PUBLIC FINANCING OF RADIO FREE EUROPE AND RADIO LIBERTY

• Document Type: CREST
• Collection: General CIA Records
• Document Number (FOIA) /ESDN (CREST): CIA-RDP73B00296R000500050001-0
• Release Decision: RIFPUB
• Original Classification: K
• Document Page Count: 180
• Document Creation Date: December 20, 2016
• Document Release Date: November 14, 2005
• Sequence Number: 1
• Publication Date: March 14, 1971
• Content Type: FORM

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PUBLIC FINANCING OF RADIO FREE
EUROPE AND RADIO LIBERTY
GISL r OUNS
FILE COPY
HEARING
COMMITTEE ON FOREIGN RELATIONS
UNITED STATES SENATE
NINETY-SECOND CONGRESS
FIRST SESSION
ON
S. 18
TO AMEND THE UNITED STATES INFORMATION AND
EDUCATIONAL EXCHANGE ACT OF 1948 TO PROVIDE
ASSISTANCE TO RADIO FREE EUROPE AND RADIO FREE
LIBERTY
S. 1936
TO PROVIDE FOR THE ESTABLISHMENT OF AN AMERI-
CAN COUNCIL FOR PRIVATE INTERNATIONAL COMMUNI-
CATIONS, INCORPORATED, TO GRANT SUPPORT TO THE
ACTIVITIES OF PRIVATE AMERICAN ORGANIZATIONS
ENGAGED IN THE FIELD OF COMMUNICATION WITH
FOREIGN PEOPLES
U.S. GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE
64-995 WASHINGTON : 3.971
LEG
I
FILE CDPX
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COMMITTEE ON FOREIGN RELATIONS
J. W. FULBRIGHT, Arkansas, Chairman
JOHN SPARKMAN, Alabama
MIKE MANSFIELD, Montana
FRANK CHURCH, Idaho
STUART SYMINGTON, Missouri
CLAIBORNE PELL, Rhode Island
GALE W. McGEE, Wyoming
EDMUND S. MUSKIE, Maine
WILLIAM B. SPONG, JR., Virginia
GEORGE D. AIKEN, Vermont
KARL E. MUNDT, South Dakota
CLIFFORD P. CASE, New Jersey
JOHN SHERMAN COOPER, Kentucky
JACOB K. JAVITS, New York
HUGH SCOTT, Pennsylvania
JAMES B. PEARSON, Kansas
CARL MARCY, Chief of Staff
ARTHUR M. KUHL, Chief Clerk
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CONTENTS
Statements by: ga~~
Bartlett, Paul, former president of Radio New York World Wide,
Inc., New York --------------------------------------------115
Hillenbrand, Martin J., Assistant Secretary of State for European
15
Affairs -----------------------------------------------------
Hon. Ogden R., a Representative in Congress from the 26th
Congressional District of the State of New York------------------ 6
Insertions for the record: 1
Text of S.18-------------------------------------------------
Text of S.1936------------------------------------------------ 2
Statement of Senator Clifford P. Case at U.S. Senate Foreign Rela-
tions Committee hearing on Radio Free Europe and Radio Lib-
erty, May 24,1971------------------------------------------
Letter to Senator J. W. Fulbright, enclosing daily guidance summaries,
from Congressman Ogden R. Reid, April 16, 1971----------------- 12
Department of State views on the expenditure of $40 million sought
for American Council for International Communications, Inc---- --- 32
"RFE Alters Sullied Image," article by John M. Goshko, the Wash-
Post, November 22, 1970----------------
ington 42
"Radio Moscow Hit by VOA `Jamming'," article by Marilyn Berger, 47
the Washington Post, November 16, 1971----------------------
VOA 173 KC transmitter------------ ------- -------- --- -- 48
Letter to Hen. Martin J. Hillenbrand, Assistant Secretary of State for
European Affairs, from William P. Durkee, Free Europe, Inc., New
York, N.Y., May 28, 1971, enclosing. documents concerning RFE
treatment of events in Poland prior to December 14, 1970, and the 52
period following through March 1971-------------
"Embattled Radio Free Europe Defends Role," article by David 66
Binder, the New York Times, March 15, 1971------------------ 71
Radio Free Europe and Radio Liberty: History------------ ----
Organizations qualified to receive grants from the American Council 74
-- - _ _ - - _
for International Communications, Inc--------------------------
Letter to Senator J. W. Fulbright from You Chan Yang, Ambassador
at Large, Republic of Korea, chairman of the board, Radio Free 76
Asia, December 8, 1969, and enclosures------------------------
Letter to Mr. and Mrs. Pat Holt from L. William Horning, chairman,
Radio of Free Asia, Washington, D.C., March 5, 1971, and en-
closures ---------------------------------------------------- 80
Letter to Miss Morella R. Hansen from former U.S. Senator George
Murphy, and enclosures-------------------------------------- 884
9
Information on Radio Free Asia -------_-__ ---------- --
Memorandum, Subject: Proposed changes in U.S. Government funded 126
broadcasting, by Paul Bartlett, July 1970-----------------------
"American-Soviet `Broadcasting War,' or How's Your East-West
Propaganda?" article by Paul Bartlett, Variety, New York, January 127
6,1971 -----------------------------------------------------
131
U.S. Government Radio Facilities in Europe ------_----_
Statement by Free Europe, Inc., submitted by William P. Durkee, 140
president-- _ - - - - - _ - _ -
Statement, appendix and annexes by the Radio Liberty Committee,
Inc., submitted by Howland 11.Sargeant,president ---------------- 149
Letter to Senator J. W. Fulbright from Frederick C. Barghoorn, pro-
fessor of political science, Yale University, New Haven, Conn.,
June 3,1971---------------- ---------------------- 171
Letter to Senator J. W. Fulbright from Foy D. Kohler, University of 172
Miami, Coral Gables, Fla -------------------------------------
to Senator J. W. Fulbright and enclosed statement from
William E. Griffith, professor of political science, Massachusetts
Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Mass., May 20,1071 --------- 174
(III)
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PUBLIC FINANCING OF RADIO FREE EUROPE
AND RADIO LIBERTY
MONDAY, MAY 24, 1971
UNITED STATES SENATE,
COMMITTEE ON FOREIGN RELATIONS,
Washsngton, D.C.
The committee met, pursuant to notice, at 10:05 a.m., in room 4221,
New Senate Office Building, Senator J. W. Fulbright (chairman)
presiding.
Present : Senators Fulbright, Sparkman, Spong, Aiken, and Case.
The CHAIRMAN. The committee will come to order.
OPENING STATEMENT
This morning the Committee on Foreign Relations is meeting to
receive testimony on legislative proposals which are designed to au-
thorize public funds for Radio Free Europe and Radio Liberty. These
proposals will be inserted at an appropriate place in the record.
(S. 18 follows:)
[S. 18, 92d Cong., deal secs.]
A BILL TO amend the United States Information and Educational Exchange Act of 1948,
to provide assistance to Radio Free Europe and Radio Liberty
Be it enacted by the Senate and House of Representatives of the United States
of America in Congress assembled, That the United States Information and
Educational Exchange Act of 1948 is amended by inserting after section 702 the
following new section :
"AUTHORIZATION FOR GRANTS TO RADIO FREE EUROPE AND RADIO LIBERTY
"SEc. 703. There are authorized to be appropriated to the department $30,000,-
000 for fiscal year 1972 to provide grants, under such terms and conditions as the
Secretary considers appropriate, to Radio Free Europe and Radio Liberty. Ex-
cept for funds appropriated under this section, no funds appropriated after the
date of enactment of this section for any fiscal year, under this or any other,
provision of law, may be made available to or for the use of Radio Free Europe
or Radio Liberty."
The CHAIRMAN. On January 25 of this year, Senator Case, the senior
Senator from New Jersey, and a distinguished member of this com-
mittee, introduced legislation which drew attention to the need for
congressional oversight of the funding of these two radio stations. I
understand that, following extensive consultations with the executive
branch, Senator Case plans today to introduce another proposal on
this subject which has the administration's endorsement.
(S. 1936 follows:)
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[S. 1936, 92d Cong., first sess.l
A BILL To provide for the establishment of an American Council for Private International
Communications, Incorporated, to grant support to the activities of private American
organizations engaged in the field of communication with foreign peoples
Be it enacted by the Senate and Ilonse of Popresentativcs of the United States
of America in Congress assembled, That this Act may be cited as the "Atneriean
Council for Private International Communications, Incorporated Act of 1971."
SECTION 1. The Congress hereby finds and declares---
(a) that the existence of open communication among the peoples of the
world is a matter of continuing concern to the American people and a posi-
tive contribution to international stability;
(b) that a free flow of information and ideas will encourage other
peoples to enhance their social, political, and material well-being and will
increase their awareness of the heritage they share with other peoples
including the American people ;
(c) that established private organizations in the communications field
have demonstrated their effectiveness in furthering the foregoing objectives ;
and
(d) that in the interest of implementing the above objectives, it is desirable
to establish an American Council for Private International Communications,
Incorporated, which, by assistance to American private organizations, will
enable the private sector of American life to participate in and contribute
its skills to a constructive dialog with peoples of other lands.
ESTABLISHMENT OF A CORPORATION
SEC. 2. There is hereby authorized in the District of Columbia a nonmember-
ship, nonprofit corporation to be known as the American Council for Private
International Communications, Incorporated (hereinafter referred to as the "cor-
poration"), which will not be an agency or establishment of the United States
Government. Members of the board, officers, and employees of the corporation
shall not be deemed to be employees of the United States Government. To the
extent consistent with the provisions of this Act, the corporation shall be subject
to the District of Columbia Nonprofit Corporation Act.
SEC. 3. (a) STRUCTURE OF THE CORPORATION.-The corporation shall have a
board of directors, a president, and such other officer and staff as the board of
directors may determine. The corporation shall maintain its principal office in the
District of Columbia and shall, at all times, maintain therein a designated agent
to accept service of process for the corporation. Notice to or service upon the agent
shall be deemed notice of service upon the corporation.
(b) BOARD OF DIRE0`roRS.-(1) The corporation shall have a board of directors
(hereinafter referred to as the "board"), consisting of eleven members, including
a chairman and a vice chairman, all of whom shall be appointed by the President
of the United States by and with the advice and consent of the Senate. Not more
than six members of the board shall be members of the same political party. The
1'retiident shall designate one of the members first appointed to the board as chair-
man. After the expiration of his term or conclusion of his service as chairman
prior thereto, the members of the board shall annually elect one of their members
as chairman. The members of the board shall also annually elect one of their
members as vice chairman.
(2) SELECTION. All members of the board shall be citizens of the United States
who are not regular full-time employees of the United States Government, and
shall be selected from areas of professional, business, and cultural life relevant
to the objectives of the corporation.
(3) INCORPORATION.-The members of the initial board shall serve as incor-
porators and shall take whatever actions are necessary to establish the corpora-
tion under this District of Columbia Nonprofit Corporation Act.
(4) TERM of OFFICE.-1n appointing the initial membership of the board the
President shall designate six members, including the chairman, to serve from the
date of incorporation for four years and five members to serve from the date of
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incorporation for four years and five members to serve from the date of in-
corporation for two years. Thereafter the term of.office of each member of the
board, including the chairman, shall be four years, renewadvice aable atndctoh nesent of the
diseof the
retion
of the President of the United States by and with the
Senate. Notwithstanding the foregoing provisions of this paragraph: (A) the
President of the United States shall appoint members to fill vacancies occurring
prior to the expiration of a term, in which case the member so appointed shall
serve for the remainder of such term ; (B) any member whose term has expired
may serve until his successor has qualified.
(5) COMPENSATION.-iVlembers of the board shall while attending meetings of
the board or while engaged in duties related to such meetings or In other activities
of the board pursuant to this section, including traveltime, be entitled to receive
compensation equal to the daily equivalent of the compensation at the rate
prescribed for level IV of the Executive Schedule under section 53.15 of title 5,
United States Code. While away from their homes or regular place of business
they may be allowed travel expenses,-including per diem in lieu of subsistence,
equal to that authorized by law (5 U.S.C. 5703) for persons in the Government
service employed intermittently.
(C) OFFICERS AND EMPLOYEES.-(1) The board shall appoint the president
of the corporation and such other officers as may be necessary. All officers shall
be citizens of the United States and shall serve at the pleasure of the board.
No political test or qualification shall be used by the board in selecting, appoint-
ing, promoting, or taking other personnel actions with respect to officers, agents,
and employees of the corporation.
tion at aorate not COMPENSATION.-Theexceed exceeding that prescribed for level V of the Executive Schedule
under section 5316 of title 5, United States Code. Other officers appointed by the
board or employees appointed by the president of the corporation shall receive
compensation at rates as set by the board but such rates shall not exceed the
maximum rate prescribed for GS-18 in the General Schedule of section 5332(a)
of title 5, United States Code.
NONPROFIT NATURE OF THE CORPORATION
SEC. 4. (a) The corporation shall have no power to issue any shares of stock,
or to declare or pay any dividends.
(b) No part of the income or assets of the corporation shall inure to the benefit
of any director, officer, employee, or any other individual except as salary or
reasonable compensation for services.
party or candidate for (c) The corporation may not contribute to or otherwise support any political
prop-
erty and income, shall be exempt from ffi taxation now corporation,
or l hereafter) imposed r by
the United States or any territory or possession thereof.
POWERS AND DUTIES OF THE CORPORATION
SEC. 5. In addition to the powers conferred upon the corporation by the Dis-
trict of Columbia Nonprofit Corporation Act, the corporation is authorized to-
(a) contract with, or render financial assistance, including grants, under
such terms and conditions as the board may approve to those private
American organizations with established programs of broadcasting to other
countries, or with other selected activities in the international mass media
field, which organizations receive no other appropriated funds of the United
States Government and which demonstrate their effectiveness in promoting
the free movement of information and ideas across national frontiers,
thereby strengthening channels of communications among the peoples of
the world.
(b) to develop and apply procedures, including audits, as may be necessary
to insure that funds so granted are applied in accordance with the purposes
for which each such grant is made.
(c) to give particular encouragement and assistance to those American
private organizations which-
(1) are in turn qualified to enlist financial and other support from
American private organizations, industry, and individuals;
(2) enjoy or are capable of enlisting cooperation or financial sup-
port from international or foreign organizations which share these
objectives ;
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(d) to prescribe such regulations as it deems necessary governing the
manner in which its functions shall be carried out ;
(e) to make and perform contracts when deemed necessary to carry out
its objectives ;
(f) to receive money and other property donated, bequeathed, or devised,
without condition or restriction other than it be used for the purposes of
the corporation, and to use, sell, or otherwise dispose of such property for
the carrying out of its functions. (For the purposes of section 170 of the
Internal Revenue Code of 1954 as amended (26 U.S.C. 170), the corpora-
tion shall be deemed to be a' corporation described in section 170(c) (2)
thereof.)
(g) to obtain from time to time as appropriate, the services of experts
and consultants to aid the corporation in accordance with the carrying out
of the purposes of this Act ;
(h) to accept and utilize on behalf of the corporation the services of
voluntary and uncompensated personnel from private life and to reimburse
them for travel expenses, including per diem, as appropriate ;
(i) to rent office in the District of Columbia and elsewhere as necessary
to its purposes ;
(j) to make all other expenditures as are necessary to carry out the pur-
poses of this Act.
SEC. 6. The corporation shall on or before the 30th day of September of each
year submit an annual report, with financial appendices as appropriate, on its
activities under this Act during the year ending the preceding June 30 to the
President of the United States and to the Congress. Such report shall include a
list of the grants made by the corporation during the preceding year and a state-
ment of the use to which such grants were put.
SEC. 7. (a) The accounts of the corporation shall be audited annually in ac-
cordance with generally accepted auditing standards by independent certified
public accountants or independent licensed public accountants licensed on or
before December 31, 1970; who are certified or licensed by a regulatory au-
thority of a State or other political subdivision of the United States ; except that
an independent public accountant licensed to practice by such regulatory au-
thority after December 31, 1970, may perform such audits until December 31,
1975.
(b) In addition to the annual audit, the financial transactions of the corpora-
tion for any fiscal year during which Federal funds are available to finance any
portion of its operations may be audited by the General Accounting Office in ac-
cordance with such rules and regulations as may be prescribed by the Comptroller
General of the United States. Any such audit shall be conducted at the place or
places where accounts of the corporation are normally kept. The representative
of the General Accounting Office shall have access to all books, accounts, records,
reports, files, and all other papers, things, or property belonging to or in use by
the corporation pertaining to its financial transactions and necessary to facilitate
the audit, and they shall be afforded full facilities for verifying transactions
with the balances or securities held by depositories, fiscal agents and custodians.
All such books, accounts, records, reports, files, paper, and property of the cor-
poration shall remain in the possession and custody of the corporation. A report
of any such audit shall be made by the Comptroller General to the Congress
and to the President, together with such recommendations with respect thereto
as he shall deem advisable.
SEC. 8. There are authorized to be appropriated such sums as may be nec-
essary to carry out the activities of the corporation, which sums shall remain
available until expended. Except for funds appropriated pursuant to this Act,
no funds appropriated after the date of the first appropriation pursuant to this
Act may be made available to or for the use of the corporation.
Our witnesses this morning include the Honorable Ogden Reid,
sponsor of this legislation in the House of Representatives; Martin J.
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Hillenbrand, the Assistant Secretary of State for European Affairs;
and Mr. Paul Bartlett, former president, Radio New York World
Wide, Inc. Mr. Bartlett requested to testify on the proposals under
consideration this morning.
Before calling the first witness, I want to say that Senator Case and
Congressman Reid are to be congratulated for their efforts to subject
the funding of Radio Free Europe and Radio Liberty to the normal
authorization and appropriation processes of the Congress. Only in
this way can the expenditure of public moneys be scrutinized and eval-
uated as required by our Constitution.
Senator Case has a prepared statement and has asked that it be in-
serted at this point in the record.
(The information referred to follows:)
STATEMENT OF SENATOR CLIFFORD P. CASE AT FOREIGN RELATIONS COMMITTEE
HEARING ON RADIO FREE EUROPE AND RADIO LIBERTY, MAY 24, 1971
L I am extremely pleased that the Administration has accepted my proposal to
remove Radio Free Europe and Radio Liberty from CIA funding.
The Foreign Relations Committee and the Senate as a whole will now be con-
sidering ways to provide open appropriations to these two stations. This is- only
proper, for the Constitution clearly states that Congress! has the sole authority to
appropriate Government funds.
During -the last 20 years, several hundred million dollars of U.S. Government
funds have been expended from secret CIA budgets to pay almost totally for
these two radio stations' broadcasting to Eastern Europe ; yet at no time was
Congress asked to or permitted to carry out its traditional Constitutional role of
approving the expenditure.
I can understand why covert funds might have been used for a year or two
in an emergency situation when extreme secrecy was necessary and when no
other Government funds were available. But the justification has lessened over
the years as international tension has eased, as the secrecy surrounding these
radio stations has melted away, and as more open means of funding could have
been developed. In other words, the extraordinary circumstances that might have
once been thought to justify circumvention of Constitutional processes and
Congressional approval no longer exist.
Thus, on January 25 of this year I introduced a bill which would have provided
for direct Congressional appropriations to Radio Free Europe and Radio Liberty.
But I was by no means wedded to this particular solution. In subsequent conver-
sations with Administration officials I made clear that my purpose was to find any
suitable mechanism which would bring the stations out from under CIA. To this
end, I sent a draft bill to the State Department in March which would have set
up a public corporation to run the two stations.
The Administration now has responded with its own proposal for open fund-
ing of Radio Free Europe and Radio Liberty through a non-profit corporation to
be known as the American Council for Private International Communications,
Incorporated. Later today I shall introduce the Administration bill in the Senate.
While I approve of the basic premise in this bill, there are several specific provi-
sions to which the Foreign Relations Committee and the Senate will have to give
the closest scrutiny.
Assistant Secretary Hillenbrand is here representing the Administration, and
he will surely provide the details of the legislation.
I will only say that, among other things, we in the Senate should give careful
consideration to whether it is appropriate for the President to appoint all the
Council's directors as the Administration has suggested. Additionally, the Ad-
ministxat.ion bill provides for an open-ended Congressional authorization of funds
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which would necessitate only annual appropriations. I would be inclined to favor
specific authorizations which would have to be renewed on an annual basis.
We shall need firm assurances that CIA participation in the stations will be
terminated. I understand that the Administration does not feel it can discuss this
question in open session, but I know we shall deal with it privately.
And, of course, we shall have to establish that money appropriated for the
American Council for Private International Communications, Inc. is not to be
made available to any organization except Radio Free Europe and Radio Liberty.
The Council should not be used as a means of expanding Government participa-
tion in the dissemination of information overseas.
Nowhere in the Administration bill is Radio Free Europe or Radio Liberty
mentioned, but I want the record to show that it is only for support of these two
stations that the American Council for Private International Communications is
being established. If the Administration at some future date should wish to ex-
pand the Council's activities, I would expect the Administration to return to
Congress for authorization.
In closing, I would like to congratulate the Administration for its position
on Radio Free Europe and Radio Liberty. We in Congress can be encouraged
that the Administration has reacted to our initiative.
Congressman Reid, do you have a prepared statement?
STATEMENT OF HON. OGDEN R. REID, A REPRESENTATIVE IN
CONGRESS FROM THE 26TH CONGRESSIONAL DISTRICT OF THE
STATE OF NEW YORK
Mr. Ram. Yes, Mr. Chairman, I do.
The CHAIRMAN. Would you proceed, please, sir.
Mr. REID. Thank you, Mr. Chairman.
Mr. Chairman and members of the committee, I very much appre-
ciate the opportunity to appear before you today to testify on the
nature of the funding of two American radio stations operating
overseas: Radio Free Europe and Radio Liberty, the former which
broadcasts to five Eastern European countries (Poland, Czechoslova-
kia, Bulgaria, Rumania, and Hungary), and the latter which broad-
casts to the Soviet Union.
INTRODUCTION OF PILLS EARLY IN SESSION
As members of the committee know, in the early days of this Con-
gress, Senator Case introduced on the Senate side., and I introduced
on the House side, bills which would amend the U.S. Informational
and Educational Exchange Act to authorize $30 million annuall y in
grants to Radio Free Europe (RFE) and Radio Liberty (RL). This
action was taken on the basis of evidence that our offices had that ap-
proximately this amount of Federal. funds was being appropriated
to RFE and RL from secret budgets-via the Central Intelligence
Agency. Our bills would provide approximately the same amount of
funds to these stations, but through open congressional funding, con-
sistent with our constitutional role of approving such expenditures.
Since that time, both Senator Case and I have been in close com-
munication with the Department of State, the CIA, and other
Government officials who have indicated an interest in this legisla-
tion. Now it is my understanding that the State Department, the. 40
Committee headed by Dr. henry Kissinger, and the President have
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approved the legislation that Senator Case and I plan to iuitroduce
today. Needless to say, we welcome the administration's change of
view on this matter,
After a short discussion on the concept of these two stations, I will
turn to a consideration of the administration's proposals, the broad
outline of which I support, with some specific exceptions. Basically,
however, I am here today to support this bill, and to enhance thereby,
we hope, the credibility of IRE and IIL, which I consider to be u:,e-.
ful and informational broadcasters whose major desire is to ;et
international, national, and local news to persons who otherwise have
no access or limited access to these events. In my judgment, this is
not only a question of open funding, but equally of the independence
of the stations themselves.
To illustrate this, as it former editor of the Paris edition of the
Herald Tribune, I became slightly familiar with some of the prob-
lems of the private American press working overseas. By far the
most important consideration in the workings of the paper-anii I
cannot emphasize this enough-was its credibility in France and
throughout Western Europe.
I remember, for instance, during the early days of the Korea war,
one of our correspondents in Korea, Homer Bigart, wrote several
stories which were very critical of our military performance in Korea.
Basically, he reported that our troops were running like rabbits;
they were suffering high casualties and, in sum, were performing
ineffectively. The story was teletyped back to Paris, and the U.S.
Embassy in Paris then made strong representations to the paper not
to run further reporting of this character, as it put the United States
in a bad light. Obviously, we continued to run Homer Bigart's first-
rate reporting.
In France, there was considerable surprise that the Americans
were admitting that things were going badly. Later, as we know, the
military situation changed; Homer Bigart sent home stories which
documented the change. And they were, I believe, credited all over
France with accuracy. There was credibility, because what was in
those stories was the truth, and in the end, people know what the
truth is. In the end, lies catch up with their authors.
So I think that credibility, in the long run, has to be our most
important consideration.
Consistent with this, one of the most important reasons the Tribune
was credible was that it was edited in Europe, not 3,000 miles away
in New York.
We have looked into RFE's and RM's procedures in this regard.
Although stories are, of course, written and edited in Munich, there. is
also the possibility of a definite influence on these operations which
steins from Washington. I would oppose the continuation of explicit
or mandatory instructions coming from the CIA or elsewhere under
this new system, as I strongly believe that the stations should be inde-
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pendent.. While this may not be the time to go into past mechanics in
this regard, suffice it to say that editorializing in the commentaries is
not unknown on these stations and at times has been pronounced. This
only relates, of course, to commentary or politically oriented pro-
grams; but since these make up a plurality of IZFE programing (34.7
percent, as opposed to 16.1 percent news, 21.6 percent music and enter-
tainment, and 27.6 percent miscellaneous), it would be, in my judg-
ment, an important factor.
In order to conform to what Senator Case and I felt a strong need
for open funding, the administration has submitted a proposal which
would establish basically a public-private corporation. This legisla-
tion would not create any agency or department of the Government;
it would be line-itemed in the budget under "Independent Agencies,"
however, and funded accordingly. A similar precedent was set in the
-establishment of the Corporation for Public Broadcasting.
The advantages of such a corporation should be independence and
freedom to broadcast what it wishes. The private media are better at
this than the Government. The free press brings a fresh point of view
and has the opportunity to reflect adversary positions. Content, there-
fore, would not be solely determined by administration policy, and
would reflect outside points of view. In the long run, it is more credible,
in great part due to its independence.
The concept of this legislation should, I believe, be broad, but should
aim specifically at free and open expression. It should enable opera-
tions to be directed essentially from Europe; and guidance, in my
judgment, should be limited to background material and informational
aid, not editorial opinion, and not mandatory instructions from the
CIA.
The administration's proposal which, as I have said, Senator Case
and I plan to introduce today, calls for an 11-member Board,of Direc-
tors, all of whom would be appointed by the President, by and with
the advice and consent of the Senate, to be selected "from areas of
professional, business, and cultural life revelant to the objectives of the
Corporation."
As precedent, I have noted that the Corporation for Public Broad-
casting's Board would consist of 15 members appointed by the Presi-
dent, but in addition more specifically provides that members are to be
eminent in education, cultural, civic, or communicational affairs, and
are to "as nearly as practicable." represent various regions of the
country, various professions, and various talents and experience.
In my view, the proposal on the character of this new Board should
be altered to be at the very least as specific as was the legislation for
the Corporation for Public Broadcasting. At best, I would urge that it
should be amended to include some appointees by the Congress (pre-
sumably by the Speaker of the House and the President pro tem of
the Senate), by the President from nominees selected by the National
Association of Broadcasters, by the Secretary of the Smithsonian, and
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by the president of the Corporation for Public Broadcjsting. Such.
a structure of the Board would emphasize communications and media
above political relationships, and would therefore greatly enhance.
the credibility of the broadcasting.
Apart from the structure of the Board and the corporation specifi-
cally, I would like to see language in the bill which was broad enough
to create an umbrella structure-not unlike the British Council. This.
then could become a genuine public-private corporation, with both
public and private entities added to it, concerned with the exchange
of ideas, culture, and the arts throughout the world. Although I would
support the view of starting out this corporation with only the in-
clusion of RFE and RL, I think we should keep the language of the
charter broad enough to allow it to become, if the need arises, and I
believe it would, a broad public-private structure.
PURPOSE OF EFFORTS TO CIIANGE FUNDING PROCEDURES
In closing, may I emphasize again that our efforts over the past
several months to change the funding procedures of RFE and RL.
have been made strictly for the purposes of enhancing the independ-
ence and credibility of those two stations and of the congressional
procedures that are clearly constitutional. I applauded Senator Case's.
efforts in this regard, I welcome the administration's acceptance of
our general proposal, and I urge the committee, most respectfully,
to consider this issue and this legislation.
Thank you, Mr. Chairman.
The CHAIRMAN. Senator Sparkman.
Senator SPARKMAN. I pass for the time being, Mr. Chairman. I
was late getting in.
The CHAIRMAN. Senator Aiken.
TYPE OF BROADCASTING BY RADIO LIBERTY
Senator AIKEN. Radio Liberty broadcasts only to Russia. What
type of broadcasting would that be? Is it a type intended to make the
Russian people discontented with their Government?
Mr. REID. That relates a bit to the guidances that Radio Liberty
receives, some of which I have here, as well as to the daily reporting
of the news and the commentary.
I think that there have been efforts to report incidents which would
influence certain trends in the Soviet Union. I would hope that it would
not be in the area you suggest because I think that would be counter-
productive.
I have not examined all of the material that they have broadcast
in Radio Liberty. I have spot checked some of it.
FUTURE OPERATION OF RADIO LIBERTY
Senator AIKEN. In the future, who would operate Radio Liberty-
a private organization?
Mr. REID. In the future it would be under this private corporation
and under the Board of Directors.
Senator AIKEN. Who is on the Board?
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Mr. REID. It would be an 11-elan Board appointed in the adminis-
tration bill by the President; but the committee, in its wisdom, might
want to provide for some appointees not appointed by the President,
who would reflect some of the concerns you` mentioned, and with
broad experience in the media.
CONTENT OF U.S.S.R. BROADCASTING
Senator ALIEN. Does the U.S.S.R., which broadcasts wholly on
Government-owned radio, broadcast similar programs to Western
Europe or to other anti-Communist countries'?
Mr. REID. They certainly have substantial broadcasting. I have not
compared the content, and I would not be in position to say whether
they are similar, but I think one of the questions that needs to be
raised bore, aside from the independence of these stations, is whether
the content in the main is the reporting of the news or whether it is
serving certain other purposes which are editorial or reflective of a
particular administration's policy in that area. That is where I think
we a ct into dangers that I question, on the one hand, and lack of cred-
ibility that can flow from very tight and mandatory policy require-
ments emanating from Washington.
WOULD STATIONS BE PERMITTED TO CARRY ADVERTISING?
Senator All ..EN. Would either Radio Free Europe or Radio Liberty
be permitted to carry advertising?
Mr. REID. I think that is a question we have not addressed. It is
supposed to be a nonprofit corporation, and basically, I suppose, the
answer to that is "No," it would not carry advertising. But we would
hope that the corporation would raise private funds, that it would
move in the direction of the British Council, and that it would not
have to rely as heavily as in the past on total Government financing.
Senator AIKEN. At first, it would rely solely on the $40 million from
the Federal Government?
Mr. REID. That would be my understanding, Senator Aiken.
Senator AIKEN. Whether it would carry advertising or not would
depend on subsequent decisions.
Mr. REID. I think that would be a subsequent decision of the Board
within the nonprofit charter that the Congress might pass.
Senator AixvN. That is all for now.
The CHAIRMAN. Senator Case.
COMMENDATION OF EXECUTIVE BRANCH RESPONSE
Senator CASE. Thank you, Mr. Chairman. Since my prepared state-
ment has been inserted in the record, I would just like to make a few
com n ments.
Today is a good day for several reasons. In the broader sense it is
a good day because we can see actual evidence that some of the things
we say from Capitol Hill are heard by the administration downtown
and that there is some response to constructive: criticism. This is ter-
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11
ribly important because the role of the Congress in foreign relations
and in government generally is something that has not been ade-
quately maintained. ?o, in this instance, I. am veryy happy indeed that
our efforts have been recognized by the,, State: Department, by the
various administrative agencies, and by the President.
As someone who has not infrequently found it necessary to be some-
what critical of the conduct of the executive branch, I am very happy
to have this occasion on which to commend the administration and
to express pleasure in having worked together with it.
My pleasure is enhanced by the fact I have been joined by a very
agreeable Member of the House who sits in the witness chair now
and whose friendship I have enjoyed for many years, and whose
progress gas a member of this Congress, I have noted with extraordi-
nary satisfaction.
I very much agree with what he has said this morning.
Senator AIKEN. I would like to ask one more question.,
Senator CASE. I will be glad to yield to the Senator from Vermont.
ESTABLISHMENT OF SIMILAR COMMUNIST STATIONS COVERING
UNITED STATES
Senator AIKEN. These two broadcasting stations, which are sup-
ported by our Government, are supposedly anti-Communist in nature.
What would be the attitude of the United States if any of the Coin-
munist countries established similar stations in Cuba or some other
place where they can cover most of the United States? Has the ad-
ministration taken a position on that?
Mr. REID. I think that is an excellent question.
Senator AIKEN. I thought it was, too. [Laughter.]
GUIDANCE AS TO CONTENT AND HANDLING
Mr. REID. Senator Aiken, I might just say I noted in my brief
remarks, that perhaps, this was not the place to get into the mechanics
of the guidance from Washington, but I do have guidances in my
folder, if you are interested in looking at them. These guidances em-
anate initially from Munich, and then go to Washington where they
a.re reviewed; and at some point, in some cases, are changed, although
I yam told that is fairly rare. But one of them that I am looking at right
now has the word "mandatory" on it. And what that reflects, I would
assume, is very clear and explicit guidance as to the content and how
the play of the news should be handled in the light of this mandatory
guidance. This one happened to be on Rumania. There are other guid-
ances that I have seen on the change in government in Germany and
on China.
If I were a newsman or an editor reading the instructions, I would
think they were extraordinary explicit.
Senator AIKEN. I think that is probably a question for Mr. Hillen-
brand. That is all.
I thank you for the time, Senator Case.
(Letter and daily guidance summaries follow :: )
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CONGRESS OF THE UNITED STATES, HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES,
Washington, D.C., May 25, 1971.
Hon. WILLIAM FULBRIGHT,
Chairman, Senate Committee on Foreign Relations,
1215 New Senate OJJlce Building, Washington, D.C.
DEAR MR. CHAIRMAN : It was a privilege appearing before your Committee
yesterday, and as per our conversation, I am enclosing several Daily Guidance
Summaries.
These are drafted in Munich and reviewed by the State Department and the
CIA in Washington. You will note that some are optional, Others mandatory.
Further, I am told that there are overall guidance ,summaries prepared annually
for each country to which the sections broadcast.
At best, these guidance summaries inject serious editorializing into the con-
tent of the broadcast, and at worst reflect a series of policy judgments that
could be counter-productive and reflect archaic cold war points of view. Cer-
tainly, by any reasonable test, they vitiate any concept of independence for the
stations, and in my view should be specifically proscribed in any legislation.
With warm regards.
Sincerely yours,
OGDEN R. REID.
APRIL 16,1571.
DAILY GUIDANCE: UNITED STATES-CHINA CONTACTS-A BEGINNING?
The suddenness with which the United States table tennis team was invited
to mainland China and the rapid pace of developments in U.S.-CPR relations
during the past seven days have inevitably aroused great interest throughout the
world-an interest that has been well reflected in the volume of comments on
the visit appearing in news medias both in the West and in the Communist world.
The unusually large coverage given to these developments is, on the whole, justi-
fied. During the past seven days more has taken place as regards American-Chin-
ese relations than at any time during the past two decades.
In the first place, the Chinese willingness to invite the U.S. team to China
has brought about the first instance of people-to-people contacts between Com-
munist China and the U.S. The appearance of the American sportsmen in Peking
and other Chinese cities is therefore an event of major significance in the history
of Communist Chinese-U.S. relations.
The meaning of these first, informal contacts has been further enhanced by
Premier Chou En-Lai's remarks during a reception in Peking earlier this week.
The Premier, after recalling American-Chinese contacts prior to the Communist
take-over of the mainland, expressed his opinion that the acceptance by the U.S.
team of the Chinese invitation opened a "new page" in. the relations between
the two peoples. "Americans will come in the future, including correspondents in
batches," the Premier was also reported as having said.
The past few days have already brought about a favorable development in this
respect. A number of correspondents working for American news media have
entered the CPR and indications are that their reporting will not be restricted to
the coverage of the table tennis team's visit (Tillman Durdin of the New York
Tines has reportedly received a one-month visa and is on his way to Peking.)
In addition to the visits of correspondents it is likely that in the future visits
by students, scholars and businessmen will also be made possible. The United
States in July 1969 lifted all restrictions on travel to China by people who would
come under the above categories. Quite recently, in a further gesture designed to
encourage contacts between the two countries, the U.S. lifted all restrictions on
travel to China by United States citizens, a move that would make it possible for
American tourists to visit the Mainland.
Finally, a statement made by President Nixon two days ago made it clear that
the United States is seriously considering the easing of restrictions which thus
far barred all but minimum trade between American and the CPR and is inter-
ested in actually encouraging trade contacts in the future. All this has been In line
with the steady efforts of the United States administration shown during the past
two years to help American-Chinese relations develop in line with the mutual
interests of the two peoples.
All these developments, however, do not mean that a meaningful improvement
in the political, economic, cultural and person-to-person contacts of the two
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countries will be an easy and quick process. Although American business circles
are definitely interested in exploring the Chine market for possibilities of bilateral
trade, it is questionable if China in the near future could become a trade partner
of any real significance to the United States. Yet, the obvious limitations should
not and probably will not discourage future business contacts and visits by U.S.
businessmen to such important expositions of Chinese foreign trade as the bi-
annual Canton Trade Fair.
In the field of political relations,, the problems are even more formidable. The
United States favors the resumption of U.S.-Chinese ambassadorial talks in
Poland at any time convenient to the Chinese side. Yet It must be remembered
that during the past sixteen years the ambassadorial talks resulted in no agree-
ment on the major issues under discussion. Of all the outstanding issues the
problem of Taiwan remains the most important and the most complicated. While
interested in reducing the long-standing tensions between the U.S. and the
CPR, and In seeking to resolve existing differences and to move toward a more
constructive relationship, the United States is also determined not to sacrifice
the interests of the Republic of China on Taiwan. Peking, on the other hand,
is believed still to insist on the complete abandonment by America of the Na-
tionalist regime of President Chiang Kai-shek as a precondition for a meaning-
ful dialogue with the United States.
This and other outstanding Issues therefore continue to block the way of
American-Chinese relations in the political field. However, there is an interest-
ing aspects of American-Chinese relations that could, in the long run, favorably
contribute to the establishment of normal contacts. This aspect lies in the tradi-
tional ties of friendship between the American and Chinese peoples.
This friendship as created over a period of several decades by the frequent
contacts of American scholars, educational institutions and-not less import-
antly-by religious organizations with their Chinese counterparts. Joint struggle
against a common opponent in World War II strongly reinforced the tradition
of friendship. Those contacts were, however, Interrupted by the Communist
takeover in 1949. One may speculate that these historic Sine-American ties at
one time reinforced the great shock and bitterness in the United States at the
takeover of the mainland by a stridently anti-American Chinese regime. However,
there are many indications that the basic feelings of friendship remain and
could under certain conditions again 'become a force in the relations between the
two countries.
The Soviet leadership during the past years has looked upon any attempt at
establishing contacts between the U.S. and Communist China with distinct
suspicion. The Soviet Press reaction to the U.S. Table Tennis team's visit to
the CPR has thus far far indicated no change in this attitude. Yet, a number of
times the United States has expressed its determination not to get involved in
the ideological and political conflict betwen Moscow and Peking, and it has been
stated clearly by American Government spokesmen that the recent moves to
improve relations with Mainland China have in no way been intended to influ-
ence Soviet-Chinese relations. East European media have so far reacted with
restraint.
All BDS cover the recent developments and future prospects of U.S.-Chinese
relations along the above lines, using Western and Communist press comments,
and avoiding overly enthusiastic predictions on the immediate improvement
of overall contacts. For a useful review of the historic aspects of U.S.-Chinese
contacts, see Benjmin Welles' article In yesterday's the New York Times (F-68
of April 15).
RFE GUIDANCE NouE No. 107, APRIL 26, 1971
Rumania defends economic sovereignty following the signing of the New Soviet-
Rumanian friendship treaty last July, Rumania has undoubtedly shown a more
accommodating approach than before in its relations with Comecon, agreeing to
work closely with Intermetall and to join Interchim in late 1970, and to join the
New Investment Bank in January of this year. But this has never meant that
Rumania was prepared to abandon the insistence on political and economic sov-
ereignty that has been the hallmark of Its policy in recent years.
As if to dispel any doubt on the subject that may have arisen in either East or
West, Rumanian media have since the first of the year argued with increasing
vigor for the principles of sovereignty and independence, not only in the economic
sphere but in all spheres of international relations. In the first issue of Lumen.
(7 January 1971), for example, it was argued (By A. Cristescu) than "not only
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does each State have supremacy over its own territory but it also exercises
sovereignty in its relations with all other States" and that a "State cannot submit
the problems which are exclusively in its area of competence to be solved by
another State or to be subjected to international examination."
This broader framework of the principles of international relations has es-
tablished the basis for Rumania's continued rejection of any encroachment on
economic sovereignty through majority. rule or other moves toward the exertion
of supranational control in the economic sphere. It has also provided: the rationale
for the Rumanian position on the right of each Comecon member to opt in or
out of any particular co-operative scheme both at its founding and during its
subsequent development. In short Rumania has insisted that the Comecon statutes
and the reassurances of other members on the principles of International Socialist
Relations in the economic sphere be taken literally and has categorically re-
jected suggestions that "changes should be made in the meaning of international-
ism in the contemporary era (or) that suprastate economic and political integra-
tion represents the only chance of survival" (C. Lazarescu in the March issue of
Lupta De Clasa, Rumanian P.S. No. 881, 6 April1971).
On the eve of the 50th anniversary of the party the Rumanian stress on these
principles and on the independent role of each communist party and State has
grown. In his speech 24th Party Congress earlier this_ month, (on 1 April)
Ceausescu again took the opportunity to point out that the diversity of economic,
social and historical situations of the Socialist States could lead to some dif-
ferences of view which must be settled on the basis of "Free Consent, in the
spirit of the Marxist-Leninist principles and the principles of socialist inter-
nationally, of respect for national independence and sovereignty, equal rights and
non-interference in internal affairs, of comradely mutual assistance of reciprocal
advantage." Shortly thereafter a major article in Scantcia (on 6 April, see
Rumanian SR/14, 14 April 1971) strongly reiterated the Rumanian Party's in-
dependent stand. At the just concluded Bulgarian CP Congress the Rumanian
Delegate Ghorghe Pana repeated essentually what Ceausescu had said in
Moscow.
Now in the April issue of Probleme Economise an article by Ilie Radulescu,
a member of the Central Committee and of the Academy of Social and Political
Sciences-not Gheorgu Radulescu, Rumania's permanent representative to Come-
con-strongly reasserts Rumania's reservations of economic integration. The
only version as yet available in Munich is a condensed text made available by
Agerpres on 24 April (contained in weekend monitoring report No. 192).
