ADMINISTRATION POLICY IN VIETNAM

• Document Type: CREST
• Collection: General CIA Records
• Document Number (FOIA) /ESDN (CREST): CIA-RDP67B00446R000300150017-5
• Release Decision: RIFPUB
• Original Classification: K
• Document Page Count: 22
• Document Creation Date: December 15, 2016
• Document Release Date: September 25, 2003
• Sequence Number: 17
• Publication Date: April 29, 1965
• Content Type: OPEN

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April 2,9, .1965 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD -HOUSE
Welfare. Also on Tuesday H.R. 2985,
the Community Mental Health Centers
Act Amendiii nts of 1065 under an open
rule with ~ hours of,,debate Also on
Tuesday H.R. 5401, the Interstate Cvm-
merge Act. ginendinents, under' an en
rule with 3'-hours of debate.
On Wednesday H.R. 7657, authorizing
defense procurement and research and
development.
On Thursday H.R. '7717, authorizing
appropriations to the National Aero-
nautics and Space Administration. ''
On Friday and the balance of the week
H.R. 2984, the Health Research Facil-
ities Amendments of 1965, under an open
rule with 3 hours of debate.
This announcement is made subject
to the usual reservation that conference
reports may be brought up at any time
and that any further program may be
announced later.
Mr. Speaker, will the gentleman yield
further for the purpose of making some
unanimous-consent requests?
Mr. LAIRD. I am glad to yield to the
majority leader.
ADJOURNMENT OVER TO MONDAY
.: NEXT
'Mr. ALBERT. Mr. Speaker, I ask
unanimous consent that when the House
adjourns today it adjourn to meet on
Monday next.
The SNEAKER. Is there objection
to the request of the gentleman from
Oklahoma?
There was no objection.
Mr. EDMONDSON. Mr. Speaker, will
_the gentleman yield to me for a question?
"Mr. LAIRD. I yield to the gentleman
from Oklahoma.
Mr.. EDMONDSON. Mr. Speaker, I
take this time to ask the distinguished
'majority leader if we can, expect early
programing of the emergency basin au-
thorization bill which was reported yes-
terday by the House Committee on Public
-Works, with regard to which there is a
growing emergency in terms of monetary
authorizations for contracts?
`Mr. ALBERT. Mr. Speaker, if the
gentleman will yield further, I would
say that, of course, when the rule is
granted on that bill I think we can as-
sure the gentleman of early programing.
'Mr. EDMONDSON. I thank the
- man very much.
AUTHORIZATION TO RECEIVE, MES-
SAGES AND SIGN BILLS
Mr. ALBERT. Mr. Speaker, I ask
unanimous' consent that notwithstand-
ing the adjournment of the House until
Monday next, the Clerk be authorized
to receive messages from the Senate' and
,that the .S.peaker' be authorized 'to sign
ally enrolled bills and joint resolutions
duly passed by the two Houses and found
truly enrolled.
The SPEAKER. Is , there objection
to the request of the gentleman from
Oklahoma.?
There was no, objection.
DISPENSING WITH CALENDAR
WEDNESDAY BUSINESS
Mr. ALBERT. Mr. Speaker, I ask
unanimous consent that the business in
order under the Calendar Wednesday
rule may be dispensed with on Wednes-
day next.
The SPEAKER. Is there objection
to the. request of the gentleman from
Oklahoma?
There was no objection.
GENERAL LEAVE TO EXTEND
Mr. POWELL. Mr. Speaker, I ask
unanimous consent that all Members of
the House be given 5 legislative days in
which to revise and extend their remarks
in the RECORD with relation to the bill
H.R. 4714. ,
The SPEAKER. Is there objection to
the request of the gentleman from New
York?
There was no objection.
ADMINISTRATION'S" POLICY IN'
VIE'I4NAM
(Mr. CABELL asked and was given
permission to address the House for 1
minute, and to revise and extend his
remarks, and to include extraneous
matter.)
,Mr. CABELL. Mr. Speaker, in these
days when a better understanding is so
important on the part of the American
people concerning the administration's
policy in Vietnam, it is gratifying to
know that our news media is so dili-
gently trying to keep our Nation in-
formed. I pay tribute especially to the
Dallas Morning News, a great newspaper,
which has so strongly expressed its sup-
port of our President.
At this time, I would like to include in
the RECORD an editorial which appeared
in the Dallas Morning News on April 21,
1965
L.B.J.'s DIVIDENDS
Dividends from the President's recent
policy speech on Vietnam are coming in.
Even if nothing ever comes of the offer of
peace with honor, as matters now stand we
will have received important cold war gains
just by making it.
The speech was not only a combination of
sweet talk-which the neutralists like-and
strong action-which the Reds understand.
It was also an example of Johnson political
jujitsu: It threw the Communists off balance
at every level' from the diplomatic to the
tactical.
On the tactical 'level, the northern Viet-
minh` officers of the Vietcong are -having a
topgh time trying to get any new recruits in
the South. Furthermore they are losing the
ones they have. The United States is accen-
tuating the positive goal of development and
it sounds good to many Vietcong troopers,
apparently.
On the diplomatic level, it is now the Red
North Vietnamese and their Chinese "big
daddy" who are telling the neutralist peace-
seekers to go jump in the lake and warning
the U.N. to mind its own business. While
this doesn't affect the military situation, it
costs the Reds points among the Afro-Asian
nations.
In between, 'it , made necessary an _em-
barrassin,g switch . in the party line of the
8567
leftist movements in this country. Hereto-
fore, they had covered their goal of a free
world surrender with the reasonable sound-
ing appeal for negotiations. The two terms
are synonyms in their book, anyway. Now
they can no longer use "negotiations" as a
cover and must campaign more explicitly for
a sellout.
All in all, it appears L.B.S. has won an
inning in the Reds' own political warfare
game.
OF
(Mr. BROWN of California asked and
was given permission to address the
House for 1 minute and to revise and ex-
tend his remarks.)
Mr. BROWN of California. Mr.
Speaker, because of the urgency of the
problem of Vietnam, I would like to dis-
cuss the implications from the answers
on the Vietnam question in the recent
questionnaire which I sent to constitu-
ents in the 29th District of California.
There were four policy choices avail-
able. These choices, with the percentage
favoring each one, are as follows:
-Percent
1. Expansion of the war------------- 42
2. Continue current level, without ex-
pansion -------------------------- 12
3. Seek negotiated settlement---------- 29
4. Immediate withdrawal-------------- 11
Six percent did not give a choice or did
not answer. Looked at another way, 54
percent favored continuing or expanding
our effort, while 40 percent favored
negotiating or withdrawing. Still an-
other way of interpreting the results is
that 52 percent disagree with the 42 per-
cent who favor expansion.
. We. have analyzed these total responses
in several different ways, and there are
significant differences based on political
preference, sex, religious preference, age,
and education. I should mention, inci-
dentally, that our sample of 13,000 is
extremely' close to the average of all
voters in the district in terms of political .
affiliation and most other characteristics.
It is slightly biased in favor of men, but
I suspect that may result from husbands
and wives collaborating in some cases
and sending in the results under the
husband's name. The returns are also
biased in favor of the better educated,
who, generally, are less afraid of ques-
tionnaires.
.Broken down by political preference,
the results show only 34 percent of the
Democrats favoring No. 1, but 54 percent
of the Republicans favoring this course.
An equal percentage of Democrats-34
percent-favor No. 3, a negotiated. settle-
ment, but only 21 percent of the Repub-
licans favor this alternative. About 10
percent of both parties favor the fourth
choice-immediate withdrawal.
On the basis of sex, the women are
evenly divided on policy, with 46 percent
favoring No. 1 and No. 2 and 46 per-
cent favoring No. 3 and No. 4. The men,
on the other hand, favor No. 1 and No. 2
by 60 percent, with 37 percent favoring
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CONGRESSIONAL RECORD - HOUSE April 29, 1965
"There is no significant difference be-
tween Catholic and Protestant responses,
but the Jewish and "other",respondents,
who represented about 13' percefit" of the
total, were much more strongly In favor
of negotiations-40..percent-and much
less in favor of expansion-27 percent.
The distribution of responses based on
education was quite interesting, and
somewhat difficult to explain. For all of
those having less thana high school`edu-
eation-11 years of schooling or less-
more supported No. 3 and No. 4 than sup-
ported No. 1 and No 2. For these with
12 years through 1G years of education,
which was the largest grouping, opinion
was strongly in favor of No. 1 and No.
2. For the "egghead" group-17 through
2! years of schooling-more favored ne-
gotiation than expansion. The responses
of this, group were about the same,` in
proportion, as the responses of those with
less than high school education.
With regard to age, the significant re-
sults were that those under 30, who have
never experienced war, were much more
strongly in favor of continuing or ex-
panding ,the military action than any
other age group. Those 30 and over,
whose generation participated in one or
more wars, are considerably less en-
thusiastic.
In a very general way, the profile
which emerges from this data is that
the citizens of the 29th Congressional
District in California ,are'leaning toward
a. . hard-line, expand-the-war policy,
led by those who are young, college edu-
'ted, Republican, and male. Those who
are holding back, leaning toward a ne-
60ated settlement, tend to be older,
with either more or less education than
thehard-line group, Democratic, more
predominately female, and of a minority
religious belief.
A number of interesting questions are
raised as to how I should be guided by
results such as these. Which "group"
do'3"seek counsel from? Frankly, I be-
lieve that my course should be to decide
ply stand for myself, based on the best
knowledge and judgment I possess.
Having done that, I should make my
position clear to all, and we should en-
doufage la dialog, a broad exchange of
ttlis; to seek to achieve better under-
itanding by, all citizens and more rea-
sonable decisions, by our Government.
We will rarely find that any of us are all
right or all wrong. 13y exchanging
views, we may each come a little closer
to the truth. Obviously, there is no
clear concensus of opinion indicated by
the questionnaire results, and a lot of
controversy is shown.
'A may be anticlimactic for me to in-
dicate, again, that I feel 'that our coun-
try is following the wrong policy in
Vietnam.
A TRI$UTE TO THE PEOPLE OF
RUSSIAVILLE, IND.
(Mr. ROUSH asked and was given per-
mission to address the House for 1 min-
ute and to revise and extend his. re-
marks.)
Mr. ROUSH. Mr? Speaker, I take this
time to pay tribute to the people of the
town of Russiaville in my district in In-
diana. On Palm Sunday a terrible, de-
vastating storm cut a swath through my
district which destroyed millions of dol-
lars worth of property and claimed scores
of lives. The town of Russiaville Is a
small and unincorporated town. They
lost their post office and all of their pub-
lic facilities, schools, and churches.
However, the People of Russlaville are
determined people and, despite this loss
and despite the fact that they have not
been able to determine how they might
receive aid from either the State or the
Federal Government because of the fact
that they are not incorporated, they
have banded themselves together with a
determination which I think is com-
mendable. I would commend their ac-
tions to the people of this country as an
exemplification of the American spirit.
I would trust that the Members of the
House might give these people their
moral support as they strive and en-
deavor to rebuild a community of very
fine people.
They already have formed a nonprofit
organization and will use the funds being
obtained toward gaining legal recogni-
tion of their town. They have taken the
initial steps which I am certain will lead
to a new Russiaville replacing the scars
left behind in the devastation of the orig-
inal.
(Mr. O'HARA of Illinois asked and was
given permission to address the House
for 1 minute, to revise and extend his
remarks and to include extraneous mat-
-ter.)
[Mr. O'HARA of Illinois addressed the
House. His remarks will appear here-
after in the Appendix.]
SOIL CONSERVATION SERVICE RE-
VOLVING FUND? NO, NO
(Mr. ICHORD asked and was given
permission to address the House for 1
minute and to revise and extend his re-
marks.)
Mr. ICHORD. Mr. Speaker, the re-
cent recommendation of the Bureau of
the Budget for a $100 million cut in the
U.S. Department of Agriculture Soil Con-
servation Service and to establish a re-
volving fund for the conservation pro-
gram is shortsighted planning and is
damaging, to say the least, to an effec-
tive program which has been one of the
most successful ventures of the Federal
Government in conserving for the future.
The Soil Conservation Service, Initi-
ated in 1929, has without doubt returned
dividends amounting to many, many
times the original investment of the Gov-
ernment. Created to conserve America's
farmland and to protect it from washing,
eroding, and devastating windstorms, the
Soil Conservation District has been one
of the most productive farm programs
ever devised.
It is my understanding the proposed
reorganization of the program would
require that participating farmers pay
60 percent of the cost of conservation
practices. Let me reflect briefly on the
accomplishments of the Soil Conserva-
tion Service.
The program was conceived at a time
when the farmers of the United States
could ill afford to spend money to con-
serve and rehabilitate America's greatest
resource-the soil, which is the base of
our economy. In 1936 when the conser-
vation, programs were born, much of our
farmland had been both "misused and
abused" through lack of funds for re-
habilitating the land and also through
lack of information about conservation
practices. At that time duststorras,
gullies, and damaging erosion were
steadily and alarmingly consuming cur
topsoil. Millions of acres had been
rendered unfit for crop use as a result.
But the advent of conservation policy in
1936 has had miraculous effects. After
30 years of technical assistance through
the Soil Conservation Service nearly
3,000 soil and water districts with nearly
2 million operators operating 648 million
acres of land are engaged in conserva-
tion practices. They have applied 40
million acres of contour farming, nearly
20 million acres of striperopping, 1.2
million miles of terracing; planted 11.3
million acres of trees; and have built 1.3
million ponds. In 1964 alone the Soil
Conservation Service provided direct
services to 1,123,801 landowners and
farmers. Between 1 and 2 million acres
of cropland were converted to other uses
during the year as a result of conserva-
tion plans worked out by the Soil Con-
servation Service.
Through the operations of the Soil
Conservation Service local needs and
practices are worked out locally. The
farmers themselves formulate the plans
for conservation practices. and are able
to control and manage the same. By
working together on a distriotwide plan,
countless advances and forward strides
in meeting flood control problems and
other agricultural problems have been
made. Improvements in living standards
can form better use of the land and
water resources.
It is recognized that our future pros-
perity will depend on the foresight we
have now in planning for the future use
of all our resources. Is it not preposteer-
ous then to even suggest that this pro-
gram of vital importance and significance
be reduced? Every American, man,
woman, and child has an interest in
maintaining and conserving the produc-
tivity of our soil and for that reason
careful thought must be given. The cost-
sharing program proposed by the Bureau
of the Budget would not work, It would
not do the job the present program is
doing. The $20 million which the Bu-
reau of the Budget wants to delete from
the appropriation is a mere drop in
the bucket compared to the returns from
the investment. Does the Bureau of the
Budget actually believe that the Amer-
ican farmers can afford to engage in roil
conservation practices to insure that the
land will be productive and fertile for
future generations? It really is not his
job. It is the responsibility of the Gov-
ernment to plan far in advance for the
future. I strongly oppose the revolving
fund proposal and any reduction in ben-
efits and operations of the Soil Conserva-
tion Service and the agriculture conser-
vation program.
A STATEMENT ON THE MARCH
FROM SELMA TO MONTGOMERY,
ALA.
(Mr. REID of New York asked and was
given permission to address the House for
1 minute; to revise and extend his re-
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April 29, 1965 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD ENA 8655
8. Calls upon the United Nations, Inter- He does not quite use that phrase from much-deserved honor that has come to
es
ted governments and appropriate non- the old days. But his explanations of the one of our colleagues, Senator GALE d need to
governmental
reco
Chin
the ooigani ations toscientific
intensifyiresearch on all dominant power inCAsia aunist ppear to have been MCGEE
ive h Wyoming, who on May 6 will
aspects of population problems, including borrowed, almost in toto, from the old Times receive the Golden Fleece Award of the
.medical research and research on economic, of London leaders about the need to recog- National Association of Wool Mariufac-
social, educational, cultural and organiza- nize Hitler's Germany as the dominant power turers.
tfonal problems involved in implementing in Europe. Senator McGEE has been interested in
effective population programs; But just as credulity must always be rec- the encouragement of the wool industry
4. Urges all parliaments to exercise In- ognized as an Inalienable senatorial prerog- in the Nation and in his home State,
fluence on governments to facilitate partic- ative, so the right of professors of political throughout his career in the Senate,
ipation in the forthcoming World Popula- science to play at being realists must also be which actually started prior to his elec-
tion Conference of outstanding scholars, acknowledged. What is not pardonable in
scientists and other experts in all relevant any serious academic figure is simple, pomp- tion to the Senate,. when he served as
fields from both developing and developed ous ignorance such as is revealed by Profes- assistant to the late, respected Senator
countries; sor Mo
t ? - -
rgen
resources for the growth and fairer dis- episode in Chinese history. m an excepclonal
tribution of the world's wealth and for the This statement is the key to the second
harmonious development of he world's Morgenthau argument, that if no one gets
population, China's back up, China will leave her neigh-
bors to "live peacefully In (her) shadow."
U.S. POLICY ON SOUTH VIETNAM But the central fact of Chinese history, its
most impressive-indeed, awe inspiring-
Mr. CANNON. Mr. President, in the aspect, is the tirelessness with which the
Washington Post of April 21, Joseph Chinese people have resumed the task of
Alsop set forth in his column a well- conquest whenever an opportunity offered.
reasoned and much-needed explication China, properly so-called, appears when
of the wisdom of the Johnson adminis- her history begins as a rather small region
the Yellow r
tration's policy on South Vietnam. China has reguarlyexpanded wSince ,
henevere a
Mr. Alsop discussed in detail the fal- strong central government possessed the
lacies behind the wishful thinking of the means to do so. Even in this century, when
critics of President Johnson who are China's government was weak for so long,
arguing for peace at any price. He draws the geographical area of ethnic China-the
an interesting parallel between those territory mainly inhabited by people of
who would retreat in the face of the Chinese blood-has nonetheless more than
doubled.
Chinese Intervention and those Manchuria is fully Sinifled. Inner Mon-
who, generation rago,,'counseled ap- golia is largely digested. The huge province
I c
m
d
o
men
this article to my collea- dive independence until the end of the Sec-
gues, and ask unanimous consent that it and World War, is already beinc swallowed
to extend the Wool Act fora 7-year
period.
I know that the Members of the Sen-
ate will join me in congratulating the
National Association of Wool Manufac-
turers for the excellent selection they
have made, for we all know the Wyoming
Senator-and none better than I, these
days-as an energetic exponent of every
cause he undertakes.
Senator McGEE's sponsorship of the
Food Marketing Commission, last year,
now holding hearings and making ex-
tensive studies of the food-marketing in-
stitutions of the Nation, is another splen-
did example of his effectiveness.
I ask unanimous consent to have
printed in the RECORD a press release Is-
sued by the National Wool Manufac-
turers, announcing Its selection of Sena-
tor MCGEE as one of this year's recipients
of its Golden Fleece Award.
There b
i
e
ng no objection, the release
be printed at this point in the RECORD, down. In one or two more generations the was ordered to be printed in the RECORD,
There being no objection, the article Tibetans, if they survive at all, are only likely as follows:
was order: ed to be objection, the article to survive outside Tibet. And the ancient NEw YoRx, April l8.-Three men of accom-
was peoples of central Asia have heard their plishment-a U.S. textile executive, an inter-
doom proclaimed. national wool promotion director and a U.S.
(From the Washington Post, Apr. 21, 1965] Even in southeast Asia, both the Viet-
POMPOUS IGNORANCE namese and the Thais are refugee Senator-will receive Golden Fleece Awards
ion ago peoples, of the National Association of Wool Manu-
(By Joseph Alsop) g pushed out of what is now China facturers at its 100th annual meeting dinner
One proof of the wisdom of President John- xpe eChinese xpecting the Chinese to let their neighbors The w dsy 6 at the Waachie emo nt Ha tee
son's Vietnamese policy is its marked sic- alone, if everyone is just nice to them, is The awards are given for achievement in the
cess to date. really a great deal sillier than the old be-nice- recipients chosen field.
One must always be prepared for bad news. to-Hitler arguments. As announced by Roger D. Newell, Newell
But it must also be said that since the Pleiku That does not mean that the Chinese peo- Textile Sales aw, ds will go to: committee
Co. arrangements
episode drove the President to take deter- pie are evil or perverted. On the contrary, chairman, the awards will go to:
mined action, he and his policymakers have they are enviably intelligent, industrious, Ely R. Callaway, Jr., 45, executive vi
been calling the shots with quite unprece- courageous and in all ways talented. There president of Burlington Industries, Inc., and
dented accuracy. is a grain of truth among Professor Morgen- a director of NAW..: who is active in the con-
Another proof of the President's wisdom thau's silly chaff, in the sense that the tinuing effort to obtain safeguards against
Is the kind of criticism his policy has thus formidable qualities of the Chinese people low-wage wool textile and apparel Imports.
far invited. It is bad enough when Senator also make them a formidable problem.
