PROPOSED FREEDOM ACADEMY

• Document Type: CREST
• Collection: General CIA Records
• Document Number (FOIA) /ESDN (CREST): CIA-RDP67B00446R000600090033-1
• Release Decision: RIFPUB
• Original Classification: K
• Document Page Count: 6
• Document Creation Date: December 20, 2016
• Document Release Date: May 30, 2006
• Sequence Number: 33
• Publication Date: July 9, 1963
• Content Type: OPEN

ApproveFoRele?)epL7RECORDIA APPENDIX 68000600090033-1 A4235
chairman of a large civic group of citizens
of all faiths, I am honored to be invited to
participate in this dedication service.
This temple for years has been recognized
as one of the community's great assets. We,
the citizens of East Orange, therefore share
with you the benefits of a dream that has
become a reality.
RABBI RANSON
Your setting aside in this fine new build-
ing a brotherhood chapel in honor of my
friend, Rabbi Marius Ranson, is I am sure
appreciated by everyone in this community.
We of this area owe much to Rabbi Ranson
for his contribution to the spiritual uplift
of our people during the long period in which
he served this highly respected temple with
efficiency and distinction. Those of us who
know him (and his friends are legion) feel
that he richly deserves the honor which you
are bestowing upon him today and we are
pleased that you are doing it while he and
his gracious wife, daughter and grandchil-
dren can enjoy It.
Dr. Ranson was long accepted by the com-
munity as our rabbi. My association with
him before he went to Florida was always
pleasant and mentally profitable.
My work with our.rabbi convinced me that
his sole recreation, his only. pleasure, his
real compensation, his only measure of suc-
cess in life is the opportunity to be. of service
to his fellow man and for the expression of
friendship to all men. No nobler life can
any man live.
While the rabbi delivered good sermons,
it is my candid opinion that he preached
a better sermon with his life than with his
lips, and that, in my. opinion, is an accom-
plishment which few men attain.
I believe it was Aristotle, that great lover
of democracy who, in his wisdom said,
"The greatest compliment one man can pay
another is to say that he is a good citizen."
That is the compliment I truthfully pay
to my good friend, mankind's benefactor,
your honored guest, Dr. Rabbi Marius Ran-
son,
Wyoming County, W. Va., Settled by
Veterans of the Revolution
EXTENSION OF REMARKS
OF
HON. ROBERT C. BYRD
OF WEST VIRGINIA IN THE SENATE OF THE UNITED
Tuesday, July 9, 1963
Mr. BYRD. of West Virginia. Mr.
President, Wyoming County in West
Virginia is proud of the fact that its
earliest settlers were veterans of the
American Revolution. Many of these
settlers became prosperous farmers and
plantation owners who dominated
county politicis until the Civil War.
An interesting historical article on
Wyoming County appears in the Charles-
ton (W. Va.) Gazette-Mail of June 16,
1963. I ask unanimous consent that the
article be printed in the Appendix of the
RECORD.
There being no objection, the article
was ordered to be printed in the Ap-
pendix of the RECORD, as follows:
WYOMING COUNTY, W. VA., SETTLED BY
VETERANS OF THE REVOLUTION
Wyoming County was created December 17,
1849, by Act of the General Assembly, by
division of Logan County. The movement
was sponsored by leading citizens of both
upper and lower Logan, led by James H.
Ferguson, an attorney.
Statistics of the time read: Present area
507.2 square miles; terrain generally steep
and rocky, heavily timbered; one large and
other smaller areas of good farmland; exten-
sive areas underlaid with smokeless coal and
natural gas. Population 1,583 whites, 61
slaves, 1 free black. County government or-
ganized March 22, 1850.
Prosperous farmers and plantation owners
dominated county government and politics,
and held county offices until Civil War.
Earliest settlers were veterans of the Revo-
lution. First settlement made by John
Cooke, 1799, called "Cookes," later named
Oceana, was county seat until 1907. Most
of our settlers came from Kentucky, Virginia,
and North Carolina. Three of them owned
slaves.
The ensuing decade saw a steady growth. in
population and progress generally. The peo-
ple lived by farming, trading, digging gin-
seng, and various trades. There were dozens
of water grist mills and a few whipsaw type
sawmills. The inadequate public schools
were supplemented by private subscription
schools. Methodist and Baptist circuit riders
preached at the three Baptist churches and
homes. Population in 1860: 2,861.
In 1861: Recruiting began immediately
after secession of Virginia. County govern-
ment ceased to function, the county offices
were locked up and no records kept. The
only local fighting was done by Home Guards.
Public buildings and records were not dam-
aged, and few homes were burned.
In 1865: H. J. Samuels reorganized the
county government and held court. Five
men were indicted for war crimes, two of
whom were subsequently tried and convicted.
Union men took over the county government.
The school system and Baptist churches were
reorganized.
In .1874: Speculators bought extensive
areas of timberlands, and there was talk of a
railroad to facilitate development of timber
and coal. A weekly newspaper was estab-
lished at Oceans. There were substantial
settlements in every section of Wyoming,
with postal routes and post offices, and dirt
roads connecting them with mills and the
county seat.
In 1884: Philadelphia interests began buy-
ing coal and mineral rights. In 1903 T. N.
Barnsdall bought the first of many tracts of
coal, oil, and gas, with mining and removal
rights. Natural gas was discovered on Milam
Fork 1918, and made available for domestic
use in that area.
Extensive drilling during the 1940's by
Hope Natural Gas Co. and others resulted In
construction of two large and costly gas
stations, laying pipelines for transportation
of gas, and gas made available for domestic
use around 1940. Drilling continues.
Between 1882 and 1903, nine different
companies considered building a railroad
into Wyoming. In 1905 the Virginian Rail-
way built its line through upper Wyoming
coalfields. The first commercial mine
opened near Mullens, 1912, beginning a pe-
riod of phenomenal growth and prosperity
which lasted into the 1920's.
