SCIENTIFIC INFORMATION REPORT

• Document Type: CREST
• Collection: General CIA Records
• Document Number (FOIA) /ESDN (CREST): CIA-RDP82-00141R000100420001-7
• Release Decision: RIPPUB
• Original Classification: U
• Document Page Count: 112
• Document Creation Date: December 19, 2016
• Document Release Date: July 21, 2005
• Sequence Number: 1
• Publication Date: November 6, 1959
• Content Type: REPORT

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Use of funds for printing this publication approved
by the Director of the Bureau of the Budget July 31, 1958.
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PLEASE NOTE
This report presents unevaluated information extracted from
recently received publications of the USSR, Eastern Europe, and
China. The information selected is intended to-indicate current
scientific developments and activities in the USSR, in the Sino-
Soviet Orbit countries, and in Xugos1avia, and is disseminated
as an aid-to United States Government resear"h.'
SCIENTIFIC INFORMATION.REPQtT
Table of Contebts
I. Biology
TI. Chemistry
Page
Electrochemistry 2
Fuels and Propellants 2
Inorganic Chemistry 5
Nuclear Fuels and Reactor Construction Materials 9
Radiation Chemistry 13
Radiochemistry 13
Miscellaneous 18
Communications
Components
Electromagnetic Wave Propagation
Instruments, Equipment and Research Method
Materials
Ultrasonics
IV. Engineering
Automatic Control Engineering, Instruments and
Computerea
Electrical Engineering
Mining Engineering
20
20
23
24
27
33
34
34
41
42
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Aviation Medicine
Bacteriology
Epidemiology
Oncology
Pharmacology and Toxicology
Physiology
Public'Health, Hygiene, and Sanitation
Radiology
Miscellaneous
VI. Metallurgy
VII. Physics
Atomic and Molecular Physics
Mechanics
Nuclear Physics and Atomic Energy Development
Miscellaneous
Page
43
43
46
52
52
53
59
71
75
85
91
95
95
96
100
l06
VIII. Miscellaneous 107
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i . 10LOUY
1. Research and P.rc,cluet:ion of Plant Grovth ,~ ~il!la:lf.rto.rs in China
"Research Deport on Production and .Physiologic Action of
Gibberellin, " by the Auxin Group;, Insti.tu ;e of PlanI. Physiology,
Academia #Sinica; Peiping, Chih ?wu _S_hera 1i-hsueh T' nag-hsun
(Plant Physiology Newe), No 2, Jun 59, pp-To 81
This paper constitutes a summary report of :research on gibberelliri
conducted at the Institute of .Plant, Physicology of the Academia Sinica
during the period September 1958-February 1959. The report presents
details of the laboratory preparation of the auicin, its trial production
at the Shanghai Agricultural. Chemicals Plant, and laboratory studies of
its effects on certain economic crops.
A seed strain, designated as F98, was obtained from the Institute
of Applied Mycology (renamed Institute of Microbiology) of the Academia
Sinica. One designated as F6. Was obtained from tyre Peking Agricultural
University and used in pilot plant Production. A combination of " .tive"
and foreign methods of fermentation were used in the laboratory where
the yield of crude -crystalline gibberel.':Lo was .50-300 milligrams per liter
culture filtrate.
In trial commercial proth ction the yield in crude crystals was 50
milligrams per liter; in pure crystals (containing 93% gi,,berellic acid),
milligrams per liter. The me:L-:i:ag point of pu -,e crystals was 218-232 de-
grees centigrade,
The article states that in 1958 the _;rea v leap "orward in agriculture
stimulated the commercial production of and. experimental research on
plant growth hormones -- especiall-y gibberel',.ino It is estimated that
over 500 research units in the country have engaged in. the experimental
preparation of gibbFrel.l.in since September 1.958. Twelve different organi-
zations have advertised the sale of the auxin in the?Jen-min Jih-pao
since No?:ember. This number does not include x ewtI,isements which have
appeared in provincial and other local newspapers
Also the experime-ntal use of gibberel.li.n rn a6 i ^ultural farms is
reportedly:dieing conducted j~)intJ.y 11r the In.st.i`~t.te of Plant Physiology
and the Peoples Coimnunes o
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I1. CItEMSSTRY
El ecr..rocemi x.,y
2. Pute:nti,41S of .the DeLosition_of metals from a E3eC12-NaCll Melt Used
"Potentials of the Deposition of Metals From the System BeC12-NaC].
Used as a Solvent," by I. N. Sheyko and Yu. K. Delimarskly, Institute
of General and Inorganic Chemistry, Academy of Sciences Ukrainian
SSR; Kiev, Ukrainskiy Khimicheskiy Zhurnal, Vol 25, No 3, May/Jun 59,
pp 295-300
The deposition potentials of 16 metals di.+'j1sued in the form of their
chlorides in F1eC12-NaCl were determined in the tc.wparatture range of 300-5000-
The polarization EMF and the electrode potentials with refe.reno to plat-
inum were also determined. A eutectic mixture consisting of 51% of
t3eCl2 and 49% of NaCl (molar) was used. This mixture melts at 215?. The
following electromotive series was established: Be, Al, Mn, Th, Cr, Zn,
Cd, Pb, Fe, Co, Ag, Mo, Ni, Cu, Sb, Bi. In a preceding part of this in-
vestigation, corresponding data were obtained with the use of NaCl-AIC13
as a solvent.
Fuels and Propellants
3. Homogeneous Catalysis of the Decomposition of Hydrogen Peroxide by
Sodium Tungstate and Strontium Chloride
"Homogeneous Catalysis of H202 by the Salts Nat W 04 f Sr C12
and Isolation of New Strontium Pertungstates," by G. A. Bogdanov
and I. K. Prokhorova, Chair of General and Inorganic Chemistry,
Moscow Textile Institute; Moscow, Nauchnyye Doklady Vy sshey
Skhol -- Khimiya i Khimicheskaya Tekhnolo i , No 2, May 59,
pp 2-27
It was established in previous experiments that strontium chloride
as such does not catalyze the decomposition of hydrogen peroxide either
in an acidic or neutral medium. On the other hand, sodium tungstate
brings about decomposition of hydrogen peroxide. Addition of strontium
chloride to sodium tungstate reduces sharply the rate of decomposition
of hydrogen peroxide. The higher the concentration of strontium ions,
the greater the effect exerted by Sr (l2. It was established that the
catalysis of the decomposition of E202 by the salts Sr C12 4. Nat W 04
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is reversible and homogeneous. The kinetic curves showed maxima. Further-
more it was established that the electrical conductivity of the reaction
mixture during the course of catalysis does not depend on the acidity of
the medium. The experiments were carried out ?aith a 30% solution of hydro-
gen peroxide.
Four pertungstates of strontium were isolated, the fcrmation of which
was assumed on the basis of an investigation of the kinetics of the re-
action and measurements of conductivity. The composition of these pertung-
states was determined. The thermal effects connected with the decomposi-
tion of these pertungstates were established. It was found that the
positive thermal effect connected with the decomposition of the strontium
pertungstates increases with the amount of peroxide oxygen and decreases
with the number of mols of water of hydration. This indicates that the
dehydration of the pertungstates is an endothermic process.
4. Formation of Sodium Superoxide From Sodium Peroxide Hydroperoxide
"Formation of Na 02 From Nat 02. 2H2 02" by I. I. Vol'nov and
A. N. Shatunina, Institute of General and Inorganic Chemistry
imeni N. S. Kurnakov, Academy of Sciences USSR; Moscow, Zhurnal
Neorganicheskoy Khimii, Vol 4, No 7, Jul 59, pp 1491-1193
By subjecting Nat 02. 2H2 0. to vacuum -- drying at temperatures
in the range of 70-1200 at a residual pressure of 10 millimeters of
mercury, preparations of sodium peroxide were obtained which contained
approximately 30% by weight of Na 02. This yi .ld considerably exceeds
those given in publications concerning the preparation of sodium super-
oxide by this method.
5. A New Process for the Production of Acetylene from Methane by an
Electric Discharge
"Acetylene From Methane in Rumania," by Prof Dr E.Badarau, Di-
rector of Institute of Physics, and Active WmberrfRumanian.. Acad-
emy of Sciences; Warsaw Problemy, No 8, Aug 59 pp 551-552
Rumania has imense reserves of natural gas, consisting of almost
pure methane (99.8 percent). In recent years, in addition to the pro-
duction of acetylene from carbide, the production of acetylene by pass-
ing electric discharges through methane has been started. The fact that
acetylene is formed under such conditions has been known for a long time,
but only recently, and to a relatively limited extent, has this process
been introduced into industrial application.
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The importance of the task of establishing under what conditions of
discharge industrial production of acetylene can be carried out with a
maximum output is very real; even more so if we take into consideration
the fact that there exists an immense diversity of the forms of discharges
under the action of which acetylene can arise. There are still many
difficulties of a technical nature to be eliminated.
In our experiments, instead of the commonly applied arc discharge,
we applied a high-frequency discharge through the use of external elec-
trodes.
The installation was constructed so that it was possible, on the
one hand, to control the flow of gas through the tube, and, on the other
hand, constantly to control the solid, liquid, and gaseous products that
are formed [sketch of installation given in source]. The ends of the tube
(1 on sketch) are equipped with two external ring-shaped electrodes (2).
The flow of the gas through the tube is controlled by a flow equalizer or
controller (3), and a flow meter (5). Water vapor is eliminated by pass-
ing the gas through a tube containing calcium chloride (4). The gas
pressure inside the tube is regulated with a mercury manometer (6).. Gaseous
products produced in the discharge zone are collected in e.scrubber and
cooled with liquid nitrogen (7), under the effect of which condensation
or solidification takes place. While in operation, the installation is
connected to a vacuum pump over a valve (8). After the removal of liquid
nitrogen that collects in the vessel (7), the products pass through a
series of scrubbers (9-14), in which precipitation [of silver acetylide]
from a silver nitrate solution takes place. The reaction products are
determined volumetrically [the free nitric acid is titrated].
Experiments conducted with this installatior have led us to certain
conclusions pertaining to the mechanism of processes taking place during
the electrical discharge in this form. It was possible to obtain acety-
lene with a yield exceeding 40% of the theoretical. This method has
proved to be very profitable.
With this method, it was also possible to obtain directly from
methane a polymer with a composition corresponding to the (- CH2 -)n
formula, which has very valuable properties. For example, it can with-
stand a temperature up to 400 degrees cer4igrade, is acid-resistant,
and has good dielectric properties. Hence, it is suitable as an insula-
tion material at temperatures which other organic insulators cannot with-
stand. We were also successful in synthesizing other valuable compounds.
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Inorganic Chemistry
6. Eighth All-Union Conference on the Chemistry of Coordination Compounds
"The Investigation of Complex Compounds," by S. S. Rodin; Mos-
cow, Vestnik Akademii Nauk SSSR, Vol 29, No 8, Aug 59 pp 94-95
"The Eighth All-Union Conference on the Chemistry of Complex Compounds
was held at Kiev on 26-29 May 1958. In addition to Soviet scientists,
visitors from Poland and Czechoslovakia participated in the conference.
The interest which was evinced toward:, this conference is explained by
the fact that the importance of coordination compounds has grown con-
siderably during recent years. Compounds of this type are being employed
more and more extensively in the production of nuclear fuel and.of auxil-
iary materials used in the nuclear energy industry and also for the pro-
duction of substances of high purity applied in semiconductor technology,
in the production of ferromagnet'cs, and in the production of piezoelectrics.
Coordination compounds are used as catalysts in the synthesis of high
polymers, in the detection and isolation of nonferrous, rare, and nobel
metals, and in the production of pure chemical reagents to be applied in
extraction and in ion-exchange processes.
"Furthermore, complex compounds are used in biology, medicine, and
various fields of present-day technology, specifically the technology,
of construction.
"At two plenary and 50 sectional meetings, 97 reports were presented.
The majority of which were concerned with the chemistry of coordination
compounds of elements of the Vilith group of the periodic system, partic-
ularly platinum compounds, and the chemistry of coordination compounds
of cobalt, rhenium, and rare-earth elements.
"Problems of trans-influence were discussed in several reports,
Methods were described for the detection of trans-isomers contained in
cis-isomers and the conditions were set forth under which it is easy to
detect the presence of even a few percent of a cis-isomer in the trans-
isomer. An argument. was' presented in favor of the employment of exchange
integrals for the quantitative characterization of the trans-influence or
trans-effect.
"One of the sectional meetings dealt. with the chemistry of coordina-
tion compounds of actinides.
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"A great deal of attention was paid to the chemistry of heteropoly-
compounds. Data obtained in experimental research were reported and con-
siderations presented which have a bearing on the mechanism of the extrww--
tion of heteropolyacids, problems related to the basicity of heteropolyacids,
and problems concerning the nature of salts with a high degree of substitu-
tion.
"A number of reports dealt with experience acquired in applications
of ion-exchange in the investigation and separation of coordination com-
pounds ofa number of elements. The possibilities of the application of
ion-exchange in the investigation of coordination compounds of multiply-
charged ions and the application of complex-formers in chromatographic
separations were discussed.
"Among the reports presented at the conference, a promine;nt.place
was occupied by communications on the investigation of coordination com-
pounds, by physical and physicochemical methods such as spectroscopy,
polarography, potentiometry, thermogravimetry, etc. Formation of complexes
in inorganic redox reactions and correlations between complex-formation
and electrical conductivity of solutions were discussed. Optical and
thermodynamic data, information on the magnetic susceptibility, and other
data were used in investigations on the structure of coordination com-
pounds. Several investigations dealt with the crystal chemistry of
of coordination compounds and with coordination compounds of individual
elements (beryllium, titanium, vanadium, germanium, thallium, gallium,
antimony, tin, lead, copper,' zinc; and mercury).
"At a plenary meeting which concluded the conference, detailed
consideration was given to problems with which chemists active in the
field of coordination compounds are faced in connection with the current
Seven-Year Plan of the development of national economy."
7. Titanium Chloride Malts
"Phase Diagrams of Binary Salt Systems; Part 5. TiC13-NaCl,
TiC13-KC1, TiC13-RbCl, TiCl3-CsCl," by B. F. Markov and R. V.
Chernov, Institute of General and Inorganic Chemistry, Academy
of Sciences Ukrainian SSR; Kiev, Ukrainskiy Khimicheskiy Zhurnal,
Vol 25, No 3, May-Jun 59, pp 279-2
The'binary salt systems listed in the title were subjected to ther-
mal analysis. One eutectic was found in the system TiC13-NaCl, which was
investigated up to a 36% content of TLC13. ; 7n the qMtems, TiCl3- 71al.3-Rta,
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and TiCl3-CsCl, the existence of congruently --melting ; compounds- witl ="
the general formulas MTiC14 and M3TiC16 was established. In melts contain-
ing these salts titanium,is present in the form of complex anions. It is
pointed out that knowledge of the molecular state of lower titanium chlo-
rides in salt melts, such as that acquired in the investigation described,
is of importance for the electrolytic production and refining of metallic
titanium.
8. Rare-Element Mineral Occurrences in the Sands of the Baltic Sea Shore
"Rare-Element Minerals in Sea-Shore Sands," by B. Kogan, Head
of the Economic Division, Institute of Mineralogy,, Geochemistry,
and Crystal Chemistry of Rare Elements, Academy of Sciences USSR;
Moscow, Pro shlenno-Ekonomicheska Gazeta, Vol 4, No 108 (563),
13 Sep 59, p
In the sands along the Baltic seacoast of the, German Democratic
Republic in the vicinity of Rostock and Stollberg, as well as on the Island
of Hiddensee and in other localities, deposits of zircon, ilmenite, rutile,
garnet, and a number of other heavy-minerals have been found as a result
of thorough geological investigations. The minerals content of these
sands is 0.03-0.115% in large areas and reaches 4% in some sections. In
the heavy fraction, the content of zircon varies in the range of 1-4%.
The enrichment of sand banks along the shore with heavy minerals is said
to occur as a result of the action of waves.
Since 1957, the Ostsee Schuerf Enterprise at Rostock has exploited
sand in the areas of Ahrenshoop and Veskeritz. At present only the richest
sections are being exploited. These sections can be readily seen with the
naked eye or they can be detected by making tests. They are located along
the line of the surf and consist of strips which are red or black in color.
These strips have a width of one meter and a length amounting to hundreds
of meters. The raw sand contains approximately 10% of iron, 6% of titanium
dioxide, and 1-2% of zirconium dioxide.
The,first stage of enrichment is conducted directly on the,seashore
by spiral classifiers of the Ostsee type. These classifiers have been
developed by the experimental department of the E. Thaelmann Heavy
Building Works at Magdeburg-Buckau.
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The marine sand is charged into a feeding funnel where it is mixed
with water and forms a sludge. This sludge flows down along the windings
of the spiral. During this process the sludge is separated into a heavy
fraction, an intermediate product, and a light fraction consisting of tail-
ings. The separation takes place from 'the center of the tubes to the peri-
phery. The quantity of quartz and other silicates separated in this manner
amounts to 50 or 60%. The output of a classifier which treats poor raw
sand amounts to 250 kilograms per hour with manual charging and one ton
per hour with mechanical charging by means of a belt conveyor.
The crude concentrate produced in this manner contains about 30% of
iron, more than 19% of titanium dioxide, and 4+.1% of zirconium dioxide.
Subsequent final treatment of the crude concentrate is carried out at a
small stationary enrichment installation. At slime washing tables used
in this installation, magnetite, ilmenite, zircon, and garnet are separated
from residues consisting of quartz, amphiboles, and pyroxenes. Because
they differ only insignificantly in their specific weight, magnetite, il-
merrite, and zircon are obtained as a mixed concentrate. This concentrate
is dried and subjected to dry magnetic separation. After the magnetic
separation, a magnetite concentrate containing 65% of iron, an ilmenite
concentrate containing 33% of titanium dioxide and 44% of iron, and a
zircon concentrate containing 55-60% of zirconium dioxide are obtained'.
At present work is being done in the GDR on the improvement and
expansion of production of the type described and reduction of the cost
of treatment by the operations involved in this production. It is planned
to treat seashore sand that contains on the average 2% of heavy minerals
rather than sand from selected strata with higher concentrations. The prob-
lem is considered of extracting additionally from the sand monazite,
eudialyte, as well as some other minerals.
Results wbi'ch are no less interesting were obtained in the GDR in
the investigation of available types of kaolin for the presence of useful
ingredients. In residues from the elutriation of kaolin coming from
different deposits in central Germany, a considerable quantity of heavy
minerals has been discovered. Although these minerals usually go to waste,
they can be extracted. Experimental work on the enrichment of kaolin
tailings at concentration tables has shown that the heavy minerals are
concentrated predominantly in particle sizes within the range of 0.2-0.3
millimeters and that by using mechanical concentration methods one can
obtain zircon concentrates in l.rger quantities and at lower cost than
from the sands of the Baltic Sea coast.
In connection with this, it is intended to conduct systematic investi-
gation of kaolin deposits in the GDR and to study, in connection with this,
methods for the concentration of heavy minerals contained in kaolin.
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Nuclear Fuels and Reactor Construction Materials
9. Conditions Under Which Microquantities of Uranium Are Present in
Solutions
"The Problem in Regard to the Conditions Under Which Micro-
quantities of Uranium Are Present in Solutions," by I. Ye.
Starik, L. D. Kolyadin and D. S. Nikolayev; Leningrad,
Radiokhimiya, Vol 1, No 3, May/Jun 59, PP 317-320
It was established that microquantities of uranium (5X10-5 grams per
liter) are retained in solution in the presence of a solid phase which
bas a high adsorption capacity in cases when the concentration of the
carbonate ion in the solution exceeds n. 10-7 N. It was furthermore
established that microquantities of uranium (5X 10-5'grams per liter)
are readily absorbed from solutions at a pH = 3-4 when the concentra-
tion of carbonate ions in the solution is lower than n. 10-7 N.
10. Extraction of Uranyl Nitrate With Solvents
"Effect of the Diluent on the Extraction of Uranyl Nitrate
With Tributyl Phosphate," by V. B. Shevchenko, A. S. Solovkin,
I. V. Shilin, L. M. Kirillov, A. V. Rodionov, and V. V.
Balandina; Leningrad, Radiokhimiya, No 3, Nhy/Jun 59, pp 257-
261
The effect, of diluents on the distribution of uranyl nitrate between
aqueous nitric acid and tributyl phosphate (TBP) + diluent was investi-
gated. The dipole moment of U02 (N03)2 . 2 TBP was determined and found
to be equal to (3.1 t 0.02) . 10-18. It is assumed that there is a cor-
relation between the coefficient of distribution of inorganic nitrates
and the polar properties of. the system TBP - diluent. The following inert
solvents were used as diluents: benzene,'carbon tetrachloride, toluene,
o-xylene, isopropylbenzene, kerosene, butyl bromide, tertiary chlorobutyl-
benzene, dibutyl ether, and isoamylacetate.
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11. Purification of Uranium From z!r95 and Nb 95
"Adsorption of Zirconium and Niobium on Silica Gel," by V. P.
Nikol'skiy, A. M. Trofimov, and G. G. Panfilova; Leningrad,
Radiokhimiya, Vol 1, No 3, May/Jun 59, PP 283-289
An investigation of the selective adsorption of zirconium and niobium
by silica gel established that a high selectivity with respect to the ad-
sorption of niobium is exhibited independently of the content of nitric
acid in the solution (within the. limits of 0.1-10 N). The maximum adsorp-
tion of zirconium takes place in nitric acid solutions at the concentra-
tions 0.5 - 1.0 N. When the concentration of nitric acid corresponds to
10 N, zirconium is adsorbed weakly and niobium strongly. In weakly acidic
solutions (below 0.1 N) zirconium and niobium are adsorbed strongly during
filtration through a column and weakly under static conditions. It was
found that formation of complexes by zirconium and niobium reduces the
adsorption of these elements on silica gel. Desorption of zirconium and
niobium from' the silica gel can be carried out by using a weak solution
of oxalic acid.
The purpose of the investiga on was development of a procedure
suitable for the adsorption of Zr'7 and Nb95 from solutions of irradiated
uranium.
12. Rare-Earth Element Salts of Uranium - Oxalic Acid
"The Preparation and Properties of Salts of Rare-Earth Elements
With Uranium-Oxalic Acid," by A. A. Grinberg, G. I. Petrzhak,
and L. I. Yevteyev; Leningrad, Radiokhimiya, Vol 1, No 3, May
Jun 59, pp 300-308
The lanthanum and cerium salts of uranium-oxalic acid were synthesized.
They were found to have the following composition: KLa [U(C204)4] . 8H2O
and KCe [U(C204)4] . 8H20. It was established that these salts, which are
stable in the solid state, undergo gradual decomposition in contact with
a solution.
13. Electrolytic Separation of Microquantities of Uranium and Plutonium
"Concerning the Problem of the Electrolytic Separation of Micro-
quantities of Uranium and Plutonium," by G. S. Sinitsyna, S. L.
Faddeyev, and G. M. Sukhodolov; Leningrad, Radiokhimiya, Vol 1,
No 3, May/Jun 59, pp 295-299
The conditions of the electrolytic deposition of uranium and plutonium
as affected by the pH and the density of the current were inveeitigated.
The deposition of uranium and plutonium at the cathode apparently takes
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place only after the pH bringing about precipitation of the corresponding
hydroxides has been reached in the layer next to the cathode, independently
of the pH of the initial solution. It was established that the rate of the
deposition of uranium and plutonium at the cathode does not depend on the
material of the cathode. This applies to the cathode materials investi-
gated, which comprised Pt, Ni, Cu, Ta, Ag, Zr, and Cu amalgam. The work
reported was carried out in 1954.
14. Complexes Formed by Neptunyl Ion With Acetate Ions
"Spectrophotometric Investigation of the Formation of Complexes
of the Neptunyl Ion With Acetate Ions," by P. N. Mefod'yeva,
T. I. Artyukhin, and A. D. Gelman; Leningrad, Radiokhimira,
Vol 1, No 3, May/Jun 59, pp 309-316
A spectrophotometric investigation of the system neptunyl ion-
acetate ion in a perchloric acid solution was carried out in the presence
of an excess of the complex-former and under conditions when the pH of
the solution was changed. It was established that neptunyl forms the
complexes NpO c? and NpO2Ac3 in the presence of acetate ions. The
constants of the formation of neptunyl diacetate and tri acetate were
calculated as well as their extinction coefficients.
15. Form in Which Radioactive Elements Occur in Crystalline Substances
"The Form in Which Radioelements Are Present in Crystalline
Substances," by I. Ye. Starik, Radium Institute imeni V. G.
Khlopin, Academy of Sciences USSR; Moscow, Izvestiya Akademii
Nauk SSSR, Otdeleniye Khimicheskikh Nauk, No 6, Jun 59, pp 955-
92
The results of work on the subject conducted by the author and his
collaborators since 1929 are summarized. It is pointed out that the re-
sults obtained in this work and the relationships established are of im-
portance from the standpoint of practical applications in the geochemistry
of radioactive elements and of dispersed elements in general. It is also
emphasized that the phenomena which have been studied are of significance
in connection with the production of artificial radioactive elements and
their isolation. The results obtained on the migration of radioactive
elements from minerals are held to be applicable to the behavior of
radioelements in synthetic salts, subject to experimental confirmation.
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In sunmariling the content of the article, the author states that the
methods of comparative leaching-out and of investigating emanations proved
to be useful in establishing the forms in which microquantities of radio-
active elements are present in crystalline substances. The assumption
that the parent substances occupy a position in the crystal lattice which
is different from that occupied by the products of their decay is held
to be confirmed by the results of experimental investigations carried
out by the methods of leaching out and study of emanations. The sepa-
ration of isotopes of parent substances from the products of their decay
(Th and Rd Th, U I and U II, Pb and Ra D) is explained by the different
positions occupied by these elements in the crystal lattice. The lower
degree of leaching-out of Rd Th as compared with Th X is explained by the
higher adsorbability of Rd Th. Available data on the content of radio-
elements in natural waters are found to be in complete agreement with
the concepts concerning the mechanism of the migration of radioelements
advanced by the author.
16. Separation of Zirconium From Hafnium by the Adsorption of Hafnium on
Silica Gel From a Solution of Tetrachlorides in Methyl Alcohol
"Adsorption on Silica Gel of Tetrachlorides and 1 thoxychlorides
of Zirconium and Hafnium," by I. A. Sheka and B. A. Voytovich,
Institute of General and Inorganic Chemistry, Academy of Sciences
Ukrainian SSR; Kiev, Ukrainskiy Khimieheskiy Zhurnal, Vol 25,
No 3, May/Jun 59, PP 317-321
It was established in earlier work done in the US that when a natural
mixture of Hf and Zr containing 1-2% of Hf is separated by selective ad-
sorption of the terachlorides on silica gel from a methyl alcohol solution,
one can obtain 30-40% concentrates of hafnium with a yield of about 60%
and zirconium dioxide with a low content of hafnium (0.02-0.05% of Hf).
The yield of zirconium dioxide amounts to 20-50% depending on the content
of hafnium in the zirconium dioxide. Dioxides of zirconium and hafnium
of higher purity and in higher yields are obtained by other methods.
Results obtained in the investigation described in this instance indicate
that alcoholysis of the tetrachlorides resulting in the formation of
methoxychlorides is the reason for the imperfect separation by this method:
the methoxychlorides, which always form, do not separate as well as the
tetrachlorides.