FmLSRIGHT allows himself to ruminate in One way to solve the problem, to be sure, miU.S. SenAL ng, a major wGo Ep oducing State who is
public on the desirability of "stopping the is to recognize the Chinese as the Asian her- one of the most active Senate leaders work-
bombings," Apparently the Senator believes renvolk, and to allow them to gobble their ing on the wool product import problem,
that this is the best way to promote negotia neighbors at will, even though their neigh- which President Johnson has publicly recog-
tions on an acceptable basis. One can only bors happen to be our friends and allies. nized, pledging that his administration will
prery that .c redulity is a cherished senatorial If Professor Morgenthau possessed enough vigorously seek a solution.
forthrightness A more detailed reply is demanded, how- he co could not be called nignora t, although International VWool4Secretariat, London,
ever, by the increasing barrage of such pieces he might perhaps be criticized on other which recently launched a worldwide wool
as one just published by Prof. Hans J. Mor- grounds.
genthau, of the University of Chicago. Mor- seems market promotion
program handled here by e, however, to genthau is an Interesting figure; for he plays fast by our aallis;b totdef nd our ownstand
awards wool bureau.
vital Presenting the
almost the same key role among the modern position as a Pacific power, and to hoe, of the oldest ntianna beh
l ale of NAWM,
appeasers that Geoffrey Damson, of the Times with hope, one of the olle a Francis, famous organiza
ct ess
of London played in the be-nice-to-Hitler power of time reason, time native strength of the and stelevision personality. Fr, fhe performed
actress
group in England before 1939. Chinese people will eventually bring the the same function In 1960 when sheherself
The resemblance is curiously exact, more- present bout of Chinese governmental Stalin- received a Golden Fleece Award in a surprise
over. "We are deluding ourselves in Viet- ism to an end.
nam," says Professor Morgenthau and he ceremony.
gives two main- proofs for this assertion. pr
Mr. oud of said that N. "the association b that
it
First, he warns that we are getting Com- SENATOR MCGEE HONORED BY Proud of its century textile service bur tare
munist China's back up, which he thinks NAWM and the wool textile industry are
dangerous because he also thinks that the WOOL INDUSTRY recipients eto the future and ohs Golden Fleece
Chinese Communists are "the wave of the Mr. MCGOVERN. Mr. President, I aeougimen with tman
future." point because they
years of achieve-
call the attention of the Senate to a meat still ahead of them9"
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CONGRESSIONAL RECORD - SENATE April 29, 1966'
Mr. WILLIAMS of New Jersey. Mr.
President, among the many nationali-
ties which inhabit the area we refer to
as the Middle East, few can claim as long
a history as the Armenians. The Ar-
menians enjoyed a long tradition of self-
government, prosperity, and intellectual
achievement.
Although Armenia became a part of
the various multinational empires which
have ruled much of the eastern Medi-
terranean area since antiquity, the Ar-
menians were generally able to maintain
their individuality and their traditions.
We recognize, today, the right of all
nationality groups to independence; yet
this was a new and dangerous philosophy
in the 19th century, when the Armenians
formed nationalist groups and began to
agitate for such Independence from the
empire of which they then formed a
part: the Ottoman. The Ottoman au-
thorities tried to repress their movement,
and began a brutal series of repressions
in an attempt to convince the Armenians
of the futility of their legitimate de-
mands.
Beginning in'1895, and lasting for over
two decades, the Ottoman Empire took
nearly every opportunity to literally mas-
sacre the Armenians. In campaign after
campaign, the armies of the empire
slaughtered thousands upon thousands
of men, women, and children in an effort
to rid the empire, either by death or by
Besides our household and personal
effects, we own a 1964 Ford and a 1965
Mustang. We own U.S. savings bonds
of face value of $1,250, have a savings
account of $3,288.13, and maintain a
fluctuating checking account of between
$900 and $3,300.
We have one son in college-at the
University of Utah; one son on a mission
for the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-
day Saints; one son in junior high school,
in Maryland; and our daughter is mar-
ried.
COMPANY COMMANDER STATES
NEED FOR COLD WAR GI BILL
FOR HIS MEN
Mr. YARBOROUGH. Mr. President,
recently I received a letter from a mili-
tary officer, a company commander in
the Army. As all know, few servicemen
are closer to their rpen than is their com-
mander; and this officer expresses deep
concern for the future of his men when
they return to civilian life.
To illustrate the types of educational
needs which the servicemen in his com-
pany have, and to demonstrate the co-
gency of this young officer's argument for
the cold war GI bill, I ask unanimous
consent that this letter, from Capt. Harry
C. Calvin, be printed at this point in the
RECORD.
There being no objection, the letter
was ordered to be printed in the RECORD,
and inhuman of these campaigns began, Senator RALPH YARBOROUGH,
the Armenians give us pause for refiec- u.s. senate,
tion, for they prd'vide us with reassuring Washington, D.C.
and moving proof that the will of a peo- HoN. SENATOR YARBOROUGH: I am an officer
ple to self-determination and liberty can (class of 1960 USMA) in the Army with a
never be eradicated, no matter what the permanent home in Houston, Tex.
means. I am writing to you about the need for a
cold war GI bill which will enable many of
FINANCIAL STATEMENT BY
SENATOR MOSS
Mr. MOSS. Mr. President, I believe
that all public officeholders and those
who seek public office should make full
disclosure of their income, financial as-
sets, business relationships, and every
other matter which might be a basis for
conflict of interest. I know of no con-
flict of interest on my part.
I receive an annual salary of $30,000
from the U.S. Senate.
Since coming to the Senate, I have
earned approximately $1,000 as honor-
ariums for speeches..
I receive no income from the practice
of law or from any business. Upon my
election to the Senate, I withdrew from
the law practice entirely; and since then
I have received no income of any kind-
present or future-from the law practice.
I resigned from the board of two,
and sold my stock, when
elected to the Senate. I now have no
connection with, or income from, any
business corporation, partnership, or
proprietorship.
My wife and I own an equity of about
$4,660 in the home in which we live in
Maryland. I also own an unimproved lot
in Holladay, Utah, with a value of less
than $500.
our deserving and capable citizens to attend
vocational and technical schools so they will
continue to be useful and contributing citi-
zens to our Nation's economy.
At the present time I am a rifle company
commander in an infantry battalion. Fifty-
eight of my young men are draftees, many
from Appalachia and its borders. They have
all done good jobs for me in the past year and
served their country well. Some have -vol-
unteered for Vietnam duty, but were not
called to go because (fortunately) ground
combat -troops have not yet entered that
conflict other than as advisers. More than
75 percent of these men are high school drop-
outs for various reasons. Many have taken
the high school general educational develop-
ment tests sponsored by the U.S. Armed
Forces Institute and passed them, indicating
their capability to learn. A few have good
jobs to return to in 6 months when they
are discharged, but most will be forced to
look for work; some admit they will draw
unemployment as they do not expect to find
work available. If they could only attend
some vocational or technical school with
Government assistance, they would be able
to contribute much more to our society than
they probably will under the present condi-
tions facing them.
Another problem along this line is that
pired they face bleak prospects of finding
suitable jobs to augment their retirement
income. Because they stayed in for a career
they have been penalized by loss of the Gi
bill education benefits. Last week it was
brought to my attention that Government
statistics revealed one out of five retired
Army personnel were still unemployed 6
months after retirement. Don't you think
they deserve some assistance to be taught a
new avocation?
A personal example I would like to point
out is that my executive officer, in for a
career, enlisted in the Army shortly after
finishing high school. He was honorably
discharged, attended college under the
Korean bill of rights (Public Law 533), was
commissioned an officer in the Army and
now contributes much more to our coun-
try than if he had been discharged only 1;o
face a hunt for a job or the difficult task of
going to school without any monetary assist-
ance from the Government. This is only
one example from millions of veterans that
are , now contributing much more to the
gross national product than they would had
they not been able to attend schools with
Government assistance.
I urge you to do everything in your power
to correct this deficiency in our national pro-
gram to increase the economic welfare of our
Nation's citizens.
HARRY C. CALVIN,
Captain, Infantry.
GREAT PLAINS CONSERVATION
PROGRAM
Mr. YARBOROUGH. Mr. President,
in a recent editorial entitled "Reaping
the Whirlwind," which was Published
in the New York Times, the problems of
soil conservation and land cultivation in
the Great Plains areas were discussed.
I do not feel that the New York Times
editorial was written with a full under-
standing of the bionomics of the Great
Plains. In the New York Times of April
25, 1965, there was published a letter
which D. A. Williams, the Administra-
tor of the Soil Conservation Service of
the U.S. Department of Agriculture,
wrote to the editor. In the letter, Mr.
Williams explained the work being done
by the Great Plains conservation pro-
gram, and expressed the hope that a
growing percentage of land will soon. be
safely kept in cultivation, with regular
conservation practices, I congratulate
the New York Times for printing his
letter. Having lived in the Great Plains
and a portion of my home State being
within the Great Plains area, I have
given some study to the Great Plains, its
people, production, flora and fauna, and
ecology. Mr. Williams' letter is very
helpful to an understanding of that great
area between the Mississippi Valley and
the Rocky Mountains. Because this let-
ter contributes greatly to our under-
standing of the problems and of what is
being done to alleviate these problems in
the Great Plains, I ask unanimous con-
sent that it be printed at this point in
the RECORD.
There being no objection, the letter
was ordered to be printed in the RECORD,
some of my senior noncommissioned officers as follows:
will be retiring in a few years. They have From the New York Times, Apr. 25, 1965]
served us well from World War II and the
Korean conflict through the present crisis PROGRAM To HALT GREAT PLAINS' SOIL EROSION
in Vietnam. They were entitled to the GI To the EDITOR :
bill of rights from World War II and the Your recent editorial "Reaping the Whirl-
Korean war but now that these have ex- wind" excited considerable interest among
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`April 29, 1965 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD - SENATE
I vise their own employees; and the President
pro tempore would be charged with the su-
pervision.of all other officers and employees
of the Senate.
PROPOSALS REQUIRING CONCURRENT ACTION,.OF
BOTH HbUSES
1. Appropriations Committee procedures:
House and Senate Appropriations Commit-
tees would,_be authorized to hold joint hear-
ings and half of the. appropriations bills each
year would originate in each Chamber to
expedite congressional business. (S. Con.
Res. 28, introduced by Senator CLARK on
March 7, 1963, and pending in Rules Commit-
tee.)
2. Separate session for. appropriations:.
(S. 2198, introduced by. Senator MAGNUSON,
and cosponsored by Senators CLARK, NEUBER-
GER, and HART; pending in Rules Committee.)
This bill would divide the annual session of
Congress into two parts: a "legislative ses-
sion" which would begin on January, 3 of
each year and end not later than the first
Monday in November; and a "fiscal session"
beginning on the second Monday in Novem-
ber and ending not later than December 31.
Under the proposed procedure, Congress
would devote the early session to substantive
legislation including authorizations. It
could then recess for the summer and. come
back in November to deal with appropria=
tions. The. bill also changes the fiscal year
to make, it correspond, with the calendar
year, so that all appropriations bills will be
enacted before the beginning of the fiscal
year to which they pertain.
ORDER OF BUSINESS
'Mr. GRUENING. Mr. President, I
ask unanimous consent that I may pro-
ceed for not to exceed 7 minutes.
The PRESXDING OFFICER, The
Senator from Alaska is recognized for 7
minutes. The request is not necessary
unless the Senator wishes to speak out
of order.
Mr. MANSFIELD. Mr. President, will
the Senator yield to me briefly?
Mr. GRUENING. X yield.
WELCOMING TO THE UNITED
STATES THE INTER-AMERICAN
BAR ASSOCIATION
Mr. MANSFIELD. Mr. . President,
with the concurrence Qf the distinguished
minority leader, the Senator from Illi-
nois Mr. DISKSEN7, I ask unanimous
consent for the immediate consideration
of House Concurrent Resolution 349,
which was messaged to the'Senate this
morning.
The PRESIDING OFFICER. The
concurrent resolution will be stated,
The LEGISLATIVE CLERK. A concurrent
resolution (H, Con, Res. 349) welcom-
ing to the United States the Inter-
American Bar Association during its 14th
conference to be held in Puerto Rico.
The PRESIDING OFFICER. Is there
objection to the immediate consideration
of the concurrent resolution? There be-
ing no objection, the concurrent resolu-
tion was considered and agreed to, as
follows:
Whereas the Inter-American Bar Associa-
tion was organized at Washington, District
of Columbia, May 16, 1940, and is now cele-
brating the twenty-fifth anniversary of its
founding; and
Whereas the Inter-American Bar Associa-
tion will hold its fourteenth conference at
San Juan, Puerto Rico, during the period
May 22-29 1965; and
Whereas this is the first time that the
Inter-American Bar Association has planned
a conference in the Commonwealth of Puerto
Rico; and
Whereas three previous conferences of the
association have been held in the United
States; and
Whereas the purposes of the association,
as stated in its constitution, are to establish
and maintain relations between associations
and organizations of lawyers, national and
local, in the various countries of the Amer-
icas, to provide a forum for exchange of
views, and to encourage cordial intercourse
and fellowship among the lawyers of the
Western Hemisphere; and
Whereas the high character of this inter-
national association, its deliberations, and
its members can do much to encourage un-
derstanding, friendship, and cordial relations
among the countries of the Western Hemi-
sphere; and
Whereas there were adopted by the Eight-
ieth Congress, in its second session, and by
the Eighty-sixth Congress, in its first session,
concurrent resolutions of welcome and good
wishes to the Inter-American Bar Association
on the occasion of its holding conferences in
the United States: Now, therefore, be it
Resolved by the House of Representatives
(the Senate concurring), That the Congress
of the United States welcomes the Inter-
American Bar Association during its four-
teenth conference to be held in the Com-
monwealth of Puerto Rico, and wishes the
association outstanding success in accom-
plishing its purposes; and be it further
Resolved, That a copy of this resolution be
transmitted to the Secretary General of the
Inter-American Bar Association.
Mr. MANSFIELD. I thank the Sen-
ator from Alaska for yielding.
THE MESS I VIETN -XI: OUR
POLICIES IN HEAST ASIA
ARE AIDING AND NOT THWART-
ING IMPERIALIST COMMUNISM
Mr. GRUENING. Mr. President, dur-
ing his press conference Tuesday, Pres-
ident Johnson commendably rebuked
those columnists who, speaking not alone
for themselves but for the underlings
in the Federal bureaucracy intent on
justifying their past errors, are attempt-
ing to stamp out any and all criticism,
however justified, of our policies in Viet-
nam.
In answer to the question, do you think
any of the participants in the national
discussion on Vietnam could appro-
priately be likened to the appeasers of
25 or 30 years ago? President Johnson
incisively. reasserted the right of critics
to bring out their point of view on the
mess in Vietnam by replying:
I don't believe in characterizing people
with labels. I think you do a great disservice
when you engage in name calling. We want
honest, forthright discussion in this coun-
try, and that will be a discussion with differ-
ences of views, and we welcome what our
friends have to say, whether they agree with
us or not. And I would not want to label
people who agree with me or disagree with
me.
I am gratified at the President's
reply-as all right-thinking Americans
should be-but not surprised. I would
have expected no less from one nurtured
in the finest traditions of the Congress
where, in the Senate, the right to "take
the floor" and speak out on any topic is
assured. Of late, however, critics of our
Vietnam policies have done so at the risk
8665
of vituperative comment in the press.
Some of us who have done so have run
the danger of being called beatniks, even
though beardless.
I commend President Johnson, there-
fore, for his defense of his critics and in
the same vein in which he said, "We want
honest, forthright discussion in this
country, and that will be a discussion
with differences of views, and we welcome
what our friends have to say, whether
they agree or not." And I shall continue
to criticize the current, unrealistic United
States policies in Vietnam.
President Johnson's statements about
Vietnam at his press conference yester-
day sounded reasonable but were un-
realistic.
Our administration's policy is unreal-
istic because it does not take into account
the facts of life in Vietnam and of
history.
It is unrealistic because it continues
the past errors responsible for our being
mired in the quagmire of Vietnam.
It is unrealistic because it does not take
into account the fact that we are dealing
in Vietnam with human beings and not
machines.
It is unrealistic because it assumes a
monolithic, absolute control of the Viet-
cong by Hanoi that simply does not exist.
By some sort of a process of self-
mesmerization, those advising President
Johnson have convinced themselves-
and President Johnson, apparently-that
the National Front of Liberation in
South Vietnam is only a "front" for
Hanoi.
Of course, it is in part.
But to say so does not mean that the
National Front of Liberation has no
entity of its own-that it has no aspira-
tions of its own-that it has no will of its
own.
The National Front of Liberation will
accept from Hanoi direction and control
in its efforts to conquer all of South Viet-
nam so long as Hanoi's objectives coin-
cide with its own.
But, by excluding the National Front
of Liberation from the groups with
which he is willing to negotiate, the
President is being entirely unrealistic.
Suppose we do go to the peace table
with Hanoi and the latter should agree
to discontinue its aid to the Vietcong.
Does anyone realistically believe that
Hanoi could then issue orders to the
Vietcong to lay down their arms and be-
come part of the one big, happy family
of peaceful Vietnamese?
Anyone who takes such an unrealistic
position misreads history.
After Dienbienphu in 1954, Ho Chi
Minh, leader of the Vietminh, agreed to
the armistice terms at Geneva., which
provided for the temporary partition of
Vietnam at the 17th parallel only be-
cause those armistice terms contained
the explicit agreement that free, super-
vised elections would be held by July 20,
1956, leading to the reunification of Viet-
nam.
In a separate `declaration, the United
States agreed to this reunification pro-
vision. Then in 1956 the United States
acceded to and supported the breach of
this provision of a solemn international
undertaking.
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8666
CONGRESSIONAL RECORD -- SENATE April 29, 1965
In not even alluding at his press con-
ference on Tuesday, April 27 and at
Johns Hopkins on April 7 to this provi-
sion of the Geneva agreement-a return
to which he called for in his March 25
remarks-by not holding out the smallest
hope of ultimate reunification of all of
Vietnam-President Johnson, despite his
oft repeated offer of unconditional nego-
tiations, is in effect saying that one of
the conditions of negotiations is the
agreement in advance that this provision
of the Geneva agreement was non-
negotiable. In other words, while talk-
ing unconditional negotiation we are in
fact asserting a condition precedent to
any negotiations.
Such a condition precedent to nego-
tiations ignores history. It conveniently
slides under the rug not only the re-
unification provision of the Geneva
agreement, but also the fact that. for
800 years after it had ousted its Chinese
conquerors and before it was colonized
by force by France, the whole of Vietnam
constituted one undivided, free, Inde-
pendent sovereign country.
I oppose U.S. policies in Vietnam--and
have done so for over 13 months now--
not alone because they are unrealistic
and are leading us down the path to a
full scale, major war, but also because
they are playing right into the hands of
Chinese imperalist communism.
Let us carefully and realistically ex-
amine the direction In which our present
policies are headed.
We start out with the known fact that,
having been a colony of China for over
1,000 years, and having expelled China by
force of arms, North Vietnam is not
anxious to be reconquered by China at
this point in history.
We have now been bombing North
Vietnam for nearly 3 months and the
makers of policy in the Pentagon and
some of the pundits in the press are
pointing gleefully to the fact that neither
the Red hordes from Communist China
nor the forces from Communist Russia
have poured across the 17th parallel.
But the fact remains that Hanoi does
not need manpower either from Peiping
or Moscow. It needs weapons and ma-
teriel and recent reports of the installa-
tion of missiles'in Hanoi and elsewhere in
North Vietnam indicate that it is or will
be shortly obtaining Russian weapons
and materiel. As for men, Hanoi has
sufficient for the time being to maintain
its infiltration of the civil war in South
Vietnam.
Some may interpret the lack of Red
Chinese fighting men in South Vietnam
as restraint on the part of 'Red China.
One explanation is that the Chinese
are anything but unhappy about the situ-
ation in which the United States finds
itself.
They-the Chinese-see the United
States entrapped in a war on the con-
tinent of Asia.
. They see it realistically as a war in
which we are losing American lives and
spending vast sums of money.
They see the escalation of this war as
an intensification of these two condi-
tions-more American lives sacrificed,
more dollars expended.
They see the Western white man--the
United States-fighting all alone a small
Asiatic nation on the continent of Asia
and being held by that small nation at
least to a standstill.
They note that the United States has
been fighting this war allalone.
They see this war alienating from the
United States the support of the neu-
trals and its allies.
Why should the Chinese not be more
than content with this situation and let
it develop without specific action on their
part? For despite the allegations by
some spokesmen for the administration-
and indeed the President's own reference
to Communist China-that China is be-
hind the Vietcong it is more than evident
that to date the Chinese have shown a
complete self-restraint as far as any
military action is concerned.
There is another explanation for Chi-
nese inaction to date.
It is more plausible to interpret events
as indicating that Hanoi has not invited
Red Chinese troops into Its country.
And for good reason.
Hanoi well remembers the last time
Chinese hordes invaded Vietnam and how
It took more than a thousand years to
free itself.
