FOUR DISPATCHES FROM MR. HARRIMAN'S VISIT TO THE SOVIET UNION

• Document Type: CREST
• Collection: General CIA Records
• Document Number (FOIA) /ESDN (CREST): CIA-RDP83-00036R000200050001-2
• Release Decision: RIPPUB
• Original Classification: S
• Document Page Count: 146
• Document Creation Date: December 19, 2016
• Document Release Date: October 12, 2005
• Sequence Number: 1
• Publication Date: July 23, 1959
• Content Type: MISC

:rea 0717-1qTRAMITIm
25)0 Country(s): t
W. Germany
USSR
S-E-C-R-E-T
D(.v Date
:Class.: s_
20,21 & 23
--julf
Identification
Identification of Document: Four Dispatches:
concerning Harriman visit with Khrushchev.
Abstract Notation References-:
These dispatches transmit detailed report obtained from
Mr. Charles W. Thayer on Mr. Harriman's visit to the Soviet Union
and meeting with Khrushchev on 23 June 1959.
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ACCOUNT OF INTERVIEW WITH MR. THAYER ON 9 JULY
AT LAUBAU, BAVARIA, WEST GERMANY
1. Our discussion opened with a question concerning the officials who
were present during Mr. Harrimants talks with Krushchev. At the first session
held from 1300 to 1530 hours on 23 June in Krushohev's office in the Kremlin,
the following persons were present: Krushchev, Mr. Harriman, Mr. Thayer, Mr.
Zhukov of the Cultural Committee and Mr. Troyanovski as interpreter. At the
very beginning of the interview a TASS photographer and one for TIME-LIFE Inc.
(thought to be Howard Sochurek) came in to take pictures, but left immediately
thereafter. At the second session held at Krushchevls dacha Mr. Mikoyan, Mr.
Kozlov and Mr. Gromyko were present in addition to the foregoing persons.
During the entire Harriman visit with Krushchev, no explanations were given
for the presence of any particular person or persons. At the dacha the seating
arrangement at the rectangular dinner table was as follows: on one side Kozlov,
Krushchev, Harriman, Troyanovski; on the opposite side, Gromyko (opposite
Kozlov), Mikoyan, Thayer and Zhukov.
2. When asked if he or Mr. Harriman had heard anything about or seen
anything of members of Krushchev's family, Mr. Thayer said they had heard
nothing and seen nothing, except for a very brief mention of one of Krushchev's
grandsons. While walking in a garden near the dacha Krushchev had found a
hedgehog and had instructed one of his bodyguards to send it to his (Krushchev)
grandson. Later in the day the bodyguard returned and informed Krushchev that
the grandson had left with his family for their vacation in the Ukraine,
whereupon Krushchev directed that the hedgehog be returned to the dacha.
3. Regarding the general preparation for the interview, Mr. Harriman
had been advised on 22 June not to make any plans for the afternoon of the
23rd, because there was a possibility that he might be visiting with Krushchev
at his dacha. It was emphasized that no firm plans had been made, but Mr.
Thayer stated that it was apparent that everything had been well planned in
advance. About halfway through the Kremlin interview, Krushchev had stopped
and proposed talking about an agenda for the interview which he suggested be
continued at his dacha. Upon arrival at the dacha Messrs. Mikoyan, Kozlov
and Gromyko had already been there for over half an hour.
4. Mr. Thayer was asked how Krushchev had conducted himself, especially
in view of the plenary session of the Central Committee scheduled for the
following day, the 24th, Apparently Krushchev was completely relaxed through-
out the interview, showed no signs of wanting to terminate it and in fact,
kept insisting that there was plenty of time, even if they wanted to talk all
night. His desk in the Kremlin was absolutely clear except for a few pads of
paper 'and an ATS (automatic telephone system) telephone book. Krushchev
himself had mentioned that a plenary session of the Central Committee would
meet the next day to take up a few questions and to review progress on the
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Seven Year Plan. Krushchev said he himself was going to make a speech and
give the "engineers hell" just to keep them moving along. However, at no
time did he show any signs of concern for the meeting and everything appeared
to be well under control, certainly as of 1300 hours on the 23rd when the
Harriman interview began.
5. When asked what sort of treatment Krushchev accorded the other
Soviet officials present during the interview and to what extent they parti-
cipated in the talks, Mr. Thayer made the following comments.
a. Krushchev did most of the talking, although Mikoyan frequently
joined in. Krushchev exchanged much banter with Mikoyan and often
referred to "Anastas and myself"; he also did not hesitate to make
rough remarks to Mikoyan, although the reverse was never true, despite
Mikoyan's frequent, but respectful verbal exchanges with Krushchev.
b. On one occasion Mr. Harriman suggested that Mikoyan come to the
United States where he would become a great industrialist. Krushchev
said this would be impossible because Mikoyan did not have enough money
to become an industrialist. Harriman said Mikoyan didn't need any money,
because he could immediately get a good job with an excellent salary.
Than Krushchev commented that Mikoyan had actually been born a century
too late, for he would have made a great "kupets".
c. Kozlov was silent most of the time except when Krushchev turned
to him and asked for confirmation of some remark he (Krushchev) had
just made. Most of Koziov's utteranc6s were confined to seconding or
repeating something Krushchev had said. For example, when Krushchev
said "If you start a war, we may die but the rockets will fly automati-
cally", Mikoyan said "Yes, the rockets will fly automatically" and
Kozlov brought up the rear, saying "Yes, automatically, automatically".
During an exchange of remarks about Mr. Harrimads suggestion that Mikoyan
be sent to America rather than Siberia if he became too obstreperous,
Mikoyan noted that it was too late to send him to Siberia since it was
no longer the practice. Krushchev allowed that an exception could be
made, indicating that Siberia was not out of the question even for
Mikoyan. Then Krushchev turned to Kozlov and asked "we could make the
exception, couldn't we". Whereupon Kozlov in quite a lively tone said
"Oh, yes, we can make exceptions".
d. Kozlov interestingly enough was the only other person at the
dinner table besides Mr. Thayer who smoked. Each time Mr. Thayer took
out a cigarette, having earlier asked Krushchev's permission to smoke,
Mikoyan who was sitting next to Mr. Thayer would nudge him and indicate
that he should offer a cigarette to Kozlov who also liked to smoke.
On least three occasions Kozlov accepted the proffered cigarette and
then retired to the side of the room to smoke it, apparently in deference
to Krushchev. After finishing his smoke, Kozlov then returned to the
dinner table.
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e. Gromyko said scarcely a word the entire evening and sat big and
grumpily throughout the discussions. Nobody paid any attention to him,
and only on a few occasions did he say something, usually inconsequential.
6. During the exchanges on international issues Mikoyan was the only
person besides Krushchev who made any substantial comment. Mr. Thayer's
impression was that Mikoyan understands more than Krushchev on international
issues, is much less emotional in this area and has a more shrewd approach.
It was Thayer's very personal feeling that Mikoyan might be a little like
Stalin in his approach to international problems. Mr. Thayer had no opinion
to offer on how much authority Mikoyan might have in the foreign affairs area.
Neither Kozlov or Gromyko made sufficient remarks to enable any judgment either
on their competence or authority in this field.
7. When Mr. Harriman expressed surprise at the Institute of World Economy
and International Relations' estimate of future American industrial growth at
2% per annum, both Krushchev and Mikoyan came to the defense of this figure.
Mikoyan spoke first and strongly defended the percentage, saying it was valid
because the United States had been moving at the 2% rate for the past five
years and therefore, was stagnating., Krushchev spoke in a similiar vein.
