RECENT NEW PRODUCTS OF THE CHINESE PRECISION MACHINE INDUSTRY - ELECTRONIC COMPUTER, ELECTRONIC MICROSCOPE, AND OTHERS

• Document Type: CREST
• Collection: General CIA Records
• Document Number (FOIA) /ESDN (CREST): CIA-RDP78-04546A003200020007-0
• Release Decision: RIPPUB
• Original Classification: K
• Document Page Count: 37
• Document Creation Date: December 19, 2016
• Document Release Date: October 19, 2006
• Sequence Number: 7
• Content Type: REPORT

Approved For Release 2006/11/06: CIA-RDP78-04546AO03200020007-0
CR/GR 332/00015-67 (1 of 6)
RECENT NEW PRODUCTS. OF THE CHINESE PRECISION MACHINE INDUSTRY
- ELECTRONIC COMPUTER, ELECTRONIC MICROSCOPE, AND OTHERS -
/_Following is a translation of an unsigned article in the
Japanese-language semimonthly publication of the Ajiya
Tsushin Sha (Asia News Servic:e), Chugoku San o: Tsushin
Shashin Photos: and Features. on Chinese Industry )j, No. 55,
Tokyo, 1 November 1965.7
In China at present, a great technical revolution movement is
being unfolded, mobilizing all workers and technicians. This movement
is "being advanced with the objectives of developing new products,
applying as widely as possible new techniques and latest scientific
discoveries, and step-by-step semi-mechanization, mechanization,
semi-automation, and automation" (New China News Agency( dispatch,
27 September 1965), and its scope extends widely from small changes
in work processes to development of new materials, new equipment,
new technology, and new work processes, and from changes in individual
design to technical reorganization of entire plants.
In: this great technical revolution. movement, energy has been
especially devoted for the last several years in the Chinese machine
industry to development of large-sized precision machines, which had
previously been nonexistent, and with the policy of quickly catching
up to the world level, amidst poor technical resources they are dis-
playing the spirit of self-salvation and are striving whole-heartedly.
And, this effort is continuously blossoming and bearing fruite
considering precision machines, this year alone alarge
number of precision machines and tools which had not previously been,
manufactured in China have been successfully trial-manufactured and
entered into quantity production, including a 24-stage medium-sized
electronic computer, a large-sized electronic microscope with a
magnifying power of 200,000 and a resolving power of 7 angstroms,
a high-precision measuring device which can measure errors of
5100,000 mm., a large-sized X-ray flaw detector for industrial use,
a new-model supersonic thickness measurer, a transistor supersonic rail.
flaw detector, a mechanical process-controlled automatic carbon.
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measuring device which analyzes carboy: content of iron and steely a
transistor nuclear propelled type magnetometer used in prospecting,
a.precision micro.-scale which has a minimum weight sensitivity of
1/1,000,000 gram, a photoelectrically controlled-automatic material
mixing scale, a traction measuring instrument, a radio altimeter
and radio orientation meter for aerial measurements, a high-temperature
water surface meter used in observation of water surfaces and oil, an
electronic clock corrector, a solar telescope, and an electromagnetic
oscillation tester, As a result of inspection, these precision
machines and tools have all been proved to be of good efficiency,
and there are many which surpass previously imported products and
are not inferior to the internationally advanced level. Also, such
things as the electronic computer and electronic microscope were.
displayed at the Chinese Economic Construction. Exhibition in Rumania
(September-October 1965) and the Chinese Measuring Instruments
Exhibition in Cairo (September 25 to 4 October 1965), and were
favorably received. For example, Minister of Scientific: Research
Tourky and Minister of Education_Yusif of the United Arab Republic
wrote in the record of impressions, "This exhibition shows China's
great advance in. the field of manufacture of measuring instruments."
Below, we would like to introduce new precision machine and
tool products recently reported, as reference for becoming acquainted
with part of China's precision. machine industry.
Electronic Computer
A 24-stage medium-sized analog electronic computer was recently
successfully trial-manufactured at the Tientsin Electronic Equipment
Plant (Chungkuo Hsinwen., 8 June 1965). As a result of appraisal
by the related department, its principal performance conformed to
standards of the original design and initiation of production as a
type model was authorized. Analog electronic computers were originally
a blank spot in. China, but following successful trial-manufacture art
the Tientsin Electronic Equipment Plant in the summer of 1963 of an
analog electronic computer and in 1964 of the FM-8 analog electronic
computer (the performance of this FM-8 analog electronic computer
reaches the international level of the same model product and it
has already entered into quantity production), a 24-stage medium-
sized analog electronic computer was recently successfully trial-
manufactured. This electronic computer is a multi-shelf type and
consists of such calculators as adding machines, multiplying machines,
squaring machines, function development machines, and changed. co-
efficient machines, and it can calculate 24-stage linear as well as
non-linear differential equations, and when operators set up the
program and a switch is turned on, in from a few seconds to a few
minutes solutions are obtained, making calculations which could with
difficulty be completed by several tens of persons in several months.
In addition to being used as a computing tool, this computer can be
used for such things as control, design, and analysis related to
industry and national defense.
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The Tientsin Electronic Equipment Plant was formed ".'y 1958: #'rom
a combination of about 10 handicraft,.cooperatives and sma .,plants,
and 0 first could manufacture only -.,,few electrical produote such. as
electric irons, but the same plant, ~ b~geans of ardent self-?f9rt
and self-salvation has in the last f`- ears already successfully
trial-manufactured and produced more tr,n 30 comparatively high-grade
precision products, and has played a great role in filling up blanks
in the field of China's electronic measuring instruments.
Production of electronic computers in China was initiated inJuly
1956 by a preparatory committee of the Computation Technology Research
Institute of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, and trial-manufacture
was first started in the following year of 1957, and in 1958, analog
and digital electronic computer were trial-manufactured at some.plts,
universities, and research institutes, and also, trial-manufaet'";and
reseskcch of numerical value controlled, machine tools was begai by some
In. 1958, Shanghai's Electromagne#-ic Equipment Plant sucoeesfully
trial-manufactured a large-sized analog electronic computer,".and also,
in the same year, the first domestically-produced small-sized digital
electronic computer "81 Digital Electronic Computer" was trial-
'manu-factured. In this small-sized digital electronic computer are used--
4,000 germanium; diodes and 800 electronic tubes.
The automatic control section of Ch,inghua University(Peking)
has also succeeded in trial-manufacture of a high-speed, general-tise
digital electronic computer which can make 10,000 eomputatibns each
second and an automatic search-type analog electronic computer.
Accompanying successful trial-manufacture of electronic computers
seen above, their sphere of application has gradually broadened.
Digital computers, have been. used in China for the last: several years
in making a large quantity of computations and solving many problems
in design of various kinds of construction works, design of many,
complicated machines and electrical machine products, in land surveying,
and in research in such. things as dynamics, atomic power, phys-ics,
universities.
forecasting since the winter of 1960. The high-speed digital electronic
computer installed at the Computation Tedhnology Research Institute is
used in computations for this weather forecasting. When the meteorologists
operate the computer on the basis of high-altitude weather charts,
results are obtained in less than an hour. On the basis of these
results, the weather situation of the entire country can be obtained
within 48 hours. Electronic computers are also used in forecasting,
trends in rainfall and temperature for each month and each year.
At the Shanghai Astronomical Observatory, since they have come
to measure standard time with the electronic computer which was manu-
factured in 1958 by the Huatung Computation Technology Research In..
stitute, the calculation. speed has increased as compared with before,
and time reports have become more accurate. Also, at present, pre-
cision measurement of standard time measured by Chinas time-reporting
For example, in the field of weather forecasting, electronic;
computers have been used widely in short-term weather numerical value
chemistry, astronomy, and biology.
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system has an error of less thanL2/1000 second, and has reached the
international advanced level.
Electronic compute. are also used. in the field of odity
transportation. In April 1963, an all-country nitrogenous ertilizer
delivery plan was formulated on the basis of numerical values of
electronic. computers, and-it was possible to save more than.2,600 tons
of tranported amount above the plan formulated on the basis of ex-
perience.
Research into numerical value controlled machine tools controlled
through use of digital electronic computers has also been advanced
since 1958 at Chinghua University, and the principal efficiency, of
trial-manufactured products has reached a quite high level. In related
departments-, at the end of 1964, manufacture of product samples of a
program-controlled milling machine and a program-controlled drilling
machine was begun., and preparations for initiation of production are
being advanced. By the appraisal in July of this year of the appraisal
committee formed by 15 units of-related leadership organs, research
institutes, and plants, it was proved that the control system of the
machine is stable and fully reliable, and that precision of model
processed items fulfills design requirements.
Also, automatic control equipment, remote control measuring
equipment,, electronic computers, "SZ-1` figure tubes." which are an
important part of computer-type measuring instruments, and iron, chrome,
and aluminum electric resistance parts used in remote control and
remote measurement, have recently been successfully manufactured.
The "SZ-l figure tube" was successfully. trial-manufactured
at the Shanghai Electronic Tub Plant, and it shows Arabic numerals
from 1 to 0, and when. several of the same tubes are placed side by
side, figures of 1, 10, 100... can be brought forth. in the indicator
portion of the computer, and it can be directly read in figures at the
time of measurement. After strict examination, it was proved that
the sensitivity and accuracy of this figure-showing tube are very
high and that moreover its useful life is long. It has already- entered
into small-quantity production (New China News Agency, 12 September 1965).