Hanoi wants no repetition of that
event.
But United States present policies may
be driving Hanoi into the waiting arms
of Peiping. If our war efforts are esca-
lated and North Vietnam is laid bare,
then Hanoi may be forced to call for aid
from both Red China and Communist
Russia. Once Red Chinese troops
occupy North Vietnam, how many thou-
sands of years will it take before they
leave? It will be difficult to drive them
out.
Our policies are also driving Peiping
and Moscow closer whereas their deep
split was a cause for rejoicing in the
free world. Our policies are likewise
estranging us from our allies and
strengthening Imperialist communism.
How are our policies in southeast Asia
strengthening imperialist communism?
Because if we had adhered to the
Geneva agreement and would adhere to
it now, and announced our purpose to
hold the elections promised in the Ge-
neva agreement which we supported, a
united Vietnam would Inevitably firmly
resist a takeover by the Chinese. This
would be a complete accord with its past
history.
The Vietnamese want to be independ-
ent. They objected to the presence of
the French. They object to the presence
of the United States. They would op-
pose the presence of the Chinese.
What would emerge in all probability
judged by past history, both long time
and recent, would be a Titoist form of
government independent of Peiping.
To secure that type of independence
from Moscow, the United States has in-
vested $2 billion in foreign aid in Tito's
Yugoslavia.
We could have pursued the same pol-
icy in southeast Asia, although in conse-
quence of our aggressiveness there and
now bombings of North Vietnam and
our repeated declarations for an inde-
pendent South Vietnam, this policy
would now be more difficult to achieve
than it would have been a year ago. But
It is still possible.
In this policy we would have Russian
support.
But if we escalate the war still further,
go still farther north, continue to bait
the Government of China, the Chinese
may move in with ground troops i;zto
both North and South Vietnam. And
once they occupy Vietnam it would be
infinitely more difficult to get them cut.
It has been extremely difficult and as yet
impossible to get Joseph Stalin's troops
and tanks and their successors out of
Estonia, Latvia, Lithuania and Poland
and Czechoslovakia. But we managed
to assist Tito in proclaiming and main-
taining a considerable degree of inde-
pendence from Moscow. We are pleased
with the result and consider the $2 billion
dollars it cost the American taxpayers
as a sound investment.
His government is Communist, but it
is a communism independent of imperial
control which Joseph Stalin sought to
impose. It is not a communism which is
exported for the purpose of dominating
other nations.
Similarly, if we had pursued or could
now pursue a corresponding policy in
southeast Asia, a reunited Vietnam
choosing its own government would in
all likelihood maintain its independence
from the Peiping rule of Mao Tse-timg
and Chou En-lai.
Unfortunately our present policy is
likely to nullify that desirable solution.
Actually, our policy is leading to .he
very Chinese imperialist expansion
which we declare it is our purpose to
obviate,
I repeat my previous suggestions.
We should:
Stop the bombings in North Vietnam,
at least for a limited period of time, so
that negotiations can get underway
without North Vietnam being dragger: to
the conference table with a pistol at its
head.
Press for an immediate cease-fire in
South Vietnam with international super-
vision.
Offer to go to the negotiating table
with all the parties involved, including
the Vietcong, the real opposition to the
South Vietnamese Government which
the United States supports.
It has been said that all wars end at
the negotiating table, so why not this
one?
I fear that this statement may no
longer be true. The thermonucl,mr
capabilities of the major nations of he
world mean that the next-the last
world war-could end not in negotia-
tions but in total destruction of the peo-
ples of the world, leaving no one to
negotiate.
Is it not time for the President to take
another firm, hard look at the policies
he has been advised to pursue?
It is not too late-yet-for reason and
realism to prevail.
Mr. President, I yield the floor.
VOTING RIGHTS ACT OF 1965
The Senate resumed the consideration
of the bill (S. 1564) to enforce the 13th
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April 29, 1965 CONGRESSIONAL,.RECORD = ,SENATE 86,67
amendment of the Constitution of the has moved a considerable distance since but also because it is untrue. Yet at this
United States. it opened on the floor of the Senate on very moment the image of the int?ellec-
AMENDMENT,rro. 117 the 17th of February. It is with some teal world is a one-sided image. It sug-
Mr. ERVIN. Mr. President, I send to reluctance that I take issue with my dis- gests that the students and their pro-
the desk an amendment to amendment tinguished friend, the Senator from fessors and intellectuals are all
No. 82 of the Senator from Delaware Alaska [Mr. GRuENING], who has just automatically pacifists or troublemakers,
[Mr. WILLIAMS], and ask that it be preceded me, but he and I have had whose loyalty to their country may be
stated, rather strong differences on this ques- open to question.
The PRESIDING OFFICER. The tion for some time. Let me add that we. . In the interest of objectivity, as we
amendment to the amendment will be have likewise enjoyed the additional seek to judge the academic world of our
stated for the information of the Senate. pleasure of exchanging those differences, time, particularly on the issue of Viet-
The LEGISLATIVE CLERK. On page 1, not only in debate on the floor of the nam, it is necessary that we bear in
line 10, of the amendment numbered 82, Senate, but also in debate on some of the mind how such distortion could emerge
change the period to a colon and add this campuses of the universities across this in the first place.
additional sentence: "Provided, however, great land of ours. At the outset we ought to recognize
That this provision shall be applicable It is that kind of debate which, it that if the campuses were to rally
only to elections held for the selection of seems to me, is in the tradition of free around a policy that was already in-
presidential electors, Members of the inquiry and open discussion in the test of yoked, if the campuses were to accept
United States Senate, and Members of conflicting positions in the public forum. what already is a fact, it would be less
the United States House of Representa- This helps to firm up the wisdom of pol- newsworthy and it would not attract
tives." icy positions. attention from off the campus, and
Mr. ERVIN. Mr. President, let me Because of the debates which have therefore the protester against the exist-
state briefly the reason why I offer my taken place in the past 3 months, we can ing situation has the advantage in head-
amendment to the pending amendment now point to a higher level of both dis- lines.
of the Senator from Delaware. cussion and debate, but now more often Second, campuses generally and un-
I am in favor of amendment No. 82. on the right questions for the right rea- derstandably draw hangers-on, those
However, in my opinion amendment No. sons instead of the wrong reasons, and who are professional protesters, even
82 in its present form is unconstitutional with not quite so much misinformation though not officially members of the in-
because it is not restricted to Federal as characterized the opening discussions. tellectual community. These hangers-
elections. By the term "Federal elec- This is all to the good. The country on should not be confused with bona
tions", I mean elections in which presi- as a whole has become much more close- fide academics.
dential electors and Members of the U.S. ly attuned to the tough issues which Third, major segments of the aca-
Senate and Members of the U.S. House need to be resolved in southeast ' Asia. demic world have contributed through
of Representatives are chosen. Much of the helpful delineation and con- their intellectual resources to the warp
The only effect of my amendment sideration which plague our great coun- and woof of the present American policy
would be to confine the application of try has come from high places in the ad- in Vietnam. The President himself is a
amendment No. 82 to Federal elections ministration, led by the President him- former teacher. The Secretary of State
and thereby make it constitutional under: self, aided and abetted by Secretary of was a professor of political science and
the interpretation placed on the 15th State Rusk and Secretary of Defense Mc- a Rhodes scholar. The Secretary of
amendment by the Supreme Court of the Namara, as well as some of the Presi- Defense is a distinguished scholar PBK.
United States in a number of cases. dent's closest personal advisers. Like- McGeorge Bundy, a key adviser to the
Mr. WILLIAMS of Delaware. Mr. wise, articulate voices in the Senate have President on defense matters, was dean
President, I concur in the statement just continued to contribute to the discus- of arts and science at Yale. And Walt
made by the Senator from North Caro- sion, and thus have contributed to the Rostow, chairman of the policy planning
lina [Mr. ERVIN]. I find his amendment shaping of policy positions. staff shaping these questions, was a pro-
-to my amendment to be perfectly accept- Not the least of the forces which have fessor of economic history at MIT and
,able. In fact, I believe that it would contributed to enlightened debate have a Rhodes scholar.
make my amendment stronger, which is been the voices that have come from the In other ways, through position papers,
the objective we are trying to achieve. nongovernmental level, from town meet- field studies, public debates, and com-
Since the yeas and nays have been ings, community seminars, and perhaps munity dialogs, other voices from the
ordered on the amendment I ask unani- most of all from the campuses of our classroom have helped to shape and to
mous consent that I be allowed to modi- great educational institutions, both large raise the level of understanding of the
fy my amendment to accept the provi- and small, central issues in the Far East. On my
sion of the amendment offered by the The knowledge of the academic world own campus at the University of Wyo-
Senator from North Carolina. in these matters has taken on new thing my former colleagues in the de-
The PRESIDING OFFICER. Is there dimensions during this time of crisis. partment of history have taken the lead
objection? The Chair hears none, and it Perhaps more so than at any time since in this regard.
is so ordered. the 1930's, the college campuses have it is unfortunate in the light of this
The question is on agreeing to the come forward to participate in a con- that only one side of the academic face is
amendment offered by the senator troversy with debate of high caliber and coming through-that which protests a
from Delaware [Mr. WILLIAMS], num- considerable magnitude. strong policy in Indochina. One of the
bered 82 as amended by the amendment As a former academic, I am delighted regrettable consequences is to give to the
of the Senator from North Carolina [Mr. to see this manifestation of deep con- general public the wrong image of the
ERVIN]. The Chair will put the question. tern about an issue of such vital inter- intellectual in America-wrong only be-
Mr. McGEE. Mr. President, I suggest national and national significance. cause it portrays him as being one sided
the absence of a quorum. Having said that, however, there is one and with a closed mind. It is not that
The PRESIDING OFFICER. The clerk aspect about it that remains disturbing students and professors should not pro-
will call the roll. to many of us. This is the seeming im- test, for whatever else, protest should
The legislative clerk proceeded to call pression, which has come to us at least ever remain a hallmark of academia.
the roll. through the media of communication, Exploration of the unrealistic as well as
Mr. McGEE.. 'Mr. President, I ask that the campuses of the land are almost the realistic, of the frowzy as well as the
unanimous consent that the order for totally in the grasp of those who oppose fundamental, should always be a way of
the quorum call be rescinded. the President's Position-in Vietnam that life on the campus. The right to think
The PRESIDING OFFICER. Without they are engaging in a monolog rather otherwise or be otherwise should remain
abT cion, it is PRESIDING OFF. than a dialog. We are being led to a cherished tradition in the halls of ivy.
so ordered believe that the teach-ins, the picketing On a question of the magnitude of
activity, the marchings, and, the public American policy in Vietnam, it is im-
AMERIbAN POLICY IN VIETNAM AND student demonstrations all reflect a portant that the public image of the
DEBATE IN THE UNITED STATES cross section of the campus life today. position of American intellectuals on it
It is unfortunate that this impression be brought back into balance. For all
Mr. McGEE. Mr. President, a great has gotten abroad in the land-unfor- too long in our country's history aca-
national debate on our policy in Vietnam tunate because it is not only unrealistic, demics were suspect, particularly in the
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8668 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD - SENATE April 29, 1965
public arena of politics. Among others, meant coordination of movement and a defend themselves, would find it easier
the Soviet Union frightened some of our concentration of targets, and thus a to go along and cooperate, and perhaps
countrymen into the realization that per- greater effectiveness or a greater threat spare the lives of the young ones or them-
haps there was a proper place for in- of their capability to disrupt and destroy selves, than to be mowed down by well-
tellect in a modern state. In any event, in the south. armed groups of terrorists from the ranks
the Intellectual has acquired a higher Third, we now have abundant evi- of the guerrillas.
status and public respect today never dence to suggest that even major regu- On the other hand, terrorists have
before enjoyed-at least in this century. lar army units from Hanoi are now every advantage In some respects. In
Thus, the campus is on the spot, and the operating across the border in the south. order to win, all that they have to do is
urgency of getting -through a balanced There has begun wholesale importation to hit and run. All they have to do is o
profile becomes even greater. of supplies and armaments from outside strike terror, not to deliver a program,
So I appeal to the currently silent seg- Vietnam, which are then smuggled into and then fade away under cover of jun-
ment of our campuses who support the the south on behalf of the guerrillas. We gle or night, to strike again at some
President or who may agree with funda- have learned that In recent battles the other place.
mental tenets implicit in a firm posture Vietcong has been armed with small arms I reject, thus, the equation of the vil-
in Asia to declare themselves now in a of which more than 90 percent came lagers cooperating with the terrorists
public way. Let the professors speak from outside the area-notably arms with the opposition to the United States
out; let the students petition. It is time from China, from Czechoslovakia. Al- and our presence in Vietnam.
to stand up and be counted. most 100 percent, of the larger weapons Another question that comes from the
For several weeks, I have been meet- were of Chinese manufacture. colleges suggests that, as a practical
Ing with groups of students and pro- Until 6 months or so ago, the guerrilla question, we are losing the war in Viet-
fessors on the question of Vietnam. operations were largely endemic in their nam, anyway, and, therefore, we- should
Their questions, their newspaper ads, nature. Very often they were cannibals not continue an effort to do better
and their picket signs generally center from the standpoint of arms, either con- there; that we should get out while we
around half a dozen ideas. It has been verting arms that they captured or us- can, and perhaps get out as gracefully
my experience that the, ideas often are ing arms that they had discovered in as we can.
noble but that the facts which led them caches left over from the Japanese That point of view, too, is nonsense, as
to those ideas were often irrelevant. occupation or the war with the French. I see it. The war in Vietnam has been
While ferment on the campus is to the But that has now changed; and this going on for 10 years. At the very begin-
good, we can ill afford campus mono- change is the point towhich we ought to ning it was said that the war could rot
logs premised upon fermented facts, lend emphasis as we seek to respond to last for more than 6 months. That kind
namely, facts that are old and out of the academics who still call into ques- of warfare has almost become a way of
date. How well I remember my own tion policies in Vietnam on the basis of life because of practices and policies de-
of days. It Is with no thought outmoded and outdated fact. signed to unsettle and terrorize tdat
of disparagement at all that I recall that Another question that is commonly have plagued the Government in South
Professor MCGEE had a lot more solu- raised in the campus discussions is as fol- Vietnam. This is not to make any apol-
tions to the problems of the world than lows: Why do we remain in a land that ogles for the little game of "who Is the
does Senator MCGEE. wants no part of our presence there, president in South Vietnam" from time
That may suggest, in capsule form, where a large segment of the population to time, for that in itself is another sub-
why President Truman, who may have is openly trying to throw us out, and is ject. But it is to say that the war is not
held a different position until he became strongly supporting the position of the lost and need not be lost in South
President, why President Eisenhower or guerrillas or the Vietcong? Vietnam.
President Johnson, too, came to about That item, I submit, is nonsensical on A noted correspondent for the Paris
the same answers on this question. It is its face. In the first place, how do we weekly, L'Express, Georges Chaffard,
the difference between sheer speculation measure the attitudes of the rural peas- has filed a series of dispatches which in-
or posing theoretical postulates, and hav- ant population in South Vietnam? How dicates that there has been a serious
ing to accept responsibility for taking a do we determine the state of mind of the shifting a significant one, in Vietnam.
given policy position now on any given people in the hills, and the mountain That statement comes from a source
issue of the day. country north of Saigon? which, in general, has been sharply crit-
Let us examine some of the questions Mr. Gallup has not been over there. ical not only of the American position
and some of the answers to the ques- There is no known standard of measure there. but of the Saigon Government
tions which appear most frequently and ment that would stand up to the test of there as well. These articles report in-
most commonly in the student bodies validity. But one of the students sug- creasing cases of battle fatigue amcng
with whom I have met, and many of the gested to me on one occasion. "When- the North Vietnamese and among guer-
professors whom I know so well. These ever the guerrillas come into a village, rilla groups, whose ranks are no longer
questions take into account the kinds of the first thing they do is to get coopera- marching in a single step, as once was
uncertainties that still prevail in many tion from the local villagers." the case. It should be pointed out, as
sincere and expert academic minds. Mr. President, students have often sug- Joseph Alsop has mentioned In one of his
At the same time the answers take into gested to me that the best evidence of columns, that Georges Chaffard is no
account the radical changes in the status the fact that Americans are not wanted friend of our present position there, but
quo that have occurred in the last 6 to in Vietnam is disclosed in the fact that is merely recording a significant shift as
8 months. villagers themselves often aid the Viet- he sees it on the spot. The correspond-
Perhaps one question that is put most cong by giving them rice, where possible, ent does not predict, I hasten to add, an
often, or most frequently, is this: Why by helping them repair weapons, and 'immediate end to the struggle. He has
do we interfere in what is largely a simple even by supplying them with manpower. not pronounced that, therefore, in the
civil war between two factions in South This cannot be denied as a fact, but in wake of some depressing developments,
Vietnam? - my judgment it is a fact that very often there is suddenly to be a victory. W aat
Of course, the answer to that question stems from terrorism of the most extreme he is saying is that there has been a
lies in the developments which have oc- sort. I suggest that most villagers, measurable shift, and it is the kind of
curred in recent months. In that inter- wherever the village, confronted by the shift that represents a basis for realistic
val of time the government in Hanoi has shooting in cold blood of their tribal judgment of the present policy that our
intensified its training of skilled guer- leaders or of decimation of their ranks Government has been pursuing in
villa forces, recruited in North Vietnam., by firing squads or by other atrocities Vietnam,
and they have likewise stepped up their practiced upon selected leaders of their Further, we now increasingly read in
infiltration of the territory south of the community, would more readily surren- the press, reports of new cracks in the
17th parallel. der to a guerrilla occupation, however facade of intransigence, at Hanoi;
Also, in recent months Hanoi has small, than to try to resist them, only to cracks that suggest that the North Viet-
begun to give direct radio signals-- suffer the same fate themselves. namese themselves have become badly
orders, if you will-to most of the units The real point is that most of those split due to the new pressures that have
operating in South Vietnam. This has people, being without adequate means to been imposed upon them.
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-April 29, 1965 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD - SENATE 8669
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improved morale in South Vietnam, in- the basis of taking a straw vote around globe but in Vietnam we have a soft spot
eluding the fact that 7,000 young men the nations of the world, at that time we that the Communists seek to exploit for
volunteered for military service in the will be In deep trouble. This is not to the extension of their domination.
South last month alone. A few months suggest that we should ignore them. We The nations of southeast Asia have
ago, the reports would likely have been must weigh and assess world opinion, na- adopted the concept of wait and see over
that the same number of men, had tional opinion, and the opinion of our this struggle. For it is evident that the
dodged the draft. colleagues, at all times. These are fac- future course of these nations will be de-
I would note that the picture is not tors which we need to fit into the total termined by our success or failure in
all bright, and one would not find it scale of values which will guide us in stopping this pattern of conquest. Al-
wise to be overenthusiastic in the cir- our judgments. It does not mean that ready we see the revival of Communist
cumstances. There are those who still they should become a determining fac- activity in Thailand, the Philippines, In-
consider the conflict incapable of suc- tor. donesia, Laos, and Cambodia. The pic
cessful resolution, and they offer evi- Those who are the most powerful in ture is clear: what can succeed in South
dence to support their concept. But I this world are rarely the most loved. Vietnam can succeed in these nations,
insist that there has been a sufficient Need I remind the Senate of the tradi- too-and this applies for both sides in
shift in the general complexion of affairs tional role in history of the British na- equal measure.
in South Vietnam today to sustain an tion for so many centuries, which in National independence is a concept for
attitude of guarded, cautious optimism, some respects became probably the most which peoples have died over the cen-
and a spirit of determination to con- hated country In the world. We know turies. I am convinced that the inde-
tinue the President's policy of a careful that was true up and down the east coast pendence of these nations from direct
and planned use of force in North Viet- of the United States for a long time. external control, no matter what is the
nam. Especially was it true in Chicago during nature or form of their government, best
We have also heard much of the idea the 1920's, when the Mayor of Chicago serves the interests of these nations and
that China represents the wave. of the ran his political campaigns based upon of world peace.
future in southeast Asia, that its power vilification of the King of England. This The policy of planned escalation of this
Will inevitably dominate the entire area. should remind us that with great power conflict is the subject which began
I would agree that China will certainly goes great responsibility and a great deal here in the Senate on February 17. That
be of increasing influence in that area of unpopularity in the world. policy now is being carefully applied by
in future years, but that is a totally dif- We can never conduct our policies on the Johnson administration. These are
ferent concept than actual domination the basis of trying to be loved by every- what I consider to be the goals of this
of smaller, weaker nations. On this one or trying to be the good guy. We policy:
point I subscribe to what President must do what the times require, for the First, we seek to set the stage for ne-
Johnson said at Johns Hopkins that simple reason that this is a world made gotiations between the parties involved
"there is no end to that argument until up mostly of anarchy, and no one has in this dispute. We mean to convince
all of the nations of Asia are swallowed agreed upon what rules we are to play as those who thought we were summer
up.., a result. There are others who are will- soldiers that we will honor our commit-
Some of the comment from those who ing to be the bad guys, to take advantage ments in South Vietnam regardless of
protest our involvement in Vietnam casts of the inhibitions of civilization, of cul- the discomfort, regardless of the size of
us in the role of blood-thirsty warmong- ture, of decent people, in order to exploit the effort. I believe this fact is now be-
ers, unmoved by the slaughter of inno- their inclinations not to act. coming apparent to Hanoi and I believe
cents, the deaths of women and children, We dare not surrender to the tempta- this fact is now becoming apparent and
and completely unaware of the issues tion on the other side to exploit our re- I believe the chances for meaningful ne-
causing their deaths. spect for human life, our respect for the gotiations are improving.
