NOTE TO PARTICIPANTS IN THE CONFERENCE ON THE DEVELOPMENT AND UTILIZATION OF INTERNATIONAL SKILLS MARCH 11, 1982

• Document Type: CREST
• Collection: General CIA Records
• Document Number (FOIA) /ESDN (CREST): CIA-RDP86B00985R000300130013-2
• Release Decision: RIPPUB
• Original Classification: K
• Document Page Count: 33
• Document Creation Date: December 19, 2016
• Document Release Date: November 10, 2005
• Sequence Number: 13
• Publication Date: March 19, 1982
• Content Type: NOTES

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DATE: March 19, 1982
Participants in the Conference on the Development
and Utilization of International Skills, March 11, 1982
Robert E. Ward, Conference Organizer
3o.57
I am enclosing for your information a summary of our March 11 proceedings
and a list of those who attended. I have been in touch with Dr. Beal at
the White House with respect to the convening of the federal-academic
task force recommended by the Conference in the near future. Each of
the fourteen federal agencies involved will be invited to nominate a
representative to this. Dr. Beal's office will call you in this connection.
We hope to move forward as rapidly as possible.
With best regards and, again, thanks for your interest and participation.
Cordially,
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Conference on Development and Utilization of
International Skills
March 11, 1982
Co-sponsored by the Georgetown Center for Strategic and International Studies
and the National Council on Foreign Languages and International Studies
Executive Summary
On March 11, 1982 at the International Club building on 1800 K St., N.W.,
Washington, D.C., under the joint sponsorship of the Georgetown Center for
Strategic and International Studies and the National Council on Foreign Language
and International Studies, senior officials from fourteen diverse federal agencies
with international concerns and responsibilities and eminent academic specialists
from 10 major universities met to discuss common concerns and interests in
"The Development and Utilization of International Skills."
Dr. Robert E. Ward, Director of the Center for Research in International
Studies at Stanford University, chaired the conference which explored two
questions: First, were there sufficient common interests between the academic
and federal participants concerning the development and utilization of internatinal
skills to establish some systematic mode of discourse? Second, if there were
shared concerns sufficient to warrant further action on the research front, what
form should such action take?
Agreeing upon the common need for continuing such discussions, the con-
ference concluded with a decision to organize a task force to investigate pos-
sible institutional frameworks which might accommodate an ongoing dialogue be-
tween academic and federal actors with interests and responsibilities involving
the need for international skills, e.g. foreign language or foreign area analysis
capabilities. The efforts of this task force will be coordinated through the
office of Dr. Richard Beal, Special Assistant to the President and Director
of the Office of Planning and Evaluation, at the White House. The task force
will he composed of three to five academic representatives and one representa-
tive from each participating federal agency. In addition, appropriate repre-
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sentatives from the business community concerned with international skills
issues may also be invited to contribute to the group on at least an ob-
server basis.
The task force will explore specific institutional options that would
facilitate both the development and utilization of the existing and future pool
of international skills in the United States through academic and federal
cooperation. The group will consider, but not limit its thinking to, the
experience of the National Council for Soviet. and East European Research. As
soon as its study and recommendations are completed, the task force will re-
port to the larger conference group and others who may wish to be involved.
Plans to convene this task force will be completed in the course of the coming
month; the group will begin its work shortly thereafter.
The conference opened with greetings by Dr. Amos Jordan, Vice-Chairman
and Chief Operating Officer of the Georgetown Center for Strategic and Inter-
national Studies, and Dr. Rose Hayden, President of the National Council on
Foreign Languages and International Studies. As chairman of the conference,
Dr. Ward set forth the reasons for convening the conference. From the pro-
fessional perspective of the academic representatives, he noted three concerns:
1) the decline in interest and financial support for international programs
in the universities, the foundations, and the government; 2) the tightening
of the job market for those with international skills and the advantages en-
joyed by candidates from the disciplines over those from area studies where
career advancement is concerned; and 3) the adverse impact of the behavioral
revolution in the social sciences on policy-relevant research in the inter-
national field. From the perspective of the national interest, Dr. Ward
emphasized the need for more cooperative use of scarce human resources in an
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era when so many national problems have been internationalized. Manpower
studies indicate a potential for serious shortages, caused in part by a
curious paradox. On the one hand, the perception of a scarcity of jobs in the
international skills field directs people into other professions; on the other
hand, by any objective standard the national need for international skills is
certain to increase substantially, although for the moment both public and
private employers have yet to recognize this.
To underscore the kinds of mid- and long-term policy-relevant research that
the universities were or could be engaged in, the morning session was largely
devoted to presentations by Robert A. Scalapino on The People's Republic of
China, Hugh T. Patrick on United States-Japan Economic Relations, Robert J. Art
on NATO, and Richard C. Marston on A New Economic Regime.. Zgibniew Brzezinski,
the luncheon speaker, noted the impressive ability of the United States to
gather hard factual information abroad, but our continuing inability to inter-
pret it accurately and perceptively. In the morning session, Donald Gregg of
the National Security Council had emphasized the same point in quoting Henry
Kissinger on Anwar Sadat: "He overwhelmed us with facts and we drew the
wrong conclusions."
Discussion during the day made clear that, while there was general agree-
ment on the need for further and closer cooperation between federal and aca-
demic representatives regarding the development and utilization of international
skills, the goals, institutional framework, and other modalities for such inter-
action have yet to be worked out. How can the needs of certain agencies which
foresee an increasing need for personnel with language and analytical ability
(on the order of 1/3 to 1/2) be met without a prolonged gap when budgets for
the underlying programs of federal support must be devised almost two years
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in advance of their effectuation: Will difficulties arise from the interest
of the intelligence community as a prime consumer of policy-oriented university
research, even if it is research of a mid- to long-term type? If some kind
of federal/academic liaison institution were established (perhaps akin to the
National Council on'.Soviet and East European Studies) what safeguards should
be provided to prevent undue influence on the more general nature of campus-
based international research? It will be the responsibility of the task force
to consider these and other areas of concern raised at the conference to make
recommendations, and to present these issues (with proposed solutions) to the
larger group for further consideration in the near future..
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 STATE
STAT.