In the article, the "generally varied principles of interstate relation" on which
economic co-operation must be built are outlined, and it is asserted that : "Dis-
regard of one principle or another, economic pressure of any kind, or interfer-
ence of internationalism would only create asperity, mistrust and contradic-
tions between socialist states which evidently would affect their relationship on
the whole."
The author then turns to more specific concerns. He accepts the socialist in-
ternational division of labor as necessary, but argues that while it can apply
to the "specialization of enterprises, to their co-operation, to co-operation be-
tween various branches of national production, between various sectors of eco-
nomic and financial activity," one cannot accept concepts according to which
the socialist international division of labor should allegedly lead to a speciali-
zation of the national economies, to the foundation of socialist national-economic
complexes, conceived outside the sovereign authority of the socialist states, of
respect for their national frontiers.
He goes on to reject the idea strongly stressed now in Soviet and other East
European thinking, economy of the socialist countries as a "unitary national
economy," claiming that such an approach would limit the development of cer-
tain states and perpetuate unequal levels of economic development. He rejects
views which "coun+terpose the international to the national," which minimize
the role of national efforts.
Radulescu then counterattacks with the "infant industry" argument. He
notes that the economic position of the socialist countries is often looked upon
from a static perspective which ignores the demands of development and modern-
ization. He insists that a modern industrial base is essential for each country,
saying that to absolutize the industrial situation of some socialist countries and
draw general conclusions from it so as to deny the need for the development
of some new economic units and branches in the other socialist countries is
contrary to the real demands of economic progress and of the deepening of
international economic co-operation.
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To a degree the arguments presented here in the Agerpres version of Radulescu's
article appear to be overly defensive, harking back as they .do to issues which
were presumably settled in the early 1960's and arguing for the concept of
"leveling" which has been reaffirmed a number of times as a long range Come-
con goal. However, even allowing for possible slanted exerpting by Agerpres,
the strong objections to snpranationalism and to any downgrading of Rumania's
industrial development at this time reflect Rumania's principled reaction to the
thrust of the Comecon integration drive of the past year. Since the 24th Comecon
Council Session of a year ago the USSR has pushed with increasing vigor for
"integration," and the concept itself has taken on more meancing connotations,
at least in its longer-range and ideological implications. Moreover, some notably
the East Germans, appear to be trying to use this toughening Soviet attitude
in the opportunistic pursuit of their own aims, among the chief of which is to
maintain their technological supremacy over the rest of Eastern Europe. With
the finalization of Comecon's integration program due shortly it appears that
Rumania's concerns with the principles of Comecon relations and with the
practical implications of multilateral specialization in advanced industries have
both been involved in the current discussions. These discussions have centered
on questions of who will invest and specialize in which forms of production and
what criteria will be applied in making these decisions.
Having recently agreed to co-operate more fully in Comecon, Rumania evidently
feels that strict concurrence with the principles on which Comecon has up to
now developed is even more essential to the preservation of its sovereignty.
This is why it feels constrained to register strongly and often its objections to
the current motions of Comecon integration, which though not yet clearly spelled
out, have become sufficiently known to cause concern in Bucharest.
The Rumanian BD, which in the recent past has aired several programs
designed to correct the impression gained from western press evaluation on
Rumania's "rejoining the fold" will not return to this theme for the time being.
All other BD's cross-report along the above lines.
RFE DAILY GUIDANCE SUMMARY FOR MAY 4, 1971
Honecker's succession signals no change in East German course.
In a move that has long been anticipated by his few friends and many foes,
the long-time leader of the Socialist Unity Party of Germany (SED), Walter
Ulbricht, has relinquinished his rule over the East German regime. Ulbricht's
resignation from his post as first secretary of the SED Central Committee was
apparently a result of deteriorating health which, combined with advanced age,
has begun to make it impossible for him to retain his grip on the party and
state apparatus of the GDR.
Ulbricht's resignation as leader of the party comes six weeks before the eighth
Congress of the SED is to meet in East Berlin. It is very probable that the move
has been timed to ensure that by the time the Congress convenes the leadership
of the party will be firmly under the control. of the new first secretary, Erich
Honecker.
The change of the leadership in the GDR comes only months after the fall
of Gomulka and the rise of Gierek in Poland. Which resulted from the upheaval
in Polish coastal cities. In Czechoslovakia, the !third element of Gomulka's ear-
lier dream of a "northern tier," top leadership was alternated twice within a
rather brief period of time. Thus, the northern tier is now ruled by men rela-
tively newly arrived at the Communist summit and each leader faces a daunt-
ing complex of unresolved problems. At the same time, the replacement at the
top in all three countries are dramatic eXaraples of the immutable laws of
change which even totalitarian leaders must face, however reluctant they are
to do so.
Indications are that in an effort to ensure an orderly transfer of power and
the continuation of the politics carried out by him for over two decades. Ulbricht
has carefully groomed Erich Honecker for the job. The new leader of the SED,
who was elected first secretary by a unanimous vote of the central committee
yesterday, is a man of a somewhat different background. At 59, Honecker is
almost 20 years younger than his predecessor. Besides, the new five year secre-
tary lacks the experience of long years of exile in the Soviet Union, having spent
a decade in Hitler's prisons and concentration camps, he was freed from im-
prisonment by-advancing units of the Soviet Army in 1945.
Yet, in outlook, as wel1 as in mentality, Honecker is very much like his former
bass Walter Ulbricht, whom he strongly admires. His statements during the past
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years give no reason to believe that in his approach toward the major political
problems facing the East German regime Honecker will take a course substan-
tially differentfrom that trodden by Ulbricht during the past decades. His state-
ment, made immediately after having been elected to the job of first secretary,
is a ringing reiteration of following the "Ulbricht Road." "I express the cer-
tainty," Honecker maintained, "that there will be continuity with ?a carrying on
of our firm and sure course...." The unlikeliness of any change for the better
in East German approaches to major political issues during the immediate future
was also voiced by the spokesman of the West German Government last night. As
government spokesman Ahlers put it, Ulbricht's resignation and the appointment
of Erich Honecker would not bring with it "essential political changes" in East
Germany. In fact, Ahlers expressed that Ilonecker's appointment might have a
negative effect on East-West German relations.
In spite of Ulbricht's apparent attempt to achieve orderly transition of power
within the party and government apparatus, it remains to be seen whether he is
to succeed in the long run. The leadership of the SED has shown itself to be a
fairly united body under the strong rule of Walter Ulbricht. Unpopular and even
hated as he was, Ulbricht demonstrated great political skill (frequently border-
ing on opportunism) in dealing with political matters and personalities both
within his own party and vis-a-vis the rest of the Communist bloc. Toward the
end of his career he managed to establish himself as something of a doyen of
the international communist leadership, the man who knew Lenin, and one
whose career goes back to the times when the Comintern was still a force to be
reckoned with.
His hand-picked successor, Erich Honeeker, has none of this prestige at his
disposal. A life-long Communist and party functionary, Honecker still has to
prove himself as the holder of the top party job. Among other things, he must be
able to keep the leadership of the SED free of internal strife, forestall any
struggle for power and retain at least the appearance of unity of the ranks.
tJibricht's retirement and Honecker's succession is likely to be accepted with
some relief by the leaders of the OPSU and the Communist regimes of Eastern
Europe. Brezhnev's congratulatory message to Honecker asserted the high
assessment by the Soviet leadership of his "contribution to the strengthening of
the fraternal friendship and cooperation" between the Soviet party and the SED.
Yet, in spite of his record, as the new head of the East German party Honecker
is an unknown factor in East European politics, one that can be correctly appre-
ciated only after a certain period of actual political performance.
For the time being, however, it appears thatHonecker, U as first secretary of
the SED, will not change the ideological position of the East German party or
the inflexible, hard-line approach of the GDR toward domestic and international
affairs. Although Ulbricht has retired from real political activity, his working
style and his Weltausschauung are likely to dominate the GDR scene for some
time to come.
All BDS comment on Ulbricht's resignation along above lines and using
world reaction as indicated in recommended list.
It has been in the agricultural sector-still overwhelmingly private-that the
PUWP under Gierek's .leadership has so far made the greatest changes in Poland's
longer-term economic policies. The most recent agricultural policy changes
for the 1971-1975 plan period were approved at a joint meeting of the PUWP CC
held on April 14 and reported by Edward Babiuch at the Ninth Plenum of the
PUWP CC held two days later.
Joint recommendations on several important questions have been made to the
government. These include: (1) the abolition, as of 1 January 1972, of compul-
sory delivery of slaughter animals, grain and potatoes; (2) the establishment,
as of 1 January 1972, of a comprehensive social insurance program (including,
presumably, the provision of old age pensions) for private farmers; (3) the im-
position of a revised and increased progressive land tax as means of com-
pensating the agricultural development fund for .the loss it will suffer following
the abolition of low-priced compulsory deliveries; (4) an expansion of the uses
to which the resources in the agricultural development fund can be put so as to
include investments other than those for agricultural machinery; (5) the adop-
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tion of measures which will ensure the required quantities and range of agricul-
tural production resources for the intensification of production; (6) the improve-
ment of procurement and delivery procedures, of the contract procurement system
and of the processing of agricultural output; (7) the establishment of norms
which will ensure the realization of greater benefits from agricultural resources
and the protection of agricultural and forest resources; (8) the further develop-
ment of village self-government.
Prior to the April 14 joint recommendations, a number of medium-terns and
short-run agricultural policy decisions were taken: Most of the earlier decisions
were directed toward reinvigorating the livestock sector. More grain was Ito be
imported, although this often acted merely as an offset to the losses resulting
from a bad grain harvest. Luckily, potato production in the private sector re-
bounded well, enabling it to provide, for 1971 are not much larger than those
supplied in the previous year, the promise has been made to maintain larger
minimum concentrated feed supplies for the four remaining years of the new
five-year plan. Gomulka's dogmatic plan to end grain imports at any cost-
which played a large part in creating the difficulties experienced by the Polish
agricultural sector-has been abandoned. Higher procurement prices for meat
and animal products were guaranteed for two years, reversing the previously
unprofitable character of livestock production. All these programs should help
to restore growth in this sphere.
The events of last December played a major role in bringing about significant
changes in Poland's agricultural policy. Open criticism of past policies became
possible and spread throughout the country, bringing to everyone's attention
the plight of the farmers and the production difficulties facing agriculture, as
well as their repercussions on the living standards not only of those living in
rural areas also-and primarily-of those residing in the towns and cities.
The policy recommendations approved in April are broader in that they go
beyond the livestock sector, affecting not only conditions for productions in many
agricultural sectors but also living standards in the rural areas. The new farm
program has been outlined, some additional resources have been promised and
financial conditions for production have been improved. However, much greater
economic resources will have to be directed into the agricultural sector if the
new program is to have a reasonable change of success. Other desiderata are the
removal of the (generally admitted) bureaucratic crust, the completion of the
promised expansion of rural self-government, and honest implementation of the
policy of uniform treatment for all types of agricultural units, including the
private farms.
Although many of the recommendations for changes in agricultural policy
have yet to be detailed by the Government, they undoubtedly represent a reversal
of the thinking which led to the neglect of agricultural, of particular significance
in this regard is the fact that the new proposal in effect explicitly deal with the
problems of the individual farmer and, if implemented properly, will end many
of the long-time problems that the latter have encountered in terms of both the
profitability of their farms and a sense of security. These changes point to a
recognition by the new party leadership of the importance of the agricultural
sector as a basis for the improvement of the Polish people's economic well-being.
The Polish BD will continue to discuss the problem of agricultural and agri-
culture policy in its programming, following closely the proper implementation
or lack thereof of the regime's stated good intentions. Any cross-reporting by the
other BD's should be along the above lines. The attentions of editors is called
to the 334-/trend paper of April 22, "Polish Agricultural Problems and the Post-
Gomulka Agricultural Policy."
DAILY GUIDANCE SUMMARY FOR MARCH 31, 1971
BREZIINEV'S REPORT TO THE 24TH CPSU CONGRESS
To characterize Brezhnev's report briefly, it might be described as an effort
at consolidation along well-known lines and an attempt at refurbishing the
image of the Soviet regime. The attempts at consolidation are most noticeable
when the General Secretary speaks on topics of external relations, but are also
apparent in the discussion of domestic issues. The effort to improve the USSR's
public relations image is evident in the discussion of a number of proposals for
peace and disarmament. The impression left by the five hours exercise is that
while there are some new formulations, the Soviets' essential tactics and funda-
mentaQ objectives have not changed.
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On relations within the "Socialist Camp" Brezhnev desires closer economic
and political cop.eration. His references to "economic integration" and to "tying
together national economic plans more closely" are indicative of Soviet efforts
to control Eastern Europe's economic relations with the outside world and to
manage Comecon's economic affairs along lines consonant with Soviet economic
interest. The call for "international conferences" to be included regularly in the
practice of the World Communist Movement (WCAI) and reference to the "suc-
cesses in coordinating the foreign policy activity of the fraternal parties and
states" would seem calculated to justify and intensify the Soviets' role as director
of Eastern European external affairs and to discourage any independent foreign
initiatives. His remarks on negative phenomena such as "Rightist and Leftist
Revisionism and Nationalism" which have occurred in the Communist movement
are indicative of the Soviet leadership's continuing sensitivity to independent
initiatives by some parties.
The criticism of "Nationalism" may well be intended for Bucharest and Bel-
grade while "left-wing revisionism" is the term usually applied to the Chinese.
In addition, so that none of Moscow's East European "Allies" will be confused
as to Soviet resolve, thegeneral secretary reemphasized the mission of the War-
saw Pact forces in "extradordinary conditions created by the forces of imperial-
ism and counter-revolution" to demonstrate that the "socialist countries" are
not about to "give away their revolutionary achievements, that the borders of the
socialist community are indestructible and inviolable."
The CPSU leader asserted personally for the first time the "invitation" thesis
contained in the "lessions from the critical development" in Czechoslovakia
which the CPCS published last December and which was widely believed at the
time to have been issued as 'a face-saving device in time for the 24th CPSU
Congress, of course Brezhnev's repetition of the "imperialist lie" contained in
the "lessons" hardly lends it any greater degree of credibility. In contrast,
Brezhnev's remark on the Polish scene may be read as a pat on the back for Gierek
and an expression of relief that the Red Army did not have to extend its "frater-
nal assistance" to Poland. His statement that the "difficulties" in that country had.
been "overcome" and that the Polish party is carrying out measures to "con-
solidate" socialism met with some scepticism from radio Zagreb commentator
HRZIC who questioned the basis for such optimism, stating that "it is clear
to everybody, and especially to Poles, that the difficulties have not been over-
come." One can, however, agree with Brezhnev that (given the invasion of
Czechoslovakia and the Polish December events) "the past five-year period has
made a considerable contribution to the treasure-house of the,collective experi-
ence of the fraternal countries and parties," Indeed, several of the contribu-
tions to this "treasure house" are reflected in the general secretary's expres-
sions of concern for the Soviet worker and consumer and his admonition to
that procrustean transmission belt, the Soviet trade unions, to defend the legiti-
mate needs of the Soviet workers. This concern is clearly a reflection of the
Polish December events.
Concerning relations with other "socialist countries" Brezhnev was quite firm
in asserting Soviet national interests (i.e. territorial claims) over compromise
with the Chinese. Naturally, he blamed Peking for the hostilities which occur-
red in 1969 and accused the Chinese leadership of an anti-Soviet line which splits
this unity of the Communist movement thereby objectively aiding the imperlial-
ists. In addition, he condemned the Chinese for setting up "Marxist-Leninist Par-
ties" and forming blocs with the Trotskyites in an effort to establish "a counter-
weight in the international Communist movement." Despite his observation that
relations have shown some signs of "normalization" over the last 18 months "as
a result of initiative displayed on our part," nothing appears to have been settled
between the two Communist giants and the only improvement ascertainable since
1969 is the absence of armed combat on. the Sino-Soviet frontier. The Chinese,
who are not attending the Congress, will probably not let Brezhnev's observations
go without a rebutal.
While Brezhnev listed. Yugoslavia among the socialist nations, his references
to the desires of the Soviet people to see socialism in Yugoslavia strengthened
and its ties with socialist states become firmer" drew an icy rejoinder from radio
Zagreb's HRZIC who recognized that Brezhnev was finding fault with Yugoslav
socialism. No doubt Tito's disinclination to accede to Soviet wishes and attend
the 24th Congress was in part responsible for Brezhnev's pejorative references.
On the international scene Brezhnev tried to paint an image of a peaceloving
USSR making lots of initiatives for settling international problems. As if to
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underscore his sincerity, the Soviet negotiator at the disarmament conference in
Geneva, Roshchim has accepted a western proposal to deal with disarmament in
the areas of bacteriological and chemical warfare as separate entities Brezhnev
dusted off several old disarmament concepts which have been floated in the
past. Most of these, while they cannot be dismissed out of hand, seem to be in
the general nature of oratory calls for abolishing arms of a universal basis
which have proved impractical in the past. For instance, the support for a ban
on all nuclear chemical and bacteriological weapons and on all nuclear weapon
testing "by everyone everywhere" or the call for a five-power conference including
China and France to discuss nuclear disarmament (when the Soviet Union and
the United States have yet been unable to achieve any agreement in the salt talks)
are clearly efforts, however unconvincing, to demonstrate that the CPSU is a -
party of peace. Other proposals, such as the liquidation of all foreign bases and
the dissolution of the-
- (PAGE 3 missing) is scheduled for the CPSU, the first in 17 years, and also announcing a reduction
in Cosplan. Brezhnev may be preparing the way for settling the issue with his
political opponents.
In another novelty, Brezhnev stated that party. Congresses would now-take place
only every five years. Thus they will coincide with the introduction of five-year
plans.
Brezhnev was clearly concerned about the ideological orientation of writers,
youth and the Soviet people in general. He particularly attacks writers who
criticize present-day Soviet reality and who have "irreversibly receded into the
past as a result of the work done by the party to surmount the consequences
of the personality cult." This would seem to be a reference to Solzhenitsyn. He
also criticized those writers who try to "beautify the phenomena of the past
which the party has decisively and principally criticized." He is concerned about
the fact that many young people do not have. the proper ideological orientation,
citing the fact that over half of the Soviet people are under thirty. Not sur-
prisingly, Brezhnev reasserted the party's leading role in culture in line with what
he -terms the Leninist principle of party-mindedness in directing the develop-
ment of all forms of creative art. Thus the dead hand of the party will continue
to stifle the Soviet creative intelligentsia.
While some observers thought a reassertion of Stalinism might characterize
the Congress, Brezhnev specifically condemns the personality Cult (Stalin), but
lie balances this with a condemnation of "subjective errors" (Krushchev).
Brezhnev asserted that the party was loyal to the basic principles of Marxism-
Leninism and was concerned with a "correct and objective interpretation of
Soviet history." This continues the effort to praise general developments in
Soviet history from Lenin's death until 1964, while simultaneously condemning
past leaders ex post facto for their faults and asserting the real Marxism-
Leninism of the present leadership.
Other elements in Brezhnev's speech are his concern for improving Soviet
labor productivity in the fact of a decline in additions to the labor force and his
emphasis on improving the technological base of the USSR (i.e., attempting to
bridge the technological gap with the West).
In short, the report of the general secretary Is essentially notable for its length
and its total lack of new ideas. Its one solid contribution to the improvement of
the lot of the Soviet citizen may be that such an address will now be delivered
once in five years Instead of every four years as heretofore.
All ed's report on Brezhnev's address along the above general lines, using
appropriate materials as indicated.
Senator CASE. 1 am very happy indeed to have had the participation
of my senior colleague and to have received his thoughts.
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- PURPOSE OF PROPOSED LEGISLATION
Mr. Chairman, so far as I am concerned, this matter started actively
in January of this year when I, introduced a short bill to provide for
open financing of Radio Free Europe and Radio Liberty.
The purpose of the bill was to bring out and terminate the covert
governmental support for the two radio stations. CIA had been financ
ng most of their costs for about 20 years, and I had become increas-
ngly uneasy about CIA funding, although I recognized that at the
outset clandestine support was probably necessary.
After I introduced my bill, the Department of State put the matter
under study. Representative Reid and I had many discussions with
State's representatives, who were most diligent and cooperative in
working out what I think is a good solution.
I am introducing the administration bill, as Representative Reid
is, today; and I look forward to working with the committee in per-
fecting it.
I agree with Representative Reid that some of the directors of
this new body should be appointed by others than the President. I
think Congress ought to participate as to appointments as well as con-
firmation. I think this is a very good idea.
I think we need assurance that CIA participation in the station is
going to be terminated, and I agree in that respect with what Mr. Reid
has said.
I think that we ought to limit the money appropriated to this body,
the American Council, if that be the name given It in the final legisla-
tion, to the use of only Radio Free Europe and Radio Liberty unless
further authorization is granted by Congress. I would expect the ad-
ministration would follow that policy.
I congratulate the administration, and I'm very happy to have this
matter placed before our committee for its consideration. I hope.
after the committee does its usual fine job of perfecting the legislation,
that it will come up with a favorable recommendation.
Thank you, Mr. Chairman.
The, CILaIRM AN. Senator Spong.
Senator SPONG. I have no questions, Mr. Chairman.
The CHAIRMAN. Senator Sparkman.
SOVIET BLOC PRESSURE ON STATIONS
Senator SPARKMAN. Mr. Congressman, what kind of pressure has
the Soviet Union and the bloccountries brought to bear on Radio Free
Europe and Radio Liberty?
Mr. REID. My understanding, Senator Sparkman, is, from time to
time, the Soviet Union has raised this question, both informally and
formally, with the United States, and most recently in connection with
Soviet participation in the Olympics. I believe there has been some
question as to whether certain countries would participate in the
Olympics if these stations continued.
I think this may be more in the nature of a threat than a reality, but ;
from time to time, both by virtue of their comments and by virtue of
their jamming, I think the Soviet Union has indicated strong irritation
at some of the endeavors of these two stations.
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Senator SPARKMAN. Have they brought pressure also upon the Ger-
man Government about the renewal of the permit?
Mr. REID. My understanding is they raised this from time to time
with the German Government.
Senator SPARKMAN. There was a story in the Washington Star in
July of last year, in which it was stated that there were indications
that they would press pretty heavily upon the West German Govern-
ment against the renewal of the permit.
SIMILAR RUSSIAN STATIONS
Does Russia have any similar stations in which she beams messages
to the West?
Mr. REID. I think some of them are roughly analogous, and I think
there are some that are clandestine as well as open. Nonetheless, it
seems to me the question is raised as to whether these stations essen-
tially report the news or whether we are going beyond that in trying
to effect policy changes within these governments, and this is the area
that I think the committee and the new Board, if this Council comes
into being, should look at very carefully.
It is one thing to report news that people should have access to, but
it is quite another to further the policy objectives of particular admin-
istrations through the vehicles of these stations to the extent that that
is true.
DIFFERENCE BETWEEN STATIONS AND VOICE OF AMERICA
Senator SPARKMAN. What is the difference between what these sta-
tions do and what the Voice of America does?
Mr. REID. Well, my understanding, which is somewhat inexact, is
that Voice of America carries the official U.S. position on aal dpal icy
questions, whereas the other two stations broadcast a b
material that they feel should be fully reported in the several countries.
The breakdown is 16-percent news, about 34-percent commentary. I
have some of the news analyses and commentary here. I think the
news is pretty balanced and straightforward. The analyses would indi-
cate what various points of view might be relative to a change of gov-
ernment in Germany or to ping-pong diplomacy, in matters of that
kind. The balance is sports and music.
Senator SPARKMAN. I may say that I have had the privilege of visit-
ing Radio Free Europe and spent a little time there. I saw it in opera-
tion and talked with the officials and with some of the people who, were
doing the reporting. I was very much impressed with it.
I am pleased that you have come before us to make this presentation.
OBJECTIVITY OF RADIO FREE EUROPE'S REPORTING
You served in Europe' in connection with the Herald Tribune, did
you not?
Mr. REID. Yes, Senator Sparkman, I did.
Senator SPARKMAN. You know something about the crossfires that
build up among the nations that way. You know something about ob-
jective reporting. Do you consider Radio Free Europe to be doing
objective reporting?
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Mr. REID. I think the news presentation, from what I can see of the
files that have, been made available to me, is straightforward and ex-
cellent. I think the analysis and commentary is reflective of certain
U.S. policy positions at times, and is quite heavyhanded in terms of
editorializing. I would give a high rating to news and not as good
a rating to the commentary portions of the two stations.
WITNESS' SERVICE IN ISRAEL
Senator SPARKMAN. You served as Ambassador to Israel also?
Mr. REID. Yes, Senator Sparkman. I particularly enjoyed your visit.
Senator SPARKMAN. I remember visiting there when you were the
Ambassador.
Mr. REID. It was an official visit when you put in almost as much time
as the chairman.
Senator SPARKMAN. We went without our sport shirts down into
the desert.
QUESTIONS CONCERNING PROGRAMS BY DIFFERENT GOVERNMENTS
Is there any question, taking your experience in Israel, with refer-
ence to radio programs or news programs or whatever there may be put
on by different governments of the world?
Mr. REID. Yes, I think there are some very real questions, and I felt
that some of the broadcast in the Near East, which were frequently
clandestine, did not lower the political climate or enhance diplomatic
options, and that is why I think this kind of entity is much better in
the private sector with men exercising independent judgment. That is
why, as a principle, I feel that the stations should deal essentially with
news and lean quite lightly on editorializing and comment, because if
we get into that area, it seems to me, we are doing something that
other stations in other countries have done, involving ourselves to some
degree in internal domestic affairs. No matter how much we may seek
to avoid that, that is why I was a bit concerned when I looked at some
of the guidances from Washington and from Munich to these stations,
because it did not seem to me that it was entirely free from some edi-
torial suggestions; this scenario is something which the committee
should very properly look at as to what is the fundamental role.
The role of announcing news and enhancing the flow of ideas in
the culture and arts and education is one thing. The setup of stations
to further implement U.S. policy objectives, or to undermine certain
governments in other countries, it seems Ito me, is entering a different
area and, perhaps, a questionable one.
Senator SPARKMAN. Thank you very much.
The CIIAIRMAN. Thank you very much, Congressman Reid.
Mr. REID. Thank you, Mr. Chairman.
PURPOSE OF U.S. BROADCASTS TO EASTERN EUROPE
Senator CASE. There is one point I would like to pursue with Con-
gressman Reid. I wonder if you would agree with me, and I rather
suspect you would, that it is not embarrassing to be asked why we
broadcast to Eastern Europe. I am not a bit embarrassed about this
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because I agree with you fully that the purpose of this station Should
not be to propagandize or to editorialize, but rather to be sure that
the Russian and other Eastern European peoples have facts about
what is going on in the world, and in many cases.what is going on
in their own countries.
When an open society like the United States deals with a. closed
society, the conditions for peace and understanding do not exist when
the closed society limits the information that its people receive. This
is an entirely unfortunate circumstance and one which cannot in the
long run be conducive to peaceful relations or peace in the world.
To attempt to broaden the understanding of all people, as Radio Free
Europe and Radio Liberty ideally do, would seem to me to require no
apologies.
Mr. REID. Senator Case, I agree 110 percent with that. It seems to
me when the United States proceeds to open funding and pursues a
policy of open communication, we can do it quite well. When we get
into areas that are clandestine and murky and not subject to con-
ggressional scrutiny, and frequently involving ourselves in matters we
should not get into, we do it sometimes not well and, at other times,
badly, and I think the strength of this proposal is free, open
communication.
Senator CASE. Thank you very much.
Mr. REID. Thank you very much, Senator, and again my compli-
ments on your initiatives in this regard. Thank you, Mr. Chairman.
The CHAIRMAN. The next witness is Assistant Secretary Martin J.
IIillenbrand, Department of European Affairs, Department of State.
Mr. IIillenbrand, do you have a prepared statement?
Mr. IIILLLNERAND. Yes, I do, Mr. Chairman.
The CHAIRMAN. Will you proceed, please, Sir.
STATEMENT OF MARTIN 1. HILLENBRAND, ASSISTANT
SECRETARY OF STATE FOR EUROPEAN AFFAIRS
Mr. HILLENBRAND. I appreciate the opportunity to testify on this
bill to provide for the establishment of a corporation to be called
the American Council for Private International Communications, Inc.,
which will support private American organizations active in the field
,of communication with foreign peoples. This proposal has the full sup-
port of Secretary Rogers.
ACTIVITIES AND APPOINTMENT Or COUNCIL
The Council as it is conceived would make grants to eligible media
from funds appropriated by the Congress. The private nature of the
Council is designed to enable the media which it supports to fulfill
their role as objective reporters and independent commentators, not as
spokesmen for the U.S. Government.
The Chairman of the Board of the Council would be appointed by
the President, as would the Vice Chairman and the other nine mem-
bers. All would be selected for their ability to ensure the disbursement
of grants in the national interest. The Board would be responsible for
assuring that the officers of the Council established adequate liaison
with the Department of State.
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The Council would annually account to the Congress and its respon-
sible committees for the proper use of grants the Council makes.
Through the involvement and interest of the Council's Board mem-
bers, all of whom would be appointed from private life, the Coun-
cil would be able to determine that activities of the grantees were. ex-
clusively those appropriate to mass-media operations for which they
were funded, including news gathering and analysis.
It is foreseen that the Council would use its appropriation primarily
to grant funds to two existing private broadcasting corporations, Radio
Free Europe and Radio Liberty, which are incorporated respectively
in the States of New York and Delaware and which have obtained
licenses abroad to transmit programs in their capacity as private
organizations.
IMPORTANCE OF RADIOS TO LISTENERS AND THE OTHER PEOPLES
I would like to review briefly with the committee the importance
of these two radios to the peoples to whom they broadcast and their
value- to other peoples, including our own who share the view that an
informed public is a safeguard of people. I would like especially to
underline how important it is that these stations retain their private
character.
In regard to the significance of these radios, a principal source for
my remarks are my personal observations and those of my colleagues
who have served in the Soviet Union and Eastern Europe. I know of
few matters related to this geographic area on which there is such a
degree of agreement among us who have served in that area as on the
beneficial and constructive roles of Radio Liberty and Radio Free
Europe. The service of each radio is in essence the same. Radio Liberty
provides to the Soviet. Union and Radio Free Europe to most of East-
ern Europe a large volume of information sand commentary which the
peoples of those countries do not receivefrom other sources, but which
they need in order to make informed judgments on public issues. Do-
mestic media in the U.S.S.R. and Eastern Europe speak with a single
voice, commonly omitting or distorting coverage of events about
which the, public has every need to know. In place of full news ac-
counts, questioning editorials, and independent commentary, the daily
fare never challenges policies or goals set, by the government nor asks
how wisely the public's money is being spent. A public so deprived
of essential information has difficulty finding ways to promote. its own
interests with respect either to domestic or to foreign issues.
It is true that international radio services which function as agen-
cies of various governments-the Voice of America, BBC, Deutsche
Welle, Radiotransmission et Diffusion Francaise, and others-fill a
part of this information void. However, out of well-founded diplo-
matic considerations, such official government radios must take care to
avoid the charge of interference in the internal affairs of other nations.
In my view, there are no fundamental conflicts of interests between
the American people and the peoples of the Soviet Union and Eastern
Europe. In many respects, the interest of all these people can be seen
to converge. For them as well as for us, large resources which could be
allocated to meet human needs are siphoned off for the purposes of
other policies. It seems a reasonable assumption that under any sys-
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tem an informed public can better alter this situation in the interest
of its own welfare than can an uninformed public. I am convinced, as
are many of my colleagues, that the input of information by the radios
into the Soviet Union and Eastern Europe strengthens the ability of
these people to promote. their own general welfare. If these peoples do
improve their own welfare, it will be possible for us further to reorder
our own priorities to the benefit of the American public.
RADIOS' SUCCESS IN FULFILLING THEIR PURPOSE
Further, let me stress that the sole purpose of the radios is to dis-
seminate information and to present analyses of that information
which are thoughtful and responsible. Those of ,us who have lived in
the reception areas credit the radios with a large measure of success
in fulfilling their purpose. This success is borne out by the large lis-
tenerships which the radios have attracted. RFE broadcasts in the ap-
propriate language 18 hours a day to Poland, 19 to Czechoslovakia, 18
to Hungary, 12 to Romania., and 71/2 to Bulgaria. The result of thou.
sands of interviews conducted by professional, independent polling or-
ganizations with visitors from Eastern Europe in the recent past in-
dicate that the RFE audience in the five countries named above is at
least 30 million persons. This is about one-half of the total adult pop-
ulation. In certain countries during periods of crises the percentage
of listeners has shot up dramatically to 80 or 90 percent of the pop-
ulation over the age of 14. I should add that these large audiences
have been developed notwithstanding extensive efforts to jam broad-
casts. A significant proportion of the broadcasts gets through even
where efforts are made to jam them because the effectiveness of the
jamming varies with the time and place, and because of the tenacity
of the listeners.
Radio Liberty broadcasts 24 hours a day in Russian, 10 in Byelo-
russian, 13 in Ukrainian, 4 in Armenian, 4 in Azerbaijani, 4 in Geor-
gian, 4 in North Caucasian languages, 4 in Tatar-Bashkir, and 4 in
Turkestani languages. While it is more difficult to arrive at an accu-
rate estimate of the actual size of Radio Liberty's listenership, an indi-
cation of its effectiveness is the effort made by the Soviet Government
since 1953 to jam around the clock all Radio Liberty frequencies. It is
estimated that the jamming network costs the Soviets over six times as
much annually to operate as the annual budget of Radio Liberty
itself.
While estimates of the number of Radio Liberty listeners are of
necessity less precise than those for Radio Free Europe, there is
extensive corroborative evidence which shows that, like Radio Free
Europe, it has a large and tenacious audience. The costly effort of
jamming itself is a clear indicator as are the thousands of references
to the programs of Radio Liberty and Radio Free Europe in the Soviet
and Eastern European press. Also, each year, several thousands of let-
ters addressed to Radio Liberty and Radio Free Europe get past-or
around-the censor or are sent to them by listeners traveling in the
West. In these, there is an oft-repeated refrain : "Everybody around
here listens to your program." This may be an exaggeration, but it
gives some idea of how widely the broadcasts of these radios are lis-
tened to. Further evidence comes from foreigners living and working
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GOAL FOR WIIICII RADIOS ARE WORKING
Mr. Chairman, we are at a point in the evolution of events in Europe
at which we have, perhaps, significant opportunities for meaningful
negotiation. This is a welcome situation. But we must bear in mind
that our quadripartite negotiations for improvement of the state of
affairs in and around Berlin have not yet been successful after many
months of discussion. We do not intend, however, to stop trying.
Our SALT talks in Vienna have advanced to the point at which,
as the President has said, we have agreed with the Soviet Government
"to concentrate on working out an agreement for the limitation of
deployment of antiballistic missile systems" and, together with that,
"to agree on certain measures with respect to the limitation of offensive
strategic weapons." It is our hope that we can agree with the Soviet
Union on how to relate these issues and how to deal with them to
mutual advantage. We now have the prospect of exploring another
major issue-mutual balanced force reductions. Mr. Brezhnev has
told us, however, that we must drink from that bottle before we find out
what wine is in it.
Much more than an atmosphere of negotiations is at stake in these
opportunities. At stake is not only the accommodation of divergent
Western and Soviet -governmental interests, but the basis on which
that accommodation is to be reached. Will it be achieved on the basis
of a recognized Soviet sphere of influence confronting the NATO
alliance? Or will it be achieved on the basis of new and more secure
relationships in Europe permitting individual countries to develop
paired.
in these countries, who confirm that these peoples depend on the radios
and that a significant proportion of the broadcasts penetrate the jam-
ming. One of my colleagues, fluent in Russian, who recently spent a
2-year tour in the Soviet Union, has said that in all his wide travels
in that country he seldom met an individual who did not admit to lis-
tening to Radio Liberty.
IMPORTANCE OF PRESERVING RADIOS' PRIVATE CHARACTER
The final point I would like to emphasize is the importance of the
radios' preservation of their private character. I mentioned that, in
contrast to international radios which are identified as government
agencies, Radio Liberty and Radio Free Europe are able to report and
comment on the domestic affairs of other nations much as would any
commercial medium operating in a democracy. This is the unique char-
acter of Radio Free Europe and Radio Liberty and is the key to their
continuing value, for the reasons I have given. Additionally, these
radios are, in order to prolong their present transmitting licenses, obli-
gated to their host governments to maintain their private character.
In recent months, Soviet and Eastern European media have increased
their attacks on the radios in an effort to dislodge them or at least
seriously curtail their services. In reaction, considerable public and
media support for the radios and the principles for which they stand
has been evoked in Europe. That good will can best be preserved by
enactment of the proposed legislation which will enable the radios
to continue to function effectively with their private character unim-
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natural and normal economic cultural and informatiopal links with
each other? If the second alternative is realized, if a free and open
exchange of information develops within and between the individual
countries of Europe--the valuable private international media of
which I have spoken will no longer have a valid function. This is the
goal for which these radios are working. Until that goal is achieved,
there is every reason to encourage Radio Free Europe and Radio
Liberty to continue in their present role.
It is for this reason that I wish to stress, in conclusion, that the
establishment of the American Council for Private International
Communications will be an act fully compatible with the objectives
which I believe you, Mr. Chairman, and the members of your com-
mittee share with those of us who are engaged in implementing the
President's desire to move from confrontation to negotiation.
Thank you, Mr. Chairman.
The CHAIRMAN. Thank .you, Mr. Secretary.
Senator Sparkman..
RFE AND RL POLICY ORIENTATION
Senator SPARKMAN. Mr. Secretary, what can you tell us about the
policy orientation in Radio Free Europe and Radio Liberty ? Has their
policy orientation changed over the years? Has it, shall I say, mel-
lowed? What is their objective?
Mr. IIILLLENBRAND. I think one can say looking over the broadcasts
over the years, that there has been a gradual shift away from the
intensity of the confrontation which existed during the height of the
cold war period to a more, let us say, equable facing of the news on a
day-to-day basis. This we anticipate would continue on into the future.
Under the new system, because the private personalities responsible
for the broadcasts and for the operation of these stations would. have
no reason for changing this, I would anticipate that the dissemination
of accurate information about conditions in Eastern Europe and else-
where would continue to be the primary function of the radios in the
future.
ATTITUDE OF COUNTRIES RECEIVING PROGRAMS
Senator SPARKMAN. Do I understand correctly that there has been,
perhaps, some mellowing by the countries to which the programs are
beamed with reference to trying to black them out or to keep their
people from listening to the different programs?
Mr. HILLENBRAND. Some of the countries have abandoned jamming
of Radio Free Europe. Some continue to jam it. The Soviet Union, as
I indicated, does continue an extensive program of jamming Radio
Liberty.
Senator SPARKMAN. That is all, Mr. Chairman.
The CHAIRMAN. Senator Aiken.
RADIO IN AMERICAN SECTOR BERLIN
Senator AIKEN. Mr. Ilillenbrand, as I understand it, there is a radio
station in Berlin that is called RIAS. I do not know what it means. I
suppose the capital "I" stands for "Information." The "RAS" is some-
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thing else. That is supported partly by the United States and partly
by Germany; is that correct ?
Mr. HILLENBRAND. The broadcasting facility you are referring to,
RIAS, Radio in American Sector Berlin, that is what the BIAS
stands for
Senator AIKEN. Thank you.
Mr. HILLENBRAND (continuing). Is a jointly financed activity. The
basic responsibility, however, for the operation of the station is that
of the U.S. Government, which, particularly through its informa-
tional services, continues to operate the radio in Berlin and continues
to be responsible essentially for the programing and for the contents
of the broadcasts.
Senator AIIKEN. Do you mean the U.S. Government is responsible
for the programing?
Mr. HILLENBRAND. Well, through the information services of the
USIA; that is correct.
Obviously, this is not a private broadcasting serivice facility in Ber-
lin. It is not at all analogous to Radio Free Europe or Radio Liberty.
Senator AIKEN. Do you know what the German Government's
figures have been?
Mr. HILLENBRAND. I could provide those figures in executive session
if you wish, Senator.
Senator AIKEN. Could you send to the chairman of the committee
how much it is costing both the United States and Germany in classi-
fied form if it is secret information?
Mr. HILLENBRAND. Yes, I can provide that.
(The information referred to is classified and in the Committee
files.)
Senator AIKEN. Will the new organization operate RIAS or con-
trol it in any way?
Mr. HILLENBRAND. No.
Senator AIKEN. It will not.
Mr. HILLENBRAND. It will not. It will have nothing to do with BIAS.
Senator AIKEN. Why is it that I have had complaints that BIAS
sometimes broadcasts material which is not very complimentary to the
United States?
Do you know how that gets in there?
Mr. HILLENBRAND. I am surprised to hear you say that because cer-
tainly that would not
Senator AIKEN. I am repeating a complaint I received from some-
one who is very, very familiar with international broadcasting.
Mr. HILLENBRAND. Well, I cannot speak to specific broadcasts be-
cause this would certainly not be the general purpose of BIAS, but
it is possible that certain rebroadcast of editorials from the American
press, which is a common practice among stations of this kind or re-
broadcasts of news material which originated in the United States,
might have contained certain derogatory remarks. This is quite con-
ceivable. But until we had some specific cases it would be very dif-
ficult to say what the reason for them was.
Senator AIKEN. The next time I get one I will send it to you.
Mr. HILLENBRAND. Fine.
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TOTAL INDEPENDENCE IN RUNNING RFE AND RL
Senator AIKEN. You have been quoted recently in a prominent
newspaper as saying you are not trying to close down RFE or RL,
that they serve a useful purpose, but that you feel they should be run
by a board totally independent of the Government.
What do you mean by "totally independent of the Government" if
the Government pays the bills?
Mr. HILLENBRAND. Did I understand you correctly to say that I had
been quoted?
Senator AIKEN. You are quoted as saying :
We are not trying to close down RFE or RL. They serve a useful purpose, but
we feel they should be run by a board totally independent of the government.
That quotation is found in the New York Times. I am informed
that it was not you but Congressman Reid who said that. I will go on
from that.
Senator CASE. It sounds like a pretty good statement anyway. You
might adopt it.
Senator AIKEN. I guess that was for Congressman Reid, that ques-
tion, and I won't ask him to answer now.
Under the administration's bill, does GAO audit Radio Free Eu-
rope or Radio Liberty or could it audit only the operations of the
Council?
Mr. HILLENBRAND. Well, under the bill the auditing by GAO would
be limited to that of the Council. But, presumably, it could work out a
relationship with the Council so that information which Congress
needed to have in judging as to the appropriateness of use of the
moneys that it was appropriating, we really do not know. But the bill
provides for auditing by GAO of the Council.