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Radiation Chemistry
17. Effect of the Radioactivity of Precipitates on Their Properties as
Adsorbents
"Concerning the Problem of the Effect Exerted by the Radio-
activity of Precipitates on Their Properties as Adsorbents,"
by V. I. Spitsyn and E. V. Gromov; Leningrad, Radiokhimiya,
Vol 1, No 2, Mar/Apr 59, pp 181-184
The effect of the addition of radioactive isotopes (S and Ra) on
the adsorption of dyestuffs by barium Eul ate was investig ed. It was
established that the adsorption of methylene blue decreases as the specific
radioactivity of barium sulfate produced by radioactive sulfur increases,
while that of acid orange increases. A reverse relationship is observed
when the radioactivity is produced by the presence of radium in the barium
sulfate. It is assumed that the phenomena observed result from the gen-
eration of charges on the surface of the precipitate. The charge is
positive when beta particles are emitted and negative when the emission
is that of CV, particles .
Radiochemistry
18. Isolation of Radioactive Manganese
"Isolation' of Radioactive Carrier-Free Manganese From Chromium
Irradiated With Deuterons," by L. N. Burtseva, V. I. Levin, M.
M. Golutvina, and V. S. Butnov; Leningrad, Radiokhimiya, Vol 1,
No 2, Mar/Apr 59, pp 231-235
Checking of a method for the isolation of carrier-free radiomanganese
from chromium irradiated with deuterons, which comprises oxidation of
chromium to chromate and coprecipitation of manganese with ferric hydroxide
followed by separation of the iron by extraction with ether f HC1, showed
that application of bromine for the oxidation of chromium results in
large losses of radiomanganese as a result of oxidation of the latter to
higher valencies. If hydrogen peroxide is used for the oxidation of the
chromium, the degree of recovery of radiomanganese comprises no less than
80%.. The procedure modified in this manner enables one to obtain radio-
chemically pure preparations of carrier-free radioman
ganese.
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19. Concentration of Radiophosphorus by Using. Triphenylphosphine oxide
"Concentration of Radiophosphorus by Using Triphenylphosphine
Oxide," by V. D. Nefedov, Ye. N. Sinotova, V. M. Smirnov, and
M. A. Toropova; Leningrad, Radiokhimiya, Vol 1, No 2, Mar/Apr
59, pp 236-238
A method is described for the concentration of radioactive phosphorus
produced by the irradiation of (c6 $5)3 Po.
20. A Method for the Separation of pa 233
"A Method for the Separation of Pa233," by I. Ye. Starik and
L. D. Sheydina; Leningrad, Radiokhimiya, Vol 1, No 3, May/
Jun 59, pp 270-272
A new method has been developed for the separation of the artificial
protactinium isotope with the mass 233. The method is based on the sepa-
ration of the protactinium from the principal quantity of splinter radio-
elements contained in irradiated thorium by coprecipitation of the pro-
tactinium with zirconium mandelate and subsequent thorough purification
of the protactinium from zirconium by. selective adsorption of the first
on the surface of glass filters. The method is rapid and simple. It
does not require application of hydrofluoricacia and, for that reason,
no platinum dishes are necessary. The yield of Pa233 amounts to about
70%. of its content in preparations of irradiated thorium.
21. Method for the Separation of Inl5Om
"Methods for the Separation of Carrier-Free Radioactive
Isotopes; Part 7. Separation b~y Means of an Electric Field
of the Radioactive Isotope In ~15m Formed as a Result of the
P -decay of Cd3-15," by Z. V. Pastukhova and N. P. Rudenko;
Leningrad, Radiokhimiya, Vol 1, No 3, May/Jun 59, pp 273-276
A method has been developed for the separation of the radioactive
isotope Inll5m from cadmium irradiated with neutrons. The recoil atoms
are collected by means of an electric field of a high potential.
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22. Separation of the Isotopes Tc99m, Nb97 , and lib 95
"Methods for the Separation of Carrier-Free Radioactive
Isotopes; Part 8. Separation by Means of an Electrid
Field of the Radioactive Isotope 'Tc99m and Investigation
of the Possibility of Separating by This Method the
Radioactive Isotopes NO and Nb'5~" by N. P. Rudenko
and Z. V. Pastukhova; Leningrad, Radiokhimiya, Vol 1,
No 3, May/Jun 59, pp 277-282
The possibilities of separating th radioactive isotopes Tc99m
(fffmed by the -decay of Mo99), Nb (formed by the 3 -decay of
Zr ), and Nb95 P ormed by the j -decay of Zr95) by the collection
of recoil atoms through the action of an electric field were investi-
gated. It was established that Tc99m can be separated quantitatively
by this method. For Nb97 the yield does not exceed 50%. It was es-
tablished that the method is not quite suitable for long-lived isotopes
even when preparations with a very high specific activity are treated.
23. Solubility of Polonium Hydroxide in Water
"Determination of the Solubility of Polonium Hydroxide,"
by D. M. Ziv and I. A. Efros; Leningrad, Radiokhimiya,
Vol 1, No 3, May/Jun 59, pp 220-224
The solubility of polonium hydroxide in water was determined and
found to be equal on the average to (3.7 + 1.5] 10-5 mols per liter.
The solubility product of polonium hydroxide was calculated and found
to be equal to 10-37. The purpose of the investigation was to establish
whether polonium is present in aqueous solutions in the form of a radio-
colloid, i.e., whether or not the solubility of Po (CE)4 is low enough
to warrant. the assumption that dilute solutions of salts of this element
contain Po (OH)4 in the colloidal state.
The work described was carried out in 1952.
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24. Chemical Behavior of Radioactive Bromine Recoil Atoms,Formel by
Nuclear Reactions of Neutrons With Inactive Bromine
"The Chemical Action of Radioactive Bromine Atoms Formed as
a Result of the Reaction With Neutrons of Bromine in Halogen-
Substituted Methanes," by A. N. Nesmeyanov, Ye. A. Borisov,
and I. Zvara; Leningrad, Radiokhimiya, Vol 1, No 3, May/Jun 59,
pp 325-335
The distribution of active products formed by chemical reactions of
recoil atoms of bromine generated as a result of the nuclear (n,
reactio
f i
ti
b
i
n o
nac
rom
ve
ne in CH2 Br2, CC13 Br, CCl2 Br , and '.nnr3
was investigated and the dependence of this distribution the con-
centration of bromine and of allyl bromide added before irradiation was
studied. It was found that the recoil atoms form only the original
parent compounds by.diffu.sion (thermal) processes. A scheme is proposed
which describes the stabilization of recoil atoms in thermal reactions.
It was confirmed that in high-energy processes there is replacement of
bromine, chlorine, and hydrogen by recoil atoms in the compounds irradiated.
On the basis of the results' obtained, stabilization of bromine recoil atoms
by the mechanism of inelastic collisions is regarded as prRven? It as
found that there is a difference in the distribution of BroOm and Br?2
after irradiation of CC13 Br or CC12 Br2.
25. Investigation by the Emanation Method of Processes Taking Place in
Solid Substances During Heating
"Application of the Emanation Method for the Investigation of
Processes Taking Place in Solid Substances During Heat9'.rr,"
by K. B. Zaborenko, A. M. Babeshkin and V. A. Beyevska; Leningrad,
Radiokhimiya, Vol 1, No 3, May/Jun 59, pp 336-31+5
Curves have been plotted which show the changes of emanation with the
temperature when barium sulfate and barium ca:^bonate containing radium
isotopes are heated. On the basis of the shape of the curve, temperature
regions could be differentiated which correspond to changes taking place
in the compound-during heating. These changes comprise elimination of
adsorbed water, loosening of the crystal lattice, sintering, polymorphous
transformations, and decomposition. The regions in question found. in this
manner for Ba S04 and Ba CO3 coincide with the corresponding regions de-
tected by other methods. New equipment applied in this investigation made
it possible to obtain curves which show more clearly the regions in question.
For this reason, transformations could be detected which were not noticed in
work done by other investigators who used the emanation method.
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26. Application of Frontal Chromatographic Analysis for the Separation
of a Microcomponent From a Macrocomponent
"Frontal Analysis in Ion-Exchange Chromatography Involving
Complex Formation; Part 2. Application of Frontal Analysis
for the Separation of a Microcomponent From a Macroimpurity,"
by N. N. Matorina, N. D. Safonova, and K. V. Chmutov; Lens-
ingrad, Radiooth~miya, Vol 1, No 3, May/Jun 59,pp 353-359
The possibility was studied of applying frontal analysis for the
purification of a microcomponent from macroimpurities on the example of
a mixture of ethylenediaminetetraacetate complexes of Ca24 (the macro-
component) and Sr2+ (the microcomponent). To-calculate the yield curve
of the microcomponent, the dissociation constants of the ethylenedi-
aminetetraacetate complexes of calcium and strontium and the constants
of the ion exchange equilibria Ca2+ - i1H). + and Sr4 -NH
4 + were used.
The coefficient of internal diffusion of Sr2+ in NII4+ -Ca2+ resin wad
determined. The experimental results obtained were in good agreement
with the theory. Comparison of results obtained by the method of frontal
analysis with those obtained by the method of displacement ion-exchange
chromatography showed that the quantity of the pure macrocomponent which
can be separated by the first method exceeds by a factor of at least 18
the quantity of calcium separated under optimum conditions by the second
method .
It is pointed out that problems of this type ure frequently en-
countered in radiochemistry and nuclear che;nttstry.
27. Determination of the Relative Difference in Mobilities of the Ions
of Radium and Barium
"Determination of the Bela' .ive Diffo ence in the Nobilities of
Radium and Barium Ions," by V. K. I . selov; Leningrad, Radio-
khimiya, Vol 1, No 3, May/;fun 59, pp 360-363
On the basis of the cxie.rina y4a described, the relative difference
in the mobilities of tho::'ium-X and barium ions at rather high concentra-
tions was determined. The results obta.ned for thorium-X are also valid
for radium, which is an isotope of ';horiu:n-X, because during the short.
tine of the experiment (several hoit?s) separation due to the isotopic
effect could not have taken place. The relative difference of-mobilities
at infinite dilution amounts to about 3%; at a concentration of the
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electrolyte equal to 2 gram equivalents per liter, the relative difference
of mobilities for radium and barium ions was found to be 7% and for barium
and actinium ions approximately 2.5%. Unweighable quantities ,of thorium-X
and resothorium II were used; however, this circumstance could not have
had an effect on the behavior of the ions in an electric field.
28. Purification of Zr95 From PTh95
"A Method for the Purification of the Radioactive Tracer Zr95
from Nbn ," by V. M. Vdovenko, L. N. La zarev, and Ya. S.
I4ivorost:tn; Leningrad. Radiokhimiya, Vol 1, No 3, May/Jun 59,
p 36I.
Zr95 used. as a radioactive tracer forms the radioactive isotope Nb95
by p-decay. If glass wool is placed into a solution containing radio-
active zorconium, the radioactive niobium that has formed is continuously
removed.: solutions of the zirconium tr~er kept over glass wool for sev-
eral months were found to be free of DOER.
Miscellaneous'
30. Glass Tubing Introduced into the Coke-Chemical Industry
"First Experience in Using Glass Tubing in the Coke-Chemical
Industry," by G. K. Talalayev, Makeyevskiy Coke-Chemical Works;
Koks i I4iimiya, No 7, 1959, pp 70-72
Heat-resistant glass tubing is recommended for use in conveying all
corrosive substances with the exception of phosphoric and hydrofluoric
acids and the salts of the latter.
The "Gomel Glass Works" is supplying the following glass tubing
assortment: 1.5, 2, 3, and 4" in diameter and 1.5, 2, 2.5, and 3 meters
long (in all diameters).
The tubing is supplied in three grades: (1) Marking STB--for working
at atmospheric pressure; (2) marking ST-4--for working at a maximum pres-
sure of 4 atmospheres; and (3) markings ST-8--for working at a maximum
pressure of 8 atmospheres.
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31. Prof Ye. V. Bobko, Soviet Agrochemist, Dies
"Yevgeniy Vasil'yevich Bobko," [unsigned article]; Moscow,
Pochvovedeniye, No 8 Aug 59, pp 122-123
Prof Yevgeniy Vasil'yevich Bobko, Doctor of Agricultural Sciences,
Active Member of All-Union Academy of Agricultural Sciences imeni V. I.
Lenin, and an outstanding Soviet agrochemist, died recently in his, 69th
year.
Bobko graduated in 1912 from Kiev University. From 1918 to 1931
he held various positions as an instructor in agricultural institutes.
In 1931 Bobko became deputy head of the Laboratory of Mineral Fertilizers
and head of the Division of Microfertilizers, All-Union Institute of
Fertilizers,?Agrotechnology, and Agro-Soil Sciences. During 1941-1946
he was also head of the Laboratory of Mineral Nutrition, Institute of
Plant Physiology, Academy of Sciences USSR. In 1949 he again changed
positions and worked until 1951 in the Institute of Medicinal Plants,
and from 1951E to 1959 he worked on the editorial board of the Institute
of Scientific and Technical Information, Academy of Sciences USSR.
Bobko was the author of nearly 150 works. Of particular interest
are his works on the chemical processing of phosphorites, the investiga-
tion on the problem of'the formation of soda in soils, and on factors
pertaining to soil reactions.
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III. ELECTRONICS
Communications
32. Ultrasonic Television
"Television--With Ultrasonic Waves" [unsigned article]; Nepszava,
Budapest, 3 Sep 59, p !i.
Based on a study of the life of sea animals, scientists of an insti-
tute at Leningrad have designed a new type of television equipment that
operates by means of ultrasonic waves. A special apparatus forms the sound
waves into visible pictures and projects them onto a television screen.
Components
33. Universal Functional Converter for Electronic Simulation
"Universal Diode Functional Converter," by V. B. Smolov, Lenin-
grad Electrical Engineering Institute imeni.Ul'yanov; Leningrad.,
Izvestiya VysshikhUchebnykh Zayedeniy - Priborostroyeniye, No
5, 1957Y p 14-10
Diode functional converters with standard operational amplifiers are
ordinarily used in work on low-resistance or variable loads and are the
basic functional devices for electronic simulating systems.
The simulation of nonmonotonic functions, however, requires changing
the sign of the coefficients of the scaling factors of the input voltage
and subsequently leads to complication of the circuit.
The author describes a circuit for a diode functional converter based
on the use of an operational amplifier with differential input stage which
is universal, in that it may be used to simulate any continuous function
z(x) and any sign of output voltage.
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34 ? New Germanium Phototriode with Increased Sensitivity
"Germanium Phototriode," by A. Ya. Vyatskin, A. A. Gutkin, and
A. F. Makhov, Leningrad Institute of Precision Mechanics and
Optics; Leningrad,'Izyestiya Vysshikh Uchebnykh Zavedeniy -
Priborostroyeniye, No 5, 195d., p 11-13
Preliminary results are given of studies of special germanium p-n-p
junction phototriodes developed by the authors.
Illumination of the phototriodes was from the emitter side and cov-
ered an area of approximately 2.5 mm2. An incandescent lamp with a fil-
ament temperature T%2400?K served as the light source in the tests.
"Integral sensitivity of the majority of phototriodes studied under
the given conditions of illumination was in the range of 1-5 a/lumen. In-
dividual phototriodes had a maximum sensitivity of 10 a/lumen. Dark cur-
rents were, on the average, within the limits of 100-300 Fe and reached
one milliampere for phototriodes with maximum sensitivity (10 a/lumen).
Volt-ampere characteristics for various degrees of illumination were also
studied. "
Absolute sensitivities were determined in a maximum spectral charac-
teristic range of 1.6(u. For phototriodes with a conditional integral sen-
sitivity l a/lumen, sensitivity was 60a/w. Phototriodes with a
conditional integral sensitivity '= 2 a/lumen had a sensitivity ^-' 135 a/w.
Voltage sensitivity and noise level for the phototriodes were also
determined.
The authors suggest that a study of the physical processes involved
in the germanium phototriode would be of interest.
35. Transistorized Servo System
"Servo System with Transistorized Amplifiers," by Ye. A. Tanskiy
and N. S. Nikolaenko, Leningrad Institute of Precision Mechanics
and Optics; Leningrad, Izvestiya Vysshikh Uchebnykh Zavedeniy -
Priborostroyeniye, No 1, 1959, pp 28-33
The performance characteristics of a low-power servo system can be
substantially improved by replacing electron tubes in the amplifier stages
with transistors. The system acquires greatest stability when amplifiers
without balancing stages are used.
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Two synchros and one induction motor were incorporated in this exper-
imental servomechanism circuit. A negative feedback, proportional to the
speed of the follow-up shaft, was introduced by means of a tachogenerator
to compensate for errors. Investigation of the transients occurring during
a change of synchro-transmitter shaft speed from 0 to 2.IE radians/sec
showed that the highest value for misalignment angle was 2.50 and that dur-
ation of the transients was 0.2 see. The frequency response of the system
is such that at a frequency of 0.5 cycles, an amplitude error of 2% and
relative frequency error of about 0.02 will result. Such a transistorized
amplifier has two stages. The voltage amplification factor, excluding the
divider, is about L.00; power amplification is about 53 db. The operating
conditions for both amplification stages are selected in such a manner as
to assure the required voltage and power amplification factors, as well
as linearity of response. Type P1G and P3V transistors were used in the
amplification circuit;. The efficiency of the output stage was about 60%,
power dissipation for each transistor wa:: 1.2 w.
The calculated frequency response of the system was in close agree-
ment with the experimentally determined values.
36. Effect of Nonuniformity of Magnetic Field on Performance of Magnetron
"Effect of Nonuniformity of Magnetic Field on Dynamic Character-
istics of a Magnetron," by S. I. Bychkov, Leningrad Red Banner
Air Force Engineering Academy imeni A. F. Mozhayskiy; Moscow,
Nauchnyye Doklady Vysshey Shko].y, Radiotekhnika i Elektronika,
No 1, 1959, pp 91-97
For satisfactory performance of a centimeter-range magnetron, a rather
uniform magnetic field is required; however, the maintenance of such a
stable highly-inductive field is often connected with great technical dif-
ficulties. The possibility for further reduction of the size of a magnetron,
is often restricted by the formation of a nonuniform magnetic field in
radial and axial directions.
This investigation establishes the dependence of the output power
and electron efficiency of a magnetron on the mode and degree of nonuni-
formity of the magnetic field in the zone of interaction. It was also
revealed that axial nonuniformity of the magnetic field leads to unbal-
anced loading of the cathode. The experimental measurements have con-
firmed that the derived relationships could be used for approximate
evaluation in change of power and electron efficiency, as influenced by
the nonuniformity of the field; it was also shown that nonuniformity
of the magnetic field can reach considerable values without disturbing
excitation of the dominant mode of oscillations.
It was observed in a number of magnetrons that they would mai tain
stable operating conditions even if field nonuniformity reached 207.
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37. Simple Pulse Delaying Device
"Concerning a Pulse Delaying Device," by A. Karaminkov, Sofia;
Leipzig, Hochfrequcnztechnik and Elektroakustik, Vol 68, No 2,
Jul 59, p42-49
A matched phase-shifting network is altered to act as a pulse delay
network. The arrangement is supposed to store short-duration pulses fed
to it. The input pulses, with a scanning frequency of l/T, are converted
into sinusoidal oscillations by means of a resonant circuit matched to
the same frequency. The resultant oscillation is fed to an RC phase-
shifting network, which effects the delay. The sinusoidal voltage is fed
to a pulse-shaper stage, which produces the output pulses. The delay is
constant; the arrangement is small in size, simple in design, and stable
in operation.
Electromagnetic Wave Propagation
38. Azimuthal Deviation and Fading at 10-cm Wavelength
"Reception Amplitude and Fading Distribution at a Wavelength of
10 Centimeters Depending On the Azimuthal Deviation From the
Great Circle," by R. Schuenemenn and G. Pucher, Heinrich Hertz
Institute; Berlin-Adlershof; Leipzig, Hochfrequenztechnik and
Elektroakustik, Vol 68, No 2, Jul 59, PP 37-E2
Experimental studies of the reception amplitude and fading character-
istic in relation to the synchronous azimuthal deviation of the transmit-.
ting and receiving antennas showed that the influence of the structure of
the refraction index of the troposphere on the propagation of very-high-
frequency waves over long distances is very frequently similar to that of
a fine stratification, which makes partial reflections possible.
The sharp focussing (1.5? half width) required for these measurements
was done with a 4-meter parabolic reflector at a wavelength of 10 centi-
meters.
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Instruments, Equipment and Research Methods
39. High-Speed Ring Counter
"High-Speed Ring Counter," by V. Ye. Bandura and N. I. Borodin;
Moscow, Priborostroyeniye, No 8, Aug 59, pp 11-15
The article describes a high-speed ring counter incorporating trigger
circuits in which the number of interstage connections for each stage al-
ways remains the same and is independent of the number of stages. The per-
formance of such a circuit is somewhat unique in that each tube is
conducting for exactly one half of the cycle, a fact which contributes to
the speed of operation of the counter. In addition to the internal con-
nections, each trigger circuit has two external connections from the anode
of the preceding trigger circuit to the grid of the subsequent one. These
external connections arc made in such a manner that the high potential
from the plate of a nonconducting tube is applied to the grid of a con-
ducting tube, and only in one of the trigger circuits is the connection
made in such a manner that the high potential from the plate of a non-
conducting tube is applied to the grid of a nonconducting tube from the
next trigger circuit.
For satisfactory operation of this type of ring counter the relative
deviation of the component parameters should not exceed l%, and that of
the tubes not over
An experimental ten-significant-digit rin'g counter was assembled with
6N1P tubes. Checking the performance of this ring counter showed that
it trill operate satisfactorily in the frequency range of 0 to 500 cycles.
40. New Hodoscope Circuits
"Some New Hodoscope Circuits," by G. S. Akopyan, G. L. Marikyan,
and V. M. ICharitonov, Physics Institute, Academy of Sciences
Armenian SSR; Yerevm, Izvestiya Akademii Nauk . yanskoy SSR,
Seriya Fisiko-Matematicheskikh Nauk, No 1, 1959, PP 5-91
The appearance of miniature tube 6Zh2P with two control grids has
permitted improving the neon cells in the hodoscope used by the Physics
Institute of the Academy of Sciences Armenian SSR for their high-altitude
tests. The neon tube MN-7 with current consumption of 6 milliamps has
been replaced by tube PTA-3 which consumes only 0.5 mil.liamps .
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In their study of charged particles of cosmic radiation, the Physics
Institute has used self-quenched Geiger counters, the number of which at
a single installation might be as high as 1,000. As the number of counters
increases, the problem of power supply to these counters becomes more com-
plicated since the operating voltage of each counter is different. At
the Physics Institute installations, even now, power supply circuits are
used in which the negative potential is common to all counters, while the
supplementary potential is supplied from individual potentiometers. Such
a supplementary potential does not exceed 250-300 v. The network incor-
porates two groups of triple coincidence circuits, two channels of anti-
coincidence, and two quenching channels. The coincidence is accomplished
with junction transistors of DGTs-26 type having a common resistance. In
this circuit the pulses of triple coincidence differ in magnitude from
pulses of double coincidence by a factor of 8, permitting an easy differ-
entiation of the two. The circuit has two channels of amplification, an
anticoincidence pulse-shaping channel, and two quenching channels.
When only coincidence pulses arrive, the output blocking oscillator
is triggered from the plate; when coincidence and anticoincidence pulses
arrive simultaneously, then a trigger pulse is not admitted to the block-
ing oscillator. If coincidence, anLicoincidence, and quenching pulses
arrive simultaneously, then the output blocking oscillator is again trig-
gered from the grid.
l.1. Sensitive Multipurpose Semiconductor Amplifier
"Photoelectrometric Amplifier and its Applications," by L. F.
Kulikovskiy and Yu. I. Vidmanov, Kuybyshev Industrial Institute
imeni V. V. Kuubyshev; Leningrad, Izvestiya Vysshikh Uchebnykh
Zayedeniy - Priborostroyeniye, No 5, 1958, PP 37-i.5
Semiconductor amplifiers for measuring small values of d-c currents
and voltages were developed by the authors and are characterized by a
large input impedance (on the order of 1017 011mL), high sensitivity and
stability. These characteristics extend the application of the ampli-
fiers to such fields as "the dosimetry of ionizing radiation in mass
spectrometry, in biology, for the control of electrostatic fields in var-
ious dielectric media and also for the control of variations in potential
of the air in regions of explosion-hazardous industrial enterprises."
Principle circuits for the amplifier are given as is a brief descrip-
tion of the electrostatic voltmeter type FEU-ZP, developed by Yu. I.
Vidmanov at the Kuybyshev Institute imeni V. V. Kuybyshev, which employs
a photoelectrometric amplifier.
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1i2. New Vibration Pickup with Low Natural Frequency
"Inductive Vibration Pickup of Reduced Frequency," by I. B.
Barger and B. I. Mal'tsev; Leningrad, Nauchno-Tclhnicheskiy
Informatsionn Byulleten' -- Razdel Fiziko-Matematicheski
Nauk, No 12, 195 by p 3-
The theory of vibration measuring devices is discussed and conditions
necessary for the design of a vibration pickup for the measurement of low-
frequency vibrations (10 cps or less) are derived.
Design of such a pickup requires that it have a sufficiently low nat-
ural frequency which may be accomplished with the use of elastic elements
having a "negative rigidity." This system is the basis of the circuit de-
veloped by Golitsyn for use in seismometry and is analogous to the princi-
ple of operation suggested by V. G. Podol'skiy and used in the vibration
pickup developed by the authors at the chair of "Dynamics and Strength of
Machines" of the Leningrad Polytechnic Institute imeni M. I. Kalinin.
An assembly drawing of the pickup and the basic circuit of the con-
verter and amplifier are given.
"The natural frequency of the vibration pickup is on the order of
5 cps, which is 2.5 times less than the frequency of the vibration pick-
up AV-43 which is presently being produced." Amplitude characteristics
were taken on an electrodynamic stand at a fixed frequency of 50 cps.
Threshold of response was on the order of 4-0-50 microns. Amplitude char-
acteristics were linear up to 1 mm. 43. Method for Determining Dielectric Characteristics of High-Loss
Materials
"Use of a Q-Meter for Determining Dielectric Coefficients at
High Losses," by L. M. Imanov; Baku, Izvestiya Akademii Nauk
Azerbaydzhanskoy SSR, No 2, 1959, p 29-35
A method is suggested by which the dielectric characteristics of ma-
terials with high losses (tg6>1) may be determined with minimum error.
In determining small Q-factors, the capacitor, which is connected
to the circuit with a strongly attenuating substance, is inductively cou-
pled and tuned to the Q-meter circuit. If the Q-factor of the measuring
circuit is decreased, damping in the Q-meter circuit decreases, and a
relationship may be established between the Q-factor of the measuring
circuit and readings of the meter. This relationship takes the form:
Q _ 1 1 1
2 k2 ( 01,E
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where Q1 is natural Q-factor of the Q-meter circuit, Ql is the Q-factor.
of the 91,,,?~?meter circuit coupled with the measuring circuit, It is the cou-
pliri:; a,ufficient of the circuits, and, Q2 is the unknown Q-factor of the
second circuit.