\i
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/Gu' io~eo'/ ` cr~,C~i //
yEAN JAMES ALATIS
School of Languages and
Linguistics
Georgetown University [phone]
AR. ROBERT ART
Rabb School of Graduate
Studies
Brandeis University [phone]
!/ R. LEON D. EPSTEIN
Dept. of Political Science
Uniersity of Wisconsin (608) 263-2
MR. ROBERT M. GATES
Deputy Director for
Intelligence
ce Agency
nle- GERRIT GONG
Research Associate
CSIS [phone] Ext. 255
775-3255
.DONALD GREGG
National Security Council
[phone]
MR. ROBERT GREY
Acting Deputy Director
ACA [phone]
Senior Adviser
I
(~02) 887-
DR_ C.E. BLACK
020
0 Ext.
218
'motional Intelligence
for East Asia
ence
Officer
Agency
Center for Inte
rnat
ional
Studies
STAT
Princeton Univer
sit
y (609
) 452-4851
ROSE HAYDEN
STATI NTL
National Council on Foreign
Language and International Studies
Intelligence Com
mun
ity
St
aff
[phone]
-.DR. RICHARD BEAL
Director, Office of Planning
and Evaluation
The White House [phone]
JOHN BERNARD
Conference Director
OBIS [phone] Ext. 250
1rDR_ ZBIGNIEW BRZEZINSKI
Central Intelligence Agency
MR. J.C. CHESTER
Committee on - Foreign .Affairs
U.S. House of Representatives [phone]
'Vice Director, Foreign Intelligence
Defense Intelligence Agency
REVEREND T. BYRON COLLINS, SJ
Assistant to the President
Georgetown University [phone]
Central Intelligence Agency
SAMUEL P_ HUNTINGTON
Center for International
Affairs
Harvard University [phone]
_ HAROLD K. JACOBSON
Dept. of Political Science
University of Michigan
[phone]
j w. AMOS A- JORDAN, JR.
Vice Chairman .
csis [phone] Ext. 237
,e-MR- PHILLIP KAPLAN
Deputy Director, Policy
Planning
Department of State [phone]
Lb. ALLEN KASSOF
Office of Assistant Vice Director International Research and
for Resear 'Approved For Release 2005/12/14: CIA-RDP86B00B8SRd8Q8W' -2 [phone]
Defense Intelligence Agency
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STATINTL
0
I
Director
Intelligence Community Staff
Central Intelligence Agency
MR. MARC LELAND
Assistant Secretary
International Affairs
Department of the Treasury [phone]
. TOM LITZENBURG
Association of American
Universities [phone]
Defense Language and Foreign
Area Studies Program
Defense Intelligence Agency
JAMFS W_ LUCAS
incipal Deputy to the Assistant
Secretary of the Air Force for
Manpower, Reserve Affairs and
Installations [phone]
arton School
RICHARD C. MARSTON
University'of Pennsylvania [phone]
pR DDANIE L MATUSZEWSKI
ternational al Research and
Exchange Board [phone]
eputy Director for Reseach-
and Engineering
National Security Agency
MR. HUGH MONTGOMERY
Director
Bureau of Intelligence and
Research
Department of State [phone]
JAMES MOYER
V International Economic
Research Division, International
Trade Administration
Department of Commerce [phone]
~MFtS . MARY B. PARK
1 Coordinator
CSIS [phone] Ext. 261
R _ HUGH T. PATRICK
11 Yale Economic Growth Center
[phone]
E. RAYMOND PLATIG
Director
Office of Long-Range Assessment
and Research
Bureau of Intelligence
Department of State [phone]
I
Assistant Director for
Planning
National Security Agency
zllo
11 Assistant Deputy Director of
Operations
National Security Agency
FR_ RIORDAN ROEZT
FAT
FAT
School of Advanced International
Studies
Johns Hopkins University (202) 785-6:
Chairman
National Intelligence council
STAT
MR ; ED SANDERS
Staff Director
Senate Foreign Relations
Committee [phone]
ROBERT A. SCALAPINO.
East Asian Institute
University of California-Berkeley
[phone]
DEAN DONALD SCHWARTZ
George town University Law-Center
(2023 624-8357
~VLADIMIR I. TOUMANOFF
ational Council for Soviet
and East European Research
(202) 387-0168
M ON TROWBRIDGE
Ling Associate Director for
National Securityd For Council Release (220~519~/149~1A-RDP86
Approv
@O32~gtra1 Affairs
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JAROSLAV VERNER
Counsellor, for Educational
Agreements, USICA [phone]
v DR. ROBERT W. WARD
Center for Research in
International Studies
Stanford University [phone]
DR. ALLEN WEINSTEIN
Executive Editor
The Washington Quarterly
CSIS [phone] Ext. 288
DON WESTMORE.
[phone]
VdR- KENNETH D. WHITEHEAD
Director, Office of International
Programs.
Department of Education [phone]
\/R. W. HOWARD WRIGGINS
Columbia University [phone]
V-- _ RUTH ZAGORIN
Director of Human Resources [phone]
AID
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CENTER FOR RESEARCH IN INTERNATIONAL STUDIES
Room 200, Lou Henrv Hoover Building
STANFORD UNIVERSITY
STANFORD, CALIFORNIA 94305
Coordinator o mic Affairs
Director of Central Intelligence
Washington, D. C. 20505
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Cathy Frierson
Paul Josephson
Herbert Levine
Vladimir Toumanoff
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The National Council for Soviet and East European Research, founded in 1978,
is a product of the concern shared by many in the Federal Government and the
academic community over the national decline affecting Soviet studies since the
late 1960s. At the same time that support by universities, foundations, and the
Government was dwindling rapidly, the capacity for basic research on the USSR
and Eastern Europe within the Government was also shrinking, or at least so it
was perceived at very high levels. A variety of steps were advocated in res-
ponse. What emerged after several years of discussion among Government offi-
cials and scholars across the country was the National Council: a federally
funded, non-profit, autonomous academic corporation whose purpose is to develop
and sustain a long-term program of basic research on a national scale dealing
with policy issues and questions of Soviet and East European social, political,
economic and historical development. Through the conduct of this research pro-
gram the Council is also intended to encourage the training of a steady stream
of professional personnel capable of sustaining the program. The Council pur-
sues its purpose by providing research funds to independent scholars through com-
petitive research contracts with their universities. It does not itself perform
research. The results of the research are delivered to the funding government
agencies, but are the property of the individual scholars who retain the right
to copyright and publish their research.(see Appendix I).
Early inspiration intended the Council to serve a variety of ends. In
recognition that the national interest is served by a capacity to generate and
disseminate reliable independent knowledge of the USSR and Eastern Europe, the
Council was to be the vehicle for a Government share of funds in support of
that national capacity; while the Council's scholarly composition and autonomy
of decision were to insure against Government prescription of research and to
protect freedom of inquiry and conclusion. The support provided through the
Council was intended to encourage existing scholars not to leave the field of
Soviet. studies, and new scholars to enter it, not just through the actual dollars
transmitted, but also by having the long-term commitment of the Government serve
as witness that the society recognizes and values their work. On the principle
that free toilers in the vineyards of knowledge are the most productive, scholars
were to be free to proffer research projects of their own choosing, and the cen-
tral assumption was made that the overlap of what scholars wish to investigate
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and what the Government would wish to have investigated is sufficiently extensive
that a national program of a million dollars annually would fit easily into the
space. A parallel assumption was that the products of research would be useful
to the Government, would inspire further scholarship, and through publication
would help inform the public at home and abroad. It was hoped that the cumulative
knowledge of the field and of the scholars in it embodied in the Council's Trus-
tees would make their choices wise, and that the respect in which they would be
held by their colleagues would invest proposals, labors, and products with quality
and timeliness. It seemed reasonable to expect that since the Council would sup-
port the central purpose of universities, i.e., scholarship, the latter would
not cavil at cost sharing, and the program would be more frugal than any the
Government could run directly. And finally, the critical supposition was accepted
that the value systems, habits of thought, and bureaucratic practices of the Fed-
eral and academic communities were not so incompatible as to prevent the Council
from functioning between them without being crushed. It was thought that the
Council might even serve in some small way as a bridge to ease the estrangement and
mutual distrust of two decades.