Mikoyan appeared to be well-informed'on this issue, although it is Mr. Thayer's
impression that both of them were holding on to this low figure, much the way
a child holds on to a piece of candy. It is much more pleasant to think that
the industrial growth figure is 2% and not 4 or 5%, and to tell the Russian
people something which is happy news in their strenuous efforts to overtake
the West. Unquestionably Mikoyan has a much better background on this issue
than Krushchev.
8. Mr. Thayer was asked to tell how and who brought up the subject of
Kozlov as the successor to Krushchev, what the reactions of the others were
and who took part in the discussion. -(NOTE: There is no question that the
New York Times 2 July statement that Krushchev had indicated Kozlov as heir-
apparent is solidly supported by Mr. Thayer's notes on the interview.)
a. Mr. Thayer did not.remember exactly how the subject of Kozlov was
brought up, but some conversation on Stalin had proceeded the following
remarks made by Krushchev himself. He said, "Let us give you ourtzpinion
of Kozlov. I have great difficulties with Mikoyan, but we are agreed on
one thing. Kozlov is to follow us". He was born in 1908 and has worked
In steel mills. "Mikoyan and I think he is the man to follow us" "I
recommend Kozlov. He is a modest man." Mr. Harriman asked if Krushchev
were ever modest and the latter stated, "Perhaps, but I am objective".
Then Krushchev continued, saying that anyone who claimed never to be
subjective was stupid. For himself he claimed to objective, but not
always.
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b. The discussion then turned to Kirichenko after Mr. Harriman
had asked Krushchev's opinion of him. Krushehev mentioned that "If you
bet on Kirichenko, you'll lose:. Mr. Harriman asked what Krushchev had
against Kirichenko, and was told "Don't ask provocative questions. Why
do you want to know?" Mr. Harriman mentioned that Zhukov (of the
Cultural Committee) had indicated that Kirichenko was an important man.
Krushchev said not to try to make use of his followers (Mr. Thayer
inferred that Krushchev was implying that "You should not try to subvert
, them', because the Communists will "outlive you anyway." Mr. Harriman
stated he still wished to talk with Kirichenko, but was told that
Kirichenko was busy with the arrangements for the Central Committee
plenary session the next day. Discussion turned to Krushchev's comments
on Berle, Malenkov, Molotov and finally the last days of Stalin. Then
speaking of death and succession, Krushchev said "Kozlov may go, may go
first, but if nature permits him, he'll be worthy". Interjecting Mr.
Harriman remarked that Krushchev had given Kirichenko the Party to
handle. Immediately Krushchev flared up and said very sharply, "I'm a
very jealous man. I'll run the Party while I live. If you're trying to
bury me, you are wish-thinking. I'll live longer than all of you."
Mr. Harriman rejoined that he hoped Krushchev would live a long and rich
life, whereupon Krushchev calmed down. Continuing, Mr. Harriman said
?we have a high regard" for Mr. Krushchev, but by this he did not mean to
slight Mr. Kozlov. Mikoyan piped up and said "Kozlov can wait", with
Krushchev following immediately with the comment "Kozlov is our reserve.
We are keeping him in the background".
c. Throughout the above remarks Kozlov sat quietly like a "silly
cat", grinning with satisfaction. From time to time he nodded at Mr.
Thayer to let him know that he, Kozlov, was there.
d. Mr. Thayer related that during a luncheon at the American Embassy
Krushchev had warned against trying to keep Kozlov in the United States.
Mr. Harriman had answered that such efforts had been unsuccessful with
Mikoyan. Then Mikoyan broke in and said "the person you want in the U.S.
is Krushchev". Krushchev snapped back rather sharply, "Yes, he wants my
job", which brought a general, nervous laugh all around.
9. On the subject of Kozlov Mr. Thayer stated that Mr. Harriman and he
had spent an hour with him on 3 June in Moscow. Kozlov began work as a textile
worker, graduated later from a polytechnic institute and had become a metal-
lurgist. Later he went on to study economics and worked in Leningrad in all
phases of industry. As a metallurgist he had been at one time the chief of a
blooming mill. His wife works in an engineering-scientific research institute,
presumably in the Moscow area.
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a. Kozlov had talked about the automobile industry, saying that
they were reorganizing the entire automotive industry, but not under this
Seven Year Plan. This was in contrast to the remark made by the director
of the ZIS Plant who told Mr. Harriman and Mr. Thayer that within two
years the Russians would have a cheap car, i.e. costing about 8,000 rubles.
Another opinion on this was voiced by Mr. Zhukov of the Cultural Committee
who stated it was too early to produce such a car and it would be at least
15 years before they would be available.
b. Kozlov also claimed that by 1963 the Soviet workers would be
working a five to six-hour day.
c. Regarding agriculture Kozlov said they had 40% of their popula-
tion in agriculture which was too much. For example, the Soviets were
currently allocating 104 billion rubles for development of the chemical
and synthetic industry. This would require many new workers, which
would be taken from the farms.
d. Mr. Thayer's own impression of Kozlov was that he was "soft"
compared with the other Soviet leaders. Mr. Thayer stated he could not
imagine him as the ruler of the USSR. Kozlov evidenced "considerable
subservience" and played the role of a "Greek chorus" during the entire
interview with Krushchev.
10. In the course of Mr. Harriman's visit interesting remarks were made
on several occasions regarding Charles Bohlen, present United States Ambassador
to the Philippines. On one occasion Mr. Zhukov, out of a clear blue sky, told
Mr. Harriman that it was a pity that Mr. Bohlen had been sent to the Philippines.
In conversations with Mr. Thayer Mikoyan remarked that he hoped Bohlen would
soon return to the State Department and work in Soviet affairs. Mr. Thayer
had said that Bohlen was still quite busy working on a new treaty between the
United States and the Philippines. Mikoyan said he knew about this and if
Bohlen's return depended upon his concluding this treaty, it might be a long
time before he came back to Washington. Mikoyan concluded by saying that Mr.
Bohlen "understands us". During the Harriman interview with Krushchev the
latter at one point made several uncomplimentary remarks about Bohlen, saying,
for example, he was respected but not honest. During these remarks Mikoyan
kept poking Mr. Thayer in the side, telling him to pay no attention to what
Krushchev was saying (NOTE: at this time Mikoyan was aware that Mr. Thayer is
related to Ambassador Bohlen by marriage.). At Spaso House one evening,
Mikoyan and Krushchev were on the verge of leaving the reception. Mikoyan told
Krushchev to wait a moment, and leaving him at the door, came over to Mr. Thayer
after their farewells had already been exchanged. He asked that his best
wishes be given to both Mr. Bohlen and his sister. Mr. Thayer mentioned this
as being a rather unusual and extra effort on Mikoyan's part, for which there
was no clear reason.
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11. The subject of China was next raised. Mr. Thayer had noted nothing
and heard nothing from any Soviet officials which would indicate the Communist
Chinese view on policy towards the Bloc, neutralist countries or the West;
their view on Tibet and the Dalai Lama (Mr. Thayer remarked that unfortunately
. Mr. Harriman and he had forgotten to raise this issue during the Krushchev
interview); their view on leadership over non-Bloc Communist Parties or summit
meetings. The same situation pertains to statements by Soviet officials
concerning Communist Chinese efforts to acquire nuclear weapons and guided
missiles (except for the remarks in paragraph 11,c), concerning Communist
Chinese leaders or the communes and recent developments connected with them.
a. Mr. Thayer noted that when Mr. Harriman originally applied for
his visa to Communist China, he had talked with Mikoyan about it,
expressing the hope that he would be a character reference if the Chinese
asked about him. At the dacha dinner Krushchev mentioned that the
relations of the USSR with China were in a special category, a statement
which Mr. Thayer feels was directly related to the issue of the Chinese
refusal of a visa to Mr. Harriman. Although the issue was not directly
discussed, the Soviets at the dinner table that evening made allusions
to the visa refusal indicating that they were sorry that Mr. Harriman
could not go to China.
b. At one time or another, both Krushchev and Mr. Harriman brought
up the issue of China. When Krushchev mentioned Premier Mendes-France's
remark on China's population threat to the USSR, Krushchev only commented
that this was hardly true. The USSR, if it desired, could turn its
Siberian forests into arable land sufficient to feed all of China.
c. Mr. Thayer was asked to amplify, and expand if possible,
Krushchev's comments on China and Formosa, and the statement that the
USSR would support the Chinese in a move to take the island. Mr. Thayer
recalled that Krushchev had been discussing the Japanese question which
had led to the question of ownership of Formosa. Krushchev stated "If
anyone intervenes in China's rights to Taiwan, we will support them".