Next, iron, chrome, and aluminum electronic resistance parts
were successfully trial-manufactured at the Peking Steel Thread Plant,,
and these parts which are thin and can hardly-be seen with the naked
eye are used in such precision equipment as measuring instruments,
medical equipment, and radio communication equipment, and accurately
reflect faint motions and various wave forms which people wish to
know. This precision product is at present produced in-only a very
few countries of the world (New China News Agency, 15 September 1965).
Electronic Microscope
At the time of the old China, even ordinary optical microscopes
had to be imported, but after establishment of the new China, micro-
scope engineering developed rapidly, and recently, they have come to
be able to manufacture a large-sized high-efficiency electronic
microscope w?h a magnifying power of 200,000 and a resolving power of
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seven angstroms, which can be manufactured in only a few= echnically
advanced countries.
This large-sized electronic microscope was successfully developed
by the Shanghai Electronic Optical Research Institute, and 14 was de-
signed through cooperation of Chinese scientists, technicians, and
workers, and was manufactured completely using domestically-produced
materials, At a recent all-country conference held in Shanghai,
specialists, professors, and technicians from various cities who.:
participated expressed great satisfaction with the completion, blue
prints, and technical.data of this new electronic microscope by means
of severe tests.
Manufacture of an electronic microscope was initiated at the
Shanghai Electronic: Optical Research Institute if.1959, and in a
period of three years, it became possible to manufacture an electronic
microscope with a resolving power of 30 angstroms, and subsequently,
after more than two years of endeavor, an electronic microscope with.
& resolving power of more than 20 angstroms and a magnifying power of
200,000 was manufactured, and after eight months of further endeavor,
an electronic microscope with a magnifying power of 200,,000 and a.
resolving power of seven angstroms was successfully manufactured.
This electronic microscope consists of more than 10,000 parts, and
new products of modern scientific fields have been introduced, such
as an: electronic lens, precision machinery, precision metallurgy,
radio electronic engineering, ultrahigh voltage, and ultrahigh
vacuum.
As was stated at the outset, at the time of the old China,
even. ordinary optical microscopes had to be imported, but at present,
tool microscopes, metal microscopes, microscopes for medical use,
microscopes for biology, and polarization microscopes are manufactured,
and an. infrared microscope which requires a high level of technology
is also manufactured.
High-Precision Measuring Instrument
At the Dairen Barometer Company, a high rrealsion.measuring
instrument used in precision measurements of items processed by the
machine industry is produced in quantity. This was designed and
successfully trial-manufacured by professors and students of the
Dairen Engineering College, and in conformity with air pressing upon
a column of mercury, causing it to go up and down, it measures such
things as precision-processed line dimensions, surface texture,
small holes, and airtightness. If a separate head or acce asories are
attached, it can also measure the precision of round shapes, round
holes, and various forms of processed materials. With a micrometer
can be measured only 1/100 mm., but this high-precision measuring
instrument can measure an error of 5100,000 mm (New China News Agency,
6 September 1965)-
Large-Sized X-Ray Flaw Detector for Industrial Use
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China's first dome stically-pro;4u ed large-sized X' y flaw
detector for industrial use was rece , manufactured at Tantung
Tool Plant in Liaoning Province. ThI.$ cj:-ray- flaw detector r in-
dustrial use can detect flaws such s?oracks, foreign elemeri, and
air holes, in steel plate of a thickness of 6Q mm., correctly deter-
mininc their location and size. The quality; situation inside of mag-
nesium, aluminum, and other light metals as well as plastics, rubber,
and other non-metallic materials, can be clearly inspected with this
machine.
Heretofore, the greater part of China's flaw detec. ors for'.
industrial use have been imported. During the last few years, China'
has begun production of several X-ray flaw detectors for industrial
use, but the number of models was small, their penetration capability:
relatively low, their continuous period of use short, and they could.'
not fulfill production requirements.
This X-ray flaw detector for industrial use which was recently
successfully trial-manufactured has high voltage, large electx
current, the depth of penetration is three times greater than
I-rayr flaw detectors previously produced domestically for industrial
use, and since the length of time it can be continuously used has-
increased five times, its sphere of application has been expanded
and it has come to more excellently fill needs of industrial sectors
such as aviation, machinery, electricity,, the chemical industry, and
plastics and food products. As a result of strict inspection, by special-
ists, it was recognized that efficiency of penetration, sensitivity,
and the full-load continuous operatiQn condition of this X-ray flaw
detector for industrial use, as well as acuteness of the.various
control mechanisms, all meet standards of design requirements (New
China News Agency, 21 September 1965).
Supersonic. Thickness Measurer
A new-model thickness measurer created by Chinese technicians
recently entered into quantity production at the Shanghai Chungyuan
Electrical Machinery Plant. This thickness measurer which is called
a supersonic pulse-type transistor thickness measurer can accurately
measure the degree of corrosion as well as excess thickness of such.
things as various kinds of metal slabs, pipe, boilers, and high-pressure
containers while= in_usei,r-and is convenient for disassembled repair.
This precision measuring device is necessary in all industrial branches
such as shipbuilding, aviation, petroleum, and chemical. By scientific
inspection, it was determined that its structure as well as performance
were both very advanced, and it is used at present in such branches
as ship repair and the petroleum and chemical industries, and is
producing very good results. This thickness. measurer is only about
the size of an ordinary aluminum lunch box, and with one short cable
attached, the total weight is only 1.6 kilograms. The measuring device
is carried in~one hand, and in one hand is held at one end of the cable
what is called a switchboard, which is a metal capsule the size of a
thumb, and when the steel plate of the ship's hull under repair is
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lightly passed over, the indicator of the measuring device immediately
shows on the graduated scale the thickness of the steel plate at that
place. When only a few individual locations of the steel plate are
passed over with this measuring device, the status of corrosion of the
steel plate during navigation as well as whether -there is any necessity
for replacing it, can be quickly determined. Its sensitivity can even
measure small holes and foreign elements in steel material. In maint-
enance and repair of ships, it is necessary to measure the thickness
of many structural items, and in the past, thickness of steel plate
was measured by making a hole in the ship's hull, welling the hole
closed after measurement. In measurement of 5,000-ton ships:, from 500
to 1,000 holes had to be made, and the expense reached many thousands
of yuan. Not only was labor and expense involved, but the time for
the ship was long, and it also affected the life of the steel plate
of the ship's hull. If this thickness measurer, w'iich utilizes , a_
semi-conductor, is used, suer problems are solved (New China News=Agency,
26 October 1964, 26 April 1965)..
Supersonic Rail Flaw Detector
At the Shantou Supersonic Electronic Equipment Plant in
Kwangtung Province, the CTS-4 model rail air-pressure welding super-
sonic flaw detector is being produced in small quantity. This measuring
instrument seeks out and measures flaws in rail air-pressure welding,
and its frequency is higher and sensitivity better than ordinary
supersonic flaw detectors which are manufactured in China. Using a,
frequency of 2.5 megacycles, it can seek out and measure flaws, of
more than.0.3 mm. at a depth of 200 mm., whereas ordinary flaw detectors
can. only seek out and measure flaws of more than 1 mm. at a depth of
200 mm. The Shantou Supersonic Electronic Equipment Plant is a
small plant with only about 100 employees-,, but in the past two years,
it has successfully trial-manufactured new products not produced very
much at other plants in China, such as supersonic diagnosis instruments,
supersonic head and brain diagnoris instruments, and supersonic flaw
detectors. This new rail air-pressure welding supersonic flaw detector
became necessary as the railroad branch adopted new technology, and
it was successfully trial-manufactured having been. commissioned by
the Railroad Department (New China News Agency, 21 September 1965).
Also, the Wuhan Electronic Measuring Instruments Plant recently
deigned a handy transistor supersonic rail flaw detector. This
measuring instrument has a weight of only four kilograms, and its
volume is also small, and when operating,
it
is not necessary to
carry it on the back, it being convenient
to
carry, and the performance
of the measuring instrument is quite good
and
it can investigate not
only longitudinal flaws inside the rail,
but
also lateral ones (Jenmin
Jih ac, 27 August 1965).
A precision micro-scale which has a minimum weight sensitivity
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of 11,000,000 gram and a maximum weight capacity of 2 grams was
recently manufactured at the Shanghai Scales Plant. The weights:
of this precision micro-scale, are smaller than a crystal of white
sugar. Its sensitivity is very keen, and when a person brings his.
hand near, the change in weight of an object produced by the person's
body temperature can be felt by the scale. Thus, the scale is placed
in. a room with constant temperature, and isolated equipment is attached
on the outside. The item to be weighed and the weights used are both
sent in through two windows by means of a revolving tray of the scale,
The window is always closed, and the opening and shutting is done
completely from the outside.
This precision micro-scale. is used in measurement of first-
class weights in state weight measurement inspection organs, and it
is also necessary when measuring mass of matter in laboratories and
test-rooms in scientific research units and universities and special-
ized schools.
The Shanghai Scales Plant in 1960 manufactured a micro-scale
with a weight sensitivity of 1/200,000 gram, and subsequently at the
beginning of 1963, un:Iertook the task of trial-manufacturing a pre-
cision micro-scale with a weight sensitivity of 11,000,000 gram,
and at the end of 1964 it was successfully trial-manufactured.
Accore.ing to related data, in foreign countries, copper and aluminum
are used as material for weight levers, but the design personnel of
the same plant hav4ade levers using a more ideal material. The weight
of this material is comparatively light, its mechanical strength high,
and the effect of heat is comparatively small. When the manufactured
article weighs matter, the error is_ one graduation (11,000,000 gram),
and this index attains a quite advanced level internationally (New
China News Agency, 17 October 1965).