The problem of constructing; an equivalent circuit of the capacitor
ar,1 sample material is discussed and errors in determining dielectric co-
efficients are computed. Maximum possible errors in debendrdng tg Send
capacitance of the sample did not exceed 60% and 110%, respectively.
Graphic Description of Transformation Regime of Lossy Circuits
"A Graphic Method of Describing the Transformation Behavior of
Lossy Circuits," by K. E. Mueller, Institute of High-Frequency
Engineering and Electron Tubes, Dresden Technische Hochschule;
Leipzig, Hochfrequenztechnik and Elektroakustik, Vol 68, No 2,
Jul 59, pp 61-6k
The article describes the use of the Smith diagram for lossy circuits,
whereby the most suitable method of describing the transformation behav-
ior is the conformal mapping of the right half.plane of resistance and
conductance, respectively, represented in polar coordinates on the circle
of unit radius.
The general L?epresentation of the transformation behavior is ex-
plained in detail by means of two examples.
Materials
1}5 ,
Method for Determining Electrical Properties of Semiconductors
"Method for Measuring Resistance and Capacitance of Semiconduc-
tors and Semiconductor Rectifiers," by I. M. Yashukova; Lenin-
grad, Nauchno-Tekhnicheskiy Informatsionnyy Byulleten' -- Razdel
Fiziko-Matematicheskikh a , No 12, , p ZU-20
Circuits using a square pulse voltage source of small pulse duration
were designed for measuring the resistance and capacitance of semicon-
ductors and semiconductor rectifiers.
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The circuit for measuring the resistance of a sample contains a resis-
tance in series with the sample, an oscillograph for measuring current
pulse, and a pulse voltmeter for measuring the applied pulse voltage. When
the caprcitarice of the sample is large, two identical resistances are used
on each side of the sample.
An equivalent circuit is also shown for measuring the capacitance and
resistance of rectifiers.
The described method was used for measuring samples of polycrystalline
cadmium selenide, cadmium sulfide, and selenium and copper oxide rectifiers.
46. New Plastic Scintillators
"Plastic Scintillators Containing 1, 2-di(l-Naphthyl)-Ethylene,"
by-L. L. Nagornaya and A. P. Kiliniov,'Khar'16v'Affiliate,"All-
Union Scientific Research Institute of Chemical Reagents; Moscow,
Pribory i Tekhnika Eksperimenta, No 4, Jul/Aug 59,' pp 63-66.
The luminescence and scintillation characteristics of solutions of
1,2-di(l-naphthyl)-ethylene in polystyrene were investigated by the method
of high-temperature polymerization. Plastic scintillators were prepared
which contain 1,2-di-(l-naphthyl) -ethylene as the principal luminescent
additive or as an agent which shifts the spectrum. The scintillators that
were prepared give a yield of light radiation following excitation with
gamma rays which reaches 125-130% and 140-145% of the light yield given
by a 2% solution of p-terphenyl in polystyrene.
47.
Distortion of Full Energy Lines By Na I(Tl Crystals
'L"bnuerning a Certain Type of Distortion of Full Energy Lines by
Na I(T1) Crystals" by Yu. A. Nemilov, A. N. Pisarevskiy, and
L. D. Soshin, Radium Institute, Academy of Sciences USSR; Moscow,
Pribory i Tekhnika Eksperimenta, No 4, Jul-Aug 59, pp 72-73.
The doubling of full energy lines by some sodium iodide crystals ac-
tivated with thallium is considered.
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48. The Converuion Efficiency of Sodium Iodide Crystals Activated With
Thallium
"The Scintillation Conversion Efficiency of Na I (Ti) Crystals,"
by I. I. Lomonosov, A. N. Pisarevskiy, and L. D. Soshin, Radium
Institute, Academy of Sciences USSR; Moscow, Pribory i Tekhnika
Eksperimenta, No 4, Jul-Aug 59, pp 70-71
The scintillation conversion efficiency of Na I (Tl) crystals
grown by different methods' was investigated. It was established
that ';the '.conversion' efficiencies determined in previous investi-
gationsare too low.
11.9.
Properties of Antimony [ alfide-Bismuth Sulfide Layers
"Properties and Structure of Three-Component -Semiconductor Sys-
tems; Part VI - Electrical and Photoelectric Properties of Lay-
ers of the System Sb2 S. - Bit S3," by B. T. Kolomiyets and V.
M. Lyyuubin; Leningrad, Fizika Tverdogo Tela, Vol 1, No 5, May 59,
pp 740-747.
Results are reported of an experimental investigation of electric
and photoelectric properties of layers of Sb2 S Bit S . The data ob-
tained are compared with those applying to the scon2duct3or properties
of three-dimensional samples having the same composition as the layers.
The effect of heat treatment on the properties of the layers is' discussed.
50. Properties of Aluminum Antimonide With Conductivity of the n-T pe
"Electrical. Characteristics of AlSb of the n-Type," by D. N.
Nasledov and S. V. Slobodchikov, Leningrad Physico-Technical
Institute, Academy of Sciences USSR; Leningrad, Fizika TverdoEp
Tela, Vol 1, No 5, May 59, pp 748-754
Changes in the temperature dependence of the specific electrical con-
ductivity, the Hall constant, and the differential thermal electromotive
force of aluminum antimonide alloyed with selenium and tellurium, i. e.,
exhibiting a conductivity of the n-type, were determined. The results ob-
tained and the conclusions drawn from these results are presented in the
paper.
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51. Properties of Indium Antimonide of High Purity
"Electrical and Galvanomagnetic Characteristics of InSb of High
Purity," by N. I. Volokobinskaya, V. V. Galavanov, and D. N.
Nasledov, Leningrad Physico-Technical Institute, Academy of
Sciences USSR; Leningrad, Fizika Tverdogo Tela, Vol 1, No 5,
May 59, pp 755-760
Results are reported of an investigation of the electrical conducti-
vity and the Hall effect in indium antimonide of high purity. The con-
ductivity and the Hall effect were determined in the temperature range
of 77-500?K in magnetic fields ranging from 60 to 25,000 oersteds. It
was established that the Hall effect shows anomalies at low temperatures
and that there are also anomalies in the low temperature range as far
as the dependence of the electrical conductivity on the intensity of the
transverse magnetic field is concerned.
52. Changes in the Thermal Electromotive Force of Indium Antimonide and
Gallium Ant on de on Melting
"Investigation of the Thermoelectric Characteristics of In.Sb
and GaSb in the Region of Melting and in the Liquid State,"
by A. I. Blum and G. P. Ryabtsova, Institute of Semiconduc-
tors (Leningrad), Academy of Sciences USSR; Leningrad, Fizika
Tverdogo Tela, Vol 1, No 5, May 59, pp 761-765
Results of an investigation of the thermal electromotive forces of
GaSb and InSb in the region of melting and in the liquid state are re-
ported in the paper. A sharp change in the thermal electromotive force
at the melting point and a complex temperature course of the thermal
EMF in the region of melting have been observed on pure samples. The val-
ues of the thermal electromotive force and the temperature course of the
EMF at the melting point and above the melting point which have been es-
tablished in this instance are characteristic for a number of metals.
The results obtained in the investigation of the thermal electromotive
force of the two compounds in-question as well as determination of-other
electric characteristics of these compounds indicate that they assume
a metallic state on melting.
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53. Thermoelectric Characteristics of Gallium Antimonide
"Thermoelectric Properties of Gallium Antimonide (GaSb)", by
A. I. Blum, Institute of Semiconductors (Leningrad), Academy
of Sciences USSR; Leningrad, Fizika Tverdogo Tela, Vol 1, No 5,
May 59, pp 766-773
Results are reported of an investigation of the thermoelectric prop-
erties: of GaSb of different degrees of purity in the temperature range
from minus 190? to plus 60?C. Using known relationships derived from the
theory of non-degenerate semiconductors with an atomic type of bonds, a
calculation of the concentrations of electrons and holes has been cL::'ied
out as well as of their mobility in the region of impurity conduction.
Furthermore, the effective mass of current carriers in the region of impur-
ity conduction has been determined. A formula. has been derived which
correlates the thermal electromotive force with the width of the forbidden
zone and with the ratio of mobilities of current carriers. The value of
this ratio which applies to the region of intrinsic conduction has been
calculated,
54. The Resistance of Sputtered Bismuth
"The Specific Resistance of Sputtered Bismuth", by M. N.
Markov and I. S. Lindstrem, Physics Institute imeni P. N.
Lebedev, Academy of Sciences USSR; Leningrad, Fizika Tverdoga
Tela, Vol 11 No 5, May 59, pp 827-828.
It was established in the work described that the critical thickness
of sputtered bismuth layers, i. e., the thickness below which there is a
sharp increase of the specific resistance, comprises approximately 0.114.
The specific resistance of bismuth layers deposited on different supports
(glass, nitrocellulose., sodium chloride) was found to be the same independ-
ently of the nature of the support. On the basis of the results obtained,
it is concluded that the critical thickness of sputtered bismuth is consid-
erably greater than that found by P. G. Bryant., H. U. Rhoads, and A. H.
Weber (Physical Reviews, Vol 92, 1953, p 1083). The critical thickness
which was established is also considerably greater than that of gold, silver,
platinum, and other metals with higher melting points than bismuth. This
indicates that bismuth is no exception to the rule that the critical thick-
ness increases rapidly with the reduction of the melting point of the metal.
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55. A Method for the Determination of Germanium in Coal
"Concerning the Problem of a Method for the Determination of
Germanium in Coal; by F. A. Baryshnilcov, I. L. Ruzinova, and
V.,Ya.:Fedosova,,Institute of 'Mining., Siberian Department Acad-
emy of Sciences USSR; Novosibirsk, Izvestiya Sibirsko o
Otdeleniya Akademii Nauk SSSR, No 6, Jul 59, pp 75-0
A simple and convenient method for the determination of germanium in
coal has been developed. A colorimctric determination of the compound
formed by the reaction of germanium with phenylflixorone forms the final
stage of the analytical procedure. The discrepancy between the results of
the chemical and spectroscopic analyses comprises 5-15% at quantities of
germanium amounting to 0.01 - 0.005% of the coal ash. The results obtained
apply to Kuznetsk Basin coals. It is assumed that equally good results
will be obtained in the analysis of other coals by this method.
56. On Ceramic Electrets
"Ceramic Electrets," by E. Schleicher, VEB Keramische Werke,
Hermsdorf; Berlin, Experimentelle Technik der Physik. Vol 7,
No 4, 1959,? Pp 168-1 1
Ceramic electrets afford certain advantages over organic electrets
with respect to practie l use and manufacturing conditions. The behavior
of the electric charge in relation to various external influences (material,
polarization, thickness, dielectric material, storage) is discussed.
Thin. polished electret circular plates less than one millimeter in
diameter showed a rapid drop of surface charge as a result of the diffusion
of the electrode material into the dielectric.
The electrode material and the conditions of its application are de-
cisive for the magnitude and the time constant of the surface charge den-
sity of electrets, as long as the polarization field is sufficent.
Short-circuited (wrapped in metal foil) electrets stored with solidly
connected electrodes (as usually recommended) showed a more rapid drop
of surface charge than those stored in an open condition; the reason for
the surface charge decrease was the disturbance of the field in the inter-
mediate layer.
The timewise fluctuations of the surface charge density of electrets
do not result from fluctuations of ambient temperature, air humidity, or
air pressure, but must be ascribed to other external influences.
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57. Rumanian Work on Ferrites Reported in Czechoslovak Periodical
"Interesting Items From Everywhere" [unsigned artiele]; Prague,
Sdelovaci Technika, No 8, Aug 59, p 314
The Electrotechnical Research Institute in Bucharest has invented
new types of ferrites Vbi& hme.a rectangular hysteresis loop, like other
types, being distinguished by high permeability. Ferritas. ir:i.th a rec-
tangular hysteresis loop are composed of magnesium oxide, manganese mon-
oxide, and ferric oxide. By using technological methods utilized in
ceramics manufacture, material with a fine, compact structure was obtained.
Special attention was given to heat processing in production. These
ferrites are suitable for use in memory cores, remote measuring and re-
mote_ control equipment, electronic laboratories, and computers. Types
of zinc manganate ferrites with high permeability, with anisotropic con-
stant K and magnetostrictive coefficient very near zero, have been devel-
oped. The preliminary and supplementary processing assures homogeneous
and compact material with large crystals. It has an initial permeability
of 2,000'to 2,500 G/Oe. The tangent loss factor is S up to 10 x 10:6
Ultrasonics
58. Ultrasonic Wave Generators
"Ultrasonic Wave Radiators with Y-Cut Quartz Piezoelements,"
by A. P. Sviridov, Ye. A. Karepin, A. I. Bystrov, V. G. Karpov,
and S. K. Barashkov, Central Scientific Research Laboratory of
Lengorispolkom of Local Industry; Leningrad, Izvesti. a Vysshikh
Uchebnykh Zavedeniy - Priborostroyeniye, No 1, 1959, pp 34-37-
In a series of ultrasonic-wave generation tests with quartz peizo-
elements, it was discovered that a considerably higher intensity can be
obtained with the Y-cut piezoelement than with the X-cut element, if such
a Y-cut element is excited with electric potential applied along the Y
crystallographic axis. It is assumed that at the interface of the ex-
cited piezoelement with the fluid medium there occurs t transfoa'uation of
shearing oscillations in the quartz into the longitudinal oscillations
in the fluid.
The experimental part of the test has shown that intensity of ultra-
sonic radiation with Y-cut piezoelectric quartz is almost twice that of
the X-cut quartz. At the present time Y-cut piezoelectric radiators of
ultrasonic waves are becoming more widely used for the purpose of cleaning
delicate mechanisms and optical parts.
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IV. ENGINEERING
Automatic Control Engineering, Instruments and Computers
59. Analysis of Transient Responses in Control Systems
"On Transient Responses in Optimalizing Systems of Control,"
by 0. M. Kryzhanovskiy and V. M. Kuntsevich; Moscow, Izvestiya
Akademii Nauk SSSR, Otdeleniye Tekhnicheskikh Nauk, Energetika
i Avtomatika, No 3', 1959, p 32- 2
The authors note the. necessity of studying transient responses in
addition to steady-state oscillations for a more complete evaluation of
control systems. It is shown how the present methods of studying tran-
sient responses in nonlinear control systems may be applied, in most
cases, to the study of transient- responses in systems of optimalizing
control. The author limits his analysis to those control systems in
which the optimalizing characteristic has only one maximum.
60. Optimum Characteristics in Servomechanisms With Varying Input
"On the Existence of Optimum Characteristics in Servomechanisms
Activated by an Input Signal With Varying'Sign, "by V. I. Kostyuk,
Kiev Order of Lenin Polytechnic Institute; Kiev, Avtomatika,
No 2, 1959, pp 56-70
This article considers the dynamic equations of linear servo systems
of the second and third order which are activated by input signals of vary-
ing sign, as in the so-called corrective servomechanisms used in combined
systems.
It is established that in servo systems of the third order and higher
which are activated by a signal of varying sign, an optimum characteristic
exists as a result of the fact that, in the enlargement of the amplif ica-
tion factor of the system, the forced component of the error decreases
whereas the free component of the error increases at a rather rapid rate.
When the amplification factor of a linear servo system of the second
order increases, the error decreases,-since the free component of the
error increases slowly; minima occur only when the frequency of the in-
put signal increases to a point where a transient process cannot be com-
pleted. An optimum relationship exists also at the output of the system,
beyond the limits of linearity. In this case, the location of.the minimum
depends also on the amplitude of the input signal.
It is possible to construct a servo system in which the amplification
factor varies in relation to the frequency of the input signal, in accord-
ance with the optimal compounding characteristic.
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61. Theory of Combined Systems and Cybernetic Control
"Basic Problems of the General Theory of Adaptive Cybernetic
Automatic Control Systems," by A. G. Ivakhnenko, Institute of
Electrical Engineering, Academy of Sciences Ukrainian SSR;
Kiev, Avto matika, No 2, 1959, pp 1-18
This IF the fourth and final article of this series and deals with
the fundamental problems of the theory of combined cybernetic-ordinary
control systems.
Cybernetic systems are defined as those possessing adaptive character-
istics to enviromental conditions, such as reference, program, parameters,
nonlinearity, algorithms, probability, sphere of action, impulses, struc-
ture, etc. An analogy is established between the basic schemes of cyber-
netic systems and ordinary systems which do not possess these adaptive
characteristics. In both systems it is possible to apply the principle
of control according to disturbances and control according to output
(feedback principle). The theory of combined systems, which was devised
for ordinary control systems, can also be applied to cybernetic systeris.
This can be illustrated by a comparison of the equations of systems in-
volving stabilization and optimal systems. In steady-state routines, com-
bined systems retain both the energetic and cybernetic (i.e., adjustment)
advantages.
Two methods are discussed for eliminating the steady state error;
one involves a change in the numerator and the other a change in the
denominator of the static factor. The determination of the error due to
search is also discussed. It is shown that a knowledge of the optimum
characteristics is- necessary only in the case of systems which react
according to disturbances, whereas, in feedback systems, it is sufficient
to know that an optimum exist3. An example is given of a rough approxima-
tion method which gives precise 'indications for detecting disturbances and
for proving the existence of the optimum.
Rules are given for selecting control system schemes which hold for
both ordinary and cybernetic systems. The advantage of combined systems
with transient response is the'greater range of application of invariant-
ness conditions, which increases precision and rate of response.
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62. Modulating Pulses and Polarity Matching in Optimum Controller
"Optimum Controller With Pulse Modulation," by P. I. Akinin,
Kiev Order of Lenin Polytechnic Institute; Kiev, Avtomatika,
No 2, 1959, pp 71-80
An optimum controller is discussed which employs modulating pulses
to determine the location of an object in relation to the optimum. During
,, the modulation, a synchro receiver is switched on only after a certain mag-
nitude of the deviation of the system from the optimum has been reached,
and after the polarity of the modulating pulse has been matched with the
sign of the required change of the controlling action (matching by means
of a logic unit) .
An analysis of the operation of the arrangement provides expressions
for the determination of the time parameters of the modulating pulses, as
well. as for the construction of the transient forms.
Three operational regimes are recorded for the motive element (synchro
receiver) influenced by the modulating pulses (switching on the synchro
receiver, switching on the matching relay without switching on the synchro
receiver, and switching on neither matching; relay nor synchro receiver),
and the zones which correspond to these regimes are isolated according to
a common characteristic.
For an exceptional case, when the amplification factor of the object
varies in proportion with the absolute value of the optimum, the use of
a nonlinear correction link is proposed, which affords the possibility of
adjusting the system of the optimum control with forced oscillations in
accordance with the mean, rather than the lowest, value of the amplifica-
tion factor.
63. Optimalizing Control Systems Based on Gradient Method.
"Dynamics of Continuous Systems of Optimalizing Control Based
on the Gradient Method,' yA. A. Krasovskiy; Moscow, Izvestiya
Akademii Nauk SSSR, Otdeleniye Tekhnicheskikh Nauk, Energetika
i Avtomatika, No 3, 1959, -49
Certain problems concerning the dynamics of continuous systems of
optimalizing control with several control values and measurement of the
component of the gradient of the optimalizing function are considered.
When deviations from the point of the extreme are small, such systems
may be treated as linear. The properties of these systems are de-
termined simply by the quadratic form which approximates the character-
istic of the, object in the vicinity of the point of the extreme.
The method of synchronous detection, using a signal generator to
produce the required small oscillations, is used to measure the components
of the gradient.
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611. Third Solution of Synthesis of Optimal Control System With Bounded
Third Derivative
"On the Optimal Transient Processes in a System With Bounded
Third Derivative," by A. A. Pavlov, Moscow; Moscow, Avtomatika
i Telemekhanika, No 8, Aug 59, pp 1020-1036
This work considers the optimal relay system of a third-order automatic
control system, the linear section of which is represented by a combination
of three integrating sections, relay, servomotor, and controlled device,
the latter itself consisting of two integrating sections. The functional
mechanism in the system is a servomotor with a constant speed and con-
trolled by a relay, such as a hydraulic servomotor, and the third deriva-
tive of the control value in the system is bounded. The problem of the
synthesis of the optimal control section of the system is carried out
here only for a narrowly limited class of initial conditions connected
with the distortions of the three main sections.
The problem involving the synthesis of an optimal control system
with bounded third derivative was first solved by A. A. Fel'dbaum
(Avtomatika i Telemekhanika, Vol 16, No 2, 1955), who obtained an
expression for the surface of transition which guarantees an optimal
motion of the imaginary points in the phase space toward the origin of
coordinates under arbitrary initial conditions.
This article presents a different approach to the solution of the
synthesis problem. A simpler expression is obtained for the optimal
control principle, which guarantees an optimal handling*of step-by-step
distortions. Other types of distortions, such as those which are linearly
variable with time according to the quadratic or cubic law, are not hane-
died optimally by the system considered here, since the number of trans-
fer processes is too high. The simplification of the structure of the
controlling section of the automatic control system is, however, fully
justified for several cases.
The work was done in the Institute of Automatics and Telemechanics,
Academy of Sciences USSR, under the direction of B. N..Petrov, Corres-
pondingMember of the Academy of Sciences USSR.
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65. Floating Controller Employing Nonlinear Compensation in Delay System
"Control of a First-Order Delay System by Means of an Astatic
Controller With Nonlinear Correction," by S. V. Yemel'yanov,
Moscow; Moscow, Avtomatika i Telemekhanika, Vol 20, No 8, Aug 59,
pp 1009-1019
This article considers the possibility of stabilizing and improving
the quality of a dynamic delay system described by second-order differential
equations by means of a nonlinear converter which changes the structure. of
the system during a transfer process, depending on the sign and ratio of
two coordinates, the controlled parameter and its derivative.
The amplification factor of the regulator is selected so that the
first half wave of the transfer process influenced by one form of per-
turbation will satisfy certain requirements of quality control. Various
relative values are considered for the constant delay time and the time'
interval between maximum deviation of the controlled coordinates and the
end of the first half wave of the transfer process, in the absence of
auxiliary stabilization.
66. Motion of Precession Axis in Floated Gyro Studied
"Floated Two-Degree-of.-Freedom Gyro-Compass with Elastic Bearings
on Precession Axis," by M. A. Sergeyev, Leningrad Institute of
Precision Mechanics and Optics; Leningrad, Izvestiya Vysshikh
Uchebnykh Zavedeniy- Priborostroyeniye, No 5, 195b, p 69-75-
A theoretical study is made of the motion of the sensing element
of a two-degree-of-freedom floated gyro-compass with elastic bearings
on the precession axis. The accuracy of indication of such a gyro is
compared vith that of an ordinary floated gyro-compass.
The author makes the following conclusions:
"1. To decrease the error of nonverticality of the precession
axis it is necessary:
"a. that the relationship of the design parametersP and H be
sufficiently small in designing the instrument;
"b. tc balance the sensing element so that thp moment created by
lift around its pivot axis balance the gravitational moment around the
same axis ('tai - O, Vx z 0) .
tic. tr place the precession ax is cf the instrument along the
vertical ( J z D d - O)
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"2. In relation to the position of the center of gravity and the
center of volume of the sensing element along the east-west axis, it is
possible to have damped, undamped, and divergent oscillations as well as
aperiodic motion of the sensing element.
"3. The period of free undamped oscillations may be determined by
the formula:
T= 2.1y/ A
Ucos
H
cUcos cQcQ
in which, :h nn to the static moment of inertia of the sensing
element A, ':'.c dy:!??iic moment of ine.rti.n H 2 is also considered."
C
67. Ionic-Mechanical Accelerometer
"One Type of Ionic-Mechanical Acceleration Data Unit," by L. A.
Goncharskiy and V. I. Ryzhenko, All-Union Correspondence Insti-
tute for Railway Transport Engineers; Moscow, Nauchnyye Doklady
Vysshey Shkoly, Radiotekhnika i Elektronika, No 1, 1959, pp 226-231
The ionic-mechanical acceleration pick-up unit (acceletron), designed
by the authors, incorporates as its basic element the TKh3R thyratron
with cold cathode.
The arrangement of the components of this acceletron is as follows:
on both sides of a movable nickel anode mounted on a tungsten spring are
located two fixed molybdenum cathodes; the active surfaces of these flat
electrodes are parallel and facing each other. The outer surfaces of
the electrodes are protected by a layer of insulating material to pre-
vent discharge leakage, which would disturb the normal performance of the
device. The voltage at the tube's electrodes depends on the distance
between them. The retarded glow discharge between cathode and anode has
to pass through a rectangular aperture.
If a sufficiently sensitive electromagnetic oscillograph is con-
nected to such an acceleration data unit, the readings of acceleration
can be taken without any preliminary amplification of the signal.
The gap between electrodes is 1 mm and the gas pressure in the tube
is 25 mm Hg. Under normal operating condition of 160v, the sensitivity
of electrodes with respect to acceleration is about 3 v/g (g being gravi-
tational acceleration).
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68. Large-Capacity Digital Computer "LEM-1" Described
"Experimental Digital Computer LEM-1 with Ferrite Components,"
by L. I. Gutenmakher and, Yu. A. Makhmudov; Baku, Izvestiya
Akademii Nauk Azerbaydzhanskoy SSR, No 2, 1959, p E7-60
The authors examine some of the problems involved in the development
and construction of an experimental high-speed large-capacity memory de-
vice using contactless'magnetic and, capacitive elements which was developed
at the Laboratory of?Electromodelling of the All-Union. Institute of Scien-
tific and Technical Information of the Academy of Sciences USSR.
"In the laboratory a three-cycle circuit of magnetic elements is
used because of its reliability and stability, although it requires more
cores to store one unit of information and has a more complex supply cir-
cuit (three-phase) than the single-cycle or two-cycle circuits.
Basically, in logic and computer devices, the following,,types of mag-
netic elements are used: .
"1. Storage element P -- used in registers for 'short-term storage
of codes, in delay lines,, etc.,
"2. Amplification element M -- used for amplifying signal power.
"3. The 'sign-difference' element P -- performs the logical operation
of changing sign.
"4. Coincidence element I -- performs the operation of logical mul-
tiplication.
"5.
Suppress element Z -- performs the logical operation of 'negation'.
"6.
Dynamic trigger.
"7.
lator."
Oscillating element G -- performs the function of master oscil-
Basic specifications of the LEM-1 computer are:
Arithmetic: binary, fixed point
Internal memory: 8,192 addresses.
Permanent memory: 7,167 addresses
Operating memory: 1,023 addresses
Instruction code: single-address for main internal memory
three-address for operative memroy cells
Magnetic tape external memory unit capacity?
Power requirement: 4-4 . 5 kW
Space required: 2m2 (less external units)
65,536 instructions
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Translation from one language to another is suggested as one of the
many uses for the LEM-1 computer.
"It will be possible in the LEM-1 machine to solve the problems of
checking the algorithm of nomenclature translation of names of organic
compounds. This is unique translation from one language to another.
One and the same object -- the structural formula of an organic com-
pound -- may have several different designations. The problem in-
volved is to build a structural' formula from any designation and, from
the structural formula, establish a designation in some specific system
which is acknowledged as the standard.
"An analysis of the algorithm developed in the laboratory shows
that the number of variable instructions in the translation program is
small. This permits us to place the program, basically, in the permanent
memory unit and thereby use the large volume of the high-speed storage of
the machine.