On Tuesday I had printed in the REC- high level of civilization, and our abhor- All of us readily admit, unless it be the
ORD an editorial from the Washington rence of war. One of the great calcula- most rabid militarist on the loose-and I
Post entitled "Anguish of Power." That tions in the East has been the convic- trust there are none of those except In
editorial pointed. out that the responsi- tion that although the United States is retirement-that there is no milltary no-
bilities of world leadership, which can- a great power, that because of its highly lution to southeast Asia. We will not
not be ignored, present us with alterna- civilized inhibitions it would not be will- solve the southeast Asia problem with
tives, all of which will result in blood- ing to use its power. They are gambling bullets, guns, and troops. We must reach
shed and human suffering. It noted: on our unwillingness to use it. the kind of stage at which it will be pos-
Each of our decisions to use force or to It is not sufficient to suggest that be- sible to sit down realistically and try to
fall to use force is filled with potential pain cause we have some new answers to old find some substitute for war there.
and injury for millions. This is othe ne can questions that we have sufficient justifi- But in February we were in no position
that goes with great power. cation for our role in Vietnam. We must to negotiate. The other side was not
liver us from it. , ask ourselves-regardless of the success disposed to negotiate. Why should they?
The last question from the academic of our role-what business do we have in They were convinced that they were go-
world which I will discuss here today- Vietnam at all. I submit that there are ing to get everything free. They would
although there are many others-is the several reasons why to forfeit our pres- get all that they desired without sitting
charge that we are all but alone in the ence in this troubled area would be to down with anyone. If they would only
nations of the free world in our policy forfeit our leadership of the free world. wait it out, the Americans would soon go
in Vietnam, that we are earning uni- In the recent history of mankind the home.
versal condemnation and further tar- only force which has been able to keep Thus, likewise, we had to acquire a
nishing whatever good image is left us international relationships on a peace- position which would lead them to un-
around the globe. ful plane has been that of balance of derstand that we were there to stay, and
Let me say, that we must win our own power. The Pax Britannica is a demon- that their only chance to realize some
respect first. We start with ourselves, to stration of how this concept, if pursued kind of settlement better than the drains
acquire what we regard as the best edu- skillfully, can eliminate international on their resources that war was making
cated guesses, and we realize what our conflicts on a global scale. And I would is to talk.
obligation is to mankind and to the world point out that though international con- So these, then, were the purposes of
of which w;~ arc a part. We have to. live flicts once could be resolved upon the planned escalation.
with our conscience, We have to do what battlefields of Europe, this is no longer Now, nearly 3 months later, it is pos-
we believe In our best judgment Is right the case. sible to assess our Government's program
because it is right, not because we are It makes a real difference to southeast with the advantage of hindsight. In
trying to win a popularity poll with some Asia where the line representing the bal- spite of the attacks made by the critics
of the governments of the globe. ance of power Is drawn. This line is of the President, in spite of the assaults
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CONGRESSIONAL RECORD SENATE April 29, 1965
on the part of those who thought that
it would be suicide and that we ought
to get out, it is now possible to note
measurable progress through the policy
of planned escalation.
Second, we seek to lessen the chances
of accidental war. To those who believe
that our policy is just the reverse, I
would suggest that accidental wars are
created by those who misread the inten-
tions of their adversaries. A policy of
uncertain response to aggression encour-
ages that aggression and further aggres-
sion. At a certain point our alternatives
would be exhausted and we would be at
war. When the Communists understand
our intentions, I believe the chances for
accidental war will be materially les-
sened. We shall never be free of the
threat of war, but we can reduce the risk
as much as possible.
A third goal of this policy is the seal-
ing off of the problem of South Vietnam.
As George A. Carver, Jr., pointed out in
an excellent article in the April issue of
Foreign Affairs, there is a power strug-
gle In South Vietnam, but neither of the
two sides are connected with the Viet-
cong. The infiltration of men and arms
from the North was stepped up in Feb-
ruary in an, attempt to solve all prob-
lems from the outside. The South Viet-
namese should be given the chance to
work out their own future and a closed
border will help them dolt. No one sug-
gests that democracy as we know it can
be installed there, but that is no reason
to deny the South Vietnamese the right
.to plot their own future free from out-
side domination.
With these goals in mind, I firmly
believe that we are making definite prog-
ress in this conflict. A cross section of
press accounts indicates the morale is
increasing in the South. The increase
in military volunteers has already been
referred to. More and more weapons
are being captured by the South Viet-
namese Army. The ranks of the guer-
rilla forces are being thinned by the fail-
ureto replace casualties and the increas-
ing number of deserters. More and
more of these south Vietnamese trained
in the North for guerrilla warfare re-
turn to their homes and families im-
mediately upon being infiltrated south-
ward. In many places they have shifted
from offense to defense.
Further stresses and strains are visible
in the Moscow-Peiping Axis. Name call-
ing between the two is increasing and
some physical conflict has appeared in
Chinese 'student attacks upon Soviet
Embassies and reversed incidents in
Moscow.
In Hanoi there are increasing reports
of a split in the ranks of policymakers.
Young officers are contesting the strat-
egy of the old revolutionaries_ Doubts
about the wisdom of present policies are
increasing.
The announcement this morning that
a battalion of Australian infantrymen
are being sent to South Vietnam is wel-
come news which indicates that our allies
have confidence in our ability to carry
out our program and that we do not
stand alone in this troublesome endeavor.
Finally, the President's speech in Bal-
timore, following as it did in the wake of
American escalation and in the wake of
a dispatch of increased troop personnel
from the United States to Vietnam, came
as a gesture of strength and of a sincere
desire for peace, rather than being sub-
ject, instead, to being considered a des-
perate porposal by a nation that was on
the ropes in southeast Asia. That speech
could not have been made in February
tvith any dignity. That speech could
not have received any kind of credence
anywhere around the world 2 months
before. But because of the acceleration
that was planned in North Vietnam, it
was possible to show to the rest of the
world again the true face of America;
namely, that we have no designs on any-
one else's government, that we covet no
other country's territory, and that our
goal is peace wherever we can obtain it
and in whatever proportions it can be
achieved. We have shown to the world
that we are willing to put our men, our
money, our policy, and our hearts where
our words have been. That is an im-
portant step forward.
None of these facts suggest that we
shall be at the negotiating table next
month, but they are signs that our policy
Is having the effect we wish it to have
and that it should be continued.
The responsibilities we have accepted
in Vietnam are ugly and unpleasant,
filled with suffering, death, and disloca-
tion. But we have accepted them in the
hope that in the final tally mankind
will have benefited, that as a result of
what we do here this year and next some
peoples will have a chance to seek and
find independence and self-determina-
tion that otherwise would have been de-
nied them.
Our policies, as a product of human
endeavor, may not be perfect. They
should be debated, discussed, analyzed,
and criticized by those in our colleges
and universities and by the man on the
street. But it is my hope that these de-
bates and discussions will be conducted
with an objective view of the facts and
in the context of honorable differences
among honorable men. We have the
choice of helping to steer the course of
history or of muddying the waters with
fruitless and irrational posturing.
I ask unanimous consent to have
printed in the RECORD following my re-
-marks a series of columns and articles.
First, an article from the Evening Star
of April 27 on the war; second, an edi-
torial from the Washington Post, issue of
April 28, on the war; next, a column by
William S. White that was published in
the Washington Post on April 28 on the
same question; still another by Roscoe
Drummond, from the same issue of the
Post; likewise, an editorial entitled
"Two-Pronged Attack on Vietcong,"
published in Life magazine of April 30;
and a reprint from Life magazine of
April 30 of material that appeared in a
French weekly, L'Express, to which I
,referred earlier in my remarks as re-
printed in Life magazine.
There being no objection, the articles
and editorial were ordered to be printed
in the RECORD, as follows:
[From the Washington (D.C.) Evening Star,
Apr. 27, 19651
"MCNAMARA'S WAR"
Secretary McNamara said he decided to
hold his televised press conference on he
war in Vietnam at the request of the report-
ers who cover the Pentagon. Undoubtedly
there was a factual basis for this. Our guess
is, however, that the Defense Secretary also
wanted to let the people see how things have
been going in which his critics call "McNa-
mara's war."
They have been going rather well. Shice
the much-condemned bombing of North
Vietnam got underway in February some 14
highway and railroad bridges have been
knocked out. In addition, there has been
substantial damage to military installations,
radar stations, supply depots, truck convoys,
and the like.
Mr. McNamara says that this has not
halted the movement of arms, supplies, .and
men from the north to South Vietnam. It
may not even have substantially slowed down
this traffic. The essential point to been in
mind, however, is that we can keep up the
bombings day after day after day. And to
an appreciable extent, we can also interdict
any similar movement along the sea routes.
The critics say that the bombings will
never bring the Communists to the confer-
ence table and that, instead, they will me:'ely
stiffen the resistance of Ho Chi Minh. We
do not believe it.
It is perfectly clear that American power
in the air and in the China Sea cannot. be
successfully challenged. And as long as we
control the air and the sea it is absurd to
think there will be any massive introduction
of Red Chinese or Russian troops into the
combat area. They couldn't be supplied if
they could get there. Meanwhile, it is also
clear that the United States and the South
Vietnamese Air Force can continue to chop
away at every target of consequence in. North
Vietnam. It may take a long time, but these
targets surely are doomed if Hanoi hangs on.
So what thoughts must be running
through the mind of Ho Chi Minh? Accord-
ing to Mr. McNamara, some 89,000 Vietcong
troops have been killed in the past 41/,. years.
The Communist sources of manpower in the
south are drying up, and it is becoming in-
creasingly necessary to send in reinforce-
ments from the north. Ho Chi Minh is
nobody's fool. As he sees the turn which
the war is taking as he notes the absence
of important aid from Peiping and Moscow,
and as he surveys the mounting ruin in his
own. country, there must be times when he
is a deeply discouraged man.
[From the Washington (D.C.) Post, Apr 28,
1965]
VIETNAM POLICY: CONSENSUS OF EXTREMES
(By Roscoe Drummond)
There is every reason to believe President
Johnson will widen and hold a decisive con-
sensus in support of a strong policy in Viet-
nam.
He has one special asset. He is occup ling
his usual stance at the center. His policy
is wedded to neither extreme. He rests: on
two pillars--clear determination to defend
as long as the aggression continues; clear
willingness to talk whenever Hanoi will start
talking.
His senatorial, newspaper, and professional
critics can offer no acceptable alternative.
They are prepared to accept Chinese Com-
munist domination of all southeast Asia.
This is an alternative the American people
will not accept without trying to do some-
thing about it.
The President has the backing of many
Democrats (his offer of unconditional dis-
cussions won the approval of the ADA) and
most Republicans.
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April 29, 1965 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD - SENATE
.:: - $671.
Despite the honest, emotional student statistics and intelligence. But our reports right with the Communist Invaders? An-
pickets and the college teach-ins, this should not be so phrased as to suggest that other Democratic Senator, RUSSELL LONG, of
leaves Mr. Johnson in a strategic position, there is no indigenous revolutionary force in Louisiana, goes to the heart of it.
And here is the evidence South Vietnam. The country must not be For, he says truthfully, "modern-day ap-
The. Gallup poll finds that 29 percent of misled in the belief that this is wholly a peasers and isolationists" are leading the
the country would like to see the United case. of external aggression any more than- it Communists to suppose "that we will sur-
States withdraw completely from Vietnam, should allow itself to be misled by critics and render all Asia to them if they will just keep
stop the fighting whatever the effects, and enemies into the belief that we deal only up the pressure. So long as our adversaries
start negotiations whatever the outcome. It with a civil war. It is both. If the infiltra- suspect that this may be the case, they are
also finds that 31 percent of the country tion from the North could be stopped, the going to pay an increasingly greater price to
favors stepping up military activity and go- internal struggle might be manageable, but test our will."
Ing the full distance of declaring war. it would not necessarily end at once. It Criticism of any foreign policy is, of course,
The President embraces neither extreme, would still be difficult. both right and useful, so long as critics do
He does not propose to withdraw or even Americans must resist the temptation to not distort the demonstrable facts of history
cease defending. But he will start talking believe that the recent improvements in the beyond reason and beyond belief. But no de-
even while defending. He does not seek a military situation forecast any quick or easy cent dialog can be conducted with Senators
solution by military means alone, but he solution. Our firmness and resolution will who use hysterical venom in place of rea-
will use military means until Hanoi is will- be the more believable if we make it plain son and shameful attacks upon devoted pub-
ing to use the conference table. that we know how troublesome and lic men-from the privileged sanctuary of
Where does this, leave Mr. Johnson with dangerous a trial we face, and that we never- the Senate floor-in place of logic and per-
respect to a public consensus? To obtain theless are determined to fulfill our com- suasion.
further
ward thevidencen of t the situation public's attitudes s to- mitments. Our professions of peace will be Nor can such a dialog be held with Stu-
handling the more believable if we do not conceal our dents who openly threaten to resist the com-
nam, Dr. Gallup put this question to people anxiety to bring to an end this struggle and mon obligation of military service "unless we
in the same survey cited above: "Do you the sacrifices it entails. get out of Vietnam," even while they think the United States is handling affairs It is to be hoped that the President's plain applauding motion picture propaganda op n-
in Vietnam as well as could be expected, or speaking will be understood. ly made by the Communists in Vietnam.
do you think we are handling affairs there
badly?" This is nothing less than sedition; and from
[From the Washington (D.C.) Post, men whose very status as students gives
The result was that. by a ratio of more Apr. 28, 19 g
than 2 to 1 the American people approve of SCREECHING SPLINTER: ] ARTICULATE POLICY them right now a deferment from the draft
the Government's handling of the situation. SUPPORT while better young men are carrying rifles
If there is any threat to the President's ex-
panding in n Vietnam.
panding and holding this consensus on Viet- (By William S. White) Why don't we hear more from the college
nom, it would only come, I think, from any The frightening outlines of what could be- students who do not go along with this sick
sign of weakening in his policy. come an American tragedy without example and ugly thing? Where are the college pro-
pro-
Republican support is crucial to the can be seen in the feverish attacks of Ameri- fessors who respect history and who do not
Johnson consensus. The President knows it. can citizens on the integrity of their own believe .in dishonoring the honorable com-
But the President knows that any sign of Government's course in resisting Communist mitments of this counrty? It is past time
appeasement, intended or accidental, Re- aggression in Vietnam. for every American to do his duty, so as
publican support would vanish like a rocket A small but screechingly articulate Demo- not to allow these noisy and fatally foolish
into outer politics. As they did to Presi- cratic splinter in the Senate is day by day fringe groups to lead the Communists into
dent Truman .over Korea, the Republicans inviting the North Vietnamese and Chinese some mortal underestimate of the real
can never call this "Johnson's war:," but Communists to believe these monstrously strength and the real resolve of the vast,
they could fight and possibly win election if dangerous falsehoods: sensible majority of the American people.
it ever turned into "Johnson's appease- That the United States does not really
ment." mean it when it says we will not allow the [From Life magazine, Apr. 30, 1965]
Communist invaders a free run over South Two-PRONGED ATTACK ON VIETCONG
[From the Washington (D.C.) Post, Apr. 28, Vietnam on the way to eventual conquest of It is quite possible for the forces of law and
1966]. all southeast Asia, order to win a war against Communist-
VIETNAM POLICY That the Communists may safely persist in backed guerrillas. This has just been proved
President Johnson's press conference state- their attacks in the supposition that Presi- in the Congo, where the Tshombe govern-
ments, added to those of Secretary McNamara dent Johnson's policy-which was also the ment's mercenary-led army has swept the
earlier this week, make the American policy policy of the Republican President Dwight 'Simba rebels out of the crucial northeast.
about as clear as it can be made with words. Eisenhower and the Democratic President "The water has dried up in the Congo," said
The policy enunciated at Baltimore stands. John Kennedy-is opposed by a great and one Leopoldville observer, referring to Mao
It is, as the President described it, a policy of possibly even a decisive part of the American Tse-tung's famous textbook for guerrillas,
"firmness with moderation." political community. which tells them to move among the villagers
The two press conferences have put at rest That any number of Communist refusals like fish.
the alarms about nuclear weapons---if there to open honorable negotiations-that is, ne- The war in Vietnam is much vaster and
ever was any justification for them. And that gotiations preconditioned by a halt in Com- more complicated than the Simba action, but
is a good thing. The situation is alarming munist assaults upon South Vietnam-will
without conjuring up risks that noth- not stop the critics from ceaselessly demand- cis also a guerrilla war in which the Viet-
enough In that the United States cease its own tong still move
not like bases fish. ts military ob-
ing but sheer folly could persuade this Gov- g
ernment to take in the Vietnam war, bombing; anyhow, and regardless of con- bombers er are not the baseand eesour
tinued Communist aggression, but t the e have villages been
anctrice fields clobbering where the north
Nuclear weapons would be about as useful in hmost of
Vietnam as French 75s in a fly-swatting And what is to all accounts a small but the 15 million South Vietnamese try to live
campaign. It is to be hoped that this will screechingly articulate minority of college and work. It is a political as well as a milf-
end this scare, students and professors is contributing its tary war and "will be won or lost here in the
The President reemphasized that the bit. It is suggesting-and the Communist provinces," as Joseph Grainger, the civilian
American purpose is a "peaceful settlement." foreign press is lapping it up-that the real AID man recently killed by the Vietcong,
It is to be~hoped that this strong reaffirma- intellectuals and true friends of "peace" in wrote his mother. Like hundreds of other
tion. has not been overlooked by Hanoi, this Nation are in total revolt against our U.S. civilians trying to improve the lot of the
Peiping, and Moscow. The crisis in South cause in Vietnam. Vietnamese, he was fighting the political war.
Vietnam is one that admits of a peaceful solu- Thus when the monumentally patient It is that war in which Ho Chi Minh still
tion. The United States has no purpose there Secretary of State Dean Rusk at last speaks thinks he has the advantage and which our
inconsistent with the legitimate aims of out plainly against all the bitter nonsense, bombers alone cannot win.
North Vietnam or irreconcilable with the in- all the blind rejection of the demonstrated There Is nevertheless mounting evidence
dependence of South Vietnam. The Presi- facts of history about Communist aggression, that the air raids in North Vietnam and the
dent has pointed this out again in terms that what befalls him? Why, such a Senator as general firming up of the U.S. military com-
can only be construed as an invitation to WAYNE MORSE, of Oregon, calls for the head mitment have had a marked effect on the
peace-if peace is desired. not only of Dean Rusk but also of Secretary decisive political equation in Vietnam. Our
The strong emphasis that the United States of Defense Robert McNamara. increased pressure has slowed the flow of sup-
now is giving to the role of North Vietnam, To MORSE, our action in Vietnam, in which plies from Hanoi, boosted the morale of the
evident in the President's press conference, we are carrying out the solemn pledges of Saigon government and armed forces, and in-
the McNamara press conference, and in other three American Presidents, is "immoral and creased the willingness of Vietnamese peas-
public statements, makes the fact of North godless." He rages at the word appeasement. ants to volunteer much needed information.