In 1891: Outside interests began timbering
operations In Oceana district, floating logs
down Guyandot River to market. In 1895,
0. Crane & Co. began operations, floating
logs down creeks by means of splash dams,
into the Guyandot, and continued in busi-
ness until 1912. Timbering on a smaller
scale and sawmilling continue to this day. to measure our own performance today-by
Population 1890, 6,247.. that eternal standard set forth on this
In 1895, 90 frame, one-room schoolhouses 4th of July in 1776.
replaced the log cabins. Beginning 1909, "We hold these truths to be self-evident,
seven district high schools were established, that all men are created equal, that they
which now have modern fireproof buildings are endowed by their Creator with certain
and modern equipment for teaching and unalienable rights, that among these are
athletics. Few one- or two-room schools life, liberty, and the pursuit of happiness."
remain. Trade school . established 1942. On those words of 1776-and on the be-
Population 1900: 8,380, lief those words express-history's strong-
Population 1950: 37,590, reduced to 34,834 est nation and most successful society has
in .1960, by loss of miners and business been built. By the meaning we give to
caused by mechanizing mines. those words in this year of 1963, the fate
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The Democrats regained control of Wy-
oming, 1932 and continue in power.
in 1963: Our three. municipalities have. ap-
proved water supply, garbage and sewage dis-
posal, firefighting equipment, paved streets,
limited recreational facilities. The county
has two banks, two weekly newspapers, 125
churches, various civic clubs and .secret
orders, medical and dental facilities, one
general hospital, three clinics, three funeral
homes, ambulance service, two dry cleaning
plants, self-service laundries, supermarkets,
chain grocery stores, electric power since
1926, telephone service since 1936, TV serv-
ice, and permanent courthouse, jail and
county annex.
MARY K. BOWMAN.
Remarks by Vice President Lyndon B.
Johnson,, July 4, 1963, at Philadel.
phia, Pa.
EXTENSION OF REMARKS
of
HON. ROBERT N. C. NIX
OF PENNSYLVANIA-
IN THE HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES
Tuesday, July 9,1963
Mr. NIX. Mr. Speaker, I am privi-
leged to place in the RECORD remarks
delivered by the Vice President of the
United States on July 4, 1963, at Phila-
delphia marking the 187th observance of
Independence Day.
It is significant that in this time of
world challenge, in this day of national
sooil searching, in this decade while men
and women of all countries seek equality
and justice, the Vice President of these
United States in these remarks gives
validity to the immortal concepts as
expressed by the, words of our Constitu-
tion:
PROTECTION OF LIBERTY I
On this. honored day, here before this his-
toric hall, we come together to celebrate
the birth of our country. Yet it is the
special privilege of our generation to know
that this is not the cradle of liberty for
Americans alone-it is, in a- far larger sense,
the cradle of liberty and Independence for all
mankind.
What was wrought here in the 18th cen-
tury has changed. the world in this 20th
century. To the farthest corner of the globe,
men inspired by the Declaration of Inde-
pendence have themselves declared their own
independence. Fifty new nations. have been
created since World War H. None has
chosen to adopt the Communist system but
many have adopted the ideas-and even
the very language-of the great documents
of our American heritage.
Of this, we can be justly proud. But
the patriot is not content with pride alone-
he 1s concerned first and always with per-
formance. This is the challenge of our sys-
tem and our society lays before all Amer-
icans today.
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A4236 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD - APPENDIX
and future of our Nation-and the success here on July 4, 1T78. We, no less than they,
of the cause we are privileged to lead-may have pledged "our lives, our fortunes and
well be determined. our sacred honor" to preserve for freemen
This is a challenge. It is not an indict- throughout the globe life, liberty and the
ment. Our system has not failed. It is not pursuit of happiness. What we have done
In danger of failing. Our national soul is so courageously for others, let us now do
not lost. It Is not In danger of being lost. proudly for ourselves.
The standards of law and order are not com- This is the spirit of this Day of Inde-
ing down-on the contrary, we can believe pendence-the spirit of America itself. For
that they are now rising higher. For our as Thomas Jefferson wrote In the last letter
whole history has been a history of enlarging before he died on the 50th anniversary of
the protections of individual liberty, even as this great day:
we are called and challenged to do once more "All eves are opened. or opening, to the
today rights of man ? ? ' For ourselves, let the
Hardly had the Constitution been written annual return of this day forever refresh our
than the people demanded of their leaders recoilectioki of.. these rights and an undi-
the protections of their liberties embodied minished evotl to them."
in the Bill of Rights. The sons and grand-
sons of the Founding Fathers were chal-
lenged to extend those protections to the
slave. Their sons and grandsons were, in
turn, petitioned In the streets and public
places to extend equality to women as well
as men. We, as their heirs, have been chal-
lenged no less forcefull to mobilize our arms,
our resources, and our young men to protect
and defend the liberties of freemen through-
out the world.
It has been the destiny of each genera-
tion of Americans to make liberty more se-
cure for all by making liberty more certain
for each of us. This is clearly the great
destiny-and great privilege-which we of
this generation face In our own land now.
The words on which our Nation stands-
the words on which it has stood 181 years-
are clear and unmistakable. We would de-
mean ourselves, we would demean our pa-
triotism. we would demean our dignity as
freemen to interrupt the course of our na-
tional progress to enter upon a prolonged
debate about either the meaning of those
words-or the obligation they impose upon
us to honor and fulfill their meaning. a
The words of the Declaration of Inde-
pendence-the words of the Constitution of
the United States-do not need to be fur-
therinterpreted.
They need to be Implemented-for all
Americans.
But implementation is not the' work of
government alone.
EXTENSION OF REMARKS
OF
HON. HUBERT H. HUMPHREY
OT IdrNNLSOTA
IN THE SENATE OF THE UNITED STATES
Tuesday, July 9, 1963
Mr. HUMPHREY. Mr. President, re-
cently the Minneapolis Star published an
editorial concerning the pending bill to
establish a Freedom Academy. In re-
sponse to this editorial I have received
a letter from my friend, Henry Mayers,
of Los Angeles. Calif.. In which Mr.
Mayers seeks to clarify certain points
made in the editorial.
since I believe that members of the
Senate will be interested In these points
of clarification, I ask unanimous consent
that Mr. Mayers' letter be printed in the
Appendix of the Rzconn.
There being no objection, the letter
was ordered to be printed in the RECORD,
July 9
The State Department's bill does not go
far enough in reaching all segments of For-
eign Service personnel who should receive
training, and it makes a mere gesture toward
the training of non-Government personnel.
The Freedom Academy bill undertakes seri-
ous research and development, leading to
training programs for such private sector
groups as the U.S. oversea business com-
munity. foreign correspondents, students at
foreign universities, tourists and other seg-
ments of our society likely to be confronted
with the realities of Communist political
warfare abroad.
The Freedom Academy bill also provides for
the training of Government personnel and
private citizens of other free world nations.
The assumption is that if such training Is
tru ful for Americans, it is equally, if not
more useful for the nationals of other coun-
tries who continually face the assault of the
Kremlin's highly trained political warriors,
operating in their homeland.