The same kind of precision micro-scale is also being manu-
factured at Peking.
In, addition, as related to scales, the Shanghai Tungfang Scales
Plant has this year successfully manufactured 13 kinds of high-grade
scales. These scales are all urgently needed in Chinese industry and
agriculture and in communication and transportation undertakings,
and included in them are important new products manufactured for the
first time in China. Among these new products are measuring instru-
ments for tensile strength, traction strength, and pressure, for
example, the "chain strength measurer" and the "traction strength
measurer," and these are used in measuring the tractive strength of
airplanes, trains, automobiles, ships, and tractors. In addition,
there are various kinds of scales for specialized use. For example,
the "photoelectric controlled automatic material mixing scale" is
used in large-sized automated enterprises, and it can automatically
feed, weigh, and select materials, and since it is photoelectrically
controlled, workers can operate it from afar (ITew China News Agency,
20 October 1965).
The Shanghai Dynamometer Plant this year manufactured three
kinds of high-precision, large weight standard scales with a loading
capacity of 1, 5, and 20 kilograms. These standard scales are pre-
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cision scales necessary in, industrial and mining enterprises,
scientific research branches, and in laboratories of universities and
specialized s,chcols, and their graduated values are respectively
0.5 mg., 2.5 mg., and 10 mg., their precision at full scale all being
12,000,000 (New China News Agency, 16 April 1965)-
New-Model Carbon Measuring Device
A mechanical process controlled automatic carbon measuring
device which can quickly and accurately analyse the amount of carbon
in such materials as various kinds of steel, pig iron, and cast iron,
has been successfully trial-manufactured at the Shenyang No..-1 Machine
Tool Plant. It is said that this carbon measuring device has a. structure
which is advanced over imported carbon measuring devices, and also
that its efficiency is superior. In chemical analyses with this, the
test piece is put in a tube furnace and oxidized, and then it is only
necessary to turn on a switch, and the machine automatically conducts
the chemical examination in a processing manner, and in a mere three
minute a, the results of the examination are automatically and accurately
shown on the graduated scale of the carbon measuring device (New China
News Agency, 13 September 1965)-
New-Model Magnetometer
The Peking Geological Equipment Plant recently manufactured a
transistor nuclear propelled type magnetometer for use in prospecting.
On the basis of experimental use in field investigations, its-
:discern-ment capability is much better than that of foreign products of the
same kind-, and moreover, its volume is small and its weight light,
and geological survey personnel report that it has been demonstrated
to be very suitable for investigating mineral deposits of weak magnetism
innhil.ly and mountainous regions, and small-quantity production of it
has already begun (New China News Agency, 21 September 1965)-
Yodel 62A Solar Telescope
The model 62A solar telescope used for study of physical
phenomena of the sun has been successfully trial-manufactured by
cooperation of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, the Shanghai Scientific
Instruments Plant, the Nanking Astronomical Instruments Plant, as well
as related units. This model 62A solar telescope is an astronomical
optical machine which hasp photoelectric induction semi-automatically
controlled equipment. When a high dispersion and diffraction lattice
spectroscope is attached to the telescope, the spectrum of the sun can
be studied with photographs or optical methods, and physical processes
of solar surface activity, for example explosion of flares, can be
investigated. The precision and sensitivity of this solar telescope are
quite high, and when it is turned to the limit position, protection
equipment on the machine automatically cuts cf'f the power source and
sets off an alarm. In addition to the fact that the exposure time of
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spectrum, photography can be manually controlled, it can also be con-
trolled by automatic timing. This solar telescope has already been
delivere .to the Peking Astronomical Observatory and is being tested
(New China News Agency, 7 April 1965).
Electronic Clock Corrector
The Nanking Tzuchinshan Clock Plant in 1964 successfully trial-
manufactured an electronic clock corrector and this year began small'--
quantity production and is advancing preparation for supplying it to
clock plants, scientific research units, and universities and special-
ized schools. When measuring with this corrector, it is learned
whether or not the running of the clock is normal in only one or two
minutes. When using thi electronic clock corrector and comparing
a standard frequency of very high precision with the frequency of the
clock (striking of seconds), the operational status of the clock is
automatically recorded by dots on paper. Subsequently, when the in-
clination of the recorded line is reflected on a number reading panel,
the momentary error and night and day error of the clock are immediately
read. This electronic clock corrector can correct the momentary error
and night and day error of various kinds of clock equipment. Previously,
it was not possible to manufacture the electronic clock corrector in
China, and comparatively few had been imported (Jenmin Jihpao, 6 June 1965).
High-Temperature Water Surface Meter
A high-temperature water surface meter which could not previously
be manufactured in China has been successfully manufactured at the Taiyuan
Chungyuan Glass Plant. This is also called a fluid surface glass plate,
and it can withstand the high temperature of 400 degrees centigrade
and is used in observing water surfaces and oil in industrial branches
such as petroleum, chemical, and electric power, and in communication
and transportation branches, and quantity production has already begun
and it has begun to be supplied to many regions in the country (New China
News Agency, 19 August 1965).
Food Provisions Moisture Measuring Device
A portable measuring device used for measuring moisture of food
provisions has been successfully trial-manufactured by the 'Iuhan Telegraph
Plant. This is called an electric capacity type food provisions moisture
measuring device, and is a measuring device which cannot be lacking in
food provisions purchasing, storage, and processing branches, and it has>
many points which are superior as compared with the heretofore widely
used in China eleefrie resistance type food provisions moisture measuring
device. That is to say, its volume is small, the weight is light, and
it is convenient to carry, and moreover, since it uses flashlight
batteries as a power source, it can also be used in places where elec-
tricity is not supplied. The operation is also very simple, and when the
food device is pressed into the container and the power source connected,
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the correct moisture content is learned from the meter needle (New
China News Agency, 24 September 1965).
Measuring Instruments for Paper-Making Plants
Paper thickness meters, tearing strength measuring devices,
paper air permeability measuring devices, and paper pulp rupturability
measuring devices, which are considered urgently necessary in measuring
quality of products in the paper-making industry, and especially in
medium and small-sized paper-making plants, have been successfully
trial-manufactured at the Changchun Non-Metallic Materials Testing
Equipment Plant. As a result of inspection, these four measuring
instruments conformed to design requirements and the performance was
comparatively good, and small-quantity production has begun (New China
News agency, 21 July 1965).
Electromagnetic Oscillation Tester
A measuring device used in measurement tests of the oscillation
reaistance capacity of various kinds of machines, electrical machinery
proeucts, parts, measuring instruments, and meters -- the electro-
magnetic oscillation tester, was successfully trial-manufactured at
the Suchou Testing Equipment Plant and has already entered into
quantity production. Domestically-produced materials were used com-
pletely in this electromagnetic oscillat-ion.tester.
Radio Altimeter and Radio Orientation Meter
The Chinese Academy of Sciences Surveying and Geophysics
Research Institute has manufactured a radio altimeter used in aerial
surveying and a radio orientation meter which determines the position
of airplanes and ships. The performance of these two measuring devices
is good, and they are not affected by poor vision or weather or by
complexity of topography. In aerial photography, land surface
altitude and object positions which are simultanesouly measured by
these two measuring devices can be automatically recorded (New China
News Agency, 10 August 1965).
Titanium Diffusion Pump
A, titanium vaporization pump (titanium diffusion pump) which
was trial-manufactured with the cooperation of the Chinese, Academy. of
Sciences Scientific Instruments Plant and the Chinghua University radio
telegraph and electronic departments, is important equipment of the
large-sized electronig tube which makes high vacuums, and can produce
a vacuum of up to 10- mHg, and the several which have at present been
trial-manufactured have already begun to be used, and quantity production
will soon be conducted (Kuangming Jihpao, 29 August 1965).
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Bearing Measuring Device
China's first bearing measuring instruments plant -- the Yentai
Bearing Equipment Plant, was formerly the Yentai Measuring Instruments
and Cutting Tools Plant, and could only manufacture such products as:
drills and dies, but with the policy of self-salvation it developed
from small to large and has until now manufactured more than 40 kinds
of bearing measuring devices for various uses, supplying them to
various bearing plants and related branches in the country, and has
played a great role in promoting development of China's bearing industry
(New China News Agency, 19 September 1965).