Vietnam's aggression a first premise of our But what else, in fact, is it when men in The military and political wars interact on
position. The indicated scale of infiltration public. positions persistently find so much each other. It is therefore idle to criticize
may be in conformity with the available that is wrong with us and so much that is the "official theory of the war," which in-
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CONGRESSIONAL RECORD - SENATE April 29, 1965'
8672
cludes bombing, on the ground that the war phisticated detecting devices which allow was in North Vietnam several months ago.
can't be won by airplanes. them to pinpoint far in advance the truck In the course of lengthy discussion, the
President Johnson Is right to pursue his convoys which sometimes try to come down Hanoi leaders explained the substance of
"official theory" until its full results: are the Ho Chi Minh trail. their objectives for South Vietnam: to ob-
proved. He is right to ignore the untimely The sea route is both shorter and more ef- tain the withdrawal of American troops (but
suggestion of Senator FUIBRIGHT for suspend- ficient. But the 7th Fleet's program to pro- under conditions that would not cause the
ing the air strikes. Be :is right to intensify vide small boats will be accelerated and but- United States to lose face) ; to reestablish the
U.B. support of the Vietnamese Army, to ex- tressed by the addition of small craft of a traditional exchanges between the two zones
tend the sea patrols and to pursue other type similar to minesweepers. (the North needs South Vietnamese rice
forms of action recommended by McNamara A decrease in the flow of aid when the urgently).
and Taylor after their meeting in Honolulu Vietcong needs it most, and the psycholog- So far as negotiations are concerned,
last week. ical repercussions of the American strikes North Vietnam is more than willing to join
,We even sympathize with the Impulse, in the north, will place the Vietcong in a in any peace talks which would give it a
though not the method, of Johnson's im- difficult position in the weeks to come. This chance for the diplomatic homecoming"
patient handling of Indian Prime Minister is not to say that those hardened fighters dreamed of since 1954, and to appear at such
Shastri and other unhelpful critics of our are ready to yield. They continue to voice talks as the prime Vietnamese spokesman.
policy in Vietnam. Johnson himself adopted confidence in the validity of their reasoning Ironically, the American bombings have in-
the proposal of 17 neutralist nations meeting and to bet that Americans will not escalate creased the desire for negotiations (to spare
at Belgrade for unconditional discussions the war beyond the fatal point. Moreover, the North from systematic destruction of its
toward a cease-fire and peace. Since Moscow, some statements dropped by people in the economic network), at the same time mak-
Peiping and Hanoi have all spurned that pro- Vietcong suggest that after all It is now up Ing the desire harder to articulate without
posal, the diplomatic ball is not in'Johnson's to the North to "sweat" appearing to give in to the "imperialist
court. He is right to pursue the tough side Since the first American air strike in Aug- gangsters."
of his well balanced policy. He could report ust 1964 after the Gulf of Tonkin incident, There have been a number of recent popu-
a fortnight ago that "news from the battle- the Government and the military leaders of lar revolts in Namdinh North Vietnam.
front is improving;" he can legitimately hope North Vietnam have begun to prepare a new They were put down quickly, but they
to report better diplomatic news before too resistance on their own. Food and ammu- showed that tightened police controls the
long. nition stocks have been replenished in the the increased prve ons imposed by
The political war in the villages, mean- higher regions, in fortresses held at one time shadow of war have been poorly received.
while, needs beefing up along with the mili- against the French. Military training for An interruption of aid from Hanoi to the
tary war. Johnson has promised "a massive peasant and workers' militias has been in.- Vietcong could only eallato living b rg none
new effort to improve the lives of the people tensified. An evacuation plan for the fac- Even Vietcong gue of southeast Asia" and appointed Eugene tortes and their personnel has been de- extremely difficult conditions in their hide-
Black to work out details with the U.N. He veloped. Since the Donghoi bombings in outs, where they strut around in front of
has just sent ruralelectrification experts to February, Part of Hanoi's civilian popula- any foreign visitors, hope for peace. But the
Saigon. More effort along the same lines need tion has been sent to the provinces, starting guerrillas make harsher demands than ?.heir
not await a cease-fire. The villagers -need with the women and children-80,000 per- allies in Hanoi. They are afraid of being
more protection against Vietcong terrorism sons had left Hanoi by the beginning of duped by diplomatic maneuverings and are
and they also need more tangible expecta- March. The ministries are prepared to evac- tired of playing the game of North Vietnam
tions against Vietcong promises. Apathy as uate en masse the capital archives and gov- as well as that of the pro-American m_ddle
well as fear compose the water in which the ernment staff. ss of Vietcong swim. The principal danger for North Vietnam Finally, the National Liberation. Front
As in the Congo, it can be dried up. is not an invasion of American troops. But feels it can win the war with its own forces
aze the factories around and doesn't need to accept a doubtful
i
craft
if A
i
r
r
can a
mer
From Life magazine, Apr. 30, 10651 Hanoi, destroy the port of Haiphong, deacti- Compromise-
flatten under My most interesting contact on this point
vats the coal mines of Hongay
,
IS THE VIETCONG SUCH A SVRE WINNER AFTER their bombs the famous steel complex of has been a vice chairman of the NLF, H?.iynh
with the Peace Movement before
llyw, v sever _ the three rail- fought
-The following is excerpted from a indusstry~-w_ and,fi vnar
four-part series in the liberal French weekly ways which link Hanoi to Haiphong and to joining the Vietcong.
I7Bxpress. It is by the respected French cor- Red China (Langson and Yunnan), than the "Doesn't the increasingly serious nature of
respondent Georges Chaffard and is the first country is paralyzed-18 million North Viet- American intervention bother you?" I asked
assessment from behind enemy lines of the namese reduced to a subsistence economy, him. "We are convinced that the Americans
effect of toughened U.S. policy on the Viet- isolated from the rest of the world. In that won't go beyond certain limits," he replied,
tong and North Vietnam.) case, we would be done for," admitted a "That's why Hanoi hasn't retaliated by send-
The American Air Force's show of strength, Hanoi official. ing troops south."
the encampment of marines in central Viet- To avoid such a collapse, the Republic of "We're ready to fight for 10 years, 20 years
nam, the use of new weapons, China's and North Vietnam needs antiaircraft weapons or more," assures one NLF proclamation is-
Russia's relatively passive attitude have and planes capable of matching the Ameri- sued March 22. But at the same time, the
tended to arrest pacifist trends which had can armada. It needs to rebuild its chain regular battalions and one section of the ad-
begun to be rampant; in Saigon. In thecapi- of radar stations methodically destroyed by ministrative personnel of South Vietnam
tal, one is no longer so sure the Vietcong American bombers. It does not need volun- were retreating to the mountains north of
will be the real winners; American determi- teers, Chinese or otherwise. It would have Saigon, leaving behind them farewell mes-
nstion makes one think. in short, a turn no use for them as long as it is not faced sages strongly reminiscent of 1954, (:pito-
in public opinion has begun. - with the threat of land invasion. The pres- mized in the slogan: "Provisional withdrawal
In the military domain, the influx of Muni- ence of Chinese is, furthermore, unwanted to return another day."
tions and the new Marine units will force because of the political debt that would be Wasn't this the admission of defeat in
the Vietcong command to attempt a few de- felt around North Vietnam. South Vietnam? Certainly they hoped that
cisive operations before the weight of the But who will provide Vietcong Gen: Vo by regrouping the major portion of their reg-
formidable American machine burdens them Nguyen Giap with the modern weapons he ular troops in a less accessible place, they
much longer. It would be no surprise, there- needs? China? It does not even have any could establish impenetrable citadels which
fore, if an offensive were launched shortly by of its own. Russia? The Russians would would be assets in negotiations.
regular battalions against the Da Nang base, intervene in the Vietnamese trouble only I often questioned my contacts In the NLF
no matter what the cost. reluctantly. Privately, the Russians explain on aid extended by the North. The answer
However, such an increase in effort by the that aSoviet-United States war would be a was never a flat denial. It was more an in-
Vietcong will coincide with an appreciable de- horrible thing and could not be accepted ex- direct admission that betrayed the inade-
crease in the flow of aid by land and sea from cept for a stake more important than Viet- quacy of this aid: If you think it is easy
the north. The heavy arms-16B cannons, nam. -Let the leaders of Hanoi begin by to deliver men and cannons through the
antiaircraft weapons, 81-millimeter mor- helping themselves, and Moscow will give aid. Laotion trails. * * *" one said to me,
tars-requiredtoto attack American troops In this connection, one Soviet official Guerrillas in the southern areas sometimes
head on and neutralize their air support cracked: "When a man is losing his pants, have the impression of being left to their
are scarce. There Is no other choice than to would you want someone to give him a belt? own resources. The situation is certainly
chance supplies from the north. But only Let him pull up his pants first." different in central Vietnam and in the
limited activity is possible on the Infiltration But one thing is certain: if the war were mountain regions, near the Laotian infiltra-
routes along the Laotian border: first, be- to spread to North Vietnam and the United tion routes.
cause the American bombing raids occur al- States were to climb the last steps of an Up to the last few months, mostly South
most daily; then, because the north-south escalating war, Hanoi would not yield. Vietnamese in the Vietcong were sent to the
trip lasts from weeks personnel is decimated North Vietnam's regular army would no south. These men had retreated to the
from malaria and dysentery; finally, because longer hesitate to join hands openly with north after 1954 and volunteered to return
the American-South Vietnamese Special the resistance fi -hters in the South. to their native provinces. But now Tonkin
Forces operating along the border have so- The French Communist Party delegation (native northern) groups are taking part in
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April 29, 1965 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD - SENATE
th@ convoys-first' because the veterans of
19504 have grown older and are not always
capable of undertaking long treks through
the underbrush; secondly, because once they
arrive in the, i south, their first thought is to
see their t.. lie.. Some do not rejoin their
Progressively, as the war has escalated, the
Vietcong administration itself has been
forced to levy taxes-first in produce, then
in money=and to draft soldiers. Taxes and
the draft are, in normal times, considered.by
any peasant in the world to be a necessary
evil. But when you have believed, in a mo-
ment of enthusiasm', that the new leaders are
going to doaway with one or the other and
when, on top of it all, still another authority,
Saigon, continues to get its cut and, recruit
its soldiers, you can understand the sort of
pained resignation in the faces of the peas-
ants.- Certainly the arguments of the Viet-
cong are glib, letting everyone think any-
thing bad that happens is the fault of the
American aggressors. But the buildup evi-
dent in the air attacks and the all too
obvious' destructive powers of napalm and
gas have thrown the country people into a
state of mind close to rebellion. Now it isn't
just the withdrawal of the Americans that
they want. They want peace; no matter
what the' terms are, and no matter who the
leaders are.
Mr. LAUSCHE. Mr. President, will
the Senator from Wyoming yield?
Mr. McGEE. I am glad to yield to the
Senator from Ohio.
Mr. LAUSCHE. Frequently when I
hear discussions urging our withdrawal,
the thought comes to me: To what area
shall we withdraw? How far must we
retreat to become freed of this threat to
the security of the nations of the free
world?
I have in mind that during the French
Indochina War, the Geneva Pact was
made. By that pact, it was determined
that certain lands would be given to the
Communists, certain southern parts
would be assigned to, the nations of the
free world, and that that would bring
tranquillity to that area. , But we have
found that that did not bring peace.
The Communists were not content
with the creation of a dividing line. We
had trouble in Laos, which was, of
course, a part of French Indochina. In
1962 we made a pact declaring that Laos
would be neutral. Many of us contended
that a coalition government in Laos
would not work. But the Government .
of the United States and the govern-
ments of other nations made an agree-
ment to create a three-headed govern-
ment, with a neutral in the middle, a
Communist on the left, and a Conserva-
tive on the right.,, That was 3 years ago.
The nations of the West pulled out
their men. France did. The United
States did. The Communists did not.
If our position in South Vietnam is dan-
gerous, it is partly as a consequence of
what happened in Laos in 1962.
My question is: Where do we run to?
Will we have quiet and tranquillity if we
pull out? that will happen in Thai-
land? What will happen in Malaysia?
What will be likely to happen in Taiwan?
How far away must we go to appease the
Communists? Has the Senator from
Wyoming given any thought to, that?
Mr. McGEE. I thank the, Senator
from Ohio , for his ,?discerning , question.
He himself is an expert on this subject,
being a member of the Committee on
Foreign Relations.. He has given deep
study and thought to the problem.
We ought to have learned the hard
way in history that the appetite of an
aggressor is not satisfied by giving him
a little; by giving him somebody else's
food supply or somebody else's territory.
We tried that with Mr. Hitler, We tried
it in Austria. We tried it in Czechoslo-
vakia, We tried it in Poland, hoping
to succeed, but the only result was to
intensify the hunger and ambition of a
dictator.
There are those who seek to answer
this 'question-by saying that we still
have our great power-our Navy and our
Air Force, and that we should pull out
and get off the mainland. But by pulling
off the mainland of Asia we forfeit one
of the great prizes in modern power
structure; namely, southeast Asia to
mainland China
We could have pulled out of Western
Europe in 1945, at the end of. World War
II. We alone had the atom bomb, and
we could have defended ourselves in a
very narrow way by maintaining our
own defenses and leaving Europe to de-
fend itself. But Europe is a great ally.
She is a great source of strength. Eu-
rope wanted to know if we would pull
out or whether we would stay and help
her to become independent; to help re-
sist the encroachment of the Soviet Un-
ion upon the West. Berlin answered
that question. We answered with no
uncertainty.
The same kind of question is argued
today. We would not have the same
power if we made our enemy more power-
ful by retreat. Our relative strength
would be diminished.
Mr. LAUSCHE. Mr. President, will
the Senator yield further?
Mr. McGEE, I yield.
Mr. LAUSCHE. I have been a mem-
ber of the Committee on Foreign Rela-
tions for 8 years. I have heard the ad-
vice of Secretaries of State, Secretaries
of Defense, members of the Joint Chiefs
of Staff, and, indirectly, the advice of
the Presidents who have held office since
1956. I have also heard the advice of
President Truman.
The record will show that every Presi-
dent, beginning with Truman and con-
tinuing tinning through Eisenhower, Kennedy,
and Johnson; every Secretary of State,
every Secretary of Defense, and every
member of the Joint Chiefs of Staff has
taken the uniform position that the secu-
rity of our country is wrapped up in
keeping southeast Asia in the hands of
people and governments that are friendly
to the West.
Time and again, I have asked the ques-
tion, If we should pull out of southeast
Asia, what would happen? The answer
has been that a vacuum would be cre-
ated; that the Communists would step
in; and that the first line of defense of
the United States, instead of being
10,000 miles away,-would be moved to
the shores of California, or even, I sup-
pose, to the shores of Hawaii.
. The Senator from. Wyoming touched
on a subject that we have forgotten, that
is, the history of what occurred in the
days of Hitler, in 1933, when World War
I had been concluded and. the Versailles
Treaty and other treaties were made.
Two important provisions were included
in those treaties. One was that Ger-
many was not to have a military force;
second, that the Rhineland was to be a
neutral, nonmilitarized area.
That pact was kept until Hitler came
into power. In 1933, in violation of the
pact, Hitler began to conscript German
youth. France and England protested:
"You are violating the treaty." But that
was as far 'as they went. Hitler built
up his 500,000 men into stormtroops and
then moved into the Rhineland. That
was in 1935, as I recall. The United
States protested the action in the Rhine-
land. We said: "You are violating the
treaty." But that was all that was done.
Hitler's maw was not appeased. He
wanted Austria, so Chamberlain went to
Austria with his umbrella. It is a pitiful
and shameful episode to read how that
great man trembled in the presence of
Hitler. But he laid down the rule and
surrendered Austria.
The world thought that that would
satisfy Hitler. But no; he then asked
for the Sudetenland from Czechoslo-
vakia. The same story was repeated.
Hitler got Sudetenland and then said,
"That is not enough. I now want
Czechoslovakia." Mussolini went into
Ethiopia. He took Albania, a nearby
country. Then Hitler said, "I want the
corridor to Poland up to Danzig." He de-
manded it. It was not given to him im-
mediately.
Then, France and England said, "We
cannot stand it any longer. We must
fight." They decided to defend them-
selves at the time that was most danger-
ous, and at a time that insured that the
loss of life would be tremendous com-
pared to what it would have been if they
had stopped him from militarizing the
Rhineland, and developing his military
forces.
What the property damage was and
what the loss of life was through that
program of appeasement can never be
told.
All we know is that the lands of the
earth contain the bodies of the men who
died in the millions because freemen
did not have the will to say, "You can-
not continue to violate your pacts."
I commend the Senator from Wyoming
for his statement. We all want peace.
It would be calloused and wrong to think
that there is anyone within our country,
especially those with high responsibility,
who does not want to insure that our
youth shall be free from the ravages of
war.
I am definitely of the conviction that
we can never surrender enough to sat-
isfy the 'Communists. Satisfaction will
come to them only when their flag is on
our dome and we are the slaves of the
dictators. Those who argue retreat and
withdrawal have no conception of what
the eventual price might be.
I am not one who would say to the men
who fought in World War I, World War
II, and Korea, "Your valor has been for-
gotten." I am not one who would say
to the families of soldiers who were killed,
"We care not for those who died." We
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CONGRESSIONAL RECORD -SENATE April 29, 1963
owe something to those who died and to
the families of those who died.
President Johnson does not want this
involvement. He has noChrought It upon
us.' It is the Communists who have cre-
ated this situation. The situation will
grow worse if we-show any,sign or indi-
cation that we do not have faith in our
country.
I thank the Senator.
Mr. McGEE. Mr. President, I thank
the Senator from Ohio for his contribu-
tion. I suggest to him that he should
have been a professor of history In view
of his recitation of the" history of the
thirties, which years produced Hitler and
Mussolini. It Is a history that ought
not to be repeated now for any citizens
of the world.
It is sometimes said that history re-
,peats itself. But It was the great his-
torian, Arnold Toynbee who reminded us
that history repeats itself only when men
make the same mistakes again. It is no
great disaster to make a mistake some-
times. But it can be a disaster if one
makes the same mistake again.
We have the story of the thirties as
has been so ably related by the Senator
from Ohio, to guide us now. There are
those who raise the question, "What is
the connection between the western and
the eastern world? Their philosophy,
standards, and priorities are different in
the East." I say to those who raise those
Auestions that there is one common de-
nominator. That Is the Integrity, In-
dependence, and knowledge that an ag-
gressor cannot be stopped by feeding him
Someone else's possessions. An aggressor
must be stopped by our willingness to
ilsk the use of force, if necessary, in or-
der to withstand his continued pressure
to move into new areas.
That is the issue in the East right now.
I am not one who believes that our fron-
tiers would be pushed to Hawaii, San
Francisco, New York, or Boston. I be-
lieve that we would still have Okinawa
as a bastion of our defense there. We
'would still have some support at Taiwan.
-We would have the advantage of our
Navy and air bases. However, the real
point is that the moment a critical area
,fs given to the other side In southeast
Asia, at that time we diminish our rela-
tive power in, the world. This part of
southeast Asia has been a key goal of
major powers throughout the history of
our time. Japan started World War II
In an effort to get southeast Asia, as I
have said on another occasion. England
fought a war to get it. So did the
Dutch. So did the Germans. So did the
Portuguese. The hard fact is that it
makes a difference who has southeast
Asia, as to what kind of balance exists
-in the world.
in my judgment, China, already with
more people than it can feed and with
its few resources to get its economy mov-
ing, is not a power which should be
-permitted to walk freely into this part of
the world.
In southePt Asia are great reposi-
tories of rice, tin, oil,, bauxite, and rub-
ber. This, indeed is a prize in the hard
technique of power politics around the
world. Why handit over to th other
side when, by the tide of history, we have
placed upon us the responsibility of try-
ing to make the world a-little better,
a more peaceful and stable place in which
to live?
Mr.LAUSCHE. Mr. President, with
respect to pulling out of southeast Asia,
I do not feel that if we pull out of South
Vietnam and wait to see what will hap-
pen, there will be an Immediate pushing
back of the line. However, If we pull out
of South Vietnam, where will the next
trouble spot be?
The next trouble spot will be in that
area. There is no question about it.
In my judgment, the next trouble spot
will be In Thailand, and there will be in-
creased trouble in Malahia. They will
try to cause riots and demonstrations--
some nonviolent and others violent-in
Taiwan and Korea.
There will be no end to It. Many peo-
ple are duped into the belief that we
should pull out of South Vietnam or
all will be over. It will not be over.
There is not a chance in the world that
It will be over. It is the old domino
game. Knock one country over and the
others fail successively.
I commend the Senator from Wyo-
ming for his very fine presentation here
and for the answers which he has given
to the many people who are wondering
why we should be present in southeast
Asia.
No one wants to be there. I wish we
could pull out. However, we cannot.
Mr. LONG of Louisiana. Mr. Presi-
dent, will the Senator yield?
Mr. McGEE. I yield.
Mr. LONG of Louisiana. If we are
to buy the argument that because this
nation borders on China, it Is in China's
sphere of influence and we must get out
-and let China take over, would not the
same argument apply to every other
country there, starting with Japan, Tai-
wan, the Philippines, the Malay states,
Burma, Pakistan, and Iran? Would not
that argument in effect mean we should
back out and let them take over 900
million people?
Mr. McGEE. That is correct; and
when they take over the 900 million peo-
ple, will they stop there? Perhaps we
should have a "General Motors" for the
world, and let it be operated that way.
That is what the meaning of it Is.
Mr. LONG of Louisiana. I did not
hear the beginning of the Senator's
speech, but is it not also correct that the
Vietnamese are really doing the fight-
ing? I saw a headline in one of our
newspapers a day or so ago stating that
one American was killed. When I read
further in the story, I learned that there
had been a battle between the Viet-
namese and the Vietcong, and that the
Vietnamese had killed 400 Vietcong. The
headlines stated that one American had
been killed.
Is it not true that the South Viet-
namese have killed about 89,000 of
the Vietcong and the. 'North Viet-
namese? The South Vietnamese have
paid a lesser price. They have paid
about one-third of that price in lives.