Needless to say, the training is in the
principles of freedom and democratic change,
no*, in how to defend current U.S. policies.
I have met a surprising number of offi-
cials In Washington, some in the very high-
est echelons of the Government, who freely
dispense misinformation concerning the
Freedom Academy bill. Few, if any of them,
have troubled to read the bill. I know I can
count on your cooperation in calling for un-
prejudiced consideration of this bipartisan
legislation by every American concerned with
a realistic approach to the cold war chal-
lenge.
Sincerely,
J. Edgar Hoover Honored
EXTENSION OF REMARKS
OF
HON. JAMES C. AUCHINCLOSS
of NEW JERSEY
IN THE HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES
Tuesday, July 9, 1963
Mr. AUCHINCIOSS. Mr. Speaker,
pursuant to the permission given to me,
I am pleased to include with my brief
remarks a copy of a resolution passed
on the 20th day of June 1963, at the
5',st Annual Conference of the New Jer-
sey State Association of Chiefs of Police
commending the leadership and cooper-
a.ion of the Federal Bureau of Investiga-
tion under its immortal Director, J. Ed-
gar Hoover
I am sure that my colleagues and every
true American feel a real sense of in-
debtedness to Mr. Hoover for his un-
selfish and devoted attention to the de-
mands of his office and the meticulous
care and thoroughness in the discharge
of his duties. He is an example to all
of us and I know an inspiration to many.
The resolution follows:
RxsOLQTION or NEW JERSEY STATE ASSOCIATION
OF CHIEFS OF POLICE
Whereas the members of the New Jersey
State Association of Chiefs of Police and their
respective departments continually receive
excellent cooperation and, assistance from
the Federal Bureau of Investigation, Its Di-
rector, J. Edgar Hoover, and its various divi-
sions; and
Whereas Director Hoover and Special Agent
in Charge of New Jersey Ralph W. Bachman
have diligently supported the aims, objec-
tives, and ideals of this association and as-
Governments can never be more just than Finn- RURERT H. HIIMFHREY,
the hearts of those from whom they derive ornate office Building.
their just powers. If we are to enjoy a just Washington. D.C.
and tranquil society, we must reach decisions DrAS SzwATos HumPHREY: On May 8. 1963,
In our private hearts even as we strive to the Minneapolis Star published an editorial
retch decisions in our public policies. This entitled "Different Academies," which
is our real challenge today. referred to the Freedom Academy bill (S.
These times-the Issues of this moment In 4141 as proposing "to emulate the Russians
our history-call out for men and women in Cnba and train nationals of other nations
who love their country to step forward with in murder, sabotage and general subver-
resnonsible leadership to implement in our Sion."
national life the ideals of our national This is not an Isolated example of such
literature. defamation of the nature of the Freedom
In every State. In every community, In Aendemv bill and the objectives of Its sena-
everv American home we have the capability tonal sponsors and citizen advocates.
to answer the needs of this moment. It Is But as the above newspaper is the most
the responsibility of each Individual to put prominent one In the State of Minnesota,
those capabilities to work to secure the I can it to your attention as a typical ex-
answers required for the success of our sys- ample of the confusion and misinformation
tem and society. that exists concerning the bill, not only In
Tf we as a nation are to stand up to our the American press, but throughout official
full height in the world, we must be con- Washington itself.
corned with nobler things than denying one As you know, the bill's statement of con-
another the simple right to sit down In pub- gresaional findings and policy says "Not only
He Places. do we need to improve the existing instru-
if we as a nation are to stay In front of the meats, but a wide range of additional
world we must occupy ourselves with more methods and means in both Government and
Important concerns than asking one another private sectors must be worked out and
to step to the rear of public vehicles. integrated-to defeat the many forms of
If we are to commit our arms, our re- Communist aggression and to extend the
sources and the lives of our young men to area of freedom, national Independence and
support the right of freemen to come and self-government-in accord with our ethic."
go without molestation or harrassment to a What the bill proposes be researched and
free city such as Berlin, we can make no less taught in a Freedom Academy will be no
acommitment to assure the right of all our more subject to ethical challenge than what
fellow countrymen to come and go without is to be taught in the State Department's
embarrassment or barrassment along the proposed National Academy of Foreign Af-
highways of America Itself. fairs bill (S. 865). But the Freedom Acad-
We of this generation have proved our- emy would give such training In greater
selves worthy heirs of those who assembled depth and on a wider scale.
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CONGRESSIONAL RECORD - APPENDIX A3775
Bureau, that the Levitt firm refused to sell
to him.
The FHA said then that it could do noth-
ing in the matter because Levitt had secured
Federal 'financing before a Presidential a,nti-
discriminatory housing order was issued.
PLANS TO FILE COMPLAINT
Among others who accompanied Dr. Mann
yesterday were:
The Reverend Reinhart B. Gutmann, staff
member of the Christian Social Relations
Department of the National Council of the
Episcopal Church; Robert L. Nelson, special
assistant to the staff director of the Civil
Rights Commission, and Ronald Natalie,
staff attorney to the commission. All were
acting as private citizens who are Belair
property owners, they said.
Dr. Mann said later he wanted to move to
Belair because the houses were good buys
and it would be closer to his wife's job at
the Glenn Dale Sanitorium.
He plans to file a complaint with the FHA
and the Presidential C uy, mittee/ on. Fair
-
Housing.
e Freedom Academy Will
EXTENSION OR REMARKS
OF
HON. CHARLES L. WELTNER
OF GEORGIA
IN THE HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES
Wednesday, June 12, 1963
Mr. WELTNER. Mr. Speaker, the
American Legion has long been noted for
its patriotism and devotion to country.
Throughout its history, it has recognized
that communism must be fought on
many fronts with many weapons. East
Atlanta Post No. 159 has recently
adopted by unanimous vote, a significant
resolution concerning the proposed
"Freedom Academy." I am pleased to
offer it for inclusion in the CONGRES-
SIONAL RECORD:
AMERICAN LEGION POST NO. 159 RESOLUTION
Whereas the Freedom Academy bill (S. 414;
H.R. 1617, etc.) was passed by the U.S. Senate
in year 1960, though failed to pass the House;
and
Whereas this Freedom Academy bill is
designed to combat the Soviet research and
training program on nonmilitary conflict in
political warfare; and
Whereas this being a different kind of con-
flict on nonmilitary struggle being promoted
and sponsored by the Communist in every
school and/or organization in all countries
in and outside of Russia; and
Whereas the United States in Senate re-
vised bill S. 414 proposes to set up a school,
the Freedom Academy, which would act on
the same basis as Went Point or Annapolis
in training combat forces, yet to be known
as nonmilitary; therefore be it
Resolved, That members of East Atlanta
Post 159, of the American Legion, ask the
Georgia Department Executive Committee
to memorialize the National Executive Com-
mittee to petition the U.S. Congress to adopt
the S. 414 bill and the H.R. 1617 bill, as
sponsored by the Orlando Committee, of
Orlando, Fla.; further
. Resolved, a copy of these resolutions be fur-
nished our Representatives in Washington,
D.C., and a copy also be sent to the Atlanta
Newspapers, Inc., in Atlanta, Ga.