"The problem of nomenclature translation using existing methods of
organizing dictionaries is evolving very slowly. In order to increase
the speed of this operation it is suggested that an automatic. address-
type dictionary be used; the principles of such a dictionary have been
developed in the laboratory."
"Results of the development of the LEM-1 and experience gained in
its exploitation will undoubtedly play an important role in the creation
and construction of an information-logic machine with a large volume"of
high speed permanent storage."
Electricial Engineering
69. New Soviet Dielectric Material
"Asbodin," by M. Azarkh and V. Sidorov; Moscow, Nauka i Zhizn;
No 7, Jul 59, pp 66-67
A new insulating material "asbodin" was developed at the "Asbest-
Dinamo" plant in cooperation with the All-Union Scientific Research
Institute for Technical Asbestos Articles. Asbodin possesses high
mechanical properties, satisfactory dielectric characteristics, fair
resistance to moisture, and will not disintegrate under the action of
electric arc. Because of favorable combination of desirable properties,
asbodin is now widely used in manufacturing certain parts for electric
machinery. The asbodin mass, which is prepared from a mixture of as-
bestos fibers, synthetic rubber, iron oxide,., and a few other minor con-
stituents, is pressed to the desired shape at a relatively low tem-
perature in special press-molds; then the parts are baked in electric
furnaces.
Asbodin has replaced many other more-expensive dielectric materials
in manufacturing certain parts of electric machinery'and instruments.
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Mining Engineering
70. Mechanized Mobile Supports in Coal Mines
"The 'A-2' is Now Operating," by A. Goncharenko, Moscow, Yunyy,
Tekhnik, No 8, Aug 59, pp 15-17 The "A-2" coal-cutting and loading combine with mechanized mobile
supports was designed by the State Experimental Institute of Design and.
Construction for the Coal Machinery Industry (Giprouglemash) and was
tested at a long-wall stope of the "Novo-Mospino" mine of the "Budennovugol'?"
trust'..
With the aid of the "A-2" combine the coal extraction in thin seams
has been increased almost three times as compared to the production of the
coal-mining combine "Donbass." The mechanized-mobile supports of 'the "A-2"
combine consist of a thick steel slab which supports the roof of a'working
stope with the aid of a huge telescoping column (jack). Beyond the row
of supporting columns and along the long wall are located the coal conveyer
and coal cutting machine. The "A-2" combine was tested in a 25-meter long-
wall stope. The cutting machine travels the whole length of the long wall
in a little more than one minute and takes a 8-cm deep cut. After every
81
-cm bite into the coal seam, the cutting machine and every other roof
supporting steel section with its column, called the "stope" section, are
moved 8-cm closer.to the working face, thus preventing any possible caving
of freshly exposed roof in front of the working face. When 80 cm of coal
has been removed (ten cuts), then the other alternate supports, called
"caving" supports, are moved closer 'to the working Pace with the aid of
a hydraulic mechanism, permitting the roof beyond the supports'to cave in.
It takes about 20 min to move the "caving" sections into the new advanced
position. Thus the "stope" supporting sections and the "caving" sections
are moved forward alternately to support the freshly exposed roof of the
working stope.
Although this is the first experimental installation of its kind, it
is expected that this method of coal mining will be widely used in the near
future.
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V. MEDICINE
Aviation Medicine
71. Training of Aviation Physicians
"Now We Shall Proceed With the Experiment," by Maj. A. Busyrev,
Sovetskaya Aviatsiya, 19 Jun, 59, No 142 (3312), p 4
"It is difficult and, at times, impossible to keep track of an air-
plane executing acrobatics. An inexperienced person admires the skill
with which the aviator performs his stunts, having no idea of the enor-
mity of the stress experienced by his organism at a. high altitude and
at high speed. The aviation physician, the aviator's constant and in-
dispensable friend, enables him to tolerate this stress without experi-
encing any injury.
"Physicians of aviation squadrons and aviation units 'of the future
must possess considerable knowledge and skill which they are acquiring
under the supervision of prominent scientists and expert instructors.
The future aviation physicians will have at their disposal a well-equipped,
scientific . b&se with ' ' ~ facilit'ies; available to investigate the work-
ing conditions of flight personnel on earth and in the air,, and to be-
come familiarized with the peculiarities of medical safety in aviation
under modern conditions.
"Aviation physicians must know well the effect that overload fac-
tors of a fast pursuit plane have on the organism of a flyer and they
must find ways to control these harmful effects. Auditors at the Acad-
emy,[S. M. Kirov Order of Lenin Military Medical Academy] accomplish
all this with:the aid of complicated instruments such as ground cata-
pult trainers,?.special hermetic cabins, etc. Various electroencephalo-
graphs are. also used. By analyzing biocurrents, they make it possible
to compile a.clear picture of the function of the higher'organs of the
central nervous system of a flyer.
"The S. M. Kirov Order of Lenin Military Medical Academy is not
the only place where prospective aviation physicians are trained.
Prospective aviation physicians serve their apprenticeship ,in air units
where they receive practical training in the. methods of medical super-
vision over the work of flight personnel, and they apply the knowledge
which Lieutenant Colonels of the Medical Service I. M. Buznik, G. P.
Lysenko, B. M. Savin and others have given them. The prospective avia-
tion physicians also must go up in airplanes and make parachute jumps,,.
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"Under the guidance of Colonel of the Medical Service Shiehov, the
large group of scientists of the academy observe.the, effects' of acceler-
ation on the organism of a flyer and study the problem of motion'iickness
control. The effects of temperature fluctuations on,.the efficiency of
flyers is being studied in a laboratory directed by Doctor of Medical
Sciences and Colonel, Medical. Service, V. A. Bukov. Colonel, Medical
Service, Prof V. P. Vasyutochkin and a group of scientists under his'
supeivision have solved a number of problems connected with nutrition
of flight personnel.
"Young physicians who have been trained,by the best Soviet ecien}
ttete will be entering our aviAtion,unite soon.
"A photograph accompanying the arti'dle, was taken by Ye,."Kameneva.
An oxygen respirator is shown ad Candi4at'e. Of Medical Sciences and
Colonel Medical Service P. Vokhmyanin, saying to the auditor of the
Academy, K..SukhanOv: 'Now we will proceed with the experiment.""
72. Conduct of Aviation Medical Officers
"Professional Propriety of ag'Aviation medical Officer,," by Col
Med Serv S. Dobrokhotov and Gds' Col Med Serv S: Koloskov,
Sovetskaya Aviatsiyai 18 Aug 59,'.No' 193? (3363), p 2
The atl,thorr, of this * article states that aviation physicians have
great responsibilities':' They must see that .fliers -remain in good'
-health and must try to-prevent causes for accidents in the air.-Medi-
cal' aid' In aviertion; is increasing 'in importance as a result of new
develonmente in avliation engineering. The aviation medical-officer
must be a ban of principle, and if he is to speak with authority, he
must be able to base his-recommendations to the commanding officer on
re$ults of ro a m dical examinations and seryatjon~ Man' medica,
bff'icefl a nge the r recommendations w en ey ea w $h per onne o
higher.rank. In high ranking personnel, consideration must be given to
changes that are due to age, professional propriety, in cases like this,
must not be based on the rank or position of aviation personnel, but must
be based on an objective evaluation of the health and general physical
condition of each officer.-
A case in which Maj Med Serv Tsitel 'man. observed the defects previcua'ly
noted by the medical-, consultation board became more' pronounced in flight
officer Voronkov is described*.' Major'Tsitel'man reported this fact to
the commanding officer. Consequently, Voronkov was'se*nt`to a hospital
for examination. The observations and-conclusions df Major Tsitel'man
were confirmed'at the hospital and Voronkov was grounded.
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The cdse of Kuznetsov is another example, of the high professional
decorum required of aviation medical officers. The regional commission
declared'that KuzJnetsov was not fit for flight duty. Maj Med Serv
Shcheglov disagreed. He knew Kuznetsov well and he'knew the status of
Kuznetsov's health. When Kuznetsov was ordered to be transferred,
Shcheglov :sent' .his opinion to the commanding: officer, insisting that'
the flier be re-examined. The'commanling officer accepted his opinion
and the commission had to re-examine its decision.
Major General Platonov has stated that he. thgiight it appropriate
for an aviation,medical'officer to",base his attitude on his daily con-
tact 'w?ith flight personnel as welli as on objective data obtained from
medical examinations and complaints of the aviator himself. The prin-
cipal method of objectively evaluatiny flight personnel is a-quarterly
medical examinatlon.? Medical examinations are conducted differently
by different medical officers: each foliows AA system found in a medi-
cal book.
The authors of this article do not think that this'is sufficient.
They think that the time is ripe. for the Scientific Research -Institute
of Aviation Medicine and ?the Chair of Plhysiology;?of Military Work of
the Kirov Military Medical Academy to establish a uniform method of
medical examinatior.??. This method should take'into consideration
.devices available to.-aviation medical officers and the conditions
under which they must work. These scientific establishments ,also
must consider supplying officor's in aviation medicine with portable
devices which. will help preserve the health of flight personnel.
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Bacteriology
73. Aerosol Particle Size
"A Simple Method for Determining the Size of Aerosol Particles,"
by A. I. Maslov; Moscow, Iaboratornoye Delo, Vol 5, No 5, Sept
Oct 59, p 42
"Inhalation therapy is being used more and more widely in medical
practice, especially in treatment of diseases of the respiratory tract
with antibiotic aerosols.
"It is known that the extent of the penetration of therapeutic
aerosols into the respiratory tract depends on the size of their particles.
It has been established that particles with a size of 100 microns or more
are all deposited in the nose and mouth. Particles of 30 microns reach
the large bronchi. Particles with a size of 10-30 microns penetrate the
second- and third-order bronchi, and partially, the bronchioles. Only
particles of 5 microns or less reach the terminal bronchioles and alveoli.
"It is apparent from this information that selective inhalation
therapy of any branch of the respiratory tract requires the administration
of a therapeutic aerosol with a definite degree of dispersion. Measurement
of the particles is therefore obligatory.
"The degree of dispersion of an aerosol depends on many factors:
the pressure of the air being supplied, the design of the sprayer, the
viscosity cf the solution, etc.
"We suggest the following, simple method of determining the dispersi-
bility of an aerosol. A thin blood smear is put on a well-cleaned, slide
by the usual method. The smears are stained the same as for calculating
the leukocytic formula, and are then dried. Two thirds American vaseline
is mixed with one third purified vaseline oil. The mixture is carefully
ground in a mortar., and a small amount of it is placed on the prepared
blood smear. The mixture is then spread evenly over the entire surface
of the slide so that a layer 1-2 mm thick is formed. After this, the
slide is heated slightly until the mixture melts, and is then cooled.
Such a slide can be prepared for storage and kept in a Petrie dish.
"For trapping the particles, the slides with vaseline on them are
placed under an aerosol stream and left for 30-60 seconds (depending on
the density of the aerosol). The diameter of the particles is determined
immediately after this under a microscope; erythrocytes with an average
size of 7.2 microns are used as a guide. Seven to ten particles are
counted in one visual field. In each visual field, the count is again done
on a 'sprayed' slide.
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"In place of the mixture of American vaseline and purified vaseline
oil, suggested by S. I. Endel'shteyn, we successfully used ordinary immer-
sion oil to cover the slides; this oil does not affect the antibiotic
particles of the aerosol, and keeps them on the slide. In this operation,
two-three drops of immersion oil are placed on the blood smear and are
spread over the slide evenly with another slide.
"Analogous data are obtained by either method of covering. The
method which we propose affords the possibility of arriving at a very
rapid conclusion concerning the suitability of the sprayer for treating
any branch of the respiratory tract."
74. Bacteriological Studies of Reservoirs
"A Direct Method of Determining Bacteria in Sanitary Studies of
Reservoirs," by L. Ye. Korsh, Institute of General and Communal
Hygiene imeni A. N. Sysina; Moscow, Gigiyena i Sanitariya, Vol 2k,
No 5, Sep 59, p 85
"The author points out that one of the foremost highly urgent problems
in the field of sanitary microbiology is the acceleration and improvement
of sanitary-bacteriological investigation o' water. This problem can be
satisfactorily resolved by the direct method of determining microorgax4ams
in water, which was proposed by A. S. Razumov in 1932 and which he used
in sanitary studies of open reservoirs. By using this method, it is
possible to determine the sanitary condition of the reservoir within 2 1/2
hours (instead of 24-48 hours when methods based on the calculation of
bacteria on meat-peptone agar are used,as at present). On the whole, the
method is as follows: a definite volume of water is passed through a
membrane. filter, which is then dried off, stained with erythrosin; dried
again, and cleared with immersion oil; after this, microscopic coixnting
of the microorganisms is done by the immersion system and an ocular:micro-
meter. The number of microorganisms per ml (N) is calculated according
to the formula: N S~ where S is the filtration surface of the apparatus
n in,u..2 n is th number of microorganisms on the surface surface of
ne ocul~~r micrometer Sl in microns)), and V is the volume of the filtered
water (in ml).
"The use of direct calculation of microorganisms for a number of
years in studies of the different sanitary conditions of the Klyaz'minskiy
and Akulovskiy reservoir of the Canal imeni Moscow, and of the Moscow
and Oka rivers permitted the author to determine the extent of bacterial
contamination of the water in these reservoirs. Observations of them
showed that the course of quantitative changes in microorganisms, calcu
lated by the direct method corresponds to the indexes of the number of
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saprophytic microorganisms and intestinal bacilli. In pure or moderately
contaminated reservoirs or parts of reservoirs, the number of microorganisms
calculated by the direct method was found to be within a range"of 200,000-
800,000 per ml. The number of microorganisms in contaminated reservoirs
fluctuated from 800,000 to 2 million per ml and higher. In pure water,
coccal forms of microorganisms were found to predominate (60-85% of the
total), and in contaminated reservoirs, bacilliform. The method of direct
calculation of microorganisms is simple and can be recommended for use
in investigation of reservoirs."
75. Collection of Water Samples for Analysis From Open Reservoirs
"A Mechanized Method of Collecting Water Samples From Open
Reservoirs for Physical-Chemical and Bacteriological Analysis,"
by S. A. Zakourtsev, Chair of General Hygiene, Tomsk Medical
Institute; Moscow, Gigiyena i Sanitariya, Vol 24, No 9jSep 59,
p 80
"The author constructed an apparatus for the mechanical collection
of water samples with a propeller motorboat (see illustration). The
water receptacle is located at a depth of 0.5 cm and at a distance of
one cm behind the propeller blade; it is a painted iron funnel with a
2-cm opening at the front end. The rear end.of the funnel passes into
a horizontal pipe with a 1.5-cm opening which bends around the stern of
the boat and passes under the top deck to the right, forward toward the
engine. A T-piece is located at the center of the pipe; a stopcock with
a diameter of 0.5 cm is screwed into the T-piece, which is installed in
the passenger section of the boat. Water for laboratory investigation is
drawn through this stopcock at a rate of one liter per 10-15 seconds dur-
ing the lowest number of revolutions of the engine. The depth of sample
collection can be changed within limits of 0.3-0.8 meter by transferring
the weight or people from the fore or aft compartments of the boat. An
elongated pipe with a diameter of one cm passes through the third opening
of the T-piece and 3s used for cooling the engine with water. The
possibility of oil, gasoline, or exhaust from the engine falling into the
collected sample of water is prevented. The author regards the significant
changes in the collection depth and the possible increase; in the iron
content of the sample from the iron receptacle asdpdpe as shortcomings of
the method."
A diagram of the apparatus is given in the source-
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76. Chamber for Observing Bacterial Growth
"A Chamber for Observing the Growth of Bacteria," by P. A.
Ivashkevich; Moscow Laboratornoye Delo, Vol 5, No 5, Sep/Oct
59, pp 49-52
An apparatus designed for observing the development of separate
microbial cells and the formation of microcolonies on the open surface
of .a culture medium is described. It consists of a heating table, a
humid chamber, and a device which prevents condensation on the objective.
The microorganisms are cultured on a thin (1.0-1.5;mm) layer of cleared
nutrient agar in a small bacteriological dish (with a diameter of 5.5-6.0
cm). After the droplets are placed on the agar in the center of the dish,
the culture is dried for 5-7 minutes and placed on the heating plate which
surrounds it on the bottom and sides. There is a window for illuminating
the object in the center of the bottom of the heating plate. The heater
is placed in the housing, whose lid touches the edges of the dish, thus
providing a hermetic chamber. A thermometer, an objective holder, and
a spiral are mounted on the lid. Details of the apparatus are shown in
a diagram and the procedure is described. The working temperature of
the chamber is 25-400 C.
A photograph of consecutive stages in the growth of microcolonies
of separate spores of the STI antianthrax vaccine, viewed with the help
of the chamber describedlis shown.
77. Comparative Viability of Rickettsia Preserved in Vacuum
"Comparative Survival Time of Rickettsia prowazeki, mooseri, and
burneti in Vacuum Preservation," by V. F. Ignatovich, Institute
of Epidemiology and Microbiology imeni Gamaleya; Moscow,
Zhurnal Mikrobiologii, Epidemiologii i Immunobiologii, Vol 30,
No 7, Jul 59, pp 122-123
Results of a study of the effect of the composition of the medium,
yolk sac concentration, and the residual moisture of dry preparations
on the preservability of Rickettsia during the process of vacuum drying
and subsequent storage are presented in this report. Yolk cultures of
Rickettsia prowazeki (Breynl' and Ye strains), mooseri (B-1 strain), and
burneti (Grits strain) were used. The method employed for preparing
standard cultures is described. After titration on chick embryos, the
infection titers of Rickettsia of the typhus group fluctuated from 10-6
to 10-8, and of R. burneti, from 10-9 to 10-10.
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Vacuum drying was done by the usual method in the collector apparatus
of a Dolinov system (exposure, 8 hours; drying at -180 to -20? for the first
2 hours and 150-200 for the next 6 hours). The residual moisture of the
dry cultures was determined by evaporation at 1000 for one hour. The
viable Rickettsia were determined quantitatively by titration in chick
embryos.
The following media for drying were studied: buffer-physiological
(5% phosphate buffer in physiological solution) and sucrose-buffer
(10% sucrose with 5% phosphate buffer) solutions, skimmed milk and a
milk-sucrose medium (10% sucrose, 5% phosphate buffer, and skimmed
milk), and a 5% peptone solution and a 5% peptone solution with 10% sucrose.
The different Rickettsia were observed in these solutions for 1-2 years.
The effects of the concentration of the yolk sac and of the residual
moisture on Rickettsia were also studied for the same length of time.
Initial and final titers are given.
The death of Rickettsia during the vacuum drying process was found
to depend on the filler, the concentration of yolk sac (when sucrose
media are used), and on the species sensitivity of the Rickettsia. Stabil-
ity of the infection titers of the dry cultures guaranteed vacuum preser-
vation at a low temperature. Preservation of rickettsial cultures with-
out vacuum in dry air and especially in humidified air had a profound ef-
fect on the organisms.
78. Cryptococcus neoformans Phosphatkses Studied
"Histochemical Studies of the Phosphate,ses of Cryptococcus Neo-
formans in Cul ure Medium and in Infected Brain. Tigsue," by Liu
Yen-fang and Wang Po-yun Department cc
Morbid Anatomy, Fourth Military Medical Unive..'sity; Peiping,
Chung-hua Ping-li-hsueh Tsa-chih (Chinese Journal of Pathology),
Vol 5, No 1, Feb 59, pp 30-34.
This article reports the preliminary results of histochemical studies
of the phosphatases of a strain of Cryptococcus neoformana as it appeared
in infected brain tissue and when isolated end grown in a culture medium.
The principal findings and conclusions were:
The capsule surrounding the c_''yptoccccus fo:md in the brain tissue
of a patient with cryptococcosis and that of experimentally infected mice
contained no acid phosphatase. But, the cells of the fungus were rich in
acid phosphatase and in this respect showed no noticeable change when iso-
lated and grown in culture medium. Acid phosphatase, therefore, may be
considered a constitutive enzyme.
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Both the cells and the capsules of the fungus found in the brain
tissues of the patient and experimental mice were abundant in alkaline
phosphatase. But this enzyme was lostwrgreatly diminii4gA during the
cultural process. Alkaline phosphatase is probably an adaptive enzyme of
Cryptococcus neoformans.
79. Ministry of Health RSFSR Concerned With Influenza During Fall and,'}
Winter 1959
"In the Ministry of Health RSFSR" (unsigned article); Moscow,
Meditsinskiy Rabotnik, 6 Oct 59
In a special session of the M.nistry of Health RSFSR, a report by
Prof K. V. Bunin, chairman of the Problem Commission on Infectious
Diseases of the Scientific Council, Ministry of Health RSFSR, on measures
for the prohylaxis of influenza and catarrhs of the upper respiratory
tracts during the fall and winter of 1959 were discussed. The report
indicated a number of serious shortcomings in the struggle toward control-
ling this infection. Not enough studies have yet been made of the data
on the morbidity of the influenza epidemic of 1957.
Professors P. N. Kosyakov, P. P. Dvizhkov, and others pointed out
that practicing physicians still do not have sufficiently effective
specific preparations against influenza. The vaccine currently produced
still has little effect.
It was also pointed out that because of lack of space, numerous
virology laboratories in eastern oblasts are unable to function and
thus curtail certain prophylactic activities in regard. to this disease.
In addition, methods of treatment and diagnosis are still outdated in
many instances, and mass vaccination is still limited in scope.
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Epidemiology
80. Mechanical Protection From Insects
"A New Method of Mechanical Protection From Attacks of Blood-
Sucking, Dipterous Insects," by Ya. S. Kon', Central Scientific
Research Laboratory of Hygiene and Epidemiology, in Medical-
Sanitary Administration of the Ministry of Railways, USSR;
Moscow, Gigiyena i Sanitariya, Vol 24, No 5, Sep 59, p 86
"The author describes the use of a vinyl plastic screen and a fiber
glass protective screen treated with resins to strengthen the fibers for
protection from blood-sucking, dipterous insects in buildings. Laboratory
investigations showed that the rate of movement of the air in front of the
plastic screen at a distance of 0.5 meter was 2.45 meters/sec, and behind
the screen -- 2.1 meters/sec; the rate of movement of the air in front of
the fiber glass screen at the same distance was 2.3 meters/sec, and behind,
1.8 meters/sec; the rate of movement of the air at the same distance in
front of gauze was 1.3 meters/sec, and behind gauze, one meter/sec. The
plastic screens can be made in various colors, and can be cleaned easily
by rubbing the screen with a damp cloth or washing it with water); unre-
stricted penetration of ultraviolet rays through the vinyl plastic
screen is noted. The fiberglass screen treated with resins can be used
not only for windows and doors, but also for making canopies. The screen
has the advantage of elasticity, which makes it possible to roll it on a
drum; dust-can be removed from it easily with a brush; it can be stained
different colors; it provides reliable protection from blood-sucking,
dipterous insects; the author therefore recommends it for extensive prac-
tical use."
Oncology
81. Therapy of Cancer of Thyroid Gland
"Therapy of Cancer of the Thyroid Gland With Radioactive Iodine,"
by Wiadislaw Jasinski, Nowotwory (Poland), 1958, 8, No 2, 65-82
(from Referativn Zhurnal -- Biolo i , No 16, 25 Aug 59,
Abstract No 73486, by M. Ye. Manikov)
"Patients suffering from cancer of the thyroid gland were administered
1131 for the purposes of diagnosis, the determination of the size of the
tumor, and the possible determination of the presence of metastases. Five
of the total of 22 patients received no treatment, and three others
were to be treated in the future. The other 14 patients received surgical
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treatment followed by either roentgenotherapy or the administration of 1131.
The results were as follows: considerable improvement was noted in five
patients; the therapy was ineffective in three cases; a deteriorated con-
dition was observed in one patient; two died; undetermined results were
noted in three patients (brief period of observation). The author thinks
that the results of the therapy of cancer of the thyroid gland with I131
are inconclusive."
82. Diagnosis of Cancer of Uterine Cervix
"Comparative Evaluation and Assessment of Data on the Clinical,
Cytological, and Histological Investigations of Cancer of the
Uterine Cervix," by V. F. Savinova, V sb.: Vopr. Klinich. i
Eksperim. Onkologii (Problems of Clinical and Experimental
Oncology), No 2, Stalingrad, 1957, 219-224 (from Referati
Zhurnal -- Biolo i aa, No 16, 25 Aug 59, Abstract No 73600, by
I. D. Nechayeva)
"Data obtained as a result of the complex investigations conducted
on 84 patients (35 suffering from carcinoma in the first, second and third
stages; 17 suspected of suffering from cancer of the uterine cervix; 17
suffering from erosion)are cited. It was found that the cytological method
of investigation may be helpful in the diagnosis of cancer of the uterine
cervix. Smears should be taken from the section of the uterine cervix
affected by the disease."
Pharmacology and Toxicology
83. New Curare-Like Preparations
"New Curare-like Preparations, Derivatives of Succinyl-choline
(Ditilin)," by S. S. Krylov, V sb.: Gangliolitiki I Blokatory
Nervno-myshechn. sinapsov (Volume: Gangliolytics and Block-
ing Agents of Neuromuscular Synapses), L. 1958, 141-146 (from
Referativnyy Zhurnal -- iologiya, i No 16, 25 Aug 59, Abstract
No 73766)
"Investigations were conducted on ditilin derivatives which were
obtained by substituting the hydrogen atoms of the alpha and beta carbons
of the succinic acid in a molecule of ditilin derivatives by ethyl and
phenyl radicals, and substituting the two methyl radicals of each nitro-
gen atom by ethyl radicals.
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(CH3)3N--CH2--CH2--0--CO--CH--C2H5
(CH3)3N--CH2--CH2--0--Co--CH--C2115
(CH3)3N--CH2--CH2--0--CO--CH-
(CH3) 3N--CH2- -CH2--0- -CO--CH--CD
(C2H5)2(CH3)N--CH2--C1i2--o--Co--CH--
(C2H5)2(CH3)N--CH2--CH2--0--CO- -CH-
Compound IEM--110
Compound
IEM--105
Compound
IEM--134
Studies were conducted on the effect of the preparations on respira-
tion, blood pressure, contractions of the gastrocnemius on the rhythmic
irritation of the sciatic nerve, and on the contraction of the palpebra
teXtia of a cat on the irritation of the preganglionic fibers of the
sympathetic nerve. It was established that the above-mentioned changes
in a molecule of ditilin derivatives do not destroy the curare-like action
of the compounds. Their action, however, is manifested only when doses
which are 10-20 times greater than those of ditilin derivatives are used.
The duration of their effect is increased. IEM4134 also possesses ganglio-
blocking properties."
84. Effect of Curare-Like Substances on Spinal Cord
"Stimulant Transmission in the Spinal Cord Upon Curarization,"
by A. I. Shapovalov, Chair of Pharmacalogy of the First Medical
Institute imeni I. P. Pavlov, Leningrad; Moscow-Leningrad,
Fiziologicheskiy Zhurnal SSSR imeni I. M. Sechenov, Vol XLV,
No 8, Aug 59, pp 952-958
A report on the results of experiments which were carried out to
determine the effect of tubocurarine, diplacin, and ditilin [succinylcho-
line] on the transmission of impulses in the spinal cord is presented.