The United States has the Seventh Fleet, but if there is intervention,
the Soviet Government has given the Chinese rockets (raketi) and they can
destroy Taiwan in a day, and the fleet, too. Fleets today are made to
be destroyed.
d. Mr. Thayer said that the issue on which Krushchev was most
"vehement", next to the Berlin and West German question, was Formosa.
e. During a conversation with Mr. Harriman and Mr. Thayer, Zhukov
of the Cultural Committee had remarked that if China Considered it not
in its interest to grant Mr. Harriman a visa, the Soviets would support
them. Anything which the Chinese consider in their interest, the Soviets
will support, concluded Zhukov.
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f. Mr. Harriman on another occasion asked Krushchev, "How do you
foresee control of armaments with reference to China?". Krushchev
answered that the Chinese have the same view as the Soviets - They want
disarmament. Of course, the Chinese must be consulted before any
discussion or decision takes place 4 As a matter of fact, continued
Krushchev, they are far more interested in this, while they have such
enormous problems of industrialization ahead of them.
g. Mr. Thayer recalls hearing the communes mentioned on several
occasions, but not the exact circumstances of the remarks. He believes
Krushchev at one juncture made some comment about the,,communes having
been misunderstood in the West. Another person at another time said
the communes are not organized for military purposes as the West thinks.
Only the military form is being used, because it is the best way to
organize.
12. When asked if he recalled any other instances during their stay in
the USSR when the subject of China had been discussed, Mr. Thayer contributed
the following miscellaneous comments.
a. During Mr. Harriman's trip in Central Asia he talked with Prime
Minister Kunayev of Kazakhstan on 10 June in Alma-Ata. The Prime Minister
remarked that they were trading with China, raw materials out of China and
consumer goods into Sinkiang over the railroad into Urumchi. He also said
work was being done on both the railroad and road into Urumchi, especially on
the railroad from Oktobai (?) into China. Mr. Zhukov also mentioned on one
occasion that the Soviets had to build better machines, especially for rail-
road construction, so the railroads can move faster. He specified, for
example, that work was being done on a new link from Alma-Ata to Urumchi.
b. Throughout central Asia it was Mr. Thayer's impression and his
observation that English was the most popular foreign language, not Chinese.
While visiting the Orientology Institute in Tashkent, neither he nor Mr.
Harriman got the impression that Chinese studies were accorded any great or
special interest.
0. Both Messrs. Harriman and Thayer had the distinct and strong
impression that the idea is overstressed that the central Asian area of the
USSR is being used as a training ground for propagandists who are to work
abroad spreading the Communist faith, especially in Asia and the Middle East.
On the contrary, Moscow seemed to them to be the training center whence persons
from abroad are brought for study and schooling in the principles of Marxism
and the international Communist movement. Mr. Thayer and Mr. Harriman had
the further impression that it is more often the practice to train foreign
nationals in the USSR and return them to their native countries, than to train
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Soviet citizens of Asiatic background for work in the underdeveloped Asian
and Middle Eastern nations. Mr. Thayer expressed his feeling that the Soviets
fear that Soviet citizens, although of appropriate ethnic or religious back-
ground, who are sent out to spread the faith, are more likely to succumb to
the environment and philosophy of the foreign country than to make converts
for Communism. Hence, the preference for bringing non-Soviets into the USSR
for training and dispatch back to their native lands as workers for interna-
tional Communism.
d. While talking with the President of the Academy of Sciences in
Sverdlovsk, Mr. Harriman mentioned his admiration for the virgin lands idea,
whereuponthe President asked if he thought it was really a good idea. Mr.
Harriman replied affirmatively and asked "Don't you think it good?". The
President said "Well, so far, so good. But you know us scientists,- when we
are sure of a thing, then we say it's possible". Mr. Thayer stated that many
of the scientists in the Central Asian Academies of Sciences voiced their
criticism of the virgin lands program with some frankness or expressed a
skeptical attitude towards it.
13. Asked if he or Mr. Harriman had heard any statements regarding the
offensive potential of the Soviet strategic air forces, Mr. Thayer said no,
but noted that they had talked with Malinovsky on 14 May in Moscow. During
this talk Mr. Harriman had asked if the Soviets were still building heavy
bombers. Malinovsky answered, "Unfortunately, yes". No more was mentioned
on this subject other than Malinovsky's remark that most "heavies" were going
into civil aviation use. Mr. Thayer said that he had already prepared a ten
page memorandum from his notes on this conversation which presumably would be
available through ODACID.
14. Berlin and West Germany were next discussed with Mr. Thayer, and
although the following remarks are essentially identical with those already
contained in his memorandum notes on the Harriman interview, they are included
to complete the record of our interview with him.
a. Mr. Thayer stated that therS was no question that Krushchev had
become most vehement and blunt over the Berlin-German issue. The only
other subject which aroused him to any degree was Formosa, about which
he spoke in very blunt and flat terms. However, Mr. Thayer did not
feel that Mikoyan got as aroused over the Berlin issue as Krushchev,
although he seconded all that Krushchev said on the topic.
b. When asked if Krushchev had referred in any way to the second
phase of the Geneva Foreign Ministers' Conference, Mr. Thayer stated
that Krushchev had essentially said that Gromyko would return on 13 July
and have the same instructions as before. Gromyko's position has been
fully approved by the Soviet Government. Krushchev termed the occu-
pation as an anachronism and said it must be liquidated. If the West
does not agree to liquidating it, the Soviets will turn over their
functions in Berlin to the East Germans.
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c. With regard to a summit conference, Krushchev volunteered
the opinion that if the West wants a summit meeting for the purpose
of perpetuating the regime in Berlin, it is barking up the wrong tree.
d. Concerning the level of western military forces to be permitted
in West Berlin, Krushchev only mentioned the figure of 11,000, and
rhetorically asked why the West wanted them in Berlin. The Soviets
could swallow them in one gulp. However, Krushchev was firm in stating
that the West could have no more than 11,000 troops in Berlin, and those
only for the time being (NOTE: he mentioned no time limit or other
conditions for their withdrawal).
e. Concerning the liquidation of western rights in West Berlin,
Krushchev simply indicated that these rights would be liquidated by a
unilateral agreement with the East Germans, if the West did not go
along with an agreement to abolish these rights. He gave no elaboration
of when this would be done or under what precise circumstances.
f. Krushchev gave no indication of any time limit or conditions
relating to the signing of a separate peace treaty with East Germany.
He remarked only that the West should tell the Soviets what guarantees
it wanted to preserve the existing social structure of West Berlin, and
they would grant them, provided that the Western occupation were ended.