Unanimously adopted this 23d day of April
1963.
AMERICAN LEGION POST NO. 159.
CHESTER BADURSAI, Commander.
WALTER B. JONES, Adjutant.
Why Not Let Blue Cross Handle Aged
Care?
EXTENSION OF REMARKS
OF
HON. FRANK THOMPSON, JR.
OF NEW JERSEY
IN THE HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES
Wednesday, June 12, 1963
Mr. THOMPSON of New Jersey. Mr.
Speaker, while we have been occupied of
late with other issues of paramount con-
cern, the national debate over methods
to provide hospital insurance for the aged
continues. I happen to believe that the
best method is a program financed
through and operated under social se-
curity. "Those interested in the issue
have advanced alternate methods. One
such method was recently brought to my
attention by a physician who resides and
practices in Princeton, N.J. The method
he suggests is set forth in a recent issue
of Medical Economics. It is outlined in
an article entitled "Why Not Let Blue
Cross Handle "Aged Care?" With your
-permission I should like to place before
you this article and my reply thereto
which was in the form of a letter. The
article and my letter are as follows:
WHY NOT LET BLUE CROSS HANDLE AGED
CARE?-THAT'S WHAT BLUE CROSS AND THE
A.H.A. PROPOSE AS AN ALTERNATIVE TO THE
ADMINISTRATION'S HEALTH CARE PLAN-
HERE'S WHY THEY SAY THE GOVERN-
MENT MUST PAY FOR HOSPITAL INSUR-
ANCE FOR THE AGED, BUT BLUE CROSS
SHOULD RUN THE PROGRAM
Practially all the aged need help in pay-
ing for hospital insurance policies. It's got
to be Government help, and "the tax source
of the funds is of secondary importance to
us." The important thing is for the in-
surance to be purchased and administered
through the voluntary nonprofit prepayment
system.
That's the gist of two public statements
made last year by $lue Cross and the Amer-
ican Hospital Association. They did not at-
tract much attention then; 'President Ken-
nedy's aged-care plan took the play away
from them. But after the Kennedy plan
was comprised and defeated in the Sen-
ate, some Congressmen took a second look
at the Blue-Cross A.H.A. proposal. Its com-
bination of Government moliey and private
initiative may turn out to be a popular po-
litical mix in 1963.
Can you pocket the Government's money
without winding up in the Government's
pocket? A good many doctors have won-
dered if that's where the Blue Cross-A.H.A.
proposal might lead. So Medical Economics
Associate Editor Carlton Smith recently put
some pointed questions to Walter J. McNer-
ney, president of the Blue Cross Associa-
tion. Here are the highlights that emerged
from their discussion:
"Question. Mr. McNerney, doesn't your
proposal call for a kind of Government sub-
sidy of Blue Cross?
"Answer. No. What we've proposed is Gov-
ernment subsidy of the 65-and-over age
group to help them buy the hospital care
protection they need but can't afford.
"Question. Do you mean that assistance
would be given directly to the aged to help
them pay for Blue Cross coverage?
"Answer. We haven't specified Blue Cross.
Our proposal was that the administrative
machinery of the entire voluntary prepay-
ment system be used. There's already a
shortage of skills on the administrative side
of health care. So to create a parallel or-
ganization as a Government agency would
only heighten the shortage and make for
unnecessary duplication.
"We propose to make use of the experi-
ence that the voluntary system has acquired
in enrolling millions of subscribers. Blue
Cross, for example, has developed a high
degree of sophistication in working with doc-
tors, hospitals, and subscribers. As a result,
quality of care isn't subordinated to purely
quantitative considerations. For quality
hospital care, the U.S. public needs that kind
of experience-and it can't be acquired over-
night.
"Question. Why, then, have Blue Cross
and the hospitals proposed using Govern-
ment money to subsidize the over-65 group?
"Answer. Because Blue Cross can't provide
the money, particularly for people reaching
retirement age who never had Blue Cross
during their working years. They never
participated in creating the plan's reserves.
Blue Cross can't undertake to subsidize a
special group and at the same time continue
to be competitive.
- "Question. What about the hospitals?
Couldn't they give aged patients a discount?
"Answer. That might have been possible
back In the days when a hospital was a
'house of mercy' with mostly volunteer
labor. Today's hospital doesn't have the
financial cushion to absorb such a loss. So
if you eliminate the prepayment system and
the hospitals`as a subsidy source, the only
practicable alternative is Government
money.
"Question. How much money? A good
many doctors aren't convinced that the
over-65 are in quite the dire straits that
are publicized. How much assistance do you
think is actually needed?
"Answer. Blue Cross has made a thorough
study of that question. On the average, the
aged's hospital expenses are roughly double
those of people under 65. Their incomes,
on average, are of course considerably less
than those of the younger group. And our
study tells us that there will always be an
aged group in need of some help.
"Granted, not all the aged need help.
Some of today's aged are fairly high on the
scale in terms of assets and income. Yet
what makes the aged unique as a group is
the disproportionate number with low in-
comes and high health care expenses. And
because of their fixed incomes, they're usual-
ly not protected against inflation.
"Question. If the need for assistance
varies within the aged group, how will you
determine who gets how much help?
"Answer. Blue Cross and the hospital's
have suggested a scaled-income system-
more help to those with low incomes, less
help to those with higher incomes. An
aged person at the bottom of the scale might
be subsidized to the extent of 100 percent
of the cost of his hospital insurance. Some-
one at the top of the scale might get a 25
percent assist. And there would be grada-
tions in between.
"Question. Would every aged person get
some help, whether he needed it or not?
"Answer. Yes. On the scaled-income sys-
tem, everybody would receive some help. We
feel that the relatively few aged with sub-
stantial resources have been overplayed as a
reason for not simplifying the subsidy sys-
tem,
"Question. How would you determine
where an aged person belonged on the sub-
sidy scale?