Also, in the manufacture of such things as high-grade precision
machine measuring devices anc? wrist watches, various micro-drills are
necessary, and China has heretofore depended on importation of these,
but Engineer Chu Fu-lin, a worker at the Shanghai Tool Plant, in order
to meet demands of development of China's precision. machine and measuring
devices industry, and overcoming various difficulties in cooperation
with1other workers under a very crude situation of equipment conditions,
successfully trial-manufactured various kinds of micro-drills one after
the other, and at present, quantity production. of these drills is be-
coming possible in the same plant's small-sized cutting tool department
(New i,hina News Agency, 16 June 1965)-
6899
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CR/GR 332/00015-67 (2 of 6)
CHINA'S UNIVERSITY GnADUATION PROJECTS
FOR DEVELOPING ADVANCED TECHNOLOGY
/Following is a translation of an unsigned article in the
Japanese-language semimonthly publication of the Ajiya Tsushim
Sha (Asia News Service), Chugoku Sangyo Shashin Tsushin Photos
and Features on Chinese Industry), No. 62, Tokyo, 15 February
1966.7
- Principally Concerning Research in Program-Controlled Machine
Tbola and Strength of Machine Metal Materials, -
In 1958, the Central Committee of the Chinese Communist Party
clearly set forth the policy of "making education serve proletarian
government and linking education and production labor," and this policy
is firmly carried out in China's university education and gradually
seems to be gaining sound results. This policy is also carried out in
the educational system of working and studying expressed recently by
such words as "half work and half reading" and "half agriculture and
half reading," and in the case of regular university education., it
often appears as the graduation project. These graduation projeet7s,
are expressed in China as "real sword and real spear" graduation.pro-
jedts:, which has the meaning of "fighting with real swords," and
university students. who have not yet graduated join up: with plants: and
other production units which have the same respective specialties- and
fields, and deeply entering on-the-spot into these production.units>and
seizing a technical problem: point in production, they make solution of
this the theme of a graduation project. This was started by various
universities in 1958 when the above-mentioned educational policy of the
Chinese Communist Party was put forth, and this policy, together with
supplying young technicians to various production units which have the
necessity of solving technical problems pressing upon them from the
point of view of production, is also considered to be "an effective
method for breaking through the foreign framework, training students
in practices of the production struggle and scientific experimentation,
and quickly bringing about growth."
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Prom 5 to 12 October of last year, a graduation.projects~operation
meeting was held at Sian Chiaotung University in which iore than.60
department heads and professors of ten engineering universities directly
under the Higher Education Department participated, and according to
points agreed upon by these participants, new development in 1965 was
seen in graduation projects (including graduation theses) operations
of engineering universities directly under the Higher Education De-
partment, and most students had conducted graduation projects linked
to actual tasks of production construction or scientific research.
These ten schools last year had 16,000 graduates, and more than 15,000
had graduation projects, which was more than 95 percent of the total
number of graduates, and there were more than 4,000 graduation project
subjects combinedt with actual tasks, which was more than 95 percent of
the total number of subjects. Subjects of these more than 4,000 gradua-
tion projects combined with actual tasks are roughly half items which
have already been started in production or have been adopted in pro-
d.uction departments and scientific research units, and some of the
items are gradually gaining results, Taking Dairen Engineering College
as an example, of the 364 graduation project subjects of last year,
160 have already entered into production and 108 have been adopted
by production departments.
That such student graduation projects are in large number being
directly adopted in. production is in itself a characteristic differing
from Japan and is very noteworthy, and it should also be mentioned that
some of the items of the various schools have surmounted technical
obstacles and reached a very high standard, and top-level projects
and research are being conducted which will boost China's science and
industrial technology to a new level. Seen in this way, this trend in
university education can be said to stir an. interest which cannot be
disregarded by those who have interest in China's industrial and
scientific technology.
or example, according to the above-mentioned conference, in,
last year's graduation projects, professors and students of Huachung
Engineering College, in cooperaticn with the Wuhan Diesel Engine Plant,
jointly designed China's first movable air-cooled diesel engine and
succeeded in its trial-manufacture. Professors and students of the
Huatung Chemical Engineering College, in cooperation with a plant,
reformed China's sugar-refining process, and solved such problems as
that there were many manufacturing processes, the taste was sharp and
the granules were small. Also, professors anr_ students of Huanan
Engineering College designed a passenger and freight ferryboat to be
placed in service in the Hainan Straits, and this is said to have
definite significance in development of Hainan Island. The stageless
variable speed elevator which was studied and trial-manufactured by
professors and students of Tientsin University reached an advanced
level, and one is already in use in the Peking Civilian Navigation
Bureau :building. Professors and students of the Insulation Department
of Sian Chiaotung University participated in trial-manufacture at the
Sian Condenser Plant of chlorophenyl benzene condenser insulation oil
and reduced the loss of induced electricity in domestically-made
I%nnQ IAA,nC . r'IA onM-70 nn - AAAnnl~e nnnonnn7_n
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trichlorophenyl benzene, and this is considered to have important sig-
nificance in raising the level of China's condenser production. Also,
the machine traction harrow which professors and students of Chekiang
University successfully studied and which used white cast iron of high
pliability instead of manganese steel has a life three times as long,
and the cost is only one fifth that of manganese steel. Professors and
students of the Nanking Engineering College, in cooperation with the
Shanghai Electron Tube Plant, successfully trial-manufactured a low-
base discharge computation tube and accomplished standardization of the
product.
The above are but examples of the level of such graduation pro-
jects, and since according to Chinese newspaper reports many graduation
projects besides these which should be noted have been conducted, below
we shall look at ones among them which may be considered to be especially
important.
Chinghua University Which Is Obtaining Numerous Results
One of the universities which is obtaining especially outstanding
results in graduation projects is Chinghua University in Peking. Since
1958 this university has adhered to the course of graduation projects
which are truly of use to production, and all of last year's graduates
conducted graduation projects linked to actual production tasks and
scientific research, and obtained great results. According to approx-
imate statistics, the 2,000 students who graduated last year, under
guidance and assistance of instructors, joined several tens of related
units outside the university and completed more than 150 actual task
items. Among these, a considerable part of the themes are considered to
have a quite high scientific and technical level or quite great national
economic significance. Research into several items among them of a
comparatively large scale was begin several years ago and finished by
being "relayed" to successive graduation projects. In addition, more
than.70 items have not yet been completed but have generally obtained
results. Graduation project items of Chinghua University can be generally
divided into three kinds.
The first kind. is trial-manufacture of new products. For example,
the several kinds of automated machine tools controlled by an electronic
computer trial-manufactured by the Precision Measuring Instruments and
and Machine Construction Department and the Electricity Department in
collaboration with related departments of the Peking No. 1 Machine
Plant and the Peking No. 3 Machine Plant and others, can directly pro-
cess machine parts of complicated form and very high precision without
using die plates. Also, the titanium evaporation ion pump (titanium
diffusion pump) trial-manufactured by the Telegraph and Electronics
Department with the Chinese Academy of Sciences Scientific Instruments
Plant is important equipment for large-sized electron tubes which manu-
facture high vacuums, and can make the degree of vacuum 10-9m?nHg (in
such a high vacuum, gaseous elements are only contained to the extent of
1/760,000,000,000 of ordinary air). It is said that several which were
trial-manufactured have already begun to be used and soon will enter
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into quantity production.
The second kind is technical innovation. I?Iany students have
deeply entered into related plants and assisted in solving some tech-
nological problem point in production. For example, instructors of
a physics instructors, research group, leading students of the Manu-
facturing Processes Physics Department, joined with a certain iron
and steel plant, and using radioactive isotypes, conducted an automatic
control operation of the hot metal fluid level of steel ingot continuous:
casting, increasing the formation rate and quality of steel ingots and
improving working conditions for the workers. Also, instructors and
students of the Metallurgy Department, in connection with graduation.
projects and in cooperation with the Loyang No. 1 Tractor Plant, solved
a problem of the surface quality cf cast-metal parts. With previous
cast-metal parts of the Loyang No. 1 Tractor Plant, sand would stick
and pustules often formed, and for this reason, not only was the rate
of waste articles high and longevity short, but it also affected the
attractiveness of the tractors, and the instructors and students, in
cooperation with factory personnel, conducted 1,000 experiments, and
the phenomenon, of waste articles arising because of inferiority of
the surface of cast-metal parts was almost eliminated, quality was.
remarkably improved, and cost lowered.
The third kind is special problem experimentation and research.
In the z)rocess of trial-manufacture and technical innovation of pro-
ducts, special problems which have a ubiquitous significance are often
presented, such as loss of electricity, quality of welding, and dam
stress. Solution of these special problems which arise in production.
has a certain investigative nature and requires quite penetrating
research, experimentation, and analysis. Completion of these tasks
increases by a step understanding of certain kinds of objective laws
and provides data for basically solving production problems.
Chinghua University's Program-Controlled Machine Tools
Among the above kind of Chinghua University graduation, project
results, numerical value program-controlled machine tools controlled
by calculation-type electronic computers, together with being production-
tools urgently needed at present in China's state construction, are
considered to ahow an important coarse in development of machine tools.
For example, in manufacturing one airplane, first constructing
from several tens of thousands to more than a hundred thousand die
plates, processing must be advanced on the basis of the form of these
die plates. The form of these die plates is very complicated and
precision requirements are very high, and according to foreign data
records, a step-by-step production preparation period of one to two
years is considered necessary. However, when program-controlled machine
tools are used, without using die plates, products of various kinds of
complicated form can be directly processed, and production efficiency
and processing precision are greatly increased. Consequently, in the
last few years, development of this kind of machine tool has also been
very fast internationally.
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Research and construction of these program-controlled machine
tools was begun-at Chinghua University in 1958. At first, there was
intense debate as to whether or not this kind of research and construc-
tion was necessary. However, instructors and students of such depart-
ments as machinery and electrical machinery thought that not only was.
them an immediate requirement of state industry for program-controlled
machine tools, but that an overall industrial college such as Chinghua
Univerity had the conditions for expanding research and construction
in this field. Thus, adhering to consolidation of education, scientific
research, and production, and cooperating with the Peking No. 1 Machine
Plant, in a period of three months they trial-manufactured two different
conduction-type program-controlled milling machines and in the following
years again cooperating with a different plant, trial-manufactured one
program-controlled drilling machine.
