nations, for it is the United Nations to overlook the fact
ing what projects may be approved deny in this area that the Congress can make that the United States is contributing
inclusion of political considerations. itself heard. If the United Nations will over 40 percent of the total contributions
But what is meant by political considera- not listen to the dictates of reason and to the Special Fund for the year 1963,
bons-the attempt of any one govern- justice, if it will not exert some sense some $28 million. While it may be true
.Meat or group of governments to influ- of discrimination between a foolish and that the basis of the United Nations is
ante a decision on the basis of its own, a wise course of action. if it will not ac- the equality of member states as re-
or their own, self-interest rather than in rcpt its responsibility as an organization fleeted in the one-state one-vote General
terms of the usefulness of the project to dedicated to the collective security of the Assembly, only too often the equality
the country concerned and Its chances world and the betterment of man's lot, factor is overemphasized and it is for-
for success? in the case of U.N. assist- the U.S. Congress can do nothing. It gotten that the great powers were given
ance to Cuba there are political consid- can only point out insufficiencies: it can a preferred position in the world orga-
erations of a different sort-political only hope that wiser counsels will prevail nization. The permanent member veto
considerations which touch upon not the in the future. in the Security Council acknowledged
relations of individual states with Cuba. But as one of the branches of govern- that the powers had a special responsi-
but the relationship of international or- went engaged in the formulation of U.S. bility and that therefore they ought to
ganizations, the Organization of Amer- foreign policy. Congress has the right, have a special privilege in the United
lean States, and the United Nations itself. and the duty, to make its will felt in the Nations. Should not some form of rec-
In the eyes of all Latin America Cas- area of relations between the United cognition be given to the fact that the
tro is an outlaw in the Western Hemi- States and the United Nations. It is in United States is contributing over 40 per-
sphere who is trying to subvert this spirit that the resolution to prevent cent of the Special Fund's resources,
.democratic governments throughout the U.S. c6ntributions to the United Nations over 32 percent of the U.N. regular
hemisphere. The OAS declared him from being used for assistance to Cuba budget, and a major portion of the
persona non grata in the inter-American was placed before the Congress. It is Congo operations? The United States
system when the foreign ministers voted from a sense of responsibility for the has poured considerable financial re-
to expel Cuba from the Organization foreign policy of the United States that sources into the United Nations. It has
of American States at the Punta del the Congress issuggesting the President bailed the United Nations out of finan-
Este Coriference In January 1962. Cur- reduce future U.B. contributions to the cial trouble. Just lastsummer the U.S.
rently the OAS has undertaken a thor- U.N. or its agencies, in the event such Congress authorized the President to h ough study of the means by which Castro contributions will be used for assistance purchase up to one-
finance peacekeeping
is attempting to infiltrate Latin America to Cuba U.N. bonds to
and spread the gospel of communism.
All Castro's actions-repression within
Cuba, subversion without-contravene
the cooperative and collective security
bases of the Organization of American
States. Castro is a threat to the hemi-
sphere, a barrier to the cooperative ef-
forts of the inter-American community,
and an outlaw in the inter-American
security system. Does he deserve Inter-
national assistance? Can such assist-
ance be justified in view of Castro's
unlawful actions in the Western
Hemisphere?
The same political considerations
arise with regard to the United Nations
itself. Castro's oppressive policies within
Cuba-the execution of political prison-
ers, the forcing of thousands of citizens
into exile, the denial of individual free-
doms-make a mockery of United Na-
tions efforts in the field of human rights.
How can the world organization on the
one hand spend years formulating basic
codes of human rights in order to im-
prove the condition of man throughout
the world and on the other hand lend
its assistance to a government which is
flagrantly flouting basic individual free-
doms? Furthermore, the chief purpose
of the United Nations is preservation of
peace and security; it was established
as a collective security organization ex-
plicitly dedicated to deterring aggres-
sion. Yet, on this score, too, Castro is
guilty. He allowed Cuba to become an
open Soviet military base; he turned
his island into a bridgehead of covert
Soviet penetration in the Western Hemi-
sphere. How can the United Nations
extend assistance to a government which
is subverting the basic purposes of the
which is dedicated
anization
r
ld
Paul Hoffmann, the Managing Direc-
tor of the Special Fund and an American
himself, it is true, has promised that no
U.S. funds will be used on the Cuban
project and that no U.S. technicians will
be sent to Cuba. But this does not get at
the root of the problem. For one thing,
the substantial U.S. contribution to the
Special Fund-$28 million for 1963-will
release other funds that can then be di-
verted to the Cuban project. Further-
more, Mr. Hoffmann's promise does not
resolve future difficulties, future in-
stances in which the United Nations may
allocate assistance to Cuba. The prob-
lem is rather that the action of the U.N.
