STUDY NO. 1 IDENTIFICATION OF CERTAIN CURRENT DEFENSE PROBLEMS AND POSSIBLE MEANS OF SOLUTION

• Document Type: CREST
• Collection: General CIA Records
• Document Number (FOIA) /ESDN (CREST): CIA-RDP70B00584R000100160001-6
• Release Decision: RIPPUB
• Original Classification: S
• Document Page Count: 129
• Document Creation Date: December 19, 2016
• Document Release Date: July 31, 2003
• Sequence Number: 1
• Publication Date: June 16, 1959
• Content Type: STUDY

Xi.
App'bved For Release 2006/01/36 180
0%4
R
-8584R000100166001-6
Copy 1'7 of 50 copies
Each of 120 Pages
INSTITUTE FOR DEFENSE ANALYSES
ADVANCED RESEARCH PROJECTS DIVISION
THE PENTAGON
WASHINGTON 25, D. C.
IDENTIFICATION OF CERTAIN CURRENT DEFENSE
PROBLEMS AND POSSIBLE MEANS OF SOLUTION
This Study was supported by the
Office of the Secretary of Defense, Advanced Research Projects Agency
under Contract No. SD-50
This document contains information affecting the national defense of the United
States within the meaning of the espionage laws, Title 18, U. S. C., Secs 793
and 794, the transmission or the revelation of which in any manner to an
unauthorized persog is prohibited by law.
DARPA review(s) completed.
Approved For Release 2006/01/
IQ t 0584F2000100160O01-6
 Approved For Release 2006/01/30: CIA-RDP70B00584R000100160001-6
16 June 1959
MEMORANDUM FOR: DEPUTY DIRECTOR (PLANS)
TSS' Comments on ARPA's Study No. I on Identification
of Certain Current Defense Problems, etc.
REFERENCE: Memorandum for C/TSS from DD/P, 5 May 1959
1. The attached memoranda on TSS' Comments on ARPA's Study No.
1, etc., are for information only - no action required - and are furnished in
accordance with the request made in the reference.
2. Your memorandum of reference expressed particular interest in
items A-1, A-2, A-3 and A-10. It will be seen that TSS has been interested
for some time not only in these four items (and has made applications of the
concepts and principles disclosed therein to a greater or lesser extent) but
also in items A-4 and A-9, as well. These applications however have naturally
been slanted to the special interests of our Agency rather than to the broad
military objectives envisaged by ARPA.
3. As to the remaining four items, A-5, A-6, A-7 and. A-8, we are
particularly interested in A-5, Atomic Collision Cross Sections. We have been
studying in this area and to our surprise have so far discovered no basic
research being done on this subject so important to many possible applications
of atomic chemistry and physics. We have not as yet undertaken any work
in this field but are presently considering the most likely point of attack and
method of approach on a modest scale. However, this would entail basic
research and tangible results would not be expected under three to five years.
25X1
Chief, DD/P/TSS
Attachment:
Subject Comments
Distribution:
Orig.,. & I w/attach - Addressee
At W, sAc aChvedFwrlftieaboUaLW?ti66taafA- OB00584R000100160001-6
 25X1 Approved For Release 2006/01/30 : CIA-RDP70B00584R000100160001-6
Next 6 Page(s) In Document Exempt
Approved For Release 2006/01/30 : CIA-RDP70B00584R000100160001-6
 A_F;T
Approved For Release 2006/01/ CI
P70B00584R000100160001-6
TABLE OF CONTENTS
Page No.
SUMMARY AND RECOMMENDATIONS
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
CREATION OF PROJECT 137
THE BRIEFINGS
REMARKS ON RECOMMENDATIONS
CONTINUING IDENTIFICATION OF IMPORTANT
NEW PROBLEMS'`
APPENDICES
APPENDIX "A" - AREAS OF PRC ISE
A-l. Chemical Sensing
A-2. Information Transmission by Chemical Sensing
A-3. Fuel
A-l. Transmission of Energy Through Space
A-5. Atomic Collision Cross Sections
A-6. Matter Under Exceedingly High Pressure
A-7. Intense Magnetic Fields
A-8. Formation of Concepts Out of Data; and
17
30,
3".
36
42
54
56
58
Systems Reliability 59
A-9. ARPA and the Social Sciences 69
A-1O.Military Exploitation of Basic US/USSR
Differences 71
APPENDIX "B" - ENVIRONMENTAL ANALYSES 76
B-1. Physical Environment of Military Operations 76
B-2. Radiological Mapping and Combat Surveillance 80
11K-KLLGK -7-1
Approved For Release 2006// P 0B00584R000100160001-6
 Approved For Release 2006!1Jbcc-RDP70B00584R000100160001-6
TABLE OF CONTEfQTS (CORT? D
Pte.
B-3. Statistical Data to Plan Fallout Associated
With use of Atomic Weapons by Army Ground
82
Forces
B-4. A Radiation Detector for Field Use
83
B-5. Military Geophysics
86
B-6. Detection of Submarines Through Surface
Effects
91
APPENDIX "C" - PROJECTS AIM APPLICATIONS
93
C-l. Balloon Attacks and Other Non-Conventional
Weapons
93
C-2. Development of Breeder Reactors
96
C-3. Undersea Beacons
98
C-4. NAUCRATES DUCTOR
102
C-5. BASSOON
118
APPENDIX "D" ? PARTICIPATION IN PROJECT 137
137
D-1. Membership of Project 137
137
D-2. Program of Briefings
139
IDA ARPA S-1
Approved For Release 2006/41-4Ii4~F 'PY0B00584R000100160001-6
 Approved For Release 2006/01/30 : CIA-RDP7c0~B00584R000100160001-6
.SECRET
NOTE: PAGES DELETED
Page 12 and pages 118 through 136 have
been removed from this document in order
that it be regraded SECRET.
iii
Approved For Release 2006/01/30 : CIA-RDP70B00584R000100160001-6
SECRET
 Approved For Release 2006// .I P70B00584R000100160001-6
PROJECT 137
IDENTIFICATION OF CERTAIN CURRENT DEFENSE
PROBLEMS AND POSSIBLE MEANS OF SOLUTION
SUMMPIRY AND RECOMMENDATIONS
Introduction
On July 8, 1958, the Advanced Research Projects Agency, with the
approval of the Secretary of Defense, asked the Institute for Defense
Analyses to set up a Study Work Group, Project 137, ". . to identify
problems not now receiving adequate attention where science can con-
tribute vitally to national security and to recommend agreed technical,
and perhaps organizational, means for the solution of these problems."
Twenty-three scientists took part in the work of the group during the
three-week period, July 14th - August 2d. Through the active coopera-
tion of the Office of the Secretary of Defense and the Army, Navy and
Air Force, the group heard outstanding presentations by responsible
men on defense problems selected for their urgency. As a result of
these presentations and their own discussions and calculations, the
members of Project 137 make the following recommendations: (U)
A. AREAS ONLY SLIGHTLY DEVELOPED IN COMPARISON TO
THEIR CONCEIVABLE APPLICATIONS TO DEFENSE
A-i. Chemical Sensing
Techniques exist to detect and identify specific substances at a
distance with fantastic sensitivity. These techniques can be greatly
improved. Important military applications can be visualized,
O,Z IDA-ARPA 5-1
Approved For Release 2006/ I 0B00584R000100160001-6,
 T
Approved For Release 2006/01 CIA-RD P70B00584R000100160001-6
such as determining types and numbers of machines in the vicinity, new
types of fuels in use, human concentrations, and getting advance warn-
ing of CW and BW attack. An intensive survey of the field should be
made. Assuming that it confirms the promise as now seen, recommenda-
tions should be made for research within existing government labora-
tories and for contracts to universities and research foundations. As
promising leads develop, a more concerted effort should be made to
bring them into practical application by agencies yet to be defined. (a)
A-2. Information Transmission by Chemical Sensing
Coded puffs of radioactivity or chemicals emitted into the atmos-
phere by a "transmitter" and detected by a "receiver" offer means (1)
to transmit coded messages that are obliterated beyond specified dis-
tances and (2) to gain new information about micrometeorology. Both
applications should be given attention by the person or agency that
intensively surveys the whole field of chemical sensing. (S)
A-3. Fuel
Fuel and the fuel supply line interpose massive obstacles against
the high mobility demanded by nuclear warfare, and give powerful moti-
vation to produce fuel on the spot. The ultimate system _- not feasible
today -- would use small mobile nuclear reactors to generate fuel from
air or water, or regenerate a deactivated fuel, for driving the vehicles
in the vicinity. Such a system might cut down the fuel supply problem
by an order of magnitude. With this aim in view, an appropriate agency
should (1) seek out the most advanced thinking at AEC laboratories and
Approved For Release. 2006/44 (CIi4- P90B00584R000100160001-6
 n-
Approved For Release 2006//5:cI 0B00584R000100160001-6
elsewhere on, small mobile nuclear reactors suitable to generate hydro-
gen from water or regenerate deactivated electrochemical fuels, (2)
take anew look at liquid hydrogen as a fuel for existing engines,
(3) work towards conceptual design and evaluation of a regenerative
electrochemical fuel or other advanced fuel system by stimulating
relevant advanced thinking and work on (a) reactor technology, (b)
energy storage, (c) electrolytic cells, (d) electrochemical del genera-
tion, and (e) fuel utilization. This should be accomplished through
whatever steps are needed in the way of conferences, work-study groups,
arrangements with government laboratories and outside contracts. (S)
A-l+. Transmission of Energy through Space
Some encouraging work has been done on electromagnetic and other
methods of transmission of energy through space, and ideas are in cir-
culation for more basic approaches to this problem. It is perfectly
conceivable that one or another of these approaches will have a vital
application such as: supply of power to forward combat locations;
operation of drones for reconnaissance or for brute blocking of ballistic
missiles; or destruction of targets on the ground or in the air. (S)
In view of the fundamental importance of a workable system of
energy transmission, the present status of this field of work should
be thoroughly reviewed, a work-study conference should be called to
generate new ideas and to arrive at a first assessment of the areas
most promising for future work -- particularly work of a truly
- 3 - IDA-ARPA S-1
Approved For Release 2006&C ZW70B00584R000100160001-6
 Approved For Release 2006/0'T/30 :CIA=RDP70B00584R000100160001-6
pioneering character -- and steps should be taken to support such work
and capitalize on it.
A-5. Atomic Collision Cross Sections
Intensive AEC support of nuclear cross-section measurements has
given for atomic nuclei a wealth of data essential for design of nuclear
devices. No similar wealth of reaction cross-section data is available
for the much older field of atomic and nuclear physics despite its much
wider field of application: to communications systems; to missile nose
cone physics; to plasma engineering; to controlled thermonuclear re-
actions; and to chemical reactions in gases. It is recommended that an
appropriate agency sponsor a program for the study of atomic collision
cross sections. (U)
A-6. Matter under Exceedingly High Pressure
Recent work discloses that some non-metals take on metallic char-
acteristics at ultra high pressures. Further forward-looking work in
this field may open a whole new realm of solid state physics and physical
chemistry, with conceivable applications to new types of high energy
fuel compounds, and is therefore worthy of support by an appropriate
agency. (U)
A-7. Intense Magnetic Fields
There is evidence of substantial Russian activity in the area of
intense magnetic fields. If strong fields 106 gauss can be achieved
-4-
IDA-ABPA S-1
Approved For Release 20069190PA-RD P70B00584R000100160001-6
 Approved For Release 2006i1 Jbc --XOB00584R000100160001-6
this will have important scientific and technological consequences.
A symposium on this topic should be arranged soon in order to enlarge
the very small number of scientists in the Western world actiVi in
this area. (S)
A-8. Formation of Concepts out of Data, and Systems Reliability
A military action is under way. Information comes in of many
kinds and of quite variable reliability. Neither in this instance
nor in general does any electronic computer, present or planned, know
how "intelligently" to formulate significant concepts and conclusions
out of a massive volume of information, most of it irrelevant and
part of it erroneous. It is a matter of great importance to many
aspects of national defense to develop a theory for the formation of
concepts under such circumstances, and for the construction of a
reliable system out of unreliable components. An appropriate agency
should sponsor advanced work in this field by one or more conferences,
by contracts, and by such new computation laboratory facility as seems
appropriate; and should systematically survey the field for urgently
important defense applications, (S)
A-9. ARPA and the Social Sciences
The development of more and more weapons systems does not con-
tribute towards the solution of basic social and policy problems;
rather these developments create new problems. The pay-off from con-
tributions that can be made by social science may be greatly in ex-
cess of that derived from more hardware development. Hence social
-5
Approved For Release 200 0'
j~? ?~? IDA-ARPA S-1
RDP70B00584R000100160001-6
 Approved For Release 2006/O/3U VCfA-AP70B00584R000100160001-6
scientists should be brought into defense problems much more than is
now the case. Pro gress could be made in this direction by selecting
for ARPA support certain fields already recommended as highly important
by the Subcommittee on Social Sciences and by the Ad Hoc Advisory
Group on Psychology and Social Sciences of the Office of the Assistant
Secretary of Defense for Research and Engineering. (u)
A-lO. Military Exploitation of Basic U.S. and USSR Differences
Differences not only in political ideology but also in the
physical, economic and social setup distinguish the U.S. from the
Soviet Union. It should be investigated which of these differences
can be exploited to our advantage, for example by the design of
weapons systems which are most disadvantageous for the Russians to
counteract; for example, by imposing a heavy economic strain in par-
ticularly vulnerable areas or exploiting the long winters in Russia.
There is strong reason to believe that a systematic exploration of
this area could yield surprising new ideas. It is recommended that
an appropriate agency sponsor a work-study group in this field. (S)
Bo EI VIROI R'T ANALYSIS
B-i. The Physical Environment of Military Operations
All weapons systems depend on the physical environment in which
they are to be used. It is not sufficient to know the weapon alone,
it is necessary to broaden and deepen our knowledge of the respective
environment. This is particularly true regarding space, the oceans,
6 - IDA-ARPA S-1
Approved For Release 200 'If3@" [3P701300584R000100160001-6
 Approved For Release 2006,9 0
RDP70B00584R000100160001-6
and radiological fallout. We know too little about the upper atmosphere
and about propagation of electromagnetic radiation in space. Many
weapons systems under discussion now depend vitally on an increase of
our knowledge of these matters. Similar observations apply to the
oceans, the ocean floors, and meteorology internal to the ocean. The
instrumentation for fallout in the hands of the Army and Civil Defense
is inadequate and so is the knowledge of the common man about how to
use it. ARPA is urged to pay great attention to this whole complex
of questions. For this purpose ARPA might well consider sponsoring
many of the functions of the IGY. (S)
B-2. Radiological lapping and Combat Surveillance
In future conflicts battlefields will have to be surveyed not
only optically, but radiologicallyo While systems are proposed for
this purpose, they are too complicated and do not give information to
the local commander of small units. It is possible to introduce fairly
crude, but cheap and simple instruments with which even platoon or
company comananders can determine radiation levels and thereby guide
their men safely. Strong emphasis should be given in current planning
to radiological mapping and combat surveillance. (S)
B-3. Statistical Data to Plan Fallout Associated with Use of Atomic
Weapons by Army Ground Forces
How to lay down tomorrow a desired pattern of fallout is im-
portant for an area commander just as it is important for local com-
manders to know how to lead their troops safely through today's
7 - IDA-ARPA S-l
Approved For Release 2006 1 ?c - D '0B00584R000100160001-6
 Approved For Release 20061 AS, 0B00584R000100160001-6
battlefield radioactivity. An appropriate agency should sponsor research
as The statistical variations of winds -- in time, distance,
and altitude -- about the values indicated on the kind of measuring
equipment that will be used in the field; and on the correlations among
such variations;
bG The planning of measurements for this purpose; and
ca How to use the results to tell that the military commander
can do reliably about securing a desired fallout pattern. (S)
B-I A Radiation Detector for Field Use
A simple method is recommended for quick conversion of field radios
to superimpose occasional Geiger counter clicks on the normal receiver
signal so that company commanders and possibly platoon commanders will
be immediately and automatically warned of a dangerous increase in
radiation levels (C)
B-50 Military Geophysics
The Department of Defense has a vital stake in meteorology and
other fields of military geophysics. Techniques to predict in combat
zones like Korea whether the second valley over is fogbound or will
be fogbound in four hours would change the outcome of engagements.
The present unsatisfactory state of military meteorology is a reflec-
tion of the retarded and narrow scope of unclassifield meteorological
research. An appropriate existing agency should consult with Lloyd
Berkner, and others closely associated with advanced thinking in this
-8-
FE ooh~oo IDA-ARPA S-i
PW0B00584R000100160001-6
Approved For Release 2006/6/ CeiR
 Approved For Release 2006/0,9;I
M
70 1300584R000100160001-6
field, to determine what should be done to produce an order of magnitude
improvement in the present level of forward-looking research in this
field and in the amount of young talent attracted to it. (C)
B-6. Detection of Submarines through Surface Effects
Besides the efforts to detect ships and submarines acoustically,
electromagnetically, and chemically, more attention should be given
to the mechanical disturbance of the water by the propeller action.
These disturbances persist for a long time and it should be possible
to measure them by suitable instruffientso Even deeply-submerged sub-
marines may produce measurable diffusion of "whorls" to the water
surface. Studies of the mechanical properties of the sea now in progress
should be closely watched and AEPA should be prepared to lend further
support. (S)
C. PROJECTS AND APPLICATIOIIS
C-14 Balloon Attacks and. Other Non-conventional Weapons
Very high-flying balloons, carrying megaton weapons, could be
used by Russia against this country. They could be released in
Siberia or by submarines on the Pacific, their bombs fuzed with
infrared to go off over our cities. Even when shot down (difficult
and expensive), the weapon can be set to go off at any chosen alti-
tude. This is the Japanese balloon scheme of World War III with a
vengeance. It is easier for Russia to use it against us than vice versa.
- 9 - IDA-ARPA S-1
Approved For Release 200 b
DP70B00584R000100160001-6
 Approved For Release 2006/A/30 'CfA=I l c0B00584R000100160001-6
It is an illustration for the possibility of non-conventional uses of
existing weapons, a much neglected field. Sabotage,, clandestine opera-
tions against SAC, and other possibilities belong in this area which
should be quickly and most thoroughly explored with all the aid science
can offer, through work-study groups and other effective means. (S)
C-2o Development of Breeder Reactors
The tremendous demands for nuclear power make it necessary for ties
to learn how to burn all raw materials: not only U-235, but also U-238
and Th-2320 The development of breeder reactors, especially for manu-
facture in large numbers, is exceedingly difficult. Not enough energy
is being devoted to this problem. The importance of nuclear reactors
for the long term future of the fuel logistics problem (A-3) requires
that a much greater effort be made to develop breeders based on both
uranium and thorium. (S)
C-3o Undersea Beacons
The great need for communication from deep-lying POLARIS submarines
to the continental U.S. can possibly be filled by undersea high-power,
unattended acoustic beacons. The submarine would communicate to the
beacon at low intensity, thereby progrartmaing and triggering a high-
intensity output from the beacon. Undersea beacons could also be used
for navigational purposes, by submarines or surface vessels. The
beacons can be powered by thermal energy derived from fission products
such as Ce-1114 now available in sufficient quantities in the Hanford
- 10 - IDA-ARPA S-1
Approved For Release 200 Dom`. + to E P70B00584R000100160001-6
 Approved For Release 2006/01 T cA7OO584ROOO1OO16OOO16
and Savannah River plant wastes. A conceptual, analysis of such beacon
systems should be made by an appropriate agency with a view to trial
use. (C)
C-i NAUCRATES DUCTOR, a Very High-Speed ydrojet Torpedo
A high probability to kill enemy submarines would be provided by
a number of nuclear-powered-torpedoes covering selected sweep paths at
high speeds, equipped with sonar search, homing, and other devices.