The Soviet Government is determined to end the state of war with Germany,
even if the West does not agree to it. If the West wants to prolong its
rights, the West is starting war. The position of the West is out-of-
date. Mr. Harriman suggested it would be dangerous if the Soviet Union
hindered the rights of the West in Berlin. Krushchev replied "We'll
liquidate them" and continued saying, "I'm hard with you and I'll be ,
harder with Eisenhower. You can assist, you're a clever man". Mr.
Harriman rejoined that the West does not want war over Berlin, to which
Krushchev retorted "you do, if you want to prolong your rights. We
can't let Berlin go any longer. Something must be done".
g. When asked if Krushchev had commented on the Western proposals
of 16 June, Mr. Thayer stated that Krushchev had only referred to Western
proposals by saying that all proposals from the West thus far have been
unsatisfactory because they were designed to perpetuate the situation as
It is now, that is, the preservation of western rights in Berlin.
h. During Krushchev's comments about Gromyko's role at Geneva and
the fact that he was charged only with carrying out the policies of the
Soviet Government, which if he did not do, would lead to his replacement,
Mikoyan joined in and said, "Yes, he does as we tell him". Throughout
Gromyko sat quietly like a "toad" and showed no emotion.
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1. Krushchev gave no hints that he might agree to explicit
guarantees that Western rights would not be challenged in Berlin at
the expiration of the proposed 18-month time limit on the negotia-
tions of the proposed All-German committee. Neither did he hint that
the USSR is prepared tb withdraw its ultimatum-type demands on the
Berlin issue.
15. At the end of our talk with Mr. Thayer we briefly discussed
Krushchev himself about whom Mr. Thayer made the following comments. He
did not appear healthy and perspired profusely, especially when excited.
However, he was a "mass of vitality". Concerning his diet, Krushchev helped
himself to a little of everything on the menu for the evening meal, but took
no butter, sugar or sweets as far as Mr. Thayer could recall. Throughout
the evening he drank cognac regularly, but no vodka. However, he consumed
no more or less than anyone else present, and although much brandy was drunk,
no one became tipsy.
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dastroYad du
Particularly in the last two years. In the center of town a conaiderable
ount orbui1dint had taken place in the immediate post-war rs. Theae
rdinarily rte ix ugly and reminded one of a late
ved At Kiev late in the afternoon sod after sett1ing
went for a tour of the city. Kiev
as largely
ar and there has been ouch now bui14ins sinees
we
Victoriannightmare in classic sty
It waa?ivarently these bolidinga built In the 3talin ere. whiCh b$
ixompted Khrushohev attacks in 1955 on Soviet architects, aceusing them
?easily, finery . Since than, as we observed in Kiev and elsoWhere,
tural styles. suffer Imam from prtalsely the appoeite fault of
Plainnes* and monotony.
fl0Id citY the other hand, has peserred se of its old
ith avenee lined with lindens and poplars.
oe the Dr. per we had a view of the city and the new Indus
8 to 10 kilometer? across the ,river. Immediately across
pleasure island large park. We ware told that Kiev
aoet 9000 acres of park. Four bridges crossed the river,
road, one a root bridge and onLy ono an automobile bridge
ithiCh leads to the industrial area.
Back at the hotel which is partly
w were each glvWa a small room with bath, The p1
Ran and the toilet in Mary Russell's room next
sine flushed
whenever I led the chain. Het and cold water ran spasmodically rrom
both faucets. Although the hotel is only a few years old. not only the
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revolutioneri d&31,4 in other plea
At
nd a special staff or waitresses. Mrs 4inner
it
were
tent kinds or wvareniti kindof ravioli
cottage
ahhafie, sea
dish.
potatoes. Itareniki
C.W,T. sa4 a brit tour o t
It detect trn the 11th
the 1,31i centz It
4 wits built in the 17th u7d
ury and *till
part*7 been
Li*th?lBth
aTs t has been reators4 again to r the first
restr'etion work la still in progress. Wei
extremely interesti Ilth cantory
so been restored.
aU on M, haranoveki,
Cottadon (the president we regorted t*
Nr. Iteranovakt was previously o
preaented: the amine in the tint
After the usual pIeasentries
Usti report in Russian on The PAM e
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of the Ukraine SSR
te us already translated in the ito?lish language.
beJ
20 page raPart)
4ueatiars Mr. Baraaovaki stated that tour
are Jog over-rultilled regularly. The ireornaew
the first four *oaths et 19,9 was 8%
i. Mked hoe the aanbinfory et planning mparataa
trial enterprise esesdned ite potentiality*
wtput, utilisingtheadidProoka, and in
the Le4, to th*highest etrieleney. 1Maa tlaani also
need in the tam et fertiliser* and
eat and raw serhariels in the nese of
plar*are then eonsalidated 14 elm* aUtai-
isalwatirri and in saah distriet planning
?t sxare1 Thee. zaoUdeted lane then ino to the
the output
ti
ri
rat material*
aan for
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-
hi00012t4r Baranovski stated, senyet
oc*p1etir the 7 Y441- Eau in ant Yawn* XII essza ealieS this would not
require sore nesh,ther7 or raw wateriels but in other eases it would re-
wire telditional equipment. We tt", ocasidering the possibility or
persitting the colleetive reran to fulfill the 7 Year nen in five.ift In
subsequent interviews in other parts of the oonott7 it became unlit"
that the *loom Sterviett Year Plan in loive* for egricature has been
poem/ay adopted and approved.
Diseussing the division or collective fare prori Nz
wee; act very infereetive lie stated that the T Yaw Plan eit,
44% increase in ra~il themein *fish sad in Wei tut he did tot
State leht this represonhid in aotual rubles nor did he reveal itier
ablamte rieurall on average culleetive farce& incoseit. Depending tkP011
the commie Ite.ige or the rat* profits were distrituted. teth =wog
mestere and to build up the ferste Uventory in such settats a* schools,
hokovies* bospithl*, Nr4 Beenoveki stated* howevir overview& the
distritutiott ot funds in orders he said, to protect the intelests of the
individna. Pm* ewsniala be said there Ade* to sone hothead* idtro would
spend too such on capital isresteeent ant not enough for the, isilAd
throw. lie said that 4there is. siningav sweat with mot b pt
glislivittible lune at the fare each year.
Oa
the. suktect of price* for apritywaturol product* Dortotovoki
that these are eurrecitlY estabilabad so that both rich and poor fame bee,
the ineentive to produce as much as posalible. Tire yeare two this woo
cot the *co end proeurefecat priees were se low that the/ provided no
istioatalve* The State there-von at the coot of its own inatodiate interests
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16 -
a rso that o
tate Wed the fame. 11,1r. Borowski
diaereses in xprminetion costs
tore,iti7Oor8inas to zone differences 131
on le givIon to poorer
ozWzt1on orershirt.Xn the
as dro. or hail,
real
year and if it d
of
7 by tho
11
to
lasted about two and a
rt van Irjr nacanovaki at a
reisterized by its reste=
le high o Male o1 Om State end
ire room Aare* 1k-tai1s (fruit
15- the ifseahoon tanialnian dishes wom
Por
ually good*
ea =eh for
? v
or tosating. After the lucbon
as the only seal in our
rased.) Dusing the
Ion as desultory* In a ais
z CWasked whether
zee on the disposal of
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products. Por ezataple. if the Chainsuees wife wanted furniture in *heft
short supply produced within the thyraetrkhos and the wife of the, ?Chain= in
the arighboring dosnerthea weed the same furniture =won the WI/marl:hos
Chaircan under presSure to satisfy local =sand fiat? The Chatritian
eligied**Itiat depend* entirely on ay relationship with the wife of tbe
Chair= in the nolghbaring itotewithoz.1 After lamb= the Harris= party
viititcd the Kiev deonstary School M. 6. The Directreart. Nina iraneam
Dodichroke was a little gray-haired old lady It who bed received her mat
education in Czarist day* 1101 who, obvieusay ran the school with en iron
he *1 have a auercht officer same she readily adnitted.