Cats were used in the experiments. It was established that the prepara-
tions when administered in doses not exceeding those which completely
arrest the transmission of neuromuscular transmissions have no effect on
the mono- and polysynaptic reflex discharges of the ventral-toots, regard-
less of the rhythms of stimulation of the corresponding muscular neurons
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and dorsal roots. Tubocurarine and diplacin in large doses are able to
decrease the post-tetanic intensification which develops in the spinal
cord as a result of the passage of a series of high-frequency impulses.
85. Metabolism of Phosphorus-Containing Compounds
"Effect of Atropine on the Metabolism of Phosphorus Containing
Compounds," by E. F. Sopin, Nauk Za. Kiivsk. Un-t. (Scientific
Notes of Kiev University), 1957, 16, No 1 , 101-110 (from
Referativn Zhurnal -- Khimi Biolo icheska Khimi J No
1 , 25 Aug 59, Abstract No-21924., by S. Dolina)
"Atropine exerts a two-phase action on the intensity with which
phosphorus fractions are regenerated (by inclusion of P32) in the cerebral,
hepatic, and muscular tissues of a pigeon, increasing it within 2 hours
and reducing it within 4 hours after the administration of the drug. The
firRb phase is connected with the effect of atropine on the nervous re-
gv.lation of metabolism, and the second with its direct effect on metabolism.
In the author's opinion, these data are a confirmation of the possibility
of a direct effect of acetylcholine on the metabolic processes and make
it possible to elucidate the mechanism of the action of acetylcholine."
86. Penethamate Hydroiodide Action
"On the Mechanism of the Action of Penethamate Hydroiodide.
(Penester)," by V. Sobek and M. Hava, Caso . lekaru cesk.
(Czechoslovakia), 1959, 98, No 5, 147-150 (from Referatl.vnyy
Zhurnal -- Khimiya, Biolo icheska Khimiya, No lb, 25 Aug 59,
Abstract No 21990, by the author)
"In experiments on isolated lungs, the spasmolytic action of penester
(the hydroiodide of the diethylaminoethyl ester of benzylpehicillin) was
four times the action of novocain. In experiments on an isolated intestine,
penester displayed arr action equal to that of novocain in regard to spasms
inducted by histamine; its effect, however, was 1.5-2 times greater than
that of novocain when used in the case of spasms induced by BaC12 and
acetylcholine."
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87. Irritability of the Organ of Equilibrium
"Effect of Largactil on the Organ of Equilibrium," by Josef
Tarniewski, Otolaryngol. polska (Poland), 1958, 12, No 3, 259-
264 (from Referativnyy Zhurnal -- Biologiya, No 16, 25 Aug 59,
Abstract No 736-50
, by the author)
"Largactii in doses of 25-50 milligrams was administered to patients
intravenously before an operation. Caloric and rotational tests carried
out before and 1 1/2 hours after the administration of lar,,gactil revealed
a rise in the excitability of the labyrinth in 21 of 30 patients; reduced
excitability in six of the patients who at the time of the experiment
were very sleepy; no changes were observed in the rest of the patients.
The author explains the rise in the excitability of the labyrinth under
the influence of the largactil as a functional affection of the cerebral
centers which depress the activity of labyrinth."
88. Shock Prevention During Surgery
"On the Application of Neuroplegic and Ganglioblocking Prepara-
tions in Radical Surgery of the Lungs Under Local Anesthesia,"
by 0. A. Dolina, Chair of General Surgery of the Therapeutic
Faculty First Moscow Order of Lenin Medical Institute imeni
I. M. Sechenov; Moscow, Grudnaya Khirurgiya, Vol 1, No 3, May/-
Jun 59, pp 69-75
Clinical experiments conducted at the First Moscow Order of Lenin
Medical Institute imeni I. M. Sechenov established that the administra-
tion of aminazine, ethyzine, diprazine [ethyzine -- the hydrochloride of
N-(2-dimethy]aminoethy 1)-phenothiazine; diprazine -- the hydrochloride of
N- (2-dimethylaminopropyl) -phenothiazine, Lekarstvenn a Sredstva by Prof.
M. D. Mashkovskiy, Medgiz, Moscow, 1957, pp 161 and 1621, promedol, anadol,
atropine, and others, or mixtures of these preparations is effective in
the prevention of shock during pulmonary surgery conducted under local an-
esthesia, or in the postsurgical period. Minimal doses must be applied
to prevent a reaction of deep inhibition and to preserve the functional
cough reflex and the correlative functions of the nervous system. The
preparations may be administered either intramuscularly or intravenously.
Rapid administration must be avoided so as prevent the development of con-
vulsions. No complications were observed when the drugs were administered
by the drop method.
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89. Pharmacology of Some Amines and Ammonium Salts
"Synthesis and Pharmacological Testing of Certain Amines and
Ammonium Salts Containing Polyhalide Radicals," by A. T. Babayan,
1. Ye. Mozgov, A. A. Grigoryan, and M. G. Kashkin, Tr. Yerevansk.
Zootekhn.-Vet. In-ta (Works of the Yerevan Zootechnical-Veteri-
nary Institute , 1957, No 22, 327-328 (from Referat?vnyy-Zhurnal Khimiya, Biolo icheska Khimi , No 13, 10 Jul 59, Abstract No
17706) by A. Travin
'The following polyhalide alkyldimethylamines were synthesized and
pharmacologically studied (the formula) yield percentages, boiling point
in degrees centigrade per/mm, melting point in degrees, centigrade, d420,
PD20, of picrate, iodomethylate, hydrochloride, hydrobromide, and iodohy-
drate are indicated): (CH1)2NCH2CHC1CC12CH3 (1),66, 69/2, -, 1.1908,
1.4759, 166, 122, 214, 219, 201; (cH ) 2 N,H2CC1=CClCH3 (II)) 90, 54-56/4,
-, 1.0999,1.4737, 166.5, 225, 202, 1$T, 1634; (CH3)2NCH2CC12CCl2CH (III)1 90
2
115113o 46-47, -, :, 177, 187, 217, 215, 191,- The toxic properties of
the above-mentioned amines change in the following order: 111)1>11. In
nontoxic doses, the compounds produce a rise in body temperature and
intensify respiration. In toxic doses, however, they reduce body tem-
perature and weaken respiration. Reduced sensitivity of the nerve end-
ings and inflammations are noted when the preparations are applied to the
skin or the mucous membrane. In experiments carried out on isolated organs
it was found that the preparations induced: (a) contractions of the
blood vessels when applied in low concentrations and dilation of the
vessels when applied in high concentrations; and (b) weakened cardiac
and intestinal contractions. The preparations also possess acaricidal
and bactericidal properties."
90. Containers for Aerosol Application of Drugs
"Containers for Pharmaceutical Preparations. II," by Josef
r and Miroslav Sanda, Faarmacia (Czechoslovakia), 1957, 26,
b 1, 330-339 (from Referativn Zhurnal -- Khimiya, No 15,
10 Aug 59, Abstract No 5 541
"Survey of data on the design of containers for the application of
medicinal and other preparations in the form of aerosols. Data on the
design of the containers and on atomizing properties of gases. Biblio-
graphy -- 26 titles. See also Ref. Zhur -- Khimiya, 1959, No 6, 20489."
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91. Antibiotics in the Therapy of Purulent Wounds
"Therapy of Purulent Wounds and Cavities with Antibiotics With
Conbideration for the Sensitivity of the Microflora to the Anti-
biotics," by N. M. Nikitina, R. N. Nebrova, Chair of the Surgi-
cal Faculty and Chair of Microbiology of the Ryazan Medical
Institute; Kiev, Noyyy KhirurgLcheekiy Arkhiv, No 4 (220), Jul/.
Aug 59, pp 27-29
Penicillin, streptomycin, levomycetin, and biomycin were used in
experiments conducted to determine the effectiveness of the antibiotics
when used in the therapy of'purulent,wounds and cavities. It was found
that the antibiotics were 100 percent effective only when the sensitivity
of the microflora in the wounds or cavities to the drugs was preliminarily
determined. When used in cases in which the sensitivity of the micro-
flora to the antibiotics was not preliminarily established, the preparations
were only 59 percent effective.
92. Chinese Study Effect of Samatine on Efferent Nerves
"Pharmacalo.ic Effts of Samatine on Ef er t Nerves," by Chin
Kuo-chang (& lyj ) and Hsu in ( s ) st to of
Materia Medica, Ac emia Sinica, and C n Yi9a ( I ~).
lp-t
Peking Medical College; Peiping, K'o-hsueh Tung-pao ( ci ti
No 16, 26 Aug 59, pp 529-530
The authors explain that samatine is an alkaloid of the quarternary
amine series which was first isolated from the root of A via verti-
cillata (Lour.) Baill. and named by Liu Chu-chin ( `` /' W _4W ) and
others. They give C204H25 03N2C1 as the formula or" s tine hydrochlo-
ride.
This article reports the results of cat experiments undertaken to
elucidate the mechanism of action of the complete organic base isolated
from rauvolfia. Previous Chinese studies had demonstrated that the
complete organic base exerts an inhibitory effect on the n-choline
reactive system of experimental animals and has an effect similar to that
of arrow poison. The results of the present study indicate that in
hibition of the n-choline reactive system may be elicited by samatine
and that samatine may have something to do with the depressive action
of the complete organic base of rauvolfia, the authors report.
Bibliographic citations include six Chinese works published during
1957-1959 and one 1959 report as yet unpublished.
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Physiology
93. Therapeutic Use of Aero-lons
"To Administer Aero-Ionotherapy Properly," by Corresponding
Member of Academy of Medical Sciences Prof L. Vasi1'yev and
Candidate of Biological Sciences A. Skorobogatova, Meditsin-
skiy Rabotnik, No,50 (1798), 23 Jun 59, p 3
The authors of this article state that a large group of physicians,
physiologists, and hygienists have recently become interested in the physio-
logical action and therapeutic effects of aero-ions. This interest arose
because many years of research and clinical observations showed that ionozed
air is a valuable and effective therapeutic and prophylactic agent. Scien-
tists of the US, Germany, Japan, and other countries have reached the same
conclusion.
The number of indications for using aero-ions must be greatly restricted,
however, because their handling by incompetent people may cause harm. Re-
ports of the successful use of negative aero-ions in the treatment of radi-
culitis, plexitis, and ulcerous infections must also be experimentally and
clinically verified further.
Aero-ions with a negative charge are the ones which usually have a
beneficial effect on the organism. The effectiveness of these aero-ions,
like the effectiveness of other therapeutic agents, depends on the dosage
used. Their special feature is their reflex action on the organism through
the respiratory apparatus, which occurs by the irritation of the pulmonary
interoceptors of both the lower and upper respiratory tracts, and their action
through the blood stream. It has been proved experimentally that the princi-
pal prophylactic action of negative aero-ions is a result of their power to
increase the organism's resistance against various secondary factors.
Since negative aero-ions have been successfully used in the treatment
of certain infections of the respiratory organs and the cardiovascular system,
it can be deduced that they can also be used successfully in the treatment
of bronchial asthma and of acute and chronic catarrhs of the upper and lower
respiratory tracts such as vasomotor colds, pharyngitis, laryngitis, and
acute and chronic bronchitis. Aero-Ionotherapy affords only temporary relief
in cases of ozena and atrophic rhinitis. Aero-ions speed up the healing
process in cases of burns and sores. Aero-Ionotherapy produces good results,
in combination with other methods of treatment, when used during the initial
stages of hypertension. Aero-ionotherapy has also been successfully used in
the treatment of whooping cough and aphthous stomatitis.
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The presence of limited quantities of ions in the immediate environ-
ment is one of the necessary conditions for maintenance of a normal human
and animal organism. Negative ions increase the vitality of a living
organism; positive ions, on the contrary, decrease the vitality of a living
organism. The presence of both the negative and positive ions in the air
is necessary, because they contribute to normalization of physiological
processes.
The physiological effect of aero-ions is not the same for all indi-
viduals. It is necessary always to take into consideration the condition
of the organism, morbid disturbances, age, etc. It is necessary also to
': :e into consideration the content of and relationship between negatively
and positively charged aero-ions which are most favorable for maintaining
the life, well-being, and physical and mental efficiency of the majority
of healthy people.
Increasing the ionization of air in buildings by artificially adding
a definite amount of light ions may help to free the air from dust, micro-
organisms, and heavy ions produced in the process of respiration. The
number of light aero-ions decreases in a building because they are consumed
by the respiratory apparatus; the number of expired, aqueous ions increases.
The Ministry of Health USSR and the Commission on Aero-ionization and
Aero-ionotherapy (established in the Institute of Physiology imeni I. P.
Pavlov of the Academy of Sciences USSR) have been receiving inquiries from
many industrial establishments of the country concerning the possibility of
using ionized air in industrial establishments. The authors of this article
believe that the Ministry of Health USSR should take the necessary action
:o inaugurate the manufacture of generators and ion-measuring devi ces im-
:aediately if ionized air is be to widely utilized. A number of factories
in Moscow, Leningrad, and Odessa have begun manufacturing aeroionizators.
No decision has yet been reached about the design and manufacture of
aero-ion-measuring devices. They must be of two types: portable ones,
to be used under various industrial conditions (factories, hospitals, mines,
expeditions) and stationary, with self-recording facilities, to be used in
research.
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94. Administration of Oxygen to Divers
"Evaluation of Various Methods of Administering Oxygen for the
Decompression of Divers," by A. P. Brestkin and A. G., Zhironkin,
Department of Military Occupational Physiology, Military Medical
Academy imeni S. M. Kirov; Leningrad, Fiziolo icheski Zhurnal SSSR
imeni I. M. Sechenov, No 7, Jul 59, pp 865-b7l
The authors of this article state that data obtained as a result of
experiments with deep-sea divers showed that after exposure to high pressure,
the nitrogen excess in human body tissues becomes desaturated at a lower
rate. when oxygen is supplied under a pressure of 2.5 atmospheres than when
it is supplied under a pressure of 1.7 and 1.0 atmospheres.
The curve of nitrogen elimination from the human organism during
oxygen respiration under pressure of 2.5 atmospheres shows a distinct de-
pression. This sharp drop in the rate of nitrogen elimination evidently
depends on the toxic action of oxygen, which causes a decrease in the blood
flow rate. The-sharp drop in the rate of oxygen elimination coincides with
the sharpest drop in the skin temperature and pulse rate of the subject.
95. Effects of High Nitrogen Pressure on Mammals
"Comparative Physiological Evaluation of the Susceptibility of
Some Warm-Blooded Animals, to Effects of High Nitrogen Pressure,"
by Chang Ch'tin, Department of Military Occupational Physiology,
Military Medical Academy imeni S. M. Kirov; Leningrad,
Fiziolo icheski Zhurnal SSSR imeni I. M. Sechenov, No 7, Jul 59,
pp 672-b75
The author of this article states that nitrogen at high pressure exerts
a narcotic effect on warm-blooded animals of various species. The course of
the development of the narcotic effect of nitrogen followed a similar pattern
in all the experimental animal species. This narcotic effect of nitrogen
takes the form of irregularity in muscular action (ataxia), intensification
of excitation, decrease in reactivity, and development of narcosis. Resist-
ance to the effects of nitrogen was found to differ among various species
of animals in the following decreasing order: rabbit, dog, cat, guinea pig,
dove, mouse, rat.
The rapidity with which nitrogen narcosis sets in is directly propor-
tional to the magnitude of the nitrogen pressure. Excitability of the
spinal cord is indirectly proportional to the magnitude of the nitrogen
pressure.
The animals used in the experiments were 20 mice, 20 rats, 6 cats,
S guinea pigs, 12 rabbits, 6 doves, and 4 dogs.
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96. Efficiency Studies During Monotonous Work
"Scientists Came to the Workshop"; Moscow, Izvestiya,
21 Jul 59, p 4
This article states that attempts are being made to improve the work-
ing conditions of workers in shop No 4 of the Red Triangle Plant which pro-
duces rubber boats. Monotonous work, requiring great concentration, has
been causing great nervous tension among women workers, resulting in the
rapid advent of fatigue. Physiologists were called in to conduct experi-
mental studies.
M. I. Vinogradov, professor at Leningrad University, and 'Candidate
of Biological Sciences V. S. Vorob'yeva experimented with various work
schedules. They changed the schedule for the lunch period and the 5-minute
breaks. These measures increased the efficiency of workers substantially
and improved the condition of their nervous systems.
The industrial physiologists are'continuing their studies at the plant.
97. Advances in Evolutionary Physiology in USSR
"Second Scientific Conference on Problems of Evolutionary
Physiology, Dedicated to the Memory of Academician L. A. Orbeli,"
by F. P. Vedyayev; Leningrad, Fl ziolo i cheski Zhurnal SSSR imeni
I. M. Sechenov, No 7, Jul 59, pp 691-896
The author of this article states that the resolution of the 21st
Congress of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union is based on statements
made by N. S. Khrushchev concerning development of'the national economy
during the 1959-1965 period. The resolution stated in part that "the
essential theoretical prerequsite for progress in medical science, and in
agricultural science as well, lies in the development of biology." There
is no doubt that Soviet biological science is currently in a formative
stage of development and it reflects the principles of dialectic materialism.
The works of I. I. Mechnikov, I. M. Sechenov, A. N. Severtsev, I. P.
Pavlov, K. A. Timiryazev, N. Ye. Vvedenskiy, and other representatives of
Soviet science have created a base for development of a new branch of knowledge
called. "evolutionary physiology." It has been generally recognized that
Academician L. A. Orbeli is entitled to all the credit for identifying the
problems, methods, and principles of evolutionary physiology. The Second
Scientific Conference on Evolutionary Physiology, held in Leningrad '17-
21 March 1959, recognized the contribution of Academician L. A. Orbeli by
dedicating it to his memory. The Scientific Council, Academy of Sciences USSR,
was instrumental in organizing the Second Conference on the Problems of Evolu-
tionary Physiology. Many scientists from all parts of the USSR took an active
part in all discussions.
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The first conference on evolutionary physiology was held in 1956.
Desire was expressed at that time to hold similar conferences in the
future. It was decided that the main features of these conferences were
to be reports of any progress made in the field of evolutionary physiology
and to chart a path for further scientific research in that field.
The Organization Committee received the results of 114 experimental
works which it published in the form of a collection of theses. The plenary
sessions heard 40 of the theses.
The conference was called to order by the chairman of the Organization
Committee, Prof D. A. Biryukova. Academician Ye. N. Pavlovskiy followed
her with his report "On the Duration of Adaptation Process of an Organism
to New Conditions of Existence, Both in a Free and in Parasitic Life."
Other reports read at the conference covered many sides of the study
of evolution of functions. They included comparative physiology, onto-
genesis, experimental pathology, and clinical pathology. The scientific
material presented can be grouped into following subdivisions:
1. Phylogenesis and ontogenesis of the higher nervous activity
2. Evolution of the mechanisms of activity of the central nervous
system.
3. Questions in embryo-physiology
4. Evolution of the mechanisms of regulating water metabolism
5. Evolution of protective and compensating natural processes
Some questions of evolutionary histochemistry were also discussed at
this conference.
M. Ye. Lobashev spoke on the problem of the phylogenetic development
of the general characteristics of higher nervous activity. He said that
after many years of research in the physiology of the behavior of one
of the higher representatives of protostomia-arthropoda (the melliferous bee)
and comparing the results with information found in literature, he came
to a conclusion that the fundamental processes of the higher nervous activity
(excitation, internal inhibition, blocking, analytical-synthetic activity,
etc.) develop independently and in a parallel manner in a number of proto -
stomia. He expressed the opinion that this conclusion is in an agreement
with the Pavlovian principle of universality of temporary connections in the
adaptation of animals to their outside environment.
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B. V. Pavlov, A. V. Baru, N. A. Krasuskaya, N. V. Pra zdnikova,
V. I. Zaf'yants, and D. A. Chebykin presented experimental information
on evolution of conditioned inhibition. They said that it is possible
to form delayed conditioned reflexes in representative groups of various
classes of vertebrates (fish, birds, and mammals). They stated that in
their opinion, not only the animals with developed cortex of large hemis-
pheres, but also the animals at the lower levels of evolutionary development,
have equally high mobility in nervous processes and sufficiently strong pro-
cess of internal inhibition.
L. G. Voronina reported on new data on the evolution of analytical-
synthetic activity. She said that information obtained by her and her
associates proves that the higher the level of development of the nervous
system of an organism, the more refined is its analysis and synthesis of
external and internal irritations. The dominant role of proprioceptive
irritations over externceptive irritations in the automatization mechanism
of chain motor conditioned reflexes was demonstrated. V. 1. Ivanova, an
associate of L. G. Voronina, gave a report entitled "Formation of Chain
Motor Conditioned Reflexes in Fishes, Doves, and Rabbits."
B. Sh. Ayrapet'yants discussed interaction between various analysor
systems in higher nervous activity. He put forward the idea about an
analysor of space, which, he said, represents the functional system of a
complex of exteroceptive and interoceptive analysors. The function of this
analysor is an example of an integrated activity of the cortex of the brain.
His report contained much data obtained as result of experiments on various
animals.
A. A. Volokhova spoke on combination of comparative-physiological and
ontogenic methods of study of the activity of the nervous system. Investi-
gation of somatic neuromuscular andreflex reactions in the ontogenesis of
comparable set of animals (amphibians, birds) showed. that reflex reactions
of phylogenetically ancient forms of automatic muscular and neuromotor
somatic activity are found during definite stages of phylogenesis. "Spon-
taneous" types of muscular and neuromotor activity become lost altogether
in animals which are at the higher level of phylogenotic development because
of the centralization of their nervous system and subordination of all
functions of the organism to it. They possess the ~:ef:W_x forms of a nervous
activity already during the period of einbryogenesis. N. I. Lagutina and
A. A. Ptuacheva read a report on peculiarities of the formation of ,,ardio-
vascular reflexes in monkeys during ontogenesis. They established that the
central mechanisms of the regulation of the function of the cardiovascular
system in monkeys, in contrast to dogs and cats, al)pee.r to be already formed
at birth.
Ye 1. Kalinina, Ye. M. Korbakova, G. A. Obraztsova, and V. A. Troshi-
khina stated in their report that there exists a link between structure and
function in the pattern of the ontogenetic development of *the central nervous
system. They said that they proved that conditioned reflexes (alimentary
and defense), as a result of olfactory irritants, are formed considerably
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earlier than those formed by means of sound irritants. Results of experi-
ments showed that olfactory conditioned reflexes are formed earlier in
kittens than in young rabbits. Z. D. Pigareva and N. N. Shilyagina pre-
sented new information concerning interrelation between biochemical and
bioelectric activity in the visual area of the cortex of the large hemis-
pheres in rabbits in ontogenesis.
N. I. Kosatkin presented data on the influence of earlier developed
differentiated inhibition on the later forming motor analysor of a child.
K. V. Shuleykina pointed out in her report that close relationship exists
between the act of sucking and that of respiration in a child.
In her report, N. N. Traugott described the utilization of clinical
material in investigating the evolution of the most complicated forms of
higher nervous activity, particularly the nervous activity involved in
speech. She came to the conclusion that the process of speech restoration
after its profound depression resembles the process of speech development
in a child. Conditioned connections, acquired in early childhood, are
freed from inhibition before all others. Analysis of data, which character-
izes the process of development and disintegration of the speech function,
proves that grammatical stereotypes and phonetic laws of language are as-
similated sooner and appear quite fixed in comparison with the time required
for the restoration of vocabulary.
Ye. K. Zhukov showed the need for examining the adaptive possibilities
of the human organism during muscular activity from the viewpoint of evo-
lutionary physiology. He pointed out that development of functional po-
tentials of a human being, while he is exercising or performing work requir-
ing physical exertion, depends on the development of both the innate and
the acquired morphophysiological characteristics. Inherited resources of
a human being may be greatly developed and enriched during his lifetime.
It is important, therefore, that the phylogenetic and ontogenetic sources
of motor activity in a human being be taker into consideration for the
successful development of the theory in physical education.
The next subdivision of evolutionary physiology- discussed at the con-
ference was evolution of the mechanisms of activity of the central nervous
system. Kh. S. Koshtoyants read a report on the problem of the formation
of nervous system functions. He examined the theoretical aspects of the
problem of the formation of nervous system functions and introduced. new
experimental data dealing with that problem. He said that, together with
his associates, he had demonstrated that acetylcholine and cholinesterase
are necessary in the biochemistry of the nervous syste::i. Information
obtained showed that biochemical and biophysical symptoms of irritability,
excitation, and adaptation to environmental conditions are found even in
the simplest forms of life.
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The report of P. K. Anokhin contained theoretical hypotheses and some
experimental data concerning the course of the evolutionary process. He
mentioned systemogenesis (in contrast to organogenesis) as the general
mechanism of evolution of functions. He differentiated two categories of
the heterochronic processes of structural development: intersystem hetero-
ehronia and intrasystem heterochronia.
New experimental material was obtained during comparative physiological
investigation of the functional connections of exteroceptive analysors
(visual)' with the muscular system. Examining this question from the ecolo-
physiological view, D. A. Biryukov presented data on effects from the retina
of the eye on the level of muscular tonus.
A. I. Karamyan reported on new aspects of the functional interrelation
between the higher branches of the central nervous system. Using various
methods of research (exterpation, conditioned reflexes, electroeneephalo-
graphy), he obtained new and important experimental material for neurophysio-
logy, proving that the cortex of the brain and of the cerebellum, together
with their central formations, form the higher supersegmentary integrating
system that regulates the functional properties of all forms of nervous
activity, both the somatic and the vegetative. The integrating function of
the two higher supersegmen"-ary systems of the cortex of the brain and of
the cerebellum may take place at various levels of coordination: at the level
of the cortex of both systems and their central formations and also at the
level of reticular formation which is regulated by the cortex of the brain
and by the cerebellum.
There were other reports read on the subject of cortico-subcortical
interrelations. A. Ye. Lichko investigated the orgin of subcortical byper-
kineses and other motor symptocomplexes. His observations were made under
clinical conditions on patients who were in a state of insulin coma. F. P.
Vedyayeva and Tsao Hsiao-ting also spoke on functional characteristics of
some subcortical centers.
V. A. Pegel and his associates raised and substantiated a very important
question which is of theoretical and practical significance. The question
deals with the principle of relationship among various functions in phylo-
genesis as an index of normal and pathological conditions.
In reports on embryo-physiology, I. A. Arsha:: sk.iy put forward a theory
of physiological immaturity. He analyzed. conditions under which physiological
immaturity is formed. This made it possible for him to formulate a hypo-
thesis concerning pregnancy dominance o: histas., dominance. The role of
histr-se dominance, in contrast to sex dominance, consists of providing re-
generation during pregnancy. The course of embryonal and subsequently of
postnatal development depends on the condition of histase dominance. L. A.
Pronina spoke on the nature of respiratory movements in the fetus and in the
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newly born, and regulation of these respiratory movements by the central
nervous system. She explained that during the embryonic period of develop-
ment of birds and mammals, respiratory movements are regulated by the
respiratory center which is situated in the medulla oblongata. Emergence
and development of motor reactions in a chicken embryo was reported on by
V. I. Chumak. It seems, said V. I. Chumak, that spontaneous active move-
ments are neuromotor and. they arise as result of action of definite chemi-
cal agents of which CO2 holds an important place. The physiological role
of spontaneous reactions consists of their adaptive significance in that
they pave the way for the development of specialized reactions.
