FUNDAMENTALS OF INTELLIGENCE

• Document Type: CREST
• Collection: General CIA Records
• Document Number (FOIA) /ESDN (CREST): CIA-RDP80-00317A000200060001-0
• Release Decision: RIPPUB
• Original Classification: C
• Document Page Count: 82
• Document Creation Date: December 15, 2016
• Document Release Date: September 19, 2002
• Sequence Number: 1
• Publication Date: January 1, 1970
• Content Type: REGULATION

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FUNDAMENTALS OF INTELLIGENCE
An instructional program in
basic concepts, terminology
and inter-relationships as-
sociated with U.S. foreign
intelligence.
OFFICE OF TRAINING
INTELLIGENCE SCHOOL
1970
25X1A
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This programmed text deals with basic
concepts and terminology about:
- the WHY,
- the WHAT,
- the HOW, and
- the WHO of
U.S. FOREIGN INTELLIGENCE
The text is intended
to be stimulating and
enjoyable. Its con-
cepts will be discussed
after you complete your
reading.
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FOREIGN INTELLIGENCE is essential to the conduct of the government
of the U.S. Several of our Presidents* have attested to
this claim:
George Washin ton (1777), 'The necessity of Procuring
good intelligence is apparent and need not be
further urged..."
Harry S. Truman (1964), "To the Central Intelligence
Agency, a necessity to the President of the
U.S., from one who knows."
Dwight D. Eisenhower (1959), "America's. fundamental
aspiration is the preservation of peace. To
this end we seek to develop policies and ar-
rangements to make the peace both permanent and
just. This can be done only on the basis of
comprehensive and appropriate information."
Lynd'on B. Johnson (1965), "We have committed our lives,
our property, our resources, and our sacred honor
to the freedom and peace of...all mankind. We
would dishonor that commitment-if we are not
every hour of every day vigilant against every
threat to peace and freedom."
Richard M. Nixon (1969), "In the society in which we
live ...it is necessary that those who make de-
cisions at the highest level have the very best
possible intelligence"..."I look upon this or-
ganization (CIA) as one of the great instruments
of our government for the preservation of peace,
for the avoidance of war"..."as a necessary adjunct
to the conduct of the Presidency."
*Excerpts from "Presidents of the U.S. on Intelligence,"
a pamphlet published by the Office of Training.
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Thus our Presidents need and expect "good intelligence."
But many types of government officials also require for-
eign intelligence, such as:
-the Secretary of State, when he is formulating
.foreign policy recommendations;
-an A.I.U. official who is considering U.S.
economic or some other type of assistance
to a country;
-an Ambassador who is negotiating a treaty with
the country to which he is our President's rep-
resentative;
-the Joint Chiefs of Staff who are deciding to
deploy our armed forces where they are needed;
-a Defense Attache who conducts his day-to-day
affairs overseas;
-the Secretary of Agriculture when he is to be
visited by the Secretary of Agriculture of a
foreign country.
In particular, and most significant for your
overall understanding, although U.S. intelli-
gence deals with many subjects for many pur-
poses, the over-riding purpose is to aid U.S.
national security.
You might properly ask:
WHY is "intelligence" so important?
WHAT is "'intelligence," basically?
What are the relationships between "intelligence" and
"national security?"
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Large segments of the Government are concerned with the problems of U.S.
National Security.
How might we, in the U.S., define the term "national security?"
Essentially, it is the ability of the U.S. to pursue its national objectives
reasonably free of threats from without and from damaging activities within.
The term "national security" as used in government practice normally refers
to the whole spectrum of matters which have occupied the attention of the
National Security Council and officials at the White House level for the past
twenty years.
The principle goal of U.S. national security is the maintenance of an effec-
tive counter-balance against those events and situations both here and over-
seas, which could be detrimental to our national strength--political, socio-
logical, economic, military, and other elements.
In preparing to deal with the threats to our national security, both internal
and external, the U.S. has developed a national security system, with an in-
stitutional structure and method of operations, that is in constant need of
the best intelligence support that it can command.
In attempting solutions to the many-faceted problems associated with our na-
tional. security, any President must consider the nature of the total challenge
of maintaining or improving our national security he faces:
-solutions are tremendously costly (tens of billions of dollars
annually)
-they have an impact on all U.S. citizens
-they affect virtually all elements of the federal government
(not just the military forces)
-they reach to all parts of the world (wherever the U.S. has
an interest)
-arriving at solutions is a demanding job, yet crucial to our
well-being.
The CENTRAL INTELLIGENCE AGENCY and other intelligence agencies are directly
involved with helping .ththerU.S. Government develop and maintain its national
security. The U.S. intelligence organizations, therefore, provide
INTELLIGENCE SUPPORT FOR NATIONAL SECURITY
By collecting intelligence information, producing finished intelligence, and
conducting other activities upon direction, the Intelligence Community tries to
assure that key U.S.,officials--from the President and his top-level advisers
on down to the lower policy and action levels--are given the best-).possible
finished intelligence to help them formulate and execute national security policy.
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Based on these introductory remarks and your own experience, which of the
following terms do you think would characterize (describe) effective in-
telligence support for U.S. national security?
(1) comprehensive in scope, (2) demanding of resources,
(3) timely, (4) relevant to the situation, (5) costly
in manpower and money, (6) accurate, (7) reliable,
(8) adequate
(ANSWERS ON THIS PAGE)
More about WHY intelligence for national security purposes is so important:
-The U.S. is a powerful nation with global influence and interests.
We need to understand the capabilities and intent of other nations
in the world in terms of our own interests and capabilities.
-The U.S. is the "leader" of the Free World. We have allies and
friends with whom we cooperate, and many of them need our support.
-Our national leaders are among the most important officials in the
world today and must be kept informed on world-wide matters.
-New challenges confront the U.S. national security organizations.
Developments during this decade include the rapid proliferation of
science and technology, the great "information explosion,` the
fragmenting of world communist ideologies, the growth of nationalism,
and sociological problems on a global scale.
Both the terms "intelligence" and "national security" are key items for
our consideration throughout the rest of this text. You will reflect
about each of them in terms of your:
-previous education
-previous experience (overseas travel, military assignment, etc.)
-present Agency assignment
ANSWERS TO TOP OF PAGE:
All of these eight terms are characteristic, and you may have thought
of some of your own.
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Regardless of your own experience, some intro-
ductory guidance as to how you might think about
these fundamental- concepts is what this text is all
about.
HISTORICAL NOTE:
Emerging from WWII in 1945-46, the U.S. Government began
to recognize its need for a properly organized national security
and intelligence structure. That is the reason we have had--
ever since passage in 1947 of the National Security Act--a "com-
munity" or federation of U.S. foreign intelligence organizations.
Later, we'll discuss WHO these organizations are and HOW
they do their work. For the present, we want to concentrate on
fundamentals as we see them from the viewpoint of
THE CENTRAL INTELLIGENCE AGENCY (CIA)
the component of the intelligence "community" charged
by law with coordinating the U.S. foreign intelligence
effort.
When we think about the task of providing intelligence
support to U.S. policy makers we can describe it as: (insert
the appropriate characteristic for each blank)
c in content and extent;
d of effort and time;
r to those who make and execute policy;
c in manpower and other resources.
(to check your replies look back on Page 4)
(THIS INTRODUCTION THUS FAR
HAS FOCUSED ON THE AWARENESS
OF THE WHY OF INTELLIGENCE)
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Precisely WHAT do we mean by intelligence as it relates to U.S.
national security?
As a professional employee of the Agency you probably, like
others, have your own idea of the meaning of the term "intelli-
gence."
To some people, "intelligence" is synonomous with clandes-
tine activity and "spy stuff"--the "cloak and dagger" image so
prevalent today in popular literature and TV programs.
To others, "intelligence" means secret information used for
questionable activities leading to all kinds of immoral and nefari-
ous ends.
Others associate "intelligence" with the processes of research
and analysis (e.g., writing an "economic intelligence report").
What is the relevant meaning of the term in our context? Can
we settle on a single definition? Why is it so important that you
have a personal, working definition of intelligence?
(SEE NEXT PAGE)
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Basically,
Intelligence is knowledge about what is going on in
foreign areas
Nevertheless, even though intelligence is knowledge
about foreign areas, we usually must add other modifying words
to the term "intelligence" whenever we use it. This is because
"intelligence" means so many different things to so many dif-
ferent people in different circumstances;
e.g. We received an intelligence information report
on the current status of the Chinese economy
CIA is one of the intelligence organizations
of the U.S. Government
The process of producing finished intelligence
involves the analysis of intelligence informa-
tion
We urge you to develop your own definition of "intelli-
Bence" as you think through this program.