The Directress said she me ?amok, Planning ter the *leventh You*
ot sehooling waled for in the new educational reform for next Year.
Further:lora, frac the tifth grade down a new cantetatae Ia Wang oi/otazed
to ,prepare tor the =boa ratorms. Ow of the thug= lewravert consoltdet-
ing history. =tuna history and geegtephar in one course and one tegtbook.
(Pithausb she did not aay so, wegathened that this oonsaidatica was to
compensate for the reduction of school loam front ten to eight years, and
that the additional three year* for the eleven year *aurae would be to
taken tg:t with manual traininki,- that there woad be little tine fttr lwoaer
subjects. The 171r:oatmG3 *tautly defenied the new feforel, stating that
prelatical work wee good fur students before university cement. or the
56 ote*Suiwke ohs had lest year oar 9 seat on to insatutions at higher
learning. More woad have Med to luxe gone tut couldfr1/4 tecatft of the
cometition. Now.nhe istatedossier the new law nanY When ttwi
to work
wiU lika it and stay there end not try to to on to lather schools.
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94 15 bad 'Wad saki tatted. %Uwe was way genstra trate AM* attidoirte
eh noted* and that was to Loaf. If a student really wasted to gp to
unlvornitYbn Goad wtetbr rrespondertee or night soheol kestil be wade
onlid &coot have special sisases tot opt
r example* ash year au Olmiad
extra Immo* earaer.
itie knew at mods in
for their children Wore taking
Bodis.
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Atter *wing to thtwb
the Aikeheol which wee
te the ruw wertehOM ober*
gianbm in a metal working shop mei other *ram
dor
Cs
labor.
Ph.
At the
a
ot
eU
gox* away on ro* iii
were azally thrown oat
yes, eh* described bow she bed
that were eloolutsay deserted. to
had team& destroyed.
berate
of
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, vi
ly and with *kill.
of ttdame troup,, the State
raki, eaSd that %Nit alea,
Qu
They Plan t* t?
tomato a
ke plavo
Sal
oi4d
eve
have
that
.T.
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1
ple or members o calico clic had
boat,
15 acmes or vagetabloc (for thane-1r
acres of berries* The root of the ar
Th rm has 6 treeters# 15 trucks mai
ows of which 430 are milk sem, 12 pigs, mo
li?Obeablvas and too fish ponds*
The Director stated that all farmers bad wired vedic reeolvers and all
.1o:trifled* ladaatoxamx Privately coned luxuries included
Iz privatoX oars and 93 motorolicles* The -wet elao has
Q 3QgvAvon and ono ten year, the former with 430 studentos the
2att with 78O It boo two boopitals with a total of 50 beds, too clu
an cores
herd ha*
1495 _Mere
Average ?ut is i7 kU,ams Theaverage p tion per
is 15 sentners of milk but b theand of the Year it should
rat four months of 1959 thvy p1ued.0 eentners of
P1 ve art immix, of 6.2
70,000 ratio*.
rubles.
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7
17:
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lame in five This same* they build lam
et1144ms ?Owe per 100 heertmlle, their vain /
r0 to mantners per hectare. arai seat frac 80 *witness per 10
or 800 ton* total to 150 sentoara per 00 beaten,* or .250 tow
asaisma ;Von 172 to 1414.J0 per year. The
also a la sour creme and cheese.
In 159 the am:40r stated wale* ive tar
basis. Loh i'srentr haa hectare
pro itb, cheap transportation to
earket. Slava all the s corn produeed is ter 611w ror
Cattle bantam resolved
sillesaida from 15 to
r softer are 800, the
in itiev. The
ea tas. 750 same*at g*ai
feeds are used. seme
it accaleated at 2000 acre*.
ror hay. Very litlie concentrated
The farm
was started, in 101 when
war su.narshousoa were destroyed.
Avenges yield per con1958 Was 35O kil oroi
dualism in 1958 sea lattatc?1600X0 1 11 at 15 total silk
prodi*tion was 158,c0u kilos
Weal' riatly taw wilt its own taws. Sone, aa we sem are being
Collective rarawnet build then individuals and each /ear about
00; ot ta. Somalian* collective tercets help each other in haildine.
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Ukraine Nesbit* the, how
inoreescd produation for the 7 Year Men is? to some by norm
ZGb*AtiOfl; ON Utitt of fertiliser* and more planting et nom The nom
goomaticel by
r
have
matotou
which Ufa WTs
they are Improving breeding by tb me at
attie/um sold Asa they ane he? to three years
it We so, milking madam being installei and
The milk ie sold to a State retelling
maU milk stop* in Kiev but they
The price of milk ea** CLUMPS
ith the mason. ithskachinsikattailitrabasemstkockisk the. price eeet elem.
lb rivet bar of the nor it is higher ani the semsel half lower. All
Nagetables are sold to is Stat. retail ontenprise. About half the Income of
the form is from cattle td dairj products *ash is the moat profitable side
of the opecati*s. and half from gardening.
On. the subject of collective far* imonares. the Direetor was pertimalerly
ve.E8b job, he sad" had a differ/sat norm mitt rate of pig'. Sae/
j p44 peer WW1 P.Xlet them at ties end or the year meats *web
up, Mil: 4* Vor example/ tre ps?14
pa axle* fres; 12(All rubles to VD or WO.
35 op& *e lLtes z4 towage
?rector drivers get W1~ 1500 sal 1700 ruble. per
rialtos 5.0 to WO rubles per meth. (in minter time field maim*
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Di
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e bat bobs fatirtri
ii the int4r. EV017 w
usually-
- A
rtiliser, tc) war
gets ons swath %Mt,
SanatOrkM140
diatttbuted as reUci4:;-ctts to the issitsdatax
taxes and insurance, 40 to 45% are divided roma
current expenses saintenanoe, ruel, etc. Lest
,O5, 000 rues weft distributed among rarmers 2n cash.
t1t the i1 laet year. They could have to
is obligatory to a (certain minims*
eaohinety and farsivouse
obligatory. law their own houses
it was pointed out that hi VeI iiae figura was tar
the total distributed income divided b the camber of worker*/
ezplained that of the 713 worts= not tell* in winter.
xies tor go SO latter*ezi Luton* distributed to farmers
3t wo44 app ar that the averaiga monthly income of Th 71, 10)
50 rubles. Dime *me got as high a*
the Mt pd. gust have a very mall zuble theme per
1ss, the Dire tor listed inwaistaining that average
month.
for a brief
en to $ome new bsn'as
cattle.
legation that it w
aj tar wascede at least test
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7
el
h and *ex a
grave of
in the church
.T. v1ated the tat exhibition
W e wore Axon ewe rural
collective termer* on
A eihile reedit brick
d be: built fork5OQO rub14,.
Intilt for $4,(Xk rubies.
,nethet, ot
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7,000 rubles and a /1
last three war* mile of law
thoda oreviiatom tv cut out
farmer could Se* exactly
LOdei bounce were poorly
?stwddar. They re Auziebed in ao
Weiss color cenbinations.
* visited the cow ban* exel twee stables.
being g34jtal in a large ring, edzile
the advantages arei Weed-
?c* t4btt. laves included gray MI
the tfiusine
.orect#, forest-stems,
en,
t 7 in the evening we went to church service* at the Vi*D
raL Kier in the norning Maryh Sewell had owe to a
dressed* disenied and maimed, However, at the
1 n *atoned? to he no shebbier than the average
Your People cospriee4 about one quarter
older men seeped v*ry well droned indi end
people one saw in
of the comregatitel.