Senatyor AIKEN. I understand that RFE and RL have been financed
not onl by contributions from the CIA, but also by private contribu-
tions. Is that correct?
Mr. HILLENBRAND. That is correct.
Senator AIKEN. What was the nature of the private contributors?
Were they mostly individuals?
Mr. HILLENBRAND. It has varied. There have been annual fund-rais-
ing campaigns for many years in this country. In recent years, I think
the tendency has been to move away from sensational and rather elabo-
rate fund-raising campaigns to try to tap corporate funds and large
contributors. But there is nothing inherent in the process which makes
one or the other of these methods better.
Senator AIKEN. Large contributors having a particular interest in
the affairs of Europe, East and West.
Mr. HILLENBRAND. I think so, yes.
Senator AIKEN. It would be banks and manufacturing concerns?
Mr. HILLENBRAND. Manufacturing concerns, concerns that have ex-
tensive export interests and so on.
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Senator AIKEN. Yes.
Any foundations?
Mr. HILLENBRAND. I do not believe there have been any foundations,
but I may be wrong on that. That is something I could check. But,
generally, there
BROADCASTS AS CONSIDERATION AT SALT
Senator AIKEN. I also understand that this matter of public relations
radio broadcasts could well be considered in the light of or influence
the SALT talks, which are impending with a promise of something
like good results coming from them. Could the matter of broadcasts
also become part of your SALT talks?
Mr. HILLENBRAND. Well, this hardly seems likely since the SALT
talks are dealing with the question of strategic arms limitations.
We have, of course, as I indicated, had complaints from various coun-
tries of Eastern Europe about the activities of these radios, but these
have been of a moderate sort because I think it is understood there are
set rules of the game here and the Soviet Union maintains much more
extensive broadcasting facilities of an allegedly private nature to
supplement their official broadcasts which are beamed to many, many
countries of the Western World, including the United States.
For example, Radio Peace and Progress, which broadcasts out of
Moscow, is one of these, so that I do not believe, if the direction of your
question was to imply that there might be some interference with these
negotiations because of the existence of the radios, that this would be
a significant factor.
COST TO JAM POSSIBLE RUSSIAN BROADCASTS COVERING UNITED STATES
Senator AIKEN. You said that it cost Russia seven or eight times
as much to jam our programs as it cost us to broadcast them.
Suppose they established a broadcasting station in some place where
it could well cover the United States. Would it cost us seven or eight
times as much to jam their programs as it would cost them to send
them ?
Mr. HILLENBRAND. lain not quite sure what the technology would
be here, but certainly we would not be interested in jamming them
because we do not engage in jamming' broad.nsts beamed at the
United States.
LICENSING OF U.S. BROADCAST FACILITIES iN EUROPE
Senator AIKEN. iVe have broadcast facilities in several countries
in Europe.
Mr. HILLENBRAND. The transmitters of Radio Free Europe are the
shortwave transmitters located-10 in Germany and 18 in Portugal.
There is also a medium wave transmitter in Germany.
As for Radio Liberty transmitters, there are eight for shortwave
in Germany, six in Spain, and three, in Taiwan, on which time is
leased.
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Senator AIKEN. Are these broadcast stations licensed by the coun-
tries in which they are located? If they were broadcasting openly as
U.S. Government radio stations, would they still be,licensed?
Mr. HILLENBRAND. They are licensed by the host, country. and the
licenses are granted ? to these radios as private operations. So any
.attempt by the United States to engage in such broadcasts would
require relicensing ab initio. Of course, it would be merely one of the
disadvantages of any direct U.S. Government involvement in this
kind of activity.
Senator ATiKEN. Do you feel that if the proposed legislation were
enacted into law, the licensing of these stations would not be, perhaps,
so open to question as it is now ?
Mr. HILLENBRAND. Well, the licensing, the licenses, are continuingly
valid, and there is nothing in this legislation that would change the
nature of these stations' operations abroad, and, therefore, presumably
relicensing would not be necessary. SSenator ATKEN. They would be licensed the same as they are now.
Mr. IITLLENBnAND. That is right. -
Senator AIKEN. I think that is all.
The CHAIRMAN. Senator Case?
Senator CASE. Thank you.
Mr. Secretary, it is nice to have you up here, and I want to express
my personal appreciation to you for your efforts in this matter. We
have been carrying on discussions with you on RFE and, RIB for
several 'months, and- I am grateful for your cooperation.
Mr. HILLENBRAND. Thank you.
LIMITATION OF APPROPRIATED PIINDS FOR Rrr AND RL
Senator CASE. Neither Radio Free Europe' nor Radio Liberty is
mentioned in the administration bill, whit Ave plan to introduce
today. Of course, we all understand that these two stations would
get their money from the new Council, the American Council for
Private .International Communications.
Can you state for the administration that the money presumably
to be appropriated by the Council would be given only to RFE and RL
unless Congress specifically authorizes otherwise?
Mr. HILLENBRAND. That is the intent, and Congress would have
sufficient safeguarding authority in the procedures which the bill
contains to prevent any other use of these funds unless it were willing
to,aut.horize them. There is nothing in the bill which would make it
inherently impossible if Congress agrees.
Senator CASE. I understand, but in the- absence of additional con-
gressional authorization, money for the American Council will only
go to RFE and RL. -
Mr. HILLENBRAND. That is correct.
Senator CASE. You would expect to come to Congress if that intent
were changed? - -
Mr. HILLENBRAND. That is correct.
Senator CASE. I am very happy to have that assurance.
(The following information was subsequently supplied:)
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DEPARTMENT OF STATE VIEWS ON THE ExPENDITURE or $40 MILLION SOUGHT FOR
AMERICAN COUNCIL FOR INTERNATIONAL COMMUNICATIONS, INC.
The sum originally requested for the Council was $40 million. It is estimated
that $21,706,000 would be granted to Radio Free Europe and $14,460,000 to Radio
Liberty. A substantial part of this total estimated expenditures of $36.2 million is
in German Marks. The $36.2 million estimate is based on the rate of $1-3.6.6
DM, the previous fixed rate. As the dollar relationship to the mark "floats,"
it is not easy to predict exactly what the dollar cost of the operations of the
Radios in FY 1972 will be. Certainly it will not be less than $36.2 million-
very possibly it will be 3--4a/o more. For each one percent drop in the exchange
rate, the annual costs of Radio Liberty and Radio Free Europe rise an approx-
imate $300,000.
There will be an additional amount of approximately $500,000 annually
required for the operations of the American Council for International Commu-
nications, Inc.
Inasmuch as the Council, if established according to the proposed legislation,
would be empowered to consider grants to other grantees in the field of private
international communications, some funds for the examination of such projects
and for small initial grants were envisaged. Should the Congress desire that,
until the next authorization, the Council make grants only to Radio Free
Europe and Radio Liberty, such funds would not be required.
BROADER BASE FOR APPOINTMENTS TO BOARD
Senator CASE. I wonder if there would be any objection from the
administration if the Board of the American Council were somewhat
more broadly based in its appointment, perhaps including nominees
by the Speaker of the House and President pro teinpore of the Senate,
so as to strengthen the separation between the Government of the
United States, as such, and the corporation?
Mr. HILLENBRAND. Well, in setting up this system, we were draw-
ing essentially on the experience in the legislation which established
the Corporation for Public Broadcastin , and Overseas Private In-
vestment Corp. Obviously, there is nothing inherently or intrinsi-
cally necessary about this system. It seems to have worked pretty
well in these cases, and we think we have provided safeguards for
congressional control at all points along the way.
On the other hand, if the Congress feels that this is a desirable
change in the legislation, perhaps this could be further discussed
at the time when the appropriate committees are considering amend-
ments.
Senator CASE. Thank you, sir.
ANNUAL AUTHORIZATION OF AMERICAN COUNCIL APPROPRIATION
One of the questions that affects us and to which this committee
is properly sensitive and alert, is whether, in foreign policy matters,
this committee's jurisdiction should not be strengthened. To that end
what would be the administration position on whether the American
Council's appropriation should not be authorized each year instead
of being scrutinized only as a regular proposition by the Appropria-
tions Committees of Congress.
I wonder if you think there would be any problem in providing in
the legislation before us that the American Council's authorization as
well as apppropriation of funds be considered annually?
Mr. HILLENBRAND. Well, once again, we thought we had built enough
safeguards into the procedures.
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33
Senator CASE. You are looking at Congress as a whole, and we are
looking at Congress internally in its various functioning instrumentali-
ties. Perhaps it is not a fair question for you, but let me ask it this
way : You would have no difficulty in coming to this committee and
discussing annually the operations of this Council, would you?
Mr. IIILLENBRAND. Well, there was certainly no intent to avoid any
particular part of Congress.
Senator CASE. I understand. And you would have no difficulty if the
authorization had to be renewed annually?
Mr. HILLENBRAND. I think we could face that.
Senator CASE. You think you could face that. You are very nice
to put it that way, and I will accept that as as much of an assurance
from you as I can get.
I think that covers the questions that have not been already covered
by my colleagues or by you in your direct presentation. I again want
to express my appreciation to you and your associates in the Depart-
ment for your cooperation.
Mr. HILLENBRAND. Thank you, Senator.
Senator CASE. Thank you, Mr. Chairman.
PURPOSE OF ORIGINAL BILL
The CHAIRMAN. When the Senator from New Jersey, Senator Case,
introduced his original bill I thought the sole purpose was to put on
the public record the truth about the appropriations bill for the fund-
ing of Radio Free Europe and Radio Liberty, of which purpose I
thoroughly approve.
HAVE OTIIER GOVERNMENT AGENCIES CONTRIBUTED TO OPERATION?
Could you tell us, Mr. Hillenbrand, is the CIA the only Govern-
ment agency which has directly contributed to the operation of Radio
Free Europe and Radio Liberty? Has the State Department or any
other agency contributed?
Mr. HILLENBRAND. I can assure you that the State Department did
not. Perhaps this is something, the past history here, which could
best be most fully discussed in an executive session.
The CHAIRMAN. Why, Mr. Hillenbrand?
Mr. HILLENBRAND. Well, because there are certain sensitivities here
which involve other governments as well as our own.
The CHAIRMAN. The sensitivity, as far as I am concerned, is your
disposition to conceal everything from this committee.
STATE DEPARTMENT REFUSAL OF BERLIN TROOP COSTS TO GAO
I was very offended at your refusal to allow the Government Ac-
counting Office, working under the direction of this committee, access
to the records of the cost of supporting our troops in Berlin and the
contributions by the Germans.
Could you explain why you did that?
Mr. HILLENBRAND. Well, I might say to begin with, that this whole
matter is now under intensive review, and we hope to be able to com-
municate with you further on the subject in the near future.
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34
The C13:1IRMAN. You communicated already. I had an official re-
sponse from the GAO that you had directed your office to refuse to
make available to the GAO these figures. Is that not correct?
Mr. HILLENBRAND. That is correct.
The CHAIRMAN. Why not explain it now? What is the reason for
that?
Mr. HILLENBRAND. Well, the reason--the reasons which were con-
tained in the letter to the head of General Accounting Office had to
do with the essentially tripartite nature of the funding process for
Berlin occupation costs, and the fact this was not a unilateral Amer-
ican program.
Moreover, there were a number of sensitive aspects to the question
which our Ambassador in Bonn felt were overriding. Moreover, this
is not primarily a matter for the State Department, but of other Gov-
ernment departments, and we had to take into consideration the atti-
tude of those departments.
Those :are the basic reasons of the negative position which I took in
this letter.
Now, as I say, we are reconsidering whether in the light of your
communication and the other objections that have been raised, whether
we cannot perhaps, adopt a different attitude. But I am not yet in
position to speak on behalf of the U.S. Government on this matter.
The CHAIRMAN. It is American money, about which we were ask-
ing, not what other governments put in. The essential point was
whether or not the Germans maintain their fair agreed-upon con-
tribution to the support of those troops. It did not concern other
governments. We only asked how much our taxpayers were required
to put into this operation. It never occurs to you that the Conress
and this committee are also sensitive to the present tendency ogf the
State Department, as has always been true of some of the others, to
refuse to give us information.
Does it ever occur to you that we are sensitive, too, about being
hornswoggled by the departments?
Mr. HILLENBRAND. Well, I believe that the information which this
committee would want in this particular area of activity could be
provided.
The CHAIRMAN. It was not provided. It was refused to the GAO.
That is the proper agency of the Congress to know this. I do not think
it is at all proper for you to take this arrogant attitude that we are not
entitled to know how the money, which we'iave voted, is spent. I do not
think this deception is acceptable. I see no reason whatever for your
refusing the Congress, who has to appropriate the money and has
appropriated it, and saying, "No, we can't give the GAO that."
Mr. HILLENBRAND. Well, the moneys involved here, of course, were
not appropriated by the Congress. They were
The CHAIRMTAN. They were not?
Mr. HILLENBRAND. They, in this particular case, were provided by
the German authorities under the Berlin occupancy cost budget.
The CHAIRMAN. But the agreement was to pay the costs of our oc-
cupation forces in Berlin; was it not?
Mr. HILLENBRAND. That is correct.
The CHAIRMAN. If they don't pay it, it has to come out of the Con-
gress ; doesn't it?
Mr. HILLENBRAND. That is right, if they don't pay it, but they are
paying.
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35
The CHAIRMAN. How do we know it? This is just the point. You
refused to allow the GAO to see whether they are paying it or not. We
cannot take your word on faith always, because we have been deceived
too often. I think, occasionally, you should allow our people: to have
access to the facts. I do not think it is acceptable that if the Germans
do not pay it we have to pay it eventually. Somebody has to pay for
those troops. This matter does not involve only this committee. There
are at least 36 Members of the Senate who think we spend too much for
the other forces, too.
Mr. HILLENBRAND. Well, Mr. Chairman, all I can say at this point
is that I hope we would be able to communicate with you shortly fur-
ther on this subject.
The CHAIRMAN. I have no doubt you will send another letter saying
for other reasons you won't make the figures available. That is what
you usually do. I do not deny you are reconsidering it, but I do not like
it. It casts a grave question about any new operation with which you
could do the same thing.
VOA BUDGET AND SIMILARITY OF OPERATIONS,
Mr. Hillenbrand, how much is the Voice of America budget? Could
you give us those figures?
Mr. HILLENBRAND. I think I can get them for you.
The CHAIRMAN. I think it is relevant to this because is not the Voice
of America doing very much the same thing as Radio Free Europe and
Radio Liberty?
Mr. HILLENBRAND. While I try to produce the figures I will answer
the second portion of your question first, if I may, Mr. Chairman. Ac-
tually, the answer is "No," because of the legislative authority which
provides for VOA Operations. The VOA is essentially committed to
providing information about the United States, its people and the
policies of the U.S. Government. It does not purport to deal with what
is happening in third countries, except to the degree that this is merely
a question of the news ticker.
The CHAIRMAN. It does not purport to give news?
Mr. HILLENBRAND. Yes; but it does not have the facilities or the
purpose to try to find out the details about what is happening in third
countries, countries of Eastern Europe in this case, and to broadcast
these details. For one thing, it does not have the extensive foreign
language facilities. Its foreign language broadcasts in the course of
a week to some of the countries in Eastern Europe are hardly equal to
one day's broadcasting of Radio Free Europe. The two operations are
completely disparate in nature.
The CHAIRMAN. Don't we have a transmitter in the Mediterranean
that can reach all of Eastern Europe, including Russia, under the di-
rection of VOA?
Mr. HILLENBRAND. We have the transmitting capacity.
The CHAIRMAN. I will give you the figures. In 1971, the Voice of
America budget estimate is $41,459,000; in 1970, it was $39,980,000; in
1969, it was $36,494,000; in 1968, it was $33,612,000; in 1967, it was
$31,977,000. The 1970 figure is approximately what you are asking
if these stations are to be continued they ought be a part of the
annual appropriations. That is out in the open and it is public. But now
you come up with a very interesting device for concealing the matter
once again. You probably will conceal it and say it is for executive
session only. We are going to pretend this is under private direction.
Senator CASE. Mr. Chairman, may I interrupt?
The CHAIRMAN. It will not be. I do not like the turn this has taken.
I would support simply putting a line item in an appropriation bill
and fighting it out. Are we willing to continue to proliferate the prop-
aganda agencies on which we spend many millions of dollars, a great
1deal more money than we will spend on the legitimate information,
educational-I mean radio domestically. I think it has taken a turn
hich I did not anticipate.
This device of a board which you appoint and which reports to you
not, in my opinion, going to give the Congress and the public any
eater knowledge or understanding or opportunity to control it.
t""81
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35
STATE DEPARTMENT REFUSAL OF BERLIN TROOP FIGURES TO GAO
The CHAIRMAN. How do we know it? This is just the point. You
refused to allow the GAO -to see whether they are paying it or not. We
cannot take your word on faith always, because we have been deceived
too often. I think, occasionally, you should allow our people to have
access to the facts. I do not think it is acceptable. that if the Germans
do not pay it we have to pay it eventually. Somebody has to pay for
those troops. This matter does not involve only this committee. There
are at least 36 Members of the Senate who think we spend too much for
the other forces, too.
Mr. IIIa LENBRAND. Well, Mr. Chairman, all I can say at this point
is that I hope we would be able to communicate with you shortly fur-
ther on this subject.
The CHAIRMAN. I have no doubt you will send another letter saying
for other reasons you won't make the figures available. That is what
you usually do. I do not deny you are reconsidering it, but I do not like
it. It casts a grave question about any new operation with which you
could do the same.tlnng.
Mr. Hillenbrand, how much is the Voice of America budget? Could
you give us those figures ?
W. HILLENBRAND. I think I can get them for you.
The CII AIRMAN. I think it is relevant to this because is not the Voice
of America doing very much the same thing as Radio Free Europe and
Radio Liberty ?
Mr. HILLENBRAND. While I try to produce the figures I will answer
the second portion of your question first, if I may, Mr. Chairman, Ac-
tually, the answer is "No," because of the legislative authority which
provides for VOA operations. The VOA is essentially committed to
providing information about the United States, its people and the
policies of the U.S. Government. It does not purport to deal with what
is happening in third countries, except to the degree that this is merely
a question of the news ticker.
The CHAIRMAN. It does not purport to give news?
Mr. HILLENBRAND. Yes; but it does not have the facilities or the
purpose to try to find out the details about what is happening in third
countries, countries of Eastern Europe in this case, and to broadcast
these details. For one thing, it does not have the extensive foreign
language facilities. Its foreign language broadcasts in the course of
a week to some of the countries in Eastern Europe are hardly equal to
one day's broadcasting of Radio Free Europe. The two operations are
completely disparate in nature.
The CHAIRMAN. Don't we have a transmitter in the Mediterranean
that can reach all of Eastern Europe, including Russia, under the di-
rection of VOA?
Mr. HILLENBRAND. We have the transmitting capacity.
The CHAIRMAN. I will give you the figures. In 1971, the Voice of
America budget estimate is $41,459,000; in 1970, it was $39,980,000; in
1969, it was $36,494,000; in 1968, it was $33,612,000; in 1967, it was
$31,977,000. The 1970 figure is approximately what you are asking
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now for the continuation of Radio Free Europe and RL and any
other.
Actually, this bill is open-ended. You can finance anybody who
wished to use these facilities if you saw fit.
Mr. HILLENBRAND. If Congress saw fit.
The CHAIRMAN. If the Board which you create saw fit, really; that
is, in the operations of it.
This is about the same amount. I cannot see anything this organiza-
tion could do that VOA cannot do. VOA has the transmitters already.
I think on the Island of Rhodes, or nearby, it has the transmitters
which will reach all of this area. The VOA, actually, can reach pretty
nearly every place in the world; can it not?
Mr. HILLENBRAND. Well, it can reach those areas to which it is inter-
ested in broadcasting.
The CHAIRMAN. It has the capacity to do it if it wishes.
You made a comparison with the National Education Television or
maybe Mr. Reid did. Do you know how much the Government con-
tributes to the upkeep of the NET?
Mr. HILLENBRAND. Upkeep of what?
The CHAIRMAN. It is our domestic public broadcasting. We usually
call it the NET. Have you ever heard it called the NET?
Mr. HILLENBRAND. No, I have not heard the terin NET. The Edu-
cational Network; yes.
The CHAIRMAN. Yes.
Mr. HILLENBRAND. Channel 26, yes; I have. I would have to get
those figures for you, Mr. Chairman.
The CHAIRMAN. They are substantially less than you are asking for
this, I believe.
Mr. HILLENBRAND I think that is probably correct.
The CHAIRMAN. Very substantially less. I think the budget estimate
for fiscal year 1972 is about $31 million. It has not been nearly that
large.
PRIVA'I'E CHARACTER of RFF. AND RI, DENIED
Several times in your statement you emphasized the private nature
of RFE and RL; did you not? You want to preserve the private
character. In your statement, you say you wish to emphasize the im-
portance of the radios' preservation of their private character. How
can you say that? Do you consider that the RFE and the RL are
private in character?
Mr. HILLENBRAND. They are private corporations which have been
incorporated in States of the United States.
The CHAIRMAN. I know the corporation is, but is the operation
private? Who directs the operation policy of RFE and RL?
Mr. HILLENBRAND. Well, there is a board of directors who sit in
New York.
The CHAIRMAN. Who appoints them?
Mr. HILLENBRAND. Made up to some degree of very distinguished
L Americans, such as General Clay and so on, who have---
The CHAIRMAN. Is there anybody from the CIA connected with
the direction of the operation of the RFE ?
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Mr. HILLENBRAND. Well, Mr. Chairman, I would be happy to give
you that information in executive session.
The CHAIRMAN. I do not think it is acceptable in anything else.
The Senator from New Jersey, in introducing this bill, said it has
been pretended that it was private all of these years and everybody
knows it is not. It has been common knowledge that it is not, and now
you insist that it is private. You tell us you will give it to us in execu-
tive session. I do not understand this, and I do not think it is accept-
able that you continue to say this is private when it is common knowl-
edge it is not private.
Mr. HILLENBRAND. Well, of course, one of the essential purposes
of the new legislation is to put the whole operation on a new basis.
The CHAIRMAN. But it won't be private. I don't know why you keep
emphasizing private. How can it be private when it is to be entirely
financed with Government funds?,
Mr. HILLENBRAND. Well, we have the analogy of the Corporation
for Public Broadcasting, the Overseas Private Investment Corpora-
tion, which likewise
The CIAIRMAN. I do not know anybody who is going around and
insisting that the NET is private. It is public knowledge that it is not
and we all admit it and we appropriate money for it. Nobody pretends
it is supported by private means. But the LIFE has been a deception to
the American public all along. Your ads used to always carry the idea
this was a private operation.
For many years, no one could know that the CIA was paying for it
and directing it. I consider that it was a deception. It was part of the
attern of deception of the people. Innocent people made contributions
o it, thinking it was a private operation. But I think it is high time
hat it be made public.
If we are to understand how this operation. is going to be made and
carried on, 'I think we have to understand how financing that would
be carried on. If this is going to continue to pretend to be private when,
actually, it was not private, it is just the continuation of a deception.
FUTURE PUBLIC NATURE OF RFE AND RL DOUBTED
I told Senator Case originally that I supported strongly his idea that
if these stations are to be continued they ought be a part of the
annual appropriations. That is out in the open and it is public. But now
you come up with a very interesting device for concealing the matter
once again. You probably will conceal it and say it is for executive
session only. We are going to pretend this is under private direction.
Senator CASE. Mr. Chairman, may I interrupt?
The CHAIRMAN. It will not be. I do not like the turn this has taken.
I would support simply putting a line item in an appropriation bill
and fighting it out. Are we willing to continue to proliferate the prop-
I agencies on which we spend many millions of dollars, a great
deal more money than we will spend on the legitimate information,
educational-I mean radio domestically. I think it has taken a turn
which I did not anticipate.
This device of a board which you appoint and which reports to you
is not, in my opinion, going to give the Congress and the public any
greater knowledge or understanding or opportunity to control it.
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Senator CASE. Mr. Chairman, may I make a statement here just to
clarify my own position, since the chairman has raised a question of
a possible divergence which I do not think we need to have?
The CHAIRMAN. Yes, I yield.
Senator CASE. As the chairman said at the outset, I was deeply con-
erned that the Government should no longer continue in a covert
4peration.
1 The CHAIRMAN. That is right. That is what you said.
Senator CASE. And I still maintain that.
The CHAIRMAN. I think this device which they have come up with
is simply creating an agency in which this is possible.
Senator CASE. Now, the Government is not going to be engaged in
a covert operation because we will be spending the money openly for
these two radios.
The question arises then of their day-to-day operation and here I
think it is desirable to eliminate as far as possible the direction and
selection of news from the control of the operating arm of the Govern-
ment of the United States, the State Department, the CIA, or from
the President, himself. This is why I have felt that the effort made
with the American Council as a Government supported but inde-
pendently operated agency was desirable.
But the Congress has the right to know how the money should be
spent and I would be one of the first to insist on this. One of my ob-
jectives in my questioning earlier was to assure that the annual author-
ization of this money be in the hands of the Foreign Relations Com-i
mittee, so we could see that it was being well spent.
FUTURE POLICY SUPERVISION OF RADIOS
The CHAIRMAN. In the State Department's background statement
The CHAIRMAN. It will not be. I do not like the turn this has taken.
that they supplied us, they make this statement on. This is the official
State Department statement which says :
While the Corporation would be private and not a federal agency, there would
be sufficient provision for policy supervision to assure that the radios will
continue to work in directions compatible with U.S. foreign policy interests.
In other words, everything will have to be cleared by the State De-
partment and those who wish to preserve the cold war atmosphere
could, of course, insist that this be done.
Senator CASE. I would be happy for the chairman to develop this
point because I am unhappy about that statement.
The CHAIRMAN. That is their own statement about it and I do note
think there is any doubt about it.
What has happened is that these radios have become so objectionable
to the Germans and others that they were faced themselves by the
necessity for doing something.
The senator, I thought, very properly said that one way to deal
with it is to make it a part of the annual appropriations and we will
have an opportunity to stop this since it is beginning to appear to be
contrary to the President's own policy of trying to reconcile and to
relax tensions in Russia and Eastern hurope. That is his announced
policy. But this gives theta a device which enables them to continue
the policies which many of them are very reluctant to give up because
they have followed these policies for 20 years.
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It is the same as the reluctance to decrease the troops, the reluctance
to do anything. But they were faced with the need, probably, of dis-
continuance, and this looks to me as if it is a device which will try
to insure their continuance by pretending these stations are private
when, in fact, they are not private because they will be wholly fi-
nanced by the Government.
LPAST CL] STJPFORT FOR RPR AND RL
If you won't give the figures in dollars, Mr. Hillenbrand, will, you
give the percentage? Did the CIA support these operations during
the past years by as much as 90 percent of the costs?
discuss the history in an executive session.
This whole effort of the Senator was to put this out in the open. Now
you insist upon secrecy. What is the matter with that?
here and now, and I am prepared to do that, but there are certain
sensitivities about what has happened in the past.
The CHAIRMAN. Everybody else knows it. The Germans know it and
the Russians know it. The only ones you. are trying to fool are this
committee because you think, it might, be prejudicial to this bill, I
mail, in all executive session.-_
to occasionally` know what their-money is being spent for. I do` not
think that is acceptable. This has nothing to do withhe so-called in-
public airways. Everybody knows what ttheysay and if we are going
to be asked to continue this at a $40 millioiilevel, which is the estimated
dollars and certainly the percentage of CIA contributions to these
operations.
they supervise what it does. Neither the CIA nor 'any other agency
is going to put out the money like this and allow some unknown ' or
to believe that; would you?
Mr. HILLENBRAND,' Of course, we are moving on to a view system
The CHAIRMAN. I do not think it is a new system. It just has a new
cover. You have decided you need a new cover because the old cover has
will allow, you to get through the next few years before that becomes
the figures, then I personally ani not o oing to support a program, parts
e~?Tic11, .au insis
gepin,~
n
~n-
'a~zt:.e ?
~~
,
__
,
...atoz,,.frana New ersev. I thought. was to make it bu ICI c an`itit
J. feel the same way about the payment of our troops in Germany.
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I do not think this is a matter for secrecy any longer. It is the same
with respect to BIAS. I would like to know its cost and who pays it.
Mr. HILLENBRAND. Mr. Chairman, I could put the estimated figures
for fiscal year 1972 in the record, which would give you a good idea of
past funding and, as I say, we can provide you any information you
wish for your committee in executive session, but I am not at liberty
myself today to talk about the past history of these radio stations in all
open session.
The CHAIRMAN. Then, as far as I am concerned, I am not willing
to give you a device to continue it if you are not willing to tell us what
has been going on and what it costs and what good it did.
It certainly has succeeded, I think, to a great extent in keeping, alive
the animosities which grew up after World War II. It contributed
very likely to the fact that there is no more progress than there is in
the SALT talks, on Berlin, and other places.
WEST GERMAN GOVERNMENTS VIEW OF RADIO FREE EUROPE
There was a long article in the Washington Post on November 22,
1,970, by Mr. John M. Goshko, which I will put in the record, Mr.
Reporter. I will read one paragraph. It was on Radio Free Europe
and contained the following statement :
There have been persistent hints that Chancellor Willy Brandt, committed
to a bold policy of reconciliation with Eastern Europe, has come to regard Radio
Free Europe as an impediment to this goal. Rumor shys that the Government is
weighing the possibility of forcing RFE out of West Germany either by refus-
ing to renew its license or by inducing it to relocate "voluntarily."
They are going to ask them to do it without causing an incident, I
suppose.
Are you familiar with that article ?
Mr. HILLENBRAND. I remeipber it; yes, sir.
The CHAIRMAN. It i s essentially accurate?
Mr. HILLENBRAND. I think it was not essentially accurate.
The CHAIRMAN. In what respect?
Mr. HILLENBRAND. You notice he is referring to "rumor has it," and
so on.
The CHAIRMAN. Did you know that Chancellor Brandt did not
have this in mind?
Mr. HILLENBRAND. We have not been approached in this sense by
the German Government.
The CHAIRMAN. In what sense? Have you been approached in any
other sense?
Mr. HILLENBRAND. In the sense of the article by the German
Government.
The CHAIRMAN. Have you been approached in any other sense?
Mr. HILLENBRAND. Obviously, this matter has been discussed. In the
past, for example, every time the East Europeans raised this ques-
tion then, obviously, there has been some discussion.
The CHAIRMAN. What about the West Germans? Have they never
raised the matter with you?
Mr. HILLENBRAND. No ; I would not be able to say that. All I can say
is they never raised it, objecting in any definitive sense as this article
implies to the presence and continuation of these stations. In effect,
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41
they have licensed them and they continue to operate under German
license.
The CCIIAIRMAN. We know they have. You never have had any indi-
cation from the West German Government that they would like these
to be discontinued?
Mr. HILLENBRAND. Let us put it this way, Mr. Chairman, we have
had discussions about certain problems that these stations, by their
presence, have raised. But there have been no requests to terminate
them.
The CHAIRMAN. Have they ever indicated they would like to dis-
continue the operation?
Mr. HILLENBRAND. Not in that sense, no.
The CHAIRMAN. In what sense?
Mr. HILLENBRAND. In no sense.
The CHAIRMAN. I do not think you ought to play semantic games
with us. Just go on and say yes or no. Have they said they like the
operation and would like it continued?
Mr. HILLENBRAND. They accept the desirability of the continuation
of these stations.
The CHAIRMAN. Since we are paying so much of their defense goal,
we have such a lever on them in a bargaining process, I can see how
you can persuade them to leave it there.
Have they ever indicated they would like you to consider removing
or stopping the operation in any sense? '
Mr. HILLENBRAND. Well, let us put it this way.
The CHAIRMAN. Put it ',111y way that is understandable.
Mr. HILL:ENmiAND. We have had discussions at what is known as
the working level about whether there were other alternatives.
HAS WEST GERMANY EVER INDICATED THEY WANT RFE DISCONTINUED?
The CHAIRMAN. I know that, but have they ever indicated they
would like this to be discontinued?
Mr. IIILr:ENBRAND. They have never formally indicated it.
The CHAIRMAN. I know they have never done it formally. They
would not want to be too brusque because we might cut off some of
our enormous payments for their defense. I can understand that. It is
a small matter compared to the billions of dollars we pay for their
defense bill. I want to know if they have ever indicated that they
would like these to be discontinued, and then you talked them out
of it? Have you ever indicated that they would like it discontinued?
Mr. HILLENBRAND. That is not the way the discusison has gone.
They have said, "We have got some problems here because we are
being attacked."
The CHAIRMAN. That is right.
Mr. HILLENBRAND. "Let's see if we can't work these problems out."
And we have been able to work these problems out.
The CHAIRMAN. I know you can work it out. You have a tre-
mendous leverage on them. I can understand that. They cannot raise
too much fuss about it because it is a small matter compared to the bil-
lions of dollars we are paying for their defense. That is common sense.
Mr. HILLENBRAND.. Well, they make
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The CHAIRMAN. You can horse trade thean out of it. But have they
ever indicated they would like you to take them out?
Mr. HILLENBRAND. Well, as I have said, they have said the presence
of these stations presents certain problems. We have sat down with
them, and it has not been by threat or by implied withdrawal of
American forces or anything else that they have come to the con-
clusion that this is something they can live with because of the posi-
tive benefits to our mutual advantage that these stations present.
The CHAIRMAN. I can understand how you can talk them out of it,
but have they indicated that they would prefer you to stop it, and
then you have made it plain that you are not going to?
Mr. HILLRNBRAND. They have not used that language. That
is not
The CHAIRMAN. No, they spoke in German, I am sure. [Laughter.]
Mr. HILLENBRAND. The meaning of what they said in German was
not as you put it.
(The article referred to follows:)
[The Washington Post, Nov. 22, 1970]
RFE ALTERS SULLIED IMAffE
(By John M. Goshko)
Munich-The long, white building has about it the antiseptic look of a hospital.
Its setting beside the greenery of Munich's English Gardens gives the impression
of indtitutional remoteness from the outside world. This is the headquarters of
Radio Free Europe, recently described by a West German news magazine as
"one of the last fortresses of the Cold War."
Its offices, newsrooms and broadcasting studios hum with the activity of some
1,000 men and women who speak in a Babel of languages but with one purpose ;
to penetrate the Iron Curtain with the "truth" as perceived by the Western
world.
For 20 years, this activity has made RFE the object of controversy on both
sides of the Iron Curtain. Now this controversy is rubbing against the veil of
anonymity that RFE likes to wrap around its operations.
There have been persistent hints that Chancellor Willy Brandt, committed to
a bold policy of reconciliation with Eastern Europe, has come to reguard Radio
Free Europe as an impediment to this goal. Rumor says that the government
is weighing the possibility of forcing RFE out of West Germany either by
refusing to renew its license or by inducing it to relocate "voluntarily."
These reports have been denied officially by everyone concerned but they
are still shirring debate about the future of Radio Free Europe.
Is it an anachronism in a Europe that seems to be moving away from the ideo-
logical confrontations of the Cold War toward a new era of detente? Or is it
something that people on "the other side" will need more thanev'er to help them
understand the changes sweeping the continent?
The answer is complicated both by the aura of myth and mystery surrounding
RFE's operations and by the fact that it has not enjoyed the most favorable im-
age on its own side. Most reasonably informed Americans and West Europeans
are aware of RFE's existence; but few know what it actually is or does.
Many tend to confuse it with the Voice of America, the broadcasting arm of
the U.S.Information Agency. Yet, while sponsored and directed by Americans,
RFE is officially a private, nonprofit organization that denies any links with the
U.S. Government.
Similarly, many people think that RFE is in the business of beaming propa-
ganda to the Soviet Union. This is usually the result of confusion with Radio
Liberty, an American-sponsored, private organization headquartered in Munich,
which does broadcast to Russia. But while the Brandt government reportedly
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43
would like to have Radio Liberty out of West Germany, the two facilities are
entirely unconnected.
RFE's concern is not the Soviet Union but Moscow's so-called satellites, and
its broadcasts are aimed exclusively at Poland, Czechoslovakia, Hungary, Ro-
mania and Bulgaria. In fact, RFE is essentially a network of five radio stations,
each tailoring its material to the interests of people in one of those countries and
broadcasting to them in their native language.
Their daily output-20 hours to Czechoslovakia, 19 hours to Poland and Hun-
gary, 12 hours to Romania and 71/2 hours to Bulgaria-exceeds the combined total
of all other Western stations broadcasting to those countries. The broadcasts are
relayed by 32 transmitters in West Germany and Portugal with a total power of
2,245,000 watts.
RFE's programming is heavily news and political commentary leavened here
and there by lighter fare such as pop music programs aimed at East European
youth. Its staff of approximately 1500 includes the East European exiles man-
ning the five national departments, a large newsgathering and editing operation,
a research arm and administrative and technical personnel.
Although the size of its audience is a matter of some controversy, RFE claims
that its broadcasts are heard regularly by some 31 million people-about half of
the five countries' population over the age of 14. It cites the sporadic attempts at
jamming and the frequent denunciations by the East European governments and
press as proof that it has a definite influence on its listeners.
Ralph E. Walter, a 46-year-old Minnesotan who is RFE's director, says : "Peo-
ple wouldn't listen to Western radio like Radio Free Europe unless they knew
that there is something on it that they want and can't get through the programs
readily available to them in their own countries."
"We have always maintained that RFE's job is to work itself out of business,"
Walter says. "When and if the time comes that a Pole or a Czech can read and
hear a variety of views in his national press, there will no longer be a need
for RFE."
A LUCIUS CLAY PROJECT
This goal-to give the people of Eastern Europe Information and Ideas denied
them by the controlled press of their own countries-was one that few
Westerners could fault when Radio Free Europe began broadcasting' July 4,
1950, at the height of the Cold War.
Its founding spirit and perennial board chairman was Gen. Lucius D. Clay,
the postwar U.S. military commander in Germany and a hero of the Berlin block-
ade. Serving with him over the years on the board of Free Europe, Inc., RFE's
New Yorkabased corporate parent, has been a Who's Who of the Wall" Street'and
public service establishments. The current president and chief operating officer,
!or example, is William P. Durkee, who was director of the Office of Emergency
Planning under Presidents Kennedy and Johnson.
In those early days, there was always an impressive bipartisan array of pub-
lic figures to lend their names to RFE's fund-raising appeals. The public became
accustomed to ads portraying RFE transmitters piercing barbed wire to reach
Eastern Europeans hungry for word from the West. Like the Red Cross or the
Community Fund, Radio Free Europe was regarded as a worthy cause.
Then came the Hungarian uprising of 1956, and RFE suddenly stood accused
of leading thousands to death or imprisonment by helping to_inoite the revolt
through inflammatory propaganda and then raising false hopes that the West
would intervene.
Although RFE's role in the Hungarian crisis has Been dissected innumerable
times? there has been no clear-cut verdict on the degree of its responsibility in
that tragedy. Nonetheless, it became suspect in liberal, eyes of harboring a funda-
mental anticommunism out of tune with the shifting subtleties of East-West
relations.
A CIA TAINT
Three years ago, this picture was reinforced by revelations that RFE had ties
Ito the Central Intelligence Agency and was the recipient of substantial CIA sub-
sidies. Liberals now saw it as an organization' dominated by embittered exiles
whose dreams of turning back the clock of Eastern European history were being
manipulated by the CIA to perpetuate the Cold War. And when $randt's Eastern
policy emerged a year ago, It was not surprising that many of its supporters
should regard RFE as a potential threat to detente.
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Such suspicion is certainly understandable in view of RFE's frequent heavy-
handedness and lack of candor, but it overlooks the fact that the organization's
past reputation for hardline anticommunism is no longer valid.
This does not mean that its basic goals have changed or that it is any more
palatable to the East European regimes, which continue to denounce RFE as
a "fascist" and "revanchist" troublemaker. But, to a degree that has not yet been
fully grasped by its critics in the West, RFE has become increasingly sensitive
to the changes affecting Europe and more sophisticated in applying this sensi-
tivity to its programing.
Emery Keeri-Santo, a Hungarian who heads RFE's audience research activities,
explains the change this way : "The difference between the old and the new Radio
Free Europe is the same as the difference between how the world, including the
United States, regarded East-West relations in 1950 and in 1970.
"When RFE first began, we looked on it as a five-year job. By then, we
thought, the Iron Curtain would have been rolled back, and our broadcasts re-
flected this belief. We were wrong, and eventually we had to make the agonizing
reappraisal that meant recognizing and accommodating to the longer view.
"Now, I think, our broadcasting no longer reflects a senseless and unbelievable
appeal for the overthrow of communism. Our aim now is to assist the efforts of
East Europeans to win through the process of natural, peaceful change a larger
measure of personal freedom and national independence."
This assessment of RFE is shared by a surprisingly large number of West-
ern diplomats and journalists who deal closely with East European affairs. In
their view, RFE is not an obstacle to detente but a device to further it by mak-
ing clear to Eastern Europeans the West's point of view in the complex maneu-
vers set in motion by Brandt's Eastern policy.
Ralph Walter sums it up like this : "We're completely behind the idea of de-
tente-provided it's the genuine article. To us, detente doesn't mean a mere
freezing of the status quo so that the Communist governments will have a free
hand within their respective domains.
"We regard detente as opening the prospect for better understanding and more
stable relations between East and West. That means give and take on both sides,
including a greater flow of contracts and ideas. And as the game unfolds, there
has to be a means of making clear to the people of Eastern Europe the benefits
that this could mean to them personally so that they won't let their leaders mis-
represent and short-change them."
Many, however, still question whether RFE can fill the role described by Wal-
ter. How much credibility, the critics ask, can East Europeans be expected to
grant to the organization that is now recognized as heavily dependent on the
CIA for its operating funds?
The question is a tough one, and RFE's officers have not only been notably
candid about answering it. At the lower levels, most RFE personnel take refuge
in saying that they don't know where the money comes from-in some cases
adding that they don't "want to know." And when one goes to the top, questions
about the CIA are met with silence.
NO MORE FUND-RAISING
The old public appeals for funds have all but disappeared. Recently, two plaques
outside the main entrance of the Munich headquarters that told in English and
German about RFE's work being made possible by "the contributions of the
American people" were quietly removed.
When asked what RFE does for money now, its top people emphasize "corpo-
rate contributions." But while it has received substantial donations from such
sources as U.S. Steel, this obviously is only a part of the truth.
From the available facts, there seems no doubt that the CIA played a big role
in creating Radio Free Europe and continues to be its principal bankroller. How-
ever, it also appears true that the CIA does not control RFE or even influence its
policies.
Instead, the relationship seems to be based on the idea that the CIA regards
RFE's work as beneficial to U.S. policy aims and is therefore willing to under-
write it because RFE could not continue without such subsidies. (A similar
kind of financial relationship also appears to exist with Radio Liberty.)