Directorate in authorizing the agricul-
tural assistance project for Cuba was in
direct contravention of U.S. foreign pol-
icy toward Cuba. The United States,
along with the rest of the Western Hemi-
sphere, has declared Itself the enemy
of the Castro government. We are dedi-
cated to weakening Castro's economic
and political position in order to open the
way for. the establishment of a demo-
cratic government in Cuba. We have
been attempting to put the economic
squeeze on Castro-through the with-
drawal of sugar quotas, the elimination
of trade. We have urged our friends to
do the same. The United Nations action,
designed to improve Castro's agricultural
sector, if successful, would strengthen
rather than weaken Castro's position and
is therefore in direct opposition to the
avowed policy of the United States to-
ward Cuba. If the United States suc-
cumbs quietly to the United Nations po-
sition, we are letting the United Nations
make our foreign policy for us-and a
foreign policy which, in this case, is far
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 -i,ov- ue- saxes nis familiar stand against any further
dor William AttiWOpd cause they have earned it, It is relatively a congressional controls over the Agency.
Annbassado Attw 9p,d fluent in French small group, and to me it seems overworked We think-as we have often said before-
and long &CCUSoxnd tQ. -living in other But it is dedicated and makes intelligent, that Mr. Dulles is mistaken in this stand.
lands, has teured 4 y inch of Guinea understanding contact with the life of Guin- The establishment of a carefully selected
cans. joint congressional watchdog committee on
and,. has won the eeulatry's admiration The Ambassador has traveled over most of intelligence whose functions would approxi-
and,,r p
esect. Tlie_Ambassadpr's. lovely the country, visiting where no automobiles mate those of the Joint Committee on
wife, Sim, is equally an effective force for have been. The roads traveled are often Atomic Energy, would provide Important
the United State in 3ujnea. She has mere tracks between which grasses and control over activities that are rooted in se-
Sacrificed much, and_ undergone hard- weeds grow as high as the car itself. it is crecy and conducted without benefit of the
ship. Life in Guinea is not easy, but she necessary to carry food and sleeping bags normal restraints and restrictions of demo-
stays at her husband?s side t_ share his along. But the hundreds of villages' have cratic government.
irdens, and to ease, s side burs vms._ of a been visited and have seen the American flag Intelligence is a cornerstone upon which
bi r anal and to, nation whose main con- flying from the Ambassador's jeep. They are effective policy must be built. But intelli-
a friendly pepole, eager to learn, and appre- ponce agencies niselves make
ould not, the
tact with the United Mates IS, the, Att- ciative of respect and understanding. policy, they shhave some done In the
woods. fill Attwood ,contracted a -bad Communication and education are impera- past. And the power t ey3w eld, Which dc-
case of polio _whler.pn -duty in Guinea. tive problems. But here everything Is a rives primarily from secrecy, is so great that
Ke and Sim ,together fought it down, necessity. This is more Ironic because it must be effectively monitored.
and went back,to wort, Guinea potentially is one of the richest Such a joint committee should not be
ly Ralph McGill wrote a piece countries in Africa. It has one-third of the limited to supervision of the CIA alone.
Recently the Washington. Ralphn Star about the piece world's known reserves of high grade bauxite. It should supervise the, entire intelligence
in the. s was impressed about with .their Many of its mountains are heavy with iron community for adequacy; effectiveness, and
are. Along the beaches are huge deposits of abuse. This control is all the more impor-
dedicated work, and well he might have volcanic-looking stone. Much of it seems tant now, since there are glaring gaps-
been. "Thank s to tlae Attwoods," writes to be almost pure iron. for which no responsibility has been
Ralph McGill, "the hundreds of almost But Guinea was perhaps, the most ne- licly assessed-in the intelligence cur-
pimber
inaecessible villages of Guinea have been glected of the French colonies. Certainly presented g
resented to the Nation for last September
,visited and have seen the American flag this was true of education, roads and com- and early October, when the Russian missile
'-flying from the Ambassador's jeep." munications. The Soviet bloc has been emplacement program in Cuba was at its
A few years ago, before his present as- busy, hoping to make a satellite of Guinea height.
signmeht, Bill A, befor, after years of because of her desperate need for almost It is particularly important to weigh the
. while is traveling an
Soviet
aid
i
r
B
i
v
n) abroad as a foreign Ing
acceptted,
its barter
aspects
are
hurt ng of the r centlenfo ced merger in heaPenta-
correspondent otea book about the the economy and doing damage to the bal- gon of the three service agencies into a
United States of rica entitled "Still ante of trade. Other nations also are
monolithi
ivi
g
ng
c Defense Intelligence Agency.