The Council was incorporated in February 1978 in the full knowledge that it
was an experiment and an act of faith in a difficult society, albeit supported
by ample good will and a mass of ingeniously devised legal and administrative
scaffolding. How it has fared is the subject of this paper.
The National Council for Soviet and East European Research consists of a
Board of Trustees and an executive staff. The minimum membership of the Board
is twelve and the original twelve members were designated to their office by the
Chancellor of the Unviersity of California, Berkeley; the Provost of the University
of Chicago; the Presidents of Columbia University, Duke University, Harvard Uni-
versity, the University of Illinois, Indiana University, the University of Michigan,
the University of Pennsylvania, Stanford University, and the American Association
for the Advancement of Slavic Studies; and the Chairman of the Academic Council
of the Kennan Institute for Advanced Russian Studies of the Wilson Center. The
right to designatea Trustee remains with these institutions unless, upon the de-
parture from the Board of such a designee, the Board decides to turn to some
other institution for a designation.
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The original Trustees were: Robert Campbell (Indiana); Alexander Dallin (Chair-
man) (Stanford); Ralph Fisher (Illinois); Chauncy Harris (Chicago); Herbert S.
Levine (Pennsylvania); Richard Pipes (Harvard); Marc Raeff (Columbia); Nicholas
Riasanovsky (Berkeley); Frederick Starr (Vice Chairman) (Kennan Institute);
Donald Treadgold (Washington); Vladimir Treml (Duke); William Zimmerman (Michigan);
Since that time, Pipes, Raeff, Riasanovsky, Starr, and Zimmerman have left the
Board, and Abbott Gleason (Kennan Institute), Edward L. Keenan (Harvard), Alfred
G. Meyer (Michigan) and Laura Tyson (Berkeley) have been designated in their
places. The Trustees may elect up to six additional members to the Board for a
maximum total of eighteen. Allen H. Kassof (IREX), Andrzej.Korbonski (UCLA), and
Leon Lipson (Yale) have been elected. Herbert Levine is the current Chairman.
All Trustees, whether designated or elected, serve as individuals and not as
representatives of their home institutions. They serve three year terms, so stag-
gered that about one third of the terms expire each year. No Trustee may serve
more than two consecutive terms in office.
The Trustees appointed Vladimir I. Toumanoff to be the Council's Executive
Director and an ex officio member of the Board of Trustees. He heads a staff
of three with offices at 1755 Massachusetts Ave., N.W. in Washington, D.C. where
the daily business of the Council is conducted.
The Trustees establish Council policies, review and select proposals for
funding, represent the Council for substantive questions on research contracts,
and conduct most of the Council's substantive business. Administration and
management are the responsibility of the Executive Director, who does not vote
on the selection of the proposals.
The Council functions in pursuit of the purpose defined in the Introduction
essentially by contracting for research.with universities all across the United
States.
From time to time, and in consultation with the Government, the Council
defines subject areas of special interest, a kind of research agenda which con-
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stitutes its Research Program for some period of time. It has done so twice
thus far. The first Program, which was incorporated in its contract with the
Department of Defense, read as follows:
Scholars should be guided by the following subject matter in formulating
research proposals for this year's competition:
1. The operation of, and Long-Term Prospects for, the Soviet and East
European Economies, Including the Burden of Defense.
Topics withing this rubric might include the following: description and
analysis of resource allocation and major structural interactions of the
Soviet and East European economies; analysis of the extent of the defense
effort and its interaction with the economy and society over time; specific
strengths and weaknesses of the economic systems; constraints arising from
demographic, technological or institutional factors, or from the supply of
energy and resources; how strengths and weaknesses shape Soviet and East
European development and policies, with identification of critical choices;
Soviet and East European perceptions of these matters.
2. Long-Term Developments in Soviet and East European Foreign Policies,
Especially as They Affect the United States.
Subjects here might entail: Soviet perceptions of, and objectives in,
the USSR's long-term relations with the United States; Soviet views of the
role of military, economic, and other foreign policy instrumentalities in
Soviet relations with the U.S..; prospects for relations among East Europe
the Soviet Union, and the U.S.; Soviet responses to evolving Sino-Soviet
and Sino-American relations; Soviet views on the regional and global roles
of the USSR and how these might change in the future.
3.Long-Term Trends in Soviet and East European Societies.
Matters to be examined here would include such topics as: bureaucratic
behavior and group interest articulation; nationality issues; implications of
changing population patterns; the evolving domestic role of the military in
the Soviet Union and in Eastern Europe; repercussions of cultural, religious,
and social diversity; changing patterns of regime-society relations.
4. Soviet and East European Intentions, Objectives, and Policy Options
The focus here is on the range of options, actual and potential, open
to Soviet and East European leaders in responding to domestic and international
problems of the kinds subsumed under 1, 2, and 3 above; factors or actions;
both foreign and domestic, that might influence any of these.
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That Program appeared in the Council's Public Notice of March 10, 1978 which was
mailed to more than 5,000 scholars and institutions, and was publicized in the
journals and newsletters of a half dozen professional associations.
The second Research Program, which appeared on June 30, 1979, and received
even wider distribution, read as follows:
The National Council for Soviet and East European Research invites pro-
posals for research contracts in its 1979-1980 Research Program. This
program will concentrate on processes of change in the contemporary
Soviet Union and the states of Eastern Europe. It will be especially con-
cerned with the ability of the regimes to foster, manage, and contain
these processes and with the possible systemic and strategic corollaries and
consequences of their efforts to do so.
The USSR and the states of Eastern Europe face a number of domestic and
external circumstances that could lead to changes in their established
institutions, procedures, programs, and priorities. It should be the goal
of projects proposed for funding under the National-Council's present Re-
search Program to identify and analyze these circumstances, and to subject
hypotheses of emergent large scale change or discontinuity to close critical
scrutiny through empirical research on topics of broad relevance for the for-
mulation of foresighted and effective U.S. policies. These topics include,
but are not limited to, the following: political leadership and organization;
policy-making structures and procedures; political dissidence and protest;
civil-military relations; military doctrine and policy; resource mobiliza-
tion and allocation; social stratification and differentiation; cultural
identity and self-expression; and sub-national, national and international
integration.
One characteristic in the Council's function will be immediately apparent from
the above. Its research subject. matter is limited almost exclusively to the social
sciences and history. Only one study has been based exclusively on literature,
and it had a socio-political cast.
The response to these solicitations has been strong. The Council has re-
ceived 307 research proposals involving some 334 scholars at 126 institutions in
36 states, requesting a total of $17.25 million. Unhappily, only $3 million have
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been available, and it has been possible to fund only 69 proposals, or 22% of
those submitted. Several conclusions emerge. Research talent is spread far and
wide across the country, and the national capability, though somewhat eroded, still
exists. Funding available for research is substantially out of balance with the
potential; the Council receives far more good proposals than'it can fund. The
competition faced by proposals submitted to the Council is intense. The Council
may be making more enemies than friends, in fact, perhaps few friends at all since
it routinely savages proposal budgets to try to stretch its funds to as many scholars
as possible.