Of course, nee..*ly-produced items are always immature, and these
machines also had to constantly be improved, Whereas on the one hand
they process-tested one of the program-controlled milling machines for
a long Period in a related plant, on the other program-controlled mill-
ing machine, they conducted systematic experimental research and im-
provement on efficiency and structure of key parts and accessories..
Stability of previous electronic computers was inadequate and they often
had strange "nervous disorders," and working night and day shifts for
several months., they exam?_ned the various phenomena disclosed in con-
tinuous operation, and finally their laws were ferreted out and stabil-
ity greatly increased. On this basis, a new electronic computer was
designed and manufactured, and with regulation, over a short period of
time, it became possible to conduct stable operation riany times for
more than 56 hours continuously. They also conducted. several thousands
of experiments concerning such parts as drilling guide screws and in-
creased the precision of this milling machine above original design
standards. At the same time, the Peking No. 3 Machine Plant, in co-
operation with the Peking Electrical Machinery Burea Design Company,
successfully trial-manufactured a transistor computer and attained
transistorization of a program-controlled milling machine. When this
transistor computer, of which the weight and volume are not much
different from a six-tube radio, replaced the former electronic com-
puter, the life increased 11 times, electricity consumption did not
even reach one percent of that previously, and it was also possible to
considerably lower costs.
At present, these three program-controlled machine tools as. well
as their control systems have gone through rigorous examination over a
quite long period of time, and also, appraisal was advanced by means of
an appraisal committee formed by 15 units such as related leadership
organs, research institutes, and plants, and it was proved that the
control systems of the machines are stable and can be adequately re-
lied upon, and that precision of model processed items meets design
requirements, and it has been recognized by many people that the per-
formance of these several machine tools can satisfy processing require-
ments of many processed items and that if appropriate improvements are
added, they can be. made product samples. And manufacture of product
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samples of program-controlled milling machines and program-controlled
drilling machines has already begun in related departments, and prepara-
tions for going into production are being advanced.
At Chinghua University, with seven years of research into program-
controlled machine tools, a program-controlled machine tobl laboratory
was established and a group of talented people trained, creating condi-
tions for greater expedition of future research in this field and also
for increasing the quality of education. Since 1;'58, successive gradu-
ates of related sections of the Machinery and Electric machinery De-
partments have reached more than 300, and they have advanced graduation
project,3 linked with this research work and have received useful on-the-
spot training, and also, more than 20 research students have written
graduation theses concerning this research. Instructors and students
have altogether written 72 scientific essays and technical reports,
and of these, 14 were read at all?.country scientific: conferences.
Research of Sian Chiaotung University into Strength of Machine
Petals;
Aside from the above research results of Chinghua university
which should be especially mentioned, there is no end to up-to-date
research: results which can be enumerated such as the research result of
te&chers and students extending over eight years which showed that
granite of the South China region which had for the past more than. 40
years been thought to have been formed in the same geological age, was
not formed in the same geological age, which made possible scientific
prediction of trarious kinds of mining products/ prospecting, the gradua-
tion project of five of the first graduates of the workers squad of the
Shanghai Scientific and Technological University who successfully de-
signed and manufactured China's fitr t high-precision cycle variable
power supply, and the Dairen-Engineering College design. of the Dairen
fishing port which has already been started and will soon. be completed,
but here we will put the spotlight on another, - research results: of
Sian Chi.aotung University, which produced new theories- concerning strength
of metal materials.
Theoretical research results. of Sian.Chiaotung University con-
cerning strength of metal materials has already begun to play a role in
China's machine industry production. The great significance of this
theoretical research is. considered to be that it has given a scientific
basis for rational selection of materials by the machine-manufacturing
industry and has manifested latent strength of modern metal materials.
For many years the thought prevailed in machinery construction
circles that in assuring stability of the operating time of engine parts.
it was necessary to use materials of high "shock toughness." Thus,
in.deter?mining fluctuations of "shock toughness," the method was used of
"bestowing one shock with a large-energy pendulum," and if the energy
expended in destruction was low, it was considered that material could
not be adopted. Thus, many high-strength materials were not used
simply for the reason that their "shock toughness" was low, and moreover,
since "toughness:!' was blindly pursued, they could not but be changed
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into low-strength materials, and for this reason, dimensions of engine
parts became large, designed parts were heavy and large, and there was
waste of metal materials. This was one of the universal problems in
machine industry production.
In this regard, in 1958 Professor Chou Hui-chiu., head of the
Sian Chiaotung University Machine ')epartment and also head of the lab-
oratory, knowing that the life of well-drilling machine pistons- made
by a certain factory with brittle materials was twice as great as first-
rate nickel chrome cement steel and calling to mind many similar'facts
of the past, thought it would be greatly significant in China socialist,
construction if this quite important problem in the machine industry
could be solved. Thereupon, he won the support of management and began
this research. At first, some persons expressed doubts-, and conditions
were rather bad and there were many difficulties, but they did not become
discouraged. Since there was no testing machine, they themselves: de-
signed and built one using scrap material. Thereupon, this research
was regarded seriously by related leadership, and establishing, a.
specialized research organization, systematic research in the various
fields of strength of metal materials was suddenly begun.
Fringing Forth the Theory of Small-Energy multiple-Shock Resistance
Research results of the Sian Chiaotung University metal products
strength laboratory showed that under ordinary circumstances, shocks
received by various kinds of machine parts occur continuously and that
the shock energy is ordinarily comparatively low. Under such circum-
stances, the resistance power to destruction of materials ia:generally
determined by strength, and comparatively little plasticity and "shock
toughness" is necessary. Eventually it was shown that latent strength
of many high-strength materials which had previously been rejected by
single-shock experiments with the large-energy pendulum could be mani-
fested if they were rationally used.
For example, research made clear that whereas previously, high-
temperature tempering had been necessary when machine parts were made
with medium carbon steel, the te.pering temperature could now be greatly
reduced, and also, whereas previously it had been required that the
carbon content of the core of cement steel generally be lowered to from
0.1 to 0.18 percent, under conditions of small-energy multiple-shocks
it was more advantageous if the carbon content were increased to 0.25
to 0.30 percent. They also found that the small-eiiergy multiple-shock
resistance of sphezic l graphite cast iron was superior to medium carbon
steel, providing a theoretical base for wide use of spherical graphite
cast iron. In past practice it had been thought that low carbon steel
could not be strengthened by tempering, but in their research it was
shown that low carbon steel could be strengthened by tempering and made
into low carbon martensite and that moreover it has excellent overall
strength properties suitable for machine manufacture. In addition, they
also systematically studied such things as plasticity, fatigue strength,
and overload damage susceptibility of various high-strength materials,
and thoroughly demonstrated the possibility and rationality of being
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able to manifest latent strength of metal materials.
These theoretical research results have already begun to be
applied in machine industry production and are producing rudimentary
results. The same school, together with the Shanghai Petroleum Machinery
Accessories Plant, changed the material and heat-treatment method of
01-03 oil rock drill pistons, and with on-the-spot experimentation with
the hardest rocks of a certain copper ore, useful life was increased by
from two to three times. At the Changchun No. 1 Automobile Manufacturing
Plant, through cooperation of schools with the plant,, materials and
heat treatment of three kinds of automobile parts have already, been.
changed and formally entered into production, and among them, the
"terminal decelerator pinion washer" which was previously manufactured
with specially-made excellent no. 45 medium carbon steel plate has,
now been changed to being manufactured with 16 manganese steel chassis
frame cutting scrap, and at the beginning of last year more than 3,000
were produced, and by production practice it 1.1as demonstrated that
quality requirements could be met and that about 10 tons- of specially-
made excellent steel plate could be economized. Also, the rivet snap
which is used in rivetting is a typical part which receives a multiple-
shock load, and the same school, in cooperation with the Sian Vehicle
Plant, used as raw material outer rings which had been waste articles,
improved the heat-treatment method, and greatly increased the useful
life of rivet snaps. Tn initial production experiments it was shown.
that whereas previously only 200 rivets. could be rivetted on-an average
with one rivet snap, now 3,200 could be rivetted, and that the cost of
material was thus reduced to one tenth.
These theoretical results: have already, been applied by some
production, education, and research units, and several actual problems
have been solved. Examples of this are that the Loyang Agricultural
Machinery College in cooperation with the Loyang No. 1. Tractor Plant
studied strength characteristics and heat-treatment methods of engine
cone rod bolts from the point of view of multiple-shock resistance and
produced a new method of tempering medium carbon steel, and the T'sinan
Shaping Tool Plant and Shantung Engineering College succeeded in re-
search for manufacturing shovels with ordinary carbon steoL, and at.
the Peking Petroleum College they manufactured an oil-well drilling
hole-making gun, which had previously been made with high-grade
alloy gun barrel steel, using low carbon martensite tempered from ord_i-
nary low carbon alloy steel, greatly increasing its useful life.
This theoretical research activity at Sian Chiaotung university
has also excercised many propulsive effects in the field of education.
Since 1959 more than 160 successive graduates specializing in metals
and heat treatment in the Machinery Department have participated in.
this activity and have written mo~_e than 100 graduation theses. Twenty
to thirty teachers specializing in this have successively participated
in this activity and at present, aside from the more than 20 full-time
researchers in the laboratory, twelve instructors of the metal instruc-
tion laboratory are engaged here in scientific research. These full-
time and part-time researchers have altogether written several tens of
theses.