(FOR DISCUSSION PURPOSES
WE ASK YOU TO USE OUR
DEFINITION EXPRESSED ON
NEXT PACE)
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Our working definition of intelligence:
STRATEGIC
CAPABILITIES
+W &
INTENTIONS
INTERNATIONAL
;CRISIS
40 SOCIOLOGICAL
PROBLEMS
INTELLIGENCE Knowledge about the rest of the world
related to U.S. national security in-
terests
SCIENTIFIC EXPLORATION I
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IDEOLOGICAL
CONFRONTATIONS
MILITARY
CONFRONTATION
EMERGING
NATIONALISM
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As we have just seen, "intelligence," however we
define the term, only has meaning in association with
something else, e.g,
political intelligence
national intelligence
current intelligence
In a very general sense, the term "'intelligence"
may refer to three quite different things:
a product (the result of collection, or analysis and
reporting--e.g. biographic intelligence)
a process (a specialized system of activity such
as intelligence analysis and production)
an organization (the Central Intelligence Agency)
What are we talking about when we refer to "intelligence
products," "intelligence activities,` "intelligence organizations"?
Is intelligence the same thing as information? If not,
what is the difference?
(BEFORE WE CAN ANSWER THESE QUESTIONS
WE MUST SUMMARIZE--)
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Thus far we have-highlighted WHY national intelligence is so
important and also considered some basic definitions of the terms
"intelligence" and "national security."
As you proceed, you will discover new aspects, new principles
and new terminology that should lead you to a better understanding
of the WHAT and HOW of intelligence fundamentals.
Important Note:
Most of the following pages like those you have just
read, contain new information. They may state a fact, dis-
cuss a principle, or develop a concept or term. They also
ask you to think about something, construct something or
otherwise respond to stated directions. You are then told
what the expected response should have been and to proceed
to a certain page.
Every so often, we .check your understanding of what
we are discussing. At that point you respond to a self-
test. Self-testing questions show you whether or not you
have learned the main points being taught.
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OUR OVERALL PURPOSE
This programmed text is intended to develop yours-un-
derstanding of U.S. foreign intelligence matters by intro-
ducing you to:
important basic terminology and fundamental concepts,
primary functional and organizational relationships,
and reasons for doing what the Agency is assigned to
do,
Specifically:
-we want you to gain a concept of the ntelli
gence process and intelligence product related to
U.S. security, so that you can see your work as part
of the whole picture;
-we want to introduce you to selected terms,
abbreviations, and symbols unique to the intelligence
profession, so that you can recognize and use them;
-we want to provide an elementary understanding
of those intelligence matters--people, organizations,
methods, facilities, products--that will be studied
and discussed in depth in other training, so you can
relate to them, and
-we want to help you establish a positive at-
titude about the Agency's professionalism--and that
of U.S. intelligence generally-so you can identify
with its past, present, and future accomplishments.
(THE NEXT SELF-TESTING
PAGE CHECKS ON YOUR UN-
DERSTANDING OF THESE OB-
JECTIVES)
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The following list includes specific goals we would expect
you to achieve after reading this text together with things you
would not be expected to achieve based on this text alone.
Write Yes or No beside each item as you now understand our
objectives for this program:
1 To provide a personal working concept of intelligence,
2 To demonstrate how intelligence is generally produced.
3 To tell how intelligence differs form ordinary academic
research.
4 To provide details on the intelligence process other than
to identify or describe Ley steps.
5 To explain why U.S. national security interests require
intelligence support,
6 To discuss all of the distinctive characteristics of in-
telligence as a specialized field.
7 To identify who is involved in the intelligence "community".
8 To discuss any aspect of the above beyond a basic under-
standing.
(CHECK YOUR ANSWERS ON NEXT
PAGE)
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1) Yes, 2) Yes, 3) Yes, 4) No, 5) Yes, 6) No, 7) Yes, 8) No
Hopefully, you are now at least aware of the importance of
U.S. Foreign Intelligence--the WHY of Intelligence. We are ready
to discuss the WHAT of Intelligence in some detail:
Recall what was stated on Page /#9
If we consider intelligence PRODUCTS (the result of some
production) there are a number of ways people express it--some-
times leading to a confusion of terms;
(1) Some terminology is used to describe the type of infor-
mation contained in, or required of a document; e.g.
political intelligence study, basic intelligence study,
a national intelligence estimate;
(2) sometimes terms are used to refer to the individuals
or groups involved in the production of intelligence
such as: an economic intelligence analyst in CIA;
the military intelligence experts in DIA;
(3) some terminology identifies the recipients (intended
consumers) of the intelligence product: the Presi-
dent, the National Security Council, Secretary of
State, etc;
(4) sometimes terms are used in a mixture of one or all
of these.
(ON THE NEXT PANEL ARE THE
TITLE PAGES OF SEVERAL BOOKS
ON U.S. INTELLIGENCE MATTERS.
NOTE HOW THE AUTHORS HAVE
CATEGORIZED INTELLIGENCE AS
THEY SEE IT.)
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CENTRAL INTELLIGENCE
AND
NATIONAL SECURITY
HOW CLOSELY DO THESE BOOKr
TITLES RELATE TO CATEGORIES
(1), (2), (3), or (4) ON THE
PREVIOUS PAGE?
(answers on next page)
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ANSWERS TO QUESTION ON PAGE #14
A 2, B 2,3,4, C 1,3, D 4, E 1,
As you have just seen, there are a number of ways to con-
ceptualize intelligence products or finished intelligence.
A generally accepted arrangement for categorizing--one that
is easy to understand, and one that we will use throughout this
program--is as follows:
-- Finished Intelligence may be subdivided
1. By SUBJECT MATTER or TOPIC
e.g., Political Intelligence, Economic Intelligence
2. In terms of SCOPE or RANGE (IN TIME)
e.g., Current Intelligence, Estimative Intelligence
3. According to USE by a CONSUMER
e.g., National Intelligence, Departmental Intelligence
Let's consider SUBJECT MATTER or TOPICAL specialization:
A publication having the title "Current Status of
Chinese Communist Nuclear Physics" would be com-
sidered as SCIENTIFIC INTELLIGENCE.
'What intelligence subject matter or opi al label
would you give to a study on "Soviet-Japanese
Trade Arrangements"? Intelligence
(SEE ANSWER ON NEXT PAGE)
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ANSWER TO QUESTION ON PAGE #15 - ECONOMIC Intelligence
We have just identified. a few of the major subject matter
categories of intelligence products. A more complete listing
together with typical sub-categories of topical coverage follows:
MAJOR SUBJECT TOPICAL COVERAGE
MATTER CATEGORY (Typical)
POLITICAL Political dynamics, foreign
policy, national leadership,
national programs.
SOCIOLOGICAL The people as distinct from
the leadership. Attitudes,
motivations, ethnic charac-
teristics, culture, population
problems.
ECONOMIC Natural resources, manpower,
trade, industrial capacity,
transportation, finance.
SCIENTIFIC AND Scientific and technical in-*
TECHNICAL stitutions, methods, organi-
zational relationships, per-
sonalities, goals, programs,
accomplishments and capabilities.
MILITARY Organization, doctrine, size
and structure, deployment, sta-
tus of training and equipment,
capabilities, and vulnerabilities.
BIOGRAPHIC Personal background data on key
individuals (military, scientific,
political),
resources.
Topography, hydrography, cartographic
(Note: This list is by no means, all of
the possible categories)
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 Using the chart on the previous page as your guide, label
the probable subject matter area of specialization suggested
by each of the following:
1. A study of the Prime Minister
of a given country (Ex. BIOGRAPHIC Intelligence
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REGARDING MATERIAL ON PAGE #16:
Neither Photographic Intelligence nor Communications
Intelligence would be in such a list of finished in-
telligence categories. They are labels for intelli-
gence sources and will be discussed later.
2. Location of airfields in a
given country Intelligence
3. Alm-estimate on the:)status of
monetary reserves in a certain
nation
Intelligence
4. An analysis of the quality of
nuclear research in a certain
nation
Intelligence
5. A map presentation of East
African highways Intelligence
6. A descriptive study of a nefa
aircraft showing its character-
istics
Intelligence
(SEE NEXT PAGE FOR ANSWERS)
We have just demonstrated some of the general types of subject
matter or topical specialization in intelligence products.
We have also seen the relationship between overall topics and
sub-topical coverage in a given intelligence product.
As a general rule, the major subject of an intelligence study,
as seen by its title, provides a cue or index to its sub-topical
coverage (arid vice versa). Intelligence products may discuss widely
unrelated topics (e.g. political matters, military capabilities and
scientific institutions) within a single publication--such as we'll
see later when we discuss the National Intelligence Survey. Most
products, however, tend to be more narrowly focused and topical.
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ANSWERS TO PAGE #17
#2 MILITARY (ECONOMIC AND GEOGRAPHIC are also possibilities)
#3 ECONOMIC
#4 SCIENTIFIC AND TECHNICAL
#5 GEOGRAPHIC (also ECONOMIC)
#6 SCIENTIFIC AND TECHNICAL (also MILITARY)
If you have been uncertain in responding to the
questions on the previous few pages, your con-
fusion undoubtedly arises because there are many
instances when finished. intelligence reports are
not confined to a single major field of interest
but rather to several related interest fields.
Ex: "Port Facilities Study" (a description of har-
.bors, docks and transportation) would be classed
as dealing with economic intelligence but may be
the product of an analyst in military or geo
1rraphic intelligence.
Ex: A report on the "Military Leadership in Brazil"
would be considered biographic intelligence
basically, but might also be considered as
reflecting
-Military intelligence subject(s) of interest
-Sociological intelligence
-Political intelligence
Obviously, these categories are often artificial and theoretical;
but if recognized they help you understand the nature of finished
intelligence products.