The review and selection process is simple and thorough. Every Trustee reads
every proposal submitted by each deadline date and reaches an independent view of its
merit. The Trustees then assemble and discuss all the proposals until they have
jointly selected projects up to the limit of available and anticipated funds.
Since the start in 1978 there have been seven such deadlines and six competitive
reviews. Hereafter the Council plans to have, each year, one deadline, November 1,
and one competitive review, the following January.
The Council contracts for the proposals selected as promptly as negotiations
and availability of funds permits.; This, as many will testify, and as will be dis-
cussed later in the paper, is frequently anythingbut prompt.
The Government has required that the instrument for Council funding of re-
search projects be a contract, rather than a grant. That carries several conse-
quences. Because public funds are involved, Federal laws and regulations apply,
which are so complex and voluminous that it is impractical to contract directly with
individuals. The contracts must be between the Council and institutions prepared
to administer them. They apply a wide variety of restrictions on the expenditure
of funds which affect the scholar, from travel regulations, to the kinds of equip-
ment that can be purchased, to the nature of research with human subjects. They
also require a specific end product, a "deliverable" in the parlance, which in the
case of the Council consists normally of a paper or papers, with summaries, report-
ing the results of the research. This so-called Final Report has for some reason
caused more grief than any other aspect of the Council's relations with scholars.
Although agreed to in advance, they are more often than not late, and not just by
a few days, or weeks. The Council is required to deliver each report to its reader-
ship in the Government, and it is by the quality and timeliness of these reports
that the Council will be judged, and its future decided. It is not always evident
that scholars appreciate that fact.
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On the other hand, the Council has succeeded, through negotiations with
the Department of Defense marked by great goodwill, in simplifying the normal
Government research contract requirements considerably, and the Council's research
contracts carry an unusually liberal copyright: provision, giving the scholar "the
right to apply for and obtain copyright on any work products which may be derived
from work funded by the Council under this contract."
Once a contract with the Council is signed, two Council representatives are
designated for its duration; the Executive Director for administrative matters,
and a Trustee for matters of substance. The amount of contact between them and
the scholars and university officials at the other end has varied substantially
from contract to contract. Harmony and cooperation have far outweighed the op-
posite, but there have been moments of sharp disappointment on both sides.
The 69 projects for which the Council has been able to contract represent
a wide range of subject areas. Twenty five projects, or 36%, are on economics.
Twenty one, or 31%, are in the realm of political science, with twelve of these
on domestic politics including seven nationality studies. Sociology and history
account for 23% of the projects funded; science and technology for 7%, and law
for 3%. By geographic area, one of six projects concentrates on Eastern Europe,
the balance on the USSR. Finally, eight, or 12%, involve some aspect of emigre
interviewing. This information is summarized in Chart I.
Economics
25
Politics
21
Domestic 12
Foreign 9
Sociology and history
(7 nationality studies)
16
Science and Technology
5
Law
2
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CHART I (continued)
BY GEOGRAPHIC AREA
Soviet Union
Eastern Europe
OTHER
Emigre Interview Component
57
12
The contracts involve 88 scholars (not including research assistants) from 54
institutions in 19 states. Women and younger scholars are well-represented.
Overall, one-fifth are female, but one-third of the principal investigators on
Council contracts who are 35 years old or younger are female. Nearly one-quarter
of all researchers or 24% are 35 years old or younger, 37% are 36-45, 26% are
46-55 and 13% are over 55. When the disciplines of these researchers is analyzed,
based on the field of the scholar's Ph.D., the data reflect roughly the same per-
centages as in the'discipline data given in Chart I. This information is summar-
ized in Chart II as follows.
CHART II
PROFILE OF PRINCIPAL INVESTIGATORS
AGE & SEX
M
F
Total
35 or younger
14
7
21
36-45
29
4
_S& 33
46-55
18
5
56+
10
1
TOTAL
71
17
DISCIPLINE
(by PH.D. Field)
Economics
34
Political Science
22
Domestic
14
Foreign
8
History
Sociology
Law
5
Other
12
Total
Appendix II'to this paper lists all projects funded by the Council up to February 1,
1982.
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The Trustees have made no effort to create these distributions. They have
judged proposals on merit, avoidance of duplication, responsiveness to Council
programs, cost and other such factors. It may be that the resulting distribu-
tions are not statistically significant and will change radically over time. They
are at least heartening for the breadth of talent in every dimension that they
present.
The Council's charter permits other functions!
(i) It may sponsor or award contracts for meetings, workshops, conferences-
consultations, pilot studies, and such other activities as it might judge
appropriate to the design, stimulation, or facilitation of relevant re-
search, and the publication of results.
(ii) it may encourage provisions for research assistants, the acquisition
and processing of basic research materials, travel for research purposes,
the development of bibliographic and other aids, training for special skills,
and such other activities with a training value as it may judge desirable.
(iii) It may facilitate contact and cooperation among individual scholars,
and between them and specialists in government and private enterprise.
Under these provisions the Council has engaged in a variety of activities. It has
held and sponsored a number of meetings to formulate research, among them three
meetings, in different parts of the United States, on Eastern Europe; a workshop
on political decision-making in the USSR; conferences on defense economics and on
the second economy; and two workshops on law and science and technology. The
Council has helped finance two research newsletters, one on agriculture and the
other on the military and society. The Trustees have had many discussions with
colleagues about possible research topics and the economists on the Board of
Trustees addressed a letter to some hundred of their fellow specialists on issues
of scholarly interest in the field of defense economics.
While the Council's role in training is subordinated to research, the effect
of its activities in this area is perhaps no less important in maintaining the na-
tional capability, and has been substantial. Nearly a hundred post-doctoral scholars
whose work has been funded have advanced their own knowledge and research skills.
Some have acquired facility in new languages, in computer skills and in other
special research capabilities. By itself this is a considerable contribution, en-
hanced by the fact that several might have left the field were it not for Council
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support. Moreover, nearly all of them assign papers, give lectures, or even build
courses based on their research. The academic assimilation of recent Soviet emi-
gre scholars has also been aided. The Council. encourages the employment of grad-
uate students as research assistants, and to date its contracts have provided
for forty graduate assistants for periods from a few months to two years. These
contracts have, no doubt, also provided research experience, as well as financial
support, for a large number of others employed in capacities not subject to line-
item accountability to the Council. Another effect that contributes to the availa-
bility of future cadres is the "attraction phenomenon," that is, students who are
attracted and held to the field simply by the knowledge that active and interesting
research funded by the Council is underway. Books, articles and media coverage
have resulted; school teachers, journalists, and others from government and busi-
ness have been trained, and so on and on. Advanced research stands at the pinnacle
of the production and dissemination of knowledge that ultimately encompasses the
public at large, at home and abroad.