For this reason, it is recommended that an appropriate agency seek out
the most advanced thinking at AEC national laboratories and elsewhere
on ultracompact reactors and make preliminary conceptual design studies
of a 100-knot to 250-knot bydrojet torpedo with a view to early initiati4-n
of further supporting investigations and evaluation of a weapons system
built on such torpedoes, for an antisubmarine shield about the U.S. and
for other military purposes. (s)
IDA-ARPA S-1
Approved For Release 200444" P#-f~DP70B00584R000100160001-6
 Approved For Release 2006/01/30 : CIA-RDP70B00584R000100160001-6
D. Gont~ning Identification of Important New Problems
The rapidity of scientific advance and the dangers of the present
international situation demand a decisively new meebanism to promote
contact between the Department of Defense and the scientific community.
A minimum response to this used is a program of work-study groups
like Project 137 at regular intervals, to identify unappreciated and
important applications of science; and other more specialized short-
term groups to exploit the possibilities of specified areas of.science.
For this purpose it is recommended that ARPA set up a Center for
Defense Research Work-Study Groups. It is also suggested that A'RPA
consider how far it might be reasonable to encourage such a Center
to evolve towards an Advanced Security Research Institute, where
scientists might go on leave of absence from universities, industry
and the DOD laboratories together with operational military personnel
from the DOD in an atmosphere of study to contribute imaginatively
to national strength in a free ranging manner without committing
themselves`in advance to any specific kind of project, after the
pattern of the Institute for Advanced Study located at Princeton, New
Jersey. (v)
13 - IDA4ARPA S-i
Approved For Release 2006/01/30 : CIA-RDP70B00584R000100160001-6
 Approved For Release 2006/01/30 : CIA-RDP70B00584R000100160001-6
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
Called in to look for important unappreciated ways to bring science
to bear upon defense, the members of Project 137 received from the
Department of Defense a welcome and cooperation for which they are
deeply grateful. The Honorable Neil McElroy, Secretary of Defense, .and
Mr. Roy Johnson, Director of ARPA, impressively stated the uxg4pfl 7 of
the mission. The program committee and the entire work-study group had
the full and active collaboration of the Office of the Secretary of
Defense and the Army, Navy and Air Force through the interest of Lt.
General Arthur G. Trudeau, Chief of Research and Development, U.S. Army;
Dr. Wm. H. Martin, Director of Army Research and Development; Honorable
Garrison Norton, Assistant Secretary of Navy (Air) and his Special
Assistant, James E. Cross; Honorable Richard Horner, Assistant Secretary
of the Air Force for Research and Development; Honorable Paul Foote,
Assistant Secretary of Defense for Research and Engineering; Vice
Admiral John H. Sides, Director, and Dr. Alh art G. Hill, Director of
Research, Weapons Systems Evaluation Group; Major General James
McCormack, President of IDA; and Dr. Herbert York, Director of the IDA
Advanced. Research Projects Division. The practical arrangements for
briefings and. for special contacts with service laboratories as occasion
arose were handled efficiently and most helpfully by Lt. Col. James A.
Hebbeler and Captain Richard Holden, USN, as well as by the members of
the work-study group from the Department of Defense, Dr. Richard Weiss,
Dr. Joachim Weyl, Colo Taylor Drysdale and Dr. Orr Reynolds. The
members of Project 137 were most impressed with the high ability and
sense of dedication of the men from whom they heard, and were most
conscious of their vital contribution to the work. of the group. To all
who helped -- officials of the Department of Defense, officers of the
armed forces, representatives of service laboratories, contributors
from the National Academy of Sciences and from other non-DOD organiza-
tions, IDA officers and Dr. James R. Killian -- the group expresses its
deep appreciation It is also grateful to Col. John W. Keating,
Executive Officer of.the National War College and Major Paul A. Baltes
for facilities and assistance at Fort McNair and to the IDA librarian,
F. Koether, who with the cooperation of many agencies gathered together
there a valuable working library of classified and unclassified reference
materials. Administration of the work-study group was in charge of Mr.
Frank Reynolds, Assistant Administrative Officer of IDA/ARPA. Special
thanks are expressed to him and to the members of his staff who worked
nights, Saturdays and Sundays to help the group. No member of Project 137
can forget the spirit of dedication which animated his colleagues in the
group. Almost all had rearranged plans at short notice to take part,
in some cases drastically curtailing planned travels or research and
teaching schedules. A number of scientists could not take part at such
short notice because of previous binding commitments for the period of
the study, but expressed their feeling of the importance of the work and
asked if they could contribute at some other time or in some other
connection.
- 14 - IDA-ARPA S-1
Approved For Release 2006/01/30 : CIA-RDP70B00584R000100160001-6
 Approved For Release 2006/01/30 : CIA-RDP70B00584R000100160001-6
CREATION OF PROJECT 137
The Advanced Research Projects Agency came into existence by
Directive 5105.15 of the Department of Defense, issued in accordance
with Public Law 85-325(-7) of 12 February ?x.958, with two, missions
(1) to carry out research and development work on such projects as are
assigned to ARPA by the Secretary of Defense, and (2) to recommend to
the Secretary of Defense such additional projects as are judged
advisable.
In accordance with the first mission, ARPA was assigned in the
spring of 1958 responsibility for space technology, advanced missile
defense systems and chemistry of propellants.
In accordance with the second mission and with the approval of
the Secretary of Defense, ARPA on 8 July 1958 asked the Institute of
Defense Analyses to set up a Work-S'C,udy Group, Project 137, "to identify
problems not now receiving adequate attention where science can contri-
bute vitally to national security and to recommend appropriate technical,
and perhaps organizational, means for the solution of these problems
and for the continuing identification of inrportant new problems."
In anticipation of this formal directive: IDA had appointed a pro-.
gram conuuittee a few weeks earlier. Beginning on 4 June :this committee.
and Dr. Herbert York, Director of the IDA Advanced Research Projects
Division, extended invitations to a selected group of widely known
- 15 - IDA-ARPA S-1
Approved For Release 2006/01/30 :. CIA-RDP70B00584R000100160001-6
 Approved For ReleasC2'ii6li12~:16; S~IR000100160001-6
scientists to participate in this work for the three-week period --
l4 July - 2 August 1958-
The final group {Appendix D) included the leader of the group
`
that detected the neutrino; associate directors of research of two
large corporations and of one major AEC national laboratory; an
expert in differential. equations; an aerodynamicist; the economist
whose writings revolutionized the concept of optimal strategy; leaders
in the chemical separation of plutonium, in physical chemistry, and
in the development of antimalarial drugs; workers in advanced areas
of theoretical physics and elementary particle physics; the statistician
who initiated the ultra lightweight DAVY CROCKETT atomic weapon; and
the leading expert on nuclear reactors, recei`itly president of the
American Physical Society. All had previously had contact with phases
of national defense. In addition to these 22 members from outside
Washington the group included four experienced members from the centers
of science-defense planning of the three armed services and from the
Office of the Assistant Secretary for Research and Engineering. The
majority of the 26 participated for the full 3-week period. All
members were cleared for access to Top Secret material.
The National War College, Fort McNair, Washington, D. C., housed
the work of Project 137: briefings in the mornings; discussions, study
of reports, calculations and writing in the afternoons.
- 16 - .. IDA-ARPA S-1 .
Approved For Release 2r1" CP b?8g
 Approved For Release 2006/01/30 : CIA-RDP70B00584R000100160001-6
THE BRIEFINGS
More important to the work of the group than any other single factor
were the. outstanding presentations of urgent issues made to it y.serious
and responsible men. It cannot be stressed too much what a powerful
impetus it gave to Project 137 scientists to hear from men who krrw and
care deeply about defense problems. 1i
To assist the program committee in.focusing the efforts of the
group, the services made a first selection of issues, coming to a'tptal
of 68. From these the program committee made a second much narrower
selection for the final briefing program (Appendix D). The total.nwiber
of problems of deep concern to the services is obviously much morer1than
a single work-study group can review for unappreciated applications of
sciences in a single three-week period. Project 137 can, therefore, be
regarded as a single sample well drilled into an enormous and ever-growing
oil field. The output gives an accidental and rather hit-or-miss
measure of the much more still underground. Great areas went unexamiriecd?`:
The group was regretful about the many outstanding presentations alread
worked up for Project 137 for which it was impossible to make time in a
program properly proportioned between hearing and working.
Speakers with many other heavy burdens accepted with good will the
cryptic advance advice, "Stimulate group to invent, ideas and identify
issues important and challenging enough to serve as nuclei about which
- 17 - IDA-ARPA S-1
Approved For Release 2006/01/30 : CIA-RDP70B00584R000100160001-6
 Approved For Release 2006/01/30 : CIA-RDP70B00584R000100160001-6
subsequent scientific work can concentrate. Coumri.nicate intense motiva-
tion about important problems. Purpose not to hear all problems under
control, will be solved in short time, only need more money. Tell what
causes responsible people sleepless nights... (Seek) not 10% improvements
on existing ideas but entirely new developments... Informal -- much oppor-
tunity for interruption and discussion. ...A briefing is a success if
the problem it posed is thereafter every afternoon the center of intense
.analysis by a knot of participants."
Some presentations, at the request of the program committee, con-
centrated on military problems to which technical solutions are desired
and others concentrated on technical work in progress or technical prob-
lems. The group was impressed with the great amount of high-quality work
presently going on at many service laboratories and associated agencies.
The impression could not be escaped that the4cientific community repre-
sented by the Department of Defense has great ability and a scope that
far transcends the subject matter coverage of any university or-any
industrial laboratory.
Many members of Project 137 were deeply disturbed and others even
shocked by the gravity of the problems with which they found themselves
confronted. These men in number constituting less than 1/4o00 of
America's scientific community have been stimulated to intense activity
by what they heard. The opinion is unanimous that briefings of this high
caliber -- plus back-and-forth discussion -- recorded on film and sound
track and replayed to carefully selected groups from universities, industry
- 18 - IDA-ARPA S-1
Approved For Release 2006/01/30 : CIA-RDP70B00584R000100160001-6
 Approved For Release//T0
E
7Q40001 00160001-6
and defense; and ot1:l~;,r national laboratories would do much to direct atten-
tion and productive output from less urgent issues to problems more im-
portant for the national security.
Under the impression of the problems presented, and from a study of
many of the documents made available in the lit.o?ary, the group has
developed a strong feeling for and deep appreciation of, the great crisis
with which the nation is faced. The group senses the rapidly increasing
danger. into which we are inexorably heading. In our view the crisis shows
up in all fields: military, scientific, economic, and social.
Among issues in the defense picture, the briefings pointed up the
following as being particularly important:
a. The extraordinary technical difficulties of detecting,
identifying and destroying enemy submarines. This gives added signifi-
cance to our own POLARIS system which, however, to the group's concern,
is still beset with many problems of its own and is judged by many with
whom the group talked to be planned on too small a scale.
b. The need for a jam-proof world-wide military communications
system, capable of issuing completely reliable orders, particularly for
two-way underwater communication.
c. The high degree of development in Russian radar equipment,
exceeding ours in several instances, as disclosed by the observations
of the Navy's "big dish" radio telescope (one of the most promising
American detection devices).
- 19 - IDA-ARPA S-1
Approved For Release 5t 1?I O 025MF 000100160001-6
T_ Ll
 Approved For Releas(O
W
776
000100160001-6
d, The ^~,~: ;~ {_e ity of a dual capability of the Army for nuclear
onventionel -sear. The tactical and strategic problems of this two-
fold capability are clearly unsolved. The logistic difficulties are also
not overcome. Those generated by the enormous fuel demands and very
long iipelines are the most outstanding. The mobility of the Army is too
low fo the type of dispersed engagements that have to be expected, de-
spite all the efforts made to improve it.
e.-The need for realistic reappraisal of policies, including
public information, on chemical and biological warfare -- presently a
seemingly forbidden topic.
f. Local air defense of military targets is not being exploited
as fast as appears possible even with present budgetary limitations.
Local,defense of civilian targets is being pushed but in view of the fall-
out problem will be of little value. The possible interference between
the present NIKE batteries and offensive SAC operations during an attack
on this country has not been solved.
. The high degree of vulnerability of SAC in spite of efforts
made to decrease it.
h. The rising power of Russia in scientific, technological and
military affairs. Not only did the group learn about an already existing
superiority in many areas of individual weapons, e.g., tanks, missiles,
and electronic equipment, but in other areas it was found that our present
advantage was rapidly being overcome. The group was also disturbed by
the approximately two-to-one advantage of Russian research, development
20 - IDA-ARPA S-1
Approved For Release 2
0100160001-6
 Approved For Release @O03)':
'0p,*4I00100160001-6
and pro :~ c?t:s.oxi i.e ,c' ti es,
i. The complete absence of any passive protection of the
civilian population.
- 21 - IDA-AflPA S-1
Approved For Release q 0 /~3 , #~Q-1n~DkZ 0 Op5$4l!00100160001-6
 Approved For Release 2006/01/30 : CIA-RDP70B00584R000100160001-6
REMARKS ON RECCNNIMATIONS
Confronted by problems of such scope and a very limited time,
the group concentrated on ways science can help, pushing aside all
questions of strategic and management and financial analysis as
lying outside their directive and outside their working interests.
The final subject matter recommendations fall into three groups in
the Summary and Appendices:
A. Areas of advanced research (A-i to A-10), such as
chemical sensing and radically new types of electrochemical cells,
which at present are only slightly developed in comparison to their
conceivable applications to defense.
B. Environmental analyses (B-1 to B-6); broad and already
familiar fields of research, such as meteorology, which impinge
vitally on-military actions in important ways and should therefore
be vigorously supported and imaginatively monitored for potential
military applications. In the same class belong oceanography, geo-
physics and materials analysis, the group felt, but Project 137
made no formal recommendation to this effect because of insufficient
time to consider these questions in any detail.
C. Projects and applications (C-1 to C-5), such as BASSOON
and NAUCRATES WCTOR, which already suggest fairly specific military
systems and which for the most part can probably be best handled
through existing defense agencies by a project type of organization.
- 22 - IDA-ARPA S-1
Approved For Release 2006/01/30 : CIA-RDP70B00584R000100160001-6
 Approved For Release 2006/01/30 : CIA-RDP70B00584R000100160001-6
it may well be that a few of the recommendations made by Project
137 are not new, despite efforts made to check on work currently in
progress. It may even turn out that one or two of the ideas are
already being pursued energetically and imaginatively in projects
of which the group is not aware. The history of science is well
known to demonstrate that practically no idea is ever completely
new. However, it also shows, as for example in Mendel?s discovery
of the laws of inheritance, that several decades may sometimes
elapse between the moment when a new idea is conceived and the time
it is put to use. The group conceived its function was, not to
make more discoveries, but, to help shorten the interval between
discoveries on hand and their application.
To bring about the recommended new developments in many cases
the group has suggested specialized work-study groups of limited
size and of duration ranging from a week to several months, as
appropriate. No procedure is known which can secure in peacetime
the same combination of specialized knowledge, outstanding ability,
active imagination, judgment, and intense motivation. The pre-
sumptive sponsor in many cases would be ARPA, in other cases other
appropriate agencies of the DOD. The follow-up (work in defense
laboratories, outside contracts, steering committee, review of
results for immediately important applications, project organization)
would be expected to be the responsibility of the sponsoring agency.
23 IDA-ARPA S-i
Approved For Release 2006/01/30 : CIA-RDP70B00584R000100160001-6
 Approved For Release 2006/01/30 : CIA-RDP70B00584R000100160001-6
CONTINUING IDENTIFICATION OF II RTANT NEW PROBLF
The group was asked to recommend means for the continuing
identification of important new problems - areas where science
can be used in unappreciated and vital ways to strengthen the
country.
The tremendous technological changes already made as well as
those coming fast up over the horizon make it difficult for the
services to adapt themselves to these developments. In their
efforts constantly new, unexpected scientific problems are en-
countered, ranging over all the sciences.
Many of these touch on such fundamental issues that the con-
tinuing assistance of scientists fully familiar with the very
latest progress of their disciplines is required.
Methods must be found that go well beyond the existing types
of contact and interaction between the DOD and the scientific
community. The group has considered possible ways to provide a
mechanism. Its principal aim would be, on the one hand, to
introduce scientists not now working on defense problems into these
areas and on the other to give scientifically trained military
officers of the three services and scientists working in defense
laboratories an opportunity to bring their vast experience to
bear on the selection and study of the problems to be answered.
- 24+ - IDA-.ABPA S-1
Approved For Release 2006/01/30 : CIA-RDP70B00584R000100160001-6
 Approved For Release 2006/01/30 : CIA-RDP70B00584R000100160001-6
Two mechanises received much attention from the group. One,
a Center for Defense Research Work-Study Groups, would provide:
a. A very small but highly competent staff to take
the major burden of handling classified scientific work-study
conferences for ARPA and other defense agencies.
b. Secure meeting rooms for eves-changing groups of
limited size, nearby work rooms, and places to eat, walk and sleep
without going outside the guarded area, and surroundings under
whose influence it is a pleasure to work. Such a place does not
now exist in the Washington area. To provide such a place would
make it possible for a group to do substantially more in a limited
time, as witness the outstanding Gordon Research Conference.
c. A' good. small working library of classified and
unclassified reference materials,
d. Simple computation facilities.
e. Proximity to an excellent library and to a university
with excellent departments of science
f. Facilities for reproducing unclassified and classified
materials.
1. Contact office in ARPA to deal with flow of in-
formation and reports, clearance for visits, and scheduling of
visits.
h. Proximity to Washington so responsible Washington
people can contribute with the same effectiveness from which Project
137 benefitted.
25 ? IDA-ARPA S-l
Approved For Release 2006/01/30 : CIA-RDP70B00584R000100160001-6
 Approved For Release 2006/01/30 : CIA-RDP70B00584R000100160001-6
i. Operation by such an dgendy as -a ton-profit defense
research organization of high standing or the 1. tioiall Academy of
Sciences to guarantee to the Center a do i=ing prestige among
scientists, among the services, and serVicLw ]iborateries, so that
anyone invited to take part in the work of the group can consider
it an honor to be able to come.
An ever-changing program of dpialized work-study
groups in response to identified needs4,
k. A regularly prograumne ition every six months
of something with the scope and problem identificatign _regailsibility
of Project 137 as a minimal respone3e. to a; px_ing need.