The report of P. G. Svetlova was titled "Some Mechanisms of Action of
Environment on Ontogenesis." Her hypothesis is based on critical periods
of development which are characterized by very high sensitivity to the
effects of environmental factors. The author's theory is that the result
of outside action on the embryo (fetus) is determined largely by the course
of its development rather than by the peculiarities of the acting agent.
L. G. Leybson and Z. P. Zheludkova spoke on the subject of "Effect of
Cortisone on Glycogen Function of the Kidney in Chicken Embryos." They
discovered that glycogen formation is possible only beginning with the 9th
day of development of a chicken embryo. Bile formation of the kidney in-
creases thereby.
The next subdivision of evolutionary physiology discussed was evolution
of mechanisms of regulating water metabolism. The problem of regulating
water metabolism in various classes of animals was reflected in the reports
from the laboratory of A. G. Ginetsinskiy..
V. F. Vasil'yeva and M. M. Sokolova read a report on "Peculiarities of
Water Elimination Functions of Kidneys of Various Classes of Vertebrates."
They said that all vertebrates can withstand hyperhydration and dehydration
with the aid of various physiological mechanisms only. Fishes limit their
diuresis in a hypertonic environment solely by reducing filtration, because
the tubular part of the nephron does not part:i'ipate in this reaction. In
amphibians, reptiles, and birds, the reaction of the kidney to dehydration
embraces both the clew and the tubular components. Full development of the
tubular type of reaction is reached in mammals. M. G. Saks and L. K. Titova
explained in their report why the antidiuretic hoiinone does not function
during early ontogenesis of mammals. Ye. V. Natochin investigated the
hyaluror-idase system. He said that although hyaluronic complexes were found
in the kidney of fishes, their reaction to dehydration was found to differ
from the reaction in mammals. How prominent the hyaluuronic structures are
depends on how complicated the kidney structures are in an evolutionary
sequence of vertebrates.
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The evolution of compensating and protective mechanisms was the next
subdivision of evolutionary physiology taken up at the conference. E. A.
Astratyan, L. S. Goncharova, V. N. Drozdova, and D. D. Stefantsova in their
report presented data dealing with the disturbance and r--storation of soma-
tic and vegetative functions following surgical damage in the area of the
medula oblongata in puppies and adult dogs. It was established that animals
with the cortex of the brain preliminarily removed endure the damage in the
area of the medula oblongata much easier than animals which remained in tact.
The questions of the compensation of functions of the central nervous
system in phylogenesis and ontogenesis was discussed in the report read by
F. A. Adamyan, A. S. Andreasyan, L. A. Matinyan, T. G. U?: Grandzhyan, and
V. V. Fanardzhyan. S. I. Frankshteyn and 0. A. Krylov introduced new data
to prove that the functional symptoms, rather than the morphological symptoms,
of the reactions of the organism to focal damage are subjected to develppment
in the process of phylogenesis and ontogenesis. N. N. Sirotinin stated that
many years of study in his laboratory point to the fact that not all functions
of internal protection of. the organism develop uniformly. The phagocytic
function becomes fixed to the reticuloendothelial system, remaining substant-
ially unchanged during phylogenesis. Greater changes are observed in onto-
genesis. Evolution plays its part in the ability of an organism to form anti-
bodies. Two reports were read on the adaptation of various phylogenetic
groups of animals to the effects of irritations of outside environment. T. A.
Dzhamusova pointed out that the thermal stability of the muscles of molluscs
which like warmth is higher than in those which like cold.
Relationship between cellular mechanisms of adaptation and the mechanisms
of adaptation in the entire organism of Actinia aguina was analyzed in the
report by A. V. Zhirmunskiy.
E. M. Plisetskaya discussed in her report the functional peculiarities
of smooth muscles in a number of cold-blooded animals. I. G. Antonova pre-
sented new electrophysiological data dealing with the development of the tonus
of the skeletal musculature in ontogenesis.
An expanded session of the Scientific Council of the Academy of Sciences
USSR was held at the end of the conference. Evolution of physiological
functions of animals and humans was discussed at the session, at which time
A. G. Ginetsinskiy spoke on "Accomplishments of the Conference and the
Questions of Further Development, and Planning of Research in Evolutionary
Physiology." He reviewed the accomplishments of the conference and noted
the hiih level of the scientific material presented. He stated that 74+p of
the reports read were on the evolution of the functions of the nervous system.
He tlne_i dealt with the problems and the role of the Scientific Council,
Academy of Sciences USSR, in planning and coo::dination of research. The
question of the need for the inauguration of a periodical publication Evolu-
tsionnaya Fiziologiya (Evolutionary Physiology) was presented. It was
brought out that a need exists for coordinating the efforts of physiologists,
morphologists, biochemists, radiobiologists, pharmacologists, and represent-
atives of other related sciences.
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The author of this article on the conference on evolutionary physiology
concludes by saying that material presented at the conference shows that
considerable progress has been made In the Soviet Union in the study of
evolutionary physiology.
98. Conference on Evolutionary Physiology
"Resolution of the Second Scientific Conference on the Problems
of Evolutionary Physiology, Dedicated to the Memory of Academician
L. A. Orbeli, and the Second Expanded Session of the Scientific
Council, Academy of Sciences USSR, on the Problem of 'Evolution
of Physiological Functions of Animals and Humans''; Leningrad,
Fiziologicheskiy Zhurnal imeni I. M. Sechenov, No 7, Jul 59,
pp 896-898
The author of this article states that the 21st Congress of the Com-
munist Party of the Soviet Union has made Soviet biological science respons-
ible for tackling many important theoretical problems, the solution of
which will contribute to the successful development of the national economy
and public health protection, will increase knowledge and improve skill, and
will help considerably in building a Communist society within the shortest
time possible.
Evolutionary physiology is very important in building a Communist society.
The use of the evolutionary method in physiology has expanded considerably in
the past few years; the foundation for the development of evolutionary physio-
logy was laid primarily by Academician L. A. Orbeli. This created a fertile
basis for the synthesis of physiological and embryological investigations'.
This synthesis was inspired by prevailing Russian and Soviet physiological
ideas on nervism.
Evolutionary physiology is connected with the development of evolutionary
theory which, up to now, was built mainly around? morphological disciplines.
The evolutionary approach has been warmly embraced also by disciplines such
as biochemistry, pharmacology, pathology, and others.
The present scientific conference showed that while research in evolu-
tionary- physiology and in biochemistry has been extensive, other physiological
functions are still not studied sufficiently from the viewpoint of evolutionary
development. Investigations in the field of evolutionary biochemistry should
be carried out by biochemical, histological, and u,iltramicrochemical methods.
Modern physiology is depending more and more on factual material obtained
by means of biophysical, biochemical, histochemical, and pharmacological
methods of research. It is thus evident that progress in evolutionary physiol-
ogy depends greatly on the development of these branches of knowledge.
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All-.union confer. ences on evolutionary phy,-,iology Eshould be held regularly
so that the leading Yrrlt,, t h i s field can b e p operly evaluated and long-
. range trenc`W clarific;i. Unifox;n development of evolutionary physiology can
be achieved by a improvement in coordination. Proper coordination will assist
in focusint, all efforts on long-range problems, and will also help to avoid
duplication.
The time is ripe for the publication of a special journal, Evolutsionnaya
IFiziologiya (Evolutionary Physiology), which should also embrace works in
evolutionary biochemistry and appropriate pharmacological studies.
On the basis of what has been said, the Scientific Council on the prob-
lem of "Evolution of Physiological Functions of Animals and. Humans," in con-
junction with the participant of the second Scientific Conference on the
Problems of Evolutiona.ry Functions in Memory of L. A. Orbeli, resolved that:
"1. It is necessary to hole v.n All-Union Scientific Conference on
Evolutionary Physiology once every 2 or 3 years, and to vied-J.cate these con-
ferences to the memory of Academician Leon Abgarovich Orbeli, the founder of
evolutionary physiology; to vest the authority of calling these conferences
on the evolution of the physiological functions of animals and humans in the
Scientific Council.
"2. It is r..:ecess:a,r.'y to coreCroke a s,1n oosiLM on special questions in
evolutionary physiology ?w hi ch -rd-ill be attended by a limited. number of people
in a given field. The Institute of Evolutionary Physiology imer_i. I. M.
Sechenov, Academy of Sciences USSR, should be authorized to conduct a sjmposium
in fall 19;,9. The topic to be ellscussed is 'Evolutionof the Osmosis-Regulating
Function and of Water-Salt Metabolism. ' A plan must be formu.Latew at the next
session of the Scientific Council, for symposiums to be conducted in 1959 and
1960.
"3. It is neces;,;?.ry to .review the long..ran, e pl:w_. of Oievelo iment. of
evolutionary physiology to see that i?: is di ?: ected tocaax'd f: c?.l.f. illment. of rob-
lem.s of national sip-nifjcarice; such as public health aid agriculture. The
successful devclopmenf; of evolutionary physiology is dependent on the proper
utilizat-l.or_ by physt.olot :acts of new di.scovveries in physics and chemistry.
It 7.:i 7.1-: to 4;i=(; 5.~-t?esiii.atlll? of the Academy of r~, ~' Ci Z WCf-;c
,.
USSR to approve publication of a, special periodical, Eyol;atsio ula.,va Fi zio?-
lo iya, and to ask the Bureau of the De axtlne_ ~ of Biological ..
~?. cienceFj of the
Academy of Sciences USSR, the Presidium of the Academy of Medical Sciences
USSR; and the sciexr;;ific co,.uacils of institutes to sappor't this request.
"5. TM Ir.(s?I,i `:ute of E oluti.onary Physiology imeni. I. M. Sechencv and. the
Academy of Science., USSR must, be wathorized, to publish a collection of themes
in the form of periodical articles which a.-,, e 't? contain the ' u;,b.. , c
re-
ports read at the second. Cor__ference on the Problems of Evolutionary Physiology.
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"6. The Institute of Evolutionary Physiology imeni I. M. Sechenov
of the Academy of Sciences USSR must be asked to incorporate into its plan
publication of an annual critical survey of Soviet and foreign literature.
"7. The editorial office of the Fiziologicheskiy Zhurnal imeni I. M.
Sechenov must be asked to publish this resolution in its next number."
Public Health, Hygiene, and Sanitation
? 99. Gelatin Filters for Investigating Air
"Gelatin Filters for Sanitary-Bacteriological Investigation
of the Air," by V. M. Shul'zhenko and A. A. Antonova; Moscow,
Gigiyena i Sanitariya, Vol 21., No 9, Sep 59, p 85
"The authors note that the filters prepared by Mitchell and co-authors
have a number of drawbacks and propose an alternative method of preparing
soluble gelatin filters. The method is as follows: a solution consisting
of 110 g of nutrient gelatin in 100 ml of 7% glycerin water is carefully
agitated for 15 minutes at a temperature of 55-60? C, and again for the next
10-15 minutes without heating, so that the temperature of the mass will not
exceed 1+5-146? before it is poured into boxes. After the gelatin foam solu-
tion is poured into the wax paper boxes, it is quickly placed in a desiccator,
from which the air is immediately evacuated. A vacuum of 1150-300 mm should
be maintained for 10 minutes; this vacuum should then be reduced to 250-
200 mm by brief evacuations every 8-10 minutes for 1 1/2-2 hours. Some
3 1/2 - 11 hours from the beginning of drying, the vacuum is reduced to 150-
100 mm and left for the rest of the drying time. Dryirg lasts for 3 days.
The dried block is cut into 1.0-1.5 can sheets, which are pressed with a
pressure of 50-70 kg/cm2 to a thickness of 1-2 mm. Before pressing, the
film is dried so that the residual moisture will be no more than 10-12%.
Filters of the necessary sizes and shapes are cut from these sheets. The
porousness of the film is determined according to the rate at which air
passes through it, and the sheets are numbered from 1 to 6, corresponding
to the numbers of membrane filters. For sterilization by dry heat, the
filters are previously dried at a temperature not exceeding 100? C for 3-11-
hours, after which they are put in paper envelopes and sterilized at a
temperature of 120? C for 40 minutes (it is necessary to make sure that the
filters are isolated from the stream of hot air or the hot surface of the
stove). It is also possible to sterilize the filters with ethylene oxide
in the same desiccator it which they were dried. Sterilization is carried
out for one day with a 2'% concentration of ethylene oxide.
"The authors consider that the gelatin filters prepared by this method
are sufficiently effective and can be recommended for use in sanitary-
bacteriological investigation of air. (Editor's note: It is highly desir-
able that the formula and method of preparing the filters suggested by the
authors be tested in scientific research sanitary-hygienic institutions.)"
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1.00. Civil Defense Instructions for Protection Against Bacteriological
Warfarf
Bakteriolo ichesko e Oruzhi e i Mery Zashchity of Nevo
(The Bacteriological Weapon and Measures of Protection
From It); Moscow, Dosaaf Publishing House, 1959, 12 pp
A recently published civil defense pamphlet concerning protective
measures to be carried out by the Soviet population in the event of a
bacteriological warfare attack has the following table of contents:
The Bacteriological Weapon
Methods and Agents of Bacteriological Attack
Sources of Infection, Routes of Transmission, and Penetration
of Microorganisms Into the Organism
Characteristic Signs of a Bacteriological Attack
Symptoms of Several Infectious Diseases and the Most
Characteristic Changes on the Part of the Organism
Agents and Means of Protection From the Bacteriological
Weapon
Protection of Food, Water, and Fodder 7
Rules for the Population to Observe when an MFVO (Local
Antiair Defense) Signal Is Given Following the Use of a
Bacteriological Weapon
Measures for Eradicating the Effects of a Ba,:;teriological
Attack 9
Sanitary Treatment of Humans and Disinfection of Their
Clothing 10
Agents for and Methods of Disinfecting Localities, Buildings,
and Clothing 11
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The information contained in the pamphlet is presented pictorially,
with brief explanations accompanying each illustration. The microscopic
appearance of five pathogens ???- plague, cholera, anthrax, smallpox, and
typhus ?-- which could be used by an enemy is shown. Both clandestine and
overt means of delivering bacteriological agents are depicted. Routes of
entry of a pathogen into the human organism are described, and sources of
infection, such as ticks, insects, and contaminated water and food products,
are noted.
Illustrations are included to familiarize the population with
characteristic symptoms of and !.:sions appearing with botulism, typhus,
plague (bubonic form), tularemia (an inous-bubonic form), smallpox, and
cutaneous anthrax.
Instructions for the use of various types of masks and protective
clothing are given. Procedures to be followed after MTN0 signals have
been given are enumerated. Several pages are devoted to methods of decon-?
ttuninating persons, objects and buildings after a bacteriological warfare
attack has occurred. Material on antipersonnel, antilivestock, and anticrop
bacteriological warfare is included.
101. Bacteriological Investigation of the Upper per-Atmosphere
The Methodology of Investigation of, High Layers of the
Atmosphere," by Ya. C?. Kishko, Lvov Scientific Research
Institute of Epidemiology, Microbiology and Hygiene; Moscow,
I boratorno,ire Belo, Vol 5,, No 5, Sep/Oct 59, pp 37-?39
Following several. references to previous work on this subject as early
as 1860, the author describes hiro, own upper atmosphere ;,tudies which were
carried out in 1957 arid. 1958. The fl'yak- onav and Reciuncnskiy apparat-as es,
based on the filtration of air througri liquid; were used p.rimarrily; however,
even brief exposure to low temperatures daring collecti.on flights caused the
liquid to freeze. A simple apparatus consisting of a collector, a cartridge,
and a .flowmete:c was designed, tested, and found to be completely suitable
for collecting samples from an aixVlane. A diagram and a description of the
device are given.
The apparatus, moun?cc.d in the window of the plane 2-3 minutes after
take.-off, makes it possible to pass up to 0.5 cu n of air within 3-6 minutes.
To avoid freezing the surface of the culture medium in the Petrie dish, ex?-
posure time must be shortened at heights above 2,000 m and at ternpera?c.-ares
below 00 C, larger volumes of air are taken in for 1-2 minutes.
In 1.958, experiment, Were performed in which the surface of the culture
medium was covered. with a fine layer of sterilized MU-10 oil with a lour
freezing point (90-100? C). Laboratory tests showed that more colonies
W0.7%) grew on the oil-covered medium than on the ordinar;r medium (100%)
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because the microorganisms were better able to adhere to the sticky medium.
Since the growth of certain microorganisms was slightly inhibited on the
oil-covered medium, another calculation was made 2 days later with an
ordinary medium.
Investigation of the upper atmosphere at a tempere.ture of 470 with
the use of culture media covered with MG-10 oil showed that the surface of
a medium in a Petrie dish did not freeze and that the number of microorgan-
isms which grew on it was considerably higher than on an ordinary medium.
Thirty-seven flights were made in 1957-1958 and 1,213 samples were
collected for bacteriological investigation by the proposed method. It
was thus possible to obtain a characteristic picture of the bacterial
aeroplankton in a vertical section.
102. Contamination of Air in Cities
"The Problem of Microfloral Contamination of City Air at
Low Altitudes," by G. I. Sidorenko, Chair of Hygiene,
Second Moscow Medical Institute imeni N. I. Pirogov;
Moscow, Gigi.yena i Sanita ri.va, Vol 24, No 9, Sep 59, p 84
"The author presents data from investigation of bacterial contamination
of the atmospheric air in several sections of Moscow during the period
November 1954-De comber 1955. Bacterial aeroplrzniv,;on was studied by the use
of the Krotov apparatus. A total of 2,376 bacteriological analyses were
done. The study of microflora. of city air was carried out at different
altitudes -- from 1.5 to 152 meters. According to the author's data, bac-
terial contamination of city air depends on meteorological factors (tempera-
ture and relative humidity of the air, speed and direction of the wind, baro-
metric pressure), and also on local conditions -?? the intensity of the motion
of traffic and persons, pavement of streets, the presence of green plants,
and the altitude above the level of the soil covering."
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Radiology
103. Nervous Mechanism Confirmed as Basis for Radiation Injury
"Investigation of the Receptive Capacity of Irradi.ated Parts of
the Animal Body Under Experimental Conditions," by N. S.
Delitsyna; Moscow, Meditsinskaya Radiologiya, Vol 4, No 8,
Aug 59, pp 17-20 ~~ -
In a preceding article, the author reported on the reaction of the
cerebral cortex in response to tactile stimulation of the irradiated areas
of people subjected to X irradiation for therapeutic purposes. The research
described in this article is a continuation of this work.
Tests were conducted on 30 rabbits; only the left shank of each was
subjected to a single local X irradiation by doses ranging from 500 to
$000 r.
"Data obtained on animals agree with observations made on people and
substantiate the presence of changes in the peripheral neuroreceptor appa-
ratuses of those body areas which were subjected to the direct effect of the
radiation factor.
"Immediately after irradiation, one can record changes in the reaction
of the higher branches of the central nervous system, i.e ... the cerebral
cortex.
"A change in the functional condition of the central nervous system
after irradiation leads to a completely different- reaction of the cortex
to tactile stimulation-of the parts of the body that are removed from the
site of irradiation, especially the ;ymmetrical coutralateral part of the
body. The change in motor, chronaxywot only of the irradiated, but also
of the contralateral, nonirrad: ate.d extremity confirms the change in sub-
ordination (central) effects on the periphery.
"After a eufficient13? strcag effect of the radiation factcr(a dose of
5,000 r), a further development of the pathological process is injury of the
extremity not subjected to irradiation and, also hemorrhage into
the internal organs. It was observed that injury of the ioteguzment both on
the side subjected to the direct effect of the irradiation factor and on
the side not subjected to this effect proceeded through the same stages of
development and assumed a completely identical clin' cal form; this confirms
the fact that general mechar_cisms are deterin:.cing the development of the
process in both cases.
The development of the oegmiental type of injury conclusively confirms
the fact that a nervous mechanise lies at the basis of the process,"
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104. New Antigenic Component Detected in Proteins of Irradiated Tissues
"Further Study of the Problem of the Effect of Ionizing Radi-
ation on the Antigenic Properties of Proteins,"" by V. A. Art-
amonova, Division of Immunology and Oncology, Institute of
Epidemiology and Microbiology imeni Gamaleya, Academy of Medical
Sciences USSR; Moscow, Meditsinskaya Radiologiya, Vol 4, No 8,
Aug 59, pp 42-49
The purpose of this research was to study the antigenic properties of
protein fractions of irradiated (800 r), and nonirradiated rabbits and rats,
and also to study immunization by proteins from irradiated animals.
The methodology of the experiments is explained, and the experimental
results are presented in four tables. The author presents the following
conclusions:
"1. The study of the antigenic properties of the various protein sys-
tems, i.e., nucleic nucleoproteins, cytoplasmatic granules, and hyaloplasm,
indicate the presence of a new antigenic component.
"2. In fractions of nucleic nucleoproteins and in cytoplasmatic granules
of irradiated tissues, some component which is inherent in normal tissue is
absent.
"3. The immunization of rats by proteins which have been altered by
irradiation does not increase their resistance to irradiation."
105. Penetrating Radiation Effects on Higher Nervous Activity of Gravid
ana Nongravia Animals
"The Effect of Penetrating Radiation of the Condition of the
Higher Nervous Activity of Animals" by V. P. Baskakov, Chair
of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Military Medical Order of Lenin
Academy imeni Kirov; Moscow, Meditsinska ya Radiologiya, Vol 4,
No 8, Aug 59, pp 10-13
This research was conducted because the author was unable to find any
reference to the effect of penetrating radiation on the functional condition
of the central nervous system of gravid and suckling animals. Tests were
conducted on rats subjected to a single whole-body irradiation by 250 r.
Details of the method of study of the conditioned reflex activity of the
experimental animals are included.
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The author presents the following conclusions:
"l. Penetrating radiation affects the conditioned reflex activity of
the animals and causes a number of changes in them. These charges appear
in gravid and suckling animals significantly sooner (1-5 days after irradi-
ation) and continue for a longer period than in nongravid animals. In non-
gravid rats these changes, as a rule, appear between the 12th and 14th days.
"2. More restless behavior is noted in the irradiated gravid animals
than in the nongravid animals.
"3. The study of the reflex activity of animals makes it possible to
detect changes which arise in an organism under the effect of irradiation
at a time when othe- indexes (weight, attitude toward food, etc.) remain
unchanged.11
10K Decreased Tone of Venous Walls Lowers Venous Pressure in Radiation
aiT" cF,nes s
"Changes in Venous Pressure in Acute Radiation Sickness in Rab-
bits," by A. S. Mozzhukhin, Military Order of Lenin Academy imeni
S. M. Kirov; Moscow, Meditsinkskaya Radiologiya, Vol 4, No 8,
Aug 59, pp 21-23
The purpose of this research was to study changes in venous pressure
in various branches of tho -venous system in irradiated animals.
Results of experiments on rabbits irradiated by 800 r X-ray doses re-
veal a statistically reliable drop in venous pressure in all the branches
of the venous system that were studied, both during the period of the i...zital
reaction and at the peak of acute radiation sickness.
Simultaneously with a drop in venous pressure, distension of the wal:.s
of the veins of internal organs due to overfilling with blood was observed,
which indicates a significant decrease in the tonus of the walls of veins,
essentially in the internal organs, in acute radiation sickness.
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107. Exudative Phase of Inf1ryanah?,.on :l.n irrnn.di_nted Animals
- "The Coursa,of the Exudative Phase of Inflammation iu Irradiated
Animals," by E. R. Bagramyan, Radiation Laboratory.and Division
of Pathophysiology of the All-Union Institute of Experimental
Endocrinology; Moscow, Meditsinskaya Radiologiya, Vol 4, No 8,
Aug 59, pp 23-28
The purpose of this research was to explain the effect of X-rays on the
development of the exudative phase of inflammation; the effect of .irradiation
on the protein composition of the exudate as compared with the protein com-
position of the blood serum of irrad:Liued animals; and changes in the nature
of the inflammatory reaction in irradiated animals after the administration
of ACTH.
Research was conducted on female rats by Selye's method. The animals
,'ere subjected to sublethal irradiation by 400 r.
The author presets the following conclusions:
"1. In the serum of irradiated and nonirradiated rats with aseptic
inflammation, the?coritent of alburnin3 is der.,-.-eased while the content of
alpha globulins is increased. I, contrast to nonirradiated rats, the content
of gamma globulins is diminished in the irradiated animals
"2. In the inflammatory exudate of irradiated rats, as compared with
serum, the percentage content of beta glob,-li.ns is sharply Increased.
Changes in the percentage of gan?m. globulins and albumins is dependent on
the severity of the radiation sickness.
"3. In irradiated rats as well as in nonirradiated animals, ACTH
inhibits the development of exudation in aseptic inflammation.
"1.. The administration of ACTII to ir:?ad iated animals with inflammation
increases the percentage of deaths."
108. Irradiation Effects on Liver L:LLs of Rats
"Chain Reactions in Liver .Li.p _ds i.-flowing Irradiation Damage, "
by A. I. Zharavlev and Ye. E. Ga::assi; Moscow, Meditsinskaya
Radiologiya, Vol 4, No 8, Au.g 19, pp ?2-?87
The purpose of this reearch. was to study the effect of ir'radlation on
preparations of liver lipids in vit,'o and the effect of irradiation of
rats by gamma rays from ',;'000 on the Intensity of the accumulation of pFr-
oxides in lipids of animal. livers.
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Four tahle.. a,.,3 th,s .. suits of lipid irradi-
at!on. of the exparimaa,7:ts :that irradiated lipid preparations
ar.J 1ipidc from '.r.aJiatcci a`:t'nal: hair:: ao 1:-creased capacity for the
formation of rCroxide ^.c npc::.;'r3a -and that the a icxidativc capacity of the
liver lipi.'J: of irr^arJiat^d acinial drors.
The author:, are of the opi: io-, that the increase In tl.;.ra*.ble fatty
acids dae to auto-oxidation can occur in the following manner: peroxides-0
aldehydes+fr.ee fatty acids. The i::crease In the quantity of free acids in
fat due to both a--.,tc-oxidation and a?atolysis i;;evi`.ably increases a hemo-
lytic activity of the fat. The accumulation of free fatty acids in the
tissues of an organism as end products of chain oxidation reactions -can be
the cause of the increase in the hemolytic activity of liver tissues of
irradiated animals.
I0'.. Pri.-;nary To:-.icit? in Acute Radiation Sickness
"Primary Toxicity i Ac:_'tr, ita.d Lati_.:1 Sickness," oy "'e. D. Euglov,
S. riovgalev, art? V. , . Kara rayev, Belorussian Scientific Re-
search Institute for Blood Transfusion and the Chair of Roentgen-
ology and Radiology, Moscow Medical Isstit:zte; Moscow, Meditsin-
skuya Radiologiya, Vol 4, To 8, Aug 59, pp 37-41
The pu.-pose of this rescar. h was to ioitestigate the toxic properties
of the blood and tiss,'e-, of animals s:~bjeat:?d to the effect of ionizing
radiation. Tests were r,orduct d r:a ' G dogs which were X irradiated by a
total of 816-2,160 r.
The methodology and .results :,f the study are presented in detail. and
the ai2t.hors offer the followinir c..)-clu_isicns:
"1. Toxic substaccer, whsc.h play a ?Jefir-ite role in the pathogenesis
of radiation sickness appear .n the bicnd and organs of animals after their
irradiation.