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Other important things to keep in mind when thinking about subject-
matter specialization in intelligence production:
-intelligence analysts (the producers of finished
intelligence products) are organized in ways that
help them to produce intelligence according to their
subject-matter or topical fields of specialization
within their agencies.
-intelligence products reflect the specialized pro-
duction responsibilities and capabilities of each
producing agency in the "intelligence community."
-intelligence products, regardless of their topical
breakdown, vary:
in format,
in scope,
in classification,
in depth, and
in many other ways you will learn about
-intelligence products are the end-result of the
''production" phase of the intelligence cycle
(more about this in later pages).
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There are still many other things to consider about intelligence
products--the result of organized research, analysis, interpretation
and publication.
At this point, we would like you to check on your understanding
of the basic concept of the WHAT of intelligence as far as we have
gone. The exercise on the next page (21) is designed to give you a
realistic test of your recognition of finished intelligence.kroducts
according to
AS YOU RESPOND TO THE CHART ON THE NEXT PAGE THIS SUMMARY MAY
HELP YOU :
Some finished intelligence products treat
a single topic in considerable depth; others
are broader in their scope.
For example: A study which deals with the
leadership qualities of a coun-
try's political rulers would
be called BIOGRAPHIC intelli-
gence but it probably would
have important things to say
about the political, sociolo-
gical and perhaps the military
intelligence on that country.
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subject matter or topical categories
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ANALYST'S CHART
TITLE
SUBJECT MATTER CATEGORY
ACCORDING TO
TITLE OF INTELL. PUBL.
OTHER SUBJECT MATTER OR TOPICAL
INTELLIGENCE THAT MIGHT BE DIS-
CUSSED IN THIS PUBLICATION
1
ECONOMIC
SCIENTIFIC AND TECHNICAL
POLITICAL
SOCIOLOGICAL
2
3
4
5
6
Suppose you are an analyst
about to produce a finished
intelligence paper on Commu-
nist China. As a starter,
you are given six studies and
other data whose title papers
are shown on this page. On
the chart below, complete the
list with the principal topic
of intelligence information and
the likely sub-topics or secon-
dary subjects likely to be
found in each.
A~~A7'~?,~/ OF
ex sn
CO~~N tS ~
~~ss ~t ~ S ~rt~S
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ANSWERS TO CHART ON PACE #21:
2 - MILITARY (also SCIENTIFIC and TECHNICAL)
3 - BIOGRAPHIC (also SCIENTIFIC and TECHNICAL, MILITARY, and POLITICAL)
4 - SCIENTIFIC and TECHNICAL (also BIOGRAPHIC, MILITARY, ECONOMIC)
5 - POLITICAL (BIOGRAPHIC, MILITARY)
6 - GEOGRAPHIC (MILITARY, SCIENTIFIC and TECHNICAL)
The term INTELLIGENCE PRODUCTS is interchangeable with the
term FINISHED INTELLIGENCE. This makes it necessary to distin-
guish between
FINISHED INTELLIGENCE and
INTELLIGENCE INFORMATION
INTELLIGENCE INFORMATION raw, unevaluated information collected in the
expectation that it will directly or indirectly be used as an input
for producing finished intelligence.
Some examples: a report of a conversation between an embassy
official and an officer in a foreign government; a transcript
of a foreign radio broadcast or television program; a trans-
lation of a foreign scientific journal; a tape recording; a
photograph; a document; a news ticker or newspaper clipping;
a map, or a sketch of an industrial plant made by an attache
while traveling.
Some characteristics of INTELLIGENCE INFORMATION:
(fill in any four appropriate terms from the following list:)
simple unprocessed basic.
unevaluated uncoordinated clandestine
finished evaluated raw
(ANSWERS ON NEXT PAGE)
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unevaluated uncoordinated
unprocessed raw
(Note: some evaluation, some processing, and some coordination may
be associated with intelligence information but these general char-
acteristics hold.)
You will note that INTELLIGENCE INFORMATION by its very nature is
not FINISHED INTELLIGENCE. In essence, it is unfinished intelligence.
In order to be of use, it must be processed into FINISHED INTELLIGENCE.
I
FINISHED INTELLIGENCE is a type of report which normally uses many
sources (places) of intelligence information (raw, unevaluated
data) that has gone through a process of analysis, interpreta-
tion, and adaptation to the needs of a user.
Some examples of FINISHED INTELLIGENCE; an intelligence estimate
regarding the future outlook for the USSR, Communist China, Brazil,
or France; a daily current intelligence bulletin item on a signifi-
cant current development; a basic intelligence study on Nigeria; an
intelligence memorandum on a Soviet space shot; briefing notes for
briefing a Congressional committee on a situation in a foreign coun-
try; a. biographic intelligence memorandum for the President.
Some distinguishing characteristics of FINISHED INTELLIGENCE:
(fill in four appropriate terms from the following list;
unevaluated, finished, unprocessed, evaluated, coordinated,
integrated, clandestine, processed, analyzed, interpreted)
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ANSWERS TO PREVIOUS PAGE
finished, evaluated, integrated, processed, analyzed, interpreted.
The others are not always descriptive of FINISHED intelligence.
Later in this text, you will see how INTELLIGENCE INFORMATION becomes
FINISHED INTELLIGENCE (within part of a cycle) called the INTELLIGENCE
PROCESS.
Intelligence is a finished product that may be subdivided in terms
of SCOPE or RANGE (in time)
(see PAGE #15 if you don't recall this concept)
In terms of SCOPE or RANGE we might visualize finished intelligence
as follows:
SCOPE OR RANGE (IN TIME)
BASIC
INTELLIGENCE
CURRENT
INTELLIGENCE
ESTIMATIVE
INTELLIGENCE
Thus: We can speak of /@ BASIC INTELLIGENCE, 2 CURRENT INTELLIGENCE
ando ESTIMATIVE INTELLIGENCE as representing a completer span
of knowledge in time. We may refer to this as the "continuum"
of intelligence production--analysis and reporting of intelli-
gence from the past, through the present, and into the future.
We'll have more to say about it later.
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What are some of the characteristics of BASIC Intelligence?
? Deals principally with events and things that are past
? Is descriptive in style
? Is encyclopedic
? Usually gives considerable detail
? Is usually organized for systematic and ready recall
? Deals with topics that are relatively static or that change slowly
? Possesses long-term usefulness
This category of finished intelligence is characterized by fairly
detailed compilations (studies, charts, maps, reports, briefs, summaries)
of basic data which intelligence analysts, researchers, planners, operators,
and others require to perform their jobs.
For example, the National Intelligence Survey (NIS) which is the main
form of BASIC intelligence widely used in the U.S. today, covers a wide
range of topics: political dynamics of a country, its economic resources,
its educational system, military strengths and capabilities, the nature and
scope of its scientific resources, its social structure, and many others.
Some of these things are quite permanent; others are subject to consider-
able change.
finished intelligence which describes fundamental
or basic facts and relatively stable subjects span-
ning a period from the past to the present.
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BASIC INTELLIGENCE often serves as a foundation for research and
analysis in current and estimative intelligence production.
BASIC INTELLIGENCE like other types of finished intelligence
varies by:
topic
- security classification
-- origin or source
- purpose and usage
BASIC ]INTELLIGENCE is fundamental and virtually indispensable when
needed, not only in times of national crises such as during a 'war,
but also during peacetime. As one famous Marine officer put it,
"if this kind of information isn't ready and in the hands of troops
before'their battle, it is much too late" to be secured and pro-
duced,
BASIC INTELLIGENCE often requires considerable time to produce.
The lack of adequate basic intelligence in World War II, for example,
caused the U.S. to suffer greater casualties in certain engagements
than might otherwise have been the case.
It was basic geographic intelligence (in the form of annotated map
studies) that was of such vital importance to U.S. operations in the
Lebanon crisis of 1958.
In the dozen or more major international crises facing the U.S.
during the past three decades, basic intelligence (in the form of reports,
maps, and charts) was a significant help in national security planning
and policy implementation.
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At this point you might wish to check your ability to identify
BASIC intelligence items by general title. Please encircle the num-
ber beside any of the following titles that you think discusses some
aspect of :BASIC intelligence.
Before you indicate your choices and check
your answers on the next page, remember
what was said about the unique character-
istics of BASIC intelligence on pages 25 &
26.
1. A map study of the railroad network in China.
2. A report of a governmental crisis of two days ago.
1. An estimate of economic trends in a certain country.
4. The telecommunications facilities of Eastern Europe.
5. A bulletin about a recent coup in Iraq.
6. The outlook for the Italian elections.
7. A summary of election statistics in India since 1940.
8. Map of the current military engagements in Vietnam.
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#1, #4, and #7 are examples of BASIC INTELLIGENCE
What are some of the characteristics of CURRENT INTELLIGENCE?
? Time. Deals with events and things that have just happened
or are now occurring.
? Is reportorial and interpretive in style (like daily newspaper)
? Is brief and restricted in scope.
? Usually not as detailed as BASIC intelligence.
? Deals with topics that are ynamic and usually transitory.
? Possesses short-term usefulness.