"Answer. Probably by a special report he'd
make to the Internal Revenue Service or to
some other Government agency.
"Question. Then each person receiving
assistance would get his money directly from
the Government-as a monthly check, for
example?
"Answer. The amount could be added to a
Government retirement check, or it could be
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A3776 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD - APPENDIX
a separate check. Each recipient would have
to supply evidence that he was insured for
hospital care-possibly through certification
by the carrier.
"Question. Let's take a bank president
who retires with a net worth of $1 million-
plus and an income of around $75,000 a
year. Would he be eligible for assistance?
"Answer. It's conceivable that he'd get a
minimal subsidy if he carried health Insur-
ance. Whether he'd need it or not Isn't
really the issue, as far as Congress is con-
cerned. There are strong forces in the
country-including people in industry
management itself-who feel that after all
the taxes they've paid to the Government,
they and their employees and dependents
should get something in return. If such
power groups developed enough weight. Con-
gress would have to see that everybody got
something. That's a matter of cold political
reasoning.
"Question. Mr. McNerney., wouldn't your
proposed system bring the Government Into
medicine on a large scale?
"Answer. The Government would cer-
tainly develop some standards-'some con-
trols. But the extent to which it would try
to manipulate the controls-to take over-
would be an indication of how well or poorly
Blue Cross performed. We think our stand-
ards and performance are so good that. If
we were Involved, there'd be no need for
excessive Government controls.
_ "Question. But if you opened the door
to the Government this way, wouldn't it
soon want to take over?
"Answer. I think not. Blue Cross is cov-
ering many retired Federal employes through-
out the country, and our underwriting rela-
tionship with the Government is working
well. The State of Texas Is buying Blue
Cross for its indigent aged patients, and our
experience there is good.
"The administration and Congress might
welcome our voluntary prepayment plan as
a buffer against the many complex issues
that arise in the course of covering a sizable
part of the population. Besides, there's a
growing bipartisan sentiment that the Indi-
gent in this country deserve to get good
quality health care. This feeling isn't nec-
essarily prompted by a desire to have the
Government take over medicine.
"Question. Granting the good intentions,
isn't there a danger that, once you started
a plan such as you propose for the aged.
pretty soon everybody would want the Gov-
ernment to pay for his hospital care?
"Answer. Some people may be aiming for
that. But right now the bipartisan middle
group in Congress doesn't seem to be. The
essential question is this: Would acknowl-
edging the need for more Government help
to the aged strengthen the voluntary health
insurance system or weaken it? I'm con-
vinced that what Blue Cross and the hos-
pitals are proposing would strengthen the
voluntary system."
DEAR DocroR: I want to thank you for for-
warding the article entitled "Why Not Let
Blue Cross Handle Aged Care?" which ap-
peared in the May 8 Issue of Medical Eco-
nomics. I read that article with great in-
terest. As I promised In my letter of last
week, my views respecting the article follow:
Blue Cross, it would appear, is again jock-
keying for position as Congress heads to-
ward renewed consideration of a hospital
insurance program for the elderly.
The Blue Cross Association proposes that
a Federal program for the elderly consist of
subsidization of the cost of acceptable pri-
vate hospitalization coverage (i.e.. Blue
Cross). The Government's contributions
are to be made on a sliding scale based up-
on individual income.
I think the proposal Is deficient on several
counts :
I. Subsidization of Blue Cross contracts
would involve considerably more cost to the
program than If the underwriting func-
tion were assumed by a social security fund.
Additional expenses involved would include:
(a) risk charges; (b) unnecessary or un-
reasonable charges for overhead such as
might be involved in the payment of sal-
aries, advertising, promotion, and lobbying
expenses; (c) payments to hospitals In ex-
cess of reasonable costs--a reimbursement
practice of a number of Blue Cross Plans:
(d) the cost of Blue Cross establishment and
operation of a national apparatus. Blue
Cross, as you know, is not really a func-
tioning national entity, but Is. essentially,
a loose confederation of more than 70 differ-
ent organizations. Coordinating all these
local plans would represent a costly and
complex operation and the national head
quarters has not had any comparable task
In the past, so that it cannot be demon-
strated that the capacity exists. On the
contrary. the Blue Cross Association has on
several occasions been unable to obtain com-
pliance among member plane with its an-
nounced national policy because the auth-
ority of local member plans has been dom-
minant.
2. Blue Cross claims that it now has 5
million subscribers who are aged 85 and
over. A large proportion of those enrolled
pay premiums based upon community rat-
Ing-that is, rates representing an average
cost of all subscribers, both young and old.
Blue Cross says that it pays out far more
than it takes in from its older members. A
program involving Government subsidy -
would encourage Blue Cross to raise its pre-
mium levels to a point covering the actual
claims experience of these older persons.
eliminating the community rating factor. A
factor. Incidentally, which had been in-
cluded In the premiums charged these older
people during their younger and more
claims-free working years. The Government
would thus conveniently relieve Blue Cross
of a major obligation by its payment of sub-
stantially higher premiums for the same
coverage previously provided by Blue Cross
at lower cost. This would be a unique
beneficial gesture toward Blue Cross and
would not affect commercial insurance com-
panies In the same fashion. The commercial
carriers, as you know, have been making a
substantial profit on the limited coverage
offered to older people.
3. There is no question that a social
security underwritten and administered pro-
gram would bold the interests of those in-
sured paramount. There are serious ques-
tions raised, however, as to whether many
Blue Cross plane have an equal overriding
commitment to their subscribers. I think it
fair to state that Blue Cross boards of
directors are, in the main, dominated by per-
sons directly or Indirectly connected with
the providers of health services-hospitals,
doctors, etc. State regulatory agencies have
exhibited increasing concern over this im-
balance in representation, and what even
borders on conflict of Interest. What we
want is a program with an unqualified, un-
hedged, and unlimited dedication to the
beneficiaries of that program. I know social
security can make that commitment; Blue
Cross, at least at present. cannot.
4. No one has. as yet, been able to devise
an equitable and satisfactory income test-
and Blue Cross is no exception. Such a test
would greatly complicate any program and
would result in inequities to many bene-
ficiaries. The requirement that millions of
people copay premium costs would mean
that many might not be able to pay initially
or maintain their share of the cost. Indeed,
as premium costs went up the burden would
June 12
public assistance plan with a means test.
All beneficiaries should be able to secure
the protection on an equal basis; employ-
ment of an income test works against this
vital principle.