"2. The administration of biooa from ?.eradiated animals causes shifts
in the blood comvositia-n of the recipients which are similar to those
occurring after small doses of ir,'ad'acion. I tarticu.lar, from the 3rd to
the 5th day and thro.igh the 10th-?1 ~?h. day after the blood administration,
a decrease of 35-14-5 % is acted in the cjuan :ity of leukc;cytes, and from the
10th-15th day and throL.gtl the =gad of the period of observation (2 months,',
a decrease of 10.-L; is noted ..._ tb gaartity of hemoglobin and erythrocytes,
along with other symptoms. S';ch an effect is noted more reg:.larly after
the transfnsicn of blood from a-..imals which have been irradiated by large
does (2,160 r).
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"3. The administration of liver and spleen extractr of irradiated
animals causes in the recipient a decrease in the content of hemoglobin,
erythrocyte3, lymphocytes, total protein, blood catalase, etc.; however,
a decrease in the total number of leukocytes is not specific in radiation
sickness.
"4. Hypotensive substacces were not detected either in the blood or
in the extracts of the organs of irradiated animals.
110. Diphtheria Toxin Prepared on Media Sterilized by Gamma Rays
"l11-he Preparation of Diphtheria Toxin on Media Sterilized by Gamma
Rays," by D. R. Kaulen, Division of Radiation Microbiology and
lmniunology, Institute?of Epidemiology and Microbiology imeni
Gamaleya, Academy of Medical Sciences USSR; Moscow, Med itsinskaya
Radiologiya, Vol 4, 17o 8, Aug 59, pp 49-54
The author studied the ionizing radiation method of sterilizing liquid
nutrient media for culturing diphtheria bacteria. Gamma rays from Co 6o were
used in 600,000; one million; and 1.5 million r doses. Details of the ex-
perimental method and four tables are included.
The author presents the following conclusions:
"I. The biochemical composition of liquid culture media which have
been sterilized by gamma rays in doses of 600,000 r and 1.5 million r is
not subjected to any essential changes as compared with autoclaved media.
"2. The diphtheria toxin titer (judging by Lf and Ln) which was de-
termined for irradiated media is not inferior to that prepared on autoclaved
media, and in certain cases (media Irradiated by 600,000 r) even surpasses
it. -
"3. The acatoxius obtained are not Inferior in iumunogenic and antigenic
properties to control preparations.
"4. The experimental data indicate the possible use of gamma rays for
the 'cold, sterilization of liquid media which are employed for the prep-
aration of diphtheria toxins."
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111. Changes in Blood Oxygen Index in Acute and Subacute Forms of Radiation
Sickness Due to Polo niu.:m Poisoning
"The Problem of Changes of.Blood Gases in Dogs Injured by
Polonium," by G. I. Bezin; Moscow, Meditsinskaya Radiologiya,
Vol 4, No 8, Aug 59, pp 60-66
The purpose of this research was to explain "the respiratory work of
the blood" in 12 dogs with acute and subacute radiation sickness caused by
polonium.
Four graphs explain the changes in the gaseous composition of the blood
and the changes in the hemoglobin content of the blood of these animals.
The author presents the following conclusions:
"1. In the acute form of radiation sickness caused by Po21O, symptoms
of circulatory hypoxia, and in some cases of hypoxemic hypoxia, are noted
starting with the second week.
"2. In the subacute form, symptoms of circulatory hypoxia, and in
certain cases, symptoms of histotoxic and hypoxemic hypoxia, are noted by
the 3d-4th week.
"3. In the acute form, arterial hypoxia develops by the first week;
and in the subacute form, by the end of the first month.
"4. In acute and subacute radiation sickness, as a rule, an increased
value for the blood oxygen capacity, which is connected with a change in
the functional properties of hemoglobin, is noted by the first week.
"5. Discrepancies In the arterin-venous differences with regard to
the oxygen In the kidneys and of the tissues of the hind extremities may
indicate a dissimilar coarse of hemodynamics and metabolism in the kidneys
and in the tissues of the extremities."
112. Effect of Polonium Inj?~ry on Reactivity of Peripheral Blood Vessels
"The Eeactivity or BBluuJ Vessels Following tree injury of an
Organism by Polonium," by V. V. Vasil'yevskaya; Moscow, Medit-
sinsksya Radiologiya, Vol a, No 8, Aug 59, pp 66-71
Under the effect of ionizing radiation, blood vessels, to a certain
extent, lose their capacity to maintain normal wall tones and 'o respond
on stimulation by appropriate changes in the lumen. Therefore, the author
investigated the reactivity of peripheral vessels With regcrd to the vaso-
dilation effect following injury of an organism by a radioactive sV-bstance-
polonium.
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Polonium (with an activity of 0.07 m:icrocuries/g of body'weight) was
introduced subcutaneously to 139 rats. Three sets of diagrams demonstrate
the reactivity of blood vessels of the rat ear to the local application of
heat and cold, mechanical irritation, general warming of the body, and the
intraperitoneal introduction of acetylcholine.
The author presents the following conclusions:
"The reactivity of the blood vessels of the rat ear is changed upon
acute injury by polonium, and changes in the reactivity of the capillaries
are the most distinct.
"The weakening and the inversion of the reactivity of blood vessels
of the ear to vasodilation effects are noted during the first hours after
the administration of polonium, and are especially distinct during the.'
period of the greatest development of the process of injury,i.e., starting
with the 10th day."
311. State of Plutonium in -the Blood
The Physicochemical State of Plutonium (Pu239) in the Blood
After its Intravenous Admiuistratio," by Yu. A. Belyayev;'
Moscow, Meditsinska a Radiologiya, Vol 4, No 9, Sep 59, pp
45-51
The author studied the state of plutonium (Pu239) in and its elimination
from rat blood.
Results indicate the following
'The content of plutonium iW', the blood at various periods after its
intravenous administration in the form of a simple salt (nitrate) and
citrate complex is not identical. In the latter case, a?higher plutonium
concentration is preserved in the blood over a longer period of time.
"The quadrivalent plutonium is transferred by the blood chiefly in the
form of complexes bound by prcteins. Approximately 10 % of the plutonium
(the citrate) is found in its lonogenic state in the blood, and these ions
are negatively charged.
"The plutonium content is five times as high in the blood plasma as
in the formed elements. The correlation changes slightly with time."
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114. Chronic Effects of Low Doses of Ionizing Radiation on Sensitivity of
Nervous ,stem
"The Sensitivity of the Nervous System to Weak Radiation
Effects," by M. N. Livanov and I. N. Kpndrat'yeva; Moscow
Meditsinskaya Radiologiya, Vol 4, No 9, Sep 59, pp 3-13
The authors review literature which has appeared during the past
decade on the effect of small doses of ionizing radiation on the sen-
sitivity of the central nervous system.
The data accumulated substantiate the high sensitivity of the nervous
system to ionizing radiation and the fact that even very low doses can ac-
cumulate and can consequently create lasting alterative processes.
On the basis of the data considered the authors suggest that the limits
of sensitivity of the nervous system to the radiation factor and the limits
of its alterative effect due to reparative processes may not coincide.
115. Prophylactic Use of Certain Sulfur-Containing Substances in Experi-
mental Radiation Injuries
"The Prophylactic Use of Certain Sulfur-Containing Substances
Following Experimental Radiation Injuries," by Ye. A. Mukhin,
Chair of Pharmacology, Pharmacy, and Pharmacognosy, Military
Medical Order of Lenin Academy imeni S. M. Kirov; Moscow,
Meditsinskaya Radiologiya, Vol 4, No 9, Sep 59, pp 29-33
According to the data of a number of authors, beta -me rc apt oethylamine
is one of the most effective chemical substanct:s for protection against
injuries from ionizing radiation. Consequentl;r, the research discussed in
this article is a comparative study of the various salts of beta-rnercapto-
ethylamine, its derivatives, and isothiurone compounds.
All the compounds under study, except the hydrochloride of beta-
mercaptoethylamine, were synthesized by F. Yu. Rachinskiy. Part of the
work was completed at the laboratory by S. Ya. Arbuzov. Tests were con-
ducted on mice, rabbits, and cats which were subjected to 700 and 8oc' r
X-ray doses. Tables and diagrams accompany the article.
The author presents the following conclusions:
"1. The toxicity of the various salts of beta-mercaptoethylamine
and beta -aminoethylisothi.uronium depends on the acid part of the compound.
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"2. The value of the protective effect of the preparations of beta.-
mercaptoethylamine and beta -aminoQthylis othiuronium is determined by the
nature of the anion of the salt being used, by the dosages, and by the time
of their administration.
"3. With the replacement of the hydrogens of the amino group of beta-
mercaptoethylamine and of beta -aminoethylis othiuronium by methyl and ethyl
radicals, the preparations lose their protective properties and increase in
toxicity.
"4. Beta -mercapt oethylamine and beta -aminoethylis othiuronium lower
blood pressure partly as a result of the stimulation of parasympathetic
innervation.
"5. Beta -mercaptoethylamine, beta -aminoethylis othiuronium, and
ethylisotl,iuror.ium when used in effective protective doses possesshypothermal
and antidiuretic properties; however, there is no parallelism be;,ween these
properties and the strength of the protective effect of these agents."
116. Effect of Radioactive Phosphorus on the Blood.
"On Certain Characteristics of the Effect of Radioactive
Phosphorus (p32) on the Blood Content of Nitrogenous Compounds,"
by I I. V V. Savitskiy, Chair of Biochemistry of the Odessa Pharma-
ceutical Institute; Kiev, Ukrairskiy Biokhimichriy Zhurnal, Vol
XXXI, No 4, 1959, pp 550-5-6-1
Experiments were conducted on rabbits to determine the changes in the
blood content of proteins and other nitrogenous compounds after relatively
small doses of P32 were administered to the' animals. The experiments were
continued for a period of 21 days during which the animals were periodically
bled. p32 was administered in the following quantities : 1.5 microcuries
per kilogram of body weight; 0.3 microcurie per kilogram of body weight';
and 0.1 microcurie per kilogram of body weight. Blood analysed were carried
out before the administration of P32, after the administration of the
radioactive phosphorus, and then 21 days later. It was found that con-
siderable changes in protein metabolism took place as a result of the ad-
ministration of the phosphorus, the extent of these charges depending on
the dose applied and the time passed from the time of the administration
of the radioactive substance. Relatively small doses, 1.5 microcuries,
intensified the process of protein regeneration, while does of 0.1-0.3
microcuries weakened the process of blood regeneration and aggravated the
disturbed condition of protein metabolism caused by the loss of blood.
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117. Radiation Sickness and Desox ribonucleic Acid Metabolism
"Des oxyribonuclcic Acid Content in the Mucosa of thy, Small
Intestines in Experimental Radiation Sickness," by V. A. Kireva,
Biochemistry Laboratory of the Ukrainian Scientific Research
Institute of Nutrition, Kiev; Kiev, Ukrainskiy Biokhimichniy
Zhurnal, Vol XXXI, No 4, 1959, pp 525-533
Guinea pigs were used in experiments conducted to determine the effect
of radiation sickness on the metabolism of nucleic acids and the rate at
which the nucleic acids are renewed after p32 is administered. The animals
were examined 24, 48, and 72 hours after they were exposed to total irradi-
ation in doses of 500 r. It was estal?.fished that 24 hours after the irradi-
ation, the relative specific activity c): desoxyribonucleic acid in the
mucosa of the small intestines sharply decreased, but that during the
subsequent 48-72 hours the activity of acid was restored to normal. In-
vestigations were conducted also to determine the effect of ascorbic,
ribonucleic, and adenosine triphosphoric acids and of copper on the content
of desoxyribonueleic acid in the small intestines mucosa of an organism
exposed to total irradiation. The data obtained indicated that these
substances have a stimulating effect on the biosynthesis of desoxyribonucleic
acid in the cellular nucleus. Copper in combination with ascorbic and
ribonucleic acids was found to be most effective in this respect.
Miscellaneous
118. -,mortance of Physics in Medicine
"Physics in Medicine," by Prof A. Lebed ius kiy; Moscow, Med it-
s ins kiy Rabotnik, No 50 (11798), 23 Jun 59, p 2
The author of this article says that the 21st Congress of the CPSU
made it clear that any achievement in medical science depends on whatever
progress is made in biology, and any significant advance in biological
sciences depends on what is accomplished in physics and chemistry.
Only recently, certain physiotherapeutic methods and the X-ray machine
were used to illustrate the utilization of physics in medicine. These
methods and the X-ray machine are now considered part of medical practice.
It cannot be stated that methods now used in medical practice are entirely
satisfactory. It is entirely possible and necessary to make improvements
in the X-ray machine: its shielding must be perfected, and radiography
instead of roentgenoscopy should be used where such a substitution will
not impair diagnosis Luminoss,y and contrast range can be made 800
and 1,000 times greater by the use of electrooptic transformers. It must
be remembered, however, that the utilization of any discovery made in
physics depends on engineering improvements.
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Fluorescent methods of examination are still not used extensively
despite their great value. Data obtained by histochemical methods during
the photometric measurement of light intensity is of great interest. The
use of ultraviolet rays for examining living objects is opening up new paths
for medical science.
The outlook for the utilization of electronics in medicine is particu-
larly good now. The use of electronics in biology and medicine began long
ago. Amplifiers were used in electrophysiological examinations as far back
as the 1920s. Electronics is now used in determining the electric activity
of the heart, brain, retina, muscular tonus, and many other physical
phenomena.
With the discovery of a triode (thermionics), the time became ripe
to employ a cathodo-radial tube. This made it possible to conceive a
vectorcardiographic method, which is one methcd of examination of the
bioelectric activity of the brain. The electroencephaloscope of Livanov
and Anan'yev, currently in use, is such a device: it occupies a firm place
in the diagnosis of brain tumors.
The use of electronics in industry is just beginning. Electronic
devices can be reduced both in size and in price by semiconductors, etc.
It is realistic to use computing machines to determine the causes of any
change in the elecLrocardiiogram and to find other electrical manifestations
of various disturbances in physiological functions.
Modern electronics has not yet exploited the possibility of auto-
matically recording man's immediate environment, particularly in industrial
establishments. There are devices already in operation which accurately
tabulate the number of erythrocytes and white blood corpuscles within
one second.
The use of radioactive isotopes is a relatively young field in
biophysics. The use of radioactive isotopes in diagnosis is a firmly
established practice in clinical medicine; their utilization is expanding.
Isotopes with a short half-life eliminate the danger of excessive irradi-
ation of the patient: they are now in production. Krypton-85 and iodine-
131 are being extensively used in cases of pulmonary infections, etc.
Success has been achieved in diagnosing brain tumors by the use of isotopes
in conjunction with electroencephalography. Increase in the importance
of tagged atoms in biochemistry leaves no doubt that before long they may
be used to determine intermittent metabolism.
Ultraviolet radiation, aero-ionotherapy, electrosurgery, and
ultrasound are firmly established in medical practice. Radiosurgery has
great possibilities. Cobalt-60 and iodine-131 have been used in thyroid
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gland surffery. A. report -recently read st the A.11--Union Conference of
Neu'ros'urgeons dir-,cti-i- d thr3 treatment of nerircectodermal tumors of the
brain with radioactive gold. There have been reports concerning the
utilization of yttri'.man-90 in the radioactive removal of the hypophysis .
Successful results obtained in the study of biophysical mechanisms
of the action of ionizing radiation on the organism created the possibility
of utilizing linear accelerators betatrons, synchontrons, etc. in the
treatment of maliganant neoplasuas . Accelerators are also the source of
high-energy electrons and protons, which may be directed against localized
tumors.
Experiments have been conducted on animals to test compounds which
will allow the preservation of a living organism in an environment where
the radiation is twice the magnitude of a fat a.1 dose. Greater progress
is expected in the imrrovement of the cold method of ste'rilizi.ng surgical
material, instrtrnients, vaccines, and serams by the use of radioactive cobalt
rays. The usefulness of infrared spectroscopy has been fully substantiated.
Natural science In, our time, more than. at any other time, offers proof
of the validity of Engel's hypothesis that the special rules for vital
phenomezna are distinct from purely physical or chemical mechanisms. It is
precisely for this reason that computi:at?; device sand othe', technical im-
provements and methods of examining pntieuts do not purport to replace a
physician in ev'aluat:L.,g the coedit:io, of the whole living organism. On
the contrary, the aToplicati.on of the discoveries in physics will help
expand the logical. reesoning of clin.icIstts .
119. Catalo ,.ie of Courses O;'iered in Soviet Medical Ty]s-ti-'-jjtjeS
t1chebnyye P1acy liu:utitu' ov l:soyyP:e:ls'C,yo'tran1ya. Vrachey
(.C,esson Flans iii rh_~ ir!r,l 't i ~s f'or he `'a
1 Ad +r~:(aGEi. s'a,:T niilg
of Phys is-J.ans)?, edited by V. P. Lebedeva; MOSCOW, TsIUV
[Central fur the Advanced Training of Physicians];
1958, 127 pp
The catalogue.-type bookle?,, which l.is courses offered i;, all faculties
of any :Lr_,sti ute for. ,he advanced training of physic-i., has been approved
by the Admix :t.st~a.;'rocs of :"adre s and T d;:cat:Lonal Insti.tutions, Ministry of ?
Health '.1S?R. Die coarse are ...,u. tl t:?~s ..p,: sc-;?.ted J.., tabular form. and are
prer.r.r9ed by a foreword in which the over.-all purpose of the bcol:.let is er-
tied. Courses for the ' ng typc.S of facl:"t?ies are ir.~ciuded ?
therapeutic, s4~.rgical and vt 3i 17o (nmed.Ical service,
local an tiair defense.)
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The numbers of hours which students are required to spend on given
courses for each faculty are shown in the tables; in the MPVO medical
service faculties, the study of toxic, radioactive, and bacteriological
weapons occupies much of the time.
120. Role of Central Scientific Research Laboratories in Medical Vuzes
The Role of Central Scientific; Research Laboratories in the
Organization of Scientific Work in Vuzes," by M. G. Sirotkina,
Director, Second Moscow State Medical Institute imeni N. I.
Pirogov; Moscow, Zdravookhraneniye Rossiyskoy Federatsii, No 9,
Aug 59, pp 27-30
In February 1959, a Plenum of the Scientific Council, Ministry of
Health RSFSR, was held at which concrete measures were established for
improving medical sciences in vuzes iigher educational institutions) during
the Seven-Year Plan. It was decided that one of the basic methods for
elevating the theoretical level of biological and medical research is
the complex solving of more important actual problems.
Of major importance in the solution of these problems is the organi-
zation of central scientific reasearch laboratories (Tsentral'naya Nauchno-
Issledovatel'skaya Laboratoriya TsNIL). These laboratories have been and
are now being established in major medical institutes of the USSR. The
first central scientific research laboratories were organized 5 years ago.
At that time, their function was to guarantee technological and methodologi-
cal conditions for conducting research on basic problems where there was
a need for an instructor-professor staff. The scientific work of the
associates of these laboratories was considered as nothing more than con-
sultative or as an aid for futher research.
Today, however, the situation has changed. Scientific associates of
central scientific research laboratories now conduct major research and
participate in the complex solution of major and actual problems.
The central scientific research laboratories are to become the
scientific research centers of medical vuzes, where scientists in various
specialties will successfully solve some of the most important problems
of contemporary medicine. They are to be staffed by highly trained and
talented scientific associates, capable of handling the most modern tech-
niques and in conduc';ing research on the highest level.
The central scientific research laboratories, acting as a base for
serious and major scientific research in any field of medicine, are to
have well-equipped biochemical, radiological, physicochemical, and
clinicoexperimental laboratories and corresponding equipment.
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An example of the type of work done by these laboratories is seen
in the work of the Central Scientific Research Laboratory of the Second
Moscow State Medical Institute imeni N. I. Pirozov, which has rendered
valuable assistance to the Faculty Surgical Clinic, Therapeutic Faculty
of the institute, by developing a modification of an operation on the
heart and major blood vessels. This laboratory also promotes independent
medical research by students and members of scientific student societies.
Many aspirants for higher degrees use its facilities to carry out the
experimental portion of their dissertations. The members of the laboratory
also conduct lectures on contemporary methods of research and fulfill other
responsible scientific methodological functions.
The author suggests that these central scientific research laboratories
establish branches to facilitate their activities. These branches should
incorporate various clinics, hospitals, dispensaries, and other facilities
that are easily converted to scientific research.
121. USSR to Give New Hospital to Nepal
Moscow, Meditsinskiy R.anotnik, 18 Sep 59
The Institute for the Technical Planning of Terapeutic-Prophylactic
Establishments, Ministry of Health USSR, "Giprozdrav," has completed the
design and technical planning of a hospital which will be built in Nepal
with Soviet funds.
The hospital will have 50 beds (30 for adults and 20 for children).
The two.-story building will house therapeutic, surgical, and children's
departments and will have the latest medical equipment and instruments
produced in the USSR.
The hospital will also be staffed by Soviet physicians and medical
workers, and arrangements will be made for training local personnel to
work in the hospital.
122. Hungarian Biometrics Conference
"Biometric Conference 0-hens"
Magyar. Nemzet, 8 Sep 59,, p 3
(unsigned article) Budapest,
A 3-day biometrics conference, organized by the Janos Bolyai
Mathematics Society, began on 7 September 1959 at the Hungarian Academy
of Sciences. More than 200 mathematicians, physicians, pharmacists,
and plant and animal producers and researchers were present at the opening
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session. Soviet, English, Czechoslovak, Polish, and German scientists
participated. Academician Alfred Renyi, director of the Mathematics re-
search Institute [Hungarian], opened the meeting, and the following persons
read papers or offered comments: D. J. Finney, Aberdeen; Dr Irenusz Juvancz,
Budapest; B. A. Sevastyanov, Moscow; J. Perkal, Wroclaw; and Afred Renyi,
Pal Medgyessy, Bela Gyires, Janos Fischer, and Peter Csaki [all Hungarian].
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VI. METALLURGY
123. Commercial Grade Selenium and Indium in Production
"Metals of a New Science," by Yu. Kuznetsov; Moscow, Izvestiya,
15 Sep 59, p 4
First quantities of commercial grade seleniuu: and indium were produced
on 14 Sep 59 at the Ust'-Karnenogorskiy Lead-Zinc Combine. Extraction of
selenium was. perfected by engineers Neverov and Volozhanin of the combine
together with Nesterov and Isakova of the Institute of Metallurgy and Ore
Dressing, Academy of Sciences Kazakh SSR. The indium extraction method was
developed by another group of engineers of the combine and the All-Union
3(.ientific-Research Institute of Nonferrous Metals and adapted to produc-
tion by Tsyb, Candidate of Chemical Sciences, and engineers Takizhanov,
Anosova, and Gayvoronskaya. The successful production of selenium and
indium raised to 15 the number cf metals being extracted or capable of being
extracted commercially by the Ust'-Kamenogorskiy Lead-Zinc Combine,
124. Steam Bluing Cutting Tools
"Treatment of a Cutting Instrument With Steam," by Sr Engr V,
Chernik?v, Central Bureau of Technical Information, Voronezhskiy
Scvnarkhoz; Moscow, Promyzhlenno-Ekonomicheskaya Gazeta, 5 Aug
59, p )~
Considerable improvement in tool life and cutting speeds (no specific
data given) is claimed for steam-treated cutting tools as compared with
those treated, by usual rherrnal. methods.
Untreated tools are lowered into a special electric furnace preheated
to 3G0-3800C. The furnace is then capped and temperature is inere:sed
slowly over a. one-hour period to 500-540?C. SteaLS is then supplied to the
furnace and maintained at a pressure of 1 atm for a periodtxf 30 to 60 min de-
pending on the size of instruments being treated. Instruments are then
removed and cooled in oil.
Treatment is performed near annealing temperature of the tool steel
whereby a portion of residual. austenite ;transforms into martensite which
increases wear resistance. Instruments become coated, with an iron oxide
film approximately 5 microns thick and dark blue in color. Chip seizure
is decreased thereby decreat3ing resistance between work piece and tool.
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125. High-Speed Induction Heating of Titanium Alloy VT-5
"Scale Formation on Titaniun Alloy VT-5 During Induction Heat-
ing," by V. I. Parkhimovich and A. N. Bodyako, Physico-technical
Institute, Academy of Sciences BSSR; Minsk, Doklady AkademiiNauk
BSSR, No 5, May 59, pp 211-212
Specimens of titanium alloy VT-5 were treated in a MGZ-102 high-
frequency apparatus (111 kw-2,500 cps generator, atmosphere not specified)
at rates of 25 and 150?C/sec to 100-degree intervals in the range from 800-
1,2000C. Specific increase of weight for specimens heated to 1,100?C at a
rate of 150?C/sec was 50% that for specimens heated to the same temperature
at a rate of 25?C/sec and approximately 3% that for furnace-heated specimens.
Depths of the altered layers in specimens treated as indicated immediately
above were 0.02-0.03 mm, 0.06-0.08 mm, and approximately 1 mm, respectively.
Deviations in absolute values of microhardness at a distance of 0.02 mm from
the surfaces of specimens heated under various conditions were insignificant.
Mic.?ohardness at the surface varied from 550 to 500 kg/,M,2 andfkom 350 to 300
kg/mm2 at the center of specimens.
126. Electrolytic Heating for Pressure Working
"New Developments in Electrolytic Heating for Pressure Work-
ing," by G. Muras, Candidate of Technical Sciences and Sr
Scientific Associate, Physicotechnical Institute, Academy of
Sciences BSSR; Moscow, Promyshlenno-Ekonomicheskaya Gazeta,
23 Aug 59, p 4
General descriptions are given of test equipment designed for heating
me- als and alloys electrolytically for subsequent cold or hot pressure
working. Equipment operates on the principle of controllii:g i,,ove*',ents of
ions in a fluid and its mechanical displacement upon application of current
(electrolytes not specified). Special features of the process are claimed
to be its speed and oxidation-free character. Process is an adaptation of
electrolytic heating methods finding increased application in industry- for
heat. treatment of parts.
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127. Calcium Oxide in Platinum and Palladium Melting
"Sintering Calcium Oxide and Preparing Crucibles for Melting
Platinum and Palladium," by P. S. Mamykin and P. N. D'yachkov,
Ural Polytechnic Institute imeni S. M. Kirov; Moscow, Ogneu-
pory, No 6, 1959, pp 267-272
Data are presented on the physical and mechanical properties of ex-
perimentall, calcium refractory components prepared by firing charges of
calcined chalk and various plasticizers. Best plasticizer liquids were a
4-5% solution of shellac in pure alcohol and a 2-3% solution of Plexiglass
in dichiorethane or trichloroethylene. Addition of 8-10% by weight of
these solutions assures normal forming of crucibles, cylinders, and other
components. An addition of approximately 1% TiC2 delays hydration slightly.
Usual firing of components is conducted at temperatures of 1,720-1,740oC
for 30 min. Satisfactory results were obtained in melting commercially
pure platinum and palladium In fired crucibles set in irilzcUm aril vacuum it .ion
furnaces. Gas-free, dense-structure ingots of platinum, platinum-rhodium
and palladium- silteer were obtained using similar crucibles in plant vacuum
induction furnaces. Spectrally pure platinum was obtained in nonfired
crucibles consisting of an outer shell of magnesia and an inner shell of
the usual calcium oxide charge faced with chemically pure sintered calcium
oxide.