Is it not correct to remind persons who
say we should leave there-and turn our
tails and run and leave the 19 million
people who are there that we are paying
-only a small price? The real fighting is
being done by the South Vietnamese,
whom we are trying to help to mains ain
their Independence. When there is talk
about an American being killed, about
200 or 300 of the Vietcong are being
killed every day.
Mr. McGEE. I thank the Senator for
his contribution. We hear a great cry
to the effect that American blood Is being
spilled and Americans are being invol,red.
-There is no alternative. If we pull out,
there will be greater bloodshed. The
question is, What should we do in a world
in which we seek independence and
peace; and are we right in paying the
price required?
Not quite a year ago I was measuring
the volume of mail that came into the
office. That very month we had lost
seven men In Vietnam. There was a
basketful of mail protesting it as un-
necessary. Within a month we were
conducting a "play" war in Arizona, and
.In that activity a dozen to 15 men were
killed. I did not receive a single letter of
protest against that.
It seems to me we ought to get our
"ducks in line," we ought to put our pri-
orities in order. We must expect to pay
a price, and remember that peace is not
going to be handed over to us merely
because we are "good guys." We must
pay a price to achieve law and order.
The alternative is to give up and go on
the other side.
Mr. LONG of Louisiana. Mr. Pi esi-
dent, will the Senator yield further'?
Mr. McGEE. I yield.
Mr. LONG of Louisiana. Some people
do not seem to realize that it is a danger-
ous world we are living In, and it always
has been. I was born at the end of
World War I. There were some inter-
vening years when people thought there
would never be another great war, but
we have found that as long as we have
-to struggle with those who want to ake
over the whole world, as long as there is
communism, they are not going to
change their spots or their minds. They
want to take over the whole world. So
it is going to be a dangerous world. Even
without that factor, it would be a danger-
ous world. We must accept the fact that
it is better to accept the burden of fi;;ht-
ing every attack on freedom. In that
way we shall live longer and be happier
than we would otherwise be. There is
no place else for us to go. We have found
out that the world is round, and that we
are on the same planet together. Tnose
who want to back away from Vietnam
will find that we will have to stop them
somewhere. We must confront them in
Vietnam and all over the world; and it
is going to be that way in our lifetime.
We had better hope it will be that way,
because the alternative would be to be
under the domination of Communist
'China or Communist Russia.
Referring to the taking of a popularity
poll, I recall so well, during the fighting
in South Korea, when we were helping
them to maintain their independence at
a heavy cost in American lives, that I
happened to be in Libya, inspecting a
military Installation. I asked their De-
fense Minister about the reaction of his
people to what the United States was
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doing in South Korea, because it seemed
to me that a small nation such as Libya
would applaud America's efforts to help
a small country defend itself against ag-
gression.
His first reaction was: "It is far away."
In other words, his country really did not
care much, one way or the other.
I imagine that would be the first reac-
tion we would get in Mali, Uganda,
Ghana, or any one of the distant African
nations, if we were to ask them what
they thought about U.S. efforts to help
South Vietnam defend itself. Whether
they knew anything about the situation
at all-which they probably do not-
their probable reaction would be that it
was none of their concern. This is un-
derstandable, because such countries
have never had to carry such a burden,
have never had to face such a problem.
I am quite sure they are not particularly
excited about our involvement there,
Someone was asking me how much
concern the people of Louisiana have re-
garding this issue. To tell the truth, I
am sure that the people of Louisiana are
much more concerned about voting rights
than they are about the war in Vietnam.
Mr. McGEE.. I can understand that.
Mr. LONG of Louisiana. They are
very much more concerned about voting
rights and civil rights matters. They
discuss that subject a great deal more
than they discuss the situation in Viet-
nam.
The Senator from Wyoming has well
pointed out that if we. are to take a poll
to find out what someone in the Near
East thinks about it,, or what someone
2,000 miles away thinks about it, we will
not get an informed opinion anyway, be-
cause those people do not have the re-
sponsibility to try to contain com-
munism.
Mr. McGEE. If I might suggest a
parallel, what might be true in New Or-
leans was probably also true in Chey-
enne, Wyo., let us say in 1935, concern-
ing the aggressions of Hitler in Western
Europe. At that time, his depredations
seemed a long way away. Our country
had emerged from a rather short history
with some fortunate experiences.
Whenever war had broken out in Europe,
there were two sides, of course, and we
enjoyed the luxury of 3,000 miles of ocean
between us and the combatants, We, had
the luxury of looking at the two sides
and picking one, whenever one of those
wars began-even though we may have
had a stake in the war at some stage.
We had the further luxury of being able
to delay a decision while someone else
held the frontline. During the First
World War, France held the line, Eng-
land held the line, as did the Belgians
and the Dutch. That gave us time to
dawdle and delay until we made up our
minds.
Times have changed.
For the first,time in our history, the
United States is now one of two sides
engaged in a war in the world. We have
no choice.
Strangely, for the first time in history,
we find ourselves on the frontline of
the world with no one to hold the line
for us until we make up our minds.
8675
The burden rests upon us. We must honorable peace at this time in South
do the job. This is not an obligation. Vietnam.
This is our responsibility. This is the Mr. McGEE. Peace is not achieved by
context in which we must view the re- decree. Peace is achieved when all the
quirements imposed upon us in regard to forces of power are available to produce
the relative position of the forces at stake agreement upon some stabilizing settle-
in southeast Asia. ment. Therefore, a good bit more is
Mr. HARRIS. Mr. President, will the required than what we could strike in
Senator yield? the way of sheer power. Peace is not
Mr. McGEE. I am glad to yield to the achieved with power; power merely af-
Senator from Oklahoma. fords an opportunity to achieve peace.
Mr. HARRIS. I compliment the Sen- Mr. ERVIN. Is it not true that the
ator from Wyoming upon the scholarly United States is without power to put
and careful way in which he has treated an end to the hostilities at the present
a most difficult subject. I associate my- moment, except by way of appeasement
self with his remarks. or surrender?
Several times on the floor of the Sen- Mr. McGEE. I suppose we could make
ate, and most recently yesterday, I made a decisive change there if we were wan-
two points which I think the Senator tonly to use our great airpower and ob-
from Wyoming has again brought to literate Hanoi and some of the other
mind. First, as the Vice President of cities in North Vietnam, to start with.
the United States used to say when he Fortunately, we have been much more
was a Member of the Senate, "There is restrained. Our goal is not to destroy
no such thing as instant peace; there Is- people; our goal is not to obliterate the
only instant annihilation." capital of another land. Our goal is to
Those who advocate either less activity try to deliver a message that the aggres-
on our part or more activity on our part sors can understand when it is presented
in southeast Asia, with the hope that to them in black and white. Although
some immediate and dramatic solution they may not understand it on paper,
of the problem can take place, hope in they are understanding it in action.
vain, because, as in human affairs, in In my judgment, the President has
international affairs much perseverance been highly restrained in his applica-
and patience are required to achieve a tion of escalation in the north because,
lasting peace. again, we have selected the escalation.
The other point that I think is im- It is planned escalation to meet a specific
perative is one which I also made yes- target, at a specific time, for a specific
terday; that is that he who takes risks purppse. There has not been wanton
now in order to secure a just and lasting warfare with the destruction of people.
peace is no less a peacemaker than he Mr. ERVIN. Is it not true that the
.who asks for peace immediately with- escalation has been deliberately planned
out the assurance that it can later be in the hope that it might enable us to
defended, or can be enforced even at negotiate from strength and thus bring
much greater price. an end to hostilities in that part of the
I commend the Senator from Wyoming world?
for, his astute observation of the situa- Mr. McGEE. Indeed, it is. There is
tion in Vietnam, including the hopeful an old truism in the realm of diplomacy
signs we now see, especially in Australia's among the great powers, a truism that
increased effort in that area. We recog- we. need to understand fully: that a na-
nize that what is happening is not merely tion cannot win at the conference table
a small conflict involving the people of what it is not willing to risk on the
North and South Vietnam; it involves, battlefield. That is a truism that is as
indeed, the peace and security not only old as politics itself. It is still true.
of southeast Asia, but of the whole world. Mr. ERVIN. Is it not true that the
The Senator from Wyoming has made government which sits in Hanoi is the
this point very well. only government that could put an im-
Mr. McGEE. I thank the junior Sen- mediate end to hostilities at this mo-
ator from Oklahoma for his comments. ment?
Although he is very new in these Halls, Mr. McGEE. Hanoi could take the
he has quickly won a place for himself step right now that could terminate hos-
as a true specialist and scholar on ques- tilities there in the almost immediate fu-
tions involving the national interest. His ture. It is within their power to do so.
contributions are always constructive Mr. ERVIN. There is an old adage to
and helpful as we seek to discuss the the effect that even the most righteous
alternatives that confront us. man cannot live in peace unless his
Mr. ERVIN. Mr. President, will the wicked neighbor is willing to have him
Senator from Wyoming yield? do so. Is it not true that the war in
Mr. McGEE. I yield to the Senator South Vietnam exists because the gov-
from North Carolina. ernment of Hanoi is encouraging what
Mr. ERVIN. I commend the Senator is called infiltration, but is really an in-
from Wyoming upon a most eloquent and vasion of South Vietnam by the Viet-
lucid exposition of the situation in south- cong?
east Asia. I should like to ask him sev- Mr. McGEE. I think it is true, because
eral questions. the policies emanate from Hanoi; and it
Does the United States have the power is true because it is to the obvious ad-
at this time to make an honorable peace vantage of Peiping to maintain uncer-
in South Vietnam? tainty, pressure, and difficulty in North
Mr. McGEE. Does the United States Vietnam.
have the power? Mr. ERVIN. Does not the Senator
Mr. ERVIN. The power to make an from Wyoming agree with the Senator
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from North Carolina, that the Secretary South Vietnam is one kettle of fish and ing the right to object, I have in mind
of State has made it clear on a number whatever endemic civil :strife there Is the possibility of moving to amend the
of occasions that the only thing that is within South Vietnam is another. Williams amendment. A Member of 1 he
necessary to put an end to the unfortu- These situations should not be con- Senate could easily hold the floor from
natehostilities now is to have the North fused. There is a much larger question now until 4:30 p.m. and prevent i,ny
Vietnamese cease their penetration of that would have to be resolved over a other amendment. Can the majority
South Vietnam? much longer period of time. It would leader tell us what provision he would
Mr. McGEE. It seems to me that even be a mistake to have these problems like to make with respect to allowing the
in elementary language or at the ele- mixed up around the same conference amended, amendment debated tors
prha Senators
mentary level, the most elementary per- table. if f need be, so that
rights teS?
son could understand that. The lan- Mr. PELL. Mr. President, I very may have
guage has been clear and unadulterated. much hope that the Senator is correct Mr. MANSFIELD. As soon as the dis-
Mr. ERVIN. Is it not true that it is and that the two problems can be kept tinguished Senator from Wyoming ccm-
an impossibility for the United States separate. pletes his speech, which I am sure will
to achieve peace by negotiation unless Mr. McGEE. The effort in the gen- not be too much longer, any Senator who
someone else is willing to negotiate? eral escalation is a genuine effort to try wishes to take the floor to offer an
Mr. McGEE. It takes two to nego- to separate them. In a measure, it is amendment to the Williams amendment
tiate. succeeding. will be free to do so. We are trying to
Mr. ERVIN. Has not President John- The first real measure of actual sepa- take this action as an accommodation
on made it as clear as the noonday sun ration would be the realization and will- to Senators on both sides,
that the United States stands willing to ingness of the Vietminh to stop the Mr. JAVITS. Would the majority
enter into negotiations with a view to predatory activities across the lines. leader agree-and I do not wish to inter-
bringing about peace in Vietnam with That would lead us to the question, if fere with his proposal-that when any
anyone who is willing to negotiate and we were to have such a conference, amendment to the amendment might be
who has the power to accomplish that "What could we talk about?" We have offered, a half hour be allowed for de-
purpose? a self-enforcing kind of arrangement bate to each side, and if that results
Mr. McGEE. I would qualify my that can be made right now. "We will in extending the time beyond 4:30 p.m.,
answer by saying that it is as clear as stop bombing the north if you stop in- the time should thereby be extended
the noonday sun in Wyoming, where the filtrating into the south." That is the until such time as the amendments to
sun shines all day ; I am not certain easiest kind of agreement to keep. We the amendment are disposed of within
about the noonday sun in this area. can measure their violation if the other that time limitation?
Mr. ERVIN. Has not the President side does not keep the agreement. Thus, Mr. MANSFIELD. I would prefer to
iterated and reiterated that the United there is an obvious beginning. withdraw the unanimous-consent re-
States stands willing to enter into nego- Second, such a discussion could lead quest and let nature take its course.
tiations with anyone who can offer any to agreement upon a delineating line sep- Mr. President, I withdraw my request.
prospects ofputtin?; an end to hostilities arating North Vietnam from South Viet-
In southeast Asia? nam. THE U.S. CHAMBER OF COMMERCE
Mr. McGEE. Indeed, he has. All The outcome of such an agreement, to SUPPORTS S A STUDY OF " HE
the world is watching because everyone have two Vietnams, is not the most de- SUPPORTS
SYSTEM
.understands the disposition of the Pres- sirable situation in that part of the
.dent to sit down with anybody, at any- world, any more than two Koreas, two Mr. PELL. Mr. President, yesterday,
'time, anywhere, to discuss a settlement Chinas, two Germanys, or two Berlins. April 28, the delegates to the 53d annual
of the problem in South Vietnam. However, this would provide a start. It meeting of the national chamber, U.S.
Mr. ERVIN. I thank the Senator for would be a place at which to begin. It Chamber of Commerce, voted unani-
yielding. I again express to him my would make it possible to arrive at some mously in support of a study of the fe>asi-
conimendation upon an eloquent, lucid sort of modified cease-fire, some small bility of adopting the metric system in
speech. degree of arrangement which would win this country.
Mr. PELL. Mr. President, will the time. There would be less violent things I am delighted that such a nationally
Senator from Wyoming yield? done, and thus, through the use of time, prominent organization occupying a
Mr. McGEE. I yield to the Senator we would erode some of the harsher of leadership role in our country and rep-
-from Rhode Island. emotions that now cloud the atmosphere resenting businessmen the length and
(At this point, Mr. HAuRis assumed the In that part of the world. breadth of our land, support, this idea
chair.) To that extent, I think that it is help- and the efforts that Congressman GEORGE
Mr. PEe President President, I do not ful. P. MILLER and I have been making in
believe the President made it clear that urging such a study.
he would be willing to conduct convey- VOTING RIGHTS ACT OF 1965 The chamber's declaration noted
cations with the Communists actually that-
who the Vietcong. There are those The Senate resumed the consideration Most of the world embraces the metric; sys-
tem think that, for the conversations to of the bill (S. 1564) to enforce the 15th tam of measurement. Adoption of the sys-
be productive, all sidles and factions amendment of the Constitution of the tem in the United States is worthy of study,
would have to participate. United States. on the theory that adherence to the system
Mr. McGEE. Mr. President, I believe During the delivery of Mr. McGEE's might assist fulfillment of our internalional
that statement is correct. The Presi- speech, responsibilities and our goal for increasing
dent has not inade it clear that he would Mr. MANSFIELD. Mr. President, will sales of U.S. goods abroad. Because of the
talk with the Vieb ong. However, there the Senator yield? problems of conversion, however, actual
is very good reason for not agreeing to Mr. McGEE. Mr. President, I am glad adoption of the system should not be consid-
such conversations. The factor that is to yield to the distinguished majority ered until there has been a comprehensive
.so upsetting and unbalancing is the force leader with the understanding that I study of the feasibility of adopting the sys-
shall not lose my right to the floor, and tam generally, or in specific fields? in the
that is being generated"from I'_ano: United states. Such a study should de-
The President has made it clear that that his remarks will appear elsewhere in termine clearly the costs and economic ad-
he would not talk with the North and the RECORD. vantages and disadvantages of conversion.
South Vietnamese Governments about The PRESIDING OFFICER. With- The chamber encourages the conduct of such
what kind of government would be in out objection, it is so ordered. The Sen- a study by the U.S. Department of Com-
Saigon, but would talk about what may ator from Montana in recognized. merce.
happen between South Vietnam and Mr. MANSFIELD. Mr. President, I Mr. President, my bill S. 774 would
North Vietnam. ask unanimous consent that there be a accomplish exactly what the chamber
What the President has expressed in vote on the Williams amendment at 4:30 supports in its declaration. I am hopeful
,his colhments, it would seems, to me, is o'clock this afternoon. . that other equally prominent groups will
sat the conflict between Hanoi and Mr. JAVITS. Mr. President, reserv- now lend their support to such a study,
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We should protect this bastion of personal valley last year I took you by the headquar- U.S. Censorship Policy in Viet Assailed
privacy right down to the last ditch,. tees? of.. the. Confederate Air. Force at
When members of the National Association Mercedes.
of Letter Carriers must cooperate in operat- This organization is nonprofit in character EXTEi`lSION OF' 1 1VIARKS.
hag a mail cover, they feel sullied and be- and is composed of former World War II pi of
smirched by what they have to do. They are lots. Their only purpose is the preservation
so imbued with the philosophy that a per- and exhibition of World War II aircraft. HON. WILLIAM G BRAY
sonal letter is sacrosanct, that it goes against In connection with the Selma, Ala., civil of INDIANA
their conscience, and every instinct they rights march, the national press recently IN THE HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES
have. They do not like to do it. reported that certain leaflets were. dropped
'I don't blame them one bit. In cases in- by an aircraft on the civil rights marchers. Thursday, April 29,1M'
volving the national security, there is some These leaflets, apparently threatening eco-
justification for this practice. There is nomic reprisals against the marchers, were Mr. BRAY. Mr. Speaker, there is
also some justification when the safety of signed "Confederate Air Force." growing concern over the effects the ad-
the mails is involved. But the practice The local members of the Confederate Air ministration's censorship policies re-
should be restricted to those two categories- Force have issued various statements, and garding news from Vietnam will have.
Arid should be restricted as much as pos- I enclose a clipping explaining their position. This could create a very severe problem
stble' within those two categories. This is They would greatly appreciate it if it were in conduct of foreign affairs, as nothing
a"practice that should be used most sparing- possible for you to insert into the denial of iS- can so quickly weaken the resolve of a
ly and most cautiously, because it endangers CONGRES-
SIONAL RECORD a. copy of their denial of m- country as lack of confidence in the ac=
one of the most precious principles in our Placation in the Alabama incident.
democratic way of life. With best personal regards, I remain, tions its government is taking.
"Confederate Air Force" Proiests Un-
authorized Use of Its Name
EXTENSION OF REMARKS
HON. RALPH , YARBOROUGH
OF TftAS
IN T11t Sk TA ,E OF THE UNITE= STATES
Thursday, April 29, 1965
Mr. YARBQROT. cif .. Mr,. 1 re:sidexlt,
Mercedes, Tex., is' the headquarters of
an organization called "the Confederate
Air Force," which is composed, of former
World War II pilots who dedicate them-
selves to the preservation and exhibition
>f World War II aircraft.
Last year, f was fortunate to visit the
leadquarters of this group, and I was
rery Impressed by its. dedication, to its
)urpose and the pride it has in its oxga-
zization. These men own some very
,are World War II aircraft, and fly them
it their own expense, at air shows over
he Nation.
,It is not surprising that the "Confed-
-rate Air Force," of Mercedes, Tex., was
listurbed, by the unauthorized use of its
lame by airplanes which dropped leaf-
ets on, civil-rights marchers in Ala-
lama; and the group has registered a
)rotest against such misrepresentation,
So that the denial of any connection
letween this action and the "Confed-
;rate Air Force" may be given wide dis-
;ribution, I ask unanimous consent that
% letter which I received about. this mat-
ter, along with a telegram sent to me,
and an article published in the March
23, 1965, issue of the Valley Morning
Star, of Harlingen, Tex., be printed in
the Appendix of the RECORD,
There being no objection, the letter,
telegram, and article, were ordered to be
printed in,the R,gCORD, as follows:
CARTER, STIERNBERG, SKAGGS & KOPPEL,
Harlingen, Tex., April 5, 1965.
Senator RALPH YARBOROUGH,
Senate Office Building,
Wgsh,,ton, D.C.p~.,.,
`DEAR SEr1ATC1;$ i.+.shDORQUGH:
member that on one of your
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SxACS, grow out of a lack of information on just
Senator RALPH YAReOROUGH :. v -.,, ". v?a - w,v - L. ia'`iis
,The, :Confederate fir, Force emphatically in southeast Asia.
denies any connection with the dropping of The following column by David Law-
leaflets today in Selma: or any place else, for rence, which appeared in the New York
that..matter. .We would like to locate the Herald Tribune on April 27, 1965, points
pilot or get the aircraft numbers of the out the fact that there is a clear distinc-
plane used, and we will fi e chares_.aainst tion to be made between withholding
the pilot for falsely representing himself as military information that could benefit
a member of the CAF. We haye_,put.orie our enemies, and a policy of censorship
purpose, and that is the preservation and
enshrinement of World War II aircraft and that seems to seek to stifle press cover-
the .pilots that flew them and.helped keep age on all aspects of the Vietnam situa-
this Nation free. We are a patriotic organi- tion.
nation; we are nonpolitical in nature and U.S. CENSORSHIP POLICY IN VIET ASSAILED
have no affiliation whatsoever with any of
the,white sltpremist groups. We do not have (By David Lawrence)
a single member in the Alabama, Georgia, WASHINGTON: Editors at their annual
Mississippi area, nor do we have any aircraft meetings in New York and Washington in
closer than 1,500 miles_ from Selma. The recent days have been discussing the policy
Confederate Air Force deeply regrets its im- of the Johnson administration in dealing
plication in this issue. with the news emanating from the battle
Col. BOB KENNY, areas in Vietnam.