In the interests of concentrating limited funds on the primary function of
research support, the Trustees have established the policy of funding, for the
present, translation and bibliography only when it is a necessary and subordinate
part of research. Until recently, there was also no formal program to increase
contact between scholars and specialists in Government and private enterprise,
although many such specialists have participated in conferences and working meet-
ings supported by or resulting from Council sponsored research. Recently the
Council has initiated a series of seminars at the Department of State and the
Kennan Institute at which scholars and Government specialists discuss their
research interests, designs, problems and results.
The!Council does not provide funds for classified projects, nor does it
accept or impose stipulations that would preclude open publication of research
results. On the contrary, it encourages publication and has included funds in some
of its contracts for the preparation of material for publication. Thus far,
council supported research has resulted in the publication of three books with eight
others accepted by publishers, seven articles with four others accepted, and numer-
ous occasional papers. That is probably an under-count, as it is difficult to
maintain a record of this aspect of the Council's effect on the field.
In addition to not undertaking research on its own, there are functions which
are explicitly prohibited to the Council. It may not undertake any representational
or organizational functions with respect to the field of Soviet and East European
studies. These are functions performed by the American Association for the Ad-
vancement of Slavic Studies and other professional organizations. The Council
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FUNDS AND FINANCES
Initial funding for the council was provided by the Department of Defense,
which was joined almost immediately by the Department of State and the Arms Con-
trol and Disarmament Agency. For a variety of reasons, efforts to obtain contri-
butions from the Departments of Agriculture, Commerce, Energy and the ICA have
not been successful thus far. However, a contribution by the Director of Central
Intelligence was offered and accepted in 1981, and the Council hopes it will be
continued in the future. Because of a history of sensitivity in the academic
community concerning acceptance of intelligence funds, the Trustees consulted with
university presidents, chancellors, provosts.and other senior university officers.
The Trustees' decision thereafter to accept the funding was unanimous. A public
announcement to that effect was sent to the Council's mailing list of some 800
scholars and institutions, and individual letters were sent to all principal in-
vestigators and institutions with active contracts, and with proposals before the
Council for review.. The Council is aware of only one scholar who, as a consequence,
preferred not to have an association with it.
The original intention was that the Council's work should be designed and
conducted at. the level of about $1 million per year, which would cover its funding
of research projects and its administrative expenses. It received authority to
contract for research almost four years ago, and has committed $3,000,000
to 69 research contracts. The contracts are listed in Appendix II to this paper.
That this is below expectations is accounted for mainly by the fact that the
Council was caught up in 1981 in the review by the new Administration of all fund-
ing programs. Happily, the decision was ultimately favorable to continue funding
for the Council but there was a delay of almost twelve months in the Council's
ability to contract. The Council has not yet received any 1982 funding, and
probably will not until close to mid-year, delaying contracts again well past
the time when most academic commitments for the next year must be made.. The to-
tal amount made available in 1981 was also reduced to something over half a mil-
lion, and there is little prospect that the level of funding will be restored to
$1 million in 1982.
The resulting hiatus in the Council's work has been painful. Research pro-
posals submitted for the Nomveber 1, 1980, deadline, and approved in January 1981
were still awaiting contracts almost a year later. Proposals submitted for the
May 1, 1981, deadline were not reviewed until January 1982, and the Council did not
have 1982 funds in hand, or even know with any assurance what its 1982 funding
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level would be at the time of the review. In addition, this hiatus affected several
ongoing contracts which experienced delays in receipt of their second year funding.
Finally, it now seems probable that 1982 funding will not be sufficient for all
the research projects approved in January; nor will there be funds left from this
year's reduced allocation to apply to the next competition, or to stimulate the
design and submission of proposals for research. Indeed, it is foolhardy to stimu-
late proposals when the chances of approval and funding are now less than one in
seven.
In part as a consequence of this experience, the Council decided to abandon
May competitions and revert to a single competition each year, with a Nomember 1
deadline. But even that will not eliminate delays. The fact is that it is not
possible to reconcile the academic schedule which demands forward teaching commit-
ments almost a year ahead, with the Federal schedule of appropriations, allocations,
contract amendments, and fiscal year deadlines. It is almost, but not quite, a
Catch-22 situation. If the process were so arranged that no one would be inconven-
ienced, and nothing were done on faith, it would take about four years between the
time when the Council announced its research program and solicited proposals in
response, to the time when any research results might be reported to the Govern-
ment. At that rate the Council would not last long.
For all the annoyance and delays, the accomplishment in four years is not
insignificant, and is made brighter by the project described next.
In the third great wave of emigration from the Soviet Union, there are now
over 100,000 former Soviet citizens recently arrived in the United States. Ever
since this exodus began in the early 1970s it has been the ambition of American
scholars to conduct a large scale systematic survey of these newcomers to find out
what they could tell us of the USSR. Recently that became a possibility. At the
request of the Government, the Council undertook to sponsor the design of such a
survey, and signed two contracts with the University of Illinois to that end (one
for $254,260, the other for $46,500), with funds provided over and above those for
the Council's regular research program. The design is for a project that consists
of a general survey of a systmatically selected sample of approximately 3,000 indi-
viduals, complemented by intensive interviewing of some 1,500 more for specialized
topics. The project is intended to fill gaps in our knowledge of the structure
and functioning of Soviet society and, to the extent possible, to measure change
since the As .pblvaid %r FUPeaps o066 '/1Q 14~eCW-BOJ85F2~t001AC~1s3 16Jt- that the
 -13-
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project., directed by a large research team with the aid of a professional survey
organization, will take about five years; the first three to be spent primarily
on data collection and the last two on analysis and publication of results. The
design was completed and the project got underway in the autumn of 1981 under a
separate contract between the Council and the Department of State. The Council
will administer and monitor the work which will be conducted by the University
of Illinois, the National Opinion Research Center of the University of Chicago,
and a number of other universities.
The benefits to the field should be considerable. The cost is estimated
at something over $1 million per year. A substantial number of established scholars
will be involved, and a much larger number of graduate students and junior scholars
are expected to take part. The data compiled, systematized, and made machine
readable, will be available to all scholars in the future and should provide ma-
terial for much more research than even the project itself contemplates. Those
who remember the Harvard survey of almost thirty years ago will recall it as the
formative professional experience of many of their contemporaries, and the source
of creative scholarship for years thereafter. It is to be hoped that this project
will achieve similar results.
AN ASSESSMENT
There are more levels of evaluation possible than there are varieties of
activity encompassed by the experiment called the National Council. Only a few
will be mentioned.
That public funds and government undertakings are bound by constraints is
not news, nor was it unexpected that they would be tight enough to cause occasional
pain. What is surprising is actually the opposite, that government procedures
proved to be flexible enough to permit the new type of organizational structure
which the Council represents not only to be created but to function for as long
as it has. This success would not have been possible without asubstantial amount
of good will on both sides. While impatience, irritation, and anger are common --
even fashionable -- in dealings between the government and private sectors, con-
tinued success depends heavily on a continuation of this good will.
it is equally manifest, as any of America's allies or enemies will testify,
that the United States Government is neither as reliable nor as predictable as
one might wish. It is arguable whether the academic community is any more so.