Those who work for RFE insist without exception that they have never seen
any pressure to follow a "government line" or to soften news of commandary
that might be at variance with U.S. policies or interest. Nor are these disclaimers
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as disingenuous or self-serving as they might seem to a skeptical outsider. To
go inside Radio Free, Europe and observe its workings at first hand is to discover
a remarkable degree of independence and respect for conflicting opinions.
Nowhere is this spirit so evident as in the news department, which likes
to describe itself as a "news agency" that draws on its own correspondents and
other sources to produce a comprehensive, round-the-clock report of world hap-
penings.
The news director is Nathan Kingsley, a jovial New Yorker who spent several
years on the now-defunct New York Herald Tribune, including service as its
national editor and managing editor of its Paris edition. His staff of Munich-
based editors and field correspondents are mostly Americans or "Commonwealth
types" from Britain, Canada and Australia.
The newsroom atmosphere is professional. Those who work there represent
a wide variety of political views, but all are experienced newsmen who seem to
have jointed RFE not out of any special desire to fight the Cold War but because
they like living and working in Europe.
In an apparent effort to live down RFE's old 1950's-era reputation for un-
reliability, the news department stresses objectivity to the point where Kingsley
concedes that it is "overly bland and even sterile by Western standards."
No fact is reported unless It can be attributed to a specific source, and in most
cases, no story is used on the air unless it has been cross-checked with another
source. So complete is the separation of news from opinion that all material for
news broadcasts is put on white paper as a sign to the broadcasting departments
that it cannot be used for commentary. (Materiel deemed suitable for commen-
tary or analysis is put on buff-colored paper.)
Kingsley maintains that there is no special way of handling stories that might
be regarded as harmful to the image of the United States: or its European allies:
"The rule is that if it's news, if it's of potential interest to our listeners, and if
it's accurate, it goes on the air."
The only exception to this, he says, is news of "a potentially provocative na-
ture-a report of a riot or a political trial or some other development that could
excite passions and cause violence or other trouble."
The importance of this caution was demonstrated during the Soviet invasion
of Czechoslovakia in 1968, when thousands of Czechs are known to have tuned
in RFE for news of what was happening. In contrast to Hungary in 1956, diplo-
mats and foreign reporters on the scene in Prague unanimously praised RFE's
coverage for its restraint.
Similarly, later in 1968 when there were rumors of Soviet troops massing for a
possible invasion of Romania, RFE refused to put the story on the air-a. caution
not observed by scores of American and West European. newspapers and radio
stations that later were forced to retract.
A similar objective detachment is found in the research and analysis depart-
ment, headed by James F. Brown, a boyish-looking Englishman who started out
as a teacher of art history. The department employs some 80 analysts -to. monitor
and study developments behind the Iron Curtain. Although their work is intended
primarily for the assistance of the broadcasting departments, they have achieved
such a reputation that their work is read by scholars, government officials and
journalists all over the world.
In the early 19dOs, for example, when Hungarian leader Janos Kadar was! still
being dismissed by most Eastern Europe watchers as a puppet of Moscow, RFE
analysis were among the first to recognize that he was moving Hungary into
economic paths that would win him strong popular backing at home and a meas-
ure of autonomy within the Communist bloc.
In recent weeks, RFE has played a similar trail-blazing role in interpreting the
position of Gustav Husak, the Czech Communist Party leader. In contrast to the
widely held view that he was an interim figure who would gradually be swept
aside by hard-line Stalinist elements, RIPE researchers have argued that Husak
was gradually consolidating his power in the same manner as Kadar-a view
that is beginning to gain considerable currency among other students of Eastern
Europe.
THE EXILES
Finally, there are RFE's national broadcasting departments, manned by East-
ern Europeans who have chosen the life of an exile, who know that they can never
go home again. Typical of them all is the Polish broadcasting service, whose key
personnel are mostly middle-aged men who left their homeland either during the
Nazi occupation or the postwar Communist takeover. All are well-educated, Intel-
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lectually intense in the Eastern European manner and have backgrounds as jour-
nalists, teachers or professional men.
The director, Jan Nowak, began his radio career when he parachuted into Po-
land during the 1944 Warsaw uprising as a representative of the Polish govern-
ment in exile and broadcast over the resistance movement's clandestine station.
Ile has been involved in exile activities ever since, joining RFE in 1951.
The activities he oversees include the standard RFE fare of on-the-hour news,
youth-oriented rock sessions presided over by hip-talking disc jockeys and minute
coverage of the activities of Poles in the West. A few years ago, when Moe
Drabowsky, a refugee from a Polish village, turned in a stellar World Series
pitching performance for the Baltimore Orioles, RFE filled the air to Poland with
enthusiastic if mystifying accounts of his starring role in the exotic American
pastime.
But the real core of the Polish broadcasts is the lengthy commentaries on Polish
affairs. Analysis of the Polish service's comments on the Bonn-Warsaw negotia-
tions clearly support the view that there is nothing in RFE's broadcasting that
could be regarded as detrimental to Brandt's drive for detente. On the contrary,
the commentaries by Nowak and his colleagues have been almost unreservedly
enthusiastic in their support of the proposed treaty.
A DEBATABLE AUDIENCE
Despite RFE's claims to a wide listenersbip behind the Iron Curtain, no one can
tell how big its impact really is. Most impartial observers with long experience in
Eastern Europe seem to feel that while RFE doesn't cut quite the swath it thinks
it does and has some gaps in its credibility, it is listened to. Some go even further
and say that RFE is the principal source of Western information for most East
Europeans.
Despite the denials, it is known that the hints about a possible crackdown on
RFE and Radio Liberty originated with high-ranking members of the Brandt
government. The general supposition is that they were trial balloons intended to
determine what reaction would result and to put RFE and Radio Liberty on notice
that they might someday become expendable.
Nevertheless, the general feeling in government circles is that Brandt is not
contemplating any action against either station in the immediate future. For one
thing, Washington is understood to have reacted negatively to the idea and Brandt
has no intention of straining his relations with the Nixon administraton over a
relatively second-level issue like this one.
However, the matter can be expected to come up again. In 1972, for example,
Munich will play host to the Olympic Games and some Communist regimes have
threatened a boycott if RFE and Radio Liberty are still operating in the city at
that time.
For the moment though, as one Bonn government source says, "Brandt has
made quite a few concessions to the Communists already. Radio Free Europe is
the sort of bargaining chip that he can hold in reserve and throw into the pot
later."
VOA BROADCASTING ON RADIO MOSCOW'S ASSIGNED LONG WAVE FREQUENCY
The CHAIRMAN. You said a moment ago that there had been no
radio jamming by the VOA; did you not?
Mr. HILLENBRAND. I aid the U.S. Government doer. not jam foreign
radio broadcasts to the United States.
The CIL%IRMAN. Do you consider the Voice of America the U.S.
Government or do you distinguish 1?ety een the Voice of America and
the U.S. Government?
Mr. HILLENBRAND. No; I think one can talk of VOA as an arm of the
U.S. Government.
The CHAIRMAN. Then are you familiar with an article by Marilyn
Berger in the Washington Post of November 16, 1970, the headline
of which is, "Radio Moscow Hit by VOA 'J'amming "? Then it goes
on to say : "The Voice of America has resumed prime time broad
casting on Radio Moscow's assigned long-wave frequency in a re-
newed.'j amming' war." Are you familiar with the article?
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Mr. HILLENBRAND. I a?m familiar with the article. I am also familiar
with the fact that it is a rather loose usage of the word "jamming" to
apply than term to this particular situation because the VOA was
not jamming in the technical sense. They were merely broadcasting a
perfectly intelligible program on the same wavelength.
The CHAIRMAN. On the same [laughter]. I will please ask the audi-
ence to refrain no matter how funny this sounds to you, because it
interrupts my train of thou?ht. It is very easy to do and Mr. Hillen-
brand knows that. He can do it too.
The article goes on and makes this point :
The frequency-173--was allocated to Radio Moscow by the 1948 Copenhagen
Convention but the VGA used it up to 1963, when the Soviets stopped jamming.
I will put the entire article in the record. The last part of it says :
VGA officials generally deny any jamming activities per se. The argument has
been made that since Germany was not a party to the Copenhagen Convention,
VOA could use that frequency in transmitting from Germany.
Independent radio experts feel, however, that unauthorized use of an assigned
frequency disrupts the worldwide allocation system.
Are you saying this article is also inaccurate?
Mr. HILLENBRAND. Well, I think the article itself presented the
argument. This was not technically jamming which is the position of
the VOA in the matter.
Now, this is not a responsibility, I might say, of the Department of
State.
(The article referred to follows : )
RADIO Moscow HIT BY VOA "JAMMING"
(By Marilyn Berger)
The Voice of America has resumed prime-time broadcasting on Radio Moscow's
assigned long-wave frequency in a renewed "jamnb'ing" war.
The use of the frequency of 173 kilohertz interferes with Radio Moscow's
signals to Eastern Europe, but United States Information Agency officials said it
is primarily designed to make up for Soviet jamming of other VOA frequencies.
VOA officials said the programs, in Russian and English, can reduce Radio
Moscow's audience outside the Soviet Union. But more important, USIA officials
said ,? they make it possible for American broadcasts to reach large audiences
in Eastern Europe, particularly Soviet troops stationed abroad.
Both objectives appeared to be behind the use of frequecy 173 from a one-
million-watt transmitter in Bavaria.
The frequency was allocated to Radio Moscow by the 1948 Copenhagen Con-
vention but the VOA used it pp to 1963, when the Soviets. stopped jamming,
USIA officials said the United States resumed using the frequency Aug. 21,
1960, bile yeah to the day after the Soviet Union resumed jamming the Voice
of America at the time the Soviets invaded Czechoslovakia.
The 'decision to resume use of frequency 173 after a. more than five-year hiatus
was made under Frank Shakespeare; head of the USIA, the VOA's parent aaencv.
On Saturday, Pravda accused Shakespeare, who has. won a reputation for his
hard-tine' views on the Soviet Union,. of spreading anti-Soviet propaganda.,
USIA officials, however, said the decision to use frequency 173 was an institu-
tional one and not attributable to Shakespeare's personal Views,
A. career USIA official said the United States clearly told the Soviet Union
that it will stop using 173 when the Russians stop jamming. About a month
ago, the USIA official said, there was an exchange of letters in which the United
States proposed talks and offered specifically to turn off 173 if the Russians
ceased jamming. The official said the Russians sent back a brusque note in which
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they declared jamming to be an internal Soviet matter but that they would expect
the United States to stop using frequency 173.
Although the Russians consider the use of 173 as an American jamming device,
at least some informed sources here call the charge unfounded. These sources say
Radio Moscow uses the frequency primarily for domestic Russian programming
and that the VOA broadcasts reach only into border areas of the Soviet Union,
particularly the Ukraine. Interference with the Russian signal, these sources
said, occurs mostly outside the Soviet Union, especially in central Poland.
This means that in some areas of Eastern Europe, listeners who would normally
receive Radio Moscow no longer can. VOA officials concede that their broadcasts
on 173 do not reach many Russians within the Soviet Union.
Independent radio experts do not hesitate to call the U.S. use of 173 a jamming
operation. They say that although both Radio Moscow and the VOA would be
received clearly in their immediate so-called "A" areas, it is impossible to put
two signals on one frequency intentionally without jamming.
Informed sources said the VOA uses frequency 173 for prime-time broadcasts a
total of six hours a day, two in Russian and four in English. The powerful one
million-watt transmitter with an omnidirectional antenna, informed sources said,
could reach from the Urals to Ireland and as far south as North Africa if it were
not in competition with Radio Moscow's 500-kilowatt transmitter. .
Informed sources said it was hoped at first that the Russian resumption of
jamming in 1968 was only a temporary device to keep news of events in
Czechoslovakia out of the Soviet Union. In time, however, these sources said, the
Russians stepped up their activities to pre-1963 levels. Voice officials concluded
that they should use whatever means were available to them-including 173-
to reach Eastern Europe.
Besides using the 173 transmitter, VOA has increased the number of sbort-wave
transmissions to penetrate Soviet jamming.
VOA officials generally deny any jamming activities, per se. The -argument has
been made that since Germany was not a party to the Copenhagen convention,
VOA could use that frequency in transmitting from Germany.
Independent radio experts feel, however, that unauthorized use of an assigned
frequency disrupts the worldwide allocation system.
(The following information was subsequently supplied.)
VOA 173 KC TRANSMITTER
(Submitted by Department of State)
During the hearings of the Senate Foreign Relations Committee on May 24,
the Chairman referred to a Washington Post article about a VOA transmitter
based in Munich which allegedly is jamming Soviet broadcasts. Subsequently one
of the witnesses, Mr. Bartlett, criticized this facility at length charging that
its activities were even more immoral than Soviet jamming of the Voice of
America, because the Munich transmitter interferes with Radio Moscow broad-
casts to the Russian people, whereas Soviet jamming of VOA, deplorable as it
is, is designed to block foreign broadcasts to the peoples of the Soviet Union.
The 173 KO transmitter operating out of Munich has side effects on Radio
Moscow broadcasts to Eastern Europe, not over thousands of miles of Russian
territory as Bartlett claimed. Here are the facts on the 173 KC trasmitter. It was
first put on the air in 1953 to overcome jamming in Eastern Europe and enable
VOA to reach the peoples of Eastern Europe. It interferes with Soviet broadcasts
to those same peoples on that frequency, but does not, of course, affect the
numerous other frequencies used by the Soviets to reach that same audience.
In legal terms, while the Copenhagen Convention assigned this frequency to the
USSR, that Convention does not apply to Germany nor is the US itself a mem-
ber thereof. Nonetheless, the United States has stood ready from the beginning
to terminate broadcasts from this facility as soon as the Soviets cease their prac-
tice of jamming international foreign broadcasts to the USSR which is a clear
violation of the principles of international broadcasting. In fact, in. 1962 when
the Soviet Union ceased jamming VOA, the Munich transmitter was silenced. In
1968 massive jamming by the USSR was revived simultaneously with the inva-
sion of Czechoslovakia. The United States, after a year of futile diplomatic
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efforts to persuade the Soviets to once again cease jamming VOA, reluctantly
reactivated the Munich transmitter. The United States has clearly stated to
the Soviets our willingness to cease the VOA broadcasts on this frequency as
soon as the Soviets are ready to abandon the jamming of VOA. The Soviets have
rebuffed each diplomatic initiative to this end and refused to even discuss the
question.
Thus while VOA interference with Radio Moscow is not illegal, the United
States is ready to cease broadcasting on 173 KG frequency at a moment's notice
as part of a US-Soviet effort to expand rather than prevent free flow of in-
formation between the American and Soviet peoples. Meanwhile the station
reaches hundreds of thousands of listeners in the Russian language (including
Soviet Armed Forces) who are stationed in Eastern Europe and East Ger-
many, and Eastern Europeans in the English language. Thereby it partially
compensates for the effects of Soviet jamming of VOA and other Western broad-
casts.
TECHNICAL JAMMING AND BROADCASTING ON SAME WAVELENGTH
The CHAIRMAN. How would you describe technical jamming? What
is technical jamming?
Mr. HILLENBRAND. I think technical jamming is to utilize various
noise devices and so on which completely make unintelligible the live
broadcasts which are beamed to a certain area. Anyone who has lived
in Eastern Europe would quickly recognize jamming and be able to
distinguish it from a coverage of the same wave band, a technique,
I might say, which is not unique to this particular ease.
The CHAIRMAN. Is there any practical difference between making
unintelligible noises and broadcasting on the same wavelength? Does
that not interrupt and prevent the intelligible reception of the other
broadcasts on the same wavelength?
Mr. HILLENBRAND. Partly that would depend, I think, from my own
experience, on the sensitivity of the receiver.
The, CHAIRMAN. I thought the essence of jamming is to broadcast
on the same wavelength. If they made these funny noises on some
other wavelength, it would not jam; would it? It has to be on the
same wavelength in order to interfere.
Mr. HILLENBRAND. They cover a whole portion of the band, because
there are various ways of jamming.
DEFINITION OF PRIVATE AGENCY
The CHAIRMAN. I do not remember. What did you finally say about
calling this new agency a private agency if it is funded by the Gov-
erment? What is your definition of private?
Mr. HILLENBRAND. Well, I think the definition of private is essen-
tially an organization which regardless of the source of its funds,
is autonomous and has a board of directors that runs the organiza-
tion, who are appointed by a process which does not make them be-
holden on a day-to-day basis to the U.S. Government for instructions.
This is the way the radios will operate under this new legislation.
COMMON UNDERSTANDING OF "PRIVATE CORPORATION')
The CHAIRMAN. Do you think the common understanding of the
word "private" corporation or organization is one which may be
funded by Government funds? Is that the way ordinary people inter-
pret the words, "a private corporation"?
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Mr. HILLENBRAND. Well, I think, technically speaking, the whole
idea when the Public Broadcasting Corporation was set up, provided
a prototype for some of the language in this bill. It was conceived
to be a private, essentially a private operation.
Now, the term public-private could be used, I suppose, to describe
the interlocking relationship of Government and the operation, but
in the way we conceived this operation actually taking place, we would
not be interfering on a day-to-day basis with the technical or practical
operation of these radios.
The CIiAIRMMAN. Take the NET. That is operated under what is
called the Public Broadcasting Act of 1967. It is not the Private
Broadcasting Act of 1967. Don't you think, outside of the State De-
f artment, that when you use the word "private," people usually think
is privately financed and privately owned? A private corporation
is usually one that is not owned by the Government. The Reconstruc-
tion Finance Corporation was a good example. It was never called a
private organization or a private corporation. I think it is deceptive
to continue to insist that this is a private operation when it actually
will be financed wholly by Government funds. If it is to be done that
way, we are trying to get the record straight.
EFFECT OF CONTINUING BROADCASTS ON UNITED STATES-RUSSIAN
RELATIONS
Tell me, Mr. Hillenbrand, do you think the continuation of these
broadcasts promotes the lessening of animosity between the Russians
and ourselves? Would it promote the relaxation of tensions? ' "4IThat
would you think wouldbe the effect of continuing them?
Mr. HILLENBRAND. I do not think the continuance will be a major
factor influencing the basic negotiation of those issues which are up for
discussion between us at the present time.
I think these broadcasting facilities and the reputation which they
have created for themselves are a. definite asset for the United States.
There are assets on the other side which are much more active and
spend a great deal more money for'similar activities than we do, and
it seems to me during a transitional period, such as the present, it
would be rather foolhearty unilaterally to simply waste our assets
and not continue them.
The CIIAIRMVLAN. Is this a chip which. we have to play in the negotia-
tions and something we want to retain in order to give up in case there
are negotiations ?
Mr. HILL ENERAND. No, I do not think this is somethin you would
negotiate about. This is something which creates, I think, the possi-
bility of achieving negotiations over time because it does have a highly
educative function.
EFFECT OF PAST BROADCASTS ON UNITED STATES-RUSSIAN RELATIONS
The CHAIRMAN. Do you think it has tended to improve our rela-
tions with Russia in the past?
Jr. HILLENBRAND. It would be hard to say that it has made them
any worse. I think to the degree it has had an educative effect on
Soviet people, and to the degree that these people have been able to
influence policy at all, then I think this has had a positive effect.
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The CHAIRMAN. If it 'has been good for the Russians, why have
they spent six times as much as Radio Liberty's annual budget to jam
the broadcasts?
Mr. HILLENBRAND. Well, obviously, the judgment of what is good
for the Russians need not necessarily be shared by the Soviet Gov-
ernment; and this is, I think, one of the differences between an open
society and a closed society which should not have to be explained.
The CHAIRMAN. Do you think we have the same attitude toward
Russia that the Chinese have toward us, that our own enemy is the
Government of Russia, but we are very friendly with the people of
Russia? Is that our policy?
Mr. HILLENBRAND. No ; I do not think anyone would all for that
rather oversimplified explanation.
The CHAIRMAN. What is the difference between that and what you
said about the Russians and their government?
Mr. HILLENBRAND. Well, I thought I had made my answer ~a little
more clear, with a little more nuance than the description you gave
of it.
What .1 said was, there is a sophisticated audience in the Soviet
Union which is capable by obtaining facts about conditions in the
Soviet Union, which come from no other source, and which are unob-
tainable from the Soviet press or Soviet radio, perhaps, to have a
certain positive effect upon the general course of Soviet policy. This is
true of all of the other Eastern European countries.
The fact is that. when such a sizable percentage of the public listens
to those broadcasts, it is bound to have a certain catalytic effect upon
thinking in these countries. Obviously, these are things you cannot
measure with mathematical precision.
RADIO MOSCOW'S BROADCASTS TO THE. UNITED. STATES
The CHAIRMAN. You mentioned a moment ago that Radio Moscow
broadcasts in a similar manner to this country; did you. not? What
program was it that you mentioned?
1V.Ir. HILLENBRAND. "Radio Peace and Progress."
The CHAIRMAN. Is that a Russian program?
Mr. HILLENBRAND. Those are foreign language programs.
The CHAIRMAN. Are they beamed to America?
Mr. HILLENBRAND. Beamed to the Western tiWTorld; I mean they ac-
tually have
The CHAIRMAN. I only asked about America. Are they beamed to
the United States?
Mr HILLENBRAND.. Yes, Radio Moscow broadcasts are beamed to
the United States.
The CHAIRMAN. Have you ever known anyone outside of the Gov-
ernment who has ever listened to them?
Mr. HILLENBRAND. No.
The CHAIRMAN. What is that?
Mr. 'HILLENBRAND. I have not, no.
The CHAIRMAN. I have never heard it mentioned in our press. I do
not recall ever having heard of ia man or a woman, and I do not think
I have never received a letter, saying, "We heard Radio Moscow yes-
terday, and they told us the truth about the CIA operations in Laos."
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Mr. HILLENBRAND. I think that is a tribute to the sophistication of
the American people.
The CHAIRMAN. Do you mean because they do not listen to it?
Mr. HILLENBRAND. Or that they do not feel they need to listen. I
think they realize their own public media provide them with all the
information they require.
The CHAIRMAN. You know that is strange because this committee, at
least the chairman of it, believes that the Government does not supply
us with half the information that we, need and to which we are en-
titled. We are not as sophisticated as the public. I do not think we
receive the information to which we are entitled. I have never really
quite forgotten the famous statement attributed to one of the Assist-
ant Secretaries of Defense that the Government has a right to lie. Do
you remember that?
Mr. HILLENBRAND. I remember it, but I did not make it.
The CHAIRMAN. No, you did not make it.
RFE COVERAGE OF RIOTS IN POLAND
Mr. Hillenbrand, Poland is one of the five countries to which RFE
broadcasts. Do you know how it covered the riots that took place in
that country last year?
Mr. HILLENBRAND. I think it covered them in a very sober and
responsible way; it provided information about them, but it did not
incite to riot.
The CHAIRMAN. Do you think the broadcasts covered only the factual
situation?
Mr. HILLENBRAND. I think that is true.
The CHAIRMAN. Did it editorialize about the situation in Poland?
Mr. HILLENBRAND. Well, it provided commentary, but I do not be-
lieve the commentary was in any sense inciting. If you wish, we could
provide you with a detailed analysis of the broadcasting to Poland
during this period.
The CHAIRMAN. I think that would be interesting. Could you supply
that for the record?
Mr. HILLENBRAND. Surely.
(The information referred to follows:)
FREE EUROPE, INC.,
Hon. MARTIN J. HILLENBRAND New York, N.Y., May 28,1971.
,
A.ssistaat Secretary for European Affairs, Department of State,
Washington, D.C.
DEAR MR. HILLENBRAND : In response to your request for a report dealing with
Radio Free Europe's broadcasts to Poland during the period of the December
difficulties in that country, I am forwarding the following :
(1) An extract from a quarterly operational report covering the period from
January through March, 1971, which I have submitted to the Chairman of the
Board and Directors of the Board of Radio Free Europe: and,
(2) A detailed study of broadcasting to Poland during this period with some
reference to broadcasts prior to that period when relevant as background.
I believe that these two documents constitute a fair and definitive statement
of our 'treatment of the events in Poland prior to 14 December 1970 and the
period following through March, 1971.
Sincerely,
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QUARTERLY OPERATIONAL REPORT, JANUARY-MARCH 1971 (EXCERPT)
RFE BROADCASTING-POLAND
A lengthy and detailed study 1 has been made of RFE broadcasts to Poland
before and during the December upheaval and its aftermath. The positions
taken by the Polish Broadcasting Department of RFE on current issues in
Poland were compared with the known demands of the striking Polish workers
during December, January and February, and with the concessions granted by
the new Polish leadership since December 20. The results show a striking corre-
lation between Polish popular demands, as revealed in the specific desiderata of
the striking workers made public by the Polish press and radio, and in the con-
cessions to both these demands and more general public desires which the new
leadership felt obliged to grant in order to restore political stability and economic
productivity, and the positions espoused by RFE in its Polish broadcasts.
The area of greatest urgency for both the Polish populace and leadership was
the broad one of distribution of the national product. This includes income
policy, which in Poland embraces wages, family allowances, and the material
incentives, or bonus, a system for workers ; the food price increases themselves,
which had sparked the December riots ; the critical shortage of housing ; the
problems of women workers ; and, of less urgency, the vacation system for
workers. Concessions were rapid : wages and family allowances for the lowest-
paid were raised in December, and the bonus system ,altered in January to con-
form to the most vociferous of the workers' demands ; food price increases were
rescinded in February, previous inadequate housing plans were scrapped and
expanded programs approved in February ; the problems of women workers were
given high priority in the new leadership's planning ; and recent increases in the
charges for workers' vacations were rescinded and allocations for travel in-
creased in February. In all these cases the concessions granted corresponded with
the measures recommended by RFE before the workers' demands became
publicly known.
The next most urgent imperative was for political changes. Dismissals were
essential to appease the populace and to reinforce the new leadership's credibility.
A first series of dismissals swept the top leadership from the scene : Gomulka
himself, Kliszko, Strzelecki, Spychalski, and Jaszczuk, the economic scape-
goat, were removed from the Politburo on December 20; Cyrankiewicz was
demoted from Premier to Chief of State on December 23; and on February 7,
in accord with specific popular demand, Loga-Sowinski and Kociolek left the
Politburo. It was then the turn of regional and subordinate authorities : dis-
missals affecting Party leaders in Szczecin, Gdansk, Elblag, and Lodz appear
to have been unitive, one in Cracow precautionary, and those of the Minister of
Interior and the Deputy Minister of Defense responsible for the troops used
against workers in December clearly deferential to popular feeling. Finally, the
eddies swept out to include the leadership of the two minor parties, the United
Peasant and the Democratic Parties, who theoretically govern in "coalition" with
the ruling Polish United Workers Party.
Still in the sphere of political changes, the new leadership's sharpest reversal
was its proclaimed desire for "normalization" of Church-State relations, and
the substantive concessions to the Church that followed. RFE's support of the
Polish Catholic Church, its broadcasts of Church statements and news when
the Polish media ignored them, its advocacy of Church desiderata in any future
"normalization," had been consistent and undiminished over the years. RFE had
similarly and repeatedly called for a reform of the Polish trade union movement
to represent workers' interests, and the restoration to the Workers' Councils of
the rights taken from them since 195G under Gomulka, and these were among
the most frequently voiced workers' demands.
No appeasement of Polish popular discontent, as it stood revealed in December,
was possible without a redressing of the market. This meant in the first instance
an improvement in supplies to the market, notably of meat. The new leadership
resorted in January to imports, including meat from the West, and then in
March, as part of a new program to reverse the critical decline in Polish meat
production, raised procurement prices for meat and reduced feed prices, thereby
restoring profitability to animal husbandry RFE had for several years attributed
3-Attached Study entitled "The Polish Crisis if 1070-71 and Radio Free Europe Broad-
casts-Insight Into a Relationship."
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the decline in meat production to its unprofitability for the farmer; the new
average procurement price for hogs differed by only 0.0:5 zlotys per kilogram
from that cited by RFE as necessary to restore profitability.
The new leadership's aims for redressing the market apparently looked beyond
the short term. In March the Politburo recommended to the Government (in
conjunction with the Presidium of the United Peasant Party) the abolition of
compulsory deliveries by private farmers of slaughter animals, grain, and
potatoes, as of January 1, 1972, and the establishment by the same date of a
comprehensive system of social insurance program for private farmers, who
constitute 89% of the Polish agricultural labor force. Both measures had long
been -advocated by RFE. The really essential, long-term step necessary to redress-
ing the Polish market, and more, to overcoming the stagnation that has character-
ized the Polish economy for some years now, is basic economic reform. RFE.
in its vigorous support of economic reform going back to 1956 and before, has
pointed out repeatedly that Poland is far behind the rest of the Soviet bloc, the
Soviet Union included, in dismantling the Stalinist, command-type economy.
The new Party First Secretary has promised far-reaching though unspecified,
economic reforms, and domestic advocates of Polish economic reform have been
placed in key positions.
In their efforts to gain popular support and to differentiate themselves from
their predecessors, the new Polish leadership has emphasized a new style of
governing, which at least rhetorically corresponds to some of the demands
advanced on behalf of the Polish people. by RYE over the years. Gierek himself
launched the slogan of a "dialogue" between the leadership and the people in
a New Year's Eve address; on various other occasions he has promised "honest
and full" information in the media. The latter responds to strong worker
demands; the former has been enthusiastically received by the populace. liFE.
itself a longtime supporter of both steps, has stressed that a valid "dialogue"
must be between Party and Government on the one hand, and the entire nation
on the other, and not just between the Party leadership and the Party rank-
and-file; it has also pressed at every opportunity for fulfillment of the promise
of "honest and full" information on casualties suffered in the coastal disturb-
ances to be a touchstone of the leadership's sincerity in this matter-as did
the striking workers themselves. RFE continued to press strongly on this ques-
tion until figures were finally given by. Gierek in an address to the Central
Committee on February 7.
RFE had long spoken against Gomulka's repressive cultural policy, and in
particular against the persecutions of progressive intellectuals and artists! which
followed on the disturbances of March, 1968. The new leadership, although
moving slowly in this sphere, has taken tentative steps : several writers banned
in 1968 are being published again, and there are indications of further steps
to restore previously persecuted artists and writers to cultural life. However
in the tentative initial steps to free cultural. life from its more obvious restraints,
Gierek scored one major success with intellectuals on January 20 by authorizing
the reconstruction of the Royal Castle of Warsaw, as dear to the hearts of
Poles as the Are de Triomphe to Frenchmen or the Dam to Dutchmen. and a
long-standing project, the mere mention of which had been forbidden under
Gomulka. From January 15, 1955 to January 17. 1971. RYE had beamed 28
separate programs on this subject to Poland.
In sum, the December events in Poland, and their aftermath. revealed, directly
and indirectly, the enduringly democratic nature of the Polish people's funcla-
mental aspirations, so far as they can be expressed and realized Within the
limitations imposed by Soviet proximity. They also showed how remarkably
closely the Polish Broadcasting Department of RFE, in its daily programming
to Poland, is in touch with, and how faithfully it reflects, the problems and
aspirations of its audience.
Apart from what is revealed by this study. RFE's Audience and Public Opinion
Research Department reported in mid-January that its most recent survey
showed that a majority of Poles interviewed named RFE coverage of the price
increases, the December riots, and the changes within the Party leadership as
particularly interesting. This was hardly surprising, in view of the fact that
subsequent events indicated how accurately RFE's output on the price increases
reflected the feelings of the great majority of the Polish population, that RFE
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was the first to break the news of the. coastal riots to the rest of Poland (an(l
indeed to the rest of the world, on the basis of a Radio Gdansk broadcast audible
in Poland only in the immediate area, and picked up shortly before midnight,
December 15, giving RFE a news monopoly which lasted from 2332 hours De-
cember 15 to 1600 hours December 16), and that RFE remained thereafter the
only continuous source of news for Poles of the'unfolding events. By March 15
the surveys showed that among Poles it was still RFE coverage of the changes
within the Party leadership, plus RFE reporting on the impact in the East and
the West of the Polish events, that were singled out as of particular interest. The
Polish authorities, which had ceased jamming RFE broadcasts in 1956, resumed
it on March 17, 1971. We do not yet know how effective their jamming is.
RFE's four other Broadcasting Departments of course made extensive use
of events in Poland in their programming, in a classic example of RFE's "Cross-
reporting" technique. As the Bulgarian, Czechoslovak, Hungarian, and Ru-
manian regimes were all reluctant, in only slightly varying degrees, to provide
news of the Polish events (and, in a reverse example of "cross-reporting" of
their own, limited' their news of the Polish events to that given by the. Polish
strictly official media only, and, after some relaxation of censorship in Poland,
to even less than they provided), RFE's coverage was substantially the only
source of news of the Polish developments for the public in the four countries.
A measure of appreciation of the importance of this cross-reporting for the
other countries was contained in the Audience and Public Opinion Research
surveys for this period, showing that in mid-Tanuary a plurality of Czechoslo-
vaks, Hungarians, and Rumanians pointed to the coverage of Polish events as
particularly interesting, and that in mid-March this was still the ease, with a
plurality of Bulgarian listeners interviewed having joined in the same estimate
RFE's cross-reporting on the Polish events and their aftermath consisted of
both news and commentary. The news to all four countries was, of course; iden-
tical, but the commentary was adapted in each case to the local situation (an
emphasis on the trade union component of the Polish developments for Ru-
mania and Bulgaria, on the role played in Poland by the failure to carry
through economic reform for Hungary and Czechoslovakia). There Were echoes
from these countries of the effectiveness of the technique. In late December and
early January rumors began circulating in Bulgaria, for example, of imminent
price increases. RFE's Bulgarian Broadcasting Department, giving prominent
attention to both the Polish events and the price issue in Bulgaria, in the hopes
of eliciting a clear and authoritative Bulgarian statement on the issue, was re-
warded in early January by a series of official denials of any such intention.
The Czechoslovak Broadcasting Department, asserting to its listeners that both
the Polish crisis of 1970 and the Czechoslovak developments in 1968-69 were
inevitable symptoms of a chronic disease of the sociopolitical system imposed by
the Soviet Union, noted that a panel discussion on Radio Prague on February 2
obliged the Director of Czechoslovak broadcasting to answer a listener who
wanted to know if there was a "certain connection" between the two crises.
(The Director, Jan Rlsko, replied that although he wouldn't want to seek any
direct connection, the relations "between the Party and the masses" do some-
times "become disturbed.")
The Rumanian Broadcasting Department, which had devoted 15 to 20 percent
of its daily newscasts, and 20 to 25 percent of its daily programming, to the
Polish crisis, and emphasized the complaints and demands of the. Polish work-
ers and the successive concessions by the Polish leadership, was able to ob-
serve the new departure in Rumanian policy represented by the February 10-11
Plenum of the Rumanian Central Committee's call for trade union reform and
the "further development of workers' democracy," and Ceausescu's own sharp
criticism 'of past trade union practices. Similarly, the 15th Plenum of the Cen-
tral Council of the Bulgarian Trade Unions on February 18 and 19 exhibited
a more pronounced "concern for the individual," and urged basic trade union
organizations to 'pay more and better attention to satisfying "the interests of
the workers' collectives" ; shortly thereafter there were a number of changes
in the Bulgarian Trade Union leadership. To the extent that these events repre-
sent the influence of the Polish crisis among the Bulgarian 'or Rumanian workers,
they were in large measure due to broadcasting by RFE, for RFE was the B?ul-
garian or Rumanian workers' primary source of full and continuous information
on Polish developments during the period.
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iFronm Facts and Views of the Week No. 68, Nov. 8, 19701
COST OF LIVING IN POLAND
(By Mr. Podgorski)
The average monthly cost of living for one person. even a child, amounts to at
least 1,000 zl. at the present tine--our listeners in Poland complain to us again
and again. I should point out right from the start, for the sake of accuracy, that
the reference here is to normal average cost, excluding all "major investments",
such as for instance, the purchase of a new suit of clothes.
What is one to think of these comments?
In the Statistical Annual for the year 1969, there is no factual information
about the cost of living structure in Poland. The material drawn up by the Cen-
tral Statistical Office only gives general indices the accuracy of which seems very
dubious. Thus, for instance :
On page 909, in the chapter on incomes and consumption there is a table in which
one finds that the cost of living index presents a very favorable picture. Espe-
cially in comparison with the index on the growth of nominal wages. The CSO
intimates reassuringly that over a period of 13 years, that is, between 1955 and
1968 the index on the rise of earnings has tripled. As for the cost of living index,
the table indicates that it increased by barely one-third. A comparison of these
two figures would seem to suggest that the population of People's Poland is now at
least twice as well-off as it used to be at the time when Gomulka Caine to power.
Unfortunately, an analysis of these indices reveals a completely different pic-
ture. Consider, for example, the index relating to real wages after taking into
consideration the fluctuation of prices : It indicates the same level as the index
relating to the rise in cost of living. This points to the sad truth that during
the thirteen-year period between 1955-1968 there was no essential improvement
in the standard of living of the average citizen.
Let us consider one other comparison. An instructive illustration of the true
ratio of average earnings and average prices, and by the same token, average
cost of living, is furnished by the amount of a family's earnings which has to be
spent on the -purchase of food. Under PUWP-governurent it devours a very
substantial part of a family's income. During the period in question, expendi-
ture on food slashed more than half of a citizen's income. In contrast, a citizen in
Western European countries only spends between one-fourth and one-third of
his income on food. The difficult living conditions of the contemporary "statistical"
Pole is best illustrated by the fact that as much as 84% of his income is used up
for food, clothing, Arousing, light and heating. The amount left for leisure-time
and cultural activities, for durable investments and for savings is-so meagre, that
it is almost impossible to try to split up this miserable little sum of money.
The statistical data which illustrates the structure of consumption is even
more significant. The amount spent on food totalled more than 580 zl. a month,
per capita of population in People's Poland-and that was already two years
ago. When one adds to this the other indispensable expenses also included in the
statistical picture, it will readily be seen that the average monthly cost of living
per person since-at least-the past two years amounts to more than 1,000 zl.
Thus, the complaints we have been receiving from listeners concerning the
decidedly unpropitious structure of the cost of living in relation to the level of
wages-are fully substantiated.
Let us look at the problem from a different angle. According to the data for
1968, the average nominal gross income amounted to less than 2,300 zl. per month.
Assuming that one out of three persons earns a living in the PRL nowadays, and
the average monthly cost of living amounts to more than 1,000 zl. per capita, we
arrive at the conclusion that "official" average earnings are not sufficient to pro-
vide for the upkeep of a family. For it follows from a simple calculation that
roughly one out of three PRL citizens does not have enough money to pay for its
upkeep. In consequence, a large number of people have to look for additional
sources of income and often, in doing so, they do not concern themselves too much
with the letter of the law. -
So now we know where to trace the cause of the desperate search for 'half-
time' and `quarter-time' jobs ! That's the reason for the menace of moonlighting
during work-hours, common to all work establishments ! That's the cause of in-
numerable machinations, goods sold "under the counter" and the ever more
numerous embezzlements. That is the price which must now be paid for the dis-
honest policy on wages and prices. When the covert and overt rise in prices imme-
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diately devours the meagre doses of pay-raises, it is understandable that the
practice of semi-legal and illegal machinations in an effort to make ends meet
somehow, is bound to flourish. So as to provide for that third "statistical" family-
member, for whose upkeep the official statistical earnings are simply inadequate.
We all know what the consequences of this situation are. Under-paid em-
ployees do not want to work efficiently. Conscientious work certainly does not
pay in the PUWP system of government. But the persons who are responsible
for this state of affairs should not be sought in the factories and work establish-
ments, but rather at the top of the pyramid of authority, where the vital deci-
sions are made on the ratio between cost of living and remuneration for work.
THE DISASTROUS PRICE INCREASES IN POLAND
(By T. Nowakowski)
NARRAT. To tell you the truth, we should really begin today's program with a
loud and soldierly swearword, thus "?taking the word out of the mouths" of
millions of utterly indignant citizens in our country, who are not allowed to call
a spade a spade.
A "black" Sunday. The unlucky thirteenth. A Sinister gift laid by the Party
and government leadership under the Christmas tree of millions of Poles,
VOICE. On December 13-Sunday-all stations of the Polish Radio made
public the text of the Council of Ministers bill announcing drastic price increases.
NARRAT. That's right : an increase in prices ! And to mislead the population, the
communique began by enumerating all those commodities which will become
cheaper. This applies mainly to products which for a long time cluttered up
warehouses because there was no demand for them, and they certainly cannot
be considered as "basic necessities." Of what use is it to a citizen if the price
Of tape-recorders, or old, unpopular records goes down, or the price of that
famous asphalt-saturated felt whose quality had been causing complaints from
the countryside since time immemorial-what's the use of that, if the price
of food has substantially gone up?
VorcE. There's a considerable increase in the prices of meat, all processed meat
products, lard and bacon, wheat and rye flour, (pickled) herrings, fish, bakery
products, groats, cheese, milk, jam, preserves-in short, everything, that's
indispensable. The things that every housewife .needs to prepare a meal. The
things which all working people need in order to live.
VoicE. Coal, coke and brickets will become considerably more expensive-
just when Winter has ibegun ! Wood for heating will cost more. Shirts will cost
more. So will nails, bricks and roofing tiles. A painful blow for the farmer who
might want to build something or do some repairs on his farm. It was officially
announced that prices will go up in restaurants, snack-bars and canteens.
VoieE II. The list of foodstuffs and industrial products whose prices have sub-
stantially been hiked as of December 13-is a long and depressing one.
NARRAT. Another thing that makes people equally indignant is the complete
disregard for the public, the contempt for their needs and demands. People are
indignant at the synical commentary attached to the new bill, which tries to per-
suade the population that-we quote verbatim :
VOICE. This is a move which is of the utmost significance to the further eco-
nomic development of Poland.
'NARRAT. A fine development, indeed ! Once again, the structure of consumption
has been adjusted to the errors of planning, on the assumption that the citizen is
a patient upon whom surgical experiments can be performed without an anes-
thetic. I wonder if even a single one of those Deputies to the Sejm who maintain
that they have the confidence of their voters and that they represent their
interests-will submit an interpellatlon in the building in Wiejska Street
(parliament-Tr.)
VOICE. It is inconceivable that a drastic price increase such as this in Britain or
in France should fail to evoke criteism in the press and in parliament, and have
the Trade Unions "up in arms". In our country, however, the central TU-actif has
already endorsed the decision of the Council of Ministers.
NARRAT. Before long, no doubt, pseudo-scientific articles are likely to crop up
in the Party press, trying to'persuade readers that grain coffee-the price of which
has gone up by as much as 92% !-is very bad for a man's health, like the im-
ported coffee, and that instead of feasting on meat, the citizen should eat roots
and berries that anyone can find in the woods. But one really doesn't feel like
joking anymore. It's hard to display a sense of humor in the face of the atmos-
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phere of public exasperation provoked by the draconian decree of the Council of
Ministers.
NARRAT. The unexpected, drastic increase of food prices In Polandhas: already
produced reverberations in the foreign press. (There follow some excerpts from
the cable of the LE MONDE correspondent in Warsaw.)