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or
or soadeniola P, rem
The serv co,
speak Russian.
Orthodox -Chrab.0 Then he coati
town la that he standing in front of you?
wog= moriartt later a *Man eddlad US> end s
ticallyv *rung mon, in an Orthodox Churah it
ttX With your hands folded behind, you.
,T. and asked Ulla could
ful sew ee in the
Mr. Harriasen Is in
rnti
Preanmably Pilo
(Word seems? to
OU.
stopped briefly
very
wt. prow to
in zusi frc* its ioud,e.r and its
Several kir Fleet PentOilneir
at M. Harris= and called him by his
iter1136 Oil ahead of us, protoablY through the
rSB or radio that Governor liarrimen is on the march). We arrived at
Sf.roi in the C,imee about four hours after leaving Kiev. Wo sere
by a female Deputy Mayor with bououets of flower* for all of us and
taken in Zile and Volgae to town behind a motorcycle oecort (the first
we have encountered) where we were given a luncheon by the DeputY Mayor
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Yalta,
eve
graders and
soldiers,. others
re.
a
eel is a
r tec
city which le now called
confusion ot lowing ?an
et behind while he was
Yalta acme time
at the YallaCcoiarence, is being, widened and
trifled ao that trolley buses sot.. will be in
? kilometer route. Large earth moving eadhineS.
els were Mame* buelly at work, some manned b7
viliemss mostly women.
Around Simpferopol the landscape was h1147.with vjneyerds in the
ground and the Crimean mountains, unfortunatelY oove
in thebadkarmnd. The road grew steeper 64 we crossed the mountains
t e.ow pass and dropped down to the seaside at Yaluebta, whence we
toUow4 the coastline to Yalta easel:3g, the ramou* Pig Mountain
which ke like an enormous wild boar with its head halt immersed lathe
is that the wild boarts beautiful basal, bride was
kidnapped b7 Turkish, pirates, and to remmeher he tried to empty the sea
b7 dr'.1. it.) At Yalta we went to the Ukreina Hotel, an old-feabioned
quiet little establishment with panelled wal,te and elegant suites with
balconies overlooking the tree-lined streets. Mary Russell and
CLTahared a large two bedrene suite with two bathrooms and, sitting
The service was excellent and the maids and waitresses hovered
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eiroiutnr villa* whith los hail* TiOW
std. The Promenade wee crowded
i] with cLoth1z shoes esti souvenir booths. One shop advertised
visitors vould record messages to the isk folks
rds.
ry Russell and CWT took a long walk up tile PrOasumi
re r*stauNnt3 with Jess bands were filled with vseatione At the
nd of the Promenade we entered a cafe Just ea the Jusic was cioeixi
?SUM.4,1"4 07411114114 beer rraa Pilsen was beteg served end while
t we were entertained by very drunk and morose ledividuel
ho en to reeont the feet that we. toe, were not in tear*. Several
/way workers GU VaGatiOn, WOrebufly fe1ng themselves0
heir table manners locked the elegance one would associate with an
U*n*1C City eareterisk.
T
of or so Pioneere in :sailor blouse* with
their necks mardhed up- end greeted Oovernor ani
with -dant* of welcome, bouqueste of lower*, red
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supervVeara with accordinans then led them in a
art* leg
the Soviet Union, the Pioneers* pewee and friendehip and foo 1, Mary
Ru*eU delighted them try taking endlese pluetographs with leer Polarvid
After an enthesiestio half an hour 4,4 went into the Pelee
a.r weregreeted by the Director It is now a sanatorium law* about
uring people come for rest cures from sneer all over the Soviet
Uon We ited the Conference Hall or the, Yalta Conference, now
white dining roan. 2 In /resident Roose'velt*e. old dining mem
ee were rgat.?,tne.. LI the Czar's out bedroom ten w
Direator**
After more Poleroid
isr bode. 14.1 the matt? once, occupied ter Governor
dner rom the Celebes were taking a oure. The
that the vaoationers paid only about
day rest cure to which the trade unions
total west or 16op noble*. He then sent
at** chair wets care 34- 101904ZIT
al aPtion in the vialtore book.
4 taken with the Direoctor, we went on
SatlY ng concrete pile or neo-classie
to the Sanatorium Ukraine,
end statuary from which a series or imitation marble staircases lad
ha-mired feet down a steep hill to the sea. Movervicr Harriman
di *yot meet make marble out ot Soviet oement. were
number of dormitories. including one d&xe twit*.
foz
the Director, Dr. Ostrovski. said was am ordinermi
with tamUieL The eost was win 1.600 rubles per pereon,
days. The sanatorium had five such
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with 'Woes
particularly mega .
wit b lions in various forms of r?
eon the subject considerable
tale
all parts of the igem244 including
The garden was etudded however,
which M. Uarrteen recalled had
Prim* MinisterChurchill during
al Conference 'nth, afternoon the Harriman* *eat to the Messondra
to the botanical garden*. In the wino cellar or
f wins* were sampled. The manaaertold We*
of the cellars consists of 34 sweet =scat,
anti other de it wine*, 414 Ittosiging aril a
which probably reflects the intudinato taste
ine drinking section of the Joviet ciVer-exust,
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Ta
4 like to heves
Waive I he W?
possibility of
At
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southern end of the Ki
fields in
flying over
wheat and aome
spring crops.. At Krasnodar Ai rfiei4 a now runway was under construction
and, a pilot who introduced himself explained that here:croft when it
rained the field had been .1p to your ass knees in mud.* Re was there -
impatientfore to get the new concrete runway in operation. We took off
after a it short stop and landed next at Rostov-on-Don *bars the airfield
'1,64 a perfectly good concrete runway but the pilot put down on tbe: grass
alongside it, for no :apparent reason. now At Rostov we were taken to
a private diming room. and given tea and. cake. The head of the airport
talking about the, weather said casually that there had. been no rain in
NbOtOV mince April. This was the, first inkll.ng that adrought, of some
magnitude, was endangering crop- prospects, throughout the, Kuban -:nd Volga
rests.
Fro Eotov we tl alongthe Don on the left bank of whieh we
noted. shelter belts of k trees that had already boon planted. There wee
considerable barge traffic on the river. The soil, from fairly rich
enable land, gradually shifted to. dry steppe. As we approached Stalingrad
We ed a great deal of erosion. Bay was being -cut on some df the fields.
flaw over a =Ober of large villages but there was lees, and less
cultivated land as we reached our deetination.
At 7 P.M.. we landed at Stalingrad and were .met as usual by the Deputy
the head of Inturist and four large bouquets of
Stalingrad: is about halt an, hour from town. We were
the new lnturiet hotel which is lamlohly Umiak** finished in.
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on the bedside table.It aoziste4.
inside of which an electric
eleotrie owl was the symbol of intu
uridly
ry and was found ni4r in deluxe
tines. Apparently tastes are ohangng for this WAX the only owl w
been
en crosa in our travels perhaps they have/transferred to hotels
itisens. &ftr planning our program with the Deputy Mayor
we norninionat had dinner in a gaudy pillared dining. room
bastra was playing for ourselves and one or two other tables.
feuer wee a eilver-toothed lady singer. At our request the
eyed 8taj.Rasp, &AO xpopg and other old Russian 0000.
the city.
ed pract
C.W.T. called on the Mayor ctStaUn-
on a construction engineee who rtwed
1956. Me stated that before the %ter
After the famous battle not more than
terial damage was estimated at
cafly every large building in the
OO Th natural growth of Stalingrad
is approximately 13,0010 per year. New
a little more. By 1965 the population will, it is predieSed, be about
$00,000.