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CR/OR 332/00015-67 (3 of 6)
PHOTOS AND FEP TUR_-M OF CHIP!ESE INDLSTRY, No. 65, 1 Arril 1966
Chin-chou, New Industrial Metropolis Developed
Within i Past Several Years
Chin-chou, a city in Liaoning Province in Northeast China, is currently
new
drawing attention as one of China's 4-/a industrial metropolises,
which has iastaiaat37 developed belatedly through the exertion of self-effort.
Since 1958, for example, Chin-chou has constructed 47 new industrial
including ?
enterprises covering eight fields 1 vacuum metallurgy f ? quartz
glass, rare earth metals, semi-conductors, measuring instruments` and
synthetic fibers. Although all of these enterprises are small plants with
their smallest plank employyjing several tens of employees and their largest
plant employ ing less than 500 employees, and their equipment are practically
all self-manufactured or self-modified "native equipment", they are currently
producing 141 types of products and several hundred products in accordance
with specifications. The majority of these x~a products are new products
that China was incapable of producing several years ago/ and the quality
processes
and production/pxmmm employed are "top level" within China. Moreover,
additional new products are reportedly being trial manufactured at the
present time.
Prior to 1958, Chin-chou merely comprised of 25 repair ship plants and
small agricultural accessory product processing plants. From the fact that
it had constructed new industrial enterprises one after another, which are
fairly up to date by world standards, within the past several years, it is
probably worth noting that the industrial construction methods employed
were typical of Chinese self-effort. The current status and the construction
methods employed by the various newly developed industries in Chin-chou are
as follows:
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Manufacture of Vacuum Metallurgy #'iTt Equipment
Vacuum metallurgy is an advanced metallurgy technique. x a
refined
xc The highly/puzift2d metals and the high grade alloys smelted by
equipment are
vacuum metallurgy fad/s raw materials essential to the
aircraft, electronic and chemical industries. The Chin-chou Electric Furnace
Plant is currently manufacturing the latest models in vacuum metallurgy
equipment. When this plant was assigned the task of manufacturing vacuum
metallurgy equipment, it did not possess the equipment or the experience
to implement this assignment but, relying on their own efforts and abilities,
the workers of this plant devised the means to manufacture the required
equipment. In early 19161, they successfully manufactured their first
induction
vacuum imbamd/electric furnace and, in late 1961, they also manufactured
the vacuum self-exhausting electrode arc furnace. The vacuum induction
electric furnace is capable of smelting a higher quality special refined
steel than the ordinary induction electric furnace. A major portion of the
huge volume of stainless steel used in the equipment for manufacturing
chemical fertilizers in China during the past several years were refined
in vacuum induction electric furnaces manufactured by China through her
own efforts. The vacuum self-exhausting electrode are furnace is used to
smelt metals having high melting points beyond the range of the vacuum
induction electric furnace such as molybdenum and titanium. Product
purity is extremely high.
In 1965, the Chin-chow Electric Furnace Plant successfully trial
manufactured an electronic bombarding furnace, which is only being
manufactured by a few countries throughout the world. This furnace is capable
of smelting difficult-to-melt metals and the purity of the products refined
by this furnace is much higher than the products refined by other electric
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furnaces. The fact that China can mass produce various types of vacuum
metallurgy equipment is definitely an indication that she kas attained
a new level in her metallurgical techniques.
Successful Domestic Production of Quartz Glass
Among the noteworthy results of Chin-chou's newly developing industries
is the successful domestic production of quartz glass.
Quartz glass is high grade material, heat-proof, pressure-proof and
corrosion-proof, that can also be used as insulation material in the
development of modern industry. The Chin-chou Quartz Glass Plant successfully
smelted two types of quartz glass - transparent and opaque. This plant did
smelting
not possess modern/equipment but it designed an original "domestic furnace"
and proceeded to smelt both transparent and opaque quartz glass. Presently,
this plant is producing quartz glass plates and tubes of various sizes and
shapes, and over 100 varieties of quartz glass measuring instruments. These
products are being supplied in a steady stream to over 200 industrial plants
scientific
and/research organizations throughout China.
These various quartz glass products are products which were banned
reportedly
for exportation to China by western capitalist countries. The Soviet Union/
revoked her agreement to supply China certain types of urgently needed
quartz glass products. Aroused to action by these conditions, the workers
in Chin-chou exercised their spirit of self-effort to embark on the trial
manufacture of these products. With the extremely limited data available
at that time, the workers in Chin-chou realized that the quartz glass
being manufactured in foreign countries employed the high frequency method
and the glass fusion method using high frequency furnaces and oxyhydrogen
processing equipment. It became clear to them that equipment of this nature
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was not available in the plants in Chin-chou; that even if these equipment
could be ordered, an extremely long interval would elapse between the time
of order and the time of delivery. Accordingly, the workers planned their
and
own desig14' built a simple smelting furnace from ahandoned materials
collected from steel scrap piles,. They connected two borrowed electric
welders together and used them in place of transformers, poured
salt water into a water tank and used it in place of a voltage regulator and,
laborious
after completing 115/tests over a period of 93 days in a make-shift workshop,
they finally succeeded in trial manufacturing a 100 mm diameter quartz glass
tube. From this unpretentious beginning, they reportedly perfected their
own new method of processing quartz glass. Since this new processing method
and
dit simplifies equipment manufacturing, produces superior quality
products than high frequency furnaces, and since product specifications
are not restricted, this new processing method is reportedly being
employed by the other plants in China where the high frequency method is
not employable.
Heretofore, the scarce and valuable kryolite was being used to manufacture
transparent quartz glass but the workers at the Chin-chou Quartz Glass Plant
discovered a new raw material which is cheap and abundant in China. In
comparing the quartz tubes made of kryolite with those made of this new
raw material, there are no noticeable differences between them, and technical
studies reportedly prove that they are practically identical in transparency
and quality.
Early Development of Transistors
Manufacturing of transistors is a new technique that was developed
throughout the world within the past 20 years. Chin-thou is one of the
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sates first areas in China to engage in the development of the
transistor industry. The two transistor parts plants in Chin-chow do not
possess modern moisture-proof structures and workshops but they are
in accordance with
producing 11 large, medium and small output trans istors/axst 40-odd
Various products for industrial and private use
specifications. R Ili Xxlyfi / such as transistorized
r adics, listening devices, and automatic control equipment are being produced
and trial manufactured in Chin-thou at the present time.
Cne of these products - high frequency large output transistor -
required the use of equipment such as EDKOKU jpkmimliz [sic], vaporizers,
heat rolling equipment, etc., which necessitated an investment of over
100,000 yuan and the construction of a new building. But female technician
CHU Feng-ch'in, who was in charge of the trial manufacturing of this product,
reportedly designed
d /her own crude equipment and conducted test after test until she
finally succeeded in trial manufacturing this highly technical high frequency
large output transistor. Thereafter, at CHU Feng-ch'in's plant, this new
product is reportedly being mass produced by a processing method unexplained
in foreign data.
Establishment of the Synthetic Fiber (iTYlon) Industry
Among the emerging industries in Chin-chou, the synthetic fiber industry
is worthy of special mention. Chin-chou successfully trial manufactured
a synthetic plasticizer and, using domestic raw materials and equipment
manufactured through her own efforts, she successfully extracted nylon
filaments.
22 In the summer of 1960, the Chin-chou Municipal Committee selected
x/workers from various plants and assigned them to the trial
manufacturing of KAPURON [phonetic] (nylon filament). This trial manufacturing
 Approved For Release 2006/11/06: CIA-RDP78-04546AO03200020007-0
process was apparently a trying process. An NCNA report described the process
as follows:
" At that time, one group of specialists claimed that synthetic fibers
cculd not be produced without a large modern plant and equipment. Even then,
the process would require many years to perfect. But the plant organizers
did not agree. They were only provided with a small trial manufacturing
fund and an animal shed borrowed from the city's business interests. In order
to allot their meager trial manufacturing funds to experimental needs, they
did not expend funds for unproductive equipment. The animal shed served as
their experimental laboratory, office and dormitory for the female workers.
The male workers lived in tents outside the animal shed. They also -M Sk sts~am~
built a small room with dirt and rocks and converted it into a mess hall.
In a modern synthetic fiber plant, the spinning section alone requires about
three shops. In contrast, their animal shed was slightly over 5 meters ktgkx
tall. Their plant consisted of sir storage cans resting on shelves under
the ceiling windows. When the wind blew in from the crevices around the
ceiling window, they plugged% these crevices with their blankets to maintain
the temperature required for spinning within the shed. Conducting experiments
under these trying conditions for a period of four months, they finally
succeeded in spinning synthetic fiber filaments. With the coming of winter,
a plain unfinished
the city provided them with ss/ 3-story dormitory which will become
a concrete building when completed."
Finally, by April 1961, after conducting a total of over 390 experiments
during a trying period of 21 months, they overcame all technical difficulties
and reached the stage whereby they were ready to provide the market with
huge ss z quantities of their products. Today, their plant is a nylon
 Approved For Release 2006/11/06: CIA-RDP78-04546AO03200020007-0
plant producing over 100 tons mt annually.
Other Rare Earth Metals. Measurine Instruments, Etc.
Other noteworthy results attained by Chin-chou are the smelting of
rare earth metals and the manufacturing of ruby for use as bearing material
for measuring instruments and precision machinery.