NARRAT. We might add that if the decision to hike food prices had been an-
nounced 'about two weeks earlier, the Polish Emigration which is always con-
cerned about the fate of the people back home, could have organized the dispatch
of many thousands of food parcels still before Christmas. But in view of the
snail's pace of customs formalities in Poland, these parcels can no longer make it
before the holiday.
Musical Interlude.
RADIO FREE EUROPE, MUNICH, GERMANY, POLISH BROADCASTING DEPARTMENT
Program title-Daily Commentary No. 1474.
Air date--14 December 1970.
Length-9'45".
Subtitle -Propaganda about pricing list.
Author-L. Perzanowski.
Approved by-J. Nowak.
Translated by-W. Stankowska.
OPENING ANNOUNCEMENT
NARRATOR. A direct, general corollary of the whole Party propaganda about tue
increase in prices is to be formulated as follows : the rise in prices is to be
blamed on the people who bought too much food and too few industrial products.
In this formulation I do not deviate a bit from the logics of the Party spokes-
men commenting on the rise in prices. I have summarized all that in one sent-
ence to show in full the improbable absurdity of the arguments put forward
by the Party propaganda in its attempts to justify the raising of prices.
This time again-as throughout the last 25 years-the authorities ruling on
the principle of total monopoly of power failed to say one word of self-criticism,
to make one gesture of admission that total power also means total responsi-
bility for wrongs done to the people.
This time again-as throughout the last 25 years-the official propaganda
maintains that the regime is excellent, it is only the society which is bad.
This time again-as throughout the last 25 years-the level of the official
economic argumentation is an insult to the common sense and intelligence of
the people.
Logical acrobatics starts already with the very resolution of the Council of
Ministers about the price increases. Will you listen, please:
VOICE. Lower prices were set on shoes : on certain kinds of artificial-leather
boots, which are now 22% cheaper.
NARRATOR. And another excerpt :
VOICE. Prices of certain kinds of leather shoes will be raised by 23.8%.
NARRATOR. This means that the prices of shoes made of artificial leather, which
nobody buys, were lowered, whereas the prices of leather shoes, the only kind
of shoes worth buying and bought by everyone, were raised.
There are more examples to that effect : prices of "certain" kinds of toothpaste
were lowered, whereas the price of the "Nivea" toothpaste, most popular and
in greatest demand, was raised. Prices of "certain" kinds of table glassware were
lowered, but at the same time the price of tea glasses which are the most indis-
pensable and most frequently bought type of household glass were raised. Prices
of "certain" sports and touristic equipment were lowered, but the prices of bikes
and motorbikes, the most popular touristic commodities in Poland, were raised.
The prices of "certain" products of paper industry were lowered, while the prices
of "certain paper products" were raised. It is interesting why it was not said
precisely which products are cheaper and which more expensive now, but I
bet that the more expensive "paper products" include either toilet paper or writ-
ing paper, or both. Some perfumes are cheaper now, but baby powders and lotions
which are articles of primary importance are about 16% more expensive.
This list can go and on, as you can see for yourselves reading the resolution
of the Ministers Council.
The text of the resolution was announced by Polish Radio on Saturday, at 22
hours, several hours after shops have been closed, so that people were prevented
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from buying anything at previous price before Christmas. Later Polish Radio
said in a broadcast:
VorcE. The resolution of the Council of Ministers concerning a change in retail
prices is of utmost importance for the continuation of Poland's economic
development.
NARRATOR. Untrue. We heard identical statements three years ago, when the
prices of meat were drastically raised by the authorities.
VOICE. The change in prices will riot increase the budget revenue.
NARRATOR. Then what was the idea of increasing prices?
VOICE. So far the prices of a great majority of.foods have not covered the pro-
duction costs, and in particular cases they have not even covered the cost of
procurement of agricultural products. Losses arising from this situation had to
be covered from the state budget.
NARRATOR. In other words-at present the state will not have to subsidize the
prices of these goods from its budget. But would not the authorities disclose
for what the vast amounts of money saved in this way would be used?
VOICE. Prices of basic food articles, with the exception of meat products, have
not been changed for years.
NARRATOR. Untrue. The prices of all, without one exception, foods were raised
in the last years and are still going up at an even quicker rate, only there
are no official communiques about this.
VOICE. New relation between the prices of food and industrial products will
contribute to the market equilibrium and will favor changes in the structure of
consumption and production adjusting it to the needs and economic possibilities
of our country which becomes more and more industrialized.
NARRATOR. The "new relation" means that instead of a sausage one can buy
a safety razor "Pol-Silver" ; "new relation" means that the average worker who
now will spend all his wages on food for himself and his family-will shed tears
of joy because the price of TV sets was lowered from 10,000 zloty to 9,000 zloty.
In short-here is another evidence for the extent of the PRL rulers' disregard
of the society, the rulers who think that the people will believe any nonsense.
Commentaries broadcast by Polish Radio on Sunday followed the same line,
so all this was not said at random, but was part of coherent tactics.
On Sunday we heard the following thoughts.:
VOICE. It has to be recalled that affluent societies are not rich because of what
they eat but because of what they possess in durable goods.
NARRATOR. This maxim was uttered by a certain Andrzej rletmanek to whom
I prophesy a great career in the field of the Party propaganda.
But even IIetmanek did not surpass a certain Jerzy Kowalski who presented the
following "economic calculations" to listeners :
VOICE. An extra outlay of about one billion two hundred million zloty is an-
ticipated for the next year. This is calculated on 'the macroeconomic scale for the
country as a whole : one billion two hundred millions zloty. However, if we divide
this amount by the number of all inhabitants of our country, we will arrive at
the figure of about 40 zloty of additional expenses per an average citizen a year,
which is less than one zloty a week.
NARRATOR. Or: 0,1428 zloty a day, or 0,0059 zloty an hour, ergo-0,000090 zloty
a minute. So why all this fuss about silly some mnillionrh fractions of zloty?
Cross my heart, I have never seen anyone making such a fool of himse'.1' and
those who put him in front of the microphone.
Jerzy Kowalski continued
VorcE. According to the Statistical Yearly, last year the average Pole consumed
53 kilogram meat, apart from fats, exactly as much as the average Swede whose
national income is three times higher.
NARRATOR. This is really shocking and contrary to historical justice. Simple
calculations made by comrade Jerzy Kowalski show that a Pole should eat three
times less than a Swede, that is 17 kilogram a year, that is 4,5 dekagram a day.
I suggest that Comrade Jerzy Kowalski should for his discovery be awarded
all possible Party prizes for journalists and, in addition, that he should be sent
as a correspondent to some attractive country. For instance to North Korea
where-according to his statistical theory about meat consumption-everyone
should have starved long ago, because the national income per head in North
Korea is some dozen times lower than in Sweden.
Since March 1968 the PUWP propaganda has not been so hypocritical. One can
only wonder that on top of everything the authorities have chosen to discredit
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themselves with this ,kind of propaganda, that they do not understand that their
attempts to mock common sense of the people worsen the situation.
What Should the PRL rulers tell the society at this moment? Simply : we have
failed. Our system is wrong. We are unable to organize the economic life of the
country. We are responsible for everything, but the costs of our infantile incom-
petence have to be paid by you, by society.
Were the official communiques to say the truth, they should say that and only
that. Everything else is untrue. Not one man within the PUWP ruling group has
shown the moral courage of Fidel Castro.
MUNICH, GERMANY, POLISH BROADCASTING DEPARTMENT
Program title-Focus on Poland No. 74.
Air date-December 20, 1970.
Length-9.45".
Subtitle-Price increase in Poland.
Author-K. Milotworska.
OK by-J. Nowak.
Translated by-M. Staniszewska.
NARRATOR. Even before the price increase and its tragic consequences I meant
to write a talk on the verbal equilibristics or, to put it simply, about the non-
sense written and said in the press and over the radio about the economic situa-
tion. I noted down many such items as, for example : "economic tensions", "the
strengthening of the market equilibrium", "the policy of selective development"
and "the dynamization of the people's needs". So as not to say that next year
there will be a general crash and a deterioration of the situation on all sectors
it is said that next year, I quote :
VoicE. The economic plan provides for the maintenance of a relatively slow
rate of development, mainly of investments, as well as a slow rate of the growth
of consumption.
NARRATOR. Last week's events confirm the cruel truth that this way of writing
about problems which are the essence of the existence of 32 million citizens, that
falsehoods, silence, calling something which is black white, is an evil method !
The height of hypocrisy was calling the price increase a move on which the
citizens will almost gain, or in any case will lose only temporarily and to a
minimal extent.
I have chosen a few quotations from the radio and the press. And thus :
VOICE. In the vocabulary of the binding terminology the price increase is
either "a change of the ratio prices" or "a relative change of prices".
NARRATOR. Basing itself on the ZYCIE WARSZAWY Radio-Warsaw said the
following :
VOICE. The present structure of consumption in the country is not compatible
with either the present picture of our economy or with the tendencies in the,
industrialized countries, and in addition it is becoming an impediment for further
development. For the growth of consumption, and especially of foods, does not
allow us to raise our standard of living.
NARRATOR. It would appear from this that the less the people eats-the higher
the standard of living of the citizens. Following this train of thought, in India
where quite a lot of people die of starvation, but do not eat meat-the standard
of living should be high. It seems that the rulers of the PRL would gladly bring
the Indian and Moslem custom to our country.
In the radio commentary of March 15, reporting on the last plenum of the CC,
we heard the following :
VOICE. Wladyslaw Gomulka said that during the last few years the increase
of the population's income amounted to 20 and more billion zloty a year, and
that during the years to come it will not be smaller but rather bigger.
NARRATOR. This was a quotation from Gomulka's speech at the last plenum.
Immediately after this quotation the commentator said :
Voice. And thus also next year such a sum will land additionally in our pack-
ets. Simultaneously the state will still pay a subsidy of over 10 billion zloty in
order to maintain the level of the retail prices of basic consumer goods. And thus
despite this very difficult operation of the change of prices, the state will con-
tinue to pay 10 billion zloty in subsidies.
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61
NARRATOR. So the state will also lose'.? If both the people and the state are
losing on the change of prices-then who is gaining on it?
The official statements say-I quote the ZYCIE WARSZAWY of December 13:
VoicE. The consequences of the change of prices will naturally affect families'
budgets in various ways, depending on the level of their income and the sources
of their subsistence. However in the result of the said economic and social
moves these differences will be relatively small. Nonetheless the regulation
of prices will temporarily reduce, within the limits of 2%, the real income of
the lowest paid working families.
NARRATOR. It will reduce the income of people only temporarily, only for a
moment, and only within the limits of 2%'!
The TRYBUNA LUDU of December 14 wrote :
Voices. The decisions of December 12 concerning changes of retail prices and
procurement-as it transpires from the communique-examined in the context
of economic reforms as a whole-create opportunities for a rise in the standard
of living.
NARRATOR. Who are you kidding? ! At a time when beef went up by 18 zloty
per kilogram, when a kilogram of lard costs 40 zloty, and a kilogram of ordinary
sausage 52 zloty?
On Tuesday, during the second day of riots in the three cities on the Coast
and while Radio-Gdansk broadcast communiques about people who had been
killed and wounded, Radio-Warsaw broadcast conversations recorded by re-
porters in various shops. In these conversations all the customers, appear to
be extremely happy with the regulation of prices.
Voicz. For example a Warsaw reporter in a store with industrial goods asks
a woman whose husband only earns 2.000 zloty whether she thinks that the price
reduction will have a positive effect on the household budget. The woman answers:
yes, very much so.
Reporters also make interviews in stores selling television and radio sets,
refrigerators, household utensils. Everywhere everybody is very pleased, of
course. One reporters also visited meat shops but, strangely enough, this time he
talked with the shop attendants, and not with the customers. .
NARRATOR. Also according to reports on sales, everybody started buying, par-
ticularly stockings, radio sets, television sets and vacuum cleaners. The prices of
these goods have been reduced, but they have primarily been reduced because for
months, for years warehouses have been full of them, as no one wanted to buy
them because they were of poor quality and either too expensive, or both at the
same time.
Two months ago the communique of the Main Statistical Office said :
VoicE. Stocks of market goods were 11% higher than during the same period
last year, and the rate of their increase was two times higher than the rate of
increase of sales. At the end of July among other things, a considerable increase
of the stocks of radio sets (about 30%) was noted. Of vacuum cleaners by 115%,
of polishing brushes by 63%, of sewing machines by 42%. Also stocks of wall
material, roof tiles and tar-board increased.
NARRATOR. And thus the prices are reduced simply because there was no demand
for those goods. In such cases in normal countries the goods are re-priced without
announcing a state price reduction as an alleged benefaction for the population.
And incidentally many goods, not even fit to be re-priced, will now he thrown
.at the people under the pretext of the reduction.
VOICE. For example the prices of electric bulbs have gone down. But what of it
if, for example, bulbs produced by the LUMEL factory burn out after a few days,
and sometimes even after a few hours of use.
Stylon stockings are cheaper, for their quality has been poor for a long time :
they are not elastic enough, short under the knees, too wide in the ankles and they
do not wear well. The stockings are also not obtainable in all sizes.
VoIcE. The price of vacuum cleaners has been reduced. Fine, but how many
times have the prices: of these vacuum cleaners been changed in the past? The
ALFA TWO vacuum cleaner cost last year 950 zloty. The slightly newer model,
called ALFA K-2, costs 1.150 zloty, and the latest version of still the salve vacuum
cleaner, this time called ALFA K-2 LUX, costs 1.250 zloty. And so even after the
price reduction it is still more expensive than the one last year. And the same
thing happens with dozens of various industrial goods. New models, new patterns,
sometimes only varying in color or in shape are introduced. And so there are con-
stantly concealed price increases which will not be levelled out even now by the
reduced prices of some goods.
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NARRATOR. Ladies and gentlemen, this is only a ten minute program. But even
if it were longer I still wouldn't be able to cite all similar examples of how the
people is cheated. The situation created by this is made worse by the fact that the
authorities continue their practice of not telling the truth. Would it not be better
to tell the whole truth instead?
THE SITUATION IN POLAND-ROUND UP
(By Mr. L. Meyer)
NARRATOR. Last week the Polish Coast was a scene of dramatic and at the
time tragic events.
As a sign of protest against the economic policy of the Party, and especially
against raising food and coal prices almost on the eve of Christmas, workers on
the Coast resorted to strikes. Demonstrations were also staged, which the
militia and army troops suppressed with exceptional brutality. Militiamen
opened fire at the demonstrators, tanks and armed cars were used to disperse
crowds. At least some dozen people were killed, and several hundred persons
were injured.
First demonstrations occurred in Gdansk. When shipyard workers, house-
wives and students in protest demonstrations marched towards the center of
the city, the Militia used marine tanks against them, while helicopters hover-
ing above the town dropped tear-gas bombs on the crowd. On Tuesday, demon-
strations in Gdansk recommenced with a new force, and when at night the
demonstrators gathered in the center of the town, the Militia used firearms
against them. During the clashes, the building of the Party Voivodship Com-
-mittee and the railway station were burnt, shops were demolished.
In mid-week the situation in Gdansk occupied by troops with tanks calmed
down, but in some work establishments strikes continued until at least Friday.
Also in Gdynia the Militia shot at a. crowd of several thousand demonstrators.
Even Warsaw TV conceded that there were many killed and wounded. On Fri-
day, the press on the Coast reported that the Shipyard of Paris Commune in
Gdynia had been occupied by Militia and Army units.
After the tragic incidents in the Tri-City, riots broke out in Szczecin and in
Slupsk on Thursday.
According to an eye-witness relation broadcast by Swedish Radio, the workers
striking in Szczecin attempted to march to the center of the City, but militia
barred their way. The workers, throwing bricks, dispersed militiamen. Simul-
taneously; tanks appeared in the center of Szczecin. Crowds turned out in the
streets of the town. Among the demonstrators there were many women.. The
crowd shouted: "We are workers, not hooligans", "We want better wages and
freedom of speech, but no tanks!", During the incidents windows were broken in
the headquarters of the Party Voivodship Committee. Party archives were burnt.
Fires started also in some militia stations and in the building of the local Party
newspaper in the Hold Pruski Square (Prussian Homage Square).
According to the relation of a Swedish tourist, published in the daily "Dagens
Nyheter", the TU Headquarters were also on fire, as well as the private villa of
the First Secretary of the Party Voivodship Committee in Szczecin, member of
the CC, Antoni Walaszek. According to the same source, about five thousand
persons demonstrated in the center of Szczecin on Friday afternoon.
Strikes in some Szczecin work establishments, among them in the "Warski"
shipyard, continued through Saturday. Saturday night, Warsaw Radio informed
that the situation in Szczecin remained tense.
Thursday riots in Slupsk began with demonstrations of solidarity with the
workers of the Tri-City. According to an eye-witness, a Danish journalist, militia
attacked the demonstrators at. the moment when the majority of Slupsk inhabi-
tants returned home from work. Militiamen beat with their truncheons right
and left, regardless whether they hit innocent. passers by, among them women.
Only on Saturday the central mass communication media conceded that last
week riots took place also in Elblag. In this town also some damage has been
done.
Not only the towns on the Coast, which were the scene of demonstrations
are occupied by militia and army troops, but military vehicles appear also in the
roads. In the Tri-City and in Szczecin curfew is still in force. For several days
it was impossible to obtain telephone connection with these towns. Flights to
Gdansk and Szczecin were stopped. Foreign correspondents were not admitted
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to the Coast, and those who were. there at the moment when the mutiny broke
out, were evacuated.
It is also known that there were some disturbances in other parts of the
country : in Cracow, where militiamen dispersed a crowd which gathered to dis-
cuss the present situation in Poland.
According to Western agencies, work stopped also in some factories in War-
saw. The UPI mentioned the car factory in Zeran, a foundry in Warsaw, one of
the Radio and TV factories and cement works in the neighbourhood of the cap-
ital. If we are to believe the UPI, work was also stopped in the printing works
which print "Trybuna Ludu". Finally, according to the 'Swedish daily "Dagens
Nyheter", also in Ursus Works some disturbances occurred.
The 24-hour break in telephone connection with Katowice ended on Saturday.
According to a correspondence from Poland in the London weekly "The Ob-
server", during meetings held in factories throughout the country, many work-
ers demanded a rise in wages and a revision of the incentive system which is to
come in force at the beginning of 1971.
ITEM BY MR. T. ZAWADZKI-TIIE CC SECRETARIAT
The new Secretariat of the CC has nine members, like the old one. Incidentally,
the number of members and deputy members of the Politburo has also remained
the same.
The following have been removed from the old Secretariat : Gomulka, Kliszko,
Jaszezuk and Strzelecki. The new CC Secretaries are :
1. Edward Gierek, in a way `ex officio', because of his position as First Sec-
retary of the Party.
2. Stanislaw Kociolek, until now one of the Vice-Premiers. On December 12
Kociolek attended a meeting of the Party Organization in the Gdansk Shipyards,
at which the question of the price increase was discussed. As we know, a strike
broke out in that Shipyard in the morning of December 14. Kociolek used to be
frequently mentioned as the future candidate for Premier.
3. Kazimierz Barcikowski, until now First- Secretary of the Voivodship Com-
mittee in Poznan, and previously, for a few years, deputy-chief of the CC Organi-
zational Department, and
4. Edward Babiuch-as we have- already said-until now chief of the CC's Or-
ganizational Department.
Artur Starewicz against whom-as it was said in Warsaw's political circles-
a kind of political campaign was conducted-has retained his position in the
CC Secretariat. - -
It, will be interesting to see how the- functions will be divided in the CC
Secretariat, As we know, each of the Secretaries supervises one of the govern-
ment Ministries or exercizes control over various spheres of public life.
III the present Secretariat Gierek has one of his proteges, Jan Szydlak. He is
a former apparatehik from the Union of Polish Youth (ZMP),- and later he
was fora few years one of the Secretaries of the Voivodsbip Coinimittee in Kato-
wice, under Gierek. - -
The present personnel changes at -the highest - Party level will undoubtedly
be followed by certain changes on the Voivodship level. Someone will have to
take the place of the First Secretary- of the Voivodship Committee in Poznan,
now vacated by Bareikowski. Someone will also have to take over the functions
of the First Secretary of the Voivodship Committee in Katowice, for Gierek
will not be able to perform them now. Until now two Voivodship Secretaries,
Zdzislaw Grudzien and Tadeusz Pyka, acted most frequently an Gierek's behalf.
It seems probable that one of them will take over the Silesian heritage after
Gierek. - -
ITEM BY MR. T. ZAWADZICI-DEPUTY-MEMBEBS OF THE POLITBURO
Out of the four deputy-members of the Political Buro only one has remained-
Mieczyslaw Jagielski. The three others have been promoted to full members of
the Politburo. They have been replaced by : IIenryk Jablonski, Wojciech Jaruzel-
ski and Jozef Kepa. -
Henryk Jablonski is, or at least was, closely associated with Cyrankiewicz as
a former member of the PPS. Jablonski made a bad name for himself as the
reformer of Polish scientific life, when he performed the influential functions
of secretary of the Polish Academy of Science. His present position of Minister
of Education and Higher Schooling did not bring him fame. It might be enough
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to recall his attitude, full of approval, toward the police terror against the
students in March 1968. Jablonski was the gravedigger of the remnants of uni-
versity autonomy.
General Wojciech Jaruzelski will be the real representative of the army in
the Political Buro. Until now the army was symbolically represented in it by
Marian Spychaiski. Opinions were circulating that the army was hurt because it
did not have a proper representative in the highest Party authorities.
Jozef Kepa is, in a way, Stanislaw Kociolek's protege. When Kociolek was the
first secretary of the Party's Warsaw Committee Kepa was his subordinate as
one of the four secretaries of the Voivodship Committee. After Kociolek was
transferred to the Secretariat of the Voivodship Committee in Gdansk, Kepa
took his place. It was said in Warsaw that Kepa was the organizer of the menio-
rable meeting of the Party activity of March 19, 1968, at which Goinulka delivered
his aggressive speech against intellectuals and the youth. Some ascribed to Kepa
the posters calling for firm action seen at that time. It was also said that Gierek s
name was chanted in the meeting-room not without Kepa's knowledge. This inci-
dent greatly surprised Gomulka.
GIEREK'S PROFILE
(By Mr. T. Zawadzki)
A_NNOU`cER. Now we shall broadcast first remarks suggested to us by the impres-
sion of the news about Gomulka's fall and his replacement by Edward Gierek.
NARRATOR. The new First Secretary of the Party, Edward Gierek, is 57 years
old. Before the war he found himself in France, and next in Belgium, where he
also stayed during the war. He was a member of the French Communist Party
and later of the Belgian Communist Party. Ile returned to Poland in 1948.
From the moment of his arrival in Poland, he joined the Party apparatus. At
first, he worked in the CC, and later became the Secretary of the Party Voivod-
ship Committee in Katowice. In 1953 he returned to the CC to the position of
head of the heavy industry department. He was still on this post when the politi-
cal thaw came in 1956, which helped him to move forward in his Party career.
In March 1956 he became CC Secretary, and during the July Plenum he was
elected a Member of the Politburo. At the October Plenum he did not put for-
ward his candidature for the Politburo, but was elected one of the seven Sec-
retaries of the CC. In the election, Gierek-similarly as Ochab-received the
greatest number of votes.
In March 1957 Gierek was elected the First Secretary of the Party Voivodship
Committee in Katowice and he has remained on this post until now. At the same
time, lie was one of the CC Secretaries, and since the Third Party Congress,
that is since March 1968, he was re-elected a member of the Politburo.
Gradually Gierek has become an autonomous ruler of Silesia. Thanks to his
position in the Politburo, he could, as the First Secretary of the Voivodship
Committee, obtain much more for his Voivodship than the secretary of any
other Voivodship Committee in Poland. Gierek, the Party representative ruling
the most industralized district, has shown solicitude for the problems of his
area, and, in the first place, for the welfare of workers. Already in 1958, at the
Twelfth Plenum, Gierek stressed the urgent need for improving living condi-
tions of the workers.
In the factional struggles of the last years, Gierek maintained an independent
position, without committing himself to either side. During the memorable events
of March 1968, he was the first among the Voivodship Secretaries to back
Gomulka. It can be even said, that to a great extent he rescued Gomulka from
defeat. But it does not mean that he opposed the brutal police methods used by
:liaczar's Security Service towards the students.
Gierek's words said during a mass meeting in Katowice on March 14 are
worth recalling. He condemned intellectuals and students no less violently than
Gomulka did it in Warsaw a few days later.
During the developing economic crisis, Gierek was critical towards the plans
of economic reforms launched by Jaszczuk. Gierek and Jaszczuk were competing
in this field, which became quite obvious lately, especially during Jaszcznk's visit
to Silesian foundry workers. When Jaszczuk criticised the shortcomings of the
organization and achievements of the Silesian industry, Gierek ostentatiously
did not take part in this conference, and at another conference, organized by
himself, he stressed the need for linking every economic reform with striving for
an improvement in the standard of living of workers.
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Already once Gierek has directly faced a mutiny of workers threatening the
Party. This happened in June 1956 when the workers in Poznan went out in the
streets. It has not yet been established to what extent Gierek, as. the head of
the heavy industry department, was co-responsible for the situation in the
Poznan work establishments. Immediately after the incidents, he became chair-
man of a Party-Government Committee, set up to investigate these events. Al-
though the report of this Committee, called "Gierek's Committee", has never
been published, Gierek has undoubtedly learned what force is latent in the
embittered and indignant working masses.
ANNOUNCER. You heard the first remarks suggested to use by the impression of
the news about Gomulka's fall and his replacement by Edward Gierek.
And now several words about the past of the new First Secretary of the Party.
You will now hear our first comments of the news of Gomulka's downfall and
of his replacement by Edward Gierek.
W'ladyslaw Gomulka has resigned ... Ile left under the pressure of the work-
ing class, under the pressure of the people who, justly seeing in him the man
responsible for the disastrous economic situation in the country, said: enough.
The mutiny of the workers and shipyard workers of Gdansk, Gdynia, Sopot,
Szczecin, Slupsk, Elblag-Gomulka tried to crush by force : with the use of
tanks, machine guns, militia truncheons and mass reprisals. But this mutiny
spread all over the 'country in a broad wave of strikes. The authorities realized
when it was already too late that no violence could intimidate the people and
calm the agitation which spread all over the country. It became clear that there
could be no question of restoring peace and order without changing the leader-
ship.
Fourteen years ago the leadership, was also changed under the pressure of
the mutiny of the Poznan workers demanding freedom and bread and of the
ferment which spread throughout the country. Gomulka, who returned to power
in 1956 on this wave, condemned his predecessors, he announced a break with
the errors of the past, a return to democratization within the party, to dialogues
with the workers, to telling them the whole truth. He announced a change of
the system and of the methods of ruling, but soon his whole policy became- a
denial of his own words and led him in the end to the fate of his predecessors.
Directly after the announcement of Gomulka's downfall his successor, Edward
Gierek, spoke. There were no more threats in his speech and no insults against
the workers who went into the streets of Gdansk, Gdynia, Szczecin and other
Polish cities. Gierek pledged to give a self-critical, clear and true answer to the
questions which follow from the last events. Ile announced respect for princi-
ples of collegiality and democracy in the life of the party and in the activity of
its leading authorities, he pledged to conduct broad consultation with the
working class and the intelligentsia. He recalled-as he put it-that the parts
must keep a close link with the working class and with the whole nation.
Gierek pledged further that within the next few days the political bure
would consider ways in which to improve the material situation of those fami-
lies who suffered most as ?a result of the last wage increase. The words about
the unpremeditated concepts in the economic policy which became the cause
of the events of last week--might mean that under the pressure of the work-erg,
some regulations will be recalled.
But it is not easy for the people, cruelly disappointed in. the hopes which it
laid 14 years ago in. Gom:ulka-to believe in words before they are followed by
deeds. The people are faced today with the question : Will the new leadership
know how to draw conclusions from the painful lesson which Gomulka gave to
it? Will it (the new leadership) understand that rule exclusively based on vio-
lence is bound to lead to a catastrophe, that the people can neither be lied to nor
insulted. That an improvement of the economic situation is not possible without
a radical reform and without a change of the present system, adapted to the
requirements and needs of a modern state. Has the voice of the workers, the
youth, the women, who also this time demanded not only bread but also free-
dom-reached Edwards Gierek's ears?
The first task of the new authorities is to reach an -agreement with the work-
ing world and with the whole community, in order to restore peace and order.
A return to normal life is undoubtedly in the interest of the country. This task
will not be made easier for the new leadership by the presence in the political
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burp of Mieczyslaw Moczar, who is in the eyes of the people the personification
of the brutal and barbarian methods with the aid of which the youth's demon-
strations were crushed in March 1956, as well as the present workers' mutiny
in the cities on the coast. Many people responsible, together with Gomulka, for
the policy of the last 14 years have left leading party positions. Also connected
with this period is the name of Moczar, as that of the man who built up its
present dimensions the apparatus of terror, which casts its shadow on the life
of the whole country.
The workers, together with the whole community, have won today their first
great victory. They have shown that their will and their demands must be taken
into consideration by the authorities. That there are limits which no one can
exceed.
(The detailed study referred to is in the committee files.)
The CHAIRMAN. Do you know whether it encouraged the overthrow
of the Communist regime in Poland?
Mr. HILLENBRAND. That was not the purpose of the broadcasting.
As I say, the sophistication of these broadcasts has greatly increased
over the years, and they have moved away from the cold war confronta-
tion which existed in the 1950's.
The CHAIRMAN. Are you familiar with an article in the New York
Times of March 15, 1971, written by David Binder?
Mr. HILLENBRAND. I remember it vaguely, but I do not remember.
The CHAIRMAN. The fourth paragraph says :
By spreading the word in powerful broadcasts to Poland during the follow-
ing days, Radio Free Europe undoubtedly contributed to the spread of anti-
government riots beyond the Gdansk area and to the subsequent change of leader-
ship in Warsaw.
Do you think that they are bragging? Is this giving them too much
credit?
Mr. HILLENBRAND. I think in this sense, yes.
The CHAIRMAN. You would say this article also is not correct?
Mr. Hus.ENBRAND. I would not say the whole article because I do
not know what is in the rest of it, but certainly that statement goes
beyond the proven facts.
The CHAIRMAN. A later paragraph says :
Mr. Czechowicz, 33 years old, denounced Radio Free Europe as a "secret
service transmitter" aimed at subverting Communist rule in Poland, and he
boasted that he had uncovered "a whole lot" of Radio Free Europe "agents"
in People's Poland.
I will put the article in the record.
(The article referred to follows:)
[From the New York Times, Mar. 15, 1971]
EMBATTLED RADIO FREE EUROPE DEFENDS ROLE
(By David Binder)
Bonn, March 14.-Shortly before midnight last Dec. 15, a 51-year-old native
of Poland named Andrzej Przewoski sat languorously in a ground floor monitor-
ing studio of the Radio Free Europe building in Munich listening simultaneously
to two regional broadcasts from Poland.
The strongest transmitter at the northern port of Szczecin was playing music.
Suddenly the other transmitter at the port of Gdansk cut in underneath the
music with a communique. It was 11:32 P.M.
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What Mr. Przewosld heard was the first official word from Poland that there
had been violent demonstrations in Gdansk and that the Communist authorities
had imposed a curfew there in nearby Gdynia and Sopot.
,By spreading the word in powerful broadcasts to Poland during the following
days, Radio Free Europe undoubtedly contributed to the spread of anti-
Government riots beyond the Gdansk area and to the subsequent change of leader-
ship in Warsaw.
But in their dedication to the idea of performing as a free press for Com-
munist countries in Europe, the station's officials tend to stress another aspect
of their work. They see their Polish reporting as a characteristic instance of
how the United States-sponsored station stays- on top of and occasionally ahead
of the news-not just Eastern European news but the news of the entire world.
Nonetheless, Radio Free Europe has come under criticism recently.
In January, Senator Clifford P. Case, Republican of New Jersey, demanded
that the station be subject to Congressional control. He noted that Radio Free.
Europe was financed by the United States Central Intelligence Agency, despite
its "claim to be nongovernmental" and to be "sponsored by private contributions."
Last Wednesday in Warsaw, Andrzej Czechowicz, who had worked for the
station in Munich for six years, appeared before more than 100 newsmen to
disclose that he had gone to Munich as a member of the Polish Interior Ministry's
intelligence service.
Mr. Czechowicz, 33 years old, denounced Radio Free Europe as a "secret-
service transmitter" aimed at subverting Communist rule in Poland, and he
boasted that he had uncovered "a whole lot" of Radio Free Europe "agents in
People's Poland." He declined to say how many or who they were.
Regarding the timing of Mr. Czechowicz's revelations, Communist sources
have remarked that Eastern European Governments are waging a campaign
against the station in an effort to dislodge it before the 1972 Olympic Games in
Munich.
Yesterday in Lausanne, Switzerland, the International Olympic Committee
said it would ask Radio Free Europe and its sister station in Munich, Radio
Liberty, not to broadcast propaganda during the Olympics next summer.
Although Radio Free Europe broadcast live from the Mexico City Olympics
in 1968 and covers other sports competitions, it is events such as the riots in
Poland that are given the station's main attention. And the Munich staff is
proud of what it sees as the competitiveness, comprehensiveness and objectivity
of its coverage.
A little over 14 years ago Radio Free Europe was confronted with a similar
situation during the Hungarian uprising. But its response in 1956 was quite
different.
Then, in a critical moment, a commentator broadcast a translation of an
English newspaper editorial suggesting that if the Hungarians would hold out
a few days against the Soviet Army, the United States would come to their
rescue with force.
The transmission was more or less in keeping with Radio Free Europe's policy
of that day, which was attuned to the position. of Secretary of State John Foster
Dulles that Communist power in Eastern Europe could be "rolled back" and the
Soviet satellites "liberated."
The station was then, as it is now, financed almost entirely by the United
States Central Intelligence Agency, with an annual budget said to be more
than $21 million. Its Munich -director, Ralph Walter, is a C.I.A. man, as are
other officials here :
According to 'a source long familiar with the operation, American employes
brought into the inner circle of the station were sooner or later required to
sign a paper making them privy to the C.I.A. connection.
The source described the text as saying : The undersigned has been informed
that Radio Free Europe is a project of the C.I.A. and that the C.I.A. provides
funds for operation of this organization. The undersigned has now been officially
informed. If he divulges this information to a third party, he becomes liable for
a flue and punishment not to exceed $10,000 and 10 years in prison.
To his knowledge, the source said, the punishment had never been applied.
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SOMETIMES SMACKS OF SPYING
The C.I.A. connection, according to the source, has occasionally carried the
station's staff members into activities smacking more of espionage than of
ordinary news-gathering. He spoke of assignments by Radio Free Europe being
given to regularly accredited newspaper correspondents to enter Eastern Euro-
pean countries on missions for the station. "They were paid by R.F.E. to bring
back specific information."
The source said he was also aware of the participation of station employes
in escape networks aiding Eastern Europeans in flights from their countries.
Finally, the source spoke of continuing contracts between station personnel and
residents of several Soviet-bloc countries for Information-gathering purposes.
1956 WAS A `WATERSHED'
The crushing of the Hungarian uprising In 1956 by Soviet armor also led to
the crushing of cold-war agitation by Radio Free Europe and, in less dramatic
farm, at the Munich station aimed at the Soviet Union and then called Radio
Liberation.
At Radio Free Europe commentators and policy advisers were dismissed or
shifted to Innocuous jobs. Radio Liberation changed its name to Radio Liberty
and gradually toned down its more aggressive commentators.
"It was a watershed, a great shock for the square-jawed freedom fighters,
and it forced a change of staff, outlook and leadership," recalled James F. Brown,
a 42-year-old Englishman who directs the station's research and analysis section.
"To listen to some of our Hungarian commentators today you would think they
were Kadarites"-followers of the Communist party chief, Janos Kadar.
Noel Bernard, the Rumanian commentator who was here in the early period.
describes the change this way :
"Before 1956 we were an agitation station, telling people what to do, how to
take advantage of certain laws. Now we are an informational station, a detached,
constructive critic."
At Radio Liberty, which broadcasts in 17 of the Soviet Union's major languages.
the policy shift was effected by persuading the Russian emigres who were broad-
casters that calm, objective reporting and commentary worked better than "mere
condemnation."
A PROFESSIONAL STAFF
A visitor finds that both Radio Free Europe and Radio Liberty are staffed
by specialists who take pride in their professionalism. Radio Free Europe has
numerous former employees who have gone on to successful careers in maga-
zines and universities. In turn, the Munich operation has drawn a number of
journalists and academics to its staff.
The news director, Nathan Kingsley, held senior positions on The New York
Herald Tribune for 16 years. Most of his staff colleagues in the softly humming
central news room also have good professional credentials.
With more than a thousand employes at its Munich headquarters, Radio Free
Europe is a complex organization. In effect it comprises five radio stations di
rected to Poland, Czechoslovakia, Hungary, Bulgaria and Rumania almost around
the clock.
DOES RESEARCH AND ANALYSIS
Although it is not the primary purpose of either station, research and analysis
of events in the Soviet bloc are important products of their work.
Among the 1,200 subscribers to Radio Free Europe's research papers and press
translations are many of the Western world's leading universities, governments
and journalists. On a lesser scale the same is true of Radio Liberty's 300 outside
subscribers, Radio Free Europe charges only mailing costs for the service.
Analysts like James Brown and Radio Liberty's Keith Bush are well regarded
among historians and other. professional students of Soviet-block affairs. The
main Polish commentator, Jan Nowak, is regarded as an outstanding expert on
contemporary Poland.
Attacks on the two stations from Communist countries have been made as long
as they have been transmitting-Radio Free Europe since 1950 and Radio Liberty
since 1953. The employes of both stations have become hardened to them and
even regard them as a measure of their effectiveness.
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But attacks in the Western press and in some western governmental circles
wound the radio people here, especially when they are branded in the West as
"cold warriors" working for "propaganda stations."
"Certainly we were children of the cold war," said Ralph Walter. "But the
answer to that charge is that we are no longer children." The average age of
the Radio Free Europe employes is 45. It is perhaps a bit lower at Radio Liberty,
where the director, Kenneth Scott, has recently hired several colorful Soviet
defectors.
The main argument at the two stations is that they have matured politically
in trying to fulfill their role of "breaking the monopoly on information" in
their target area.
Asked about the disclosure that Radio Free Europe and Radio Liberty are
financed by the Central Intelligence Agency, Mr. Walter remarked : "Our broad-
casting policies are made here in this house and are not guided by anyone in
Washington. We are nobody's. mouthpiece." A Radio Liberty official concurred.
Officials at both stations were dismayed by the suggestion by Senator Case
that their funds should be put under Congressional rein. They argue that the
danger in such a step would be to subject their independent policies to partisan
political control and reduce them to a "mouthpiece role" identical to the Voice
of America.
"If we are compelled to function like the Voice of America, we might as well
pack up the operations and go home," said a Radio Free Europe official.
They see themselves as providing a free press for societies that maintain only
a controlled press, and they offer evidence suggesting they have had an increas-
ing impact on the controlled press.
"If the Czechslovak Communist press could have gone on -as it was developing
before the 1968 invasion, we would have reached a point where we phased out
Free Europe broadcasts to Czechoslovakia," Mr. Walter said.
The CHAIRMAN. Your position is that it was incorrect, an over-
statement?
Mr. HILLENBRAND. I think that is an overstatement, that one sen-
tence there, or that paragraph you quoted.
The CHAIRMAN. You know Mr. Agnew may be right. Our media
are more unreliable than I thought because all articles written in this
area. are incorrect, according to the State Department.
Mr. HILLENBRAND. I am not challenging the factual portions of the
article, but you will note these are expressions of opinion.
The CHAIRMAN. Yes.
REE AND RL ADVERTISING CAMPAIGNS
It is estimated that $12 to $20 million in free media time is donated
annually to Radio Free Europe and Radio Liberty for their public
advertising campaigns. Can you comment on that? Do you know
whether that is correct or not?
Mr. HILLENBRAND. Well, I had seen figures of that kind. I do not
know whether they are correct or not.
The CHAIRMAN. Is that in accord with what you have estimated?
Mr. HILLENBRAND. The figures?
The CHAIRMAN. Yes.
Mr. IILLENBRAND. We have no informed judgment about how much
free TV time in this country is worth.
The CHAIRMAN. I have seen many ads, which we call spot ads in
political life, in which it has been asserted: ,"This is a private orga-
nization and, in order to save you from communism, would you send a
contribution?" It is similar to. the appeals of the..Reverend Carl
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McIntire, Mr. Schwartz, and Billy James Hargas. All these people
have similar appeals: "If you will send us $100, or $1,000, we will save
you from communism." This is the type of ad which has been occurring
for many years on the media.
I do not know whether our local media knew that this was CIA-
supported or not. Do you know whether they knew it or not?
Mr. HILLENBRAND. I do not know. If it was common knowledge as
has been implied
The CHAIRMAN. It is only recently that it is common knowledge.
It was not for a long time. I did not know about it really until 5, 6, or 7
years ago. Nobody ever told us. We just found it out by some mysteri-
ous process of osmosis. No one in the Government ever told us that it
was CIA operated.
WOULD ADVERTISING CAMPAIGN CONTINUE UNDER PROPOSED LEGISLATION?
Would Radio Free Europe and Radio Liberty continue this adver-
tising campaign under the proposal that you have submitted?
Mr. HILLENBRAND. This is not ,.t necessary activity of the new
The CHAIRMAN. Would it be done? It was not necessary before. It
was only a fraud because the CIA would have paid it all anyway
whether anybody gave money or not.
Mr. HILLENBRAND. Well, this would obviously be one of the things to
which the new Council under the legislation would want to address
itself.
The CHAIRMAN. Is it your purpose that it be done or would it be
acceptable to you to put into the legislation that this is not to be done?
Mr. HILLENBRAND. Well, actually, Mr. Chairman, I should add, too,
that in recent years these programs have not been for fundraising
purposes. Apparently-and I can put this in the record or, perhaps
just briefly summarize it-these broadcasts to which you have refer-
ence were part of a campaign or part of a program of the Advertising
Council which sponsors apparently 20 national campaigns a year of
this kind. RFE has been one of the beneficiaries, one of the 20, since
1950. There was no campaign in 1967.
The benefit conferred on any nonprofit public service organization
by Advertising Council sponsorship is the elimination of all costs of
the national publicity campaign associated with space and time alloca-
tion by media, and creative talent and time provided by the cooperat-
ing advertising agency. The beneficiary organization is responsible
only for out-of-pocket costs connected with the physical production
of the materials and their distribution to the media.
Well, that is the background on the kind of broadcasts you are
referring to. It does not seem to me that kind of thing is in any way
essential to the operation of these stations under the new setup which
the legislation would provide. But I would not, sitting here today, say
that this will not take place because I do not have the power of decision.