This category of finished intelligence is characterized by short
reports (bulletins, memos, appreciations, summaries, briefs, maps,
and charts) of current developments of interest to analysts, opera-
tors, planners, and policy makers.
For example, the Central Intelligence Bulletin (CIB) in its
various forms, is a daily publication of the most significant
current developments in foreign countries affecting U.S.
national security interests. Any one item in the CIB might
report on a political, sociological, economic, military, or
scientific development in a given country or area, then ana-
lyze and interpret its significance. This would include any-
thing from the report of a recent Soviet space shot to the
results of a national election in Chile.
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WHAT IS
CURRENT
INTELLIGENCE?
Finished intelligence analyzing and interpreting
significant developments of immediate interest
to national security decision-makers.
CURRENT INTELLIGENCE thus is the product of day-by-day, hour-
by-hour, minute-by-minute analysis of the most current intelli-
gence information from all available sources-overt and clandes-
tine. Speed is essential in the analysis, writing, printing,
and dissemination of current intelligence.
CURRENT INTELLIGENCE, like basic intelligence, varies by topic,
security classification, origin or source of information upon
which it is based, and in purpose and usage.
CURRENT INTELLIGENCE in this Agency is usually:
- all-source (all available sources of information are considered)
- national (as distinct from departmental)
- disseminated in a variety of forms (both written and oral)
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USUAL TIME SPAN FOR CURRENT INTELLIGENCE
PAST SEVERAL WEEKS % NEXT 72 HOURS
Note the approximate time period which concerns the analyst
producing current intelligence. Like the newspaperman, he
must meet daily deadlines. Rarely can he do research in
depth. His task is to satisfy his official "customers"
(readers) in the style and within the time established for
his report.
CURRENT national intelligence produced in this Agency
covers the latest important developments in all foreign.coun-
tries in which the U.S. has a cogent interest. The current
intelligence analyst focuses only on the most significant,
the really "hot" breaking news, the "critical" development
or on those events which have "crisis" potential--
overthrow of a foreign government . election results
an economic crisis facing a country . a puzzling new
foreign missile test firing . a report of a secret trade
agreement . the arrival of a foreign head of state in
Washington , the latest developments in Vietnam . a key
foreign policy speech by a Soviet leader
Which of the following would represent a CURRENT
INTELLIGENCE report?'
1 Biographic report on a Swedish scientist
THINKING: / 3 Key air routes to India
4 Military pay scale of Argentine Airforce
5 Report of a nuclear test shot in Communist China
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ANSWER TO QUESTION ON PAGE #30
#5 is the only item that clearly represents a CURRENT INTELLIGENCE
report. #1, #3, and #4 is BASIC INTELLIGENCE, #2 is ESTIMATIVE
INTELLIGENCE.
ESTIMATIVE INTELLIGENCE is another category of finished intelligence.
Estimative intelligence is an authoritative, carefully prepared expres-
sion of the present situation in a country or area with a projection of
expected trends over the period of the estimate.
What are some of the characteristics of
ESTIMATIVE INTELLIGENCE?
(usually referred to as NATIONAL ESTIMATES)
a Deals with events and developments in the future. Time scope: estimates
can be short (particularly in crises situations) where quick policy deci-
sions are in the making; estimates can be long-term (2-3 years up to 10
years or more as When discussing Soviet space programs) to suggest where
the world is heading
? Is judgmental and projective in style (statements are expressed in terms
of probabilities)
0 Like BASIC intelligence but unlike CURRENT intelligence, may possess long-
term usefulness.
-PROBABILITIES
POSSIBILITIES
"ESTIMATING is what you do when
you run out of facts." Estimat-
ing begins where the facts end.
ISOLATES AND
IDENTIFIES
DISSENT
BEST AGREED
JUDGMENTS
ABOUT IMPON-
DERABLES
BASED ON ALL AVAILABLE
AND RELEVANT INTELLI-
GENCE SOURCES
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The best-known example of ESTIMATIVE intelligence is the formal paper
known as the
NATIONAL INTELLIGENCE ESTIMATE (NIE)
What is the purpose of the NIE's?
- To provide the top policy levels of the U.S. Government--the Presi-
dent and his senior advisers--with the most reliable speculations on the
probable future course of world events affecting U.S. national security
interests.
The National Intelligence Estimate always looks into the future--
either short-term (next year or so) or long-term (3-5 years and even
longer in some instances.)
In terms of long-range estimates, they represent the best single
intelligence product on the grand strategy of those nations in which the
U.S. has a security interest. In many cases they deal with matters af-
fecting the national survival of the U.S.
A typical estimate would discuss strategic capabilities and vulnera-
bilities of selected countries, together with their probable courses of
action or intent.
We cannot be certain that national security decisions always include
the consideration of a relevant NIE, but past experience shows that
NIE's are timely (they meet real deadlines) and they are read. While
they:
do not recommend policy,
they have an impact on policy decisions
SPECIAL NATIONAL INTELLIGENCE ESTIMATES (SNIE's) are a particular
category of estimates. Whereas the NIE's are scheduled for production
(periodically on an annual basis), the SNIE's are unscheduled (produced
on a special demand). Some 60-70 percent of all national estimates pro-
duced each year are scheduled (NIE's); the rest are SNIE's.
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SOME IMAGINARY SAMPLE
NATIONAL INTELLIGEI`JCE ESTIP' TES (NIE's)
SNIE
THE PROSPECTS
for
STABILITY
in, PANAMA
NIE
CHICOM
NUCLEAR
CAPABILITIES
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We have established that all finished intelligence can be considered
as having scope or range in time. We wish to have you check on your
understanding of this key concept:
You are given a report (with maps) discussing the
principal railroads of Sub-Sahara Africa and their
traffic-handling capacities (freight and passenger).
This report represents
(basic, current, estimative -- choose one)
intelligence.
2. The Italian elections are scheduled next year and
the Secretary of State wants an analysis and in-
terpretation of the probable outcome. Such a
study, when published, would he classed
(basic, current, estimative -- choose one)
intelligence.
3. Encircle which of the following statements is more
accurate:
a. Current intelligence reporting is concerned
with facts and events that have just occurred
and never discuss the probable outcome of a
situation.
h. Basic intelligence reports deal with the rel.a-
vant and significant past.
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ANSWERS TO QUESTIONS ON PREVIOUS PAGE: #1 basic, #2 estimative, #3 b.
Finished intelligence may be subdivided--
According to USE by a CONSUMER
(see page 15 if you need to review)
Each level of the Federal Government represents a different category
of "'consumer" or user of finished intelligence.' The President, Cabinet
members, heads of Agencies, and senior military commanders are consumers
of finished intelligence at the highest levels. But officials of a lesser
rank, by the hundreds in the Washington area alone, also need this support
and constitute a different category of consumer.
Intelligence considered according to the level of the user, thus
ranges from the most senior officials to the many in the departments and
agencies whose tasks are to implement policy and conduct programs.
Usually, the higher the level of the recipient, the more apt he is to
get only the very selected, all-source intelligence products. This
usually means intelligence reports which are highly condensed and
narrowly focused on a problem.
CATEGORIES NATIONAL INTELLIGENCE
by
CONSUMER DEPARTMENTAL INTELLIGENCE
LEVEL
INTERDEPARTMENTAL INTELLIGENCE
Each of these terms will be discussed in the next few pages--
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What Is DEPARTMENTAL INTELLIGENCE?
Finished intelligence as produced by a single
department or agency of the government to
meet its own needs.
Examples: - One of the regional. bureaus of the State
Department requests its intelligence
bureau (INR) to produce a study on the
political situation in a country to
assist in developing a State Department
position toward this situation.
- The Department of Defense asks its
Defense Intelligence Agency (DIA) to
produce, for use by the Joint Chiefs
of Staff, a memorandum on the military
capabilities of a country.
- The Naval Intelligence Command produces
a map showing the current deployment of.
Soviet submarines in the Atlantic.
- A geographic intelligence report on a
particular area is produced in this
Agency for use by the Clandestine
Service for a special operation.
Finished departmental intelligence represents the view of
a single department or agency and is not necessarily
coordinated with other agencies.
Departmental intelligence of all types--studies, reports, memoranda,
briefing notes, visual presentations-are often the basic ingredients
for the production of national intelligence. However, departmental.
intelligence becomes national intelligence only when it is coordinated
at the national level to meet a national policy need. (e.g. a National
Estimate)
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What is INTERDEPARTMENTAL Intelligence?
Intelligence that is produced by two or more intelligence
components of the government to meet their joint needs.
Each might produce a segment of the joint product (depart-
mental intelligence) and the blended (integrated) or
coordinated product would result in an interdepartmental
product; or representatives of these organizations may
produce a joint product while in conference.
Examples:
- The intelligence components of the Air
Force and Army join DIA in producing
"target" intelligence for their mutual.
planning needs.
- The Bureau of Intelligence and Research
of the State Department and CIA produce
an Interdepartmental. paper on the status
of trade agreements in Latin America.
- Several member agencies of the intelli-
gence community produce a study of the
capabilities of the Communist Chinese
to launch and support military actions
beyond their territories.
Some INTERDEPARTMENTAL intelligence is also produced by
a number of the committees of the UNITED STATES INTELLI-
GENCE BOARD (this will be explained later in the text)
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What is NATIONAL Intelligence?