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But at the end of four years of not insignificant accomplishment, the enterprise
survives, although with some disappointments. The price at one end has been oc-
casional disappointment with the quality and usefulness of research reports, at
the other less than full credibility for the program as witness to societal appre-
ciation, and at the center a bad case of nerves.
On the positive side, there has not been great pressure from the Government
to dictate either the subject matter or the conduct of research. On the contrary,
academic freedom has been scrupulously respected, and the Council's function in
supporting and enhancing the national capability for advanced research in this
field has received far more generous recognition and appreciation than any scholar
anticipated. Contrary to early academic apprehensions, the level of funding and
the conduct of the program have not warped or distorted national scholarly inquiry.
The initial assumption of a very broad field of common interest between Government
and university scholarship has been borne out. Lest there be any complacency, how-
ever, it is not a stable balance, and at any time pressure from one side or the
other could call into play the Council's potential for damping oscillations.
With a minimum of agony, 97 scholarly institutions have thus far accepted
the principle of sharing with the Council the costs of the research they have pro-
posed., The actual value of the research performed is thereby one third more than
its cost to the Government. That is one successful indicator of frugality. Another,
but not susceptible to measurement, is the prudence with which scholars construct
their budgets for examination by the eagle eyes of their colleagues the Trustees.
The Government could not legally do as well.
The President's Commission on Foreign Language and International
Studies examined the Council and recommended it as a model for Federal funding
of advanced research in international affairs. The General Accounting Office did
the same, but initially on a smaller scale, in a report to Congress.
Needless to say, the decisions of the Trustees have been Minervan in
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 APPENDIX I
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EXCERPT "FROM THE COUNCIL'S CONTRACT WITH THE DEPARTMENT OF DEFENSE
SCHEDULE
ARTICLE I - SCOPE OF WORK
ITEM I -- Work Statement
Under this Contract,' the Contractor, as an independent Contractor,
and not as an agent, servant, or employee of the Government, utilizing
special knowledge and techniques possessed by and available to the
Contractor, shall furnish all labor, equipment, facilities, services,
and materials, to undertake to develop and sustain a long-term,
substantial program of fundamental research dealing with major policy
issues and questions bearing on Soviet and East European social , political,
economic and historical development; and thereby to encourage the
training of a steady stream of professional personnel capable of sustaining
such a research program.
A. The Contractor shall determine general topics, or groups of
topics, for research relevant to the purposes of this Agreement; shall
prepare and make public brief but specific descriptions of the topics;
and shall solicit research proposals on such topics. The Contractor
shall then consider each proposal it receives and award contracts for
such research projects as it determines will best accomplish the
purposes of this Agreement. The Contractor will not itself undertake
to conduct research nor will it publish the results of research in its
own name. The Contractor agrees that research contracts funded by
the Contractor will acknowledge the Contractor's sponsorship.
B. For purposes of the first solicitation as described in A above,
the Contractor agrees to devote the Government funds which it receives
hereunder principally to sponsor research in the following major subject
areas:
(1) the operation of, and long-term prospects for, the Soviet
and East European economies, including the burden of defense, including
but not limited to:
(a) description and analysis of resource allocation and
major structural interactions of the Soviet and East European economies;
(b) analysis of the extent of the defense effort and
its interaction with the economy and society over time;
(c) specific strengths and weaknesses of the economic systems;
(d) constraints arising from demographic, technological
or institutional factors, or from the supply of energy and resources;
(e) how strengths and weaknesses shape Soviet and East
European development and policies, with identification of critical choices;
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A ?pfq ee 'A~-r ,2A~t 2/14:3CIA-RDP86B00985R000300130013-2
AND E
 Approved For Palease 2005/12/14: CIA-RDP86B00985R 00300130013-2
(f) Soviet and East European perceptions of these matters.
(2) Long-term developments in Soviet and East European foreign
policies, especially as they affect the United States, including but not
limited to:
(a) Soviet perceptions of, and objectives in, the USSR's
long-term relations with the United States;
(b) Soviet views of the role of military, economic, and
other foreign policy instrumentalities in Soviet relations with the U. S.;
(c) prospects for relations among East Europe, the
Soviet Union, and the U. S. and Soviet responses to evolving Sino-Soviet
and Sino-American relations;
(d) Soviet views on the regional and global roles of the
USSR and how these might change in the future.
(3) Long-term trends in Soviet and East European societies,
including but not limited to:
(a) bureaucratic behavior and group interest articulation;
(b) nationality issues;
(c) implications of changing population patterns;
(d) the evolving domestic role of the military in the
Soviet Union and in Eastern Europe;
(e) repercussions of cultural, religious, and social
diversity;
(f) changing patterns of regime-society relations.
(4) Soviet and East European intentions, objectives, and policy
options, including but not limited to:
(a) the range of options, actual and potential, open to
Soviet and East European leaders in responding to domestic and
international problems of the kinds subsumed under (1), (2) and (3) above.
(b) factors or actions, both foreign and domestic, that
might influence any of these.
C. In furtherance of the purposes stated in Section 1, above, the
Contractor may undertake the following additional activities:
(1) it may sponsor or award contracts for meetings, workshops,
conferences, consultations, pilot studies, and such other activities as
it believes appropriate to the design, stimulation, or facilitation of
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AND EAST EUROPEAN RESEARCH 4
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relevant research, and the publication of results;
(2) it may encourage provisions for-research assistants,
the acquisition and processing of basic research materials, travel for
research purposes, the development of bibliographic and other aids,
training for special skills, and such other activities with research/
training value as it deems desirable;
(3) it may facilitate contact and cooperation among
individual scholars, and between them and specialists in government
and private enterprise.
D. Executive and Administrative Support
The Contractor may, but is not required to, contract with any
accredited United States university or other non-profit, tax-exempt
institution, or with commercial organizations, for administrative and
executive support services in connection with the performance of this
Agreement.
ITEM II - Contract Term
The term of this Contract shall extend from the effective date,
78 SEP 01 through 80 SEP 30
ITEM III - Technical Data
In connection with the Clause of this Contract entitled RIGHTS IN
TECHNICAL DATA AND COMPUTER SOFTWARE, the technical data to be provided
are set forth on Contract Data Recuirements List, DD Form 1423,
ATTACHMENT 1 to this Contract.
ITEM IV - Reports and Briefings
1. Research contracts or proposals that are funded by the
Contractor pursuant hereto will be public documents. All written
reports resulting from research funded by the Contractor under this
Agreement will be delivered to the Government. The individual
researchers will retain the right to apply for and obtain copyright
on work products derived from research funded by the Contractor under
this Agreement. The Government will have the right to publish or
release the reports of research in the form in which such reports
are delivered to it by Contractor; but it will not have the right
to authorize others to publish such reports, without the consent of
the authors of such reports.
2. The Contractor will meet with the Government (COR) upon its
request to discuss matters relevant to this Agreement.at a mutually
convenient time and place
ITEM V - Acts Prohibited to Contractor
(A) No Classified Projects
The Contractor will not provide funds for classified projects,
nor will it accept or impose stipulations that would preclude open
publication of research results.