WITNESS' VIEWS CONCERNING PROHIBITING PRIVATE FUNDRAISING
The CHAIRMAN. Would you recommend that we put into the legisla-
tion they are not to solicit private funds on the basis that it is a
private organization or would you oppose it?
Mr. HILLENBRAND. I would say that private fundraising should be
left open as a possibility.
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The CHAIRMAN. Then you would oppose it?
Mr. HILLENBRAND. Well, there are two different things. There is
private fundraising, then there is also the question of benefiting by
this Advertising Council campaign which could or could not be used:
to raise funds privately.
As I say, the use of this Advertising Council benefit is essentially a
matter for the new organization to decide.
The CHAIRMAN. Personally I am not going to be a party to the
continued deception of American public in asking for contributions
for a propaganda organization of the Government on the theory that
that produces a private activity controlled by private means. I only
want your position on it.
Senator CASE. Mr. Chairman, may I make a comment on that point?
I do not want to interrupt your train of thought.
The CHAIRMAN. Yes.
Senator CASE. I very strongly want to support your position on this.
It seems to me that whatever may have been appropriate before, under-
cover financing ought not to continue, and I think it would be highly
inappropriate for individuals to give private donations to this station.
I would oppose it, and I would be happy to have the legislation
specifically prohibit it in whatever way you wish to prohibit it.
The CHAIRMAN. I certainly would, too, but the Department is not
ready to take that position.
Senator CASE. This is for us to decide.
The CIIAIRMIAN. I know, but I would like his attitude since he is here.
Mr. HrLLENBRAND. We thought the analogy to channel 26-after all,
they do ask for private contributions on channel 26.
The CHAIRMAN. That is not a cold war organization. It is not de-
signed to keep alive the cold war. It is not a propaganda organization.
It is informational and educational..
Mr. HILLENBRAND. I do not think this is a major problem.
The CHAIRMAN. It is public and it is called public.
You do not seem to see any degree of deception in palming off some-
thing that is called private when it is public. Everybody knows NET is
public and if they give to it, it is with that knowledge.
I mentioned a moment ago some material furnished by the State
Department as background information. It is not marked classified. I
do not know whether that is an oversight or not. But you have no
objection to putting it into the record because it is background history
of Radio Free Europe. I will put it in. I quoted one paragraph a
moment ago, which was the State Department's own attitude.
(The information referred to follows:)
RADIO FREE EUROPE AND RADIO LIBERTY
Submitted by Department of State
HISTORY
Radio Free Europe (RFE) was established in 1950 and Radio Liberty (RL) in
1951. Both are private organizations, incorporated as such (see Tab A).
In the wake of disclosure in 1907 of CIA funding of the National Student As-
sociation, the Katzenbach Committee recommended to President Johnston that
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it should be the "policy of the United States that no federal agency shall pro-
vide any covert financial assistance or support, direct or indirect, to any of the
nation's educational or private voluntary organizations." The report also provided
for exceptions where "overriding national security considerations" so require. The
Committee did identify RFE and RL as organization'3 which had received
covert support.
The Rusk Committee (Tab B) decided later in 1967 that the Radios fell out-
side its purview (a) because they did not represent a clear-cut case of legitimate
private voluntary organizations, and (b) because they had been considered of
such great importance to US policy for so long.
ACTIVITY OF THE RADIOS
RFE and RL as private radio broadcasters report and comment extensively
on internal developments in their target areas and do so in an objective fash-
ion. The importance of their programs (Tab C) and the necessity that they
retain their private character (Tab D) 'are outlined in the indicated attachments.
While some might argue that the Radios are an irritant in US relations with
the countries to which RFE and RL broadcast, these countries have shown a
readiness to improve their relations with the US-particularly in the economic,
scientific, and technological sphere--despite these broadcasts. This is a tacit
recognition both of the value they place on relations in these fields with the US
and of their assumption--based on their own practice-that such broadcasting
is a normal international practice. In fact, clandestine stations financed and
operated by the Soviet Union or its allies broadcast-in addition to the foreign
language services of overt Soviet bloc radio stations--to the following countries:
Portugal. Spain, Italy, Turkey, Greece, Iran, West Germany, South Korea, Laos,
Thailand, South Vietnam and Malaysia/Singapore (Tab E).
RFE contains five separate language services broadcasting the daily num-
ber of hours indicated : Bulgarian-71/2, Czech and Slovak-19, Hungarian-18,
Polish-18, and Romanian-12. It starts from the assumption that the audiences
in these languages consider themselves Europeans and are interested in what
trends are taking place in non-Communist European countries and how their
compatriots broadcasting from free Europe assess their own internal events. In
meeting this interest, RFE presents objective information and commentary about
eventsin the target country and in neighboring countries. This has in a number of
instances strengthened evolutionary trends in the target countries toward so-
cieties less confined by dogmatic Stalinist practices and better oriented toward
Western Europe and the United States.
RFE is known to have an audience of at least 30,000,000 persons in the target
countries. This would be over 36% of the total population of 85.6 million in these
five countries. This is the case in spite of the fact that its frequencies are jammed
in Czechoslovakia and Bulgaria and recently have been subjected to increasing
interference in Poland.
Radio Liberty broadcasts in the following languages of the peoples of the So.
Viet Union for the indicated number of hours daily : Russian-24, Byelorrussian- ,
10, Ukrainian-13, Armenian-4, Azerbaijani-4, Georgian----4, North Caucasian
languages-i, Tatar-Bashkir-4, Turkestan languages-4.
While it is difficult to have an accurate estimate of RL's audience, an indi-
cation of its effectiveness is the Soviet government's around the clock jamming
of all RL frequencies. This has been done continuously since' 1953 and it is
estimated that it costs the Soviets about $150,000,000 annually, or more than
ten times the annual RL budget, to maintain this jamming activity. Like RFE,
RL is able to reach much of its audience despite this jamming activity.
RL has been a forerunner in broadcasting to the USSR. dissent documents
which make their way to the West. Leading Soviet dissenters attach great im-
portance to foreign radio playback of news on their activities. These broadcasts
spur the dissenters to continue their struggle for political and civil rights.
RL strives to encourage pressures on the Soviet regime toward economic
reforms and a more liberal policy on culture and information.
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1p6Rf;IdN POLICY dBS CTJftS
There is no question that steady. internal pressures for .reform in Eastern
Europe and the USSR and for closer economic, cultural, informational, and tour-
ist links to the West are compatible with US policy objectives. The President, in
his address to Congress noted the breakdown in the monolithic nature of the
Communist bloc, the resultant new aspirations and expectations in the Eastern
European countries and their historic ties .to Western Europe and to the United
States. While stating. that the US has no desire to undermine Soviet security,
lie underscored. the right of the Eastern European countries to conduct incle-
pendent policies. In the case of Eastern Europe, Radio Free Europe works for
just such policies, responsive to the aspirations of the people of these countries.
At the same time--conscious of the Hungarian experience-it avoids, pressing
for a pace of change which would produce a harsh Soviet repressive reaction.
In the case of the Soviet Union's need-as the President has put it-for "crea-
tive economic and social change." The President added, after recognizing that the
US also needed such change, "Both of our interests--and the world's interest-
would be served.if our competition could be channelled into, more performance
in that field. RL is not a tribune for revolution in the Soviet Union as it wants
no responsibility for the likely repression which would follow. However, it does
activity assist and stimulate the forces for creative internal change in the
Ti SSR. This activity, even when traced to the United States causes no embarrass-
nient vis-a-vis a country which actively encourages a, party in the United States
whose primary loyalty is expected to be to Moscow=the OPUSA.
In view of the current feeling in Congress with regard to the Radios a pro-
posal for public funding of the Radios has been devised (Tab F), modelled on
the Public Broadcasting Act (Tab G). It is designed, to greatest degree possi-
ble, to preserve the .Radios' private character just as the Public Broadcasting
Act is designed to channel public funds to Educational Television Stations with-
out impinging on their organizational independenee. Unlike Senator Case's origi-
nal Bill (Tab H), which proposed to amend the US Informataion Act (Tab 1)
and place the Radios under State or USIA, the proposed Bill creates a private
corporation designed to receive and administer publicly appropriated funds en-
couraging to "private organizations in the communications field which have dem-
onsti^ated their effectiveness."
It is extremely important that RFE and RL retain their private character:
(a) Their freedom to comment extensively on internal matters in the target
areas would be inhibited were they to be closely and overtly linked to the US
Government or made a part of any Federal agency or administrative body,
(b) Their licenses to operate radio transmitters in the FRG, Spain, and Por-
tual are held as private broadcasters and could be subject to discontinuation
were they to become governmental entities.
The idea of this new corporation would be that it would pass on, in the form
of grants to the Radios, Congressionally appropriated funds in the magnitude
necessary for the continued operation of the Radios-a total of approximately
$36.2 million annually. The corporation could conceivably make grants to other
useful private international mass media if Congress so desired. The private nature
of the Corporation would reduce the apparent involvement of the President and
the Secretary of State to a minimum, and in this way refute possible charges that
every RFE or RL commentary was an expression of U.S. Government policy
or opinion.
While the corporation would be private and not a Federal agency, there would
be sufficient provision for policy supervision to assure that the Radios cont4nued
to work In directions compatible with U.S. foreign policy interests.
. (a) The Chairman of the Board of the corporation would be appointed by
the President as would the Vice Chairman and the other thirteen members.
All would be apprised at the time of their appointment that they would be
responsible for assuring that the officers of the Corporation establish close
policy liaison with the Department of State, which would chair an interagency
committee responsible for liaison with the Corporation and with the international
mass media funded by it.
(b) Radio Free Europe and Radio Liberty would have close liaison with State
Department policy officials in Washington and Munich.
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The Corporation could provide assurances to the Congress, annually if desired,
that the funds granted by it were properly used.
(a) It would require full annual reports from the grantees as a condition
of the grant.
(b) It would have the power to conduct audits of the grantees.
(c) It would, through the involvement and interest of its Board members,
all of whom would be from private professions, be enabled to determine that the
Radios and their organizations were not performing any activities other than
the broadcasting activities for which they were funded together with the normal
news-gathering and new analysis activity which is a part of such activity.
ORGANIZATIONS ELIGIBLE FOR COUNCIL FOR INTERNATIONAL
COMMUNICATIONS FUNDS
The CHAIRMAN. Mr. Hillenbrand, as best that can be determined by
the Department of State, can you provide for the record a list of all
organizations that would be eligible for funds provided to the Council
for International Communications, Inc., assuming such a bill is en-
acted?
Mr. HILLENBRAND. Well, our intention, of course, as I have already
pointed out, was that unless the Congress agrees otherwise it will be
used initially only for the funding of Radio Free Europe, and Radio
Liberty.
The CHAIRMAN. I know, but the bill does not specify that. It does
not even mention these 50 organizations.
Mr. HILLENBRAND. Presumably the appropriations markup or bill
would contain this limitation. We have no intention of using this to
fund other operations which would run counter to or which have not
been discussed with the Congress.
(The following information was subsequently supplied:)
ORGANIZATIONS QUALIFIED TO RECEIVE GRANTS FROM THE AMERICAN COUNCIL FOR
INTERNATIONAL COMMUNICATIONS, INC.
(Submitted by Department of State)
TheDepartment does not, at the present time, have a list of established orga-
nizations in the international media field which might legally qualify under the
terms of the proposed legislation to apply for grants from the Council. Under the
terms of the proposed legislation, it would be the Council's job to consider appli-
cations for grants and to convince Congress each year as to the eligibility of
potential recipients for such grants as it recommended. The Department of 'State
is making direct recommendations this year regarding two organizations it re-
gards as eligible under the legislation only because the Council itself, not being in
existence, cannot make such recommendations.
The Department has in mind no organizations other than Radio Free Europe
and Radio Liberty as recipients for grants administered by the Council. However,
sincefuture needs for encouraging nongovernmental international media cannot
be foreseen, it seems prudent to leave open the possibility of meeting them. The
Department recognizes that if in the future the Council is to obtain appropria-
tions for grants to organizations in the field of international communications
other than the abovementioned organizations, it must convince Congress that
such organizations are not only technically eligible but also worthy of receiving
financial support from the United States Government.
The CHAIRMAN. Mr. Hillenbrand, although your principal respon-
sibility is with Europe, are you familiar with an operation called
Radio of Free Asia?
Mr. HILLENBRAND. Not very much.
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75
The CHAIRMAN. Have you heard about it?
Mr. HILLENBRAND. I have heard about it, but I could not talk about
it intelligently before you.
The CHAIRMAN. I will put in the record the letter sent out by Radio
of Free Asia appealing for public support. One of the letters was sent
directly to me some time ago and also one to a staff member Mr. Halt.
This also purports to be a private organization. I- thia it states
that contributions are tax deductible. Incidentally, were contributions
to the RFE tax deductible? Do you remember?
Mr. HILLENBRAND. I believe they probably were, but I would want to
check on that before I said categorically. I think they were.
The CHAIRMAN. I think so.
RADIO OF FREE ASIA'S ELIGIBILITY TO RECEIVE COUNCIL FUNDS
Would Radio of Free Asia be eligible to receive contributions from
the Council if it is setup?
Mr. HILLENBRAND. As far as we are concerned, no. We could give
you assurances in writing if you would wish them, Mr. Chairman, that
it is not our intent to use these funds for any purposes than for the
operation of the two radios.
LEGISLATIVE LIMITATION OF FUNDS TO RFE AND RL
The CHAIRMAN. Would you have any objection if we put a limita-
tion in the legislation that this is solely fror the support of the RFE
and RL?
Mr. HILLENBRAND. Well, we would prefer to keep the legislation in
such a way as to make possible, if Congress desires it in the future,
to use it for other purposes, rather than to foreclose this in the basic
legislation.
The CHAIRMAN. If Congress desires it in the future, it could change
that limitation. Would you have any objection if we put it in now?
We can always change it later.
Mr. HILLENBRAND. Offhand, personally, I would not. I do not see
any.
The CHAIRMAN. You would have no objection to our saying that
the Birch Society, for instance, will not be eligible to use these facili-
ties to spread its educational programs?
Mr. HILLENBRAND. I think if you wanted to put that in there, that
would be acceptable to us.
The CHAIRMAN. Do you think the Minutemen ought to be excluded,
too? The only way to do it is to do it by a general exclusion, isn't it?
Mr. HILLENBRAND. Or you can write specifically it is going to be
used only for specific purposes.
The CHAIRMAN. You would have no objection to that?
Mr. HILLENBRAND. If you mean the two organization just men-
tioned, I think we would find that acceptable.
. SOLICITATION OF FUNDS BY RADIO OF FREE ASIA
The CHAIRMAN. Mr. Reporter, I want to put these letters from Radio
Free Asia in the record.
. (The information referred to follows:)
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76
AMBASSADOR YOU -CHAN.TANG
WASHINGTON, D,C., December 8,1969.
Hon. J. W. FULLBRIGHT,. .. ..
Washington, D.C.
DEAR FRIEND : Since you are active in the fight against Communism in Wash-
ington, I know that you are anxious to do all you can to help the Americans
being held prisoners in Communist North Vietnam.
As you know, American prisoners have been subjected to brutal suffering by
torture, isolation, degradation and public humiliation at the hands of the
Communists.
With the help of anti-Communist Americans such as you, Radio of Free Asia
(ROFA) is fast becoming one of the most important weapons against Com-
munism in all of Asia.
ROFA began its anti-Communist broadcasting in 1966. Each week we broad-
cast over 41 hours into Red China and North Korea, using powerful 500,000 watt
transmitters located in Seoul, South Korea.
Radio or Free Asia is now preparing to mount a massive effort to bring this
inhumane treatment to the attention of the American people and to the world.
Our campaign will take three different approaches :
First-we want you and others to mail the enclosed post cards to your
Senators urging them to take a firm stand and publicly denounce Hanoi's
cruelties to American prisoners.
Second-we will make carefully planned mailings of the Reader's Digest ar-
ticle to people such as clergymen, radio and TV newscasters, editors and edu-
cators--asking them to speak out against the evils of Communism-as evidenced
by the maltreatment of U.S. prisoners.
Third-we will broadcast into Red China and North Korea the truth about
how inhumanely Communism treats all captive people.
Our purpose is to bring tremendous pressure to bear during the Christmas
season on the North Vietnamese to stop torturing, beating and starving American
prisoners.
You can have a significant part in making Christmas and all of 1970 a lot
happier for an American G.I confined in a dark, disease-infested Communist
prison. The G.I. you may be helping may be someone who lives near you.
Because of the extreme urgency of the situation, I could not wait until I
heard from you before I committed ROFA's money to this fight.
I took a risk in the hope that you would want to help. Please don't let us
and the American boys down.
If you could possibly send ROFA your Christmas gift today, we would be
able to begin our campaign immediately to aid these helpless American bays.
Sincerely,
YOU CHAN YANG,
Ambassador at Large, Republic of Korea,
Chairman of the Board.
P.S. Our finances are very tight. I am writing to you today in the prayerful
hope that you will come to our aid and to the aid of the American prisoners
of war.
ROFA-RADIO OF FREE ASIA
THE FREE WORLD'S WEDGE AGAINST THE SEALED WORLD OF COMMUNISM!
News-35.7%. Religious Programs--17.1%. News Commentary, Freedom In-
terviews-28.6%. Cultural, Educational, Entertainment-Special Programs Like
Story of Apollo 11-18.6%.
ROFA tells the truth many ways, so that all may hear-and start on a path
toward freedom.
TO BREAK THE CHAINS OF IGNORANCE AND SLAVERY . . . SPECIAL PROGRAMS . . .
SPECIAL EVENTS . . . THAT INFORM AND INSPIRE
Lt. Kim Shin-jo, sole survivor of a 31-man North Korean Communist Com-
mando team, sent on a mission to assassinate the President of South Korea,
exposed in a ROFA interview how he had been deceived by his Red Masters.
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Lt. Kim said, that he was grateful to his former: Red Premier who! selected him
for this awful mission, because through this,, he obtained "a one-in-a-million
chance for freedom.
A specal memorial series of broadcasts based on ~ the Inspiring life story of
General Dwight David Eisenhower brought truth about America's. fight for
freedom by describing how General Eisenhower commanded history's largest
military force in World War 11-and yet he and America did-not keep one foot
of territory or enslave one single person.
One billion people in Red China and North Korea were denied the news of
Apollo 11 and man's first moon landing, but ROAF took the chance of a life-
time-the chance to broadcast every detail of the moon shot and moon landing to
the blacked out millions. Over 450 special programs spotlghted the news of man's
landing on the moon, the "gaeat leap for mankind" that could Only have been made
in the free world.
And there will be many more special projects, ROFA is ready. When the free
world achieves extraordinary greatness ... when the slave world of Red Asia
makes a disastrous mistake . . . when the call to freedom can be,made loud
and clear ... the powerful transmitters of 1;iOFA are ready, the dedicated work-
ers of ROFA are ready. ROFA asks you to be ready, too. Make your contribu-
tion to the most effective weapon now working against Red Asia-the truth
broadcast by ROFA . . . the truth ROFA broadcasts every day.
EVIDENCE OF RADIO OF FREE ASIA "BREAKTHROUGH"
Recently, the South Korean government was startled by the sudden, unex-
pected surrender of Red North Korean espionage agent Hong Sa Chang. He gave
up his Red Spy mission and sought freedom.
It was a triumphant day for Radio of Free Asia. This Red Spy testified that
his motivation for defection came long before he left the Red capital. He had
been a listener of ROFA and the broadcasts gave him the motivation to defect.
This former Red Spy came to the ROFA microphone and gave splendid testimony
to millions of captive people.
He said : "I first heard ROFA in the capital of North Korea through my
secret radio at night. I could not believe my ears. I was hesitating as to whether
I should accept the program as truth. It was a matter of life or death. But when
I kept on listening, I knew ROFA was telling the truth and I accepted it. Then
I planned my defection. Now, I have freedom and my life is deeply indebted
to Radio of Free Asia."
What do the people hear that is worth risking their lives for?
They hear the news. Real news. Not slanted or rewritten.
They hear the eye-witness interviews of ex-Communists who have found their
way to freedom.
They hear stories of Great Advancement, dramatic readings of man's cease-
less search for liberty even under the tyranny of Communism.
They hear about the heroes of Freedom, prominent Freedom-fighters against
the Communists.
They hear about the Irrationality of Communism-discussions of communist
theory and ideology analyzed and criticized by specialists.
They hear about the superiority of Democracy-democracy is explained and
extolled by experts in reaching and informing the Asian people.
They hear how it really happened-the truth behind the news which reveals
conspiracies and lies of the Communists.
A GENERATION TAUGHT TO DENY AND REVILE GOD . . . NOW HEAR HIS WORD
To the Asians, with their deep religious feelings, the denial of God is one of the
most terrible Communist doctrines. ROFA's religious programs bring the Word
of God to some who have almost forgotten Him . . . to many who have known
Himn, . . . to those who turn in prayerful Thanksgiving to the goodness, the
wisdom, the glory of God
IN THREE SHORT YEARS ROFA HAS BECOME A POWERFUL VOICE FOR FREEDOM IN ASIA
. . . TRUTH TO ONE BILLION ENSLAVED MINDS
In August of 1966, a dedicated band of anti-Communists . . . men who, knew
Asia ... who believed in the future of a Free Asia .. who had fought their
way out of the total oppression of the Communist way of life . . . joined together.
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They worked around the clock to produce timely broadcasts of the truth.
They still do. And that work has paid off in freedom !
When the ROFA staff first started broadcasting, they could only send a mes-
sage four hours a week. They had makeshift equipment, that was begged or
borrowed. And yet, even in the beginning, people listened, and acted. Defectors
from the Communists credited ROFA with awakening them to the belief in
freedom. Time and again references were made to ROFA by Freedom seekers.
The Red hierarchy began to denounce ROFA more and more fiercely as it became
a greater threat.
NOW IN THREE SHORT YEARS-LOOK AT THE ROFA VICTORIES
Broadcasts have increased from 4 hours to 44 hours a week, eleven times more
broadcasting time than ROFA's initial commencement of operations.
NOW AMERICANS EVERYWHERE ARE UNITING IN SUPPORT OF ROTA
Mr. A. T.-Sodus, N.Y.: "We are retired with not too much income now, but
wish to help Radio of Free Asia even just a little"
Mr. V.H.-Pottersville, N.J.: "Enclosed is my check to help ROFA fight Com-
munism in Asia."
Mrs. D.C.-Fairfax, Va.: "I will most certainly send a contribution. I have
been donating from time to time to ROFA and think it is a very worthwhile
cause. I will continue to do so on a regular basis."
Mrs. H. M. C.-Villa Park, Ill.: "Communism has stifled spiritual development,
initiative, responsibility and brotherhood. Thank God for organizations like
ROTA."
Mr. S. R. G.=Harrisburg, Pa.: "I am living on a small pension, but please
accept my contribution, as I think it will go to a good cause."
RADIO OF FREE ASIA
(A project of the Korean Cultural & Freedom Foundation, Inc.,
Washington, D.C.)
HONORARY PRESIDENTS
Honorable Harry S Truman
General Dwight D. Eisenhower
(1064-19eO)
HONORARY CHAIRMAN
His Excellency You Chan Yang, Ambassador at Large, Republic of Korea
OFFICERS
Mr. L. William Horning, Chairman of the Board
Col. Bo Hi Pak, Executive Director
Mr. Chong Hoon Kim, Operations Director
Mrs. Sylvia R. Reiter, Secretary
Mr. Charles M. Fairchild, Treasurer
Edie Adams
Senator Gordon Allott
Astronaut William A. Anders
Desi Arnaz
Congressman John Ashbrook
Astronaut Frank Borman
Claire Lee Chennault
Nadine Conner
Robert Considine
Bing Crosby
Senator Carl T. Curtis
Tony Curtis
Don DeFore
Congressman John H. Dent
Phyllis Diller
Senator Peter Dominick
Mike Douglas
Senator Paul Fannin
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Honorable James A. Farley
Senator Hiram Fong
Congressman Gerald R. Ford
Connie Francis
George Jessel
Sammy Kaye
Governor Harold Le Vander
Congressman Donald Lukens
Congresswoman Catherine May
Governor Tom McCall
Speaker John McCormack
Senator Jack Miller
Agnes Moorehead
Senator Karl E. Mundt
Senator George Murphy
Hildegarde Neff
Jack Nicklaus
"Partial Listings.
Jane Powell
Vincent Price
Gen. Matthew Ridgeway (Ret.)
Phil Rizzuto
Senator Hugh Scott
Dean Smith
Sam Snead
Robert Stack
Admiral Felix B. Stump (Ret.)
Lowell Thomas
Governor Norbert T. Tiemann
Senator John Tower
Johnny Unitas
John Wayne
Gen. Alfred Wedem,eyer (Ret.)
Johnny Weisslnuller
Roger Williams
COMMUNICATIONS ADVISORY COMMITTEE
Mr. Sig Michelson, Vice President, Time- Mr. Mark Evans, Vice President and Di-
Life Broadcast, Inc. rector, Metromedia, Inc.
Mr. William G. Harley, President, Na- Mrs. Mary Dorr, President, American
tional Association of Educational Women in Radio & Television
Broadcasters
THESE DISTINGUISHED AMERICANS ALL URGE YOU TO SUPPORT RADIO OF FREE ASIA-
TIIE MOST EFFECTIVE VOICE OF TRUTH AND FREEDOM BEHIND TIIE BAMBOO CURTAIN
Adm. Arleigh Burke (Ret.) : "Radio of Free Asia is a valuable and worth-
while means through which communism can effectively be fought and anti-
communism effectively nurtured."
Robert Considine : "Radio of Free Asia'?s programs, in my opinion, are sound
and will accomplish its mission. I urge you to give your wholehearted support."
Bing Crosby : "I urge all Americans to Support Radio of Free Asia. I know
the effect broadcasting can have our man's mind and action."
Dwight D. Eisenhower (1890-1969) : "ROFA is to be congratulated for build-
ing a bridge of truth between the Free world and the captive millions behind the
Bamboo Curtain."
Congressman Gerald R. Ford : "The Free World must penetrate the Bamboo
Curtain with a message of truth for the millions locked behind it or the hearts
and minds of those millions will perish in servitude."
Sammy Kaye : "The work by Radio of Free Asia is tremendous and I whole-
heartedly endorse it."
Senator Karl Mundt : "The willing contributions of fine Americans in support
of Radio of Free Asia are a vital sign to millions of the real meaning of freedom
and justice."
Senator George Murphy : "Liberty's foundation rests on truth. Radio of Free
Asia's ability to broadcast the truth to the Asian people makes it an invaluable
service for America."
Gen. Matthew B. Ridgway (Ret.) : "Our support of Radio of Free Asia is vital
in telling the Korean people that they are not alone in their fight against Com-
munist aggression. I urge all Americans to help ROFA !"
Lowell Thomas : "ROTA deserves the enthusiastic support of all of us who
are lucky enough to live in the free world. I for one heartily endorse the cam-
paign it has been conducting."
Senator John Tower : "ROFA plays a. major role in containing the communist
advance in Asia. I'm convinced ROFA's work is in the very best interests of
America and the World."
John Wayne : "ROFA is one of the most effective weapons now working against
world communism."
Bob Hope : "By broadcasting the truth to the captive millions behind the
Bamboo Curtain, I believe ROFA can be highly effective in helping to bring
eventual peace to Southeast Asia."
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RADIO OF FREE ASIA,
PROJECT OF THE KOREAN CULTURAL AND I'REFPQM FOUNDATION,
Washington, D.C., March 5,1971.
MR. AND MRS. PAT HOLT,
Bethesda, Md.
DEAR MR. AND MRS. HOLT : If you don't have time to read this letter, at least
sign the enclosed petition.
Every American, regardless of .how he or she feels about the Viet Nam war,
owes it to our men who are prisoners of the Communists, in North Vietnam to do
something to help them.
And surely, signing this petition is the least wecan do for these men who are
being held captive in filthy jungle cages.
You may wonder, Mr. and Mrs. Holt, why signing your name on a petition could
move the incredibly cruel and evil Communists to release our American Prisoners
of War.
The answer is that the Communists are convinced that we Americans are not
interested in these men who are held prisoners,
We know this to be so because every Congressman, Senator and private citizen
says the same thing when they return from a meeting with the Communists.
And as long as the Communists believe that we are not interested in our prison-
ers, they will continue to torture our soldiers and hold them captive in bamboo
cages.
I'm sure you know, Mr. and Mrs. Holt, from your Maryland T.V. stations and
newspapers that Hanoi refuses to abide by the Geneva Convention which regu-
lates the care and treatment of prisoners of war.
Captured Americans are chained in cages. They are beaten and starved. No
mail or CARE packages ever reach them. They cannot even write a letter home.
Their situation is desperate.
But when Radio of Free Asia sends millions of signed petitions to Hanoi the
message will ring clear. The North Vietnamese Communists will know that you
and I demand the freedom of the POWs. They will realize that the prisoners are
a valuable source of bargaining power.
Once this happens, you may be sure that negotiations leading to the release of
American POWs will get underway.
Here's what you can do to help.
First, sign the enclosed petition card and mail it back to me in the enclosed
postage paid reply envelope. The more signed petitions we receive, the more
effective this program will be.
Radio of Free Asia began broadcastiing into North Korea and Red China in
1966. But because of our limited budget, we didn't have enough money to broad-
cast into North Vietnam.
However, because of the increased reports of inhumane treatment of our cap-
tured soldiers by the Communists, I felt we must take the financial risk and so
we began broadcasting into North Vietnam.
Unfortunately we will not be able to continue these critically needed broad-
casts unless we receive additional contributions in the next few days-as our
bank account is very low.
A check from you today for $100, $50, $25 or $10 will allow us to continue
broadcasting appeals for the humane treatment and release of our American
Prisoners of War.
Your donation will also allow us to print, package and fly these millions of
petitions to Hanoi.
It will only take one minute of your time to sign your petition. If you mail. it
today, I will receive it within a couple of days.
Cordinally yours,
L. WILLIAM HORNING,
Chairman, Radio of Free Asia.
P.S. Please accept the enclosed American flag decal with our thanks for getting
your petition back promptly.
RADIO OF FREE ASIA
QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS ABOUT RADIO OF FREE ASIA
Q. Who listens to ROFA broadcasts?
A. There are at least 6 million radio receivers in homes behind the Bamboo
Curtain. They provide Communist thought controllers with a sure way to get their
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81
hate propaganda through to people in remote areas. But they also provide ROTA
with a built-in channel to reach these seine minds'with the voice.of Truth. There is
ample evidence that hundreds of thousands of people daily risk torture and death
to tune in to ROFA. Word of mouth, whispered from friend to friend, carried
from town to town, spreads the Truth still farther, The Communist information
monopoly no longer exists.
Q. Who runs Radio of Free Asia?
A. ROFA is not an agency of the South Korean government-or any govern-
ment. It is a project. of the Korean Ciiltural & Freedom Foundation, Inc. head-
quartered in Washington, D.C. Its Directors and Advisory Council include distin-
guished Americans from all walks of life.
The work of ROFA is entirely financed by the voluntary private contributions
of freedom-loving people throughout America and the free world. ROI+'A receives
no subsidy or financial aid of any kind from the U.S. government. Your contribu-
tions to ROFA are tax deductible.
Q. What has ROFA actually accomplished?
A. In its four short years, ROFA's successes have been impressive and many-
too many to detail in this brief report. A few highlights :
The 1969 Apollo moon landing was totally ignored in Red news media. Seizing
this opportunity, ROFA broadcast a total of 450 special programs on the event-
became, for millions of people, virtually their only source of news about this
"great leap for mankind."
Eisenhower : Portrait of an American Hero . . . eight weeks of programs telling
the life story of a great American who is remembered and respected by the com-
mon people of Asia in spite of Red propaganda. Through this Eisenhower Por-
trait ROFA also conveyed the image of his love of freedom ... his hatred of
lines land oppression . . . his dream of lasting peace.
Interview shows with many defectors from Communism, ranging from North
Korean spies and "assassination team" members to ordinary farmers and
fishermen, who chose freedom after ROFA broadcasts had planted the seeds of
doubt and given them the courage, to escape.
Continuous news and special events programs giving the lie to Communist
claims . . . exposing Red barbarity and deceit . laying bare its atrocities
and repressions In China, North Korea, South Vietnam and Eastern Europe.
Q. Can my contribution to ROFA help the cause of world peace?
A. The single greatest danger to world peace in our Nuclear Age is lack of
information. Daily, millions of Chinese are being told that Communism is
invincible . . . that Red China's atomic and hydrogen bombs can bring them
world conquest ... that America is a "paper tiger" torn by internal dissent and
ripe for revolution.
Let this kind of war-promoting propaganda go unchallenged and the trigger
is set for a miscalculation that could destroy civilization. The truth can expose
the lies, shatter the myths, end the Red monopoly of people's minds. And keep
the world from plunging tragically into the atomic abyss.
[Reprinted from the New York Times, Sept. 27, 1970]
PRISONERS OF WAR : "You TALK TO THE RATS"
(By Tom Kelly)
WAsunNGToN.-"The worst part of captivity is the isolation.
"You talk to the rats, you balk to the wall. After six months, you don't know
if you're crazy. You say, `I'm in a Communist prison camp,' and you've heard
about brainwashing and you wonder if that's what happening to you."
Navy Lieut. Robert Frishman is a former prisoner of war in North Vietnam.
He is 29 years old and now lives in San Diego, Calif, He is very thin-150 pounds
on a 6-foot-2-inch frame. His eyes are bumming bright- and in respose he has the
introspective air of a man who fasts on purpose, to lift his mind to God.
Only nine have been released and Lieutenant Frishman is one, presumably for
medical reasons. He was a prisoner for 22 months, from October of 1967 to
August of 1969.
He was, sent to a 10-by-10 brick unheated cell in a prison compound, his wound
still open. Each night he wrapped his arm in a single blanket and each morning
when he pulled it off the wound ripped open. It took six months to heal.
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He was interrogated-told that his cause was unpopular throughout the
world-and beaten.
The beatings and the interrogations stopped. In the next 20 months, he would
be punished severely twice-by being forced to sit on a stool without rising.
"I ate my meals sitting on that stool," he said. "I sat there night and day. After
two days my legs swelled up with edema and after two more days I passed out
and fell off the stool."
Some prisoners were punished more brutally-their arms tied to their legs in
back, they were hung face down from the ceilings of their cells. A man with
an untreated broken leg was dragged through the corridors. But the, crushing
punishment for most was boredom.
Lieutenant Frishman was released in August of 1969. Ile believes he was
selected because pictures showing his great emaciation and his shriveled arm
had aroused indignation and some pressure from the West.
He thinks more pressure-from Americans, doves or hawks, and from neutral
countries-might persuade Hanoi to release other sick or wounded prisoners
and perhaps permit all prisoners to receive mail on a regular monthly basis. In
22 months he received two letters from his wife and two from his mother. They
had written 120.
Radio of Free Asia (ROFA) is a project of the Korean Cultural and Freedom
Foundation, a non-profit, citizen-supported organization with headquarters in
Washington, P.O., and broadcasting facilities in Seoul, Korea. ROFA is not
controlled or subsidized by any government agency ; its sale support conies from
freedom-loving, anti-Communist citizens. Its purpose : to promote freedom and
defeat Communism throughout Asia.
ROFA began broadcasting in August, 1966, from powerful 500,000-watt trans-
mitters leased from STATION KITS in Seoul, Korea that can reach 6,000,000
radio receivers in Red Asia. The Bamboo Curtain has been penetrated by ROFA
but much more must be done to effectively counter the relentless propaganda of
the Communists.
ROFA's OBJECTIVES
To broadcast the truth : While Communist dictators lie.an.d confuse their sub-
jects, ROFA will reveal the true picture of Communism, with all its contradict
tions, setbacks, violence and cruelty.
To put freedom on the offensive: Rather than just react to Communist charges
and provocations, ROFA will emphasize the positive values of Freedom and
Democracy and present them in a dynamic and challenging way.
To enhance spiritual values : Godless Communism leaves no room for the
spiritual side of a man's nature. ROFA will appeal to the souls of these enslaved
Asians by stressing man's basic right to believe in and worship God when and
how he chooses.
To instill the hope of freedom : The Bamboo Curtain isolates, the mind as' well
as the heart by shutting out all hope of escape. ROFA will speak to the captive
peoples as friends, giving them courage to keep their spirit alive for the day free-
dom will return.
Today, the focal paint of the world conflict between Freedom and Communism
has shifted from Europe to Asia. This very minute, young Americans are fight-
ing and dying in Vietnam. Tomorrow, the "hot" war could break out in any num-
ber of other turbulent Asian countries. The Communists control a population
of almost one billion Asians-one billion people isolated behind the Bamboo
Curtain-subjected, day and night, to a relentless barrage of Communist
propaganda. Some attempt must be made to reach and influence these enslaved
souls with the message of truth and freedom. Radio of Free Asia is doing this
now.
GEORGE MuaprIV,
Washington, D.0-
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83
RADIO OF FREE ASIA ? 1028 Connecticut Avenue, N.W. ? Washington, D. C. 20036
bear Mr. Morning:
Please send directly to Hanoi the petition I have completed below. I want to help Radio of Free Asia
over its financial crisis. I've enclosed my contribution to allow you to continue broadcasting emergency
appeals for the release of American Prisoners of War.
$500.... $250..-.? $100.?,.. $50..... $25..... $10..... $5..... $.....other
Mr.
Name Mrs.
Miss
Please make checks payable to: ROFA POW Project
All contributions are lax-deductible
------------------------------------
His Excellency Pham Van Dong, Premier
Democratic Republic of Vietnam
Hanoi, North Vietnam
Premier Pham Van Dong:
As concerned United States citizens we are joining Radio of Free Asia's appeal to your humanity and
that of your nation in regard to our prisoners of war and our men missing in action:
in the name of humanity RADIO OF FREE In the name of humanity RADIO OF FREE
ASIA calls for Hanoi to disclose the names ASIA calls for repatriation of sick or
of all POWs it holds, and to urge the Na- wounded who might not survive captivity.
tional Liberation Front and the Pathet Lao )n the name of humanity ... RADIO OF FREE
to do the same. ASIA calls for the International Red Cross
or International Control Commission to be
In the hame of humanity ... RADIO OF FREE permitted to inspect the prison camps 'in
ASIA calls for the assurance of proper de- North Vietnam as has been done in, the
tention facilities, food and medical care of South.
the POWs. In the name of humanity ... RADIO OF FREE
ASIA calls for, in short, an honoring by
In the Name of hi,manhy ... t1ADIO OF FREE Hanoi of her legal obligations under the
ASIA calls for unhampered correspondence Geneva Convention which she signed in
With their families,
Name
Address
City
State Zip
(If additional space is needed for more names, please use other side)
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City State
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Miss MORELLA R. HANSEN,
2415 I Street NW.,
Washington, D.C.
DEAR Miss HANSEN : If you do not have time to read this letter, at least read
and sign the enclosed petition.
Every person in Washington regardless of how he or she feels about the
Vietnam war, owes it to our men who are prisoners of the Communists in North
Vietnam, to do something to help them.
And surely, Miss Hansen, signing this petition is the least we can do for these
men who are being held captive in filthy jungle cages.
You may wonder how signing your name to a petition could move the incredibly
cruel and evil Communists to release our American Prisoners of War. The answer
is that the Communists are convinced that we Americans are not interested in
these men who are being held prisoners.
I know this is so because of Senators, Congressmen and private citizens
have told me the same thing, upon returning from meetings with the Com-
munist delegates.
And as long as the Communists believe that we do not care enough, they will
continue to torture our soldiers and hold them captive under horrible conditions.
It was only a year ago that Americans like you and me first learned of the
terrible conditions of these captives-Americans chained in cages, beaten and
starved, without mail or packages ever reaching them, unable even to write
a letter home. Their situation was desperate. Then our indignation boiled over.
Concerned Americans began their protests and thousands of petitions flooded
Hanoi and other world capitals.
As you know, Miss Hansen, these protests and petitions have brought action ;
80% of the mail that has come out of prison camps in North Vietnam has arrived
since the people in Washington and many other American cities have become
aroused and sent petitions to show our indignation to Hanoi.
Radio of Free Asia joined this crusade to help captured American servicemen.
ROFA already transferred over 90,000 petitions! When ROFA sends thousands of
signed petitions to Hanoi, the message rings clear. . . The North Vietnamese
Communists will realize that you and I demand the freedom of the POWs.
But-we cannot stop now. We must persist and keep fighting until freedom of
our men prevails. We must continue our untiring resolve.
Here's what you can do to help.
First sign the enclosed petition card and mail it back to Radio of Free Asia
in the enclosed postage paid reply envelope. The most signed petitions we receive,
the more effective the program will be.
Radio of Free Asia began broadcasting into North Korea and Red China in
1966. But because they didn't have enough funds, they couldn't broadcast into
North Vietnam.
Finally, because of increased reports of inhumane treatment of captured
Americans by the Communists, ROFA abandoned its planned budget completely
and started broadcasting into North Vietnam in an all-out effort to help these
POWs. As you read this letter, ROFA is telling the people of North Vietnam that
American and world opinion.is united in favor of these prisoners. It is telling
Hanoi why holding and misusing the POWs is NOT to their advantage.
ROFA needs your financial help to continue these critically needed broadcasts.
ROFA needs your help desperately. ROFA receives no assistance from any govern-
ment.
A check from you today for $10, $25, $50 or $100 will help ROFA continue broad-
casting appeals for the humane treatment and release of Americans held as
prisoners.
Your donation to Radio of Free Asia will also enable them to print, package
and transmit thousands more petitions to Hanoi.
It will only take a minute of your time to read and sign your petition. If you
mail it today, Radio of Free Asia will receive it within a couple of days. I have
asked them to let me know when they hear from you.
Sincerely yours,
GEORGE MURPHY,
Former U.S. Senator.
P.S. I am enclosing an American flag decal to express my personal thanks for
your cooperation in getting your petition back promptly.
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RADIO OF FREE ASIA
TIIE VOICE OF TRUTH AND THE HOPE OF FREEDOM FOR THE OPPRESSED MILLIONS BEHIND
THE BAMBOO CURTAIN
[A project of the Korean Cultural and Freedom Foundation, Inc.,
1028 Connecticut Ave. NW., Washington, D.C.]
Harry S. Truman Dwight D. Eisenhower
(1964-1969)
Mr. L. William Horning,
Chairman of the Board
Col. Bo Hi Pak, Eceeeative Director
Edi-e Adams
Senator Gordon Allott
Astronaut William A. Anders
Des! Arnaz
Congressman John Ashbrook
Astronaut Frank Borman
Mrs. Claire Lee Chennault
Nadine Conner
Robert Considine
Bing Crosby
Senator Carl T. Curtis
Tony Curtis,
Don DeFore
Congressman John II. Dent
Phyllis Diller
Senator Peter Dominick
Mike Douglas
Senator Paul Fannin
Honorable James A. Farley
Senator Hiram Fong
Connie Francis
George Jessel
Sammy Kaye
Honorable Harold Le Vander
Honorable Donald Lukens
Honorable Catherine May
1 Partial listing.
OFFICERS
Mr. Chong Hoon Kim,
Operations Director
Mrs. Sylvia R. Reiter, Secretary
Mr. Charles M. Fairchild, Treasurer
COUNCIL'
Governor Tom McCall
Honorable John McCormack
Senator Jack Miller
Agnes Moorehead
Senator Karl E. Mundt
Honorable George Murphy
Hildegarde. Neff
Jack Nicklaus
Jane Powell
Vincent Price
Gen. Matthew Ridgeway (Ret.)