the Most Exciting C try," The title aid. That of the United States is relatively Senator STENNIS' committee will presum-
speaks for itself. It i eir love for small, but has a high degree of sincerity ably find out' whether this merger impaired
America that propels Bill Sim Aft- and grassroots help. Here almost ever
- intelligence coll
y
ection or, even worse, facili-
WOOd to do what they do ,f Guinea. thing that is done seems a drop in the buck- tated the distortion of intelligence by top
With the permission of the Hou am at. But drops can fill buckets. Nowhere is policymakers so that their evaluation of in-Unit including Ralph McGill's article in e d liars as t in aid Afrri~a-and especially ufor in telligence would accord with their precon-
RECORD, as follows: .ceived policy. A joint congressional tom-
Guinea. mittee on intelligence, composed of care-
FIRST AID AT THE IIS. EMBASSY
fully selected members of both parties and
(By Ralph McGill) both Houses, would provide a continuing
_e~~
CONAKRY
examination and
GUINEA -It
Intelli
t
t
lil
,
gen
n
was just after break-
e
gL ~e
control of all intelligence
fast that a tall, solemn African with a big facilities, something that recent history
eyed, attractive little girl came to the terrace EXTENSION OF REMARKS shows is badly needed.
of the home of U.S. Ambassador William At-
wood. ' He spoke politely in French. The OF
tiny, slender girl, of about 5 years
Wl*i~ II0198E T
took
II
HO
,
us all
O Ose
LLCI10r 2.n^l
N. WILLIAM FITTS RYAN
In with her somewhat fearful eyes. BLLOyancy BRCy
She had, it developed, two badiv infecf~_,] OF NEW YORK
a dirty string had been looped through each. ly` ?" yr n.rI NSNTATIVES EXTENSION OF REMARKS
Infection followed. Her ears were swollen Monday, March 4, 1963
about the lobes and us of Mr. behind each. The father knew hah tthe Am- I wish to RYAN
York attention- of kmer, y HON. JOHN V. LINDSAY
bassador's wife did volunteer work at the colleagues an important editorial which
hospital. He had brought his or NEWORK
daughter. Young appeared in the western edition of the IN THE HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES
Mrs. Atwood went to her quickly, spoke to New York Times on February 25, 1963. Monday, March 4, 1963
her, and sat her on a bench on the terrace. The editorial points out the pressing
She then went into the house and returned need for a joint congressional watchdog Mr. LINDSAY. whom Mr. peaker, one ly
with cotton, a bottle of antiseptic wash, and committee on intelligence. Since the mo cd, is Misss, of whI am especially
some antibiotic salve. The child sat quietly, Cuban crisis last October the desirability ptary roud, is Miss Letitia Baldrige, It is no
her eyes large with apprehension of pain, of such a committee has become increas- sect to Mrs. John F. Kennedy. It no
while the Ambassador's wife carefully ingly apparent. I have reintroduced a secret that "Yost" Baldrige has done
cleaned the infected areas, drained the pus resolution, House Joint Resolution 145; We of the mosn remarkable
from the boil-like swellings, and after an- Washington, filling a demandingbs in
f m
r gentle l- but e welli antadtic era an- which would establish a Joint Committee post
ing, applied the antibiotic salve. The father on Foreign Information and Intelligence. with as brought both and y and then informed that when the ears of any The New York Times editorial provides She has brought both beauty and brais.
other children were pierced, only strings excellent arguments for the to her jab and has New a credit to the
the
which had been soaked in alcohol should be this measure this session. passage of White House,
ressl to New York City, and 'to
used to keep them opened, and that the the congressional district from which
piercing instrument also should be dipped The editorial follows: she comes.
in it. He thanked her, took the little girl's INTELLIGENT INTELLIGENCE
hand and walked away. The next morning Recently r Miss the First Lady was an-
The adequacy of the Nation's. Intelligence as secretary to the First Lady was an-
she was back, The ears were much better. services is again being scrutinized by Con- nounced simultaneously with her ap-
They got careful dressing. gress, as a byproduct of the continuing Chi-
Two days each week Mrs. Atwood and Mrs. Cuban crisis. The inquiry of the Senate eaintliieiit as s executive of the Chi-
Eugene Abrams, wife of the Embassy devel- Preparedness Subcommittee, headed by Sen- tags Merchandise Mart. She will bring
opulent officer, work as volunteer aids In the ator JOHN STENNIS, of Mississippi, coincides the same distinction to this
Conakry hospital. They help deliver babies, by chance with the publication of an article position as
she beds, patients, and do all work usually by Allen Dulles, former Director of the Cen- ShI am pleased also that Miss Baldrige
done by hospital aids. The Ambassador tral.Intelligence Agency, in which Mr. Dulles will be succeeded in her White House
Approved For Release- 2004/06/23 : CIA-RDP65B00383R000200220010-7