The other mechanism, an Advanced Security Research Institute, would
a. Include the Center for Defense Research Work-Study
Groups and perhaps evolve out of that Center.
b. Provide a place where scientists can go on leave of
absence from universities, industry and the DOD laboratories to-
gether with operational military personnel from the DOD in an
atmosphere of study to contribute imaginatively to national strength
in a free -ranging.manner without committing themselves in advance
to any specific kind of project. The Princeton Institute for
Advanced Study would serve as a model.
c. Consist of members and visitors. Both groups would
be cleared and much of the work would be classified. The nine or
more members would have terms from perhaps 1 to 5 years, would
be selected from a variety of fields, and would assist in planning
problem identification meetings like Project 137 and otherwise
IDA-ARPA S-1
Approved For Release 2006/01/30 2CIA-RDP70B00584R000100160001-6
 Approved For Release 2006/01/30 : CIA-RDP70B00584R000100160001-6
search for?new applications of science and solutions to urgent
problems of defense.
d. Provide a center for visitors coming for periods
from a: month to a year either sent by defense laboratories and
other institutions under arrangements mutually agreeable to all
three parties or otherwise invited to participate.
e. Have for foundation of its work ready access to
information and briefings by the. DOD and the scientific community.
f. Conduct such seminars as seem appropriate; serve as
a free market place of ideas with much of the student teacher
relationship; possibly promote and edit a classified journal
common to the area of science and defense.
g. Have appropriate computers but minimal laboratory
facilities.
h. Have no contract award functions, have no supervisory
function, have no assigned tasks, have no responsibility with
respect to national science policy, be no place of reference
for organizational questions. Its daily grist would be the
technical problems of science and defense; it would be a full-
time activity.
i. Provide a means to expose high scientific talent, not
now occupied with defense activities, to defense problems, without
diverting talent permanently from the pressing basic research needs
of the USA.
27 _ IDA-ARPA S-1
Approved For Release 2006/01/30 : CIA-RDP70B00584R000100160001-6
 Approved For Release 2006/01/30 : CIA-RDP70B00584R000100160001-6
As between the Center and the Institute opinions in the group
were divided. However, no question existed that a decisively new
mechanism must be found to promote closer contact between the DOD
and the scientific Community. It is the feeling of the group that
a Center for Defense Research Work-Study Groups, or something
like it, is a minimum response, and that efforts should be made
to move as far beyond it in the direction of an Institute as those
more familiar with national science policy deem wise. ARPA has
the power to bring the much-needed new activity into operation,
and ought to move promptly to do so..
- 28 - IDA-ARPA S-1
Approved For Release 2006/01/30 : CIA-RDP70B00584R000100160001-6
 Approved For Release 20
I1P701300584R000100160001-6
Appendix "A" - Areas of Promise
Appendix "B" m Env?irormental Analyses
Appendix "C" - Projects and Ap alicatlona
Appendix "D" m Membership of Project 137 and
Plograau of Briefirsgs
Approved For Release 2
Iff
29 ? IDA ARPA S.].
-RT-TP70BOO584ROO01
a, LN
 Approved For Release 20
RX
:E&S 9F PROMISE
A-lo CHEMICAL SENSING
Introduction
The ability to identify airborne or waterborne chemical species in
extremely low concentrations would be a powerful asset for both military
and civil goals. It is difficult to visualize any natural or man-made
process which does not put some kind of "signal" into the air in the form
of a few (or many) molecules or atoms which may be characteristic of that
particular process. Hence the possibility exists for diagnosing activi-
ties of various kinds at a distance. This proposal is simply to
stimulate basic research in selected areas yet to be determined with
the aim of pressing existing analytical tools to their ultimate sensi-
tivity and, if possible, to devise new specific methods. There is no
single system for chemical analysis, so it is unlikely that any single
technique will be applicable to problems of a wide variety. However,,
a few suggestions will be given merely as illustrations. It will be
seen that none of these approaches is new but nevertheless with adequate
incentives for understanding there is reason to believe that new and
important results can be obtained.
Illustrative Examples
We may start by recalling biological systems. It is rather well
established that the olfactory sense detects and identifies specific sub-
stances with fantastic sensitivity. The male gypsy moth can detect the
female by olfaction over a 2-mile range and it is estimated that only
Appendix "A"
IDA-ABPA S-1
Approved For Release 20@5fW ASO-TP70B00584R000100160001-6
 Approved For Release 200SC[64?:]I 70B00584R000100160001-6
1,000-10,000 molecules of some substance per cubic centimeter of air is
the sigaale The olfactory sense of a wide variety of animals, including
fish, seem to be similarly acute. Briefly stated, it would be of great
interest to understand how they do this, and to make use of the dis-
covered principles either by using biological systems as detectors or
by devising artificial systems employing these principles. There has
been rather diffuse effort on this problem over the years but most of
the results have simply described the phenomenon, and only a.relatively
small amount of research has been directed toward a fundamental
understanding.
Modern instrumental techniques which determine characteristic atomic
and molecular dissociation and vibration frequencies have revolutionized
many areas of chemistry. Under the generic title "spectroscopy" one
thinks of infrared, vacuum ultraviolet, microwave, and still other forms
of molecular probing, which have great sensitivity by previous standards
"In a molecular beans some molecules can be detected, with a sensitivity
of one per second, with the result that observation of a few thousand per
second is easy" (Zacharias). It is highly likely that several of these
methods can be pressed to a sensitivity much higher than presently
achieved. It might also be mentioned that we do not know but that
existing techniques are already adequate f
r obtaining certain infor-
mation of value. For example, we have learned that the Chemical Corps
is already employing infrared spectroscopy to obtain advance warning of
certain "nerve gases
Approved For Release 20Mt&1tPO
Appendix "A"
TP70 B00584R0001 ODA6fDA-(S-l
 Approved For Release 20 1 ,/U MIROP70B00584R000100160001-6
It did not seem worthwhile to the members of Project 137 to try to
think of other approaches themselves because in the time available it
was impossible to cope with the breadth of this problem. An analogue
might be mentioned showing what has been done in another field where
sensitivity and selectivity are inherent qualities. The radiochemical
analysis of atomic bomb debris carried through the air halfway around
the world has resulted in very detailed diagnosis of weapon type,, yield,,
materials of construction,, and so forth. If one could devise chemical
identification of nonradioactive substances with anywhere near this
sensitivity,, it is not hard to visualize important applications; for
instance-. types and numbers of machines in the vicinity, new types of
fuels in use,, advance warning of CW and BW attack, human concentrations
It might also be mentioned. here that the general problem of chemical
sensing has already been considered briefly in the DOD Report of the
Ad Hoe Group on Atmospheric Electricity,, RD 299/13 (15 Dec 1956).
Specific Recommendations
Some person or agency should survey the present status of this field
in order to formulate the followi
ao Definition of techniques of high sensitivity and
specificity.
b0 Catalogue of research already in progress bearing on the
problem.
c Research workers who could contribute to a future program.
Appendix "A"
32 - IDA-ARPA S-1
l P70B00584R0001
Approved For Release 20"//I -00160001-6
 Approved For Release 20 IT?
R
do Specific applications of interest to Department of Defense.
Based upon the results of the survey, recommendations should be made
for research within existing government laboratories and, for contracts
to universities and research foundations,, and. for a conference for the
exchange and stimulation of ideas.
As promising leads develop,, a more concerted effort should be made
to bring them into practical application by agencies yet to be defined.
A list is given here of areas of science and technology where one
might turn for information on this problem.
Chemoreception in insects
and other animals
Insect repellents and
attractant
Molecular spectroscopy
Air polution problem
Microchemistry
V. G. Dethier, Johns Hopkins
F S. Hodgson,, Columbia
A. J. Baagen?,Smit, Cal Tech
Stanley Ball., USDA, Beltsville
Many people in
Center of much fundamental work
in Los Angeles area
B. B. Cunningham., ive of Calif.
1. Perlman
R. M. Joyce
C. S. Marvel
Fo Wall
Appendix ?A?
IDA-ARPA S-1
Approved For Release 2Q~Q6~Q1(tOjhG,And, DP70BOO584R000100160001-6
 Approved For Release 200
A-20 I RMATION TRAIN 8aIQJ BY CHIMCAL SENSING
Two kinds of information can be secured by chemical sensing:
(l) the concentrations of specified molecular species at a given
instant of time and (2) how this concentration varies with time.
A few of the many conceivable applications of (1) have already been
mentioned. Observations of the time variation (2) can also be
visualizes, to secure information from foe or friend; for examples
to count the number of enemy vehicles passing a given point; or
to receive signals from one's on forces under special conditions.
To give an illustrative example, imagine a radioactive material
which is emitted in discrete coded, puffs from a "tr ;smitter"0. The
"receiver" is a radiation detectors say a Geiger counter. This system
of information transmission could obviously be generalized by emitting
simultaneously two or more types of radioactive substances, and pro-
viding the detector with energy discrimination.
The information so transmitted has the unusual feature that it
is washed out by atmospheric mixing after passage over a certain
distance,, which can be adjusted by varying the length of the
individual puffs o
The analysis of this loss of coherences or information contents
is a problem interesting on two costs: (1) more i
Appendix "A"
3I IDA-ARPA S-1
Approved For Release 201ft 'E' ] JB-I P70B00584R000100160001-6
 Approved For Release 200?W,
.V,
the missing process would assist in. the first conceptual analysis of
a puff-type information transmission system; (2) this study of the
diffusion and convection of indi .da, 1 puffs of radioactive or
chemical tracers would add to our understanding of micrometeorological
praoeeases o
?ncific Recommendations
.As part of the task of the person or agency that first surveys
the field of chemical sing as a whola . abtt tion should be gi i
to puffs of radioactivity and chemicals (1) as a way to transmit
coded messages that are obliterated beyond specified distances and
(2) as a means to increase understanding of micremeteorologyo For
this p rpose it would be appropriate to secure the assistance of
an imaginative expert wall reeownded by Drs ELM Weser, U.S.
Weather Bureau Dr. George ortley, Fort Detrick, Frederick,,
Maryland, or Professor ,Sutton, consultant to Fort Detrick.
Appendix "Are
35 A S-i
Approved For Release 20Q$I 1M tft-FV9P70BOO584ROO01
i
 Approved For Release 20 (JC: L1T l 70B00584R000100160001-6
A 3. F ML
The presentations we heard laid heavy stress on the burden of
supplying fuel to military operations at advanced locations. The
American, army advancing across France into Germany consumed k008000
gallons a day. In Korea fuel constituted over 55 per cent of the
logistic load. The army of the future,, planning on nuclear warfare,
must and, does seek a mobility higher than ever before. Against
achieving such mobility the demands of fuel and the fuel supply line
interpose massive obstacles
No technical problem of the modern army has higher priority,,
nor offers a greater challenge to science
fuel supply,,
d technology, than
No solution of the fuel, problem is acceptable which does not
reco .ize the many military requirements on the many kinds of vehicles
that are going to use the Belo It is evident that petroleum fuels
have many virtues. Any alternative must be at least equivalent
operationally. In addition, it must reduce the logi
it is to merit consideration for general field use.
From the evidence available to us in a cursory review it appears
that there is vigorous anai, imaginative research in progress on many
facets of this problem in both industrial and government laboratories
Appendix "A"
36 a, IDA.OARPA Sml
Approved For Release 21 -jDP70B00584R000100160001-6
 Approved For Release 200
1Ca R
However, we believe that new scientific principles must be developed
through pioneering research before fuel logistics can be substantially
simplified. That this point is recognized shows in the support of
research on such a subject as free radicals., and work on fuel cells
for direct conversion of chemical energy to electrical power. We
believe that the importance of the fuel problem demands continued and
increasing support of research in such designated areas of science and
technology.
To be able to generate fuel locally rather than ship it in
would be a great step forward. We do not see how to do this, but we
can see directions of investigation that might ultimately open the
way to such a localized fuel system. The system would be centered
about mobile power supply units,, such as mobile nuclear reactors
The reactors would produce fuel for the use of vehicles in their
localities. From this point on the system would differ accordingly
as the fuel is burned or merely degraded to an energy-poor form
that would later be regenerated at one of the power sources to the
original energy-rich form.
The combustion type of system would be designed to generate
fuel from locally accessible and universal raw materials-. air or
water. This system would lead to fuels such as hydrogen peroxide.,
methanol, or hydrogen (gas or lisiuid) o We made contact with
Appendix "A"
37 < IDA-ARPA S-i
Approved For Release 2086E1 4fDP70B00584R000100160001-6
 Approved For Release 201a'"'Yy:],I P70B00584R000100160001-6
promising secret NACA experience on driving jet planes with liquified
hydrogen for fuel (RME 57F l3a,9 -i1 -19a and related NACA reports).
We found that the storage tank weight relative to the fuel weight is
no more for liquid hydrogen than it is for gasoline. We were in-
formally advised by NACA workers that the same fuel can probably be
used without great difficulty in existing reciprocating engines such
as drive most ground equipment. Practical experiments with such
equipment modified to liquid hydrogen fuel have not come to our
attention and deserve consideration. The techniques for simple safe
use of liquid hydrogen have made enormous strides since 1952 giving
occasion for a fresh look at this fuel for use with existing vehicles.
Among regenerative fuel stems perhaps the greatest long-term
interest attaches to an approach that is not feasible by today's
technology-. electrochemical, generation. of fuel preferably generation
of a pair of liquid reactants., A and B,, out of a liquid or solid
degradate C. Vehicles would trade in C when being tamed, up through
separate ports with A and B. No chemical fuels would be brought
into the area of hostilities. In case of protranted operations it
might be necessary to bring in new fissile cores for the nuclear
reactors used to
to the chemical, fuel.. All vehicles would
be powered by electric motors. In this connection., it is interesting
to note that some modern aka ~.,,.a?xa,o7 g equipment (le Tourneau
Westinghouse) has four-wheel electric drive o
38
"A"
IDA?ABPA 5-1
Approved For Release 2091E O RC -Rff5P70B00584R000100160001-6
 Approved For Release 200It*
7,1010
H
I-ITP70B00584R000100160001-6
There is no reason to believe that a practical electrochemical
fuel system,, if it can be developed., should be limited in application
to the high priority goal of military mobility. Civilian application
might be forced by rising costs of conventional fuel for motor trans-
port. In such an application the filling stations might look
familiar but the fuel they sold might for the most part be regenerated
locally. The electric power for this purpose would, come from
stationary nuclear reactors suitably spaced over the country.
Four vital facts stand out about electrochemical energy.
a. electric drive has unique simplicity,, reliability and
flexibility;
bo mobile reactors can regenerate electrochemical. sources;
eo pound for pound, electrochemical sources can store as
much energy as gasoline; and
& this stored energy can be converted, into power at the
wheels with an efficiency much higher than the corresponding efficiency
for gasoline.
The central problem is the electrochemical cello Despite great
imxprovennts,y today's cells.
O are too heavy;
bo have a too low current capacity.
Intensive development work has gone on and continues to go on, but its
goals are improvements of a few per cent, not radically new approaches
Appendix "A"
39 m IDA-ARPA a-l
Approved For Release 20 M/ 1 0 iC2-9p P70B00584R000100160001-6
 Approved For Release 2GOE[M TbP70B00584R000100160001-6
Such approaches demand quite a new kind of research. As H. K. Ziegler
has remarked, "Extensive research in the field of electrochemical
kinetics could be expected to yield valuable results. Moreover, only
a small number of the possible variety of electrochemical systems
have yet been investigated."
Among points worthy of special investigation would seem. to be
the following.,
a. Systems powered by liquid electrochemical reactants
b0 Physical mechanisms for securing large reaction surface
and yet preventing irreversible combination of the reactants (emulsi-
fication with organic separator films; bubbles; techniques familiar
from flotation processes in mining; cavitation; jets of one liquid
going into another; barriers).
c. The fundamental theory of the maximum rate of nearly
reversible electrolysis that isein principle, possible. From this
theory one would seek to determine the basic physical parameters
with which advanced. cell design should concern itself.
Specific Recommendations
An appropriate agency should
ao Seek out the most advanced thinking at ABC laboratories
and elsewhere on how small and how mobile it may be conceivable ten
years hence to constrict electric power generating reactors with a
view to conceptual analysis of an advanced fuel generating system.
Approved For Release 2
40
Appendix "A"
IDA-APPA S?1
TDP70B00584R000100160001-6
 Approved For Release M203 j k. 4RRDP70B00584R000100160001-6
ba Seek advanced thinking on what a reactor could, do if it
were designed for production of hydrogen at the optimum rate directly
from water rather than via electrolysis;
co In the light of this information and experiements on liquid
hydrogen powering of existing equipment, determine under what special
conditions., if any,, a hydrogen-welled system might make sense;
d. D 'termine what individuals and institutions are in the
best position to contribute radically new and imaginative ideas t
the theory and deaf
of electrolytic cells, and
e a Take whatever steps are needed in the way of conferences,,
work-study.groups, arrangements with government laboratories and
outside contracts to stimulate the generation of worthwhile advanced
ideas on:
(l) reactor technology;
(2) energy storage;
(3) electrolytic cells;
Q(Q) electrochemical ,el generation; and
(5) fuel utilization
and,. to forward work. on them, lo
king towards the conceptual deaigua and
evaluation of a regenerative electrochemical fuel or other advanced fuel
system that. might, drastically cut down the fuel supply problem.
R. M. Joyce
Co S e Marvel
I. Perlman
Fo T. Wall
J. A. Wheeler
Appendix "A"
sa 4.l a.. IDA-APPS`. ? S-l
Approved For Release$e~0M I,D -RDP70B00584R000100160001-6
 Approved For Release 2SM
E19 DP70B00584R000100160001-6
A-Jo TRANSMISSION OF EMGY THROUGH SPACE
The group heard of work in progress on electrom
transmission of energy through space., intended for destruction of either
ground targets (River Styx Project) or incoming missiles (Project Cinder).
Other motivations are also obvious for seeking means to transmit energy
through space. to supply power to forward combat locations; to operate
reconnaissance drones; and to sustain swift high-altitude drones for
blocking ballistic missiles. It would, be as difficult to catalog all
the applications of a practical transmission system as to try a hundred
years ago to list all the uses of electricity. At this point one can
only pass the judgw nt, "potentially extremely important."
To look at applications,, and to seek to reach them primarily by
pushing existing approaches to the limit., may very well lead, to very
worthwhile advances. However,, if past history is any guide,, it would
appear that the chances to turn up something new and promising would
be increased by also looking into fundamental principles and examining
new conceptual combinations without trying to visualize any specific
application in all detail.
Little time was available to review the well-known fundamental
principles or to look into new combinations. Therefore., the following
comments are offered only as a limited survey of the field of energy
transmission, to highlight some of the challenging questions and to
suggest a few directions in which effort might prove especially worthwhile.
Appendix "A"
Approved For Release 42)/ RDP70B00584R000TDMA1 El
 Approved For Release
(ROM
TO DP70B00584R000100160001-6
Electromagnetic Radiation
Electromagnetic radiation is a reasonable basis for a system of
energy transmission:
a. the principles of propagation are well understood;
b. the radiation can be transmitted to great distances and
directed;
c. the technology of generating radiation has had considerable
development;
d. electrical circuits offer a more flexible technique for
handling power than do any other known methods.
For transmission over distances between 1 km and 20 km the absorption of
the atmosphere affects the choice of wave length as shown in Table 1.
Table I
Wave Lengths,,A Transmissible in the Atmosphere
Below the Ionosphere. Figures calculated from
tables in "Propagation of Short Radio Waves"
edited by D. E. Kerr, McGraw Hill Book Company,
New York,, 1951.