Phil Rizzuto
Senator Hugh Scott
Dean Smith
Sam Snead
Robert Stack
Admiral Felix B. Stump (Ret.)
Lowell Thomas
Honorable Norbert T. Tiemann
Senator John Tower
Johnny Unitas
John Wayne
Gen. Alfred Wedemeyer (Ret.)
Johnny Weissmuller
Roger Williams
COMMUNICATIONS ADVISORY COMMITTEE
Mr. Sig Mickelson, Vice President, Time-Life Broadcast, Inc.
Mr. William G. Harley, President, National Association of Educational
Broadcasters
Mr. Mark Evans, Vice President and Director, Metromedia, Inc.
Mrs. Mary Dorr, President, American Women in Radio & Television
THE STORY BEHIND RADIO OF FREE ASIA
Radio of Free Asia. (ROFA), with headquarters in Washington, D.C., and
broa,deast facilities in Asia, is a project of the private, non-profit, citizen-sup-
ported Korean Cultural and Freedom Foundation.
No government agency -subsidizes ROFA. It is solely supported by sincere
Americans who want to defend freedom in America, promote freedom abroad, and
defeat; Communism by'telling people the truth about it.
ROFA began small. In its first year, August to December 1966, 60 hours of pro-
grams were beamed to enslaved people behind the bamboo curtain in North Korea
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and on Mainland China. As more Americans learned about ROFA's broadcasting
on behalf of truth and freedom, they willingly gave their support. Broadcasts
were expanded to 409 hours in 1967, 1291 hours in 1908, 1930 hours in 1969 and
2156 hours in 1970.
As war continued in Southeast Asia, wives, mothers, sisters and the general
American public became deeply concerned about humane treatment for American
POW's and the fate of Americans missing in action. ROFA's broadcasts to North
Vietnam in the humanitarian cause of the POW's and MIA's was begun in 1970.
ROFA's goal is 2700 hours of broadcasting to North Korea, Mainland China and
North Vietnam in 1971.
The four main objectives of ROFA broadcasts are :
1. Broadcast the truth. We fight Communist propaganda by presenting facts to
show people behind the bamboo curtain how their governments are trying to con-
ceal the truth from them, to confuse them and to lie to them.
2. Put freedom on the offensive. We believe that success against Communism
depends upon seizing and holding the initiative. ROFA emphasizes the positive
values of freedom and democracy, presenting them interestingly, dynamically,
convincingly.
3. Enhancing spiritual values. America's greatest and most lasting contribution
to the world is not material abundance but the high moral spiritual values which
enable men and women to live full lives and to live them more abundantly. ROFA
tells enslaved Asians of the principle that all men are free and equal under God,
not responsible to Marxism-Leninism or to the false priests of Red dogma, but
only to God and their fellow man, and that every man, woman and child has the
right to worship when, where and how he chooses.
4. Keep the hope of freedom alive. Men and women behind the bamboo curtain
are cut off from communication with people of the outside world. To the mil-
lions to whom Communists say : You have no alternative but Communism,
ROFA says : You have friends all over the world ; Communism will lose in the
long run ; keep alive the hope of freedom for the day that freedom will return.
ROFA's PROGRAMS OF INFORMATION AND HOPE
The original moon landing by Americans in 1969 was totally blackedout by
news media behind the bamboo curtain. ROFA broadcast a totalof 450 hours of
special programs on this event to give millions in Asia the only word they had
about this "giant step for mankind."
Interviews with defectors from Communism have been broadcast. The moving
words of North Korean spies, trained Communist assassins, and ordinary farmers
and fishermen who chose freedom have been broadcast back to give others cour-
age to vote with their feet for freedom.
Now ROFA is telling the true story of Communist North Vietnamese in.
humanity toward American prisoners of war and their families, and of the grow-
ing wave of world opinion against North Vietnam's refusal to abide by the hu-
mane provisions of the Geneva Convention.
[From the News American, Baltimore, Md., Friday, Nov. 6, 1970]
BOB CONSIDINE: BROADCASTS FOR FREEDOM
Radio of Free Asia is now the most persistent voice raised against the treat-
ment of American prisoners of war being held by North Vietnam.
As yet, the broadcasts with which it bombards Hanoi and the North Vietnamese
people have not sprung one POW or moved the Communists officials to release
the names of those being held. But it is the best method yet found to get to the
core of the tragic situation.
"Hanoi leaders may refuse a petition sent to them through the mail ; they can
harshly turn down wives of American POW's who travel to Paris to ask for
compassion ; but they cannot stop broadcasts from coming through."
RADIO OF FREE ASIA is a project of the Korean Cultural and Freedom
Foundation, Inc., a non-profit patriotic and anti-Communist organization with
headquarters at 1028 Connecticut Ave. N.W., Washington, D.C.
It is there that the programs to be aimed at North Vietnam are written and
recorded for shipment to Seoul and airing. They are beamed at the prime Asian
time, 8 a.m. on two short wave frequencies.
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87
"Each program reports actions and statements which express Americans' deep
humane concern for prisoners of war and they put pressure on leaders in Hanoi
to abide by conditions of the Geneva Convention," writes Bo Hi Pak, executive
director of the Radio of Free Asia.
"In the future ROFA plans to strengthen its broadcasting service to North Viet-
nam by leasing transmitters in Southeast Asia. With these new medium wave
facilities we will be able.to create literally a barrage of broadcasts to shatter the
monopoly of information Communist leaders in Hanoi try to maintain in the areas
they control.
Dear Senator Murphy:
Please send directly to Hanoi the petition I hove completed below d oet tx t ladrts
of Free Asia over its financial crisis. ,I've enclosed my contribution tr1 altar 1r fa cpts lrrt
broadcasting emergency d peak for the release of American PrNonere sat War. S
RADIO OF FREE ASIA ' tuzs Connect ept Avenue xv w ? washtn jtea C 'C out t6
As concerned United States citizens we are joining Radio of Free Asia's appeal to your
humanity and that of your nation in regard to our prisoners of war and our men missing
in action:
47 the name of humanity RADIO OF FREE ASIA calls for repatriation of sick or
ASIA calls for Hanoi to disclose the wounded who might not survive cap-
names of all POW's it holds, and to tivily.
urge the National Liberation Front and In the name of humanity ... RADIO OF FREE
the Pathet Lao to do the some. ASIA calls for the International Red
in the name of humanity . RADIO OF FREE Cross or International Control Com-
ASIA calls for the assurance of proper mission to be permitted to inspect the
detention facilities, food and medical prison camps in North Vietnam as has
core of the POW's. been done in the South.
His Excellency Phom Van Dong, Premier
Democratic Repuhlicof Vietnam
Hanoi, North Vietnam
Premier Pham Van Dong:
,n the name of humanity. . RADIO OF FREE
ASIA calls for unhampered corre-
spondence with their families,
n the name of humanity RADIO OF FREE
In the name of humanity... RADIO OF FREE
ASIA calls for, in short, an honoring
by Hanoi of her legal obligations
under the Geneva Convention which
she signed in 1957.
City State Zip
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"Through ROFA broadcasts, people in Vietnam are learning that America is
united on this issue, 'that world opinion is not with Hanoi and that they have-
nothing to gain by refusing to abide by the terms of the Geneva Convention.
"I must report to you that launching these important programs was not easy,
and would not have been possible at this time without the wholehearted coopera-
tion of President Chung Hee Park of the Republic of Korea."
Contributions to the Korean Cultural and Freedom Foundation are tax
deductible.
THESE DISTINGUISHED AMERICANS URGE You To SUPPORT RADIO OF FREE ASIA
Dwight D. Eisenhower (1890-1969) : "SOFA is to be congratulated for build-
ing a bridge of truth between the Free world and the capitve millions behind
the Bamboo Curtain."
Bing Crosby : "I urge all Americans to support Radio of Free Asia. I know the
effect broadcasting can have over man's mind and actions."
John Wayne : "ROFA is one of the most effective weapons now working
against world communism."
Lowell Thomas: "Radio of FreeAsia deserves the enthusiastic support of all
of us who are lucky enough to live in the free world. I for one heartily endorse
the campaign it has been conducting, and which I hope it will continue until the
day comes when such things are no longer necessary. Surely Radio of Free Asia
will hasten that hour."
ROTA HELPS THE CAUSE Or WORLD PEACE
In our nuclear age the greatest danger to peace is lack of information. Millions
of Chinese on the Mainland and other Asians are being told that Communism is
invincible, that America is a "paper tiger" which is weak and easily defeated.
If this propaganada goes unchallenged, the trigger is set for miscalculations
that could lead to the destruction of civilization. Only truth can expose the lies,
shatter the myths, and end the Red monopoly over the minds of enslaved Asians.
By broadcasting day after day the truth of America's might and humanity to
peoples behind the bamboo curtain, ROFA helps to ward of miscalculations which
could lead to world catastrophe.
FUND SOLICITING BY RADIO OF FREE ASIA
The CIIAIRIIAN. This is a very difficult organization to find out
about. I tried 2 years ago. It came up in connection with the hearings
on the Vietnam policy proposals. The honorary chairman of the
board is Mr. You Chan Yang, Ambassador-at-Large, Republic of
Korea.
Upon inquiry, we found it very difficult to get anybody to take
responsibility for Mr. You Chan Yang, but he was soliciting funds
all over the United States, using the traditional computerized letters
which our domestic political organizations use. They were obviously
being sent to anybody. They were not very discriminating in sending
it to me and Mr. Pat Holt and others. Evidently they buy a. very
large mailing list and they say the contributions are tax deductible.
We had some examples of the most vitriolic attacks upon China
and North Korea.
I was wondering how the President would view the continuation
of this kind of activity if he is serious about seeking a reconciliation
or more normal relations with China.
The President obviously cannot go around supervising all of these
activities. I think we might present a situation in which one hand
of the Government under this kind of organization will be doing some-
thing quite contrary to the announced policy of the President of the
United States.
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Would you mind asking the Assistant Secretary for the Far East,
who I believe that is Marshall Green now, if he could supply the com-
mittee with whatever information he has about Radio Free Asia.
Would you mind asking him that?
Mr. HILLENBRAND, I will speak to him, Mr. Chairman. I, frankly,
do not know anything about it myself.
(The information referred to follows:)
U.S. TREASURY DEPARTMENT,
INTERNAL REVENUE SERVICE,
Washington, D.C., &ptcmber 17, 1964.
THE ]KOREAN CULTURAL AND FREEDOM FOUNDATION, INC.,
.1028 Connecticut Ave., NW.,
Washington, D.C.
GENTLEMEN : Based upon the evidence submitted, it is held that you are exempt
=from Federal income tax as an organization described in section 501(c) (3) of
the Internal Revenue Code, as it is shown that you are organized and operated
exclusively for the purpose shown above. Any questions concerning excise, em-
ployment or other Federal taxes should be submitted to your District Director.
You are not required to file Federal income tax returns so long as you retain
an exempt status, unless you are subject to the tax on unrelated business income
imposed by section 511 of the Code and are required to file Form 990-T for the
purpose of reporting unrelated business taxable income. Any changes in your
organization's character, purposes or method of operation should be reported
immediately to your District Director for consideration of their effect upon your
exempt status. You should also report any change in your name or address.
Your liability for filing the annual information return, Form. 990-A, is set forth
above. That return, if required must be filed after the close of your annual
accounting period indicated above.
Contributions made to you are deductible by donors as provided in section 170
of the Code. Bequests, legacies, devises, transfers or gifts to or for your use are
deductible for the Federal estate and gift tax purposes under the provisions of
sections 2055, 2106 and 2522 of the Code.
You are not liable for the taxes imposed under the Federal Insurance Con-
tributions Act (social security taxes) unless you file a waiver of exemption
certificate as provided in such act. You are not liable for the tax imposed under
the Federal Unemployment Tax Act. Inquiries about the waiver of exemption
certificate for social security taxes should be addressed to your District Director.
Your District Director is being advised of this action.
If distributions are made to individuals, case histories regarding the recipients
should be kept showing names, addresses, purposes of awards, manner of selee?
tion, relationship if any to members, officers, trustees or donors of funds to you,
in order that any and all distributions made to individuals can be substantiated
upon request by the Internal Revenue Service. (Revenue Ruling 56-304, Cumu-
lative Bulletin 1956-2, page 306.)
Since your operations have been limited, this ruling is based on the under-
standing that your continuing operations will conform to those proposed and
evidenced to date.
Every exempt organization is required to have an Employer Identification
lumber, regardles of whether it has any employees. If your organization does
not have such a number, your District Director will take steps to see that one
is issued to you at an early date,
Very truly yours,
JoIIN R. BARBER,
Acting Chief, Exempt Organizations Branch.
DDE,
Gettgsberg, Pa., August 11, 1966.
KOREAN CULTURAL AND FREEDOM FOUNDATION,
1028 Connecticut Avenue N.TIW.,
Was&hington, D.C.;
Radio of Free Asia and the Korean Cultural and Freedom Foundation are to
be congratulated for building a bridge of truth between the Free World and the
captive millions behind the Bamboo Curtain. They deserve the wholehearted
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support of all of us in their mission of bringing understanding of the Free World
to all peoples cut off from it by the Bamboo Curtain.
Radio of Free Asia has a vital role to Play in winning and maintaining peace
in Asia. Countries in Asia that are cut off from the outside world by the Bamboo
Curtain lack the understanding so vital ,to the development of policies of peaceful
cooperation. Radio Free Asia can help break down this isolation and open the
closed societies in Asia to the free flow of ideas from countries throughout the
world.
I urge my Fellow Americans to study the aims of Radio of Free Asia and to
give such support as they can to this significant stand for freedom in Asia.
DWIGHT RISENHOWER.
RADIO OF FREE ASIA,
Mr. WILLIAM DYESS, Washington, D.C., Hay 25,1971.
EUR/C11P, room 5221,
Department of State,
Washington, D.C.
DEAR MR. DYESS : Thank you very much for calling this office in regard to
Radio of Free Asia. Upon your request, I hasten to put together overall
information on Radio of Free Asia as well as the Korean Cultural and Freedom
Foundation, Inc., since Radio of Free Asia is a project of this Foundation.
I conscientiously put together all current information, in general. If you do
need any specific information, please contact me at any time.
Along with this information, I enclose some reference material. Also enclosed
is a booklet on the Little Angels, National Folk Ballet of Korea, which is the
Foundation's cultural project and which you might be interested in.
With best wishes,
Very sincerely yours,
RADIO OF FREE ASIA SCRIPrNo. 51
FLIGHT TO FREEDOM
(Svetlana Alliluyeva, daughter of Red Dictator Josef Stalin)
THE DRAMATIC STORY OF THE FAILURE OF COMMUNISM
(Language broadcast in Chinese and Korean)
PRELUDE: RINGING OF ANCIENT BELL AS A SYMBOL OF LIBERTY
This is Radio of Free Asia-the voice of Truth and freedom-bringing you the
facts about world events and the message of hope. ROFA broadcasts are. made
possible by the voluntary contributions of private citizens who believe in freedom
and peace and who care about your welfare. Music.
INTRODUCTION
August 15 is a day that will live forever in the annals of all who live freedom
on the China Mainland, in North Korea, in North Viet Nam, and throughout the
free world. On this day, one year ago, Radio of Free Asia began broadcasting
operations--to end the Communist monopoly of information in Red Asia.
No other day in recent history has shown more clearly the eternal unquench-
ability of man's commitment to be free, whatever the odds against success, what-
ever the sacrifices required.
While your Communist rulers try to deceive and confuse you, Radio of Free
Asia broadcasts the true state of affairs in the world. Our broadcasts come from
people like yourselves=peasants, workers, merchants, mothers, daughters and
sons.
Through them is revealed the true picture of international Communism-its
contradictions, setbacks, failures, violence, cruelty and inevitable collapse.
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Two months from now, Communists will celebrate the 50th anniversary of the
Bolshevik 'Revolution. They have a long record of victories to support their fore-
cast of world domination in the near future.
They can claim that one-third of the world's population lives under Commu-
nist rule. They might even claim that the flame of their revolution has finally
started to blaze in North America, which they consider to be the bulwark of
capitalism.
In your own land, your Communist leaders are telling you that their advanced
science has produced atomic and hydrogen weapons. They're telling you that they
can soon wipe out American military might. All of this is very impressive.
Yet, there is a calm soft voice you have not heard that has the strength to re-
fute the Communist claims of inevitable success. It is a strong voice because the
person is telling the truth-and truth is all-powerful.
5VETLANA's BACKGROUND
She was a Communist ; she knows Communism from the inside ; knows the
Communist leaders ; witnessed the growth of Communism throughout her life.
She is supposed to be in Russia, but, in truth, she is not. She fled- from Com-
munism.
We speak of Svetlana Alliluyeva, daughter of Josef Stalin, the former dictator
of Communist Russia.
Stalin's daughter was a person of privilege in her own country, and regarded
as being state property. She is, in some ways, the saddest of women. Her mother
committed suicide, her father was reviled by his close associates. She left her
home and her children because life under Communism became unbearable. Com-
munism is like an old tree with green leaves, but inside the trunk and roots are
steadily rotting away. No one can testify to this decay better than Svetlana
Stalin Alliluyeva
Svetlana came to the free world because she wanted to live a free and inde-
pendent life. She wanted to exercise her human right to believe in God, and to
publish what she had written.
Now I want you to hear her and draw your own conclusions. Listen as Svetlana
answers the question : What series of events turned you away from Communism?
5VET7 ANA SPEAKS
Well, 20 years ago, when I joined the Communist Party as a student at Mos-
cow University, I believed in Communism, as everybody did-all my friends,
people of my generation.
I must say that it was a long chain of events.
Perhaps the studies of -the history and social sciences and economics, and
Marxism itself made me, well, a little bit critical of many things which I would
see around me, and of the things I would see in our country and in other Socialis-
tic countries, because it was not exactly what we were told theoretically.
Later, in. the last 10 years, everybody in our country, especially the younger
generation, but also my generation,. became more critical. The lack of freedom
was quite evident to everyone.
In the last five years religion has worked a great change in me. I was brought
up in a family where there was never any talk about God. But when I became
an adult, I found that it- was impossible to exist without God in one's heart. I
came to that conclusion myself, without anybody's help or preaching. This was
a great change because since then the main dogmas of Communism lost their
significance for me.
Instead of struggling and causing unnecessary bloodshed, people should work
more together for the progress of humanity. This is the only thing which I can
take seriously-the work of teachers, scientists, educated priests, doctors, law-
yers-their work all over the world, regardless of states and borders, political
parties and ideologies.- -
Announcer : What event determined you to turn to religion? Is yours a formal
religion or simply a generalized belief in God -
Svetlana : It is a generalized religion. I believe that all religions are true and
different religions are only different ways to the same God. For me, God is the
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power of life and justice. And when I am talking about God, I am talking about
happiness to live and to enjoy life on this earth.
I feel that humanity should be one, that mankind should not be destroyed.
This is my belief in God.
Announcer: You said you left Russia seeking freedom of self-expression? Were
you stating your disapproval of your father's rule in the Soviet Union and if so,
in what way?
Svetlana : Well, there are two points to this. First of all, self-expression. I
mean-for the person who thinks lie is a writer, he can write. And this is the only
thing he can do. Such a person needs freedom to express what he can do and be
sure that his books will be published. This is what I-and many other writers-
couldn't do at home.
Now, about disapproval of politics, or the politics of my father. Well, I must
tell you that I disapprove of many things. But I think that many other people
who still are in our Central Politburo in Russia are responsible for the same
things for which he [my father] alone was accused.
And if I feel somewhat responsible for those who are killing people, I also feel
the responsibility lies with the Party, the regime and the ideology as a whole.
Announcer: Did the Sovietattitude towards your proposed marriage to Mr.
Singh cause you to reevaluate conditions in Russia? If not, what did?
Svetlana : Yes,-how in a country where marriage is allowed by law, why
should a person like myself not be allowed to marry by the Party and by the
government? I think this is not the business of the government at all.
And the whole thing finished quite tragically because my husband died in
Moscow, and his death made me absolutely intolerant of the things to which I
was rather tolerant before.
And a lot of other things : I can mention the court, the trial of Andrei Sinyav-
sky, which produced horrible impressions of all intellectuals in Russia. I can say
that I lost any hope that we were going to become liberal, somehow.
Announcer : In your statement [Friday] you said because of your name, you
were considered as a kind of a state property by the Russian Government. Would
you give us more details about the demands and restrictions on your personal life
made by the government?
Svetlana : Well, I was told many times, officially, that I would never be allowed
to travel abroad because I would meet the press and this wasn't for me.
Secondly, I was not allowed to marry, officially, an Indian citizen, although
he was a member of the Indian Communist Party.
I had some rights which other people didn't have, but as you know, people
cannot live by bread alone. We also need something else, and I knew that work
as a writer would never be possible for me In the Soviet Union.
Announcer : Are there many other Russians who also feel that a belief in God
proffered strength to meet the daily challenges all human beings face? Are there
many other Russians who also feel that a belief in God is important for them to
meet the challenges of their life?
Svetlana : I believe there are many.
Announcer : Of all the factors which brought you to the point of coming to the
United States, which would you say was the outstanding one?
Svetlana : I think that the most important for me was the death of my husband,
because I was attached to him, I loved him, I respected him.
And when he was denied in the Soviet Union the basic human rights, it affected
both of us. When he finally died, I felt that I completely changed. I have become
intolerant of many of those things of which I was tolerant and patient before.
Announcer : Do you believe that religion and Communism can exist together?
Svetlana : I don't think that-I don't think that violence and revolution can go
hand in hand with the idea of love for everyone. No, I don't believe they can be
joined together.
Announcer: Would yousay that you favor a democracy set up on the form of
our democracy here as the kind of government you are In favor of?
Svetlana: Well, I believe, of course, your society has more democratic freedoms.
This is what I believe and what I see.
Announcer : What dogmas of Communism, to use your words, do you believe
have lost their significance or are wrong?
Svetlana : I believe that in the modern world, In the 20th Century to which we
belong, in the century of the atom bomb and space flights, to hear that class revolu-
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tion can bring people progress has lost its significance. Progress in our time should
be reached by the work of humanity, not class struggle. This is what I believe.
If we sum tip these words of Svetlana Stalin Alhluyeva-the daughter of Com-
munist Dictator Josef Stalin-she is saying that Communism is not good for
people, not even for the Communist leaders and their families.
LIFE UNDER STALIN
Now, let us review the conditions of life on the Chinese Mainland under Com-
munist rule today.
For years under Stalin, millions of people were wrenched away from their fam-
ilies, their work, their villages. They were sent to concentration camps. Many
were taken because of completely false denunciations. They were tortured by
investigator beasts, and taken away, covered with their own blood.
Millions of innocent men and women were forced to move from their own lands
into barracks in far-off, strange places and there kept tinder guard. Many were.
shot or died from hardships of the life forced upon them.
Stalin was a man without mercy. During the 1O30s he initiated a great purge of'
Ills enemies-Stalin's cultural revolution-to destroy all who disagreed with him..
In these purges, more than 10,000,000 people died for no other reason than to make.
Stalin feel more powerful, more secure.
The officers of the Red Army were not trusted, either. On one occasion Stalinr
assigned a General to a new post, then changed his mind and had him shot.
The only protest-passible to the people came in the form of prison songs. Isere
are two of them which expross the deep suffering, the bitterness of Communist
captives : The first one :
Yesterday we burled two Marxists.
We didn't cover them with flags ;
One of them had the rightist deviation ;
The other one not even that.
And another one :
They finished me, the bastards, they finished me,
They destroyed my youth,
My golden hair was turned white,
And I am on the brink of ruin.
Stalin's terrorism against those closest to him came to a climax after world'
War II. Mayors of cities, governors of regions, high officials of the government
were taken. They were forced to confess to crimes they never committed. Then
they were shot. Just before his death, Stalin was plotting to seize and execute
officials of the highest rank-Foreign Minister, Premier and Defense Minister:.
HOW IT AFFECTED STALIN'S DAUGHTER
Svetlana lived in the comfort of the finest cruelty, but she sensed it, and now
she has revolted ,against it.
Svetlana, who lived through all of this 'terroristu and bloodshed, was asked:..
whom to blame. She said it was not enough -to blame her father, Josef alone for crimes committed by the Communist Party. Many now lit iiow r' in
Russia are guilty of the same cruelties. With all of these crimes against the peo-
ple, farm production was hurt, factory production was hurt. It was all due to the
Communists and it was a crime against the progress of humanity.
After Stalin died, his closest associates. turned on his memory and denounced
him. Communism-"the promise of paradize"-was even betrayed for the leaders
themselves !
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LIFE UNDER MAO
How much Communist Russia is like the regime of Mao Tse-tung !
Mao Tse-tung and his Communist officials have turned your life into one of
fear and torment. The cultural revolution and civil war rages on the Chinese
Mainland. Communists are fighting not for your progress, not to give you para-
dise, but to gain more power for them selves.. Whoever wins, you are the losers.
The people peasants, workers, writers, cultural workers--you who want only to
live in peace, improve the conditions of daily life, enjoy your family and the
great heritage of China-you are the ones who suffer.
THE MEANING OF SVETLANA'S ESCAPE
Svetlana's escape from Communist Russia and her true words have a special
meaning for each one of you.
When you see hate and struggle around you, when you see families torn apart
and neighbors taken away for no cause, when you we unnecessary bloodshed,
remember Stalin's daughter, Svetlana, who said that Communist dogmas no
longer have any meaning. She condemns the crimes committed by the Communist
officials in the name of the party, and she .:aid: "Instead of struggling and caus-
ing unnecessary bloodshed, people should work together for the progress of
humanity."
God made man to live free. No power on earth can-for long-oppose this
`God-given right. No dogma, no ideology, no government can do it.
In the past 50 years Communists threw God out the window. Communism
tried to take the place of God and promised paradise for everyone. For a time
there was the life of great expectation, of inflamed hopes. You were caught
up on the fervor of working for the promised goal.. But are you in paradise to-
day? Can you even see any signs of approaching it?
Look around your home. Look into the faces of your wife, your husband,
your sons and daughters. Look into your neighbor's face. Look at your rulers.
Now draw your own conclusions whether you have paradise ; whether the
promises of Communism have been true or false.
Svetlana said that Communist dogma lost its meaning when she discovered
that she had to have God in her heart. No "ism" that violates the universal
principles of God and Creation can long survive, because it is not founded on
truth.
Remember : Svetlana was taught the words of Marx from childhood-words
that say matter is the only reality, that there is no human soul, no spirit, no
eternal life. She looked around her at what Maxism and Communism did to
the people of her generation. And she finally came to the conclusion : "It was
impossible to exist without God." She testified, and you heard her say : "Since
that moment the main dogmas of Communism lost their significance for me."
HOPE FOR THE FUTURE
Here is dramatic proof of what Communism has promised and how Communism
has failed to make good on its promises. We, in the Free World, who believe
in freedom under God, know that other hearts in Red Asia-millions of them-
beat with ours ; that others are committed to our cause ; that other clear eyes
are fixed on the Communist tyranny over the minds and souls of men-a
tyranny that will inevitably fall before the awesome power of truth.
On this day, the First Anniversary of Radio of Free Asia, we look forward
with confidence in the positive power of mankind's commitment to be free. De-
spite the torments of today, human freedom. is the wave of the future : freedom
to discover and pursue happiness, to grow wise and to live in friendship with
SIGN-OFF
This has been a special anniversary broadcast of Radio of Free Asia-sup-
ported by the voluntary contributions of free people-to bring you the voice of
truth, hope and freedom. Concluding music. Station identification.
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RADIO OF FREE ASIA, A PRODUCT OF THE KOREAN CULTURAL AND FREEDOM FOUNDATION, INC.
PROGRAM LISTINGS OF BROADCASTS TO NORTH VIETNAM ON POW'S
Program number and broadcast date Program title
Participants or program sources
Inaugural broadcast Sept. 9-15, 1970 ----- Members of Congress Unite for Humane
Treatment of POW's.
1. Sept. 16-22 --------------------------- America Unites For Humane Treatment of
POW's.
2. Sept. 23-29 --------------------------- Wives and families fight for humane treat-
ment of POW's.
3. Sept. 30-Oct.6------------------------ Congressman Zion presents petition to Mai Congressman Roger H. Zion of Indiana,
Van Bo at Paris. MIA wife Mrs. Wanda Ruffin.
Congressman Roger H. Zion of Indiana ------ News report on the activities of the U.S. Congress, the American
people and the United Nations on behalf of POW's/MIA's.
Congressman Zion says that Congressmen want North Viet-
namese to know that their own leaders are leading them down
a had trail and are giving them a bad reputation in the court of
world opinion.
Library of Congress POW files_____________ Documentary covering worldwide efforts in behalf of humane
treatment for POW's.
Congressional hearings and national league POW/MIA wives tell of meetings with Swedish Prime Minister
files. Olaf Palme, Pope Paul, and the North Vietnamese delegates in
4. Oct. 7-13 ----------------------------- Congress meets in joint session to stress
unity an POW issue.
Paris and the opening of the headquarters of the National League
of Families of American Prisoners and Missing in Southeast
Asia in Washington, D.C.
Congressman Zion describes his persistent efforts to overcome
North Vietnamese refusals and his breakthrough meeting with
North Vietnamese Delegate Gen. Mai Van Be in Paris. The Con-
gressman presented a petition signed by 406 Members of the
U.S. House of Representatives. His 40 minute talk with Mai
Van Bo is regarded as a major achievement in direct communica-
tions with the North Vietnamese
.
Congressional Record -------------------- News report on statements by Congressmen Albert, Boggs, Bush,
Arends, Adair, Ford, Brock, Zion, Murphy, Teague, Daniel,
R
W
ivers,
ylie, Morgan, and Zwack; and Senators Mansfield,
llender, Fulbright, Stennis, Byrd, Scott, Aiken, Young, Allott,
a
and Griffin pointing out that the treatment of POW's is not a
military or political but a moral issue.
News report on statements by Congressmen O'Neill, Scherle, and
Fulton and official statements by spokesmen of Norway, Chile,
Greece, Costa Rica, Iran, Tunisia, Nepal, and the Phillippines.
5. Oct. 14-20 ---------------------------- Groundswell of activity on POW issue fol- Congressional Record, UN releases, ROFA
lows joint congressional session, press files.
6. Oct.21-27---------------------------- Returned POW's speak out to urge action
in behalf of POW's.
7. Oct. 28-Nov. 3_____________________ Wives and families push for new action on
POW's.
Congressman 0 Neill calls for a public outcry against Hanoi's
position
Tape of statements and press conference Maj. Rowe reports how he was shackled in irons in a small
at May meeting of National League of bamboo cage and subjected to mental torture by the Vietcong
Families. and how he escaped. Col. Morris Overly and Lt. David Matheny
report on physical tortue and mental harrassment during their
rs of eport caDtiVibn the tements their release.
Tape of statements and press conference at News r
and pof the League of Families held
May meeting of National League of in Washington, D.C. Mrs. Joanne Vinson urges that the Inter-
Families and ROFA press files. national Red Gross be permitted to inspect prisoner of war
camps in North Vietnam.
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RADIO OF FREE ASIA, A PRODUCT OF THE KOREAN CULTURAL AND FREEDOM FOUNDATION, INC.-Continued
PROGRAM LISTINGS OF BROADCASTS TO NORTH VIETNAM ON POW'S-Continued
B. Nov. 4-10----------------------------- Disabled American Veterans launch National Comdr. Cecil W. Stevenson------- DAV National Comdr. Cecil Stevenson described the Disabled
elaborate effort on POW issue. American Veterans' radio, television, and direct mail campaign
to produce a hoped-for 10,000,000 letters in behalf of POW's
and MIA's.
9. Nov. 11-17---------------------------- National League of Families plans vast new National Coordinator Joanne Vinson, Assist- Mrs. Joanne Vinson, national coordinator of the National League of
mail campaign. ant National Coordinator Mary Jane Families, and Mrs. Kevin McManus, assistant national coordinator,
McManus. discuss letters received from some POW's and announce a
nationwide campaign of writing letters to Hanoi and to the
North Vietnamese in Paris. They hope for 100 tons of mail.
10. Nov. 18-24---------------------------- Senator Brooke calls for joint congressional Senator Edward Brooke of Massachusetts-_._ Senator Edward Brooke explains the resolution he has introduced
committee on POW issue. jointly with Senator Robert Byrd to establish a joint Houes and
Senator Committee on Treatment of Prisoners of War. Senator
Brooke says he feels that more should be done to facilitate com-
munication between POW's and their families and to gain
better treatment for POW's.
11. Nov. 25-Dec. 1------------------------ International Longshoreman's Union plans ILA President Thomas W. Gleason, ILA John M. Bowers tells what the International Longshoremen's
continuing activity on behalf of POWs. vice president John W. Bowers. Association is doing to prevent American flag shipping from
dealing with the North Vietnamese and offers to unload Russian
shipping in the United States, which is not now offloaded here-
on the basis of 1 Russian ship unloaded for each 5 POW's released
by the North Vietnamese. mun 12. Dec. 2-8------------------------------ Fort Walton community organizes nation- Dave Anderson Rev. Talmadge Smith ------ These e2 leaders in Fort many others Walton, have been of Fla., disclose madehowawa their com the POW/
wide and worldwide effort for POW's
and MIA's. MIA issue through distribution of 58,000 copies of a booklet on
POW's/MIA'a, and the outpouring of support from women,
students, workers, and businessmen. Fort Walton raises $17,000
to send 8 POW/MIA wives to Southeast Asia and to Paris to get
their message across directly to North Vietnamese officials.
13. Dec.9-15----------------------------- Fort walton M [A wives stir opinion in Europe MIA wives Marge Brinckmann and Nancy Mrs. Marge Brinckmann and Mrs. Nancy Bannon, of Fort Walton,
and Southeast Asia. Bannon. Fla. describe their trip to Laos, New Delhi, Rome, Stockholm, and
London, their audience with the Pope, the efforts to arouse
worldwide public opinion on behalf of humanitarian treatment
for POW's, and the release of the names of all American POW's.
14, Dec. 16-22---------------------------- Senator Curtis calls for increased activity Senator Carl Curtis of Nebraska and MIA Senator Carl Curtis and Mrs. Cathy Plowman discuss the rising
on POW issue. wife Cathy Plowman. public indignation over North Vietnamese refusal to live up to the
provisions of the Geneva Convention on POW's and express
support for a proposal for an exchange of POW's in Vietnam.
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15. Dec. 23-29 ---------------------------- National League Explores increased world National League National Coordinator Mrs. Joanne Vinson, national coordinator of the National League of
press coverage on POW issue. Joanne Vinson and Press Club President Families, and Michael Hudoba, president of the National Press
Michael Hudoba. Club, discuss editorial opinion by the press of the United States,
France and other countries urging humanetreatment for POW's:
Mrs. Vinson reports that press comment in the United States
has increased 280 percent in the past 2 months.
16. Dec. 30-Jan. 5, 1971____________________ VFW commander makes world tour on POW Comdr. Herbert R. Rainwater ------------- Veterans of Foreign Wars Commander in Chief Herbert Rainwater
issue. reports on his 17-nation world tour, including stops in the
Soviet Union, Czechoslovakia, India, and Southeast Asia, his
talks with North Vietnamese officials, and the VFW's support.
for release of POW names and humane treatment for POW's.
18. Jan. 6-12 ----------------------------- Civil air patrol launches activities on behalf Cal. William M. Patterson, vice chairman___ The vice chairman of the civil air patrol describes CAP's private,
of POW', volunteer effort on behalf of POW's/MIA's which features dis-
tribution of more than 100,000 bumper stickers.
19. Jan. 13-19 ---------------------------- Congressmen Montgomery and Zion discuss Congressmen Roger H. Zion of Indiana and Congressmen Montgomery and Zion comment on the significance
news activities on behalf of POW's. G. V. Montgomery of Mississippi. of the Findley-Stratton resolution on the Sontay POW camp raid
by American forces, on their own petition efforts directed at
Hanoi, and the strong bipartisan support in the United States on
the POW/MIA issue.
20. Jan. 20-26---------------------------- New actions at Paris, the U.N. and U.S. Con- Library of Congress POW files, Congres- Documentary cites 13 violations of the Geneva Convention by the
gress on POW issue. sional Record, U.N. Radio Service, ROFA North Vietnamese, covers the action of the Social Committee
press files. of the United Nations on POW's, and comments on the U.N.
action by Ambassador Yost, Senator Pell, and Congressmen
Zablocki, Schmitz, Boggs, and Fisher.
21. Jan. 27-Feb. 2_________________________ Senator Griffin proposes unilateral POW Senator Robert P. Griffin of Michigan ------- Senator Griffin discusses his concern for POW's/MIA's, his visit
release. with North Vietnamese delegate Gen. Mai Van Bo in Paris. and
his resolution for an unilateral prisoner release by the South
Vietnamese to increase the pressure of world opinion on the
North Vietnamese.
22. Feb. 3-9------------------------------ POW wife reports on communists use of POW wife Mrs. Wilmer M. Grubb__________ Mrs. Wilmer M. Grubb, a POW wife, tells how Communists circulated
POW's for propaganda purposes. photographs showing her husband to be in good health for
several years before informing her that he had died on a date
prior to their release of the photographs, and describes her
plans for legal action through the U.N.
23. Feb. 10-16 ---------------------------- AMVETS launches dramatic effort to stir National Comdr. Robert Showalter --------- AMVETS National Comdr. Robert Showalter discusses AMVETS'
world opinion on POW's. unigce campaign to help POW's/MIA's through a pen-pal and
a language teachers' letter writing effort, work with some 800
ethnic groups, and a program for businessmen to take advertise-
ments in behalf of POW's/MIA's in foreign newspapers. .
24. Feb. 17-23 ---------------------------- New year heralds wide variety of activities ROFA press files ------------------------ Documentary covering Maj. James N. Rowe's book "Forest of
in behalf of POW's Darkness," the 100-tons of mail project of the National League
of Families, a letter writing campaign to U.N. Ambassadors, the
"Let My People Go" project of the Chattanooga News Free
Press, U.S. Congress action to declare a "Week of Concern."
the U.S. Post Office Department's POW/MIA stamp, and new.
year's comments by Senators Javits, Percy, Hansen, Dole,
Bennett, and Pearson.
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RADIO OF FREE ASIA, A PRODUCT OF THE KOREAN CULTURAL AND FREEDOM FOUNDATION, INC.-Continued
PROGRAM LISTINGS OF BROADCASTS TO NORTH VIETNAM ON POW'S-Continued
Association work on behalf of POW's/MIA's, pointing out the
many legal problems resulting for governments and individuals
due to failure of the North Vietnamese to adhere to the Geneva
26. Mar. 3-9 ------------------------------ Pensacola organizes 1st student trip to
Convention.
MIA wife Mrs. Jackie Kent and high school MIA wife Jackie Kent and teacher Marilyn Wolf
who accompanied
Paris.
,
teacher Miss Marilyn Wolf. the 1st student group received by the North Vietnamese in
Paris on the POW/MIA issue, tell how the Pensacola, Fla.,
community was organized to support the Paris trip for the
students.
27. Mar. 10-16 ---------------------------- Pensacola students meet with North
High school students Debbie Hogg and Kip 2 students tell of their meeting with North Vietnamese delegate
Vietnamese in Paris.
Jackson. Gen. Nguyen Tuan Lieu in Paris and details of dramatic con-
frontations with the North Viet
am
d
ffi
l
i
f 1
n
ese an
o
a
c
s o
1 other
embassies in Paris.
28. Mar. 17-23---------------------------- Orlando businessmen launch program in Businessmen Richard Eckstein Orlando businessmen Richard Eckstein and Lou Masterson describe
'
behalf of POW
s. Masterson, how they organized a rally for POW's/MIA's in Orlando, attended
29. Mar. 24-30---------------------------- Congressman Lou Frey discusses effective-
'
by some 10,000 fellow citizens.
Congressman Lou Frey, of Florida, and POW Congressman Lou Frey and Mrs. Kay F. Perkins
a POW wife
ness of local programs for POW
s and
'
,
,
wife, Mrs. Kay F. Perkins. evaluate the work of community efforts and their relationship
MIA
s.
to the achievement of effective action at national and interna-
tional levels.
30. Mar. 31-Apr.6------------------------ New committee plans national protest for
'
'
National Director Allan Finger ------------ Allan Finger, national director of the POW Day Committee
explains
POW
s and MIA
s.
,
how his organization was formed and its plans for a day of pro-
test to dramatize visually America's concern for POW's/MIA's
31. Apr. 7-13 ----------------------------- Congress votes national week of concern for
'
'
.
Congressional Record, ROFA press files---- Documentary describing the purpose of the U.S. Congress Joint
POW
s/MIA
s.
Resolution for a 'Week of National Concern" and covering
statements by Congressmen Anderson, Price, Fascell, Wolff,
Gonzalez, and Du Pont, and Senators Brock, Allen, Dole, and
Fulbright.
32. Apr. 14-20 ____________________________ American Legion
'
'
American Legion National Comdr. Alfred P. Chamie discusses the
s/MIA
POW
s.
American Legion's program for POW's, stressing actions by
State legislatures and distribution of a special prayer for POW's/
MIA's.
33. Apr. 21-27 ---------------------------- America's largest private yacht joins cam-
Yacht owner Conrad S. Mikufec describes his plan to sail to South
paign for POW's/MIA's.
Vietnamese ports and other ports in the Far East and to use his
yacht for meetings in behalf of POW's/MIA's in both North and
South Vietnam.
34. Apr. 28-May 4_________________________ Miami, Fla. group organizes effort for
'
Businesswoman Lola Morrow and business- Mrs. Lola Morrow and Ted Kowalski, both in business in Miami
s and MIA's.
POW
,
man Ted Kowalski. Fla., tell of their program to express concern of people in Dade
County for POW's/MIA's, through a series of billboards.
35. May 5-11 ----------------------------- Minute of silence campaign launched in
Newspaperman Jere Sellars and MIA wife Chattanooga newsman Jere Sellars and MIA wife Mrs. Wayne
several States for POW's and MIA's.
Mrs. Wayne Fullman. Fullam launch a "minute of silence" program establishing a time
in Chattanooga when everything stops for 1 minute to demon-
strate the community's concern for POW's/MIA's.