I am not so-sure that all of the Blue Cross
plans want to participate in a social security
financed program. The American Hospital
Association statement of January 1962,
quoted in the Medical Economics article,
says, "The tax source of the funds is of secon-
dary importance to us." The Blue Cross
plans, meeting concurrently with the AHA
omitted that phrase from their statement.
I understand that this omission was deliber-
ate and reflects the substantial opposition
of a number of Blue Cross plans to the
essential principle of social security financ
ing. Related to this is the fact that the
Blue Cross plans do not speak with "one
voice." The 75 or 78 plans are, basically,
locally and not nationally oriented. Their
policies vary, reflecting local biases, pre-
judices. and methods of operation-many of
which would be unacceptable in a national
program.
Perhaps the most dramatic Illustration of
the degree of disorder and lack of agreement
among the various plans occurred last fall.
The Blue Cross Association, at that time,
announced in full-page advertisements that
all Blue Cross plans were prepared to offer
new plans of hospital protection for the
elderly during the fail of 1982. Millions of
older Americans were tragically misled by
that advertising campaign. Many Blue
Cross plans-including the two largest
ones-did not offer new programs. The Blue
Cross Association could not force its re-
luctant or recalcitrant member plans to im-
plement a national program. Blue Cross,
definitely, does not speak with a single voice.
It is, rather, an unled, dissonant chorus.
I realize that the position I have out-
lined above is somewhat strong. I should
point out that I am familiar with a number
of outstanding Blue Cross plans which do
a fine job of serving the public interest.
Unfortunately, too many other Blue Cross
plans do hot meet the high standards estab-
lished and maintained by the best plans. I
should also indicate that while I firmly
oppose subsidies to Blue Cross, r have an
open mind on the possibility of making use
of Blue Cross in certain aspectsof adminis-
tration of a social security-financed program.
Power Strategy
EXTENSION OF REMARKS
of
HON. WATKINS M. ABBITT
OF VIRGINIA
IN THE HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES
Wednesday, June 5, 1963
Mr. ABBITT. Mr. Speaker, the of-
ficials and white people of Prince Edward
County have been under the guns of the
Federal judiciary for many years, par-
ticularly since the Supreme Court deci-
sion of 1954. All during this time there
has not been a single incident of disorder,
violence, or discourtesy charged to the
white people even though during this
time there have been some public assem-
blies that could well have brought on
disorder had the white people of Prince
Edward been other than sincere and
h
t i
th
i
ff
ones
n
e
r e
orts and attempts to
become ever greater. But, my principal
objection to this feature Is that we are talk- seek legal adjudication in the principles
ing about a social insurance program, not a involved in the school controversy.
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1963 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD - SENATE 7721
1962. But two factors were at work in the
economy in these years that together more
than account for this difference.
In the first place, our Armed Forces were
reduced by 500,000 between 1953 and 1955,
as we demobilized following the Korean con-
flict, whereas they were increased by 314,000
between 1960 and 1962 as our military com-
mitments and involvements around the
world tended to become more numerous and
to deepen.
Second, labor force participation rates
were rising between 1953 and 1955 (from 58.5
to 58.7 percent), which made the task of
preventing a rise in unemployment in that
period more difficult; they were declining
between 1960 and 1962 (from 58.3 to 57.4
percent), which simplified the task of hold-
ing-unemployment down. We may ask what
would have been the result as regards
changes in unemployment if these rates had
remained unchanged over the two periods.
Interestingly enough, if this had been the
case unemployment would have increased by
half again as much in 1960-62, when Federal
expenditures were being increased by nearly
$15 billion, as it did in 1953-55, when Fed-
eral expenditures were being reduced by
around $7 billion. In short, the apparently
better unemployment record of 1960-62 was
due not to a difference in Federal expggnditure
policy, but- to the the simple fact-that in
those years there was an appreciable drop in
the percentage of American people going into
the labor market in search of work.
I am sure you understand that the
dialog on the relation of budget cuts to
employment and to unemployment and on
the causes and consequences of the 1957-58
recession are Inspired by more than an
academic interest in clarifying a few points in
business cycle theory or annals, though we
may hope for some byproducts of this
character. -
On the contrary, the dialog is inspired
by a very practical policy question. But if
I may say so, quite respectfully, the question
is not, as the President suggested in his
speech to the newspaper editors; whether we
shall at this time have wholesale budget
cuts of $5, $10, or $15 billion. The question
is whether, with the economy rising at a
good rate, and I would judge at a good bit
faster rate than was officially expected when
the budget was put together, but with a
large budgetary deficit in prospect, it is
sound fiscal policy to increase Federal spend-
ing by $5 billion at the same time that we
are reducing taxes--over a 3-year period-
by some $10 billion. The question is whether
in this context of economic conditions and
with our long-term interests prominently in
mind we would not be better advised to
exercise a closer control over Federal spend-
ing increases and possibly to hold spending
levels unchanged as between fiscal 1963 and
fiscal 1964.
This is the practical question, and the
purpose of this paper is to show that as we
seek an answer to it, efforts at expenditure
control should not be blocked by a general
goods and services In 1957 - which occurred
within the limits of a single quarter, and
which came to $1 billion on a seasonally
adjusted annual rate basis- but followed an
annual rate increase of $1.3 billion in the
first 6 months of the year and was followed
by a $400-million increase in the first quarter
of 1958, should be assigned major respon-
sibility for two recessions, a $121/2 billion
budget deficit, and a very large outflow of
gold.
If we accept this version of history and
this line of argument we will have committed
ourselves to a policy that is not only in-
flationary In its direct effects, even if we
have to wait a bit for the inflationary ef-
fects to show themselves, but which will sup-
port and amplify all independent inflationary
forces at work in our economy.
What is more, we will have committed
ourselves to a fiscal policy which implies
the steady growth of government, and in
particular of the Federal Government, rela-
tive to the private sector of the economy.
And we will have invited a basic restructur-
ing of our traditional institutions:
The fact is, however, that there are checks
and balances in our economy and in our
political system that can prevent such
processes from getting out of hand. As a
practical matter, you can't cut taxes and
raise expenditures, simultaneously without
at some point getting into a frightful fiscal
mess and I expect this fact of life to be
recognized before too long. Rightly or
wrongly we are going to cut taxes and out
them substantially. -
All the best people are for it, though there
must be at least a dozen different formulas
on how it should be done. Even those who
not so long ago were complaining of "public
squalor and private affluence" are now vying
with one another to reduce our revenue-
gathering capability. You can be assured
that this frame of mind will not last long
because it supports a strategy which is es-
sentially nonviable.