Clear weather trans-
mission sufficient
All weather trans-
mission required
infrared
A 7/ 1 cm
Approved For Release 0e
50 per cent loss 10 per cent loss
permissible over permissible over
1 km path (3 db/km) 20 km path
(2 x 10- db/km)
,~ 0.18 cm (but not
in the immediate
neighborhood of 1/4 cm
and 1/2 cm); also
optical and near
A% 2 cm; also
optical and near
infrared
A'7/ 8 cm
Appendix "A"
; A DP70B00584R0001 6S-1
 Approved For Release EP
ru
:jIZRDP70B00584R000100160001-6
At greater distances the meteorological complications of the atmosphere
make proper beaming of the energy increasingly difficult even when the
path of transmission rums more than 100 meters above the ground layer
of air. Beaming also demands a narrow diffraction pattern and, therefore,
a sufficiently large antenna (Table II)
Table II
Minimum Diameter, D, of Transmitting and
Receiving Antennas of Equal Sizes and
Uniform "Surface Emissivity" Required to
Reduce Additional Losses by Diffraction
Below the Specified Upper Bound.
50 per cent diffraction 10 per cent diffraction
loss at 1 km loss at 20 km
5 x 10-5 cm (visible
clear weather
D
cm D m
0.18 cm, Dm 2m
l m.
2cm,
D= 200m
,t
1cm, D= 5 m
8 cm,
D m 400m
Note. All D values; are rough estimates.
The effective area of the to antennas can, in principle, be decreased
below the indicated limits by a design that does not assume uniform flux
of high frequency current over the antenna surfaces. The optimum design
depends upon the kind of criterion of "effective area" that is relevant.
A fantastically high upper limit is set to the power density that
can be transmitted by reason of the breakdown strength of air for static
fields, of the order of 30,000 volts/cmo
Approved For Release
44 - Appendix "A"
IDA-ARPA S-i.
Q%:jKI DP70B00584R000100160001-6
 Approved For Release 0
(surface density of power emission)
(velocity of light/8 ~r (100 electrostatic volts/cm)
1013 ergs/cm2 sec
1 megawatt/cm
The actual limits are substantially less than this figure due to the
frequency dependence of breakdown field strength. However, the power
levels that are in principle attainable for antennas of reasonable
size are in any case enormous
A radiative output of 1 Mw/cm2 can be obtained from a thermal
source only at temperatures over 25,000 degrees Kelvin. Therefore,
attention is drawn away from incoherent thermal radiation to mono-
chromatic radiation in seeking for high intensity sources.
An, idealized antenna for the emission of monochromatic radiation
might be visualized. as consisting of two sheets of current, uniform
in density, over the antenna surface, separated in space by a quarter
wave lengths one oscillatory current lagging in time by a quarter
period with respect to the other. At, a third the critical field
:,strength (1/3 of 100 electrostatic volts per cm, or 1/3 of 100 gauss)
and at a tenth the associated power level m that is, a little over
100 kilowatts/cm2 ? each sheet must have a surface density of current
of 6 amperes per cm. To drive the oscillatory current against radiative
resistance requires a field gradient of 10,000 volts/cmo
it
RDP70B00584R000100160001-6
Appendix "A?
? 45 - IDA-ARPA Sml
Approved For Release
(a/R ] l RDP70B00584R000100160001-6
 Approved For Release 200001J 0?:] l 70B00584R000100160001-6
Radiative energy in present day microwave systems is generated, not
at the antenna surface,, but in a separate unit, from which it is piped
to the antennas The whole design is governed by the technology of present
day energy sources. To exploit that technology to the limit is certainly
an approach that deserves strong support. However, it may also be worth-
while to ask whether quite a different design can be conceived, in which
the energy source and the antennas are one and the same piece of equipment
Components for pulsing or modulating the outgoing energy are already
eliminated because it is energy transmission that is desired, not in-
formation transmission as for radar. It is, therefore, tempting to try
to eliminate other components as well, such as magnetron and piping to
the antenna. A model system offers itself as inspiration in the search
for conceptual simplicity. the atom A single electron circulating
about a nucleus serves as both power source and antenna.
Any attempt to conceive of an energy source spread over the antenna
itself has the following guide lines-,
ao A distribution of current over the surface at a uniform
density of the order of 1 to 10 amperes per cm, or a more patchy
distribution with higher local densities.
bo Potential gradients of the order of 10,000 volts per cm
on the average m again with non-uniform distribution a possibility.
co Periodic variation of the currents, properly synchronized
in both space and time.
d. An energy input
Appendix "A"
R66,PA Sml
~bP70B00584R0001001
Approved For Release 20SIB1Cb
 Approved For Release 20fl*
7, I
FE-F P70B00584R000100160001-6
In other respects there is an enormous range of freedom for conceptual
design. The following possibilities are among the many that obviously
come to mind,, individually and in combination:
a. A high current electron or proton beano
b. Deflection by electric and magnetic fields.
c. Plasmas and plasma vibrations.
d. Arcs.
e. Cavities in electrical oscillation.
f. Direct powering of the antenna by contact with rapidly
rotating parts, such as magnets or cavities, driven by turbine or
otherwise from a primary thermal energy source.
A plasma driven by a controlled thermonuclear reaction.
h. A receptor identical in design with the emitter.
To have seen emerge in only two decades the magnetron.,, the klystron
and a variety of traveling wave tubes is to recognize that the oppor-
tunities for invention are limitless. However,, it is not clear that
the incentives for invention of a new energy transmission source,, and
some of the requirements for it, have ever been explicitly formulated
and put before those with the greatest creative imagination and proven
inventive ability in the field of electronics. J. R. Pierce,, in an
appraisal of the possibilities for generating electromagnetic energy,,
states,, "Progress along such novel lines can only come if exceptionally
gifted physicists and engineers can be interested in thinking hard
about such matters . " It would appear worthwhile to convene an expert
Appendix "A"
47 - IDA-ARPA S-1
Approved For Release 200aleom p-? DP70B00584R000100160001-6 L" M
 Approved For Release 206/+1/(CMP-1P70B00584R000100160001-6
work-study group under conditions optimal for generating new ideas in
this area of transmission of energy by centimeter waves. Some members
of Project Sherwood would undoubtedly have a special contribution to
make. The view has often been expressed that this intensive work on
thermonuclear energy may in the end contribute even more through an
understanding of the science and engineering of plasmas than through
achievement of an important new energy source.
At still shorter wave lengths,, still more imaginative methods
suggest themselves for emitting energy,, Among the possibilities now
under consideration in a most modest way are:
a. An electron beam guided at the proper distance above the
surface of a ruled grating to produce visible radiation (W. W. Salisbury).
ba Coherent emission of infrared radiation (Charles Townes
and Benjamin Lax) as contrasted to the incoherent radiation from
thermal sources.
The opportunities in these and other directions are so limitless that
this field deserves intense support and stimulation.
The possibility also deserves consideration that an atomic bomb
can be induced to emit radiation of a selected wave length, possibly
even directed radiation,, by endowing the casing with a structure of
cavities to stimulate hydrodynamic plasma vibrations,, or with other
special geometry.
Appendix "A"
- 48 - IDA-ABPA S?l
Approved For Release 20S6E1MC ADP70B00584R000100160001-6
 Approved For Release 20 /F/C J l Rf P70B00584R000100160001-6
Gravitational Radiation and Neutrinos
These forms of radiation offer., in addition to electromagnetic waves,
the only known methods to transmit energy through space with the speed of
light. They are among the most interesting topics in modern physics.
However., there is not the slightest evidence today that these forms of
radiation warrant work looking towards specific applications
Acoustic Radiation
The maximum steady state rate of transmission of energy will be of
the order
(speed of sound) X (thermal energy density of air)
or a few kilowatts per cm2a The exponential rate of attentuation is
quite low at reasonable frequencies. However,, reliable beaming through
the open air for distances even as short as a mile is normally out of
the question., due to refraction by temperature gradients and winds.
Vortices
F. G. Werner and the writer have duplicated, in. the laboratory one
of the several known types of fireball. A glowing sphere,, several
inches in diameter., was caused to appear in the air and to move hori-
zontally a number of feet., at a speed of a few meters per second., until
it went out with a pop. A smoke ring generator had been filled with
city gas and tapped to eject an, invisible ring of gas. The ring., after
traveling about a foot,, passed through a spark discharge which ignited
Approved For Release 2
Appendix "A"
IDA?ARPP, 8?l
TDP70B00584R000100160001-6
 Approved For Release 20gVe
rff-FTP70BOO584ROO01
it. The glowing vortex continued to propagate. Presumably, mixing of gas
with air took place until an explosive composition was reached and the
fireball ended.
A large invisible vortex of explosive gas could be used to discomfit
an enemy under suitable conditions, and might even be designed to
produce heavy damage. The ring would travel noiselessly through space
until ignited by flame or spark among the recipients or their equipment.
The ring generator is of exceedingly simple construction: a box with a
hole in one face and a rubber sheet for the opposite face. The vortex
propagates through space with good preservation of identity, as seen in
the behavior of "dust devils" above western deserts. However, the same
observations show how very subject the aim would be to changes in wind
direction and wind velocity For this reason, repeated tries might be
necessary to score an explosion. There are easier ways to cause trouble
except under special circumstances, such as operations where stealth
and mystery are required.
Vortices can also be propagated under water, quietly and invisibly,
but strong enough ? as one individual has testified - to knock over an
unsuspecting bather. Applications are now known but might be conceived,
such as carrying limited packages of energy, of poison, or of feel, for
limited distances
Appendix "A"
50 4 IDA-ARPA 8.1
Approved For Release 2U
DP70B00584R000100160001-6
 Approved For Release 200
3 RA P70B00584R000100160001-6
Beams of Particles
High energy electrons and photons are rapidly degraded in the
atmosphere, losing about half their energy roughly every 1,000 feet.
For high energy protons, the half-absorption distance is not much
greater. This experience derives from cosmic ray and accelerator
experiments where the stream of particles is too low in intensity
significantly to affect the properties of the atmosphere which blocks
the passage.
Lightning illustrates that currents can flow with sufficient
intensity to affect the properties of the atmosphere itself along a
narrow channel. This channel is very tortuous in the case of lightning
because the first electrons to go that way had low energy, were easily
scattered, and were often replaced by other electrons.
To replace these "uneducated" electrons by "educated" electrons
from an accelerator might conceivably lead to quite new effects. If by
use of high speed particles the channel can be made straight in the
beginning, and the gas within heated so hot that the bulk of the impeding
mass is driven aside, 'then the door is open to sending a quick burst of
energy to a great distance. The use of such a burst to destroy a bal-
listic missile has already been proposed by one of the group, P. G.
Kruger, and also by others. Absorption by the atmosphere has been the
great difficulty in earlier thinking along such lines. A new look at
the problem, allowing for the response of the atmosphere to the beam, is
Appendix "A"
51 - IDA-ARPA S-1
Approved For Release 200 500 :1 e f 70B00584R000100160001-6
 Approved For Release 200 IM RT Of 70BOO584R000100160001-6
now very much in order. For this purpose, conceptual analysis and
calculation, plus the enormous storehouse of existing information and
theory about lightning, offer promising foundations for a much better
assessment than we have today.
Specific Recommendations
a. Some agency should survey the present status of the field of
propagation of energy through space to formulate:
(1) The methods of energy transmission that have been considered
to date by workers in this country and abroad.
(2) The research now in progress bearing'on the problem.
(3) Research workers who can contribute imaginative and sound
ideas or even more directly forward a future program in this field.
(4) Specific applications of interest to the Department of Defense.
b. Starting from the state of knowledge as thus defined, a conference
with a work-study character should be called - perhaps divided for some
of the time into specialized groups - to generate new ideas, and to arrive
at a first assessment of the areas most promising for future work.
c. Based upon the results of the survey, a steering committee of
independent working investigators might be appointed upon the Project
Sherwood model to:
(1) Make recommendations to the sponsoring agency for research
within existing government laboratories and for contracts to universities
and research foundations;
Appendix "A"
Approved For Release 200 OT; i 70BOO584R000100 D 6A S-1
tl #~Fof
 Approved For Release 200M ET
(2) To call periodic conferences for review of ideas and experi-
ments; and
(3) To bring to the attention of the Department of Defense areas
where important applications can be pushed through.
As such leads develop., a more concerted effort should be made to
bring them into practical application by agencies yet to be defined.
-
53 -
Appendix "A"
IDA-ARPA S-1
Approved For Release 200602"
BT70B00584R000100160001-6
 Approved For Release 2006/01/30 : CIA-RDP70B00584R000100160001-6
A-5. ATOMIC COLLISION CROSS SECTIONS
Knowledge of the interactions of electrons and ions with atoms
and molecules has important applications to the defense effort, as
well as to many branches of science., We may mention a few such applica-
ao Atmospheric physical ionospheric ionization and recombina-
tion rates; this is of importance for some proposed methods of inter-
fering with enemy communications and radar;
b. Weapons physics
cations);
is one of the many important appli-
c. Missile development (the re-entry problem has been tied
to several atomic reactions; the detection of missiles within the
atmosphere may be closely connected with atmospheric ionization in the
wake; means for destroying an ICBM within the atmosphere may exploit
the weapons capabilities to such a limit that very detailed knowledge
of atomic reaction cross sections becomes significant);
do Plasma physics and magnetohydrodynamics;
ea Controlled thermonuclear reactions - here lack of knowledge
of atomic and molecular cross sections involving impurities has been a
serious problem;
fo Chemical reactions in gases.
Unavailability of accurate knowledge of atomic cross sections has
retarded development in each of these fields.
Appendix "A''
54 - IDA-ARPA S-1
Approved For Release 2006/01/30 : CIA-RDP70B00584R000100160001-6
 Approved For Release 2006/01/30 : CIA-RDP70B00584R000100160001-6
Although the basic information has been available for 40 years,
much of atomic physics has been by-passed in the course of the develop-
ment of physics.
This is true, particularly, of the study of the cross sections
for scattering electrons and ions by atoms and molecules. It seems
apparent that there do not exist "rules of thumb," or any practical
theoretical basis, for making even qualitative predictions as to how
these cross sections depend on the details of atomic structure. Also,
no comprehensive handbook tabulations of cross sections exist.
There has been little improvement in theoretical techniques for
handling these problems since the late 1930's. Developments in intense
ion sources and atomic beam apparatus will provide new experimental
techniques which are just beginning to be used.
Most work in this connection has tended to be fragmented. An
individual worker determines the cross section for an individual
reaction. Such results do not in themselves secure a systematic
description of the phenomena. Also, much of the work has been quite
inaccurate, discrepancies as large as a factor of ten remaining even
after extensive studies have been made.
Recommendation:
A specific program for the study of atomic collisions might in-
volve:
Appendix "A"
55 ? IDA-ARPA S-1
Approved For Release 2006/01/30 : CIA-RDP70B00584R000100160001-6
 Approved For Release 2006/01/30 : CIA-RDP70B00584R000100160001-6
a. A survey and coordination of existing work (for example)
by sponsoring conferences);
bo Support of atomic beam and other experimental apparatus
to develop practical means of measurement;
co Encouragement of a supporting theoretical program to use
new techniques in quantum mechanical scattering theory and computing
methods;
d4 Emphasizing the importance of relating observation to the
details of atomic and molecular structure -- and thus to obtain means
of predicting cross sections from a knowledge of atomic structure;
e. Preparation of a systematic tabulation of cross sections,
as has been done, for example, by the Hughes Committee on nuclear
cross sections.
K. Watson
A-6. MATTER UDDER EXCEEDINGLY HIGH PRESSURE
Recent investigations by Fin G. Drickamer and co-workers have dis-
closed that sub-stances under very high pressures (of the order of sev-
eral hundred thousand atmospheres) exhibit unusual properties. Here-
tofore most of the veer high pressure work has been concerned with in-
vestigating the effects of compression as seen after release of the
pressure. In contrast to such studies, Professor Drickamer has suc-
ceeded in measuring certain physical properties (such as infrared absorption
Appendix "Ate
? 56 - IDA-ARPA S-1
Approved For Release 2006/01/30 : CIA-RDP70B00584R000100160001-6
 Approved For Release 2006/01/30 : CIA-RDP70B00584R000100160001-6
and some electrical characteristics) while the substance of interest
was under extreme pressure. Among other things, he found that non-
metals begin to show some metallic characteristics when the atoms are
squeezed together so closely that nonbonded electrons from different
atoms begin to interfere with each other.
It is now suggested that the measurement of properties of materials
under extremely high pressures warrants further intensive study. Such
study might enable us to understand better some of the phenomena
occurring in nuclear explosions. It is also conceivable that a
whole new realm of solid state physics and physical chemistry might
be disclosed. It is quite possible that the results would be of
substantial value to astronomers. Finally it is suggested that com-
pounds of excited helium with other elements might be made under high
pressures. If stabilization of such compounds could be discovered,
a new type of fuel might result.
Recommendation.-
Support by an appropriate agency for good and forward-looking
research proposals.
Appendix "A?
- 57 o IAA-ARPA S-1
Approved For Release 2006/01/30 : CIA-RDP70B00584R000100160001-6
 Approved For Release 20(6QVr
, AI RTP70B00584R000100160001-6
A-7. INTENSE MAGNETIC FIELDS
In. the recent past it has become possible to achieve very intense
magnetic fields, ,s 106 gauss. The eventual scientific and technical
implications of very strong fields are not now clear but their importance
is already evident. The essential point is that an entirely new range
of physical parameters has become accessible: magnetic fields with an
energy density approximation high explosive have already been produced
with an expectation of even higher fields. The characteristic of matter
under the action of such fields should be studied from the fundamental
point of view, as should the fields themselves.
A few examples of promising uses include: (1) the study of mixing
in implosive systems with the field as the light-decelerating medium;
(2) the acceleration of charged particles by the action of the magnetic
field, (3) construction of tiny focusing magnetic systems for use with
pulsed high energy machines. (4) inhibition of the photographic process
by the action of strong magnetic fields; (5) containment of a plasma
by longitudinal as opposed to pinch-type fields.
Some ideas have been advanced as to ways in which even more intense
pulsed fields can be obtained by means of nuclear explosions.
To date the amount of work done in this subject in the free world
is very small, with only a few active workers. Evidence exists that
the Russians are active in this field.
Appendix "A"
5$ - IDA-ARPA S-1
bat 0?70B00584R000100160001-6
Approved For Release 200. Ain n' A-JD
 Approved For Release 2000ft Rf 70B00584R000100160001-6
Recommendation:
An appropriate agency should sponsor a symposium on intense magnetic
fields and seek for means to stimulate more forward-looking work in
this field. Among those active in the field who might be Invited to
help organize such a symposium area
H. P. Furth (Livermore)
C. M. Fowler (Los Alamos)
A-8. FORMATION OF CONCEPTS OUT OF DATA; AND SYSTEMS RELIABILITY
The Problem
One of the principal problems that frequently arose in the course
of Project 137 has been connected with large-scale data handling.
This includes identification, classification and evaluation, in addi-
tion to computations proper. Problems of this kind are common to all
three services; in addition, there is the problem of information flow
within the government itself. Justifiably the three services have
individually pursued many avenues of solution for their many problems,
right down to the fundamental aspects. These problems are, however,
parts of a much more general picture. It is therefore useful to learn
more about the basic underlying structure of this picture.
The New Approach
It is well recognized that computer development has been most
impressive and that ambitious plans for very fast computers have
Appendix "A"
1-6
Approved For Release 200 Qt3 : fff 70600584 '0 AC
 Approved For Release 200Q,1x:n~170B00584R000100160001-6
been formulated. However, it is our conviction that other, qualita-
tively different considerations should now be sought. When informa-
tion about a prevailing state of affairs is collected and stored, this
is done for the purpose of answering questions and making decisions.