Known rare earth metals number 17 at the present time but the majority
of them are just beginning to be used throughout the world. These rare earth
performance
metals possess certain special/characteristics that play X vital roles in
the optical glass, metallurgy and atomic energy industries. The workers in
Chin-chou groped their way through the myriad unknown factors existing in
these newly developing industries and, currently, they are smelting various
ma alloys such as rare earth aluminum, rare earth metallic silicon] and
rare earth magnesium, and they are manufacturing products such as rare earth
optical glass` and rare earth graphite steel. Investigations show that by
casting the teeth of non-ferrous metal crushers with graphite steel reinforced
with rare metals, their weight is reduced one-third and their life expectancy
is prolonged more than 4-fold.
In the field of measuring instruments, Chin-chow manufactures ex x
measuring microscopesfm high precision
m8x / measuring instruments and a variety of
high precision machinery, and produces navigation instruments such as
sound signalling devices and induction devices, high temperature metallurgical
measuring instruments, etc. The Ta-lu Instrument Plant in Chin-chou
manufactured the "No Contact Point Remote Control Remote Communications
Equipment" for the Ta-ch'ing Cil Field. This equipment is considered to be
the latest development in Chinese scientific research. It enables one
worker sitting at his desk to conduct eight operations including the
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temperature control and
ltM+rlx2 operation of 10 oil wells.
The workers in Chin-chou have also successfully trial manufactured
other vital products including the rubies being used as bearing material
for precision machinery. China has been importing expensive diamond powder
to use as the abrasive for polishing ruby tips but, an elderly Chin-chou
worker has recently perfected an abrasive using agate powder, which is
Chin-chou
being produced extensively in the 2 /area.
Instead of using imported pyrex glass cxfmanufactured by the
US), Chin-chou is successfully mass producing xenon bulbs using ordinary
native glass.
 Approved For Release 2006/11/06: CIA-RDP78-04546AO03200020007-0
(Photos 332/ and 00015-67 Features on
TELEVISIONS AND TRANSISTOR RADIOS IN CHINA
IN-
Source: Ch oku Shogyo Shashin Tsushin CR/GR
Chinese Industry), Tokyo, No. 69, 1 June 19 (4 of
66, pp 1-7
Television Broadcasting in China
It was eight years ago, 1958 that television b
ro
casting was begun in China. In Ma of that th
May year, e Pe
Television Station started experimental broadcasting, an
launched a program of regular broadcasting from the seco
the same ear. All the television f c'
year. All the television facilities
the time were domestic products, which were completed wi
a short time of one year from design to the final produc
and broadcasting period. Shouts of o were heard ever,
when the image first appeared on the domestic TV screen
y th
Peiping
mark. In the period of eight years since th
the eiping, V-
fourteen
China, broadcasting their own independent
programs. The
ping and Tientsin stations mutually exchange and relay e
other's broadcasts, d th TV
an the stations in other cities
ment their programs with television programs sent from t
Peiping television station.
In China, all expenses of television broadcasting
by the government, and no fees are
collected
audience. The reasoning behind this is that televis
the y ng
broadcasting in China is strictly a means of furthering
education of the people for the purpose of socialist rev
tion and socialist construction. Consequently, educatio
activities through the television medium are
most active,
presents quite a contrast to the entertainment-orie
which te1evision broadcasting in Japan.
For instance, the Peiping Television Station oper
d-
iping
d
t
a
t
thin
tion
ere
,
with
e
n,
-
Pei-
ach
s
upple-
he
are
rom
from
ion
the
olu-
nal
nted
ates
6)
 Approved For Release 2006/11/06: CIA-RDP78-04546A003200020007-0
on two channels, one of which is devoted to the administration
of a "television university" and its affiliated middle school.
The remaining channel is devoted to general programming. The
Peiping Television College (a so-called correspondence college
in which instruction is given by television broadcast; operat-
ed by the Peiping Television Station) was established in 1960.
It now has five departments--mathematics, physics, chemistry,
Chinese, English--and offers 29 courses. This spring, the
number of students of the Peiping Television College was 8,283,
and the number of auditors was 7,849 students. In a period
of a little more than five years, more than 36,000 students
have completed at least one course, and the number of graduates
from the regular curricula is 4,845 students. For the purpose
of advancing intellectual levels and teaching science and
technology to the workers, the television college's affiliated
middle school was established two years ago. This middle
school offers three courses--language (Chinese), drawing, and
mathematics--and has a student body of 3,452 students. Upon
graduation from the affiliated middle school, the student can
immediately enroll at the TV College.
The broadcasts of the TV College begin at 6:10 in the
morning and last until 8:20 in the evening, and the time de-
voted to educational broadcasting exceeds 40 hours per week.
The instruction at this television school consists of three
forms of teaching--TV instruction, correspondence instruction,
and personal instruction. Any worker with the equivalent of
a high school education who passes the entrance examination
can enroll at the TV College. Final examinations are adminis-
tered at prescribed locations, and certificates of graduation
and credentials for course completion are issued. There are
some 1,000 places in the municipal and suburban areas of Pei-
ping, where one may attend the TV school. These places are
not only equipped with staff members who guide individual
studies, but also with a small laboratory where experiments
in the field of physics and other sciences can be performed.
At many plants and people's communes, there are TV classrooms
specifically for the students of the TV College to study and
prepare for examinations. The students are permitted to de-
vote part of their working hours to their studies.
As an example we note that in the city of Wuhsi in
Kiangsu Province, although there is no television broadcasting
station, an amateur TV college was established in 1961. This
college is run by relaying the broadcasts of the Shanghai Te-
levision Station by using the old shrine on the top of the
mountain as a relay station. They are now experimenting with
heterodyne relay broadcasts of an unsophisticated type. In
the course of five years since its establishment, there have
been some 330 students at the Wuhsi amateur TV college who
have completed on course or another, and have produced a fixst
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graduat-ing`.class of-39, students.,;'
Speaking of general programming, on the other hand,-the
Peiping Television Station operates six days a week, and the
broadcasting time is about 3 hours a day. It highlights a
difference in orientation between Chinese television broadcast-
ing and the Japanese, in which several stations are simultane-
ously broadcasting from early morning until late evening. For
such occasions as holidays, summer and winter vacations from
school, special programs are added to the regular ones for the
general audience and the young people. The general programming
consists of three classes of programs--the news and reports,
social education programs, and programs dealing with the arts,
of which the arts programming constitutes more than half.
The Peiping Television Station is equipped with three
studios, two domestic television relay stations,arx1 atelevi-
sion theatre with a seating capacity of one thousand. The
largest studio, with a size of 600 square meters, often broad-
casts the TV drama series performed by the television drama
group, the performances of orchestras, choruses, folk music
groups, and folk art groups as well as broadcasting the per-
formances of well known actors or actresses, drama groups,
bands, and presenting concerts and circuses from other areas
as well as Peiping. They also do stage relay, and the per-
formances of visiting foreign drama groups and music groups
appear on Peiping television.
It appears that in every country, children are a most
enthusiastic and ardent audience of television. In China the
utmost efforts have been made to produce programs that will
foster in children such attitudes as the spirit of serving
the people, loving labor, respecting the workers, and the
attitude of valuing and loving science and also caring for the
group. In devising such programs, care has been made to in-
corporate the characteristics of children. In Chinese tele-
vision broadcasts, no programs are allowed that may foster or
instill in children a sense of fear, the notion of murder, or
a sense of corrupt morality. Programs are usually over by
10 o'clock in the evening, thus eliminating the concern and
fear of the parents that their children's health might be
impaired or that their children will be deprived of time for
studying and preparing school lessons.
Phenomenal Expansion of TV Sales
In comparison to the history of TV broadcasting in Ja-
pan, where every household is now equipped with at least one
TV set, the present situation of TV broadcasting in China pre-
sents a noticeable contrast in terms of program variety and
quality and also the distribution of TV sets. However, it
is unmistakable that TV sets are being rapidly distributed
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throughout the country. Even though national statistics are
lacking, in the case of Shanghai, the sale of TV sets has con-
tinued to rise. The total sale of TV sets in 1964 was twice
as much as that of 1963. The total sale of TV sets in the
Shanghai suburbs in 1965 was twice as much as that of 1964.
TV sets are being produced in Shanghai and Tientsin, and the
first domestic TV sets appeared on the market in Shanghai in
October 1960. In the short period of several years since,
the quality of TV production has become stable and has im-
proved, showing an expansion in terms of production quantity
and variety, with a consequent reduction in sale price.
Against this background of TV popularization, the com-
pletion of the TV tower and official commencement of broad-
casting at Yueh-hsiu-shan in the city of Canton in Kwangtung
Province deserve special note. This is a self-reliant TV
tower with a height of 200 meters, the design of which is rich
in national characteristics. The tower pillars are of trian-
gular shape consisting of circular rods, with an octagonal
top and the tower base is of a diameter of 50 meters. There
are two large observation platforms installed, and the tower
is also equipped with an elevator.
In this respect, one should also note the progress made
in the TV industry. For instance, according to a dispatch of
the New China News Agency on 4 December of last year, the
Liaoning Broadcasting Instrument Factory has succeeded in its
efforts to trial-manufacture kineoscope equipment to be used
for TV stations. Due to the lack of special facilities, the
broadcasting of movie programs by the TV stations in China up
to the present has been done by the method of projecting movies
onto a screen and then taking a picture of it with a TV camera.
This picture is,converted into image and sound symbols, and
then transmitted over the antenna of the TV center. Admitted-
ly, this is a simple method. However, the need of having to
go through an additional step in transmission results in the
reduction of clarity and the picture is inevitably vague on
the receiving screen. The newly completed kineoscope has a
special device in it which makes it possible to convert movies
directly into signals and then transmit them over the antenna.