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BACKGROUND -INFORMATION ON TUE KOREAN CULTURAL AND FREEDOM
FOUNDATION, INC.
WHAT IS KOREAN CULTURAL AND FREEDOM FOUNDATION, INC.?
The Korean Cultural and Freedom Foundation,, Inc., was chartered on the 27th
of March 1964, under the code of the District of Columbia, as a non-profit citizen
supported organization. IRS U.S. Treasury Department issued their Tax Exempt
Certificate under the category of Charitable and Educational listing on September
17,1964. Its purpose is to aid the fight against Communism in Asia,' help maintain
and strengthen freedom throughout the world and promote understanding and
good will between the East and the West, through cultural exchange programs.
Former President Harry S. Truman has been serving as Honorary Chairman
of the Foundation, and the late President Dwight D. Eisenhower served as Hone
ovary `President from 1964 until 1969. The Founding President and Chairman of
the Board was Admiral Arleigh Burke, USN, (Ret.) Prominent Americans from
every field of endeavor gathered as members of the Board of Directors.
The Foundation adopted the Little Angels, National Folk Ballet of Korea
as its first cultural program. This is a native Korean folk ballet group composed
of children-the first professional children's folk ballet troupe in the world.
The Foundation has sponsored the Little Angeles world tour five times in the
past. Their sixth world tour in 1971 includes Europe and North America.
The New York Times gave a glowing review in 1908 saying, "The Little
Angels are a phenomenal company!" The Little Angels performed on the Ed
Sullivan show three times and they twice received Certificates of Appreciation
from the National Press Club in Washington, D.C.
More important, however, is the educational aspect of this troupe. The Little
Angels gave numerous performances for the school systems in America, and
brought to hundreds of thousands of American students from elementary school
to the college level, deep understanding of Oriental culture and heritage. In
1971, the Little Angels are scheduled to appear in John F. Kennedy Center in
Washington, D.C., the first Korean cultural troupe to perform in this new cultural
center.
The late President Eisenhower was delighted with the Little Angels program
and its "people-to-people" aspect. The troupe gave its first American premiere per-
formance in honor of General Eisenhower at Gettysburg, Pennsylvania on Sep-
tember 20th, 1965. Since then, the Little Angels were invited to the White House
twice : the first invitation came from Mrs. Lyndon B. Johnson in 1967 for a recep-
tion, and the second honor came when President Nixon personally invited them
to perform in the East Room of the White House on December 18th, 1970 for the
White House Christmas festivities. The Little Angels are known as the Little Am-
bassadors of Good Will and Friendship.
The Foundation launched Radio of Free Asia as the Foundation's freedom
project on August 15th, 1966. Radio of Free Asia was designed to serve as a bridge
of truth between our world and those behind the Bamboo Curtain. It is a vital
voice of truth and freedom for the oppressed millions behind the Bamboo Curtain
where isolation is severe.
General Eisenhower gave inspiration and staunch support to Radio of Free
Asia..He called this project the "Bridge of Truth."
In the four years since its first broadcast on August 15th, 1966 until the end of
1970; Radio of Free Asia(ROFA) achieved a total of 5,758 hours and 25 minutes
of broadcasting in 9,590 separate programs in three languages : Korean, Chinese
and Vietnamese and gained approximately. 100,000 standing supporters in the
United States and the free world.
The Foundation also has organized a project in the field of the development of
human resources, in which the Foundation is undertaking a scholarship program
particularly in the field of arts, for promising students in Korea and the United
States.
The Foundation has the plan to build the Little Angels Performing Art Center
as a permanent home for the Little Angels, in Seoul, Korea. This center will in-
clude the, Little Angels' school. The Foundation also plans to erect Radio of Free
Asia's own transmitters in both short and medium wave to enable Radio of Free
Asia to broadcast their program on an around-the-clock basis..
At .the present time, Mr. L. William Horning, distinguished 'eteran business
executive is serving as Chairman of the Board. The Korean Cultural and Freedom
Foundation has its general headquarters in Washington D.C. and Operation
Headquarters in Seoul, Korea.
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"I first heard Radio of Free Asia in the capital of North Korea through my
'secret radio at night. I could not believe my ears. I was hesitating as to whether,
I should accept the program as truth. It was a matter of life or death. But when
I kept on listening, I knew Radio Free Asia was telling the truth and I ac-
cepted it. Then I planned my defection. Now I have freedom and my life is
deeply indebted to Radio of Free Asia...."
This is the moving testimonial spoken over the microphone of Radio of Free
Asia by former Red spy of North Korea, Mr. Sa Chang Hong, He spoke these
words over Radio of Free Asia to millions of North Koreans who are still suffer-
ing under the yoke of Communism.
When Mr. Hong listened to Radio of Free Asia in the Red capital, Pyung
-Yang, he stated that he was particularly moved by the freedom interview in
which former Red reporter Mr. Hang Goo Lee described vividly his experiences-
his life under tyranny and his life under freedom.
It must be noted that the primary goal of Radio of Free Asia is not to en-
courage defections. This dramatic incident, however, demonstrates that Radio
of Free Asia broadcasts do reach listeners behind the Bamboo Curtain and that
listeners react to it.
There are almost one billion men. and women in Asia cut off from the out-
side world and fed daily on the propaganda by their Red masters, Radio of Free
Asia helps to shatter the monopoly of Communist information for them. Radio
-recognizes no boundaries and penetrates the Red barriers where other means
fail, reaching out to 73 of the population of the world.
In our nuclear age, lack of information is a significant danger to peace. Mil-
lions of Mainland Chinese and other Asians are being told that Communism is
invincible and that America. is a "paper tiger." weak and easily defeated.
If this propaganda goes unchallenged, the trigger is set for miscalculations
that could lead to the destruction of civilization. Only truth can expose the lies,
shatter the myths, and end the Red monopoly over the minds of enslaved Asians.
By broadcasting day after day the truth of America's might and humanity to
peoples behind the Bamboos Curtain, ROFA helps ward off miscalculations which
could lead to world catastrophe.
'(1) To Broadcast the Truth : "Know the truth and the truth shall make you
free." This is an expression accepted by free men everywhere but never so
appropriate as when applied to the suffering millions in Asia behind the Bam-
boo Curtain. Therefore, ROFA's first and foremost objective is to broadcast the
truth. ROFA broadcasts the facts about America and the free world, its economy,
political system, and mankind's continuous struggle for freedom.
ROFA also broadcasts the facts about Asian Communism and their own
rulers ; the facts about international communism, its contradictions, setbacks,
failures, violence and cruelty.
ROFA separates the facts from Communist propaganda thus helping to
lead the oppressed people into intelligent judgment.
(2) To Put Freedom on the Offensive: ROFA believes that success, against
Communism depends upon seizing and holding the initiative. ROFA therefore
emphasizes the positive values of freedom and democracy, presenting them
interestingly, dynamically and convincingly.
Radio of Free Asia defends human rights and freedom; ROFA stresses peace
with honor, justice and freedom with dignity.
-(3) To Enhance Spiritual Values: America's greatest contribution to the
world is not its material abundance. but the high spiritual values which enable
men to live full lives and to live them more abundantly. Radio of Free Asia
provides enslaved Asians with a feeling of the spirit of free men. It voices the
principle that all men are free and equal under God, responsible not to Marx-
isul-Leninism or the false priests of Red Dogma, but only to God and to their
fellow men. Every individual has the right to worship when and where he
chooses.
(4) For Companionship to the Millions: People behind the Bamboo Curtain
are isolated by Communist-instilled fear of one another. They are lonely people.
Radio of Free Asia serves as a companion to them, voicing and sharing their
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101
hopes one day to be free, giving them courage to keep their spirit alive and
pointing out the efforts being made to make the world one of free peoples and
independent nations. Radio of Free Asia is a bridge between private free citizens
in the free world and the freedom-starved people behind the Bamboo Curtain.
Population
Number of radio
sets in use'
China (Communist)---------------- ------------- ------------------ ------- --- 725, 000, 000
5, 500, 000'
Korea (North) ------------------------------------------------------11,000,000
162,000
Vietnam (North)------------------------------------------------------------
18,400,000
130
000
Cambodia ------------------------------------------------------------------
6,000,000
,
400,000
Laos -----------------------------------------------------------------------
2,000,000
70,000,
Mongolia--------------------------------------------------------- -?----
1,000,000
100,000+
Total----------------------------------------------------------------
763,400,000
6,362,000
These figures were obtained from the USIA and are based on Research and.
Information Service documents for the year ending 1965.
The concept of radios in these areas is different from the concept of radios
in America where one person may own many sots. In Communist-held countries,
one radio set may be for the benefit of a group; for instance, a group of families,
farmers, villagers, etc. In other words, access per radio in Asia would be far
greater than for one radio in America. Even though radio sets in number are
relatively small in relation to population, the impact of radio broadcasting is
far greater than that of the same number of radios in the Western World.
Programming : Radio of Free Asia's programming covers five major areas :
1. News : Daily happenings of the Free World, as well as news of the listener's
own country is broadcast. Audiences are informed of the true happenings in
their own country.
News broadcasts by Radio of Free Asia are current, constant, factual, and
comprehensive and are prepared for the level of the people who hear them. News
broadcasts provide a correct understanding of the current world situation and
provide comparisons with information put out by Communist controlled informa-
tion media.
2. Commentary and Press Reviews : Radio of Free Asia's viewpoint is that
commentary and press reviews are of prime importance because this is where
the ideological battle should be fought between freedom and tyranny, between
individual rights and state supremacy, between Democracy and Communism,
between private enterprise and Communist economics.
These programs analyze international developments in the Free World. Thee
progress of the Free World is compared with the true picture of international
Communism. The extensive evaluation and research based on. fact is gathered
from all levels of the Free World community. Radio of Free Asia serves as a
communications link between the private citizens of the Free World and the
peoples behind the Bamboo Curtain.
3. Religious Programs : Radio of Free Asia enhances the spiritual values of
men. This objective is met by programming proper and adequate religious pro-
grams of all faiths.
Knowing that all religious life in Communist countries have been downgraded,
Radio of Free Asia through all its 'religious programs provide these captive
peoples with religious thoughts and ideas. These programs consist of short ser-
mons, religious messages and religious music.
4. Educational Programs : Radio of Free Asia informs the people of up-to-date
know-how in many fields and how this knowledge has been used to provide it
better way of life in the free world. Many accomplishments of modern science
are made known to the captive people for Radio of Free Asia continuously sup-
plies modern scientific information. Included are developments in medicine,
agriculture, home economics, aviation and space technology.
5. Cultural Programs : Radio of Free Asia provides companionship to the mil-
lions of captive peoples. The cultural -programs provide not only companionship
but also comfort. By reporting the free world's artistic and cultural develop-
ments, these programs utilize the universal language of culture to provide cour-
age and inspiration for those cut off from the outside world. Extensive musical
programming, art and book reviews are featured.
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SOURCES OF FUND FOR RADIO OF FREE ASIA
Radio of Free Asia is solely supported by the private voluntary contributions
of freedom-loving people of the world. Private contributions are the only source
of funds for Radio of Free Asia and they provide the opportunity for millions
of Americans to participate in the fight against Communism in Asia and to
enhance freedom throughout the world.
Business, corporations, foundations, and organizations have also contrib-
uted to the Korean Cultural and Freedom Foundation, Inc., for this vital project.
Radio of Free Asia receives no government subsidies.
As of May 1st, 1971, Radio of Free Asia has approximately 100,000 standing
supporters in the free world, primarily in the United States.
Radio of Free Asia has done, and continues to do everything in its power to
live up to General Dwight D. Eisenhower's noble description of it as a "citizen's
radio for freedom."
After the aims and concepts of Radio of Free Asia had been submitted to criti-
cal review by a wide spectrum of American opinion early in 1966, it was decided
to proceed with the broadcasting project.
Radio of Free Asia (ROFA) was established as a project of the Korean Cul-
tural and Freedom Foundation and an agreement was made with the Korean
Broadcasting System (KBS) to lease broadcast facilities.
The Foundation established Radio of Free Asia Operations Headquarters in
Seoul, appointing an Operations Director in charge. The main headquarters
were established in Washington, D.C. where all policies and guidelines are de-
termined and from which control over the broadcasts is exercised.
On August 15th, 1966, the first program was beamed from the transmitters
in Seoul to North Korea and to the Mainland of China. These programs were in
Chinese and in Korean and were broadcast a- total of four hours a week. By the
end of 1966, Radio of Free Asia had been able to broadcast a total of 120 pro-
grams for a total of 60 broadcast hours. -
A special, format of programming, known. as the "Package Program" is used.
This is designed to give maximum and concentrated information within a short
span of 30 to 45 minutes. These programs highlight world news, concise news
analysis, and commentary of special features of the- day-such as interviews
and constructive information in the field of, for example, home hygiene, latest
tips on animalhusbandry and the like.
This same program is broadcast repeatedly during the day, often in different
frequencies. This program thus assures the, receptive audience that they do
not have to tune in for long hours.
Sometimes, listening to free world radio like Radio of Free Asia can become
a life-risking hazard for listeners. Frequently, they tune in secretly onconcealed
radios. For this reason, Radio Free Asia programs are also beamed during the
night hours thus providing more opportunity for radio listening.
After the first year, the weekly broadcast schedule was expanded into daily
programs and by the end of 1967, Radio of Free Asia had completed the broadcast
of 819 programs in a total of 409 hours, 30 minutes-almost 7 times over that of
1966!
Steady expansion of Radio of Free Asia programming proceeded with the
succeeding years of 1968 and 1969, because of the continuous support to Radio
of Free Asia in the United States by concerned citizens.
In 1968, Radio of Free Asia beamed a total of 2,583 programs in 1,199 hours
and 10 minutes. In 1969, the record further advanced into a total of 2,920 pro-
grams within 1,930 hours and 30 minutes.
In 1970, Radio of Free Asia marked a special milestone when it initiated its
first Vietnamese service into North Vietnam. This program has concentrated
solely on giving the facts of trueworld opinion to the rulers and the people of
North Vietnam in regard to American POWs. This program was first beamed
in short wave from Seoul, Korea, on September 9, 1970. -
The total accomplishment in the year 1970 in all three language services
reached a total of 3,146 package programs totalling 2,158 hours. and 45 minutes.
The following accomplishment chart shows the yearly breakdown of pro-
grams and hours formulating the five year accomplishment of 9,500 programs,
5,758 hours and 25 minutes. -
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From June 1st, 1971 onward, Radio of Free Asia has made arrangements to
lease transmitters in Manila, The Philippines, to beam the Vietnamese program
to North Vietnam thereby lessening the broadcast distance and improving recep-
tion in North Vietnam.
Programs
Hours
- Minutes
1966:
Korean broadcasts_________________________________ ------------------
80
40
--------------
Chinese broddcasts____________________________________________
40
20
--------------
Subtotal ------
120
60
----
1967:
Korean broadcasts--------------------------------------------
715
357
30
Chinese broadcasts--------------------------------------------
104
52
___------_----
Subtotal---------------------------------------------------
819
409
30
1968:
Korean broadcasts____________
2,282
1,048
40
Chinese broadcasts --------------------- -_--_--_-__--_-_---_--.-
301
150
30
1969:
Korean broadcasts--- .....................
2,555
1, 748
----------
Chinese broadcasts---------------------------------------------
365
182 '
30
Subtotal ------------------------------------- --........... ..
.2,920
1,930
30
1970:
Korean broadcasts--------------------------------------------
2,555
1,916
15
V etnamese broadcasts ------------------
--------- -------- 228
157
30
Grand total ---------------------------- - ------
9 590
SPECIAL PROGRAMS OF RADIO OF FREE ASIA -
"The great achievement-of Armstrong, Aldrin, Collins and the space pioneers
;behindithem-is a story that belongs to:all mankind. It-is a crime against humanity
that Communist press. and -radio have denied news of this triumph to nearly
-one billion.people in Communist Asia." - - -
This is - a quotation from Radio of Free Asia's press release right after the
historical moon landing. To shatter this news blackout, Radio of Free Asia
,devoted 450 Special Programs to bring every detail of the moon shot to the Main-
land of China and North Korea. This activity was designated by Radio of Free
Asia as "Apollo 11 Mouth."
This is one example of Radio of Free Asia's Special Programs. These are similar
to -a "task force" for Radio.of Free Asia. When a special need arises in which
ROFA wants to inform the. people behind the Bamboo Curtain of some special
-or extraordinary event and when special material is available, Radio of Free
Asia uses Special Programs broadcast over the Radio of Free Asia system.
When the Communist world launched the spectacular world wide propaganda
campaign to celebrate the 50th anniversary of the Bolshevik revolution, Radio of
Free Asia immediately took action to counter the propaganda of Communism,
by serializing the powerful book, "Worker's Paradise Lost" by Eugene Lyons.
This book is a balance sheet of failure of Communism for 50 years. - -
When Svetlana'Stalin, daughter of Josef Stalin made her dramatic escape to
freedom, Radio of Free Asia brought her testimony to the millions of Asians who
would never have known of this fact, otherwise. -
When the late President Dwight D. Eisenhower passed away, Radio of Free
Asiaprogrammed America's greatness in pursuit of freedom. This was embodied
in the life of the President and this Special Program was entitled, "A Portrait of
an American Hero."
. Radio of Free Asia values interview programs with those international figures
who have experienced both life under Communism and the value of freedom.
ROFA. calls these Special Programs "Freedom Interviews."- Who can explain and
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testify to the evils of Communism better than the people who have defected from
behind the Iron Curtain and the Bamboo Curtain and who have been victims
of Communism themselves?
Radio of Free Asia interviews Red Refugees and defectors from Communist
tyranny ; those who have bitterly tasted. the yoke of Communism and who were
the victims of tyrannical masters and who narrowly escape and now live in free-
dom. Men from Russian slave campus . . . freedom fighters in Hungary , . .
refugees from. Tibet and Mongolia ... a displaced school teacher from Czecho-
slavakia . . an escaped musician from Red China . . . a pastor from the
Rumanian underground church . . . a former Red Espionage agent from North
Korea . . . and many others.
All these come under the Special Programs of Radio of Free Asia. Indeed, it is
the "task force" of Radio of Free Asia. In the last five years, Radio of Free Asia
broadcast a total of 47 such Special Programs in varying lengths. Some programs
were serialized for as many as six months, while some were covered in a single
day broadcast.
The following are some of the highlights of these Special Programs of Radio of
Free Asia.
(1) "Flight to Freedom," September 15th to 22nd, 1967: The Dramatic Story
of the Failure of Communism as told by Svetlana Stalin. The news of Svetlana's
flight to freedom made headlines all over the world-EXCEPT behind the Bam-
boo Curtain. Radio of Free Asia made it possible for the oppressed millions to
hear her story, which we entitled, "The Failure of Communism."
(2) "Worker's Paradise Lost," November 7th-21st, 1967: On November 7th,
1967, the Communists celebrated the 50th anniversary of the Bolshevik Revolu-
tion with a world wide propaganda campaign. ROFA combatted it with a group
of programs based on a serialization of Eugene Lyons' powerful book, "Worker's
Paradise Lost" which effectively exploded all the myths the Communists were
celebrating and trying to perpetuate.
(3) "Communism on Trial," March 21st to 28th, 1968: Radio of Free Asia
gave first hand reports on the international "Communism on Trial" held on Feb-
ruary 19th to 21st, 1968 at the Hall of Nations, Georgetown University, Wash-
ington, D.C. Radio of Free Asia's microphone was there all three days and
interviewed exclusively all prominent anti-Communist witnesses at the trial-
then reported these truths on Special Programs on March 21st through March
28th. 1968 over Radio of Free Asia system.
(4) "To Murder a President,- January 23, 1969: Interview with Lt. Sin Jo
Kim, former North Korean armed commando who was sole survivor of a band of
North Korean Communists who attempted to assassinate President Park of South
Korea. Lt. Kim said in this interview, "I am even grateful to Red Premier Kim
of North Korea for selecting me as a member of this horrible mission. It was
through the failure of this mission that I obtained my freedom-a one in a mil-
lion chance."
(5) "Eisenhower: Portrait of an American Hero," June 8th, 1969 to July 7th,
1969: This program featured the inspiring life story of the late General Dwight D.
Eisenhower and his lifelong crusade for truth and freedom, his valor and courage
to defend America and the American values of freedom and democracy.
(6) "Man on the Moon," August 2nd to August 31st, 1969: The achievements
of the U.S. Space program, "Man on the Moon." The success of the U.S. space pro-
gram, especially the Apollo projects was vividly conveyed to the uninformed peo-
ple behind the Bamboo Curtain. This remarkable achievement was not only a
success for the U.S., but also a triumph for all mankind. This was repeatedly
broadcast into Red China which was totally blacked out during Apollo 11 landing
on the moon.
(7) "The War of North Korean Aggression," January 1, 1970 to June 30th,
1970: This Special Program commemorated the 20th anniversary of the out-
break of the Korean War in which 30 thousand Americans died and thousands
of Americans were wounded. Radio of Free Asia broadcast into North Korea
a complete factual account of how and why the Communists started this war in
1950 and were completely responsible for the crimes and atrocities which fol-
lowed. ROFA included the capture of the U.S.9. Pueblo. the shooting down
of the U.S. reconnaissance plane and the killing of all the crew.
(8) "Lenin's 100th Birthday-A day of mourning for the victims of Com-
munism," April 24th, 1970: In the U.S., the United States Communist Party
designed an unprecedented youth movement under the guise of peace which
was motivated by the philosophy advocated by Lenin. The object of this well
conceived and professional program was to disclose to the victims of Com-
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munism themselves, the complete failure as a system of economics and
government.
(9) "Life under Communism as compared with life in the Free World,"
June 15th, 1970 to June 19, 1970: These Special Programs were based on special
interviews with Dae Jim Kang, former North Korean espionage agent who
defected to freedom. He tells the people of North Korea and Red China what
he found outside the "bamboo curtain" and he movingly explains why when
-ordered to return to the North-he chose Freedom instead !
Ten thousand programs have been broadcast in 6,000 hours of broadcast time.
But much remains to be done. The future holds the key -to completely fulfilling
our commitment as -an independent citizens' broadcasting system reaching the
millions of fellow human beings behind the bamboo curtain in. Asia.
Listed here are three projects and plans for future developments:
(1) Leasing Air Time in Other Localities : Radio of Free Asia has been leasing
air time from the Korean Broadcasting System (KBS) in Seoul, Korea. Seoul
is a strategic point in Asia and KBS's 500 kilowatt transmitters and their
short wave facilities have been serving the purpose. But that is, not enough.
In order to cover the entire area of Red Asia, Radio of Free Asia will lease
other transmitters in different locations in Asia. This will enable ROFA to broad-
cast its programs with greater impact on larger numbers of listeners.
(2) Construction of Radio of Free Asia Transmitters : Radio of Free Asia's
ultimate goal is to broadcast around the clock. This around the clock operation
is the key to our total accomplishment of ROFA's objectives. The only way
for ROTA to achieve this goal is for ROFA to own its independent transmitters.
Toward this end, ROFA Is planning to build both 100 kilowatt short wave
transmitters with multi-frequencies that will enable ROTA to pinpoint various
targets in Asia and 100 kilowatt medium wave transmitters with directional
antenna which will be able to target the entire North Korea and a part of
Manchuria.
(3) Library and Research Center: ROFAemphasizes quality in programming.
Knowledge of both the free world and the Communist world are vital and
Important for the quality programming of Radio of Free Asia. In the future,
Radio of Free Asia will have a library and research center on broadcasting in
Asia. This will give all the necessary information for the quality productions
for ROFA programs under the stimuli of unbiased knowledge and truth.
This library and research center will also provide other academic communities
and other research Organizations with reference material for their- studies.
RADIO OF FREE ASIA BROADCASTS ON TIIE AMERICAN PRISONER Or, WAR/MISSING IN
ACTION ISSUE IN NORTH VIETNAM
No voice is stronger than the voice of humanity. No voice carries farther than
one broadcast by radio. Every week, voices carrying the moving story of Ameri-
scans' rising concern over North Vietnamese treatment of our POWs and MIAs is
now being broadcast over Radio of Free Asia directly to the North Vietnamese.
The programs to North Vietnam in Vietnamese language began on September
9th, 1970 from facilities which Radio of Free Asia leases for this purpose in
'Seoul, Korea. These programs are broadcast daily at the prime Asian time of
8 A.M. over two broadcast short wave frequencies 9.640 and 15.430 megacycles.
From June 1st, 1971, these Vietnamese programs are beamed from closer trans-
mitters located in Manila, The Philippines in short wave frequencies of 9.505
Megahertz.
Hanoi's leaders may refuse a petition sent to them through the mails ; they
may turn back the wives of American POWs and MIAs who travel to Paris to
seek information about their husbands ; but they cannot stop radio broadcasts
from getting through.
In addition to the broadcast service, Radio of Free Asia is conducting a peti-
tion campaign on behalf of POWs, in cooperation with the National League of
Families of American Prisoners and Missing in Southeast Asia and the American
Red Cross and already have transfered approximately 150,000 petitions.
Following are the aims and concepts and other policies of Radio of Free
Asia's Vietnamese program on the POW issue and this petition campaign.
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AIMS AND CONCEPTS
It is ROFA's purpose, through broadcasts day after day, to make the people
of North Vietnam aware that the vast majority of Americans are united on the
issue of POWs/MIAs that world opinion is against Hanoi on their refusal to,
give us a full list of POWs and to permit Red .Cross inspection of their POW
camps ; and that they have nothing to gain by refusing to adhere to the Geneva
Convention except condemnation by world public opinion.
His Excellency Pham Van Dong, Premier
Democratic Republic of Vietnam
Hanoi, North Vietnam
Premier Phom Van Dong:
As concerned United States citizens We are joining Rodio of Free Asia's appeal to your
humanity and that of your nation in regard to our prisoners of war and our men missing _
in action:
In the name of humanity... RADIO OF FREE
ASIA calls for Hanoi, to disclose the
names of all POW's it holds, and to
urge the National Liberation Front and
ASIA calls for the assurance of proper
detention facilities, food and medical
care of the POWs.
In the name of humanity ... RADIO OF FREE
ASIA coils for unhampered corre-
spondence with their families.
In the name of,humoniiy...RADIO OF FREE
Name
ASIA calls for repatriation of sick or
wounded who might not survive cap-
tivity.
In the name of humanity' .. RADIO OF FREE'
ASIA calls for the International Red
Cross or. International Control Com-_.
mission to be permitted to inspect the
prison camps in North Vietnam ashas-
been done in the South.
In the name of humanity... RADIO OF FREE
ASIA calls for, in short, on. honoring
by. Hanoi of her legal ,obligations
under the Geneva Convention which
she signed in 1957.
(If additional space is needed for more names, please use other side)
..Afore -than 1,600 U.S. men are missing or presumed: captured some 800 in
North Vietnam, 500 in North Vietnamese or Vietcong hands in South Vietnam and
200 in Laos. These men, now out of combat, are entitled to humane treatment.
Their wives and children have an inalienable right to know where they are and
how they are.
We must not leave anything undone which can be done to help POW and .AHA
wives and their children in their quest for the information to which they are
entitled.
Communicating the rising groundswell of protests to the ?North Vietnamese
does get results. 80% of the mail that, has come from our men' in prison- camps
in North Vietnam has arrived since the American people began to demonstrate
their indignation to Hanoi's leaders. This response shows that-leaders in Hanoi
listen to the pulse of the American people. It is the American people who must in-
crease the pressure of American and of world opinion on Hanoi. The time has
come to expand the people's crusade for information about and humane treat=
ment for our POWs and MIAs, ROFA serves as a "Bridge of Truth" carrying-
information about this rising crusade to Hanoi.
Radio of Free Asia has committed itself to carry on its radio campaign in this
humanitarian cause to increase pressure on Hanoi leaders to :
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(1) Release a.full and complete list of American prisoners of war, and
(2) Give American POWs the humane treatment to which they are entitled.
SCOPE OF ROFA'S VIETNAMESE PROGRAM ON POW ISSUE
Radio of Free Asia plans to continue broadcasting into North Vietnam in the
Vietnamese language repeatedly on the following five (5) points :
1. True and factual American and world opinion on the prisoners-of-war/MIA
issue with emphasis on the fact that holding and misusing American POWs by
Hanoi is not to their advantage.
2. Programs on American sentiment and mood with stress on the fact that
Americans may be divided on war issues, but are clearly and solidly united in
their stand on the POW/MIA issue.
k3. Repetition of the text of the Geneva Convention, covering rules on treatment
of prisoners of war, to which Hanoi is one of the signatories.
4. Repeated programs an Radio of Free Asia's "Plea for Humanity."
5. The names of North Vietnamese prisoners of war in the South when these
names can be officially obtained.
GUIDE LINE ON ROFA'S VIETNAMESE PROGRAM ON POW ISSUE
(1) A program staff at ROFA headquarters, Washington, D.C. produces the
material. It is voiced in Vietnamese and tape-recorded here and sent to Korea
for broadcast.
(2) ROFA produced one program a week, but to gain maximum penetration the
program is broadcast daily at the prime Asian time over three broadcast short
wave frequencies. This same program is repeated every day of the week at the
same hour.
(3) Each program reports actions and statements which express Americans
and foreign nationals deep humane concern for prisoners of war. They put pres-
sure on leaders in IIanoi to abide by conditions of the Geneva Convention for the
humane treatment of prisoners and for prompt reporting of the names of POWs/
MIAs through the proper international body.
(4) In the future, ROFA plans to strengthen Its broadcasting' service to
North Vietnam by leasing medium wave transmitters in South East Asia. With
these new facilities ROTA ix-ill be able to erea"te' llferally a barrage of broad-
casts to shatter the monopoly of information Hanoi leaders try to maintain, in
the areas they control.
The petition campaign serves two distinct purposes: (1) By contacti lgniillions
of Americans through this campaign, ROFA can further arouse the, lincrican
conscience and enlighten American public to a greater awareness of the` plight
of the American POW. This will eventually lead to stronger American "'well-as stronger world opinion for more pressure on IIanoi ;
(2) By collecting and transmitting hundreds of thousands of these signed
petitions by concerned American`s to Idanoi representatives in-Ph rts RO]4 can
apply substantial pressure upon IIano -for their speedy release bf the America'
POWs.
Many people express doubt 'as to, the wisdom of launching this petition Cam-
paign, because of Hanoi's past refusal to accept petitions. Even SO, ROVA. feels
strongely about the effectiveness on two counts. First, petitions by .the milliops
will create a visual monument of the indignation of the American public 2ncj,le=,
come a visible symbol of Hanoi's cruelty and inhumanity. Secondly, by doing our
utmost we are letting our men in captivity and their families know that ti}Wyy
will never be forgotten. The petitions will be a visible symbol of true brotlieriopd
and comradeship and will present comfort to those suffering families. U re are
with them, and will fight it through, until they have their loved ones.
In this petition campaign, ROFA coordinates its efforts with the National
League of Families of American prisoners and Missing in South East Asia and
the American Red Cross.
RADIO OF FREE ASIA'S PETITION CAMPAIGN ON DEIIALF OF PO;eS
Ii.OFA broadcasts in Vietnamese on behalf of the America.hP'OWs/MIAs is the
primary action of the campaign. A second and vitally important part of this effort'
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108
`Sen. Gordon Allott
Sen. Howard II. Baker
Sen. Henry L. Bellmon
-Sen. Paul J. Fannin
'Sen. Hiram L. Fong
Sen. Thomas J. McIntyre
Sen. Jack Miller
Sen. Karl E. Mundt
Sen. Winston L. Prouty
Sen. William Proxmire
Sen. Hugh Scott
Sen. John J. Sparkman
Sen. Ted Stevens
Sen. John G. Tower
Sen. Milton R. Young
Speaker Carl Albert
Rep. Jackson E. Betts
Rep. Hale Boggs
Rep. John Brademas
Rep. Elford A. Cederberg
Rep. Don H. Clausen
Rep. James C. Cleveland
Rep. Harold R. Collier
Rep. Dominick V. Daniels
Rep. John H. Dent
Rep. Edwin W. Edwards
Rep. James G. Fulton
Rep. Richard Fulton
Rep. Charles S. Gubser
Rep. Lawrence J. Hogan
Rep. John E. Hunt
Rep. Harold T. Johnson
Rep. Charles Raper Jonas
Rep. Robert McClory
Rep. William S. Mailliard
Rep. Robert D. Price
Rep. Albert H. Quie
Rep. Henry P. Smith, III
Rep. M. Gene Snyder
Rep. William B. Widnall
Rep. Charles E. Wiggins
Gov. John A. Burns, Hawaii Gov. John A. Love, Colorado
Gov. Melvin H. Evans, Virgin Islands Gov. Tom McCall, Oregon
Gov. Luis A. Ferre, Puerto Rico Gov. John J. McKeithen, Louisiana
Gov. Stanley K. Hathaway, Wyoming Gov. William G. Milliken, Michigan
Miss Edle Adams
Col. William A. Anders
Desi Arnaz
Miss Nadine Conner
Hon. William C. Cramer
Bing Crosby
Bob Crosby
Hon. John Dempsey
Don De Fore
Miss Til Dieterle
Miss Phyllis Diller
Mike Douglass
Mark Evans
Miss Connie Francis
Hon. Samuel N. Friedel
William G. Harley
Hon. A. Sydney Herlong, Jr.
Miss Hildegarde
George Jessel
Murray the "K"
Sammy Kaye
Hon. Thomas S. Kieppe
Hon. Harold LeVander
Jerry Lewis
Hon. Donald E. Lukens
Colin G. Male
Hon. Catherine May
Hon. Keith H. Miller
Miss Terry Moore
Miss Agnes Moorhead
Hon. George Murphy
Jack W. Nicklaus
Miss Jane Powell
Phil Rizzuto
Hon. Winthrop Rockefeller
Cesar Romero
Hon. Richard L. Roudebush
Hon. Don Samuelson
Hon. Armistead I. Selden, Jr.
Dean Smith
Sam Snead
Robert Stack
Lowell Thomas
John Unitas
Vincent T. Wasilewski
Johnny Weismuller
Roger Williams
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SENATORS, CONGRESSMEN AND GOVERNORS Wiio, TIIOUGII NOT ON THE ADVISORY
COMMITTEE, HAVE ISSUED STATEMENTS SUPPORTING RADIO OF FREE ASIA
Wallace F. Bennett (R. Utah)
Allan Bible (D. Nev.)
.J. Caleb Boggs (R. Del.)
Harry F. Byrd, Jr. (D. Va.)
Robert C. Byrd (D. W. Va.)
lIoward W. Cannon (D. Nev.)
.Clifford P. Case (R. N.J.)
Norris Cotton (R. New H.)
Peter H. Dominick (R. Colo.)
James O. Eastland (D. Miss.)
Barry Goldwater (R. Ariz.)
Robert P. Griffin (R. Mich.)
SENATORS
Edward J. Gurney (R. Fla.)
Clifford P. Hansen (R. Wyo.)
Ernest F. Hollings (D. S. Car.)
Roman L. Hruska (R. Nebr.)
Warren G. Magnuson (D. Wash.)
Joseph M. Montoya (D. N. Mex.)
John O. Pastore (D. R.I. )
Charles H. Percy (R. Ill.)
William B. Saxbe (R. Ohio)
John C. Stennis (D. Miss.)
Herman E. Talmadge (D. Ga.)
Strom Thurmond (R. S. Car.)
:John M. Ashbrook (R. Ohio)
Alphonzo Bell (R. Calif.)
,Ben B. Blackburn (R. Ga.)
Edward P. Boland (D. Mass.) William S. Broomfield (A. Mich.)
James T. Broyhill (R. N. Car.)
..Joel T. Broyhill (R. Va.)
John H. Buchanan, Jr. (R. Ala.)
William M. Colmer (D. Miss.)
John D. Dingell (D. Mich.)
Robert Docking (D. Kans. )
John M. Haydon (R. Am. Samoa)
CONGRESSMEN
John J. Duncan (R. Tenn.)
Edward A. Garmatz (D. Md.)
Carleton J. King (R. N.Y.)
George P. Miller (D. Calif.)
Alexander Pirnie (R. N.Y.)
W. R. Poage (D. Tex.)
Sam Steiger (R. Ariz.)
Joe D. Waggoner (D. La.)
Clement J. Zablocki (D. Wise.)
GOVERNORS
Linwood Holton (R. Va.)
Richard B. Ogilvie (R. Ill.)
(Additional material provided is on file with the committee.)
The CHAIRMAN., They, are apparently continuing to solicit funds;
are they not? They are still soliciting tax-deductible funds from Amer-
icans on the same idea that they are going to save us from communism.
It is'a very appealing subject, but it also would seem to me that what
they are -saying is directly contrary to the announced policy of this
Government. Wouldn't you say it is contrary if that is what they are
.doing?
Mr. HILLENBRAND. Well, since I do not know what they are doing, I
Just would prefer not to comment.
The CHAIRMAN. I will ask it as a hypothetical question, but you
need not answer it.
VIEWS OF ADVISORY COMMISSIONS ON INFORMATION AND
CULTURAL EXCHANGES
When this legislation was being formulated, did anyone in your shop
in the State Department consult with the U.S. Advisory Commis-
sion on Information? Did you consult?
Mr. HILLENBRAND. I did not personally.
The CHAIRMAN. Did anyone in your shop consult?
Mr. HILLENBRAND. If I could merely inquire they are informed,
I am told, through USIA, which is the normal liaison with them.
The CHAIRMAN. They were not consulted. Their opinion was not
-requested ?
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Mr. HILLENBRAND. If they had any opinion to give, apparently they
did not volunteer it.
The CHAIRMAN. Was the Advisory Commission on Cultural Ex-
changes consulted and were its views requested?
Mr. HILLENBRAND. No.
The CHAIRMAN. Neither of these advisory commissions has recom-
mended this bill, have they?
Mr. HILLENBRAND. Well, I would assume not, if they were not con-
sulted.
The CHAIRMAN. In view of your announced purposes, which tare in
formation and better relations, why do you not think the Commission
on Cultural Exchanges should have been consulted to see what they
thought about it?
Mr. HILLENBRAND. Well, cultural exchanges are usually thought to?
refer to ano'th.er kind of activity than radiobroadcasting. But-
The CHTAIR1kMAN. Do you approve of the cultural exchange program?
Mr. HILLENBRAND. -I certainly do.
REQUESTED AMOUNT AI: D FUNDING OF CULTURAL EXCHANGE PROGRAM
The CHAIRMAN. I notice the amount you are requesting is more
than that devoted to the cultural exchange program, although it has
been in existence over 20 years. Is the amount riot more than is cur-
rently being supplied by the Federal Government for the support of
the cultural exchange program?
Mr. IIILLENBRANI). I believe that is correct.
The CIIAIRiIAN.'Do you know what the amount for the cultural
exchange is?
Mr. HILLENBRAND. I do not have the figure.
The CHAIRMAN. It is $36 million. -I think it was down, to $31 million
the year before last and it is now $36 million. I had the figures here a.
moment ago. It does not matter exactly. but, this request is more..
Don't you think if you obtained this, kind of money it would be bet-
ter to add.it to the cultural exchange program, Which is an estab-
lished organization?
Mr. HILLENBRAND. Well, the two activities are entirely different. As
you know, Mr. Chairman, the State Department has tried. for many
years to improve; its cultural affairs budget. It has not been for lack of
trying.
The CHAIRMAN. I have the figures here. For fiscal 1971, the cultural
exchange program funding was approximately $36,950,000; fiscal
1970, $32,300,000; fiscal 1969, $31,425,000; fiscal 1968, $45 million. In
1967 it apparently reached its peak of $47 million. It was cut back
from $47 million to $31 million and ilr;_1971 it is now $36 million.
The exchange program operates under formal agreements in
roughly 50 countries. According to the committee records most ambas-
sadors have agreed it is a beneficial program that does not contribute
to the prolongation of the cold war.
However inaccurate you say the articles I put in the record are,
I have never seen an article which indicated that the cultural ex-
change program has exacerbated the differences among various coun-
tries. As a matter of fact, one of the countries with whom we have.
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an agreement under the cultural exchange program is a Communist
country.
I think I have put in the record all that I wished to.
Senator CASE. Just a comment or two.
The CHAIRMAN. Yes, certainly.
DISTINCTION BETWEEN AMERICAN COUNCIL AND PAST OPERATION
Senator CASE. In my formal statement, which I included in the re-
cord without reading in full, I made strongly the points that the chair-
man has been emphasizing and with which I fully agree. I unequivo-
cally support the elimination and termination of the CIA participa-
tion in these stations. That is my position. If legislation is necessary
or would be helpful for that purpose, I would certainly cooperate in
trying to develop the specific language.'And' I assume the intention
of the adiniiiisti?ation is the same on that point. If I did not think
so, I would not introduce the administration bill. I do not expect
that either the administration or Congress should go on year after
year just spending money for something it does not approve of. But
the proposed American Council is a different kind of agency or in-
struirentality for the day-to-day operation ofIiFE and RIB than
existed in the past under CIA. I would like to make that distinction
as to my conception of the American Council from the way PI'E and
PL were operated in the past.
AuriVITY OF RPE AND RL IIAS SERVED ITS D'AY
The CIIAn MAN. I say to the Senator that it seems to me if there is
any ext5'dti'ttibn of improveirient of our relations with'ltiussi'i,,it seems
to e `this kind of activity has served its dcy. Thtit expectation has
certainly been' aroused to a''greater eterit than usual by recorit `state
merits of the' ,administration and 1: certain'Ly4 hope those 'statements
prove to be, Gortect. 'I think to continue to tyy to stir up-trouble in
Fastei n Europe a td in Russia is contrary` to the .'resident sown.
pokey.
This kind" of activity is 'icceltable and common :yin w-rti}ire
even tinder conditions. as they existed under Stalin, lust as the con
tin.iiatiori of large numbers of troops in Gerniaiiy was proper at that
time. It strikes me that if the President wants to move into, a period
of negotiation rather than confrontation he ought to quit confronting
them with daily msiilts. I know he does not do it, but to allow an
agency` of the Government to do it seems to me contrary to the Press=
dent's own announced'purposes. Now that I see more clearly,, I tim not
sure what is in the mind of the administration, but if I ain going-
to support anything, it is going to be simply a public. authorization
of the continiiationof RFE. We could at least stop RFE much more
easily when and if we make an agreen}Qnt with Itussia that is at all
significant. It won't. come all at. once. It will be a step if Nye make
one, significant agreement on arms. I would say that is a step toward
improvement all along. We would not, I believe, continue to insult
them daily, either by direct attacks or even the; assumption that, they
are ignorant and deprived. of all this woiiclerful neivsfrom the U.S.A.,
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112
~--~ NEED FOR RFE AND EL QUESTIONED
You have already pointed out that there are a number of other
government agencies, German and French and others, who supply
them with basic information
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