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(B) No Research Funds to Trustees or Employees
The members of the Contractor's Board of Trustees, during
their tenure as such, and the employees of the Contractor, during
the term of such employment, may not receive research contracts or
compensation through research contracts awarded by the Contractor.
However, at the discretion of the Contractor, the members of the
Contractor's Board of Trustees and the Contractor's employees may
participate in research, meetings, seminars and other similar functions
which are supported by the Contractor's funds, and may receive the
same compensation as other participants, but any such compensation
shall be paid directly by the Contractor. This provision shall not
bar the Contractor from paying compensation and reimbursement of
expenses to the members of its Board of 'Trustees, or to its employees,
for attendance at regular or special meetings of the Board and for
other assistance in the work of the Contractor.
(C) No Representative Functions Not Specified in Contractor's
Articles of Incorporation
The Contractor will not undertake any representational or
organizational functions with respect to the field of Soviet and East
European Studies not specifically designated in its Articles of
Incorporation. The Contractor may, however, develop such position
papers, criteria documents and other policy documents as may be
required for the proper conduct of its specified purposes and functions.
(D) Attraction and Administration of Federal Funds
The Contractor may seek funds from a variety of Federal agencies
for the purposes described in this Agreement. In any such effort, the
Contractor will endeavor to locate and obtain funds that might not
otherwise be available for academic and scholarly institutions in the
field of Soviet and East European Studies. The Government agrees that
the Contracting Officer designated hereunder will act as administering
agent for other Federal agencies which may wish to award funds to the
Contractor, under such terms and conditions as may be mutually agreeable
to the Government, the Contractor and such other Federal agencies.
The Contractor's relationship with the Government under this Agreement,
and with any other Federal source of funds, will be public.
ITEM VI - Contractor Research Personnel
The Contractor agrees to utilize, in the performance of the research
work under this Contract, such supervisory personnel as are highly qualified
in the research fields involved; whose professional standards are of the
highest; and whose opinions in such research fields are entitled to the
respect and confidence of recognized experts in the field.
DNA001-78-C-0394
THE
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 APPENDIX II
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THE NATIONAL COUNCIL
FOR SOVIET AND EAST EUROPEAN RESEARCH
RESEARCH CONTRACT AWARDS BY THE
NATIONAL COUNCIL FOR SOVIET AND EAST EUROPEAN RESEARCH
Since its formation in February 1978, the National Council has concluded 68
research contracts allocating a total of $3,054,140 to research projects on the
USSR and Eastern Europe. The investigators, their institutional affiliation, the
project titles, the contracting institutions, and the allotted amounts in that or-
der are listed below.
Robert Axelrod, University of Michigan; "Politics and Deception in the Soviet Press";
University of Michigan, $19,558.
Alexandre Benni.gsen, University of Chicago; Rasma Karklins, University of Chicago;
"Ethnic Relations in the USSR"; University of Chicago, $44,095.
Abram Bergson, Harvard University; "The Soviet Economy to the Year 2000"; Harvard
University, $24,600.
Joseph Berliner, Brandeis University; Barney Schwalberg, Brandeis University; Christopher
Davis, University of Birmingham, United Kingdom; "The Economics of Soviet Social Insti-
tutions"; Harvard University, $163,263.
Seweryn Bialer, Columbia University; "The Politics of Change in the Soviet Union";
Columbia University, $20,832.
Yaroslav Bilinsky, University of Delaware; Tonu Parming, University of Maryland;
"The Helsinki Watch Committees in the Soviet Republics";' University of Delaware,
$33,660.
.Cole Blasier, University of Pittsburgh; "Soviet Relations with Latin America"; Uni-
versity of Pittsburgh, $51,108.
Daniel Bond, SRI International-WEFA; "Study of Soviet Research on Multi-regional
Modeling"; International Research and Exchanges Board, $18,720.
Morris Bornstein, University of Michigan; "Pricing of Research and Development Ser-
vices in the USSR"; University of Michigan, $47,309.
George Breslauer, University of California, Berkeley; "Policy Orientation of 1st
Party Secretaries in the RSFSR," University of California, Berkeley, $35,000.
Paul Cocks, Stanford University; "The Role of the Party in Soviet Science and Tech-
nology Policy"; Stanford University, $22,740.
Stephen F. Cohen, Princeton University; "The Social Dimensions of De-Stalinization";
Princeton University, $20,000.
Stanley Cohn, SUNY-Binghamton; "Soviet Investment Policy Imperatives," SUNY-Bing-
hampton, $30,(Approved For Release 2005/12/14: CIA-RDP86B00985R000300130013-2
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Vera Dunham, City University of New York-Queens College; "The Worker and the Soviet
System"; Columbia University, $27,216.
Murray Feshbach, The 'Kennan Institute for Advanced Russian Studies; "A Study of the
Multi-Dimensional Impact of Current Demographic Trends on Soviet Society"; Georgetown
University, $38,388.
Mary Ellen Fischer, Skidmore College; "The Romanian Political Leadership"; Harvard Uni-
versity, $38,388.
Raymond Garthoff, The Brookings Institution; "American-Soviet Relations in the 1970's";
The Brookings Institution, $52,504.
Zvi Gitelman, University of Michigan; "Bureaucratic Encounters in the USSR"; University
of Michigan, $74,920.
Seymour Goodman, University of Arizona; "Integration of the COMECON Computer Indus-
tries"; University of Virginia, $34,340, University of Arizona, $6,622.
Kenneth Gray, North Texas State University; "Livestock Cycles in the Soviet Union with
US Comparisons"; North Texas State University, $22,477.
Kenneth Gray, North Texas State University; "Research Newsletter on Russian, Soviet
and East European Agriculture," North Texas State University, $4,875.
Paul Gregory, James Griffin, University of Houston; "The Analytical and Econometric
Estimation of 'Correct' Measures of Relative Soviet Defense Effort"; Transecon, Incor-
porated, $52,423.
Jan Gross, Yale University; "Russian Rule in Poland, 1939-1941"; Yale University,
$53,374.
Gregory Grossman, University of California, Berkeley; "A Workshop and a Conference on
the Second Economy of the USSR"; University of California, Berkeley, $74,928.
Edward Hewett, University of Texas at Austin; "A Theoretical Approach to CPE Macro
Models and An Experimental Application for Hungary"; University of Texas at Austin;
$45,873.
Franklyn Holzman, Tufts University; "US-Soviet Economic Relations"; Tufts University,
$30,000.
Franklyn Holzman, Tufts University; "A Comparison of US and Soviet Defense Expenditures";
Tufts University, $10,000.
Holland Hunter, Haverford College; "Testing Soviet Economic Policies, 1928-1941";
Haverford College, $32,400.
Christopher Jones, Marquette University; "Perfecting Mechanisms of the Warsaw Pact";
Harvard University, $41,432.
Arcadius Kahan, University of Chicago; D. Gale Johnson, University of Chicago; "East
European Agriculture;" University of Chicago, $82,477.