I like to say that I do not make many
forecasts, and actually I do not. But I am
prepared to make one for you tonight. My
forecast Is that you will hear a lot more
about Federal expenditure control before
you hear less. And there is more than an
even chance that the idea, ancient as it is,
will win a new respectability when it is
adopted, as I expect it will be, by the Presi-
dent's own administration, an event to which
I look forward eagerly.
And when this piece of ancient thinking
has been lifted, as the saying goes, into the
20th century, and put into practical effect,
I do not expect it to be followed by unem-
ployment. Nor do I expect it to cause a
recession, let alone two recessions. And I
do not expect it to promote an accelerated
outflow of gold. On the -contrary, I would
expect it to bring benefits not just to us
but to all'our friends around the world who
look to us, more than to anyone else, to
maintain a sturdy, unimpeachable fiscal
position and a free society.
obvious the investigation was designed
to support conclusions determined before
the investigation began. The unfair-
ness of the investigation is demonstrated
by the fact that not a single U.S. marshal
was invited to testify about the facts
which led up to the riot of the University
of Mississippi last September 30.
I do not. believe the people of this
country will be fooled by the findings of
the Mississippi Legislature, but will In-
stead prefer to believe the eyewitness ac-
counts of the riot quoted in a statement
issued by officials of the Department of
Justice in response to the report of the
Mississippi Legislature.
Mr. President, I ask unanimous con-
sent that this statement issued May 8,
1963, be printed in the RECORD at this
point as part of my remarks.
There being no objection, the state-
ment was ordered to be printed in the
RECORD, as follows:
STATEMENT BY THE DEPARTMENT OF JUSTICE,
MAY 8, 1963
Like its predecessor, this report is based
on selected testimony from selected wit-
nesses. It is characterized by bias, factual
errors, and misstatements.
The major criticism seems to be the charge
that the Attorney General sent the marshals
to the University of Mississippi as a politi-
cal move. This does not make much sense.
What the report fails to point out and what
the members of the committee are aware of
is that the arrangement to put Mr. Meredith
on the campus was made by Governor Bar-
nett. Not only was the presence of the mar-
shals at the University of Mississippi ar-
ranged for by Governor Barnett, but the
number of marshals also was approved by
Governor Barnett.
It was Governor Barnett also who said
that he and the State of Mississippi would
maintain law and order.
The marshals went to the university to
uphold final Federal court orders for Mr.
Meredith's immediate admission to the uni-
versity. The necessity of Federal interven-
tion to enforce those orders is not ques-
tioned by the report.
As for what touched off the riot, the eye-
witness accounts of the many newsmen who
were present but not -called to testify by
the committee-provide an objective evalua-
tion. Mr. Sterling Slappey wrote, in U.S.
News & World Report:
"Gradually, as the hours passed, the crowd
began to grow meaner. People-spat at the
marshals. They - flipped lighted cigarettes
atop the canvas covers of the big convoy
trucks. Somebody tossed a burning news-
paper onto one of the trucks, but it was
quickly snuffed out. Somebody else grabbed
a fire extinguisher and squirted it in the
face of a Negro truckdriver. -
"This was the mood when President Ken-
nedy's voice started coming over the radio-
at 8 p.m., Oxford time. The President was
calling for order and calm. But as he spoke,
the campus exploded in violence.
"A length of heavy pipe came hurtling
through the air. It struck a marshal's hel-
meted head. As though on signal, there
erupted a rain of rocks, bricks, bottles-any-
thing that could be thrown. The calm
turned to chaos.
"The marshals stood their ground. Soe
body ordered us newsmen to get,put^fff- the
line of fire, and the marsh ala_q Tii d up with
tear gas-the first round of a barrage that
was to go oh repeatedly for hours."
Another reporter, Mr. Tom Lankford, of
the. Birmingham News, described the scene
i'n these words:
proposition to the effect that unemployment
follows budget cuts or by assertions that REPORT OF MISSISSIPPI LEGISLA-
there is a necessary connection between TUBE ON EVENTS AT UNIVERSITY
budget cuts (if we were in fact talking about
budget cuts) and unemployment such that OF MISSISSIPPI -
a $5-billion cut, which _ the President has Mr. YOUNG of Ohio. Mr. President,
cited, would necessarily produce a loss of
1 million jobs. Nor sliould,we~be dissuaded it is not surprising that the Legislature
from a sensible program of expenditure con- of the State of Mississippi concluded its
tainment and control-and by this I do not recent- investigation of the tragic events
mean just turning down preliminary agency 'which surrounded the admission of
and department requests from the inflated, James Meredith to the University of
figures which they normally put forward, Mississippi by placing the entire blame
but by holding actual budget expenditures on the Attorney General and a coura-
reduce a level wlilel},consistent with our wish to
reduce taxes, is within our Xlgcal capability- geous group of U.S. marshals who car-
by a theory to the effect that a reduction in Tied out their duty to enforce the lawful
the rate of Federal purchases o'defense orders of the Federal court. It is c the
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7722 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD - SENATE
"It was obvious to us that this was no pep
rally, no demonstration that would break up
soon. The shrieks were getting louder, more
intense. Students and persons in the crowd
were armed. There were rocks. Molotov cock-
and weapons."
MENT OF BILL FOR NEEDED FOR-
EIGN AFFAIRS ACADEMY
Mr. YARBOROUGH. Mr. President,
our country now has 32,000 key Govern-
ment people looking after our interests
in foreign countries, not including mili-
tary personnel. They are from the State
Department, Agency for International
Development, U.S. Information Agency,
Commerce, Agriculture, Labor, and other
departments. They are diplomats, at-
taches, technical advisors, teachers and
conferees on foreign policy.
They are among the top group of peo-
ple responsible for our national security.
Our cold war against communism is de-
pendent to a large degree on their capa-
bility.
That is why I am cosponsor with the
distinguished senior Senator from Mis-
souri [Senator SYMINCTONI of a bill to
set up a National Academy of Foreign
Affairs, for the specialized training of
our American people on missions over-
seas.
This academy would be a university-
like school to handle up to 1,500 trainees
for foreign service work with a faculity
of about 600 full-time and part-time pro-
fessors. Besides specialized training for
the jobs our key people are doing in 127
foreign countries and states, the Aca-
demy would provide research on foreign
service and foreign policy programs look-
ing Into the future.