Public Information Officer, Confeder- What seems to have aroused most of the
Star, Mar. 23, 19651 agrees that, when American lives are being
DENY "RAID"-CONFEDERATE AIR FORCE risked in a war, the press should cooperate
ANGERED BY UNAUTHORIZED USE OF NAME in withholding any information which might
possibly get to the enemy and impair the
MERCEDES.-Angry denials flew from Rebel effectiveness of this country's military oper-
Field, headquarters of the Confederate Air ations.
Force, Monday, after it was reported a Con- Both in World War I and in World War II
federate Air Force plane "bombed" civil there prevailed what was called a "voluntary
rights marchers in Alabama with white su- censorship," and the press effectively with-
premacist leaflets, held military information that could possibly
"We're attempting to get the license num- benefit the enemy. The press was fully ac-
ber and name of the pilot, who is liable for quainted with the dangers of letting the
suit for misprepresentation," Col. Bill Adams,
Rousseau, Minn., newspaper publisher and a eluding other side the departure o of f anything about plans, to
CAP public information officer, said. planes or ships to
"A stigma destinations.
could be attached to the CAF. There would be no difficult
We don't desire any publicity of this sort." y at all today
Col. Lloyd Nolen, of Mercedes, pointed out if the administration here were to allow
emphatically the valley-based organization these matters to be handled solely by the
"is a patriotic group of volunteers dedicated military, so that only information relating
to establishing a permanent flying museum to troop movements or air and naval oper-
of World War II fighter aircraft." ations would be temporarily suppressed.
Nolen said the CAF name is copyrighted. What seems to have stirred up the nontro-
"We've got our attorneys checking into versy is that the administration has put in
it," Nolen added, the hands of a propaganda-agency officer the
Adams noted members specifically are for- task of acting virtually as a censor.
bidden to use CAP planes in political or busi- Not only is he permitted to withhold in-
ness activity, formation about certain diplomatic activities
He said the CAF has no members in the but he also seems to be able to prevent the
Alabama, Mississippi, Georgia area and also newspapermen from covering the Vietnam
has no light planes such as 'Ths war in the places where they ought to be
used in dropping the leaflets. permitted to go.
. "All of our planes are fighter planes of In the major wars of history, our military
World War II," he said. "Someone has authorities have always provided facilities for
taken it upon himself to misrepresent the war oorrespondents. These newsmen spend
f!AiP ? _
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A2044 CONGRESSIONAL. RECORD =-`APPENDIX
but do not send out dispatches which could lution Control Administration, to provide
possibly transmit any' important informa grants for research and development, to in
tion to our adversaries. crease grants for construction of municipal
The assigning of a member of the staff sewage treatment works, to authorize the
of the U.S. Information Service-established establishment of standards of water quality
by Congress as a propaganda organization-
to deal with the press at Saigon and to with-
hold military information is not in line with
historical precedent or custom. It is not
surprising, therefore, that newspaper editors
have severely criticized such a procedure.
Secrecy is of the utmost importance, but
it should be confined entirely to military
matters. The press should be free to make
its own comments whenever it wishes, pro-
vi~led it does not disclose military plans.
But even the news of military operations
should not be permanently suppressed. `
There comes a time, after the event, when
it is proper for a disclosure'to be made so
that the American people will know what
has really happened. The timing of such an
announcement might well be within the dis-
cretion of the military authorities, but to
hold it back indefinitely contradicts basic
American practice in, dealing with the press
during a war.
It has been argued by some of the news-
paper editors that they cannot comment
effectively an military operations if they are
not permitted to get the facts of what ac-
tually is happening. Thus, sometimes equip-
inent will be unsatisfactory and certain types
of'guns or planes will have been used which
are not suited for the. operations in Which
they are employed. All this is-soinething
which can better be examined, perhaps, by
committees of Congress, though critical ar-
ticles written on the spot in war areas often
point up the necessity for such investigations.
Perhaps the whole controversy would not
have reached the climax that it has in re-
cent weeks if there had,not been a prelude;
namely, an era of so-called managed news at
the Pentagon. This has left an unfortunate
blemish on the record. For when the only
news :given out is designed to accomplish a
political purpose, confidence on the part of
the public 14 the accuracy of what is printed
Is bound to wane.
Fundamentally, there is no sound reason
f or , suppressing the news of military opera-
tions altogether. The only issue is when
such announcements should be permitted.
Also, criticism of military operations should
be carefully weighed by newspapermen, lest
they disclose data which the enemy should
not be allowed to get.
There have been sharp comments from
Government officials concerning the dis-
patches' written by correspondents inViet-
nam who have been merely exercising- their
right to express opinions on the diplomatic
aspedts' bf the war. There has been, to be
+ilr`e,;a'lot of news from. various countries on
the delicate subject of peace negotiations,
and this, in some instances, the administra-
tion would' probably have preferred to see
handled with more caution. But the right
of the press to discuss nonmilitary news is
inherent in a system such as has long pre-
vailed in America during war and peace.
Quality Act of 1965
SPEECH
oi'
to aid in preventing, controlling, and abating
pollution of interstate wateri4, and for other
purposes.
Mr. SWEENEY. Mr. Chairman, we
come this afternon to the close of a de-
bate which has certainly been a distinct
compliment to this House. This bill has
received the unanimous' support on both
sides of the Committee on Public Works,
and is a piece of legislation which re-
flects with great credit upon the Com-
mittee on Public Works and its distin-
guished chairman. However, Mr. Chair-
man, this is a piece of legislation that re-
flects with great credit upon the distin-
guished gentleman from ' Minnesota,
JOHN BLATNIE, the father and the fore-
most exponent of clean water in America.
Mr. Chairman, I am pleased, coming
from the State of Ohio, to add my sup-
port to these needed amendments to this
program and to note with pride the
splendid spirit of bipartisan unity that
made theal}4endments to the original S.
4 bill possible-
Mr. Chairman, we have shown by
amendment and by the remarks here
during the debate this afternoon that
there seems to be agreement that the
Federal Government in its attack upon
water pollution must proceed coopera-
tively, with State and local governments
and with the vast American industry as
well as in cooperation with every agency
throughout the land interested in win-
ning ultimately the fight for clear water.
This bill is void of any accusatory
tone and is, indeed, a constructive, in-
telligent approach which has already
brought a response from State govern-
ments. Now at the moment of the adop-
tion of this bill I am proud to announce
to the House that there is in the Great
Lakes region, about to be reconvened a
five-State regional conference of State
Governors to join with the Federal Gov-
ernment in streamlining America's pro-
gram for clean water. I am proud to
participate in this debate and to support
this bill.
Inventors Sign Away Patent Rights Before
They Invent
EXTENSION OF REMARKS
OF
HON. GEORGE E. BROWN, JR.
OF CALIFORNIA ,
IN THE HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES
Thursday, April 29, 1965
Mr. BROWN of California. Mr.
Speaker, in relation to H.R. 5918, a bill
which I have introduced that would make
it unlawful for an employer to require a
patent assignment from a prospective
employee as a condition' of employment,
I would like to call the attention of my
colleagues to an article in the Los Angeles
Times of April 13, 1965. This article,
written by Mr. Richard L. Vanderveld,
takes an objective look at the situation
today's employed inventor finds himself
in.
With unanimous consent, I am insert-
ing the text of the article at this point in
the Record:
INVENTOR GRUMBLES GROW OVER SIGNIN+;
.AWAY OF THEIR RIGHTS
(By Richard L. Vanderveid)
Scientists and engineers are beginning tD
raise voices against gun-to-the-head renun-
ciation of patent rights.
Senator RUSSELL B. LONG, Democrat, of
Louisiana, is pressing for greater Government
control of inventions conceived under Gov-
ernment-funded programs.
Industry argues all will lose if its creative
energies are repressed.
These are the main sides to a question--
who should get the fruits of invention--
that is exciting warm debate in the councis
of labor, industry, and Government.
As matters stand, industry is in the drivers
seat.
Although patents are issued only to ind?.-
viduals, it's reckoned that about two-thirc_s
of all patents these days windup as corpo-
rate property through contractual assigr.-
ment of rights by employees.
Also, the Defense Department, the bigger;t
bankroller of research programs, has followed
a policy of letting private firms in its hire
take title to inventions and requiring on y
a royalty-free, nonexclusive license for the
Government.
Some other Federal agencies, including the
National Aeronautics and Space Administra-
tion, have not been so liberal toward industry
on the patent question. The result has be( n
confusion and some agitation for a unified
policy.
A number of the country's leading legal
minds in the patent area gathered recently
at Lake Arrowhead and plunged into trends
and issues affecting the employed inventor.
Gerald D. O'Brien, head of the NASA patent
section, sounded the keynote of the confer-
ence with this observation.
"The current trend toward the acquisition
by the Federal Government of exclusive
rights in inventions made under Govera-
ment-sponsored research and development
contracts tends to diminish markedly tie
traditional incentives which serve as stimuli
to the employed inventor."
Other speakers, expressing much the saris
idea, may have felt obliged to please their
hosts, but the barking was too loud and ar-
ticulate to be wholly devoid of bite.
The conference was sponsored by the Coun-
cil of Engineers and Scientists Organiza-
tions-West under the auspices of the UCLA
Institute of Industrial Relations. The coun-
cil represents five independent unions of
engineers, scientists, and technicians in
southern California.
This group is supporting legislation which
would make it illegal to have employees sign
agreements relinquishing rights to inventions
as a condition of employment. This is
viewed as an extreme position-subject to
compromise.
The sponsor of the bill, Representative
GEORGE E. BROWN, JR., Democrat, of Califor-
nia, was present at the Arrowhead conferene.
He said it stood little or no chance unless its
beneficiaries got behind it.
COMPANY TAKES RISK
Industry insists contractual assignment of
patent rights is justified. Its reasoning is
that when a company hires a man to do in-
ventive tasks and gives him the tools it's
taking all the risks and the man is only
doing what he's been paid to do when he
invents something.
Any compensation beyond salary for an
invention in this situation is strictly out of
the goodness of industry's discretionary ('ex
gratia" in legal parlance) heart, it's ex-
plained.
Industry also claims technical types by
and large don't aspire for wealth anyway,
that they're more than happy to be left alone
ON. ROBERT E. SWEENEY
OF OHIO
IN-THE HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES
Wednesday, April 28, 1965
The House in Committee of the Whole
House on the State of the Union had under
consideration the bill. (S. 4) to amend the
Federal Water Pollution Control Act, as
amegded, to establish the Federal Water Pol-
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A great French diplomat and higtorian,
Andr6 Frangois-Poncet, wrote recently, in
-,Tye Figaro of_ March 11: "No one will be able
to convince us that it is a good bargain for
France to exchange American friendship for
Soviet or Chinese friendship."
By the same token, no one will convince
Americans that anything which undermines
what M. Frangois-Poncet called "the sacred
tradition of the age-old bonds between
France and the United States" can be less
than a disaster for, both countries.
We stand at a crossroads of history where
we dare not, if we still cherish human free-
dom as our principal value, allow consider-
ations of short-term profits and prides to
take precedence over the age-old imperatives
of our common cause.
Every American schoolboy knows a wise
statement made by Benjamin Franklin, an
unflinching friend of France, as the Found-
ing Fathers gathered in Philadelphia to sign
the immortal Declaration of Freedom. "We
must all hang together," he said, "or assured-
ly we shall all hang separately." That
warning is as relevant for the free' world
peoples today as it was for the 13 American
colonies in 1776. Our freedom is indivisible,
and only the shortsighted or the frivolous
would knowingly take part in its division.
What Americans call "isolationism" has
become an anachronism in the shrunken, in-
terdependent world of our times. Let us be
clear on the fact that it is no less anachron-
istic for France than for the United States.
The View From Abroad Regarding the
Employee Inventor
EXTENSION OF REMARKS
OF
HON. GEORGE E. BROWN, JR.
OF CALIFORNIA
IN THE HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES
Thursday, April 29, 1965
Mr. BROWN of California. Mr.
Speaker, during the recent symposium
held on April 8, 1965, celebrating the
175th anniversary of the U.S. patent sys-
tem, some of the most pertinent remarks
dealing with the problem of the employed
inventor and his legal relations with his
employer were made by Dr. Fredrik
Neumeyer.
Dr. Neumeyer, who is a citizen of Swe-
den, is one of the leading patent scholars
in Europe, and has been making a special
study of the employee-inventor's status
for a-number of years.
Formerly the head of the patent de-
partment of the Swedish State Telephone
& Telegraph Administration, he has writ-
ten on the subject in various European
and international periodicals, and lec-
tured on it in. several European countries.
In 1962 the Subcommittee on Patents,
Trademarks, and Copyrights of the Sen-
ate Committee on the Judiciary pub-
lished a study prepared by Dr. Neumeyer
in the form 4f a committee print entitled
"The Law of Employed Inventors in
Europe."
In view of this extensive background,
I am sure, that my colleagues will find
Dr. Neumeyer's remarks at the sympo-
sium related to the employed inventor to
be most illuminating. Dr. Neumeyer is
currently spending 1 year in the Depart-
merit of Economics, Princeton University,
as a visiting fellow. He is now working
on a study concerning the legal and prac-
tical situation of employed inventors in
the United States.
The text of his speech on April 8 is as
follows: _
I was asked to say some words about the
view from abroad regarding the employee-
inventor. I have to start out with some
very short remarks as to the general situa-
tion in this country which always will have
an impact on all of us in the Western World.
Every reader of a newspaper in this coun-
try knows what gigantic amounts of money
are now spent by Government, industry, and
universities, to keep scientific research going.
We hardly react when we read that the Presi-
dent estimates Federal expenditures for the
coming year at more than $15 billion (of
which $6.9 billion will be spent on space
projects). Industry-financed research and
development was already in 1961, up to $4.6
billion (with more than $870 million spent
in chemical and electrical industry each).
If we have a look upon who is going to
carry out this work and to create all these
new weapons, machines, vehicles, products,
and systems for new power, more speed, bet-
ter food or medicines, we see that the Fed-
eral Government (in 1962) employed totally
more than 144,000 scientific and technical
personnel, of which more than 50,000 were
so-called R. & D. personnel. Private indus-
try occupied at the same time totally more
than 850,000 scientists and engineers, of
which more than 303,000 were R. & D. sci
,entists and engineers.
When we learn that by far the largest share
of research performance in industrial firms
is devoted to projects "advancing new sci-
entific knowledge with specific commercial
objectives" and to the translation of re-
search findings into actual products and
processes, we understand readily that there
must be a steady stream of engineering in-
novation, often in the form of inventions
which can be protected by patents.
Now, it is just as obvious that the vast
majority of all these creative persons are
employees of some kind. They work either
for a Government agency, for an industrial
corporation, or for a university as employer.
The mutual relations between the employer
and the inventing employees are not regu-
lated by Federal statutory law in this coun-
try (except for certain specific rules regard-
ing Government employees) and there exists
an almost unlimited freedom of contract in
the field (limited only by the Statute of
Frauds or eventually by the antitrust laws).
In spite of the fact that the research ac-
tivities in which inventions can be created
do not have the same size in Europe as they
have in the United States, European coun-
tries have laid down considerable efforts to
regulate the legal relations between em-
ployers and employees making inventions.
These efforts go in certain countries back
to times before the turn of the century and
the basic problems have been observed since
the early days of industrialization. More
than a dozen countries had promulgated
legal provisions regarding rights and obliga-
tions of employed inventors. I would say
that we have five different main systems
which have been used to solve these prob-
lems in Europe.
I
The first and historically the earliest sys-
tem was the insertion of provisions concern-
ing employee inventors into patent law. This
solution was adopted by Austria, Finland, the
Netherlands, Italy, Canada, and Japan (in
chronological order). A similar form of reg-
ulation was adopted by the Soviet Union
and other Eastern European countries
through the enactment of laws regulating
inventive activities based, of course, on the
socialist economic system. Laws following
the general principles of the Soviet concept
of labor and of the place of inventive ac-
A2047
tivity in planned industrial production were
issued in Yugoslavia in 1948, in Bulgaria,
Rumania, and the German Democratic Re-
public in 1951, in Poland in 1951-52, in
Hungary in 1953, and in Czechoslovakia in
1957.
. II
The second type of system was that
adopted in Switzerland, where provisions
concerning employee inventors were in-
serted into the law concerning contracts and
the employer-employee relationship, the so-
called law of obligations.
III
The third method consists in passing a
special law devoted exclusively to the rights
and obligations of employee inventors and
their employers, and the legal problems aris-
ing from these relations.
The first modern law of this type was is-
sued by Sweden in 1949, followed by Den-
mark in 1955 and the Federal Republic of
Germany in 1957. In the course of the uni-
fication of law which is being carried out in
the Nordic countries special enactments re-
garding employee inventors, based on the
Swedish and Danish models, are being pre-
pared in Finland and Norway.
Iv
The fourth type of legal solution relies
mainly on precedents established by courts
and by official boards specially instituted to
give guidance in the matter. This method,
which is exemplified by the United Kingdom
and the United States, must naturally be
based on individual cases of legal conflict,
either between two private parties or between
a private party and the Government. Hence
it cannot cover the whole field consistently
and comprehensively, since the rules origi-
nating from these decisions depend neces-
sarily an a number of accidental circum-
stances. From a detailed study of common
law and judge-made law it is, however,
possible to distinguish certain basic prin-
ciples applicable to employee inventors, in
the United States, akin to the principles
operating in other countries.
V -
Finally there are some countries where the
relations between employee inventors and
their employers are regulated by collective
agreement, in some cases alongside one or
other of the four methods outlined above,
but more typically in countries where there
is at present no specific legislation on the
subject (e.g., in France). Collective agree-
ments are, as a rule, concluded only for a
limited period and may vary from one in-
dustry to another.
The oldest regulation by patent law (of
the classical type) was in Austria. The
Austriail Patents Act of June 11, 1897, con-
tained the following provision:
"Workmen, salaried employees and civil
servants are considered to be the authors
of inventions made by them in service unless
otherwise stipulated by agreement or by
service rules. Any provision in contracts or
service rules by which a person employed
by an enterprise, or a civil servant, is de-
prived of the reasonable benefit of an inven-
tion made by him in service is without legal
effect."
The Swiss legislator has brought the prob-
lems of inventions made in the course of
employment under the law of contracts,
which in turn is part of the Swiss federal
commercial law. In 1911 the first Federal
Law of Obligations, which had been promul-
gated in 1881, was basically revised and reis-
sued as Book V of the Swiss Civil Code. In
title X of this book we find a section 343
regulating inventions made by employed per-
sons. This section provides as follows:
"Inventions made by an employee in the
course of his work belong to the employer
if inventive activity is comprised in the
service duties of the employee or, where this
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 A2048
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CONGRESSIONAL RECORD - APPENDIX April 29, 19611
President Truman laid down the guidelines
for containing Communist encroachment is
all parts of the world, the United States an3
the free world have followed this no-retreat
policy successfully.
Mr. Johnson, in reiterating this policy, has
made it clear that in peace or war, the U.S.
position in southeast Asia will remain firm.
is not the case, if the employer has expressly
retained a right to them.
"In the later case the. employee is entitled
to reasonable special compensation if the
invention is of considerable economic value.
"When assessing this compensation regard
must be had to the assistance given by the
employer and to the use made of his prop-
erty.,,
This single provision within the frame-
work of a very extensive law leaves a number
EXTNSION OF REMARKS
OF
H4 ROBERT ROBERT L. LEGGETT
OF CALIFORNIA
'IN THE HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES
Thursday, April 29, 1965
of problems untouched; some of these may Mr. LEGGETT. Mr. Speaker, most
be solved by the general law, which in Switz- military experts agree that with the cur-
erland may mean the individual laws of 22 rent international balance of power be-
different cantons,
t Union and the United
i
th
S
e
ov
tween
e
No statute concerning employees' inven- States, that a nuclear war could now only
however, Great Britain was among the first
European countries to establish the modern
factory system in which the question of
employees' inventions arises and to enact
a law for the protection of inventions, the
earliest judicial decisions regarding the
origin, ownership, and use of inventions pro-
duced by employee inventors and their com-
pensation date from the beginning of the
19th century. Disputes had to be brought
before - the courts for decision according to
common law and the principles of equity.