Hence, entirely novel procedures of automatic data management must be
developed which permit rapid. sifting and assaying of individual items
of information as to their relevance in generally complicated contexts,
possibly appreciated only in a qualitative way. This operation of
"intelligent" recognition of significant items in a massive volume of
a priori undifferentiated (background) information is in marked con-
trast to the familiar approach by exact, abstract relations and precise
item-by-item sorting. Important contributions toward this end will
undoubtedly come from a deeper understanding of how computers can
better interact with neurological phenomena. As is well known, the
function of decision-making involves data processing and computations
combined with thought processes.
The exceedingly high speed of computers contrasts with a much
greater flexibility of the human mind. For example, in directing
air defensecomputers have been known to arrive at correct solutions --
but at the price of very many changes of orders during the simulated
battle. Human operators have been able to achieve the same kill proba-
bility with fewer changes. A problem is, therefore, how to combine
the speed of the former with the intuitive power of the latter --
thereby attaining a higher level than either one can reach at present.
Appendix 1191
Approved For Release 200n3, : 706005840100160001-6
 Approved For Release 200
11T 0B00584R000100160001-6
A generalized data processing system that attempts to incorporate
the necessary, subtle features with heterogeneous interactions is likely
to be a rather complicated affair. Its complexity exceeds that of the
modern computers and data processors. But for such complex equipment,
as for the recently proposed weapons systems, the question of reliability
of performance naturally arises. Procedures for the systematic reduction
of the probability of malfunction on the part of a given system constitute
an immediate objective of great importance. Even more challenging, how-
ever, is the objective of devising our systems in such a way that any
failure will subsequently affect only the lowest priority functions.
Since it is patently impossible to build systems which never fail, the
next best thing to achieve is the design of systems which do not fail
when it matters. While it is true that logical design has attempted
to keep pace with component development, the study of reliability and
its attainment even with unreliable components has only been started.
It is clear that this subject demands great attention in the present
context. Especially is this true for systems operating under great
constraints or in times of national emergency.
Familiar examples illustrate these remarks about (1) automatized
formation of tentative concepts or conclusions; (2) quick sifting of
masses of data to confirm or contradict these tentative conclusions;
(3) design for reliability with unreliable components. In science,
weather forecasting has progressed some direction along lines (1) and
(2), but has far to go in systematic application of these principles.
Approved For Release 2046/
Z Z . -Y70B00584R00010
"All
51-1
 Approved For Release 2000ttjj?l R P70B00584R000100160001-6
In national defense, the fields of communication and intelligence offer
outstanding illustrations. In these areas a well worked out philosophy
of reliability and concept formation would greatly strengthen our
position. Also, improvements would result in the behavior and relia-
bility of a future anti-missile system or of the already-programmed
POLARIS system, to take examples from a vast collection in the field
of weapons. Finally, a deeper understanding of features (1), (2) and
(3) of decision-making would allow more realistic and far more com-
plicated versions of war games than those presently being carried
out on computers.
Information Systems
Digital processing and decision elements, perfected in the rapid
evolution of computers, are finding their way into modern military
information and control systems in ever greater number and increasing
sophistication. Yet, no matter how generalized for the purposes on
hand, the pattern of procedures according to which they have operated
to date is that of arithmetic: exact, explicit and complete like an
accountant's books. In contrast, one needs to examine the principles
of large memories, initially chaotic and with quite imperfect access,
whose organization is effected and dictated by the application at hand.
Systems must be thought of that "fan out" into many channels, and this
at several levels, operating simultaneously. At succeeding stages,
more and more detail may be accommodated, in a manner consistent with
increased parallelism of operation. Further, an hierarchy of many
Appendix "A"
Approved For Release 200 M 70B00584R0001003BAA$t1 S-1
 Approved For Release 2006ffl 12
11T OB00584ROO01 00160001-6
subsystems of storage is desirable. These subsystems may incorporate
various existing components like magnetic cores and tapes; electro-
static devices, both digitalized and analogue; electromechanical or
photographic techniques; display scopes. There are other possibili-
ties that have recently been proposed. What seems clear is that the
conventional devices are either bulky, time-consuming, relatively
inflexible, or impractical.
Rapid access to stored information is presently limited to small
portions of the data. Scanning large amounts of stored data is usually
a time-consuming affair. Subtle, imaginative schemes are needed here
that represent new dimensions. Perhaps the physiologist and neurolo-
gist, in concert with others with different disciplines, can make
radically new suggestions.
Such systems should be designed to provide flexible interaction
with the human being. This is an important aspect. Heretofore
automation has been applied under those circumstances which have been
sufficiently simple to permit complete automation without human inter-
vention. In fact, the exclusion of the latter has been one of the
principal objectives. For the more subtle considerations envisioned
here, the brain must be an essential component, interacting directly
with the rest of the system, in a flexible fashion.
Appendix "A"
- 63 - IDA-ARPA S-1
Approved For Release 2009OLM: 170B00584R000100160001-6
 Approved For Release 200#(OV :j P70B00584R000100160001-6
ed)
Reliability of Systems
Quite apart from the questions of logical design and organization
of a large system, there arises the separate question of the reliability
of performance. The question is, of course, of serious interest to
those concerned with any form of large system. Fundamental considera-
tions have only been hinted at. What are the general criteria for
evaluating the performance; to what extent can unreliable components
be used; how much redundancy should be included; what forms of checking
or corroboration should be incorporated; these are non-trivial questions.
These problems are also closely related to the coding schemes used.
While we possess a very powerful theory of information we still have
to make a decisive step forward in order to exploit this theory fully;
this step is in the direction of the discovery of systematic encoding
schemes.
Some Immediate Tasks
With current, digital computer design furnishing an important
take-off point for the proposed studies, a number of specific ideas
in this particular field are suggested as warranting immediate
exploration.
a. The present thinking restricts itself to a very small number,
usually one or two, of arithmetic units per computer. The emphasis
has, in large part, been on speed. However, with the development of
cryogenic elements that lend themselves to printing techniques, it is
Appendix "A"
W It 6ilIDA-ARPA S-1
Approved For Release 20 / :r?lft70B00584R000100160001-6
 Approved For Release 200SO : RIR
possible, as first sug_sted by J. Pasta, to conceive of a computer with
a fairly large number of arithmetical units, say a few hundred, if not
a few thousand. Such capabilities must alter our traditional approaches
to solutions of numerical problems, especially in the field of partial
differential equations.
b. For many applications of Monte Carlo-type problems, the structure
of arithmetic units is not very efficient. In most applications 10 to
12 bits .?err number usually suffice The to O bits that are usually
available are quite unnecessary.
c. Faster and more complex computers are being designed to extend
the range of tractable problems. For none of the computers being com-
mercially produced has the question been raised of the significance; i.e.,
number of meaningful bits, in the answer or answers. One may imagine
that an acceptable pro,: dur might be to describe a number, not only
as a fraction and an associated exponent, but with an "index of sig-
nifican~'e". This brute force approach clearly involves more hardware
anr control complications, if not some sacrifice in speed. Even so,
it not completely clear what the appropriate rules should be. Some
s?,sgg>stions have already been made, but more study is necessary.
General Recommendation
It is strongly recomm-nded that a group be formed to study these
roblems and work out a basically new attack on them. It is necessary
.bat the group include not only mathematicians and engineers, but
Approved For Release 200
t.y Q/
Appendix "A"
tR?P70B00584R000100 O0R . 5-1
 Approved For Release 200
In
Ml;
l3 70B00584R000100160001-6
biologists, neurologists, logicians and physicists. This group must have
at its disposal, free of encumbrances, funds and laboratory facilities;
the detailed nature of the latter can be specified by the group as its
ideas. gradually.develop. As these ideas become firm, it will be neces-
sary to expand the program in some manner in order to reach its objectives
of a working system.
The quality of people, together with the desired spectrum of
disciplines, is suggested by the following list (apart from the study
group). We feel that many of them could be interested in a program
suggested by the present report.
Engineers: Julian Bigelow, IAS, Princeton University
Ralph E. Meagher,, University of Illinois
Jerome Wiesner, Massachusetts Institute of Technology
Logicians: Claude Shannon, Massachusetts Institute of Technology
R. L. Ashenhurst, University of Chicago
Minsky (cf. Shannon)
Mathematicians:
A. H. Taub, University of Illinois
S. M. Ulam, Los Alamos
H. Bremermann, Berkeley
Statistician-Systems:
J. W. Tukey, Princeton University
T. M. Anderson, Columbia University
Carl Ohman, National Science Academy
Appendix "A"
Approved For Release 20/: P70B00584R000100TWOt- ' S-1
 Approved For Release 20030'M:j 70B00584R000100160001-6
Physicists:
A. Newell, Carnegie Tech
W. W. Bledsoe, Sandia Corporation
Symonds, Standard Oil of New Jersey
H. Simon, Carnegie Tech
R. D. Richtmyer, New'York University
Hugh Everett, Weapons Systems Evaluation Group
L. W. Alvarez, Berkeley
A. W. Lawson, University of Chicago
F. Seitz, University of Illinois
J. Bardeen, University of Illinois
J. Pasta, Atomic Energy Commission
A. Nordsiek, University of Illinois
Biological Scientists:
D. Mck. Rioch, IAS, Princeton
A. Novick, University of Chicago
J. Hoffman, Buffalo
Joshua Lederberg, University of Wisconsin
J. Lettvine, Mass. Institute of Technology, RLE
F. Rosenblatt, Cornell Aeronautical Laboratory
H. Quastlee, Brookhaven National Laboratory
Specific Recommendations
a. An appropriate agency should sponsor an interdisciplinary
meeting in the near future on Formation of Concepts out of Data and
Systems Reliability, to study specific needs of this program, and to
Appendix "A"
Approved For Release 20050 TP70B00584R0001001C8 S-1
 Approved For Release 2009i:
70BOO584ROO0100160001-6
try further to appraise the prospects it will open out. Such a meeting
could be held in the area of the Argonne - University of Chicago -
University of Illinois complex.
b. An advisory committee should be selected from those actively
interested in this field, to recommend appropriate practical means for
forwarding new advances in the subject, including contracts and such
new computation laboratory facility as seems appropriate.
c. Possibilities for application to urgent defense problems should
be sought regularly and imaginatively through this advisory committee
or otherwise, and, when identified, should be referred to appropriate
.agencies of the Department of Defense for the earliest possible
development.
N. Metropolis
0. Morgenstern
F. T. Wall
F. J. Weyl
Appendix "A"
- 68 IDA-ARPA S-1
Approved For Release 2004(W4p:1'P7OBOO584ROOO1OO16OOO1-6
 Approved For Release 2006/01/30 : CIA-RDP70B00584R000100160001-6
A-9. ARPA AND THE SOCIAL SCIENCES
Although the considerations of this group have been largely directed
to the bearing of the physical sciences on problems of Military Science
defenses we have been much impressed by the possibilities offered by an
imaginative exploitation of the social sciences in the same connection.
A number of groups have addressed themselves to this matter, in an
endeavor to identify areas of research which might hold promise in
defense applications. Here we may cite in particular the work of the
Subcommittee on Social Sciences of the National Academy of Sciences, and
of the Ad Hoe Advisory Group on Psychology and Social Sciences, Office
of the Assistant Secretary of Defense for Research and Engineering.
Both of these groups have described broad fields of study which have
obvious and important military applications of both immediate and long-'
range character. From both reports, one gathers the impression that
far too little emphasis is being given to the explotiation of the
powerful tools and techniques at the command of the social scientist.
Quite evidently, the present group, composed as it is largely of
physical scientists, cannot presume to judge the merits of detailed
proposals for work in the social sciences. Nevertheless, we cannot
refrain from expressing.our deep conviction that a vigorous explora-
tion of these broader fields is of crucial importance to the defense
of our country and that the advantages to be gained by their
Appendix ?A"
- 69 - IDA-ARPA.S-1
Approved For Release 2006/01/30 : CIA-RDP70B00584R000100160001-6
 Approved For Release 2006/01/30 : CIA-RDP70B00584R000100160001-6
exploitation may far outweigh those to be anticipated by the more mundane
prosecution of hardware developments. The most sophisticated weapons
system is of little avail if it is applied at the wrong place or at the
wrong time or by the wrong people. More than anything else, we need
imaginative formulation of policy, careful articulation of objectives,
and considered evaluation of the relations of men, weapons, and missions.
These are problems which can only be solved by an enlightened and ag-
gressive attack, utilizing the full power of all the sciences, but
with strong emphasis on the methodology and substance of the social
sciences.
Recommendation:
We strongly recommend that every impetus be given to the fullest
possible exploitation of social science and social scientists in all
aspects of defense problems. More specifically, we urge that ARPA
consider these fields an integral part of "Advanced Defense Research"
and select for support and exploitation certain of the fields recom-
mended as particularly important by the two committees previously
mentioned. Persons who might be helpful in this field include:
Dr. Rensis Likert - University of Michigan
Dr. Dael Walfle (Psychologist) - Executive Secretary - American
Association for the Advancement of Science
Dr. Paul Fitts (Psychology, Human Engineering) - University of
Michigan, Chairman, Social Science Panel, SAB, Air Force
T. Lauritsen
R. Weiss.
Appendix "A"
- 70 - IDA-ARPA 3-1
Approved For Release 2006/01/30 : CIA-RDP70B00584R000100160001-6
 Approved For Release 2009OV:nI70B00584R000100160001-6
LL;d
One of the more conspicuous aspects of current U.S. defense planning
is its close dependence on technological development. Surely it is vital
to our security that we exploit to the fullest such possibilities as an
improved mastery of nature can offer to increase our defensive and
offensive capability. On the other hand, experience indicates that
one way or another, every major advance of this character is promptly
taken up by the enemy, with the result that the war-making potential
of all countries rises with monotonous and frightening regularity,
modified by only temporary fluctuations in favor of one side or the
other.
For purposes of argument, we suggest that in the present state of
culture of the nations immediately involved, the seeds of war lie in
certain differences between nations, cultures and individual people.
It seems quite unlikely that any serious conflict could arise if
Russians and Americans were indistinguishable from the point of view
of ideology, environment, standard of living, etc. If these differ-
ences could be made to disappear, there would be little occasion for
wax as long as the earth can feed us all.
If one agrees that the problem which confronts us depends upon a
difference between the parties, it behooves us to exploit that dif-
ference in solving the problem. Only in this way can we hope to
obtain an advantage which will be absolute, in the sense that
Appendix "A"
Approved For Release 20 70B00584R000100gA S-1
a~ U:a~.
A-lO MILITARY EXPLOITATION OF BASIC U.S./USSR DIFFERENCES
 Approved For Release 200
r.
RIT
Of 70B00584R000100160001-6
duplication of the system on the other side will not constitute a
counter. As an obvious but illustrative example, a weapon which inca-
E,ccitated or destroyed any person who threatened to enslave his
neighbor would satisfy most Americans and would be far more satis-
factory to us than more conventional weapons whose discriminatory
power depends on the accident of possession. Less trivial is the
possibility that qualitative differences in the capability of inde-
pendent thought and action by individual Russian and American
soldiers might be exploited to our advantage, particularly in a war
involving great dispersion of combat units. Not less important as a
distinguishing feature, but less easy to exploit in our favor is the
disregard for human life which seems sometimes to characterize
Russian, operations.
Quite evidently, the invention of a truly discriminatory weapons
system is a difficult job. On the other hand., putting a man on the
moon is also difficult, and the solution is far less interesting in
the present context. We suggest that the relative allocation of
effort to these two endeavors is lamentably disproportionate in view
of their respective importance to the preservation of our society.
Even a modest improvement in our understanding of the enemy may have
the most important consequences for war and peace, and even the 10
revelation of a single non-counterable weapon, diplomatic, economic,
or military, may give us advantages far out of proportion to the cost
of even quite an intensive study program.
Appendix "A"
Approved For Release 20 Q&:
tRr70B00584R0001001fO,QDt#A. S-l
 Approved For Release 200 31 JA 70B00584R000100160001-6
it
To elaborate the matter somewhat, and to form some vague basis for
a closer study, we examine here a few of the obvious points which might
be considered - and might, of course, be much amplified. These remarks
are directed specifically to the question- "What differences exist
between the USSR and the U.S., and how can these differences be exploited
to our advantage?"
ao Environment
(1) Russia is, to a considerable extent, a landlocked
nation: communication by water is largely restricted to her canal and
river system. Transportation of materiel and manpower from one point
to another must therefore be relatively expensive, both in terms of
capital equipment and fuel. To what extent can this expense be aggra-
vated by wartime interdiction of the canals? Do the canals and locks
offer any specially advantageous targets? Could the threat of amphibious
operations on the northern coastline be used to force the Russians to
maintain large forces in this inhospitable terrain? The rather con-
spicuous difference in the availability and usefulness of the oceans
to the two sides would suggest that strong emphasis on naval and
amphibious capability on the part of the U. S. might well be to our
advantage. This is clearly an, example where we need not, and in fact
must not, simply attempt to match the Russians one to one. In the
past, command of the oceans has many times determined the fate of
nations.
Appendix "A"
- 73 - IDA-ARPA ?S-1
Approved For Release 20090t;9;i: 1 70B00584R000100160001-6
 Approved For Release 20/e:1IRFP70B00584R000100160001-6
(2) Eastern and Western Russia are rather poorly connected:
important installations on the Pacific are separated by vast reaches
from the center of authority. Might it not be possible to cut off and
eliminate essentially all of Siberia with a relatively small effort?
Would it be possible and profitable to establish and supply large bases
of our own in this territory?
(3) Large areas of Russia have extremely cold winters and
offer only marginal support for their populations. Could this situation
be aggravated by any conceivable modification in climatic or ocean
current patterns? What would be the consequences of a moon shot? Would
cutting the Isthmus of Panama affect the Gulf Stream? What are the
possibilities of modifying rainfall patterns by systematic cloud seeding
in Western. Europe? Could a new Ice Age be induced in Northern Russia?
(1i) Prevailing winds in the Northern Hemisphere run from
West to East. Can this factor be exploited through massive gas or
fallout attacks? Could the mere threat force Russia into expensive
countermeasures? Could balloon-carried weapons or instruments be used
to our advantage? What use can be made of the jet stream?
It is abundantly evident that many more differences can be dis-
covered in the environment, social structure, economics, and personal
attributes of Russians and Americans. Opinions will differ as to
Appendix "A"
71+ - IDA-ARPA S-1
Approved For Release 20Q,/~/t "Cl RP70B00584R000100160001-6
 Approved For Release 2005: I%R1 P70B00584R000100160001-6
which of these differences can be turned to our advantage in a military
sense, but an adequate appreciation of their existence and of their
implications is surely' essential to the most rudimentary approach to
the basic problem. It is suggested that a systematic study by a group
cod prising experts in both social and physical sciences might reveal
possibilities for some quite sophisticated weapons.
Recommendation:
Support of such a work-study group by an appropriate agency.
Appendix "A"
75 - IDA4BPA S-1
Approved For Release 200 I rl 70B00584R000100160001-6
Q3
 Approved For Release Mutt
R
JER$P70B00584R000100160001-6
B. ENVIRONMENTAL ANALYSES
B-lo THE PHrSIOAL ENVIROII N ' OF MILITARY OPERATIONS
Of the many factors which bear on the effectiveness of weapons
systems of any kind, surely a broad knowledge of the physical environ-
ment in which they are to function is among the most basic. Whatever
our weapons may be, they must operate in the land, sea, air or the
space outside, and in many cases their design must make explicit use
of the properties of these media, particularly those properties
generally categorized under the fields of geophysics, oceanography,
meteorology, and physics of the exosphere. Because of their great
importance and universal interest, all of these subjects have been
explored in some detail, both by military and civilian investigators,
and an extensive body of knowledge has been accumulated. Within each
of the indivual disciplines, many national and international agencies
have been established to coordinate research activities and to
facilitate collection and dissemination of information. In addition,
the individual, military services have vigorously supported both basic
and applied research in these fields to the extent that one may say
that there are no immediately obvious subjects of military importance
in which effort is completely lacking.