Consequently, the picture projected by the Braun tube is much
clearer. The trial production of this kineoscope has been
made possible by the assistance of the Peiping Broadcasting
Research Institute.
The Anshan Broadcasting Equipment Plant is producing
industrial television equipment. This equipment is very use-
ful for the examination of underground petroleum or under-
water facilities. The use of this equipment at railroad and
freight stations enables the freight clerk to observe at a
distance. In many other fields of industry, it makes the work
easier, safer, and faster. More important, it frees the worker
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from danger and unhealthy work.
In the field of radio receivers in China, the produc-
tion and popularization of transistor radios in recent years
is very remarkable. The manufacture of transistor radios in
China is a new and rising industry that has made noticeable
progress in the past few years. In line with the progress
in the wireless electronics industry, the manufacturing tech-
nology of transistor radios in China has achieved remarkable
progress, both qualitatively and quantitatively. At present,
complete systems of production have been perfected, from the
manufacture of transistors and miniature parts to the assembly
of radios. And all the parts and raw materials are domesti-
cally supplied.
At present in China, forty some varieties of transis-
tor radios are being manufactured. Among others, the follow-
ing brands are of relatively high quality and are popular in
the cities and rural communities: the "Mei-to model 28A 8
transistor portable," the "Mu-tan model 8402 8 transistor
portable," the "Hsiung-mao model 801 8 transistor table radio,"
the "Hung-hsing model 401-A 4 transistor radio," and the
"Ch'ang-ch'eng model 644 4 transistor radio."
In terms of circuitry type, the transistor radios in
China can be classified into two groups. One is the regene-
rative type, which has a relatively simple structure, a rela-
tively short distance of reception, and a cheap price. Radios
of this type are most suitable for use in or around the cities.
The other is the super heterodyne type, which has a relatively
complicated structure, a beautiful appearance, and a relative-
ly high electrical and sound quality. Radios of this type
are suitable for use in the rural communities far away from
the cities or in the field of forestry, stock farming, farm-
ing or fishing. On the other hand, with respect to appearan-,
ce, they can be grouped into three classes: the compact model,
the portable model, and the table model. The compact transis-
ter radios, made with miniature components, have a size approx-
imately equivalent to that of a cigarette pack, and are easy
and convenient to carry. Radios of this type are favored and
heavily used by newspaper reporters, geological surveyors,
and other people walking constantly outdoors. The table model
in general uses large parts and is beautifully styled. It
has a clear sound and outstanding tonal quality. Radios of
this type are mainly used in households in the cities and
rural communities.
The rapid popularization of transistor radios in China
stems from a unique condition quite different from the case
of Japan. Unlike Japan, China has many remote mountainous and
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pastoral areas and rural villages with no source of AC elec-
tric power. It is hardly possible for the people living in
these remote areas to listen to broadcasts from the people's
broadcasting stations in various municipal districts. Under
this circumstance, it became imperative for the Chinese Com-
munist Party and the People's Government to rapidly popular-
ize transistor radios for the purpose of massive promotion
of the ideological education movement. For this reason, the
transistor radio industry in China has become a most rapidly
growing industry. The number of models and varieties is in-
creasing rapidly, and only last year several new products ap-
peared on the production line. In each segment of the indus-
try, considerable efforts are being made for research and
production of new products. The extent of domestic consump-
tion is extremely high, and despite the several-fold increase
of production quantity, the supply still remains insufficient.
Due to improvements in the living standards of a wide
segment of farmers, the consumption of transistor radios is
constantly increasing. For this reason in the past several
years a number of measures have been adopted to increase pro-
duction variety, improve quality, reduce costs, and expand
production. In this manner, the transistor radio manufactur-
ing industry in China is on the road toward ever greater pro-
gress and a greater future.
Recent News on Major Plants
In the following, we introduce some recent news on
transistor radio plants in various areas.
--The Second Shanghai Radio Plant: produces "2J1 and
2J3 table model transistor radios."
--The Third Shanghai Radio Plant: has been producing
the "28A medium and short wave portable transistor radio."
As a new addition, it now produces the "27A 7 transistor ra-
dio," half the size of the 28A model, which can be easily
carried in one's pocket, and produces a clear tone even on
the short wave bands.
--The Fourth Shanghai Radio Plant: originally start-
ed with the production of "model 4B 3 6 transistor radios"
4pocket type, size of a cigarette pack) but now produces the
'model 4B 3 automobile radio," thus contributing a valuable
item to the automotive industry. Due to the attachment of a
5W amp-speaker, this model can now produce sound nine times
as large as the previous model. For this reason, this model
can be installed either in small sedans or large automobiles.
In addition, other items of production include "4B 1 table
model transistor radio," and "2P 1 and 4B 2 simplified 3
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transistor radios."
--The Nanking Radio Plant: has been producing the
"Hsiung 4nao" radios in the past, and in 1963 succeeded in
trial manufacture of table model transistor radios. Further,
in 1964 it began mass-producing 7 transistor pocket model ra-
dios and 8 transistor portable radios. This year the plant
has begun production of model B 611 table model transistor
radios. This model is comparable in size to a large lunch
box, able to receive some 30 stations, has good sound quality
and appearance, and more than anything else, costs less.
This year the plant has also begun mass-production of the B
302 model, a popular 3 transistor radio primarily for the rur-
al communities. Comparable in size to a large aluminum lunch
box, this model has a high degree of sensitivity and can re-
ceive not only the Peiping broadcast but also the broadcasts
from some ten provinces and cities. Tuning and selectivity
are fairly good; even with the jamming of several powerful
stations in one district, the noise level is negligible. It
produces big sound and has good tone quality. Assuming three
to four hours use a day, two simple batteries would suffice
for two and a half months. As early as 1964 this plant en-
gaged in test production of the popular model 3 transistor
radios. But the designers and technicians were more concerned
with the production of technically sophisticated goods. As
a_consequence, production costs were high(50 to 60 yuan per
set),-electricity consumption was high and the size of the
radio was large. As-a whole, the product was not a practi-
cal item and had never been produced on a large scale. In
view of this condition, criticism that the plant-was too
exclusively concerned with the production of high-class tran-
sistor radios and was excluding products specifically designed
for the rural population grew stronger. This criticism is
said to have prompted the production of the popular B 302
model 3 transistor radio. It is thus evident that what is
most consumed by the rural communities are not the high-class
expensive products but the low-priced products of good qua-
lity.
--The Kirin Province Radio Plant: this factory has
been most successful in producing popular-type radios for the
rural communities. The model 464 3 transistor radio for rur-
al use produced by this plant won the first prize in August
1964 at the Peiping national competetive exhibition of radio
receivers, and it has also been awarded the praise and en-
couragement of the nation. The sale of this brand of radios
is high, not only in Kirin Province, but also in Peiping and
Harbin. Further efforts have been made at the plant to im-
prove the quality of popular products.
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and all types_of measurement
mining
--The Peking Radio and Capacitor Plant: in the past,
this plant had been producing only a few varieties of capaci-
tors for regular vacuum tube-type radios, but in 1964 it
succeeded in the test production and subsequent mass-produc-
tion of four types of small and miniature capacitors for 7
and 8 transistor radios. In this production list is included
the production of tetron capacitors. It is the first time
in the history of Chinese industry that the tetron capacitor
has been produced domestically.
--The Wuhan First Light Industry Research Center: at
the center they have finally succeeded in the test production
of colloid electrolyte transistor radio batteries with long
life. Ordinary transistor radio batteries last about 30
hours. In contrast, however, this battery when full charged
lasts also 30 hours but can be recharged as many as fifty
times, thus its useful life totals some 1,500 hours. A
micro-charger is attached to the battery, which can be direct-
ly connected to any household power outlet. The charger costs
2 yuan, and lasts fairly long. Storage batteries of this
type differs from the ordinary type batteries in that the
former contain sulfuric acid paste, whereas the latter contain
a sulfuric acid solution. This paste is manufactured by a
special process; both its water content and its total volume
are small. It is quite suitable for use in small batteries.
The use of these colloid electrolyte batteries is extensive
and includes their use in flashlights, traffic signal lights,
..
r STAT
Photo 1: Industrial tele s on installed at the chunk roll-
ing mill at the Second Rolling Factory of the An-
shan Steel and Iron Company. The television set
was produced by the Liaoning Province Broadcasting
Instruments and Materials
Photo 2: The "Shanghai" television on the production line
at the Shanghai Broadcasting Instruments and Ma-
terials Plant. All of the parts are domesticall
produced. F
plant.
Photo 3: The "Peking" television being mass-produced at the
State-operated Radio Factory in Tientsin Munici-
pality. Ever since the initial production in 1958, STAT
product quality has been constantly improved throigh
the efforts of laborers and technicians at the
 Approved For Release 2006/11/06: CIA-RDP78-04546A003200020007-0
Photo Assembly o the model transistor radio at he
Third Shanghai Radio Factory. The production at
this plant in the first quarter of 1965 showed a
43% increase over the fourth quarter of 1964.
Photo 5: Inspection of the "Mei-to model 28A" 8 transistor
radio at the Third Shanghai Radio Factory before
shipment. This set receives both short-wave and
medium-wave broadcasts, and the domestic sale is
fairly good.
Photo 6: Inspecting ana ng "H - O1-3G and
601-4G vacuum tube-type radios before shipment
at the Nanking Radio Factory.
Photo 7: Shanghai-produced radios and phonographs for sale
at a retail store in Shanghai.