Recallin
of the. famous,
Utica. which was almott the only surviving landmark in the city in
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average about 10,000 or
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35 -
_1947.5. The Mayor rePlieA that it had been reawcd no on thaw where,
because it did not fit in with the monumental, etyle in which the city
has been rebuilt.
Housing. is the major preoecupslion of the Mayor. Presently, 110
there is 60% more housing. than there as before the war. It is going up
te o
kit
they are act
The Mayor
00 square meter' or 15,000 to 15,000 apartments each
he apartminta are small, i.e , two rooms plus bath and
of construction is double the grow ng; demand so that
clang up ard improving the Present level of housing.
articularly that Mr. Harriman note the private
dual housing that had been built canoe the war. In the
fter the battle most of the inhabitants of 3ta1ingred lived in
trnchee, dugouts and cellars. They gradually built their own houses from
eterial in the ruins. Our task now is to build apartmen houses,
said,Mar For this purpos. we must destroy the small temporary houees
and put in their places the large apartment building0.
"Krverthelessow he said, Nany people Still prefer to live in private
ouses and the government has encouraged their building these by granting
loans rom 7 to 10,000 rubles," which, he estimated covered 50 to 60% of the
coat of housing. The rest was raised from accumulated savings.private
individual house is often built by the owner himself, though thusual waY
is for the owner to hire one expert foreman scism to supervise
the work of the owner and his family and friends. The plans of individual
houses, the Mayor said, must be approved by the city authorities and
conform to established standards. The city architects supply model designs
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but these can be e04iti44 by the ner provided the housing etandards
for individual housing the Mayor
satd the iitj or the tactory must provideroads, water, selvage. lights.
The ii1svi4ual borne owner then pa.* taxes r the maintenance of these
a four
an be forgiven.
Individual home miner can
ii
on coet.
a cooperative- and build
ion are for
ubles not his
en al commilialon establishes the value or an trsi
nee purposes or in the event the house in condemned to sake
roan for. an apartment building, in the case of sale, the owner can put
he wants on it. Tho gov zx.nt1 the Mayor says, never
in private negotiations on the ails of private housing.
111 the Mayor said, a family grows and the plot which the
has given him le too amall to permit additions to the
houe. in this case the owner can sell his house. *Mil for a larger plot
In addition to individual housing which Gc.
prisee about of the present plan, the 7 Year Plan calla for eonstruc
buildings by the city and similar, construction
Wfl workers, tieing the profits of the enterpriae.
at another problem of the city WAS electric
by factories for ti
The Mayor sta,
Power. The great Stalingrad hydroelectric plant which ix now =ming
gradual into use already ban four largo generators. It will produce
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two and a half millian kilowatts or 14 billion kilawatt hours per year.
Uatil recently there bed been a savers pouter shortage in Stalingrad. Noway r.
thermal
the hydroelectric station and weveral tessimet stations had liquidated
this shortage. The new M!!* thermal plants us* natural gas which the
Nitsior *04 made it only slightly more expensive than hydreeleotrio power
to operate and far chesPer to build. Re stated that progress is being made
the
on connecting/Stalingrad power system with one eingle central European
Russian electric grid.
? :?6 ' 6 dr .6,1,10., ?it*
Apart from houeing the Mayor as
tion was one of
gradts foremost problems. There are now some 70,000 students in STalingrsd
and by 1965 there will be 110,000. Net only must these new students be
provided with c1an-0room1 but additional buil:dings for night schools for
the nilw th to Ilth year classes envisaged in the school reform must be
built.
The Mayor said that in Stalingrad there are now roar boarding schools
with 1100 etudents. This year boarding school capacity will be increased
to 3000 students' and in the future it will increase at an even crater
rate* The average ordinary school, the Mayor said, bad places for 900
to 1000 students* The typical boarding sdhool with two dormitories
housed approximetely 600 students. The Mayor highly PraiSed the hoarding
School system, saying that this be regarded as one of than, nuclei of
oommunism. Not only eould boarding school student. be Writer towel, but
they could also be *brought up in the spirit of communism.* The selection
of students for hoarding schools is diffioult mime there are far more
applicants than vaeanclee. The first selectee* ars ohms= from children
Of disabled veterans, poor families and orphans* except in the caw, of
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speoial sehools,gemex for example, schools for irnstea1iy talented chibiren.
There is no aptitude test for the boarding school since the children begin
at boarding school at seven years and have had no previous sehooling. The
original plan oalled for a twelve/fold increase in boording schools, but
the decree published a day or so ago now states that there win be a
fourteen -fold inerease and by 1965 eD% of all Soviet students will go to
boarding school.
Boarding students carts? bome an Sundays or holiday' or have their
remilies oome to vielt them. The Mayor stated that there were very few
cages* in whish children must be expelled from boarding schools. The only
eases he knew of were children who ?destroyed the collective morale.*
The Meyor ale* stated that there were two or three sohools in
Stalingrad for backeara children. He said that caw backward children
could be rehabilitated by the new methods of psychiatry. However, there
were aome eases whichcculd never be cured and the only thing to do in thee
cases was to train rather than educate the ehildrenas carpenters, for
example in the case of boys, and seamstresses in the calla of girls. The
Mayor stated also that apecial sanatorium schools were maintained in the
suburbs for children with bad lungs. The Mayor said that corporal punish-
is not a problem in the schools as it has long since been forbidden
and a teacher is not even allowed to shake a child. The only oorPorsl
punishment that be knows of is that administered by one child to another,
but this, he pointed out, is universal. The Mayor stated that to solme,
the peoblem of education in NalingTed It was necoasary to build seven to
eight large schools each Year. This year alone twelve schools are being
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blocks and holding verbal* 5000 *hi
Another problem of the city was I
1u00 population, 5 large
tion
tor 4
rapY
to yrDyc
Mayor Dyi
ay tit of the
City and
y which
-tr by 800 deep rvArines
ng filled by smut dredged
1
ventive
exei
several
over a few
alt inmedia ly
olarmed to have
16 million popi4Uen of UwY rit
al patients wht?h struck the Mayor
Oman promised to get fuller statist
general for patients Per thousand
remittent cities and to send them
em WaxIp ent or the geflel*I
oat 75 kUoteters alongthe Volga =4
.rsion. Scine of these ravines axe
Ode in may the
ist meters of Sand.
rota the Volga but
tral distriote or town requires 10 allUon
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ae -
Some of the raiia will be dammed, Wei by divetting en irton
canal, rilled with water and used as reservoirs.
Vibe Mayor stated that another problem was climatic. Stalingresifr
he nays, suffers free & ver7 harsh sax continental climate., with a dry
desert steppe to the east. The hot winds* from the east blow a varY rine
dust into the town all the year around. To deal with this the city Plana
to plant as many trees- as possible. By 1965 it is hoped that they will
have 17 stpare meters of green area per ceOta. They are also building
an extensive tree belt east of the Volga to check the winds from the
desert.
'Abe Mayor stated that the last problem was that of the developroes'xt
of industry. BY 1965 the output of Stalingrad. must be increased? 2i tons
end it will become a center of machine building ilattnetry, oil extracting
and refininS =Whiner/ ? chemical* and building materials Ixidustrleo.
Thee/ have already a considerable iron and steel industry aid are now work-
ing on non-ferrous irdustries. One aluminum plant was just finished In
January and a seemed is under construction. Of the two end a half-fold
increase 30% will be by new industry and 700 by increasing production
through anti* eutomation and modernization. They plan to have only
a :AY% increase in manpower. Mayor Dynkin then turned to the Stalingrad
hydroelectric atation,, stating that the engineers 'there disliked his
mentioning the sublect to visitors as they felt it was their province and
not his. Nevertheleasi, he eat& 4 or the turbine generators ere now
in Operation? 1%.1011 generator was built for 110 kilowatt capeeity, but
they find that they operate satisfactorily at 115 kilowatts. The hydro-
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operating it and is selling th
local consumers. kben the ate
tot sovnarkhoz.