128. Occurrence of Germanium in.. Brown Coal
"Distribution of Germanium in Various Components of Brown Coal,"
by I. S. Sofiyev, I. N. Semasheva, and D. T. Zabramnyy; Tashkent
Doklady Akademii Nauk Uzbek SSR, No 8, Aug 59, pp 34-36
It is a well known fact that germanium is associated with the vitrain
portion, of coal. The reducing decomposition of vegetable matter especially
favors concentration of germanium.
"We have established the fact that the germanium content might be un-
usually high in the high-vitrain lignite of the Lower Jurassic period, com-
posed of 90-95% fusian group components, and formed under oxidizing condi-
tions. The presence of germanium in fusian-xylain coals already manifests
the incompleteness of our understanding about conditions favoring germanium
concentration.
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"Our research data indicates that in certain sections of the examined
r.oal field about 60-70% of all the germanium is associated with the stem
vitrain, which comprises front 3 to 5% of the coal mass.
"Generally the germanium content in the ash of vitrain of the examined
coal deposit is measured in hundredths, or less often, tenths of one per-
cent, while the germanium content in. the stem vitrain of the same deposit
is measured in several tenths of one percent, often close to one percent,
and in a few cases is even as high as 7-8% which is equivalent to 4,000 g
per ton of stem vitrain."
Thus it is seen that concentration of germanium: in stem vitrain of the
examined deposit is 7-10 times higher than the maximum concentration of it
in vitrain of other deposits.
To improve the old method of germanium extraction from coal ashes,
efforts should be made to perfect petrographic concentration by which the
vitrainized components can be separated from the rest of the coal mass.
[For additional information on metallurgy see also under Chemistry,
Inorganic Chemistry.]
129. Chinese Propose New Zone-Refining Method for Gallium of High Purity
"A New Zone-Refining Method for Gallium of High Purity," by Liu
Min-chih `I ; L2 ) Institute of Physics, Academia Sinic;
Peiping, W ~:1 Hsu'eh- pao (Acta Physica Sinica), Vol 15, No 7,
Jul 59, PP 3 i-392
For refining gallium to a high degree of purity (99.9999%), the author
presents a new zone-refining method, featuring the use of a helix of plastic
tubing which contains tho material to be refined. The helix provides many
molten zones on the side nearest the heating element. As the helix is
rotated, the zones move continuously through the entire contents of the
plastic tube. The author states that only 3 hours were required to purify
a quantity of ga]?ium iihich would have required 42 hours for purification
by the conventional straight line single zone method.
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VII. PHYSICS
Atomic and Molecular Physics
130. Filters for Ultraviolet
"Interference Filters for the Ultraviolet Region of the Spect-
rum," by R. S. Sokolova and T. N. Krylova, Moscow, 0pt;ika i
Spektroskopiya, Vol 6, No 6, Jun 59, pp 788-791
Multilayer deposits of alternate coatings of thorium-dioxide and silicon
dioxide, transparent in the region of 220 to 400 m?, are described. Multi-
layer coatings which selectively increase reflection from a quartz'burface
to 95% were obtained and may be ui3ed as reflecting filters., The obtained
stable interference filters for the region of 250 to 400 mp transmit a
maximum of 8C% at a half-width of 6 to 14 mi.
131. Improved Spectrometric Measuremcuts
"On the Selection of a Speed of Scanning, Optimum Time Constant,
and Slit Width for Spectrometer Measurements," by G. G. Petrash,
Moscow, OOptika i Spektroskopiya, Vol 6, No 6, Jun 59,pp 792-797
The requirements of minimum total mean square error yielded optimal
conditions of spectra recording. A case of small systematic distortions
is analyzed. The results are applicable to a large class of measureable
distributions, functions of apparatus, and characteristics of the recording
system.
132. SiO as Emitter of Heretofore Questionable Bands in Quartz Vapor
Spectrum
"The Emission Spectrum of. Quartz Vapor," by"ALau; First Physics
Institute of Humboldt University, Berlin; Berlin, Experimentelle
Technik der Physik, No 3, 1959, pp 104-117
Si0 bands have been definitely identified in the spectrum of quartz
vapor, and reported in the literature. Cameron (Phil.Mag. 3 (1927) 110)
obtained, in a low-pressure arc (carbon electrode with. Si- or Si02 added)
in an oxygen atmosphere, additional bands, which he assumed to be emitted
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by the Si0 molecule. These and many other new bands were produced by Pank-
h,irst and Woods (Proc.Fhyc+.Son. 52 (1,9140) 707; Phys .Rev. 63 (19143) 1+26)
u.i.th a heavy current discharge through a quartz capillary. Woods (Phys.Rev.
(33 (1943) 1426) was able to identify one of these bands as the (0-0) band
of a 2Z-2,r- transition of the SiG4- molecule . The others were ascribed
to the S102 molecule by Pankhurst and Woods.
This work reports an attempt to produce the questionable bands with
a high-frequency discharge and to determine whether Si02 or another silicon
oxide is the emitter of these bands. The spectra of the vapors of quartz,
silicon monoxide, and silicone metal. were studied under various conditions.
The measurements indicate that all. the questionable bands are emitted
by the Si0 molecule.
Mechanics
133. Heat Transfer in Highly Ionized Gas
"On Flows With High Thermal Conductivity." by M. N. Kogan; Mos-
cow, Doklady Akademii Nauk SSSR,?Vol 128, No 3, 21 Sep 59,
pp 1488-1490
The various types of flows which are characteristic of a gas with high
heat conductivity are studied. Gases considered are ionized gases, which
ha'.e a high conductivity clue to the mobility of the electrons, and plasmas,
which are highly heat-conducting because of radiation processes. The ther-
mal boundary-layer problem is solved and heat transfer to a wall or viscous
layer is found.
134. Equations for Nonstationary Flows An Laval Nozzles Solved
"On Nonstationary Gas Flows in Laval Nozzles," by 0. S. Ryzhov
and G. M. Shefter, Institute of Chemical Physics, Academy of
Sciences USSR; Moscow, Doklady Akademii Nauk SSSR, Vol 128, No
3, 21 Sep 59, pp 1485-487
An exact solution of the nonlinear equations for the velocity potential
of the near-sonic motion of a gas through a Laval nozzle is obtained.
Changes in the parameters of the flow are assumed to occur slowly, while
the character of the motion remains essentially nonstationary. The solu-
tion is said to be a generalization of the solutions for stationary gas
flows in the neighborhood of the transitions surface in Laval nozzles.
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135. Magnet ogas dynamics of Gravitating Gas Masses
"Certain Exact Solutions of the Equations of Magnetogasdynamics
in the Presence of "Gravitational Forces and a?Null Temper.Ature
Gradient," by Ye. V. Ryazanov, Mathematics Institute imeni V.A.
Steklov, Academy of Sciences USSR; Moscow, Doklally Akademii Nark
SSSR, Vol 126, No 6, 21 Jun 59, pp 122-122
Certain exact solutions of the equations of magnetogasdynamics describ-
ing the one-dimensional nonstationary motion of a gravitating ideal gas with
cylindrical symmetry are obtained. The absence of a temperature gradient
is assumed in the region of the flow. . It is further assumed that the velo-
city of a gas particle is a linear function of its distance from the axis
of symmetry, that the conductivity of the?gas is infinite, and that there
is no viscosity or heat conductivity. It is stated that the problem is
applicable to the study of the motion of cosmic gas masses.
136. Solution for Nonlinear Partial DE in Magnetohydrodynamics
"On an Approximation Method for Investigating Plane Vortex Flows
in Magnetohydrodynamics," by I. I. Nochevkina, MoscoW.State Uni-
versity imeni M. V. Lomonosov; Moscow, Doklady Akademii Nauk?SSSR
Vol 126, No 6, 21 Jun 59,pp 1220-1223
The-plane, stationary, vortex motion of An ideal compressible fluid
in a magnetic field perpendicular to the plane of;flow is studied. A method
is given for solving the system of nonlinear partial differential equations
representing interactions between magnetic and hydrodynamic phenomena in
a conducting medium with infinite conductivity. The method is applied to
study subsonic And supersonic non-isentropic flows in the M number range
between 1.56 and 1.9.
137. Shock Waves Resulting From Point Explosion Studied
"On Singularities Close to the Center of an Explosion and on
the Origin of Two Shock Waves," by N. N. Kochina, Mathematics
Institute imeni V. A. Steklov, Academy of Sciences USSR; Mow-
cow, Doklad Akademii Nauk SSSR, Vol 126, ,No? 6, 21 Jun 59
pp 121 -1219
The problem of a point explosion in a compressible medium is considered
under the assumption that the equations of state of the medium are close
to the equations of state corresponding to automodeling motions. A partic-
ular medium which is almost an ideal gas and has an adiabatic index of seven
is taken as an example. The differential equations are solved for an exact
solution and analyzed. Motion behind the front of the shobk*,.wave is
described.
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138. Equations for MHD F1ow:.Around Corner Given
"Stationary Flow of an Infinitely Conducting Gas Around an
Angle," by G. A. Lyubibimov, Moscow State University imeni
M. V. Lomonosov; Moscow,Doklady Akademii Nauk SSSR, Vol 126,
No 4, 1 Jun 59, pp 733-735
The flow of an infinitely conducting gas around an angle in a magnetic
field is studied. The magnetic field is arbitrarily oriented with respect
to the flow. A stationary solution of the equations of magnetohydrodynamics
is obtained which depends only on the angle.
139. Equations of Motion of Cone Under Sliding Load Solved
"On Asymptotic Integration of the Differential Equation of an
Automodeling Dynamics Problem," by I. S. Gerasimov, Institute
of Mechanics, Academy.of Sciences USSR; Moscow, Doklady Aka-
demii Nauk SSSR, Vol 126, No 4, 1 Jun 59, pp 727-729
A solution is given for the system of differential equations for the
automodeling dynamics problem for the motion of a coaical shell whose thick-
ness is proportional to the distance from the vertex. An axially symmetric
sliding load, which moves with constant velocity from the vertex: along the
axis of the cone, acts on the surface of the cone. The system is reduced
to a single linear ordinary differential equation of the sixth order and
solved by an asymptotic differentiation method. The Poisson ration is taken
as 0.33.
140. Nonlinear Partial DE Reduced to Linear Ordinary DE to Solve Boundary
Layer Problem
"On the Integration of Boundary Layer Equations," by V.,Ya.
Shakadov, Moscow State University imeni M. V. Lomonosov; Mos-
cow, Doklady Akademii Nauk SSSR, Vol 126, No 4, 1 Jun .59,
pp 730-732
A method is given for reducing a calculation of a boundary layer de-
scribed by nonlinear partial differential equations to the solution of the
boundary value problem for linear ordinary differential equations. The
functions determined from these equations are independent of the pressure
gradient and may be used to calculate flow around any surface. In the
case of a compressible gas, the functions may be dependent on the physical
characteristics of the gas and on boundary conditions for temperature at
the surface of the object.
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141. Integral Equations With Finite Limits
"On Integral Equations With a Kernal Which Depends on the Abso-
lute Value of the Difference in the Arguments and a Finite TIn-
terval of Variation of the Variable," by G. A. Grinberg,Qorres-
ponding Member of the Academy of Sciences USSR, Physicotechnical
Institute, Academy of Sciences USSR; Moscow, ' `Doklac'iy' Akadtii
Nauk SSSR, Vol 128, No 3, 21 Sep 59, pp 450-453
The solutions of integral equations with kernals which are functions
of only the absolute value of the difference in the arguments are considered.
Equations of this. type are involved in such physical. situations as when the
kernel represents the potential of several central forces and depends on
only the distance from the force center. The diffraction of electromagnetic
waves on individually conducting, plane screens and on a band finite width
are also problems involving such equations.,
The possibility of reducing the solution of equations of the type.
sat u( t' ) d G = f (x),
at
where a1 and a2 are finite real, numbers, to the solution of a pair of in-.
dependent second-order equations is shown. Relationships between the in-
tegral equations and other more simple "key" equations to which the solu-
tion of the general equation is reduced are also given.
l1.2. Spark Gap Studies Under Very High Gas Pressures
"A Spark Gap For Very High Gas Pressures," by G List, Physical-
Technical Institute, German Academy of Sciences in Berlin; Ber-
lin, perimentelle Technik'der Physik, No 3, 1959, pp 118-125
A description is given of a spark gap and a gas compressing apparatus
with which spark discharges in bighly compressed gases can be studied. The
discharge chamber is designed to withstand s, pressure of more than 1,000
atmospheres. The volume of the available discharge space is 8.5 cm3; the
maximum electrode spacing is 0.6 cm. One electrode is grounded, and the
cther is connected to a 300-kv rectifier which supplies a variable voltage.
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To date, the apparatus has been operated with a pressure of 400 atmospheres
and a voltage of 120 Irv. The pressure drop amounted to less than 5 atmos-
pheres per hour. The breakdown voltages of industrial nitrogen (contain-
ing 0.1% H201 0.01% 0p, and 0.004% C02) and of a mixture of 77% neon and
23% purest helium were measured for a positive DC voltage- between '.plane
parallel nickel electrodes.
The results obtained in these first tests support an earlier made view
(G List) Ann.Phys. (6) 20 (1957) 238) that fluctuations of the breakdown
voltage in,compressed gas, and with slowly increasing electrode voltage,
are connected with an extremely, long delay time and that, for this reason,
the probability of developing an independent discharge in the case of the
field breakdown is very slight.
Nuclear Physics and Atomic Energy Development
143. Different Cyclotron Design
"A Cyclotron With a Radially Traveling Magnetic Wave.," ~y
Ye. G. Komar, Atomnaya Energiya, Vol 7, No 1, Jul 59 pp 57-63
Various construction designs of a cyclotron with a radially traveling
wave of the magnetic field are analyzed, as well a. relationship..among the
basic parameters of this type of cyclotron, suggested by the author.-. By
means of special ring-shaped windings fed by AC'generators, one or everal
concentric radially traveling magnetic field waves are formed in the gap
between the poles of the cyclotron magnets. Two versions are suggested.
In the first, the traveling wave is made up by the.. field in which, the
acceleration takes place. In the second the traveling wave is superposed
on the usual cyclotron constant magnetic field and acceleration occurs in
the cumulative field. The spatial field distribution in the wave secures
a region bf stability (1 > n > 0) which should move in a radial direction
with the radial velocity of the particles. A region of stability is also
secured in the case when the absolute magnetic field value in the accelera-
tion zone rises sharply from the center toward the external diameter..
The suggested system permits in principle, the construction of a
cyclotron for as high energies as are desired. Notwithstanding the cyclic
action of such an accelerator, there are reasons to assume that the mean
intensity in it may be higher than in a synchrocyclotron, because of better
focusing.
Examples of calculations of this type of accelerators for various
energies are given. The computations prove that the weight and dimensions
of such accelerators may be much below those of accelerators of other types
for the same energies.
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144. A Model for Computing the Critical Mass of a Reactor
"A Method of Predicting the Critical Mass and Neutron Flux
Distribution of a Reactor by Use of a Physical Model," by
V. A. Dmitriyevskiy and I. S. Grigor'yev; Moscow, Atomnaya
Energiya, Vol 7, No 1, Jul 59, pp 27-32
A new method for preliminary determination of the critical mass of a
reactor and of the distribution of the neutron flux is suggested in the
form of physical modeling. For experimental purposes a reactor model is
used without fissionable material. The "bperational" channels of the model
are filled with a neutron absorber simulating the fissionable material by
its cross section of neutron absorption. The production of fast fission
neutrons is simulated by a neutron source which is successively shifted
along the channels. The distribution of the thermal neutron beams is meas
ured by means of detectors sensitive to thermal neutrons. It the power of
the source is known $nd the absolute value of the neutron flux, then the
critical reactor mass may be found experimentally. This method. of model-
ing is checked on an uranium hexafluoride reactor. The experimentally ob-
tained critical. mass value agrees well with the value obtained during re-
actor operation. I
Together with critical and exponential". experiments tile suggested
method may be advantageous for the study of projected reactors, the choice
of optimal parameters of the lattice, etc. The method is very simple and
does not require fissionable material or a strong neutron flux for its
application.
145. Neutron Diffusion in a Reactor
"The Effect of a Cylindrical Channel on Neutron Diffusion," by
N. I. Laletin; Moscow, Atomnaya? Energiy
pp 18-26 a, Vol 7, No l, Jul' S9,
Cavities found in the active zone, of a nuclear reactor essentially
influence neutron leakage from the reactor. The allowance for.',this effect
is important in the computation of the critical mass of the reactor. It
is sometimes of interest: to know the.effect of empty channels on the neutron
distribution outside the active zone. The effect of''a single cylindrical
cavity on neutron diffusion is studied. Expressions for neutron leaks
through a channel located in the center bf.the reactor are obtained, and
for additional neutron leakage due to the presence of a neighboring channel.
The effect of the distribution law of the neutron stream along the channel
on the applicability of diffusion formulas is analyzed.
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14+6. Radiation Productng Loops
"The Nuclear Reactor Circulating Loop as a Source of Radia-
tion," by Yu. S. Ryabukhin and A. Kh. Breger; Moscow, Atom-
naya Energiya, Vol 7, No 2, Aug 59, pp 129-137
The solution of the problem concerning a circulating loop with one
isotope, described previously by the authors in this journal,-Vol 5, No 5,
533 (1958), is expanded to a general case in which several radioisotopes
form the activating substance and have' radioactive descendents. The problem
of the absolutely maximum power of the circuit is analyzed and of the ex-
penditure of neutrons.for a unit of power for a number of elements which
may be used as activating substances in the circuit. The most advantageous
seems to be indium and its alloys. The circulating loop in which the actin
Vating material is fissible (uranium loop) is given particular attention.
It is'shown that the specific power of such a loop is, with all remaining
conditions unchanged, much lower than the specific power of loops with.
metallic indium or its alloys. As a particular case of a uranium loop,
the circulation of incompletely burned heat emitting elements from the
reactor to the radiation equipment and back is analyzed. It is demonstrated
that in this case, the power of the equipment may be increased two to:,four-
fold in comparison with the power of the equipment with a single use of
fully burned out heat emitting elements.
147. Stability of Nuclear Equipment
"Stability of Nuclear Power Equipment," by A. S..Kochenov; Mos-
cow, Atomnaya Energiya, Vol 7, No 2, Aug 59, pp?122-128
The stability of.nuclear power equipment consisting of a water-water
reactcrwith a negative temperature coefficient of reactivity, -a steam
generator producing saturated vapor, and turbines, is stud4.ed. It is
assumed that the system has only two regulating devices: a throttle governor
before the turbine and a regulating device keeping the water level in the
steam generator steady. Kinetic one group equations are used with allowance
for one group of delayed neutrons. The study is carried out at small perturb-
ing parameters. Nonlinear equations are linearized. A conclusion on the
stability of the equipment is obtained.
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148. Beta Radiation Dosimetry
"Method of Beta-Dosimetry Based on Studies of Electron Spectra
in Beta Emission Fields," K. K. Aglintsev and V. P. Kasatkin;
Moscow, Atomnaya Energiya, Vo1:,7, No 2, Aug 59, pp 138-143
A dosimetry method for beta-radiation is devised, based on the study
of acting electron spectra in'fields of beta radiators. The study of beta
spectra has been carried out by means of a scintillation spectrometer. It
has been shown that the value of the dosis D = N(dE/dx), where N is the
number of beta particles penetrating an infinitely small volume around the
studied point; (dE/dx) is the averaged (along the spectrum) value of ioniza-
tion losses. It has been established that the value (dE/dx) is determined
by the maximum energy of the beta spectrum of the isotope and practically
does not depend on the depth of the medium and the diameter of the source.
Curves of depth doses for S-35, W-185, T1-204, Y-91, Ce-144 + Pr-144 are
presented and the criteria of isotope choice to secure.the optimal condi-
tions of irradiation are established.
149. Yield of Fission Fragments of U-233
"The Fine Structure of the Yield Curve of Fission Fragments of
U-233," by V. K. Gorshkov and M. P. Anikina; Moscow, Ato'mnaya
Energiya, Vol 7, No 2, Aug 59, pp 144-147
The yields of Ba-138, Sr-88, Sr-90 and Y-89 were measured, as well as
of five isotopes of zirconium, formed at fission of U-233. The relation
of the fine structure of fragment yield to the mass number was revealed.
Independent yield of Cs-136 was obtained and the evaluation of the independ-
ent yield of Rb-86 was carried out. As a result of these measurements and
of previously obtained data, important sections of the yield curve of fis-
sion fragments were plotted. The boundary of transition from one neutron
emission by light fragments to two-neutron emission was determined on the
curve. It was concluded that the structure is related to the instant of
the fission act.
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150. Neutron Spectrometer
"Neutron Spectrometer with a Flat Crystal," by Yu.lh..Konakho-
.rich and I. S. Panasyuk; Moscow, Priboi r 'i Tekhnika Eksperi,-
menta, No 3, May-Jun 59, pp 26-31
A neutron spectrometer with a flat crystal set on a vertical neutron
beam of the RFT uranium-graphite reactor. is described. During the opera-
tion of the spectrometer, abeam of monochromatic neutrons has been obtained
reaching 5.3'LQP'neutrons/min/cm2 at an energy of 0.1ev. The ratio of the
effect and the background of incoherent scattering is equal to 130. The
spectrometer is operated by remote control. As examples of the instru-
\,ment's operation, curves of cross sections of Pu-21.0 and Au are presented,
'as well as the neutron spectrum of the RFT reactor at a power of 7.96 Mw.
151. Computers for Accelerators
"Computer for Studying Motion of Particles in a Linear Electron
Accelerator," by I. F. Kharchenko, R. M. Nikolayev, A. M. Nek-
rashevich and N. M. Zeydlits, Phyticotechnical Institute, Acad-
emy of, Sciences of the Ukrainian SSR; Moscow, Pribory i'Tekhnika
Eksperimenta, No 3, May-Jun 59, PP 71-76
A mechanical computer is described for computing the axial motion of
charged particles in & linear electron accelerator. The device facilitates
a relatively fast computation of phase motion of particles in the accelerator
at specified parameters of the accelerating system and parameters of the
extracted beam with a sufficient accuracy.
152. Corona Discharge Counters
"Corona Counters of Strongly Ionizing Particles'," -by .A.. B.
Dmitriyev, Yu. M. Tolchenov, A. I. Filatov, and V. G. Chaykov-
skiy; Moscow Pribory i Tekhnika Eks erimenta, No 3, May-Jun 59,
pp 35-140
Counters are described which operate in the region of a stable corona
discharge and are intended for recording of strongly ionizing particles..
The pulse amplitude is proportional to ionization created by a particle in
the operating part;of the counter. The gaseous amplification factor in
the counters reaches i&&-104 and may be made independent of the voltage of
the power supply. This produces a counting plateau of great length and
low slope. The presence of a strong background of weakly ionizing radia-
tion has little effect on the counter parameters in comparison with strongly
ionizing particles. A short descrS.ption of the operating mechanism of the
counters is given.
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153. Improved Focusing of Extracted Beams
"Method of Focusing of Charged Particles from Accelerators,"
by V. N. Danilov and 0. V. Savchenko, Joint Institute of Nu-
clear Research; Moscow, Pribory i Tekhnika Eksuerimenta,No 3,
May-Jun 59, PP 17-20
A modified focusing of charged particles obtained on the synchrotron
of the Laboratory of Nuclear Problems is discussed. The particles are
focused by a magnetic field formed in the gap of the deflecting electro-
magnet by means of iron bars. It is shown that for a certain relation-
ship the dimensions of these bars the action of the focusing device is
equivalent to the action of a magnetic quadrupole lens. By means of such
lenses, the density of polarized 600-Mev proton beam intensity was raised
threefold, and for 300 Mev art'-mesons by a factor of 2.7 times at the record-
ing equipment.
154+. Cylindrical Air-Core Coil Found Most Suitable for Jena University
Betatron
"Generation of the Magnetic Fields for the Acceleration of
Electrons in the Air-Core-Coil Betatron," by G. Hentze, In-
stitute of Technical Physics, Friedrich Schiller University,
Jena; Berlin, Experimentelle Technik der Physik, Vol 7, No 4,
1959, pp 145-15
This discussion of the Jena electron accelerator emphasizes the various
types of air-core coils used and the results obtained. Originally, the
field was produced with Helmholtz coils, the homogeneous field of which is
disturbed by iron cores. The Helmholtz coils offered advantages in the
contraction and expansion of the ring of accelerated electrons. The large
stray field of this coil arrangement requires considerable reactive power
to excite the field. For this reason, two other coil forms, a flat coil,
and a cylindrical coil, were used to accelerate the electrons.
The self-induction of the flat coils, about 130 microhenrys, is much
more favorable than that of the Helmholtz coils (about 200 microhenrys).
The magnetic field is also more homogeneous; much fewer ampere windings
are required to produce the same induction, and the stray field is much
smaller, since the winding cross section and spacing are smaller. The
cylindrical-core coil was found to be even more advantageous than the other
two types. The small distance of about 8 millimeters from the outside cir-
cular boundary to the zero passage of the field proved to be extremely
favorable for the removal of electrons; with this field" arrangement, elec?-
tas could be released through a mica window into the atmosphere merely
with the aid of a suitable deflection foil.
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155. Huh-Resolution Nuclear-Resonance Spectrometer
"A High-Resolution Spectrometer for Magnetic Nuclear Reso-
nances," by H. J. Koehler, M. Pettig and G Scheler, Physics
Institute, Friedrich Schiller University, Jena; Berlin, Ex-
perimentelle Technik der Physik, Vol 7, No 4+, 1959, pp 157-
162
A nuclear-resonance spectrometer with a resolution of 107 is described.
The magnetic field is produced by means of a low ohmic electromagnet with
a pole-piece diameter of 20 centimeters. The 30-megacycle test frequency
is obtained by multiplication from a 100-kilocycle standard frequency. The
yoke, cast of dynamo steel, is about one meter square with a cross section
of 34 centimeters by 10 centimeters. A few cubic millimeters of substance
can be examined. The article illustrates the nuclear-resonance spectrum
of the protons of ethyl alcohol, recorded with a nonrotating cylindrical
specimen about 5 millimeters long and 2 millimeters in diameter and with
a rotating spherical specimen 2 millimeters in diameter, the latter provid-
ing much greater resolution.
Miscellaneous
156. Electron Microscope Completed in So3riet Far East
"Universal Electron Microscope," (unsigned article); Moscow,
Promyshlenno-Ekonomicheskaya Gazeta, 26 Aug 59, p 4
Assembly of a universal electron microscope for investigation of the
internal structure of matter has been completed at the Far East Affiliate
of the Siberian Branch of the Academy of Sciences USSR. The microscope
has a magnification range of 200 to 100,000 and is designated for studying
coals, minerals, biological specimens, etc. It will be possible to operate
with specimens with an area to be studied less than 0.8 mm square.
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VIII. MISCELLANEOUS
157. Congress of Scientific-Technical Societies Called
"On Calling the First All-Union Congress of Scientific-
Technical Societies," (unsigned article); Moscow -Pravda,
19 Sep 59, p 6
"The All-Union Council of Scientific-Technical Societies wishes to in-
form delegates that the First All-Unioh Congress of Scientific-Technical
Societies will be held on 20 October 59 in the city of Moscow."
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