Finished intelligence which provides support to those formulating
national security policy, concerns more than one department or
agency, and transcends the. exclusive competence of a single
department or agency to produce.
In its scope and content: National. intelligence may be BASIC (the
NIS is a good example), may be CURRENT (the Central Intellience Bulle-
tin) or may be ESTIMATIVE (the National Intelligence Estimates).
In its other characteristics: National intelligence is
always coordinated among all competent intelligence agencies,
usually all-source.
always focused on a major problem
In its ,production: National intelligence is principally the product
of this Agency, but it is a shared responsibility as we will discuss later.
IMPORTANT
TO
REMEMBER
NATIONAL intelligence is not DEPARTMENTAL intelligence
but represents a category of finished intelligence
coordinated and disseminated at the highest or national
levels of government. It is beyond the competence or
interest of a single department to produce,
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The term NET Intelligence has appeared in recent years, principally
in connection with the preparation of national estimates. There is no
single clear definition of the term "net" intelligence--it could refer
to military judgments in a very restricted sense, or to broader aspects
of policy contingencies in the political sense.
Some examples serve to illustrate how this special term {'net" might
be applied:
1. An N]:E may discuss the status of Soviet naval forces in the
Mediterranean Sea. If, along with the assessment of the
strengths and deployment of these forces, the capabilities
and deployment of similar U.S. forces in the same area are
considered, the resulting "net" judgments could be called
net intelligence.
2. The 'Location of U.S. divisions and air units on maneuvers in
West Germany are considered when unusual Warsaw Pact troop
movements are observed.
3. Arab leaders accused the U.S. of assisting Israeli air strikes
during the 1967 Arab-Israeli war. This information had to be
assessed against the knowledge of the location of the U.S. Sixth
Fleet in the Mediterranean. The net intelligence gave a differ-
ent estimate of the situation.
Each of these instances had to do with an estimate of military capa-
bilities and intentions. In a broader sense, net intelligence can be
associated with a discussion of policy contingencies: If the U.S. decides
to take Course A, in a certain situation, what is the likely outcome of
this action? If it takes Course B? Etc.
Net intelligence could be described as an assessment which
considers intelligence on a foreign country's total capa-
bilities and intentions in the light of or compared to U.S.
capabilities and national intent regarding the same situation
or problem. Net intelligence is derived from a knowledge of
both your own and your adversary's options for action. It
should be added that such considerations are confined to only
the most senior levels of the national security structure.
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STRATEGIC vs. TACTICAL Intelligence
Finished intelligence covering the whole scope of a
STRATEGIC nation's capabilities and intentions over a considerable
range of time. We may speak of short-term (1-2 years),
INTELLIGENCE mid-term (3-5'years), or long-term (5-1.0 years)
strategic intelligence.
Examples:
Capability of the North Vietnamese economy
to support the war effort if the U.S. bombs
all of the industrial facilities.
- psychological willingness (or unwillingness)
of the 0 people to support any
proposed rearmament program.
TACTICAL Finished intelligence produced and used for short-term
assessments of the "enemy" in a dynamic or moving situation
INTELLIGENCE such as a military battle. Most "tactical" intelligence is
produced by military forces for military commanders.
25X1 C
Examp l.es :
- The numbers and location of regular
N. Vietnamese military units in South Vietnam.
- the size and location of any Cuban guerrilla
units landing in Central or South America.
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SELECTED OTHER CATEGORIES OF FINISHED INTELLIGENCE
There are a great many other terms often associated--some
erroneously--with unique classes of intelligence information and
finished intelligence. Some of these terms really refer to sources
of intelligence information or methods of processing and analysis
rather than to discrete categories. Of the great number of such
terms, five are selected here for definition and explanation:
? CRITICAL Intelligence -- often referred to by the identifying tag,
CRITIC -- is intelligence information which is considered,
regardless of classification or source, as being of such
urgent importance to U.S. national security as to warrant the
fastest possible transmission to the President and his top
advisers. The system is designed for the rapid transmission
(10 minutes or less) of critical. intelligence from any part
of the world to the Washington area ahead of other priority
messages. As time permits, it is analyzed and interpreted
1'on'the spot" en route to the recipient. (example: the first
report of the ouster of Premier Khrushchev, Soviet Union,
in 1964).
INDICATIONS Intelligence -- a special category of current intelli-
gence having to do with "indications" of hostile intent or ac-
tions on the part of a foreign country. It is a method of
monitoring current intelligence on an all-source basis to pro-
vide strategic (mid to long-term) warning of preparations for
or the actual start of hostile actions against the U.S., our
forces overseas, or against our friends and allies. It re-
quires a special analytical and reporting organization -- using
principally Department of Defense facilities and resources, but
under the management of the Watch Committee of the United States
Intelligence Board. The National Indications Center (NIC) lo-
cated in the Pentagon and directed by a CIA official, is the
inter-agency headquarters for this effort. (example: reporting
events surrounding the Soviet occupation of Czechoslovakia in
1968.)
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? SIGINT -?- an abbreviation for SIGNALS Intelligence. (This term
denotes both COMINT and ELINT which are described below.)
COMINT -?- an abbreviation for "communications intelligence" which
is the intelligence information derived from cryptological
sources, or the "breaking" of foreign message codes -- e.g.,
the breaking of the Japanese coded messages during World War II.
Major responsibility for producing this category of intelligence
together with that described next, belongs to the National
Security Agency -- a USIB member.
? ELINT -- an abbreviation for "electronics intelligence," which is
intelligence information derived from the intercept of
electronic radiations emitted from radars and other devices
that give off signals. This class of information deals only
with non-communications signals, and is an important part of
technical intelligence collection. (example: reporting the
electronic signals given off by missiles when they are test-
fired. This is called telemetry and is for the purpose of
measuring missile performance.)
Other terms are frequently used to identify classes of intelligence
information or finished intelligence: photographic intelligence,
1 counter-intelligence, naval intelligence, "warning" intelligence,
RADINT (radar intelligence), ACPUSTINT (acoustic intelligence),
Land scores of others.
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The HOW of U.S. Foreign Intelligence --
Intelligence is a PROCESS
In thinking about HOW the U.S. Government produces and uses
finished intelligence on foreign countries, one is immediately
confronted with understanding the nature and functions of what
is termed:
This process is a cycle of activity for the purpose of
collecting intelligence information and converting it
into finished intelligence so as to be able to dissem-
inate the final product in response to a requestor or
recipient. The basic phases of this process are:
- a collection phase
a processing phase
- a production phase
- a dissemination phase
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IMTELLIGE''NCE l.S A LESS
) r
REQUEST FOR
FINISHED INTELLIGENCE
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In eneral, how does the process work?
The intelligence process is initiated by a request for the
production of a finished intelligence report or presentation. The
requestor is usually, but is not always, a person outside the
intelligence organization.
Under normal circumstances, the cycle of activity (often referred
to as the "intelligence cycle") pegins with the collection of information
needed to produce the intelligence; a research and writing function, and
some form of dissemination of the completed product.
Collection, as a major phase of activity, does not refer to the
selection and assembly of data within the analyst's files in a
headquarters facility, but rather to field collection activities from
the three sources explained in the succeeding pages.
Collection usually is followed by the processing of intelligence
information prior to the actual production phase.
Processing refers to such things as foreign language translation,
conversion from tape to document, conversion of imagery, digital data
and graphic or cartographic data into text and other forms.
Processing; is often a highly spphisticated, costly and time-consuming
part of the intelligence process. Entire intelligence components are
devoted exclusively to the collection and processing of intelligence.
Production is the "heart" of the process because in this phase all
of the analysis and interpretation takes place that is required to
transform intelligence information into the completed report.
Dissemination can only take place after finished intelligence is
produced. The two principal concerns among many others is when and in
what form is the intelligence wanted?
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The COLLECTION phase of the intelligence process:
This is the first phase of the intelligence process
WHAT and includes all of the activities associated with
IS acquiring intelligence information from overt,
COLLECTION? clandestine, and technical sources and methods.
Intelligence collection may be categorized by sources and methods:
? OVERT. Intelligence information collected from "open"
sources using "omen"' methods. This is informa-
tion from less-privileged sources and makes up
the overwhelming bulk of collection.
? CLANDF,STINE: Intelligence information obtained through
espionage. This is what has to be done when
overt sources are exhausted or non-existent.
6 TECHNICAL; Use of technical equipment and systems -- such
as electronic and photographic -- to acquire intelli-
gence information. Some authorities also include
the use of technical aids for human agents in clan-
destine operations.
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What is-the scope and methodology associated with intelligence
information collected through OVERT sources?
Foreign press . radio and TV broadcasts .
SCOPE OF periodicals and journals . diplomatic collection
OVERT (observations, reportsyand conversations) foreign
SOURCES materials . military attache and command sources
domestic sources
Methodology: In addition to overt sources of intelligence
..... information, overt methods are utilized to collect
this information. The press is scrutinized, broad-
casts are monitored, publications are translated and
screened, diplomatic information is collected and
reported, foreign materials reviewed and analyzed,
domestic sources contacted and reported.