On the other hand, ARPA has a responsibility which transcends
the obligations of any individual military arm, and one which is not
necessarily met by any purely civilian agency. ARPA should concern
itself with long-range projects, often out of the context of a
Appendix "B"
Approved For Release 2003 g[f 70B00584R0001001 1?P S-1
Ma %;
 Approved For Release 2011/E
particular application, and should be prepared to exploit any improvement
in basic knowledge, particularly in the fields under discussion here.
Under these circumstances, it would. seem. appropriate to suggest
that ARPA maintain an active interest in these fields of endeavor, and
search actively for subjects of possible military interest in which it
may be desirable to increase the level of support.
In the Work-Study Croup's brief exposure to current military problems,
several fields have appeared which seem to deserve increased attention.
Of these, perhaps the most conspicuous are those branches of oceanography
and "ocean meteorology" having to do with long-range sound transmission,
propagation of electromagnetic radiation in water, and the topography
of the ocean floor. It seems that U. S. effort in these matters is on a
far smaller scale than that of the USSR, particularly on the last-
mentioned subject, and far less than their importance would justify.
Another field in which more effort would seem to be indicated has
to do with the effects of radioactivity from nuclear weapons in the
environment of a ground arnr. There seems to be insufficient effort
in this area relative to the importance of a thorough understanding of
this matter and of the tactical advantages to be gained from an ability
L
IfR P70B00584R000100160001-6
Appendix "B"
77 d IDA-ARPA S-1
Approved For Release 200
r
K1 Df 70B00584R000100160001-6
9
 Approved For Release 2M
ES
cA! DP70B00584R000100160001-6
1
to deal with it. Aside from the rather obvious observation that the
necessary instruments and indoctrination do not appear to be available
on anything like a realistic basis either in the Army or among the
civilian population, there seem to be significant gaps in the basic
knowledge required to deal with fallout problems.
Still another area where a hard look is required to determine
whether our current research effort is adequate, concerns the properties
of the upper atmosphere, the ionosphere,, and outer space, especially
as regards propagation of electromagnetic radiation and charged
particles. It has become apparent that the feasibility of a number
of weapons systems under current discussion depends in a direct way
on certain of these properties about which only guesses can be made
at present.
It should, perhaps, be observed that the functions of the U. S.
committee on the I.G.Y. are illustrative of the power and usefulness
of a coordinating agency in accelerating a broad field of study.
With a budget and a manpower commitment which is certainly not
excessive, this group has enlisted active support from a large number
of independent institutions and have done much to make possible
research on a world-wide scale.
It should be emphasized that the Study-Group's information is
quite scanty and that the implied criticism may be quite unjusti-
fied. These remarks are intended only to suggest that the
situation be examined.
Appendix "B"
- 78 - IDA-ARPA S-l
Approved For Release 2QQegO 4TDP70B00584R000100160001-6
 Approved For Release 22
19
TDP70B00584R000100160001-6
Recommendation.
The possibility that ARPA might perform a similar service, or even
inherit certain of the functions of the I.G.Y. committee would seem worthy
of serious consideration.
R. Shephard
Approved For Release 2MO
-79-
E
T
Appendix "B"
IDA-ARPA S-1
9-DP70B00584R000100160001-6
 Approved For Release 2
,f DP70B00584R000100160001-6
B-2. RADIOLOGICAL MAPPING AND COMBAT SURVEILLANCE
Currently planned nuclear explosion detection and analysis techniques
seem., on the whole, to fill a significant part of the need for combat
intelligence on this subject. On the other hand, the proposed system is
rather complex and much of the information obtained is of less than
immediate interest to local Battle Group and Divisional commanders. For
the purpose of an officer planning an immediate operation in a battle area
where nuclear weapons have been used, the principal questions must
evidently have to do with the existing radiological situation within the
locality in which he expects to maneuver. For him the greatest need is
for a current, detailed radiological map and for the ability to make
quick spot checks at points within a few thousand yards of his lines.
The levels of radiation which are of military significance are
enormously high compared to those which are encountered, for example,
in mineral prospecting. Typical levels in the latter case would be
some tenths of milliroentgens per hour, whereas a level of some tens
of roentgens per hour might well be regarded as an acceptable risk
for transit of troops. It follows that the necessary instrumentation
for military applications can be most crude and rugged - possibly
designed along the lines of a meteorological radio-sonde.
A number of obvious solutions suggest themselves, ranging from
the most simple, expendable instruments, available even at platoon
Appendix "B"
- 80 - IDA-ARPA S-1
Approved For Release 2 512 Its,
4~P70B00584R000100160001-6
 Approved For Release 20A ( I !- MP70B00584R000100160001-6
or company level, to drone-carried or rocket- or motar-fired devices,
controlled, for example, at divisional or corps level. As a minimum,
it would appear that daily weather maps issued by local meteorological
units could easily include rather detailed radiological information.
In addition, as indicated above, quite simple arrangements would permit
a local commander to investigate the situation for himself at any time.
The matter dealt with here does not in itself require any basic
study, nor indeed any appreciable development. On the other hand, the
apparent lack of emphasis on this problem in current planning for
combat surveillance measures suggests that the implications of a
radioactively-contaminated battlefield as a matter of daily course
may not have been incorporated into operational doctrine to the extent
which the situation demands. The existence of high radiation levels
as a more or less permanent feature of the environment poses a number
of questions, and the ability to accommodate to such a situation may
well be decisive in an operation involving nuclear weapons.
Recommendation:
Emphasis in current planning on radiological mapping and combat
surveillance.
Appendix "B"
- 81 - IDA-ARPA S-1
Approved For Release 20.%R1pDlkC -'F DP70B00584R000100160001-6
 Approved For Release 20g/E/LM ff ETP70B00584R000100160001-6
B-3. STATISTICAL DATA TO PILAN FALLOUT ASSOCIATED WITH
USE OF ATOMIC WEAPONS BY ARMY GROUND FORCES
How to lay down tomorrow a desired pattern of fallout is important
for an area commander just as it is important for local commanders to
know how to lead their troops safely through today's battlefield
radioactivity.
The planning of ground bursts to achieve a desired fallout pattern
is only partly understood. The planning depends on meteorology, plus
such knowledge of the winds as is given by field measurements. Proper
planning demands more - a knowledge of how reliably a specified fallout
pattern can be secured.
Recommendation:
An appropriate agency should sponsor research:
a. On the statistical variations of winds - in time, distance,
and altitude - about the values indicated on the kind of measuring
equipment that will be used in the field; and on the correlations among
such variations;
b. On the planning of measurements for this purpose; and
c. On how to use the results to tell what one can do reliably
about securing a desired fallout pattern.
R. Shepherd
Appendix "B"
IDA-ARPA S-1
Approved For Release 20I / nGl RRP70B00584R000100160001-6
 Approved For Release 2006/01/30 : CIA-RDP70B00584R000100160001-6
CONFIDENTIAL
B-4. A RADIATION DETECTOR FOR FIELD USE
The urgency of providing a simple and adequate radiation detector
for field use has led to the development of a large variety of in-
genious devices, and there seems little doubt that if the need becomes
sufficiently acute, several quite satisfactory solutions will be
available. The present note describes a scheme which offers some
advantages as an interim measure and which might deserve some further
study, at least to the extent of assuring patent protection of the
government's interest.
Among the many devices which can detect nuclear radiations,
probably the most familiar is the Geiger-Muller counter, which gives
an electrical response in the form of a single pulse each time an
ionizing particle traverses the sensitive volume. Under normal con-
dLtions, the cosmic rays and natural background radiations will
produce a few counts per minute in a Geiger tube with a volume of a
few cubic centimeters. For the most primitive device of this sort,
four elements are required: a Geiger tube, a power supply of a few
hundred volts, a simple amplifier, and an indicator - often in the
form of a headphone or loud speaker. With the exception of the
Geiger tube itself, all of these components also exist in any vacuum
tube radio receiver. In principle then, conversion of a standard
receiver to a radiation detector requires only the addition of the
Geiger tube.
- F 3 Appendix "B"
CONFIDENTIAL IDA-ARPA S-1
Approved For Release 2006/01/30 : CIA-RDP70B00584R000100160001-6
 Approved For Release 2006/01/30 : CIA-RDP70B00584R000100160001-6
CONFIDENTIAL
May possibilities for the mechanics of the conversion suggest
themselves immediately. Perhaps the most attractive would appear
to be a simple replacement of one of the audio amplifier tubes with
a plug-in unit comprising an identical tube to which is attached the
Geiger counter and associated electrical circuitry. The Gieger counter
tube, which need be no more bulky than the standard minature radio tube,
might be connected from the amplifier tube's anode to the control grid,
with a suitable coupling condenser and a limiting resistor, the whole
arrangement mounted on a standard plug-in base so that no internal
connections need be made. A slightly more sophisticated version might
incorporate a separate switch to disconnect the Geiger tube when desired.
In normal operation, the effect of the Geiger circuit would be to
superimpose occasional "clicks" - some 5 to 30 per minute, depending on
the size of the detector - on the normal receiver signal, providing a
constant monitoring of the background radiation whenever the receiver
is in operation. Any significant increase in radiation level would
immediately manifest itself by an increase in the frequency of clicks.
An increase of a factor of two or three would call for some investi-
gation - a factor of ten increase would be far outside the limit of
normal fluctuations in background, and would constitute a definite
warning. A factor of 100 would represent a radiation level in the
general neighborhood of the so-called tolerance dose (a few tenths of
.a roentgen per week). A dangerous radiation level would produce a
continuous series of clicks, or might even render the device inoperative
CONFIDENTIAL - 84 - Appendix "B"
IDA-ARPA S-1
Approved For Release 2006/01/30 : CIA-RDP70B00584R000100160001-6
 Approved For Release 2006/01/30 : CIA-RDP70B00584R000100160001-6
CONFIDENTIAL
(this last contingency could be guarded against by suitable circuitry).
An ordinary radium-dial watch held close to the Geiger tube would evoke
an immediate response and would provide a convenient method of checking
the function.
It is evident that the Geiger counter device here conceived does
not provide all the quantitative information which might be desired in
case of a fallout attack either in military or civilian situations.
Such information requires more sophisticated instruments and the inter-
pretation requires trained observers. On the other hand, in the present
world situation, and for the immediately forseeable future, what is
required is a warning device which is sufficiently insistent to command
attention, and which will not be found to be out of order when the need
comes. Assuming that the technical development does not present un-
foreseen difficulties, devices of the kind described here could be
procured very rapidly and easily installed in the field. They could
be made available for all military radios down to company level, and
possibly even to platoon level. Conversion of civilian radios would
be equally straightforward. Adaptation to low-voltage, battery-
operated or transistor receivers can certainly be made, but would
probably present some complications.
Recommendation:
Construction of plug-in inserts of maximum simplicity and evaluation
with a view to widespread installation.
CONFIDENTIAL T. Lauritsen Appendix "B?
IDA-ARPA S-1
Approved For Release 2006/01/30 :85 CIA-RDP701300584R000100160001-6
 Approved For Release 2006/01/30 : CIA-RDP70B00584R000100160001-6
CONFIDENTIAL
B-5. MILITARY GEOPHYSICS
Meteorology is an important input into the military equation and., by
this token, is an important part of military geophysics. But, so also
are climatology, geography, drainage, landforms and ecology. Much data
in these areas must still be obtained. Also, much exists which has not
been used or even comprehended. Military meteorology available at the
time, if used, could have changed Napoleon's campaign in Russia; Hitler
neglected to profit by Napoleon's lesson; and the same mistake was
repeated in Korea by our own forces. In each case communications
apparently broke down. The men just didn't get the word.
Today there is equally narrow understanding of the importance of
military geophysics for future struggles. A detailed knowledge of rain-
fall, soil factors and the covering road net in future combat regions
may be just as important in the solution of the mobility problem as a
much-hoped-for breakthrough in drive power for vehicles. Systematic
study of the local meteorology of the Korean combat zone, with fore-
casting techniques to predict whether or not the second valley over is
fog-bound, or will be fog-bound in four hours, may well have changed
the outcome of engagements as well as-indicating entirely different
tactics.
CONFIDENTIAL
Appendix "B"
- 86 - IDA-ARPA S-1
Approved For Release 2006/01/30 : CIA-RDP70B00584R000100160001-6
 Approved For Release 2006/01/30 : CIA-RDP70B00584R000100160001-6
CONFIDENTIAL
The following sorts of information will be urgently needed in
future land combat. Mastery of techniques to get this information can
well spell the difference between victory and defeat.
Indirect Bomb Damage Assessment
Knowledge of the optimum effectiveness of nuclear weapons in
casualty production.requires a knowledge of what the meteorological
environment of the target area will be at time of strike. Atmospheric
attenuation in the target area will have a marked effect on the
effectiveness of thermal radiation as a casualty producer and, also,
can aid in the estimate of how much protection can be afforded to
exposed personnel.
Use of Photography, TV and Infrared
To be fully effective, the above techniques being planned for
combat surveillance. must take account of the effect of meteorological
factors on atmospheric transmission of visible and infrared radiation.
Absorption of infrared due to the presence of water vapor and carbon
dioxide in the air, and the attendant scattering of the shorter visible
wavelengths, seriously affect the performance of optical and infrared
equipment, so much so in some cases as to make the equipment useless.
Meteorological Corrections for Sound-Ranging
Wind fields, water vapor content, and inhomogeneities in the
atmosphere have a significant effect on the accuracy of bearings on
CONFIDENTIAL - 07 - Appendix "B"
IDA-ARPA S-1
Approved For Release 2006/01/30 : CIA-RDP70B00584R000100160001-6
 Approved For Release 2006/01/30 : CIA-RDP70B00584R000100160001-6
CONFIDENTIAL
enemy artillery and weapons as determined by sound-ranging gear. Sound-
in-air detection as a technique has been effective in World War I and II,
but the limitation on',accuracy of location of enemy weapons depends upon
the ability to obtain timely meteorological data as well as to determine
the influence of landforms and vegetation on acoustic ranging.
Meteorological Corrections for Ballistic Missiles
Unguided missiles, and, in a number of cases, missiles with terminal
guidance, require knowledge about the wind fields to apply corrections
for accuracy. In particular, such missiles as the LITTLE JOHN are affected
by low-level winds during launch. Little is known about the variation of
local winds and how to measure them to effectively correct the paths of
such missiles.
Meteorological Data for Fall-out Prediction
Existence on the nuclear battlefield will depend upon being able to
estimate height of burst, position and yield of the weapon, average
particle size of radioactive material, velocity of fallout profiles,
and wind fields as a function of altitude. Studies in these areas are
far from adequate. Far greater effort must go into such studies before
the answers to fallout prediction can be given.
Meteorological Corrections for Radar Accuracy
Radar range accuracies are limited today by the variations in the
propagation characteristics of the atmosphere. Accurate knowledge of
refraction is closely linked with the meteorology of the propagation
Appendix "B"
CONFIDENTIAL _ 88 - IDA-ARPA S-1
Approved For Release 2006/01/30 : CIA-RDP70B00584R000100160001-6
 Approved For Release 2006/01/30 : CIA-RDP70B00584R000100160001-6
CONFIDENTIAL
medium. Further improvement of radar accuracy can be enhanced by more
accurate knowledge of meteorological factors involved.
Meteorology for Army Air
A Air although limited by size of aircraft, flight altitude and
range requires the same type of meteorological inputs traditionally
associated with the early growth of the aircraft industry. Much interest
will lie in local meteorology rather than the synoptic type forecast
now available. Landing fields will be rudimentary in construction; night
operations will predominate, and various kinds of sensing equipment carried
on board will be directly influenced by the atmospheric conditions. With-
out a full understanding of the factors influencing the environment, no
local forecasts will be possible and the full potential of aircraft will
be highly degraded.
General Meteorology
Much as been said regarding the importance of meteorology in weather
modification, in climatology, in mastery of the Polar and tropical en-
vironments and in upper atmospheric phenomena. The attack on the problem
of synthesis of the many related phenomena has been very spotty. There
appears to be no central group concerned with an overall understanding of
these phenomena and their relation to military and civilian requirements.
CONFIDENTIAL Appendix "B"
- 89 - IDA-AREA S-1
Approved For Release 2006/01/30 : CIA-RDP70B00584R000100160001-6
 Approved For Release 2006/01/30 : CIA-RDP70B00584R000100160001-6
CONFIDENTIAL
Recommendation:
The Department of Defense has a vital stake in meteorology and other
fields of military geophysics. The present unsatisfactory state of
military meteorology is a reflection of the retarded and narrow scope
of unclassified meteorological research. An appropriate existing agency
should consult with L. Berkner and others closely associated with ad-
vanced thinking in this field, to determine what should be`done to
produce an order of magnitude improvement in the present level of
forward-looking research in this field, and in the amount of young
talent attracted to it.
R. Weiss
Appendix "B"
IDA-ARPA S-i
Approved For Release 2006/01/30 : CIA-RDP70B00584R000100160001-6
 Approved For Release 2099/3U FtP1of-RDP70B00584R000100160001-6
B-6. ON-DETECTION OF SUBMARINES THROUGH SURFACE EFFECTS
Several suggestions have been made concerning the possibility of
tracking submarines or surface vessels by virtue of changes which
they produce in the water. These suggestions include detection of
electric or electromagnetic fields, detection of induced radioactivity
(for nuclear-powered vessels), chemical sensing, and bolometric measure-
ments. It would seem natural to inquire whether the mechanical
disturbances of the water does not deserve more consideration in this
connection. It is well known that the wake of a surface vessel remains
discernable to the naked eye for long periods - certainly many minutes,
sometimes for several miles behind a fast-moving vessel. It may be
presumed from this observation that some change which is introduced
into the water by the propeller must persist in a form which may be
detectable at even greater distances with suitably chosen instruments.
One conspicuous change which is associated with propeller action
is the introduction of large quantities of rotation, in the form of
"whorls", or cells of circulating fluid. Dissipation of the angular
momentum of these cells occurs almost entirely through viscous forces,
and in such a relatively non-viscous fluid as water, such cells may
be expected to persist for a rather long time. An instrument designed
to detect small amounts of rotation in the water might then offer the
possibility of a specific indicator of propeller action, even long after
the source has passed. Diffusion of the whorls to the surface might
reveal the presence of even a deeply-submerged submarine.
-.91 ?~? App ?B"
" ~~~ jj~ 1~X-RD IA~Ax Sl
Approved For Release 201jj~~1/((? P70B00584R000100160001-6
 Approved For Release 2967e;SA& RDP70B00584R000100160001-6
We understand that some attention has been given to the detection
of this and other surface effects by both Canadian and U. S. investiga-
tors, and that-the results seem promising, although some aspects of the
phenonema observed remain obscure. These reports, together with the
puzzling observations referred to as Nidar, Chloe and others, suggest
that we have much to learn about the mechanical properties of the sea.