Many of the early questions in this field were
answered according to the rules governing
relations between "master and servant" and
conditions of labor contracts (express or im-
plied) as deduced from the judieial decisions
of many centuries' standing.
An early British court problem (182b, 1834)
concerned, for instance, the authorship of an
invention where it had to be decided whether
or not the servant was merely carrying out
the instructions of his master, being no
more than a tool for putting his master's
idea into the tangible form which is the
subject of a patent. Another basic ques-
tion analyzed and decided by the courts was:
Who is a servant? A skilled chemist, al-
though his employment involved manual la-
bor, was held not to be a servant. A con-
tractor, being a person who has entered into
a contract -to execute certain specific work,
is subject to the orders of his employer only
to the extent that the terms of his contract
so provide. He Is not under the control of
his employer.
Within this short program I can only add
that practically any existing European law
or court in this field, as a rule, considers
seven questions as basic ones:
1. To which group of employed individuals
(what category) does an employee belong?
2. What type of intellectual work has
been produced by employees?
2. `Has title or part of the title to inven-
tions been acquired by the employer?
4. Which principles of compensation for
such inventions have been used?
5. Which category of employee-inventions
does apply?
6. Is it stipulated 11Ow controversies and
differences of opinion in this field are to be
settled?
7. What rules apply to inventions made
by employed inventors after their employ-
ment has finished?
With these remarks I may just have opened Asia. He made it clear that the United
the view through a small window, a view States, under no circumstances, would with-
known more or less to experts in.American draw from that area-only if a peace settle-
corporations and Government agencies with ment with built-in guarantees can be
wide international connections and interests. reached.
There is more to study and think about for. The President and the rest of the Nation
people interested in an increased output of are wary of warfare, but the Nation generally
employee inventions and better labor rela- is convinced that retreat in the face of Com-
tions everywhere. munist incursion can be fatal. Since former
An American Basketball at Moscow
University
EXTENSION OF REMARKS
OF
HON. JOHN S. MONAGAN
OF CONNECTICUT
IN THE HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES
Thursday, April 29, 1965
Mr. MONAGAN. Mr. Speaker, I w.s
interested to read a United Press Inter-
national report today from Indianapolis,
Ind., that the U.S. All Stars defeated the
Soviet Union Nationals by a score of '"8
to 73 in a basketball game that attractE d
nearly,14,000 fans. It was also note-
worthy that last night's victory gave the
American team a 4-to-1 edge In the five
games played with the touring Russians.
I call this to the attention of my col-
leagues because of a pleasant experient:e
which developed from a meeting I h ,,d
with an American student at the Uni-
versity of Moscow when I was in Russia
last November on a study mission with
the Europe Subcommittee of the Com-
mittee on Foreign Affairs.
I enjoyed a pleasant conversation at
the Prague Restaurant in Moscow with
Mr. Edward Milton Ifft, of 239 Alameda
Road, Butler, Pa., a member of the Uri-
versity of Moscow basketball team who
informed me that the pleasure of his as-
sociation with the university team was
alloyed by the fact that the team played
with a basketball produced in Red Chir a.
Upon my return to the United State:. I
related this experience to Mr. John B.
Colt, export manager of A. G. Spaldi:-ig
& Bros., Inc., Chicopee, Mass., w no
agreed with me that it is not fit and
proper for an American to be playing t he
American game of basketball with equip-
ment produced in China and he there-
after forwarded as a gift a "Made in
America" basketball to Mr. Lift:
This week I have received from Mr.
lift a very interesting letter which gives
evidence that this basketball is being
worked into a game of goodwill which
could, ultimately, lead to possible (x-
elusion of Red Chinese-made balls from
the basketball courts of Moscow. I: pre-
sume that in the current series of Ex-
hibition games here between Russian and
American teams American-made equip-
ment is used exclusively.and I suggest
that Russian coaches should be a n-
couraged to advocate greater use of
American equipment in practice sessions.
Given a choice I would prefer to p7 ay
ball with the Russians than with the
Chinese under American rules and with
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start by mistake or miscalculation.
There perhaps is another way. If the
Soviet Union commits itself indelibly to
the North Vietnamese; and if North
Vietnam Is committed to the Vietcong;
and if the United States remains com-
mitted to the people of South Vietnam,
it could happen that a second nuclear
war could be precipitated, not by the
great powers, the United States and the
Soviets, but by minor political segments
in southeast Asia who are too inculcated
with the stubborn mandarin personality
to envision the results of this action ex-
tending beyond the Gulf of Tonkin.
My hometown paper, the Vallejo
Times Herald, recently editorialized on
this matter as follows, and pointed up the
need for the U.S.S.R. and the United
States to negotiate on their own terms
forthwith.
PRESIDENT MAKES SENSE
President Johnson's speech to the world
this week on the Vietnam situation reflects
good sense. In effect, the Chief Executive
was summing up what lie considers the goals
of the United States and the free world in
that section of the globe. He also recog-
nized the inescapable fact that the free world
is destined to coexist with the Communist
world or neither will exist,
The far-reaching suggestion by the Presi-
dent that the Soviet Union join with the
United States in helping to develop this
backward region of southeast Asia is a bold
step. From a coexistence viewpoint, he is
asking the other major power in the world
to assist in insuring the freedom and devel-
opment of southeast Asia and at the same
time he has widened the breach between the
Russians and the Chinese. His failure to
specifically include Red China in his pro-
posals indicates that he believes the Chinese
are not yet ready to sit down and talk as
a mature, sensible nation. These Chinese
activity in Korea, their vilification of the
United States and their growing criticism
of the Soviet Union makes them a suspect
participant in any peace talks.
President Johnson demonstrated the de-
termination of the United States to carry on
the war against the Communists if peace
talks could not bring about a settlement in
that area. He cited the U.S. position that
the maintenance of Vietnam as a free and
 Approved For Release 2003/10/14: CIA-RDP67B00446R000300150017-5
1 29, 1965 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD - APPENDIX A2057
Percentage increases of food supply needed during 1958-80 to meet anticipated requirements This morning Captain Dean was laid
in various regions of the world to rest at his alma mater-the U.S. Mili-
-
Total
-
-
Per capita
increase of
Percentage
increase of
food supply,
Rate of
Recent
Regions
of protected
l
ti
food supply
1958-80
annual
annual
popu
a
on
growth,
to provide a
minimal
required to
meet present
increase
needed,
rate of
increase
1958-80
satisfactory
food require-
1958-80
in food
present diet
ments and
supply
population
growth
Underdeveloped countries----------------
56
33
107
3
4
2
7
Latin America ----------------------------
85
5
94
.
3
1
.
2
5
Far East ---------------------------------
55
41
86
.
2
9
.
3
0
Near East--------------------------------
Africa
82
17
90
.
3.0
.
3.1
__________________________
Developed countries______________________
W
ld
36
28
28
--------------
55
`28
2.0
1.2
1.3
3.6
or
(average)--------------------------
48
14
69
2.4
2.9
POPULATION BILL FILED. BY REPRESENTATIVE
TODD
Third District Congressman PAUL TODD, JR.,
Democrat, Kalamazoo, has introduced a bill
to focus attention on the population explo-
sion problem. His bill calls for Assistant Sec-
retaries in the Departments of State and of
Health, Education, and Welfare to coordinate
Federal research and information dissemina-
tion efforts. The bill also authorizes Presi-
dent Johnson to call a White House Confer-
ence on Population Problems.
Now in the hands of the Government Oper-
ations Committee, TODD'S bill is drawing sup-
port from some Michigan Republicans, nota-
bly National Committeeman John B. Martin,
and praise for his courage from Representa-
tives ELFORD A._ CEDERBERG, of Bay City, and
JAMES HARVEY, of Saginaw.
Warsaw Ghetto Uprising: A
Commemoration
EXTENSION OF REMARKS
HON. JOSEPH G. MINISH
OF NEW JERSEY
IN THE HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES
Mr. MINISH. Mr. Speaker, April and
May this year mark the 22d anniversary
of a great and tragic event. It was dur-
ing this period in 1943, from April 19 to
the end of May, that a few thousand
Jewish survivors of the Warsaw ghetto
staged a desperate last-ditch resistance
to the Nazi campaign of extermination
and for a brief time and against over-
whelming odds demonstrated a type of
courage and heroism that the world has
not very often seen.
When the Nazis and Russians moved
into Poland at the opening of World War
II, Poland was divided for another time.
Forthwith the Nazis rounded up the Jew-
ish population and forced many of them
into the Warsaw ghetto, swelling its num-
bers to about 450,000. In the summer of
1942 the Germans began their campaign
to exterminate the Jews. And during
July and August of that year they sys-
tematically removed the Jews from the
ghetto, placed them in prisons, and even-
tually destroyed them in their crema-
toriums,
As the numbers of the imprisoned Jews
dwindled, the survivors were determined
to stage a last-ditch resistance against
the Nazis. Open resistance began in
January 1943, but on April 19, the eve of
the Jewish Passover, the Nazis attacked
en masse and in desperate fury, and with
tanks, artillery, and troops, they set out
to destroy the ghetto completely. For a
month the battle raged and even in the
summer token resistance could still be
detected, but the ghetto was reduced to
rubble by the end of May and most of
its inhabitants either killed or shipped
off to concentration camps.
It is well for us to commemorate the
anniversary of the Warsaw ghetto up-
rising; for here is a tragic demonstration
of man's courage in the face of a fearful
and overpowering enemy. But more im-
portant, Mr. Speaker, such commemora-
tions can serve as a continuing reminder
to us all of the extremes to which man
can go when his soul has become filled
with racial prejudice and racial hatred.
In recognition of this fact, the Essex
County Warsaw Ghetto Commemoration
Committee has arranged a memorable
commemoration for Sunday evening,
May 2, at the Weequahic High School
Auditorium in Newark, N.J. The event
is being sponsored by 55 Jewish and non-
Jewish organizations and will be attended
by 2,000 persons, including State and
local officials and representatives of reli-
gious groups. Among-the distinguished
speakers will be Dr. Joachim Prinz, pres-
ident of the American Jewish Congress;
Mr. I. Goldberg, director of the New Jer-
sey Service Bureau for Jewish Educa-
tion; and Mr. Kenneth Gibson, cochair-
man of the Business and Industrial Co-
ordinating Council. Three local choral
groups will participate. There will be a
dramatic presentation of "The Witness"
followed by a candlelighting and memo-
rial service.
As we mourn this tragedy, may we be
inspired to a greater dedication to our
Judeo-Christian ethic.
Our Continuing Struggle in Vietnam
V
HON. RICHARD L. OTTINGER
OF NEW YORK
IN THE HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES
Thursday, April 29, 1965
Mr. OTTINGER. Mr. Speaker, today
it was my sad duty to write a letter of
condolence to the widow of one of my
constituents killed recently in Vietnam-
Capt. Kenneth L. Dean, Jr., U.S. Army.
tary Academy at West Point. He was
killed on April 20 as a result of gunshot
wounds while accompanying a Vietna-
mese Army unit engaged in a fight with
the Vietcong. When he attempted to
move a Vietnamese soldier, he was hit
by hostile small arms fire. At the time
of his death, he was a first lieutenant
and was recently posthumously pro-
moted to the rank of captain. His
widow, Mrs. Sheila Dean of Dobbs Ferry,
has received two Government citations-
one from the President and an Army
Honorary Service Award.
Captain Dean died defending freedom
and honoring our commitments to free
nations to protect them from the spread
of world communism. While his death
is a deep loss to all of us, his widow and
other Americans can find some comfort
in knowing that he did not die in vain.
His life, and those of other American
servicemen killed in Vietnam, were given
to afford the people of Vietnam the op-
portunity to once again become free
from intimidation and harassment by
the forces of aggression. He died so
that one day the Vietnamese will be able
to decide their own future.
His tragic death could have been pre-
vented if the Vietcong and the Chinese
Communists had accepted President
Johnson's offer to achieve peace in that
strife-torn area through unconditional
negotiations. The gauntlet has been
tossed and for the moment it appears
that world communism will accept
nothing less than the total destruction
and control of their smaller and peace-
ful neighbors.
The President, in his speech at Johns
Hopkins University earlier this month,
placed the responsibility for the quest
for peace squarely upon the Commu-
nists. Their failure to respond clearly
indicates their desire for continued hos-
tilities. These forces . have been accu-
rately identified as the perpetrators of
continued bloodshed in Vietnam and
their unwillingness to discuss this mat-
ter at a bargaining table demonstrates
their continuing desire to establish a
totalitarian empire in southeast Asia.
There is so much which can be done
in this area to assist all peoples to gain
a healthier, better educated and more
prosperous and peaceful life. As I
stated in this distinguished body earlier
this month, this war certainly grows as
much as anything from the frustrations
of hunger and deprivation. The re-
sponsibilities of all nations in southeast
Asia, and most particularly in Vietnam,
are to build rather than destroy, to edu-
cate rather than subvert, to heal rather
than wound, to cultivate rather than
plow under. The quest for peace is the
goal for which we are all fighting.
Mr. Speaker, let us never forget the
sacrifice of Captain Dean and the other
gallant Americans who have shed their
blood in this quest for peace. All
Americans, and all the peoples of the
free world, should stand in honor to
Captain Dean and his comrades and pay
tribute to their enduring contribution
to world peace through the giving of
their lives.
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A-2058 , / ed CONGRESSIONAL RECORD - APPENDIX April 29, 196.9
The United States Stands Firm in Vietnam They can have peace if they want it; of appeasement, intended or accidental, Re-
or continued war and punishment if they in- publican support would vanish like a rocket
XT1'.SION OT' REMARKS slat on them before they are persuaded into outer politics. As they did to President
that they have nothing to gain by their pres- Truman over Korea, the Republicans can
L+'
or ent course of aggression. never call this "Johnson's war." but they
could fight and possibly win election if it
HON. ABRAHAM J. MUL l ER FIRM POLICY BACKED-PRE9mENT MAINTAIN- ever turned into "Johnson's appeasement."
or NEW TORIt XNG HIS CONCENSUS ON VISIT The President is determined that it won't.
IN ME HOUSE OP REPRESENTATIVES (By Roscoe Drummond)
Thursday, April 29, 1965 WASHINGTON -There is every reason to be-
lieve President Johnson will widen and hold Law Day, Mr. MV'LTER. Mr. Speaker, all of a decisive consensus in support of a strong us can be proud of our President in his policy in Vietnam.
determination to protect the peot le of He has one special asset. He is occupy- EXTENSION OF REMARKS
South Vietnam until the aggressors agree ing his usual stance at the center. His policy of
to sit down at the peace table. is wedded to neither extreme. He rests on
two pillars: clear determination to defend HON. JAMES C. CORMAN
We cannot and must not allow the as long as the aggression 'continues; clear
North Vietnamese Government to con- willingness to talk whenever Hanoi will start OF CALIFORNIA
quer her neighbors because of our failure talking. IN THE HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES
to defend their right of self-determina- There are other factors which contribute Thursday, April 29, 1965
tion. Abandonment of our policy in to the President's support:
Vietnam would be submission to the will The Gallup poll shows that the minority Mr. CORMAN. Mr. Speaker, o it
and whim of the Chinese Communists which wants Mr. Johnson to step up the war American history has been marked by a
everywhere. more than balances out the minority which valiant struggle for equal justice under
wants him to quit. law and the preservation of individual
Those who demand our withdrawal in His senatorial, newspaper, and professional liberty and dignity:
the face of aggression recognize this critics can offer no acceptable alternative.
fact in their refusal or inability to offer They are' prepared to accept Chinese Com- Recent events throughout the world
an alternative to our present policy. munist domination of all southeast Asia. and within our own borders make it
The following editorial from the New This is an alternative the American people clear that this struggle is far from over-
York Herald Tribune of April 28, 1965, will not accept without trying to do some- that our commitment to the concept of
supports the position of our Government thing about it. individual liberty and freedom under law
The President has the backing of many is constantly being challenged.
In what is truly a war that we do not Democrats in Congress (his offer of un-
want, together with an article by the conditional discussions" won the approval The American legal profession, of
distinguished columnist, Roscoe Drum- of the ADA) and most Republicans. His which I am proud to be a part, Is mak-
mend, of the same date demonstrating Republican support runs the whole gamut ing an outstanding effort to give citizens
the support the President has with regard from Barry Goldwater to the GOP leadership a deeper awareness of this continuing
to our policy in Vietnam. in Congress, including Senator EvEaETT challenge and to alert us to our responsi-
The articles foIlow.: DIRK5EN and Representative GERALD FORD. bilities as free, law-abiding people.
Despite the honest, emotional student One means of doing this, is the annual
TIIE PRESIDENT'S REPLY pickets and the college teach-ins, this leaves
President Johnson set out yesterday to Mr. Johnson in a strategic position. And observance of Law Day, U.S.A. on May
answer the vociferous critics, both at home here is the evidence: 1. The theme of this year's observance,
and abroad,, of his policy on Vietnam, and The Gallup poll finds that 29 percent of "Uphold the Law-A Citizen's First
also the Communist aggressors, who seem the country would like to see the United Duty," is designed to direct public at-
not yet to believe he means what he says. States withdraw completely from Vietnam, tention to the rights and duties of citi-
He did so clearly and convincingly. stop the fighting whatever the effects, and zenship.
He upheld his decision to bomb North start negotiations whatever the outcome. As Americans, we enjoy wide freedoms,
Vietnam by explaining that his previous It also finds that 31 percent of the country
policy of restraint was :misconstrued as weak- favors stepping up military activity, and guaranteed by law, which distirigu.sh
fleas and therefore served to encourage the going the full distance of declaring war. our society from a totalitarian system.
Communists in their attacks. He replied The President embraces neither extreme. But with. these rights and freedoms go
to criticism of the bombings by pointing out Be does not propose to withdraw or even individua'responsibility which all Ameri-
that air attacks'were restricted to legitimate cease defending. But he will start talking cans must exercise.
targets such as bridges and munition dumps, even while defending. He does not seek a
thus to reduce the power of the Communists solution by military means alone, but he While we enjoy the right to equal pro-
thus the north to take the land and the lives will use military means until Hanoi is will- tection of laws, equal justice in ",-he
of those who are resisting them in the tag to use the conference table. courts, and the right to be free from arbi-
south. Where does this leave Mr. Johnson with Crary search or arrest, we are bound to
He recalled some of the lessons of his- respect to a public consensus? To obtain obey the laws which give us these rights
eort'utag the lesson of Munich advance; , and where the retreat further evidence of the public's attitudes and to respect the rights of our :fellow
t dPresidents e Truman lessons toward the handling of the situation in Viet- Americans.
taughught by y Pr, Eisenhower, nam, Dr. Gallup put this question to the We are privileged to be able to choose
and Kennedy, who stopped aggressions by people in the same, survey cited above: "Do
standing firm. These evidently had a whe yothink the United States is handling our public officers in free elections, out
as members of a democratic nation, we
in the mind of President de Gaulle when n affairs in Vietnam as well as could be ex-
he went before the television cameras almost petted, or do you think we are handling are charged with the responsibility of
at the same time President Johnson did. affairs there badly?" voting in elections.
The French leader declared himself against
foreign intervention in the internal affairs The result was that by a ratio of more than We are indeed fortunate that we :.ive
of another state, yet he refused to endorse 2 to 1 the Amercan people approve of the by a government of laws, where legis,la-
the American effort to turn hack inter- Government's handling of the situation. As tion is subject to the -perfecting process
ventionn. the air raids on the North have become more of judicial review.
IC should now be doubly clear, following intense, public opinion has remained firm
Mr. Johnson's speech at Baltimore, that the in its support because 2 months ago support The eighth annual observance of Law
United States will not retreat; that it will for the President was at the same 2 to 1 Day, U.S.A. will focus national attention
continue to hit the enemy both in the north ratio. on our rights and responsibilities as citi-
and south, without recourse to nuclear arms; If there is any threat to the President's zens of the greatest Nation in the world-
and that it will continue to fight until the expanding and holding this consensus on a Nation whose greatness stems from our
Communists are convinced that armed attack Vietam, it would only come, I think, from dedication to rule of law.
will not yield domination over others4 any sign of weakening in his policy.
Onceconvinced of that, they may be ready Republican support is crucial to the John- The legal profession is to be commend-
for a negotiated settlement. And when they son consensus. The President knows it. ed for its work in helping American:; to
are, they will find the United States ready. This is why he has been so appreciative in understand more fully the value of our
The President extended to any of their gov- private and on the telephone for what Sen- system of liberty under law. As we ob-
ernments (as distinct from the rebel Viet- ator DIRxSEN has done in his behalf. He
selves Law the Day, let et each eacht of of us our commit mit our-
cong in South Vietnam) another invitation wishes that some Democrats were even half serve
to come to the conference table at any time as helpful.
and any place. But the President knows that at any sign bilities as beneficiaries of that liberty.
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