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CONFI)ENTIAL
Examples of intelligence information collected from OVERT sources:,
1. The statements of a Prime Minister to the U.S.
Ambassador concerning his country's views of a
U.S. proposal to cut hack on military bases in
that country. The Ambassador reports to Wash-
ington by cable, probably TOP SECRET
2. A Soviet broadcast to South Asia reminding India,
Burma, Indonesia, and others of historic Chinese
imperialism and the danger of a revival. Moni-
tored by the FBhS and relayed to Washington. (FOR
OFFICIAL-USE ONLY)
4. An Associated Press news ticker from Paris re-
porting strong rumors that the franc will be
devaluated (UNCLASSIFIED)
CONFIDENTIAL
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25X1A
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What is meant by CLANDESTINE collection of intelligence information?
Clandestine collection - espionage
Note: this text, because of security limitations will not
discuss the scope nor the methodology of clandestine
collection except in very general terms.
Scope of Knowledge of any aspect of overseas activity that
Clandestine is of interest to U.S. security and is not obtain-
Collection: able through overt sources is a potential target
for espionage. The data collected may be in any
form paralleling that of overt collection. The
only difference is that the target country or
area denies the information to U.S. eyes and
hopefully is unaware it is being obtained.
_The classic collector is the indigenous agent, not an American "007'x. J
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CONFIDENTIAL
What is included in that which we term TECHNICAL collection or collection
from TECHNICAL sources?
? Electronic intercepts (radio and other signals) -ELINT
? Audio--surveillance
? Intercept and analysis of radar signals -RADINT
? Intercept and analysis of nuclear debris and radiation
? Collection and analysis of imagery (including photography)
? Intercept of audible noise emanation - ACOUSTINT
-Technical sources require technical and scientific
(S&T) methods to exploit them
-Technical methods require highly specialized equip-
ment and facilities (systems.)
-The larger collection systems in the technical
collection field (radars, for instance) dominate
technical collection of intelligence information;
but many authorities also include in this category
technical aids used to assist clandestine agent
collection.
CONFIDEN-~
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CONFIDENTIAL
Some examples of techpical collection:
1. Aerial photos of infiltration routes from North
Vietnam through Laos to South Vietnam.
2, Aerial photos of Soviet offensive missiles in
Cuba in 1962.
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53
The COLLECTION phase of the intelligence process may be summarized as
follows:
The collection of intelligence information is the most characteristic
COLLECTION
REQUIREMENTS
X1111tIIIIIf,I
activity of any intelli-
gence organization. It
supplies the data-base
upon which analysis and
writing may proceed.
Collection can take place
in a headquarters environ-
ment or in the "field."
The sources for intelligence
COLLECTION
OVERT, CLANDESTINE, or
TECHNICAL. By far, the
greatest amount of collected
? OVERT METHODS I information is derived from
CLANDESTINE
METHODS (ESPIONAGE)
TECHNICAL
METHODS
INTELL
INFORMATION
OVERT sources.
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The step known as PROCESSING
In recent years, an important new phase in the intelligence
production cycle, called PROCESSING of intelligence infor-
mation has developed.
by the intelligence production analyst.
refebs to those activities which assist in converting
PROCESSING intelligence information into forms more readily usable
? TRANSLATING FOREIGN LANGUAGE PERIODICALS
KINDS ? CONVERTING MAGNETIC TAPE DATA INTO DOCUMENT FORM
OF
TASKS ? CONVERTING IMAGERY (PHOTOS, ETC.) INTO DIGITAL
ASSOCIATED OR GRAPHIC/CARTOGRAPHIC TEXT
WITH
PROCESSING ? MANIPULATING TEXTUAL DATA BY COMPUTER SO AS TO
BE ABLE TO ANALYZE AND SUMMARIZE FINDINGS
As pointed out earlier (page 45), this step is essential
to the analyst. It is usually done either as part of the
collection process (such as data stored from a large radar
collecting system) or closely associated with the provision
of collected information to the production components.
(PANEL ON PAGE #44)
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The PRODUCTION phase of the intelligence process:
This phase of the process is the activity of
WHAT research, analysis, evaluation, and interpre-
IS tation of intelligence information with the
PRODUCTION? purpose of its transformation into a product
called finished intelligence.
The PRODUCTION of finished intelligence involves at least three
major functions and a larger number of inter-related processes or
steps not always done in the order set forth below:
1. RESEARCH -- what is it that we need to know?
? what is the requirement?
? how do we formulate the problem?
? what should be the plan of activity?
2. ANALYSIS -- what is it that we know?
? formulation of the problem
? conducting research and writing:
assembly of information
- synthesis of ideas and hypotheses
correlation of data
- integration of sources
- evaluation of sources and content
(CONTINUED ON NEXT PAGE)
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3. INTERPRETATION -- what is the significance of what we know?
(This function is critical to the consumer because the
analyst expert or specialist is in the best position to
tell the recipient of the report its exact meaning as
he sees it.
4. PRESENTATION -- placing the completed analysis and writing in
such a form as to ready it for formal dissemination.
The Analyst - the key figure in the production phase.
The analyst must formulate the problem, establish and execute
his research strategy, assemble, collate, integrate and correlate
data, analyze his findings, evaluate his efforts, and interpret the
results for an interested consumer,
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CONF
Some illustrative types of finished intelligence:
-? an article on the political crisis in Ceylon in the
Current Intelligence Weekly Review
-? an article on overnight developments in Vietnam in the
Current Intelligence Bulletin
-- a memorandum on the "World Gold Problem"
-. a National Intelligence Estimate on "The Outlook for
Spain Through 1973"
- a memorandum on "The Status of Communist Chinese
Scientific Manpower"
- briefing notes on the Soviet ABM for the DCI to use
before an(, NSC meeting
- a special research memorandum on "Leadership Succession
in the Polish Communist Party"
25X1 B
- an NPIC report, with photos, on the Chinese coast
adjacent to Quemoy and Matsu
- a geographic report on the disputed Sino-Indian
border region
- a handbook on the capabilities of a new Soviet tank
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ft^t
 The production of intelligence may be considered as the heart of
i
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The PRODUCTION phase of the intelligence process may be summarized as
follows:
the entire intelli-
gence process. Re-
search, analysis, and
writing constitute
the three principal
ac
vities. Major
functions and key
CONSUMER steps in the produc-
tion phase vary rnn-
REQUEST FOR siderably according
1 I to:
FINISHED INTELLIGENCE
PRODUCTION
RESEARCH AND ANALYSIS
ANALYSIS - WHAT IS IT THAT WE KNOW?
FORMULATION OF PROBLEM
RESEARCH AND WRITING
-the analysts re-
search plan
-depth and scope
of the analysis
-the purpose and
timing of final
product
INCLUDES PROCESSES OF
ASSEMBLY, SYNTHESIS,
CORRELATION, INTEGRATION
AND EVALUATION
INTERPRETATION - WHAT IS THE
SIGNIFICANCE OF WHAT WE KNOW?
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The DISSEMINATION phase of the intelligence process:
WHAT The final formal step in the intelligence
IS process. Ideally, this phase is organized
DISSEM- so as to respond to the right recipient at
INATION? the right time, with the right product.
Principal factors to consider in the task of disseminating
finished intelligence:
1. Format: essentially, in what form and through
what channel of communication (oral,
written, documentary) is the final
product to be made available.
Ex: does the President want his
intelligence report as a document or
in a briefing by the DCI?
2. Time factor: essentially, how soon is the finished
intelligence wanted and by whom? Ex: not
everything needs to be reported so rapidly,
but in the case of launching strategic wea-
pons, the reporting channel might have to
be as short as a few minutes to be useful.
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Basic concepts regarding the DISSEMINATION of all categories of
finished intelligence
- The dissemination of finished intelligence occurs at all
levels of the intelligence community (laterally here in
Washington and to overseas consumers)
Dissemination is based on mechanisms, formal and informal,
that match the producer of finished intelligence with the
appropriate consumer (an official or his organization).
Such terms as "dissemination lists", "repositories",
"control centers", "reading rooms" may be associated with
the formal dissemination process.
- Much of the intelligence produced these days is disseminated
in dual forms--dependent on the time factors--either
electrically or in publications.
- The increasing need of computerized data-retrieval is
making new demands on dissemination methods.
Note: THE GRAPHIC PANEL ON THE NEXT PAGE CONCEPTUALIZES
THE THREE PHASES OF THE INTELLIGENCE PROCESS. THE
RELATED FUNCTIONS ARE ALSO DEPICTED. YOU ARE URGED
TO STUDY IT FOR A FEW MINUTES BEFORE PROCEEDING.
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 ve
CONFIDENTIAL
INTELLIGENCE AS A PROCESS
THE
F,A
CONSUMER
REQUEST FOR
COLLECTION
COLLECTION
*CLANDESTINE
METHODS (ESPIONAGE)
INTEIL
DISSEMINATION
(ALL CATEGORIES)
CONCERN FOR,
FOR
RETRIEVAL
PRODUCTIQ
(RESEARCH AND ANALYSIS)
ANALYSIS - WHAT ISAwIT THAT WE KNOW?,
RESEARCH AND WRITING ;;..