Aron KatsenelinbDigen, University of Pennsylvania; "Toward the Concept of Measuring
Economic Potential: The Soviet-American Case"; University of Pennsylvania, $63,000.
Mark Kuchment, Harvard University; Stephen Sternheimer, Boston University; "An
Assessment of ~%' Fir?T~ QQ ~1~/~4 ~I ,f1Q~Q~$ 00 } 1 13-2
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Temple University; 'T e Regional Economy of the Soviet Union: A
Modeling Study"; Wharton Econometric Forecasting Associates, Inc., $103,138.
Gail Lapidus, University of California, Berkeley: "Workshop on Contemporary Soviet
Policy-Making"; University of California, Berkeley, $21,350.
Richard Laurino, Center for Planning and Research, Incorporated; "A Study of Red
Army History"; Center for Planning and Research,, Incorporated, $15,000.
Wassily Leontief, New York University; "The Position of the Soviet Union in the
World Economy"; New York University, $50,000.
Ronald Linden, University of Pittsburgh; "The Impact: of International Change on
Romania and Yugoslavia," University of Pittsburgh, $50,000.
Bernice Madison, San Francisco State University; "The Soviet Welfare System"; San
Francisco State University, $53,055.
Peter Maggs, University of Illinois, Donald Barry, Lehigh University; Gordon Smith,
University of South Carolina; "Soviet and East European Law and the `Scientific-
Technical Revolution'"; University of Illinois, Urbana, $64,376.
Shane Mahoney, Eastern Washington State University; "Role of the Soviet General
Staff in Military Management"; Eastern Washington State University, $29,994.
Michael Marrese, Northwestern University; Jan Vanous, University of British Columbia;
"Costs and Benefits of Soviet Trade with Eastern Europe"; Northwestern University,
$56,645.
Bruce Menning, Miami University (OH) "Military and Society in Russian and Eastern
Europe: A Research Newsletter"; Miami University, $10,246.
James Millar, University of Illinois, Urbana; "Contemporary Soviet Society: A Study
Based on the Third Soviet Emigration" (Design); University of Illinois; Urbana,
$254,260.
James Millar, University of Illinois, Urbana; "Contemporary Soviet Society: A Study
Based on the Third Soviet Emigration" (Design); University of Illinois, Urbana, $46,500.
Martin Miller, Duke University; "Mental Illness in the Soviet Union," Duke University,
$39,504.
Adel Nikolskaya, Illinois State University; Maria Neimark; Natalie Sadomskaya; "Soviet
Family of Two Post-War Generations"; Illinois State University, $92,349.
Martha Olcott, Colgate University; "The Development of Nationalism in Kazakhstan";
Colgate University, $35,000.
Jeffrey Osleeb, Boston University; Craig ZumBrunnen, University of Washington; "Energy
Consumption and Analysis of Optimal Interregional and International Flows in the Soviet
Iron and Steel industry"; Boston University, $34,162.
Walter Pintner, Cornell University; "Russian Army and Russian Society, 1700-1917";
Cornell University, $16,799.
Alex Pravda, University of Michigan; "Industrial Workers and Political Development in
the Soviet Union and Eastern Europe"; University of Michigan, $39,360.
Gilbert Rozman, Princeton University; "Soviet Perceptions of Contemporary China"; Princeton
University, $A j 1 ied For Release 2005/12/14: CIA-RDP86B00985R000300130013-2
 -4- n Q n
Boris Ruiner, I ~J i e 1L `am2~-pPt~AB@qp oC ffl d AE20f USSR
Boris Rumer, Harvard University; "The Investment Process in Siberian Industry,"
Harvard University, $27,322.
Stephen Sacks, University of Connecticut; "Large Corporations Under Yugoslav Socialism";
University of Connecticut, $20,000.
David Segal, University of Maryland; Janet Schwartz, George Mason University; "Military
Service and Civilian Employment in the Soviet Union"; University of Maryland, $48,000.
Louise Shelley, American University; "The Role of Law in Soviet Society"; American
University, $48,996.
Brian Silver, Michigan State University; Barbara Anderson, Brown University; "Language
and Ethnic Identity in the USSR," Michigan State University, $9,546, Brown University,
$10,429
Dimitri Simes, Johns Hopkins University; "Soviet Military and Society"; Johns Hopkins
University, $95,526.
Robert Stuart, Rutgers University; Paul Gregory, University of Houston; "Fertility and
Labor Supply: The USSR and Eastern Europe"; Transecon, Incorporated, $44,076.
Robert Taaffe, Indiana University; "The Effects of Contemporary Soviet Approaches to
Regional Planning, Locational Analysis and the Resolution of Regional Conflict on the
Development of Siberia and the Soviet Far East"; Indiana University, $33,541.
Judith Thornton, University of Washington; "Soviet Response to Changing Fuel Costs and
Availabilities: The Case of Electric Power"; University of Washington, $28,281.
Robert Tucker, Princeton University; "Stalin: A Case Study in History and Personality";
Princeton University, $20,000.
Tibor Vais, Harvard University; "Studies in East European Labor Economics," Harvard
University, $30,798.
Elizabeth Valkenier, Columbia University, "Soviet-Third World Relations: The Economic
Bind"; Columbia University, $13,001.
Elizabeth Valkenier, Columbia University, "Soviet-LDC Relations in an Interdependent
World Economy"; Columbia University, $26,361.
Nils Wessell, Lafayette College; "Ground Rules for Soviet and American Involvement in
Regional Conflicts"; Foreign Policy Research Institute, Incorporated, $13,740.
Sharon Wolchik, George Washington University; Jane Curry, Columbia University and
Manhattanville College; "Specialists in the Policy Process in Poland and Czechoslovakia";:
George Washington University, $39,430.
Alexander Yanov, University of California, Berkeley; "The Debate on De-Stalinization
in the USSR, 1961-1972"; University of California, Berkeley, $21,000.
Murray Yanowitch, Hofstra University; "Work Attitudes and Work Organization in the
Soviet Union"; Hofstra University, $17,499.
Approved For Release 2005/12/14: CIA-RDP86B00985R000300130013-2
 Approved For (ease 2005/12/14: CIA-RDP86B00985500300130013-2
Under a separate contract with the Department of State, the Council has
concluded another research contract, involving a number of scholars and uni-
versities, to conduct a large scale survey of recent emigres from the USSR.
The principal scholars and universities involved are as follows:
James Millar, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign; Donna Bahry, New York
University; John Garrard, University of Virginia; Paul Gregory, University of
Houston; Rasma Karklins, University of Illinois, Chicago Circle; Norman Nie,
University of Chicago-National Opinion Research Center; Brian Silver, Michigan
State University; Michael Swaf ford, Vanderbilt University; Aaron Vinokur, Uni-
versity of Haifa; and William Zimmerman, University of Michigan: "Contemporary
Soviet Society: A Study Based on the Third Soviet Emigration"; University of
Illinois, Urbana, $992,000.
Approved For Release 2005/12/14: CIA-RDP86B00985R000300130013-2