The Mayor stated that the
t en were steel and other meta
- 41
the Ministry
only the bi
under oonstruetion the Ministry Is
eetrical energy at State prices to
is oplet. it will be taken over by
Lon
geet bottLezcks in Industry and con
pipee. ceeut aid othreonstruCtion
equipment of a
reoecialised variety. He said that neither the designers
are adquateiy keeping up with the planned rate of
1. He: says also there is a shortage. of
At 12 oaeloek.at the
r Venal, a
ceremony was arranged at the ueeit to the heroes of
A wreath was produced and Governor anal/ Mrs. Harrimen pieced it on the
monument. There were no crowds but a considerable number of ObotogrOhera.
After the oeremony we vlelted the meseum of the defense of Stalingrad
which was crowded. Tem The museum begins with souvenirs of the battle
of in during the Soviet civil war. Among the exhibits are
Nd painting0 of the leaders of the defense of Tearints
Stalinas day he was general*y Credited as being the sole
defender,flOiV he takes a relatively minor role. One exhibit shove his
original credential* signed by Lenin showing that he was seat to Tearintsin
to be in charge of 'supply problems only. One photograph of a war council
in Leningrad -shows, in addition to Lenin. Molotov and a person ythcri the
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WT.
-42
r of trophies p
not ve z.nt1r displayed) and a scroll seat
=eh nor* prominently displOol. One exhibit le
Prowds,which contains Stan* famous appeal
be outbreak of war. (It makes fascinating reading
tkit&ts
the Oovermar The i.2Q
matomm44Woonstrates
to a bIll Harnacv
ver and
a. win4tAmit0/41Airl place. The Mayor stat
area need mi rain very badly. He added.
er *ince April 2. The vocal VW speckled
ne ana an unintelligible interpreter
1 per square motor which we
Soviet defender*.
the atalingred hldrcelectaloc
we tram fainarad
V
After ltracheon the Pittrr tam peril
which is about tiu-so Quarters of an
constructi
which are tarred but exceedieg y rough, conatantly torn up by
A
and badly laid trcLler tr#ks4Thanes, road is umUr
The soil JO ezeetthg7
As the ears crossed the
firet shoulder of the dam whieh is sand tL114 a high wind blew duet into
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enapicuous throughout the
of
xe met by
o took us
ere ver7
lee In
they looked askance at the protograpi we
I . The site Itself $eemed ou*ly d2*
ridksty ladders and gangSays littering the
bad&Mb: on her head by striking against
in 955 and wee scheduled to be conpleted by i9.
conatrcti'm stated that they now plan to, stop
1960. Itwillooiatof2turbo-genera-
Lreedy in
GP ion. At full capacity it will
It orates with a low head and can produce
bead. However when the reservolrabove
its mum height it will have a 27 meter head.
was particularly proud of the design of the
whichAce a suction an the lower side thus
0 the: blades. As the Volga is &dirty river and
*t loge. en2 Je am, a screen is bein constructed
)OVe tbe dam to catch debris before it rune Into
took one or two photographs with
rkere standing0 about. tater.
mile sway another worker
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approached her at *tstcd ?You have a
a picture of me?" This 1aunhe4 another
aonoyouace of local poli men an enormous o
aa
young revs approached tkotervior Harrieein and asked wh.r we had
dam= dams comparable to Stalingrad in the United State end pli him
itth further questions as to the capacity ehd sixe of the Hoover Ditm ant
trend Coulee. They then turned to political subjects zed asked why the
4ted STetes wculd not cooperate with the Soviets to prevent war. *Whe
Priam
iou were an Ambassador we had good relatiorya Why omit we have
thou new At the end they amid, *Why &nit you invite Nikita Seogovitch
to the United States( They also asked what position Goverrwr Harrinum
now hod in governaent. ftre you a Congressmen?* they asked. Nikita
Itoot Sergovitoh a proposals, are very fine they said, "Why
OU
Ogre*
to theta The Governor stated that the Aleerioen people j
as
peace as the Russians and as to the various propoarals for
trengthening peace this waa a matter for the statemaen in office to
ecide tter a great deal of milling about we finally got awe: 474
eturned to the tel.
After dinner the
May 291
At IC .L Governor X
Tractor Pleat where they we
-Mie evasive in toweriog
Vlsil fel r
and CI.T, went to the Stalingrad
07 the thief engineer who seemed a
cos, perhap$ because he 1404 YOUOB end
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but reconstruction
- 45 -
hail opanovitah 3dmlniko.
pletely destroyed during the s
directlythereafter. Within. a Y
turning out tractor., withle burning engine*m in
producing 54 HP diesel motors
to ids diesels. They
special t of tractora tor use in swamps and peat bege.
They alec produce a great manly spare xerte. The general- purpose
tractor can be fitted with *prince am} used for transportation as well
culture.ItS A third typo of tractor is being developed for work on
Steep slopee ror cultivating eineyarda orchards, ate, in areas such as
he Caucuaua. However, not eves a prototype of this kind of tractor
as available for inspection. The engineer stated that it could work an
elope*
up to 4q%. It does not term around but shuffles back and forth.
Total production- at present is WO treaters per year. ay 1965
it ix planned to increase from 7e,, to 75.0910 a year. The general purpose
tractor weighs 5.a)0 tilos and though the engine is euarenteed at 54 RP it
can produce when broken in 4p to 60 HP.
Until the war the entire tractor wee produced in the plant with
the not the electrical eystem, the fuel pumps and the ball
however the factory is specialised and many of the
cod elsewhere.
All age? are now since the, war, with the
one or two wells, including the electr
When the bettle for 3 alingrad was. et its height the power plant continued
to operate, rating electricity for both sides.
9
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dee
plant
production
u. aies ware I Lassa protected
tructed.
al* for the plant are produced
ps*Ialized plants outside at
r stated that when the sovnar
ad what each. St.ii4 ?e.ctpy has to make in zeneral terms,
divided up h iDtiYi4UaI workahop where they aro
the workers theaelvez Then the.)! go to a technical meeting
If the plan, xerestz involves ipertat issuee, it la
U the union meeting and by the Party cells in the shops. The
a Pat Economic Council in which Party organisers and
trative paractulel are cambers. is usually chaire
There the director of the factory makes report*
es the chief mincer doen to. The plant jnow workinc a
on Saturdays eDt by October it will go, to a 7 hour day for
nereased production in the 7 Year Plan will require no
naower except in certain auxiliary departments?
.
kia f engineer stated that discipline was maintained by
Uas tor which the workers felt themselves responsible.
the main force Indiscipline is the union and Party orzani
socialist competion is used. The chief
ated that the worker realizes that he Ia the owner or the
his SU: him to k more. Profits from overrulfilling
o to raising the liflng ntandards of the worker*. Apparently
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day In two ani
- 47..
r art
16,000 workers,
ver, in or
7.7. Daily production is 100 tractors per
f 50 traotors each1.
ion we atm w
g
operating
Average wage is 950 rubles a month, the saxinn is
foundry work and the minimum 550. The chief engineer at
could be fired without the approval of the plant 'a trod*
The Party omenization is not involved In ring
me standard 54 UP tinsetor designated as DT
ax Is for 16,500 without accessories. With all accessories it sells
for 7.300. The accessories inolude meumatic Kull:cent and attachments for
hauling agricultural maahlnery?
The