ASSEMBLY, SYNTHESIS,
CORRELATION, INTEGRATION
tun FV11111TIRM
INTERPRETATION - WHAT IS THE
THREE BASIC PHASES
OF THE INTELLIGENCE CYCLE
IS/0TR
1970
FI T AL
L~k
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The WHO of U.S. Intelligence
The National Security Structure -- what does it include?
The entire organization for national security as we
will look at it in these remaining pages includes
both the POLICY LEVEL at the highest echelons and
the INTELLIGENCE LEVEL. The POLICY levels include
the President and his immediate staff, the members
of the Cabinet and heads of independent agencies.
Others that could be thought of at this level are
Presidential advisers and councils. The INTELLI-
GENCE level will be described in more detail.
All constitute the consumers offinished intelli-
gence.
ORGANIZATION FOR NATIONAL SECURITY
POLICY THE PRESIDENT NSC
LEVEL DEPARTMENTS AND AGENCIES
INTELLIGENCE U.S. INTELLIGENCE BOARD (USIB)
LEVEL and its
MEMBER AGENCIES
(The Intelligence Community)
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The principal consumers of finished intelligence:
The President
THE White.House Staff
CONSUMERS
AT THE NSC and its affiliated groups
WHITE HOUSE
AND Cabinet officials
CABINET LEVEL
Others (PFIAB, Pres. advisers)
TOP-LEVEL Executive Agencies
DOMESTIC
CONSUMERS Congress
rV
OTHER
U. S. Ambassadors
MEETING "Country-Team" Members
NEEDS
OF Military Commands
OVERSEAS
CONSUMERS Regional Conferences and Meetings
VIP Trips
Others
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V. V
NATIONAL SECURITY COUNCIL SECRETARY
OF
STATE
r
POLICY RECOMMENDATIONS
POLICY IMPLEMENTATION
UNDER -SECRETARIES
THE REVIEW GROUP
COMMITTEE
INTELLIGENCE ANNOPERATIONAL
INPUT S
IMPLEMENTATION AND COORDINATION
OF
AGREED POLICY
DEPARTMENTS
and
AGENCIES
INTER-
DEPARTMENTAL
GROUPS
"AD HOC"
GROUPS
ORGANIZATION FOR NATIONAL SECURITY
(SIMPLIFIED SCHEMATIC)
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65
INTELLIGENCE INPUTS TO NATIONAL SECURITY
POLICY RECOMMENDATIONS AND IMPLEMENTATION
Meeting the need. for finished intelligence for national security
decision-making requires organization and management involving hun-
dreds of key people and a sizeable number of agencies and groups.
Each President has or anizzed these national security mechanisms--
at least on the policy levels--to fit his own style.
The chart on the previous page depicts a simplified pattern of
intelligence support, and places where policy initiatives are taken
under the present administration.
Note several pints:
- The National Security Council (NSC) is the most important
element in the National Security Structure.
- The key component of the new national security policy
structure under the NSC is the REVIEW GROUP. The REVIEW
GROUP is chaired by the President's special assistant
for national security. It brings together all of the
available and relevant finished intelligence and other
data necessary to place a policy recommendation before
the National Security Council (if they are very important)
or before the Under Secretaries Committee if of routine
importance.
- Intelligence inputs originate in departments and agencies
(such as State and Defense); in INTERDEPARTMENTAL GROUPS
(IG',s) each headed by an Assistant Secretary of State, or
from "AD HOC" groups created for special problems and crises.
- The more serious the danger to our national interests and
the 'more sensitive the problem, the higher the decision
has to go.
- It is important to remember that inputs for policy
considerations originate from any point where appropriate
national intelligence is produced.
Directives in National Security
NSCID's - National Security Council Intelligence Directives - allocate
major responsibilities among members of the intelligence community.
NSDM's - National Security Decision Memoranda - report Presidential de-
cisions.
NSSM's - National Security Study Memoranda - direct studies to be under-
taken?
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This is another self-test on your understanding. We have been
discussing the policy level of the U.S. National Security Structure.
In Column I below, certain functions and responsibilities of key
components or officials are described. You are to select one of the
answers given at the bottom of this page and insert the appropriate
letter beside each blank in Column II.
1. Brings together all of the relevant
papers (including intelligence) to
be considered for a policy recommen-
dation at the NSC level.
2. Makes final national security policy
decisions.
3. Charged by Federal law with advising
the President on matters of national
security policy.
4. Ifi the principal foreign policy
adviser to the President.
A.
National Security Council
D.
Central Intelligence Agency
B.
The 'President
E.
Secretary of State
C.
Under Secretaries
Committee
F.
Review Group
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ANSWERS TO QUESTIONS ON PREVIOUS PAGE:
1F, 2B, 3A, 4E
The USIB AND THE "Intelligence Communit " --
The United States Intelligence Board (USIB) whose chairman is the
Director of Central Intelligence, in its corporate sense is the senior
decision-making body for U.S. Intelligence. The members of USIB represent
six intelligence components and, with military observers, constitute a
formal group of 10 senior officials.
All represented agencies make up a federation generally referred to
as the "Intelligence Community."
UNITED STATES INTELLIGENCE BOARD MEMBERSHIP
DCI
CHAIRMAN
*ARMY, NAVY, AIR FORCE ARE PARTICIPATING OBSERVERS
*Defense
MEMBER AGENCIES OF USIB (with abbreviations)
CENTRAL INTELLIGENCE AGENCY (CIA)
? BUREAU OF INTELLIGENCE & RESEARCH (INR) - STATE DEPARTMENT
? DEFENSE INTELLIGENCE AGENCY (DIA) - DEPARTMENT OF DEFENSE
ASST. CHIEF OF STAFF FOR INTELLIGENCE (ACSI) - U.S. ARMY
NAVAL INTELLIGENCE COMMAND (NAVINTCOM) - U.S. NAVY
? ASST. CHIEF OF STAFF FOR INTELLIGENCE (AFNIN) - U.S. AIR FORCE
? NATIONAL SECURITY AGENCY (NSA)
? ATOMIC ENERGY COMMISSION (AEC)
FEDERAL BUREAU OF INVESTIGATION (FBI)
USIB COMMITTEES:
. 14 Interdepartmental committees responsible to USIB
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USIB Committees and their relationship to intelligence production
The U.S. Intelligence Board monitors the activities of 14 interdepart-
mental committees which report to the Board regularly. These committees,
virtually all chaired by an official of this Agency, are concerned with:
- Intelligence production (6 committees)
- Collection of intelligence information (5 committees)
- Security and other matters (3 committees)
The committeesdirectly concerned with intelligence production matters are:
EIC (Economic Intelligence Committee)
GMAIC (Guided Missile and Astronautics Intelligence Committee)
JAEIC (Joint Atomic Energy Intelligence Committee)
NIS (National Intelligence Survey Committee)
SIC (Scientific Intelligence Committee)
WATCH (Watch Committee)
Membership and overall Responsibilities:
All 14 1JSIB Committees have interdepartmental representation
ranging in size from just a few, in some cases, to the larger
committees such as the EIC and SIC. Thus, several hundred
key officers and civilians constitute an important segment
of the total intelligence support for national security--
information-gathering, intelligence production and special
support activities such as security and defector-handling.
These committees are responsible for most of the interdepart-
mental :intelligence produced.
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THE CENTRAL INTELLIGENCE AGENCY
The CIA was established under the NSC, by the National Security
Act of 1947, for the purpose of coordinating U.S. intelligence
activities. The Agency, under NSC direction:
1. Advises the NSC in matters concerning intelligence
activities of the U.S. intelligence community
related to national security.
2. Coordinates intelligence activities of the depart-
ments and agencies of the Government.
3. Produces national intelligence.
4. Performs services of common concern as determined
by the NSC.
S, Performs "such other functions and duties" as the
NSC may from time to time direct.
Primary responsibilities of CIA for
COLLECTION
? clandestine informa-
tion (all subjects)
? overt foreign broad-
cast monitoring
? overt foreign docu-
ment exploitation
? overt domestic col-
lection
Intelligence
and PRODUCTION
? Economic intelligence (Communist areas)
? Scientific and Technical
? Basic Intelligence (NIS)
? Current Intelligence (National level)
? Estimative (NIE's)
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The Director of Central Intelligence (DCI) is in a unique role as the
chief coordinator of U.S. foreign intelligence activities and as such
"wears several hats:"
1. The DCI is the administrative head of this Agency -- he is
responsible by law for all this Agency does, but his other
"hats" are just as important.
2. The DCI is the intelligence adviser to the NSC --- this means
he must be knowledgeable on all issues in which the intelli-
gence community participates for national-security policy
decisions.
3. The DCI is the senior official for the coordination of U.S.
foreign intelligence activities -- as Chairman of the USIB,
he must concern himself with the allocation of intelligence
collection and production resources. He does this in a
formal sense through the issuance of Director of Central
Intelligence Directives (DCID's)
The DCI must: coordinate the total resources of the U.S. intelligence
community even though his administrative control extends only to
this Agency.
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71
THE BUREAU OF INTELLIGENCE AND RESEARCH (INR) of the Department of State -1
The Bureau of Intelligence and Research under direction of its
Director, with rank equivalent to that of an Assistant Secretary
of State, develops and implements a coordinated program of intelli-
gence for the Department and for other Federal agencies, and pro-
duces finished intelligence essential to foreign policy.