Quite recently, the ONR have undertaken a. major program in an effort
to identify the important areas for further work in this field. In
view of the importance of the subject and the expectation of rapid
advances as more effort is brought to bear, we recommend that ARPA
keep abreast of these developments and be prepared to lend further
support to the program if required.
J. Weyl
Appendix "B"
- 92 - IDA-ARPA S-1
Approved For Release 20v%&&.U-RDP70B00584R000100160001-6
 Approved For Release 2991;A&-RDP70B00584R000100160001-6
C. PROJECTS AND APPLICATIONS
C-l. BALLOON ATTACKS AND OTHER NON-CONVENTIONAL WEAPONS
In various current studies the possibility of using fallout in a
retaliatory attack on Russia is considered. The fact that west-east
winds prevail is of great importance in this connection, but our know-
ledge of these winds, their seasonal shifts, local peculiarities, etc.,
is inadequate.
It is necessary to point out that the possibility, envisaged by
some, of using balloons, carrying nuclear weapons into Russia, encounters
great difficulties. For one thing, they would have to be released in
Western Europe and it may be difficult to accomplish this during wartime
there, They may drift into friendly territory, etc. But they may
offer some possibilities in a prolonged war.
It is quite different should Russia decide to use this method of
attack and combine it with other forms of attack. Such balloons,
carrying perhaps megaton weapons, could be released in Siberia, or by
submarines in the Pacific, reach the jet-stream and drift over the
whole of the U. S. and. Canada. They could be fused so that they sense
cities(by means of infrared), or other objects. They would carry self-
destructive devices; e.g., so that they detonate at least over the
Atlantic Ocean should they have failed to go off over the U. S. Balloons
traveling at, say, 60-80,000 feet, would play havoc with our local air
defense. They cannot be reached by fighters and are difficult to shoot
down by expensive missiles. Many of them would be decoys, but it would
Approved For Release 2I
- 93 - Appendix"C,f
IDA-ARPA S-1
Ic01:'-7DP70B00584R000100160001-6
 Approved For Release 20&1E*;P70B00584R000100160001-6
-be impossible to distinguish decoys from the real thing. Even if the
balloon were shot down, the weapon could easily be fused so that it
would explode at any rate, at any predetermined altitude, while falling
to the ground. It is a cheap weapon.
It is true that all this would obtain were we to use balloons
against Russia. What needs to be pointed out, however, is that we
have here another of the fact that many technological develop-
ments of the last years give a greater advantage to the Russians than
to ourselves, even if.-we should have initiated the development. It is
clear, for exan pU::, the density
of our population settlements
makes the U. S. far more susceptible to fallout attacks than Russia
is. A POLARIS-type Russian submarine force is another case in point.
The miniaturization of nuclear weapons opens the way for the Russians
to use them in sabotage and other clandestine operations far more
effectively than we can ever do in regard to them. Clandestine operations
against SAC, for example, deserve the fullest study; the presently-taken
precautions against them can easily be nullified.
The purpose of this note is mainly to indicate that we should not
be exclusively concerned with the new features of future weapons systems.
We should also try to solve the problems offered by the unconventional
uses of existing weapons. It must not be forgotten that some decisive
victories in past history, reaching far back into antiquity, were
gained precisely because some imaginative leader thought of a surprising
use of weapons which in no way differed from those of his enemy.
9 - Appendix "C"
Approved For Release 2c p1 pc)J-TibP70B00584R00010(: -6 S-1
 Approved For Release 2
4Sf CDP70B00584R000100160001-6
A balloon attack on this country could, taken by itself, never be
decisive. This is obvious. But with proper timing, and in combination
with other forms of attack, it could produce enormous amounts of con-
fusion, fear, and cause large damage. It is a particularly unpleasant
weapon should the nuclear war tend to be prolonged. One recalls the
Japanese balloon attacks which were only a nuisance; but much has
happened since, and the whole matter has taken on entirely new dimensions.
For that reason, much thought should be given to the non-conventional
forms of warfare.
Recommendation:
Balloon attacks and other non-conventional forms of warfare should
be quickly and most thoroughly explored with all the aid science can
offef) through work-study groups composed of able, imaginative people,
and through other effective means.
0. Morgenstern
Appendix "C"
IDA-ARPA S-l
Approved For Release 2
--WbP70B00584R000100160001-6
 Approved For Release 2CP
H
DP70B00584R000100160001-6
C-2. DEVELOPN ENT OF BREEDER REACTORS
In response to various requests within the group, I note down
herewith, in short form, my views on the development of breeder
reactors in the U. S.
a. There is not enough U235 in the world to justify our
enormous nuclear power program that would sustain the future world
economy by burning U2 35 as a supplement to fossil fuels.
b. Utilization of resources demands that we learn how to burn
effectively all of the raw materials - namely U233 and Th232. Uranium
and thorium must be thought of as complementary fuels in the same
sense that coal and oil are complementary fuels.
c. The successful development of any breeder reactor to the
point where it can be duplicated on a large scale for general use
is a long and exceedingly difficult technological job. It will be
necessary to expend substantial sums of money over many years to
accomplish this aim, no matter when the program starts.
d. In the context of the over all importance to the future of
the fuel problem (see Recommendation A-3), I do not believe we are
devoting enough emphasis to the development of breeder reactors.
Although some work has been continuing in this area, the nation's
reactor development program does not have as one of its principal goals
Appendix "C?
-~ - IDA-ARPA S-1
Approved For Release 2
CJTDP70B00584R000100160001-6
 Approved For Release 2
G DP70B00584R000100160001-6
I 'X
the development of successful breeder systems based on both uranium and
Recommendation:
The importance of nuclear reactors for the long-term future of the
fuel logistics problem (A?3) requires that a much greater effort be made
to develop breeders based on both uranium and thorium.
R. Charpie
Appendix "C"
- 97 - IDA-ARPA 5-1
Approved For Release 20ESIEI I E- BP70B00584R000100160001-6
 Approved For Release 2
4'O 4-WDP70B00584R000100160001-6
C-3. UNDERSEA BEACONS
During our briefings considerable emphasis was given to the problems
of generating high-power acoustic sources for long-range propagation and
ranging studies. It appeared. that a valuable contribution to these
general problems might be made by the design of a high-power, unattended,
undersea acoustic beacon, whose output might be programmed.
To this end the following observations are made:
a. Of the possible energy sources which suggest themselves, only
storage cells and thermal energy from fission products have been con-
sidered. One cannot, at this time, select between them for lack of
detailed knowledge covering the storage cell situation.
b. General Dynamics has done some experiments on producing
acoustical energy in water with a spark gap source. They have been
very successful according to information which has been received. It
should be pointed out that apparently similar experiments at Woods Hole
have not been very successful.
c. The U. S. is now producing enough Ce144 in the Hanford and
Savannah River plant wastes to power several hundred such beacons per
year according to preliminary calculations. The conceptual beacon
design which has been considered has a useful lifetime of the order of
a few years. Other possible fission product sources have not been
studied, although there are undoubtedly other satisfactory raw materials.
Approved For Release 2
661
a
Appendix '"C t,
- 9 IDA-IRP.A S-1
TDP70B00584R000100160001-6
 Approved For Release 20'IG-DP70B00584R000100160001-6
144
d. Using Ce as a heat source, and using the required number of
copper-constantan thermocouple junctions,, it is readily possible to pro-
duce a beacon which can charge adequate capacitance in parallel and, on
command, switch the connections to series and discharge the stored
energy into a spark.
e. On the basis of the General Dynamics experiments mentioned above,
it appears possible to obtain the energy equivalent of 10-100 pounds of
TNT with a repetition rate of the order of one pulse per hour.
f. The beacons can and must be designed to be self-destroying under
certain predetermined situations.
Possible Uses
In addition to the uses of such a sound source for survey and re-
search purposes, the following systems adaptations suggest themselves;
a. A peace-time aid to surface and sub-surface navigations. For
example, a submarine may use the beacon for a secondary navigation sys-
tem, and for the calibration of other undersea acoustical gear.
b. As a low capacity communication link between a deep-lying
POLARIS submarine and the continental U. S.
We advance these system applications only very tentatively.
Recent information communicated privately by Dr. Wiesner suggests
that it is not a major problem to communicate to deep-lying subs from
the U. S. (Also see "BASSOON", Appendix C-5). The reverse lin1~.
Approved For Release 2
-- 99 - Appendix "C"
1DP701300584R0001 OVP-63-1
 Approved For Release 2
a
R
7WDP70B00584R000100160001-6
from sub to U.S. is apparently still an unsolved problem. It is noted
that there are in the Pacific and in certain areas in the Atlantic,
SOFAR channels, by virtue of which a few pounds of TNT equivalent
energy can be heard for thousands of miles. Accordingly, we conceive
of an "I have heard you and will comply with instructions" signal being
the principal requirement.
It is suggested that the submarine might communicate with the
proposed beacon via a low intensity signal, and the triggered beacon
communicate with the shore via a high intensity signal which the sub
also hears; thus the sub knows that its acknowledgment of instructions
has been transmitted.
Recommendations for Further Studies:
a. Investigate the availability and capacity for production of
Cell`'. (4RRNL has been requested to investigate this matter now.)
b. Investigate possible preliminary designs of a fission product-
powered spark source. This is underway at ORNL.
Investigate the utility of the underwater spark as an acoustic
source. The General Dynamics and Woods Hole studies could be extended
if a. and b. above suggest interest and feasibility.
- 100 - Appendix "C"
Approved For Release 2CDEIEZCR(RDP70B00584R00010vT60g~-6S-l
 Approved For Release 20050 30: ] '
investigation of this matter. Preliminary reports indicate a favorable
It is a relatively simple matter, once a design can be established,
to build a battery-powered mockup of the proposed beacon and make some
tests in the ocean. This would be a straight-forward and short-term
experiment for any of the established laboratories.
If these ideas appear valuable to DOD and seem feasible, it is
assumed that operational use would be determined by appropriate agencies.
R. Charpie
G. P. Kruger
Appendix "C"
- 101 - IDA-ARPA S-1
Approved For Release 2(16 11O
9.4jDP70B00584R000100160001-6
 Approved For Release 200Q ,4 o:9I P70B00584R000100160001-6
2/
C-l+. NALWCRATES DUGT01-j
Potential Purposes of the Weapon System
To provide a marine shield about U. S. continental shores, preventing
penetration by enemy submarines to locations for delivery of IRBM's on
U. S. cities and military installations.
To provide a long range anti-submarine screen for U. S. Naval
operations.
To sweep the oceans of all unfriendly submersibles and surface ships.
To attack unfriendly shore installations from great distances.
To serve as a vehicle for charting ocean floors.
Vehicle
A very high-speed hydrojet torpedo, powered by a small nuclear
reactor. Speeds like 150 knots or greater are desired. The diameter
of the torpedo need not be restricted to the usual 21 inches, because
ejection from conventional submarine torpedo tubes is not essential.
The nuclear reactor should be capable of operating for long periods of
time. For dual capability for both reconnaissance and attack modes, it
may be desirable to have a capability of assembling the reactor into a
small nuclear explosion.
Early thinking on this subject was given in a Sandia Corporation
Technical Memorandum SCTM 285 58(51) (R. W. Shepherd)
Approved For Release 20 1/IQ
ME
Appendix "C"
IDA-ARPA -S-1
Pf P70B00584R000100160001-6
 Approved For Release 2005TM:
IR
RP70B00584R000100160001-6
a. A homing sonar with large diameter transducer operating at low
frequency, say 7 kc, capable of distinguishing submarines and other enemy
submersibles.
b. A sensing device, if needed, with high power to distinguish
submarines or other unfriendly submersibles from marine life and
possible decoys.
c. A computer (or control system) to:
(1) Execute homing and disengagement.
(2) Respond to "don't home on me" coded signals from friendly
vessels and submarines.
(3) Make fusing decisions for attack mode.
(ii) Collect data and transmit messages for reconnaissance mode,
and to execute required navigation for performing such transmission.
(5) Execute navigation along predetermined sweep paths, or
target approach paths when used against shore installations.
(6) Respond to command control signals from control stations.
d. A navigation device to execute sweep paths or predetermined
courses., except when interrupted by homing operations, with capability
of resuming sweep when homing is disengaged.
e. Suitable transmitters and receivers.
f. Appropriate fusing and safing devices for attack mode.
Approved For Release 20 1/ k,~Q P70B00584R0001
 Approved For Release 20/Qa/Q All P70B00584R000100160001-6
g. A suitable self-destruct device.
h. A generator, impelled by movement of the torpedo, and electricity
storage for needed electric power.
eration
The control of sweep paths and receipt of messages in the reconnais-
sance mode may be executed from shore bases or marine pickets, suitably
located to provide a marine shield about U. S. continental shores or to
intercept exit from unfriendly shore installations. Such locations may
be widely separated, because the reactor hydrojet may presumably operate
for long periods of time without service or replacements.
Before actual outbreak of hostilities it is probably essential to
use the vehicle only in the reconnaissance mode. Here several alterna-
tives are apparently available. Two of these alternatives are:
a. When a submarine is detected and homed upon, NAUCRATES may
transmit a warning of the presence of the submarine and continue upon
its sweep path.
b. Or, the reconnaissance torpedo may continue to tail the
submarine with intermittent transmission of warning messages.
During periods of high risk, before hostilities, submarine
approaches to our shores for delivery of IRBM's may be declared restricted
ocean areas, and then the warhead option may be put into effect with U. S.
1 , Appendix "C
/ StFof
P70B00584R00010VDSABH~ 6 S-1
fApproved For Release 20He
 Approved For Release 200ff3 RT ll 70BOO584R000100160001-6
submarines protected by "don't home on me" signals. Shore-based and
marine-stationed missiles and airborne weapons may be used, alternately,
to make the attack
The hazards of malfunction associated with the warhead option may
be minimized by using the system in the reconnaissance modes during the
early stages of development and operation. But it may be advisable,
eventually, to introduce the warhead option.
The reconnaissance vehicle may be integrated with long-range
listening operations, if the latter are effectively available. Then
NAT RATES may be sent over long distances from listening stations to
suspected targets at speeds 5-10 times greater than other vessels or
submarines (excepting hydrofoil surface craft), with capabilities of
investigating potential submerged targets not available by aircraft
or surface ships. Airlifting to search area may be performed, if
needed. In either case, the search torpedo may be programmed or
command signaled to return to base, if search fails to yield a target.
If a target is located, it may be attacked by the search weapon, air-
craft, or by shore-or marine-based missiles.
Random movement about predetermined mean sweep paths may be
efficient, and even unavoidable due to the existence of marine life
not distinguishable as false targets in the early stages of a homing
operation. If constant bearing navigation is used, the possible in-
creased dispersion of the search torpedoes at the end of the sweep path
Approved For Release 20 /a_,7e ;1P70B00584R00010tt~@ ?5 W1 9E jjpp~d Jj IDA-ARP , ?S-1
 Approved For Release 20Wn!" Q l 70B00584R000100160001-6
SE
will have to be accommodated by some dispersal of pickets and use of
command signals. Inertial navigation, preprogrammed, may possibly be
used, since the environment and response times required seem commen-
surate with existing or near future technology. Random movements may
be superposed on the inertial navigation during the search operation.
An employment of NAUCRATES in regular, defensive shield-like
reconnaissance sweep paths over long distances is probably desirable,
but the exact patterns which may be most efficient need detailed study.
Intermittent high-speed cruising and low-speed listening may and, per-
haps, must be used to secure for the search torpedo a substantial radius
of detection. Sonar search presents new problems at high speeds, par-
ticularly if the vehicle is traveling essentially in a bubble. If
extensive enemy submarine action is clearly indicated, large numbers
of search torpedoes, preferably with warhead option, may be used to
sweep ocean approaches.
Naval task forces, including POLARIS-armed submarines, might obtain
long-range defense against attacking anti-submarine submarines armed
with missiles, by deployment of NA1JRATES in spiral search patterns,
and by sending them against possible targets identified by long-range
listening devices. In both cases it may be desirable to use the attack
option of the reconnaissance vehicle. Also, NALERATES may be deployed
to sweep mine fields, if the homing and sensing devices are adapted to
this kind of attack.
- 106 - Appendix "C"
1/30 - )c - QP70B00584R00010 'OVIA-6S-1
Approved For Release 20 10
9TU
 Approved For Release 20 /fQ kf;ItPf P70BOO584R000100160001-6
As a last thought: it may be possible to use such a reconnaissance
torpedo to chart the ocean floors, if suitably instrumented and suf-
ficiently accurate inertial devices are available to determine the exact
location of sweep paths made.
Significant Parameters
A very rough calculation of system effectiveness will serve to
indicate significant parameters and provide a simplified basis'for
judging the worth of the system.
Consider a sweep between two points, A and B, separated by a dis-
tance d, as indicated in Figure 1, and confine the calculation to a
plane configuration.
Figure 1
- V -
T C T
A. B
Assume that the enemy submarine follows the strategy of crossing
the sweep path at right angles with uniform velocity VS. Let RS denote
the lock-on radius of the torpedo homing device; treat R S as a sure
Appendix "C "
Approved For Release 20 1/ - 1rJA 07 -
P70B00584R0001001~AgQ A S-1
 Approved For Release 20Es1n
-grDP70B00584R000100160001-6
number (i.e., not as a random variable) and assume kill is made if the
submarine is caught within a distance RS of the sweep torpedo.
The subset of points on the line AB for location of the torpedo
where kill can be made is approximately the segment CO /where
0
and the torpedo and submarine are taken to be moving in the direction
indicated. This subset of points remains the same, if the direction of
detection is restricted to the forward semi-circle.
Then, if, at the time the submarine starts to cross the sweep path
at a distance RS from the path, the positions of the torpedo on its
sweep path are equi-likely, the survival probability of the submarine
is approximately
2R V
1 _ S T
d VS
Exactly, to the segment CO must be added a line segment to the right
of 0, starting at 0 and of length
V V
T T
1
X : RS I --~--' - VS
Appendix "C't
- 108 - IDA-ARPA S-1
Approved For Release 20
2/ 30 - fP70B00584R0001 00160001-6
9m
 Approved For Release 200M,Qq.R%T70B00584R000100160001-6
For N such crossings, taken independently, the over-all kill probability
P K approximately satisfies:
2 R V
- S T
d VS
Solve this equation for N to get approximately:
N log (l - PK)
2 R V
log 1- S ? T
d VS
If the torpedo can travel 5 times as fast as the enemy submarine (i.e.,
V
T
- - --
- -- - -
---- - r - -
__ _- -1 --- -V - - --
V S . d --S -
effectiveness is set at PK ? 0.9, the required number of search torpedoes
N U log (0. 1) - 68
log 0.9&7- _07-0177-
For a sweep distance of 3000 nautical miles the number required is
N = log (0.1) 1 a 110.
log (0,98) 0.009 -
If the lock-on radius of the torpedo homing device can be increased to
10 nautical miles, or the torpedo can travel 10 times as fast as the
V
submarine (i.e., Rs or T are doubled), the number of torpedoes re-
quired for 1500 and 3000 nautical mile sweeps are 33 and 68 respectively.