Foreign language instruction would be
a major task for the academy. Train-
ing in language and other fields of learn-
ing In foreign affairs would be provided
not only for the Government employees,
but for his family as well in certain
cases. Now while this would be a grad-
uate school, it would have specialized
classes for the whole family of a Gov-
ernment employee who is going to live
among the people, so that his entire fam-
ily would learn the language and learn
the way of life in order that every mem-
ber of that family would, in a sense, be
a diplomat for the American people
I ask unanimous consent that the edi-
torial "Foreign Affairs Academy" from
the New York Times of May 9, 1963,
supporting this legislation be inserted in
the RECORD.
There being no objection, the editorial
was ordered to be printed in the RECORD,
as follows:
FOREIGN AFFAIRS ACADEMY
The old idea that governmental interest
in foreign affairs was limited to the State
Department and to the Armed Forces has
pile, is todf rned with the impact of
the Europeans mo , Market on the chick-
en industry of De awa aL? Virginia. The
Department of Commerce ftibit"be'alert now
to the changing climate for er can III-
world. The Agency for International V&__
velopment has the entire underdeveloped
area of this planet as the domain of Its ac-
tivities, and the US. Information Agency
seeks to bring the American point of view
to the attention of peoples In every land.
Such examples could be multiplied many
times.
Against this background, It is puzzling
that the U.S. Government has up tonow had
no central institution for advanced in-serv-
ice training of Its personnel concerned with
foreign affairs, and for research related
to such training as well as to foreign policy
generally. Efforts are now underway to
correct this anomaly through establishment
of an Academy of Foreign Affairs. A bill to
this end is now before Congress.
The proposed Academy would be a cen-
tral foreign affairs training and research in-
stitute for the Government, performing for
the civilian agencies work somewhat analo-
gous to that now done for the Armed Forces
by the National War College. The bill ought
to be approved at this session of Congress
so that the Academy could go Into opera-
tion as soon as possible.
RUMANIAN INDEPENDENCE DAY.
10TH OF MAY, OCCASION TO RE-
NEW HOPE FOR THE OPPRESSED
Mr. YARBOROUGH: Mr. President
it is with a feeling of sadness that i
speak today on what is regretfully be-
coming an annual duty-the duty to
commemorate a Rumanian independ-
ence that no longer exists. Each year
as Members of this deliberative body
comment on the 10th of May, the na-
tional holiday of the Rumanian people
since they won their Independence on
that date In 1877, there is the hope an-
other year will bring new hope to an
oppressed people.
Each year we note with sadness that
a nation that has known the dignity of
freedom, now groans under the yoke of
oppression. Today, the people of Ru-
mania are not free to observe their own
national holiday. But there are Ruman-
ians around the world who have found a
measure of freedom, and who remember
the loved ones they left behind, sealed
behind the Iron Curtain that reached out
and engulfed them when they were
weakened by the effects of World War II.
The Rumanians, before they fell to the
Communists, had carried forward the
industrious spirit that had brought
prosperity to ancient Rome and later to
their ow country. The sons of the
Romans have the endurance and will to
independence of their forebears.
I wish to assure the Rumanian people
that our interest in their plight as an
enslaved nation under the Communist
guns, has not dimmed with time, nor
will it ever. I express the hope that the
spirit of independence will remain vi-
brant in the hearts of those who treasure
freedom, and that Rumania will arise
free from the shackles that now bind
them. Long live the Rumanian people.
MRS. ANITA BREWER, NIECE OF'
TEXAS' STANLEY WALKER, WINS
HONOR IN JOURNALISM
Mr. YARBOROUGH. Mr. President,
the life of one of this country's great
writers. Stanley Walker, of Texas, came
to a- tragic end on Sunday, November
26, 1962.
May -9
Stanley Walker gained fame as city
editor of the Herald-Tribune in New
York and as a writer of books which en-
joyed wide popularity. He became a
legend in his own lifetime and com-
manded tremendous respect within his
professionand from his readers.
One of the persons deeply touched by
the death of Stanley Walker was his
niece, Mrs. Anita Brewer, an able re-
porter on the staff of the American
Statesman in Austin, one of the out-
standing news reporters of Texas. Mrs.
Brewer was assigned to the story. Her
article is a moving tribute to a man who
held the affection of legions of readers.
As a consequence, she won the first Ex-
cellence In Journalism Award ever pre-
sented by the Texas Institute of Letters,
an award established by the Houston
Post in honor of Stanley Walker. It was
a worthy bestowal on a worthy person.
I ask unanimous consent that the story
of the award entitled "Anita Brewer
Given Award" -from the American
Statesman of February 17. 1963, and the
story of Stanley Walker's death from the
Austin*American of November 26, 1963,
be placed in the RECORD at this point.
There being no objection, the articles
were ordered to be printed in the RECORD,
as follows:
[From the Austin (Tex.) American-States-
man, Feb. 17, 19831
EXCELLENCE AGAIN: ANrrA BREWER GIVEN
AWARD
Anita Brewer, American-Statesman report-
er who is no stranger to prizes, has won the
first excellence in journalism award presented
by the Texas Institute of Letters.
Frederic Will, also of Austin and a mem-
ber of the University of Texas classical lan-
guages faculty, won the best book of poetry
$100 prize for his "A Wedge of Words" pub-
lished as part of the university's tower series.
Another Austinite, Miss Jo Alys Downs,
was cited for her work as typographical de-
signer for John Biggers' book, "Ananse,"
which won the $50 prize given by the Dallas
Museum of Fine Arta for best book design.
It was published by the University of Texas
Press. Biggers Is art department chairman
on the Texas Southern University faculty in
Houston. He won the award for his African
drawings.
The institute presented $3,050 in literary
prizes at Its annual dinner Saturday night at
the Meager Hotel in San Antonio.
Three of the authors-Katherine Anne
Porter, who won the $1,000 beat work of
fiction prize, Will and Biggers-were hon-
ored at Austin's own Writers Roundup in
October.
Mrs. Brewer's prize-winning story, "Death
Takes Noted Author," won the Headliners'
Award for writing under pressure of a dead-
line February 2.
The $250 Institute of Letters Award for ex-
cellence in journalism was presented by the
Houston Post and establishes a new category
of prizes.
It honors the late Stanley Walker, Texas
newspaperman who became a legend in New
York City as city editor of the Herald
Tribune.
Mrs. Brewer, winner of the first Stanley
Walker Memorial Award, wrote the story
within minutes after she learned of her
uncle's death at his ranch home near
Lampasas.
The story was well written_ though done
under pressure, muyiag-+'et detached" the
selccUpjmL tree said in its report to the
=sfRiifi of Letters.
Mien Porter, a native of central Texas,
was named the year's best fiction writer for
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