The key professionals in the State Department are
called Foreign Service Officers (FSO's and FSR's).
In the "field" or on the headquarters "desks"
they constitute the collectors and producers of
intelligence in the Department of State.
Primary Responsibilities of INR for
COLLECTION
Intelligence
and
? overt political information
? overt sociological information
? overt economic information
? overt scientific and techni-
cal information
PRODUCTION
? Political intelligence
? Sociological intelligence
? Economic intelligence
*(Free World)
*CIA has assumed a greater
role in F.W, economic analysis
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The DEFENSE INTELLIGENCE AGENCY (DIA)
The DIA was established in 1961 to operate under the
direction, authority, and control of the Secretary of
Defense. Under its Director, the DIA:
1. Organizes, manages, and controls Department
of Defense (DoD) intelligence resources
assigned to DIA and coordinates Department
of Defense intelligence functions of the
military departments.
2. Satisfies the intelligence requirements of
the major components of the Department of
Defense including the Joint Chiefs of Staff.
3. Supervises DoD intelligence functions not
assigned to DIA.
4. Obtains maximum economy and efficiency in
DoD intelligence resource allocation.
The DIA thus can be considered as the most important
Department of Defense intelligence organization and
the primary producer of finished military intelligence.
(The Defense Attache System under DIA control is a
prime component.)
SPECIAL
NOTE
A large percentage of the departmental
intelligence produced by the U.S.
intelligence community today is done
by the components of the Department of
Defense. Prior to the establishment of
the Defense Intelligence Agency?(DIA),
the three military services were heavy
producers; now this is done largely
either by or under the supervision of
the DIA.
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THE NATIONAL SECURITY AGENCY (NSA)
The NSA was established in 1952 as a separately organized agency within
the Department of Defense and under control of the Secretary of Defense.
The NSA has two primary missions -- a security mission and an intelli-
gence information mission. The latter has to do with SIGINT matters.
(See. page 42)
THE FEDERAL BUREAU OF INVESTIGATION (FBI)
The Director of the FBI, under the Department of Justice, has charge of
investigating all violations of Federal laws -- some. 170, including
espionage, sabotage, treason, and other subversive activities. Crimes
such as counterfeiting, postal and customs violations, and illegal drug
traffic are handled by other Federal agencies.
The FBI's responsibilities and focus are on domestic
matters; CIA's are on overseas matters.
THE ATOMIC ENERGY COMMISSION (AEC)
The AEC was established in 1946 to provide and administer programs, and
to encourage private participation in such programs, for research and
development, international cooperation, production of atomic energy and
special nuclear materials, and the dissemination of scientific and tech-
nical information. The AEC also has the responsibility to protect the
health and safety of the public and to regulate the control and use of
nuclear materials.
These three member agencies of USIB are important
to U.S. intelligence not for any direct responsi-
bilities for finished national intelligence pro-
NOTE duction, but because they have important roles in
collecting intelligence information, processing of
data, and providing professional and technical
support.
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The Intelligence components of the Armed Services (Army, Navy, Air Force)
make their respective contributions to the national effort:
U.S. ARMY (ACSI - Asst. Chief of Staff for Intelligence) --
The intelligence component of the Dept. of the Army is
responsible for such things as combat intelligence,
technical intelligence, and counterintelligence of
interest to the Army. Finished intelligencA production
and "residual" intelligence matters are coordinated with
DIA. ACSI (Army) is a participating observer at USIB
meetings.
U.S. NAVY (NAVINTCOM) -- The intelligence component in the
Dept. of the Navy is responsible for intelligence
collection and production, counterintelligence and
technical intelligence needs of the Navy. Its effort
in finished intelligence production is coordinated
with DIA and the Commander, NAVINTCOM is a partici-
pating observer at USIB meetings.
U.S. AIR FORCE (AFNIN - Asst. Chief of Staff for Intelligence) --
Th:Ls component is responsible for the intelligence needs of
the Air Force. Like the other two services, the Air Force
makes contributions to departmental intelligence, counter-
intelligence, and other matters. ACSI (Air Force) is a
participating observer at USIB meetings.
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Other organizations involved in collecting intelligence information
F and producing finished intelligence.
EXECUTIVE DEPARTMENTS
A number of the Federal Departments who are outside
the USIB membership make significant contributions to
U.S. intelligence including:
- The Department of Commerce
- Department of Labor
- Department of Agriculture
MAJOR MILITARY COMMANDS
A number of military headquarters and their commands
(both in the U.S. and overseas) provide large quantities
of intelligence information -- collected from attache and
technical sources. All three military services help pro-
duce finished intelligence.
OTHER ORGANIZATIONS
A number of academic institutions, private research
companies, and other governmental groups make sizeable
contributions to intelligence collection, processing
and production activities. Their work is usually under
contract direction of a single department or agency.
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There are Levels of Responsibility in National Security Decision-making:
LEVELS
OF RESPONSIBILITY
FINAL DECISIONS
ON
THE PRESIDENT
NATIONAL SECURITY
POLICY MATTERS
RECOMMENDATIONS
THE NATIONAL SECURITY
o~L
FOR
COUNCIL (NSC)
POLICY
SECRETARY OF STATE
CONSIDERATION
(PRINCIPAL FOREIGN
POLICY ADVISOR)
SENIOR
DIRECTOR
INTELLIGENCE
OF
ADVISER. TO THE
CENTRAL INTELLIGENCE
NSC
(DCI)
NATIONAL
DCI
INTELLIGENCE
(ASSISTED BY THE USIB
COORDINATION
AGENCIES)
NATIONAL
CENTRAL INTELLIGENCE AGENCY
INTELLIGENCE
(IN COLLABORATION WITH
PRODUCTION
USIB AGENCIES)
(SUPPORT TO POLICY
LEVELS)
DEPARTMENTAL
* USIB AGENCIES
INTELLIGENCE
-COLLECTION
* MILITARY SERVICES
-PRODUCTION
-COORDINATION AND
* OTHERS
DISSEMINATION
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COATPLICATIONS ARISING FROM A RAPIDLY CHANGING WORLD
- Some implications for the intelligence officer -
1. NATIONALISM -- Within the two decades of this Agency's
existence, the number of countries in the world has
almost tripled (46 signed the UN charter in 1945).
The growing number of new states merely add to the
already challenging tasks of analyzing the national
goals, strengths, and weaknesses of nations in which
the U.S. is vitally interested.
2, COMMUNISM -- The world communist movement is in a state
of flux. When we consider the proliferation of commun-
ist: states since WWII, the strategic power of the Soviet
Union, the potential future threat from a modernized
Communist China, and the ideological convulsions in the
communist world, the implications for U.S. intelligence
officers are enormous. Although, as some authorities
see it, the "grand design" and "initiative" of world
communism no longer flows from a single source (Moscow)
and thus diminishes the "appearance" if not the "content"
of the cold war, the challenges to U.S. intelligence are
perhaps greater and are, in many ways, more difficult.
(CONTINUED NEXT PAGE)
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3. DEEP-SEATED SOCIOLOGICAL PROBLEMS -- There are a number
of sociological problems of a world-wide scope that need
to be understood and solved in the 70's. The "population
explosion" coupled with inadequate food sources, the con-
cern for conservation of such natural resources as air
and water, and the problems of mass education and mass
housing are just a few. The intelligence officer must
be able to identify these problems and their implica-
tions in his analysis of the areas for which he is
responsible. To the extent he can do this, he makes a
vital contribution.
4. TECHNOLOGICAL REVOLUTIONS -- Technology has spread to
new nations,.science has achieved new break-throughs in
space and other fields, and there has been an "explosion"
of information and knowledge helped along by the effi-
ciency of electronic communications and the use of the
computer. It is possible with nuclear-tipped ICBM's for
the first time in world history for, one nation or a com-
bination of states to destroy civilization. The intelli-
gence analyst has periodic "indigestion" from too much
information and too little time to analyze what he sees.
Only a rigorous program of selection and priorities will
enable the analyst of the 70's to fulfill the need for
timely and relevant support to the policy-makers.
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PROFESSIONALISM in INTELLIGENCE
Is there an intelligence profession?
Who are the "professionals"' in U.S. intelligence?
What about job satisfactions in "our business?"
There can be no definitive answers to
these three questions within the confines
of this text.
Hopefully, the discussions which pro-
ceed from the concepts we outlined in these
pages, together with other presentations to
follow, should contribute to your basic un-
derstanding of the nature and purpose of U.S.
foreign intelligence activities.
Whether you are an analyst, a "case-
officer," a manager/supervisor, editor, tech-
nician, trainer, geographer, scientist, "opera-
tor," or any one of a hundred other professionals,
you have a vital role to play in helping this
Agency, and the U.S. intelligence community to
achieve their goals.
Quoting the Director of Central Intelligence;*
Responsibility, objectivity, independence; "These are
the legs"..."upon which we (in this Agency) have suc-
ceeded in creating a deep-seated professional integrity,
unshaken by inward emotion and outward pressure."
*Adapted from an address before the Council on Foreign Relations,
in April 1967.
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