Appendix "C"
- log - IDA-ARPA S-1
Approved For Release 2QDf ,Q Mff P70BOO584R000100160001-6
1 LQ
 Approved For Release 20e/,,1/QC}~-PQP70B00584R000100160001-6
This simple (very rough) calculation illustrates the significance and
approximate role of some of the system parameters. Relative velocity of
torpedo and target submarine is important. The number of search tor-
V
pedoes required is almost inversely proportional to T ; also, approxi-
V
mately inversely proportional to RS . (Intuition suggests that system
CT_
effectiveness depends upon N, VT,VS,d and RS.) The foregoing calculation
serves.to indicate the nature of this dependence and to give approximate
values of N for various values of some of the obvious component perform-
ances and operational parameters.
The numbers 68/33 and. 110/68, for numbers of torpedoes required to
kill 9 out of 10 attacking submarines, taken alone, do not provide com-
parative interpretations, except perhaps to indicate that an effective
defense seems possible, assuming, of course, that components can be
designed to operate reliably with the performances presumed by the values
taken for RS, VT, and VS. More will be said, later, about component
performances and the related research and development problems.
However, more understanding of the potential of NAUCRATES can be
obtained by comparison with conceivable alternative defense systems
expressed in comparable simple terms.
Suppose that the defense against submarines is to be obtained by
placing stationary, atomic mines along the sweep path, which have the
property that, if a submarine approaches within a distance R S to a mine,
the presence of the submarine is detected and distinguished from other
11 -
Approved For Release 20,1/~CJ~-YP70B00584R0001
etC ft
S-1
 ttTP70B00584R000100160001-6
Approved For Release 20/f/ C
objects, the mine is detonated and has a nuclear yield sufficient to
destroy the submarine. Then for a kill probability of 0.9 and for RS
equal to 5 and 10 nautical miles, the approximate atomic yields required
for the mines are 1.2 and 5.5 MT respectively, while the yield needed
for NAUCRATES, if used in an attack mode, would be in the very low
kiloton range. The number of mines needed for defense lines of length
d = 1500 and d = 3000 nautical miles are 135/68 and 270/136 respectively,
corresponding to an R S of 5/10 nautical miles. In these terms the search
torpedo compares very favorably. For the purely reconnaissance mode,
this comparison may still be valid, and even more favorable, if the
positive detection radius of stationary posts is not greater than the
homing detection radius of the search torpedo - which is likely, because
the homing operation involves an integration of information. Also, fixed
posts may be more vulnerable to destruction.
Consider still another comparison, by supposing that submarines are
posted underwater in fixed positions on the defense line, and equipped
with a missile which can be fired out of the water along a ballistic air
path to an underwater. target at remote distance (e.g., sub-roc). If
the effective target location range is RS nautical miles, giving the
larger defensive submarine vehicle the benefit of sufficiently accurate
target identification and location at the homing range of NAtCRATES, and,
perhaps, using larger warhead nuclear yields than that required for the
search torpedo, the number of stationary picket submarines required fore
a kill probability of 0.9 is the same as that for the mines. Again,
1 Appendix "C"
Approved For Release 20g/,Q,1/ ,1P70B00584R0001 QQ -6S-l
 Approved For Release 200 93:1 70B00584R000100160001-6
the nuclear-powered, hydrojet, search torpedo compares favorably, even if
the effective target location range of the defensive submarine is taken
as 2 RS, because the greater speed of the torpedo makes it potentially
a better reconnaissance vehicle.
None of the foregoing comparisons adequately establish the system
effectiveness of NAUCRATES, but they do suggest that it is worthwhile
to undertake a detailed analysis of the system, by extending the con-
sideration of relevant parameters, defining both performance of com-
ponents and operational characteristics. Also, integration of the
weapon with friendly submarines deployed as defense centers should be
considered. Then the desirability, directions and extent of research
and development on nuclear hydrojet, homing and sensing devices, com-
puters and navigation equipment can be evaluated.
Suggestions for Further System Study
The foregoing simple calculations were made for only one use of
the proposed weapon (i.e., sweep along a defensive line) on a highly-
idealized basis, assuming that the probabilities of survival across
each of the N paths were independent. A more realistic calculation
of system effectiveness is desirable, considering the various con-
testing strategies of submarine penetration and countermeasures,
patterns of sweep paths and relative locations of torpedoes on the
paths, with proper accounting made of operational difficulties. Also,
it is essential that comparisons be made with existing and alternative
systems.
112 - Appendix "C `?
Approved For Release 20
9 C 11/ ftP70B00584R0001 0 1A6S-l
 Approved For Release 20 / /C l F P70B00584R000100160001-6
For example, the enemy submarine may listen for the torpedo (undoubtedly
it will be noisy), decoy it to search away from its location, and proceed
to attempt penetration across the defended area, which may put additional
requirements upon the detection and sensing equipment of the torpedo - or,
it may be necessary to deploy the search weapon from defensive submarines
or shore bases equipped with long-range listening devices, and program
the torpedo to search in a specified area.
The peacetime reconnaissance role of the system merits detailed study
and evaluation as to logistic complexity (for given effectiveness) in
comparison with other systems. Does the'proposed system provide a basis
for constant defensive readiness which cannot be provided by present and
proposed equipment, by seeking out and tracking submarines for long periods
of time? What is the value of an extensive reconnaissance system, which
itself may furnish striking power to the defense?
There will, undoubtedly, be interactions between the parameters
described in the previous section. For example, range of detection may
decrease with torpedo velocity. Such interactions should be introduced
into a study of contesting submarine and torpedo strategies, so that
evaluation may be made of the desired degree of increasing component
performances. What advantages are obtained from higher and higher
torpedo velocities?
Appendix "C t"
- 113 - IDA-ARPA S-1
Approved For Release 2Q6 Q1 O
CAAf P70B00584R000100160001-6
 Approved For Release 200 q,1-i3t:g P70B00584R000100160001-6 'ET
Suggestions for Research
Regardless of the merits of the proposed reconnaissance and anti-
submarine defense system, certain areas of research are indicated, which
seem worthwhile on general grounds.
a. Design of Nuclear Reactor Hydrojet Motor
Something like 15 megawatts of thermal energy will be required
for speeds greater than 100 knots. It appears that about 50 liters of
reactor volume will provide this power.
Considerable research on the design of the reactor power plant
appears to be desirable. For the use intended, shielding is not
essential. But high powers and long running times are needed. Studies
on corrosion of reactor elements are required, particularly at the high
running temperaturs which may be encountered. How can the salts of the
sea be kept from deposition on the reactor elements until emitted from
the jet nozzle? Can sufficient power be obtained in a reasonable size
to drive the torpedo at 200 knots - the answer to this question appears
to be yes, but corroborating research is needed. In view of the tre-
mendous advances in reliable, compact, long-range propulsion systems,
emphasized by the recent dramatic NAUTILUS trip, it seems appropriate
to initiate work on an u itracompact reactor of the type needed for
NAUCRATES DUCTOR.
b. Hydrodynamic Control
At speeds better than 100 knots, the degree of cavitation will
be such that the torpedo may be largely traveling in a bubble. What
Approved For Release 2006 - QP70B00584R0001 f-6"C
((C JJ..[[~~ ff~l ILIA-ARPA S-1
 Approved For Release 200t0f3t. ky'f'
shapes may be used to minimize the control problems? Can jets be used?
How are suitable control surfaces obtained? These questions suggest
extensive hydrodynamic studies for very fast traveling submerged bodies.
c. Flow Noise
At the speeds contemplated, the dominant noise appears to be
flow noise. Research on the flow noise associated with very fast travel-
ing submerged shapes is needed. What are the characteristic levels and
frequencies? Also, since the torpedo may be almost a fully cavitating
body, what are the noise characteristics associated with this cavitation?
d. Homing Mechanism
If sonar is contemplated for the homing device, which seems
likely, many problems arise. What vibrations are imparted to the trans-
ducer? Can it operate in the presence of the flow and cavitation noises
associated with very fast traveling torpedoes? Must there be frequent
short intervals of low-speed listening? Are the variations of flow and
cavitation noises sufficiently random to be integrated out of the return
signals received by the homing sonar? What size of transducer is needed
to give desired homing ranges? None of these problems appear to be in-
surmountable,, but extensive research is needed for their solution, and
these studies should be closely integrated with those suggested in b.
and c. above.
e. Navigation
The response times required appear to fall within the current
Approved For Release 2086j~, f,Q11G fP70B00584R0001ft bF-~~C !'
11l[~~1 jj~~ IDA-ARPA S-1
 Approved For Release 200 t ftA 9 70B00584R000100160001-6
and near future state of the arts on inertial devices, particularly if
the speed of the torpedo is decreased during the homing operation.
f. Computer
Considerable research is indicated for the computer control
system. The exact characteristics will depend upon the operations to
be performed, and the possible functioning of this system has been
indicated above in the section on supporting equipment. The effects
of the radiation field of the reactor on the computer components need
to be studied.
In all of these research areas some work has been done, with
the exception, perhaps, of the computer. But the research effort
appears to need considerable extension. The Ordnance Research Labora-
tory and the Underwater Sound Laboratory of the Navy are doing research
on Flow Noise and Homing Sonars. Areojet has done work on chemical
hydrojet for the Navy. But these efforts need considerable extension
to meet the performances proposed for NAT?CRATES. Oak Ridge has done
considerable work on small reactors, but not related to salt water
hydrojets. The writer is not aware of any research being done on the
computer or the hydrodynamic control problems of almost fully cavitating
bodies.
It is suggested that existing Naval contractors and facilities
be supported in extending their work to cover the research areas.in-
dicated above. Oak Ridge may be asked to do work on the reactor.
- 116 -
Appendix "C"
Approved For Release 200 ( DP70B00584R0001T~ 1-9-1
S Elt1 E 7
 Approved For Release 20 /Q-1I -RfP70B00584R000100160001-6
Specific Recommendation:
The most advanced thinking at AEC national laboratories and elsewhere
on ultracompact reactors should be sought out by the appropriate agency
and used to make preliminary conceptual design studies of a 100-knot to
250-knot hydrojet torpedo, with a view to early initiation of further
appropriate supporting research and evaluation of a weapons system built
on such torpedoes, for an antisubmarine shield about the U. S. and for
other military purposes.
Ronald W. Shephard
Appendix "C"
- 117 - IDA-ARPA S-1
Approved For Release 2QDf Q1 Q,TC 1 P70B00584R000100160001-6
IE
 Approved For Release 2006/01/30 : CIA-RDP70B00584R000100160001-6
D. PARTICIPATION IN PROJECT 137
D-1. MEMBERSHIP OF PROJECT 137
Dr. Robert Charpie, Associate Director, Oak Ridge National Laboratory,
Oak Ridge, Tennessee
Mr. N. Christofilos, Group Leader, Radiation Laboratory, University
of California, Livermore, Calif.
Dr. Val Fitch, Assistant Professor of Physics, Princeton University,
Princeton, New Jersey
Dr. Glen Fowler, Director of Research, Sandia Corporation
Albuquerque, New Mexico
Dr. Paul Garabedian, Professor of Mathematics, Stanford University,
Stanford, California (kindly re-
leased for the time of this study
by the Office of Naval Research,
London Branch, with which he is
at present serving on leave from
Stanford)
Dr. Marvin Goldberger, Professor of Physics, Princeton University,
Princeton, New Jersey
Dr. Robert Joyce, Associate Director, Central Research Department
Laboratory, Experimental Station,
E. I. du Pont de Nemours and Co.,
Wilmington, Delaware
Dr. P. Gerald Kruger, Professor of Physics, University of Illinois,
Urbana, Illinois
Dr. Thomas Lauritsen, Professor of Physics, California Institute of
Technology, Pasadena, California
Dr. Carl S. Marvel, Professor of Chemistry, University of Illinois,
Urbana, Illinois
Dr. Nicholas Metropolis, Professor of Mathematics, Institute for
Computer Research, University of
Chicago, Chicago, Illinois
Dr. Oskar Morgenstern, Professor of Economics, Princeton University,
Princeton, New Jersey
Appendix "D"
Approved For Release 2006/01/301.$$iA-RDP70B00584RDD04W80691-6
 Approved For Release 2006/01/30 : CIA-RDP70B00584R000100160001-6
Dr. Isidor Perlman, Professor of Chemistry, University of California,
Berkeley, California
Dr. Frederick Reines, Group Leader, Los Alamos Scientific Laboratory,
Los Alamos, New Mexico
Dr. Ronald Shephard, Professor of Statistics, University of California,
Berkeley, California
Dr. Marvin Stern, Assistant to the Vice President, General Dynamics
Corp., 445 Park Avenue, New York, N.Y.
Dr. Samuel Trieman, Associate Professor of Physics, Princeton
University, Princeton, New Jersey
Dr. Frederick Wall, Professor of Chemistry and Dean of the Graduate
School, University of Illinois,
Urbana, Illinois
Dr. Kenneth Watson, Professor of Physics, University of California,
Berkeley, California
Dr. John A. Wheeler, Professor of Physics, Princeton University,
Princeton, New Jersey
Dr. Eugene P. Wigner, Professor of Physics, Princeton University,
Princeton,-New Jersey
Dr. Thomas Ypsilantis, Professor of Physics, University of California,
Berkeley, California
Participants from the Department of Defense
Dr. Richard Weiss, Acting Chief Scientist, U. S. Army
Dr. Joachim Weyl, Chief Scientist, Office of Naval Research
Col. Taylor Drysdale, Division of Advanced Planning, U. S. Air Force
Dr. Orr Reynolds, Office of the Assistant Secretary for Research
and Engineering
Appendix "D"
- 138 - IDA-ABPA S-1
Approved For Release 2006/01/30 : CIA-RDP70B00584R000100160001-6
 Approved For Release 2006/01/30 : CIA-RDP70B00584R000100160001-6
CCONiDENTiAL
D-2. BRIEFINGS
The following list is based upon the advance program plus minor
changes and therefore does not reflect all of the last minute changes
made in the program nor list all who participated, especially those
who helped by way of special visits and providing special data.
l1. July OPENING SESSION
Remarks by Mr. Roy Johnson, Director, ARPA; Maj. Gen. James McCormack,
IDA; Dr. Albert G. Hill, WSEG; and Prof. John A. Wheeler, Princeton.
Key Defense Problems - RAdm J. T. Hayward, ACNO (R&D)
ANTISUBMARINE WARFARE
USN Operational Capabilities - RAdm J". E. Weekley, ASW
in ASW readiness
Task Force Alfa Operations
ASW R&D
Proposed Approach to ASW
l5 July
ARPA Program
Problems of National Defense
Issues Facing Army R&D
RAdm J. S. Thach, Commander TFA
Cdr C. E. Bishop, ONR
Prof. F 1T, Hunt, Harvard
(also VAdm R. G. Cooper,
VAdm F. T. Watkins, Dr.
Paul Siple, Capt Richard.
Holden)
Dr. Herbert York, ARPA
Dr. A. G. Hill, WSEG
Dr. William H. Martin, OSA R&D
HOW CAN MASSIVE QUANTITIES OF FUEL BE PROVIDED FOR FIELD USE
Future Army Organization and
Requirement
Superior Energy Sources
Lt. Col. W. K. Bennett, ODCS,
for Army
Col. C. W. Clark, Chief of ORD
- 139 - Appendix "D"
Approved For Release 2006/01/30 : CIA-RDP70B00584R000100J~.6! S-1
CCDNFIDENTIAL
 Approved For Release 2006/01/30 : CIA-RDP70B00 84R000100160001-6
CONFIIDENTIA
16 July
Major Issues Facing Air Force - Mr. Richard Horner, SAFRD
R&D
Warning and Response
Maj. Gena J. H. Wals . USAF,
Asst. Chief of Staff for
Intelligence
BALLISTIC MISSILE AND ADVANCED PROBLEMS
Urgent Ballistic Missiles and Col. Edward Hall, AF BM Div.
Advanced Problems
17 July
Air Defense in an Electronics - Cdr John G. Fisher, WSEG
Countermeasures Environment
Dr. Allen Vine, Woods Hole Lab.
SUBMARINE COMMUNICATION
VA/SSK Communication and
Identification
18 July
Capt. J. D. Veazey, SP Project
Capt. R. C. Lynch, Cmdr.
SD Group 2
ARMY COMBAT SURVEILLANCE AND COMMUNICATIONS
Army Communications and Target
Acquisition
Critical Requirements, World-wide
Communications
Communications in a Mobile Army
Col. George Wertz, USACSA
Mr. Clifford D. May, SIG
Mr. H. Parmer
Application of Neural Processes - Dr. D..McK. Rioch, Walter Reed
to Communications
- 140 - Appendix "D"
IDA-ARPA S-1
Approved For Release 2006/01/30: CIA-RDP70B00584R000100160001-6
 Approved For Release 2006/01/30 : CIA-RDP70B00584R000100160001-6
CONF'DENTiAL
21 July
MEN IN BATTLE
Battlefield Surveillance and
Other Urgent Problems
Experimental Development of
Tactics and Doctrine
Combat Simulation, War Gaming
22 Jul
Urgent Problems of Army Basic
Research
Lt. Gen. Arthur G. Trudeau,
CRDUSA
Brig. Geld Gibb, CDEC
'Dr. Phillip Lowry, ORO
Dr. Lynn E. Baker, OCED
Dr. Ellis Johnson, ORO
NEW FORMS OF WARFARE
Psychochemical Agents and
Antidotes
Special Devices
23 July DEFENSE
Hardening; Sustained Capa-
bilities; Recuperation
Urgent Unsolved Problems of
Civilian Defense
3s Research Adequate in Non-
Military Defense?
04 Jul APPA PROBLEMS
Space
Maj. Gen. W. M. Creasy, CWS
Dr. Silver, CW Laboratories
Dr. Shen Browning and Dr. David
C. Williams, Sandia Corporation
Dr. Herman Kahn, Rand Corp. (with
Dr. A. J. Clark, Dr. L. D. Berkovitz
and Dr. H. Rowen)
Dr. Lauritsen Taylor, National
Academy of Sciences Committee on
Civilian Defense (with Dr. Richard
Park and Dr. Shea Kruegel)
Mr. Gerhardt Bleiken, NASCCD and
John Hancock Mutual Life Insurance
Company
Mr. David A. Young, ARPA
141 w
Approved For Release 2006/01/30 : CIA-RDP70BOO584R00010
CONFRIDENTRAL
Appendix "D"
k S-1
 Approved For Release 2006/01/30: r7BIOOL84ROOOlOOl6OOOl6
Solid Fuel Propellants - Dr. John F. Kincaid, ARPA
AICBM - Dr. Richard D. Holbrook, ARPA
25 July
MINES AND PROPULSION
Problems of Defensive Mine - Capt. R. G. Latham, Op 315
Warfare
New Propulsion and Hull - Cdr L. V. Mowell and Cdr N.
Concepts Frankenberger, BuShips
28x3 July WARNING AND DEFENSE
The Early Warning Problem - Dr. A. G.` Hill, WSEG
Reconnaissance and Early - Dr. Duncan E. MacDonald, ITEX
Warning Corp., Chrm., Rec. Panel, AFSAB
Special Effect - Mr. N. Christofilos, Radiation
Laboratory, Livermore
Report from AF Woods Hole Group - Prof. F. Seitz, Univ. of Illinois
Project River Styx Signal Corps representatives,
Fort Monmouth
O Jul
"Big Dish" - Problems and - RADM J. T. Hayward and others
Possibilities
- 142 - Appendix "D"
IDA-ARPA S-1
Approved For Release 2006/01/30 : CIA-RDP70B00584R000100160001-6
 Approved For Release 2006/I/MB rE
Approved For Release 2006
R
F PIDB00584R000100160001-6
D70B00584R000100160001-6