AN UNCLASSIFIED BIBLIOGRAPHY FOR INTELLIGENCE RESEARCHERS

• Document Type: CREST
• Collection: General CIA Records
• Document Number (FOIA) /ESDN (CREST): CIA-RDP79-00498A000700050003-6
• Release Decision: RIPPUB
• Original Classification: K
• Document Page Count: 50
• Document Creation Date: December 9, 2016
• Document Release Date: June 30, 2000
• Sequence Number: 3
• Publication Date: April 6, 1976
• Content Type: STUDY

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cl
6 APR -1376
AN UNCLASSIFIED BIBLIOGRAPHY FOR
INTELLIGENCE RESEARCHERS
Center for the Study
of Intelligence, OTR
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Preface
Books
Papers
Articles
Page
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This is the first edition of an annotated, unclassified
bibliography designed for researchers on intelligence proc-
esses and functions and produced by the Center for the Study
of Intelligence in OTR. It was developed primarily for
internal use in the Center but is being given wider distri-
bution in the belief that it may also be of use to a
variety of other CIA elements.
An effort has been made to list materials of interest
on the processes of collection as well as production, although
only a sampling of the extensive, anecdotal "spy" literature
of intelligence has been included. It will be readily apparent
that the available unclassified literature useful for serious
intelligence research is still very spotty.
Copies of most of the papers and articles listed in the
bibliography are available in the Center.
Additional entries suggested by users for a future,
expanded edition are welcome and can be addressed to the
Director of Studies, CSI/OTR.
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Agee, Philip. Inside the Compan: CIA Diary.- Ontario,
Canada: Penguin Bdos Canada Ltd., 1975. 640 pp.
Agee tells of his career as a junior and middle-level case
officer in Quito, Montevideo, and Mexico. City, and his,
subsequent disaffection with the Agency and U.S. policies.
His stated purpose is to get "useful information on the CIA
to revolutionary organizations that could use it." The
"diary" has been embellished with Agee's views of the
historical, political,, and economic contexts . of. his opera-
tions as he has come to view them since leaving the Agency;
Allison, Graham T. Essence of Decision, Explaining the Cuban
Missile Crisis. Boston: Little, Brown and Company, 1971.
338 pp.
Allison presents three models for understanding government
behavior: Rational Actor, Organizational Process, and Bureau-
cratic Politics. He describes the logic of-each riodel, then
applies the model to the Cuban missile crisis., The study
includes information on the role of intelligence during
the crisis and is useful in studying the process of
intelligence'-support for policy-making.
Alsop, Stewart. The Center: People and Power in Political
Washington. New York: Harper #, Row, 1968. 365 pp.
In Chapter 8 (pp. 213-252), "CIA: Triumph of the Prudent
Professionals," Alsop gives a personal view of many top
intelligence officers'and their roles in Agency activi-
ties. Individuals he writes about include. Thomas Karamessines,
Frank Wisner, Richard Bissell and his role in the development
of the U-2, and Richard Helms.
Andregg, Charles II Management Of Defense Intelligence:
National Security 1-4anagement. "as ington, Industrial
College of the Armed Forces, 1968. . 52 pp.
A short, primarily descriptive study of the origins of the
Defense Intelligence Agency.
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Barzun, Jacques. and Graff, Henry F. The. flo?dern Researcher.
New York: Harcourt, Brace and'Company, 1957. pp.
Still one,of the moreuseful aids around; worth a scan by
any serious intelligence researcher before he sets out. on his
study.
Behrman, Jack N. , Boddewyn, J.. J. , and Kapoor,. Ashok. Effects
of U.S. International Companies on.-Intergovernmental Relations.
?'Tas izngton, D.C.: Department. of State, Bureau o; Intelligence
and Rtiesearch, July 1974. 442 pp.
A study of the interaction among U.S. manufacturing businesses
abroad, host governments, and . U.S. Embassies to determine the
impact on the formation of U.S. foreign policy. The study,
commissioned by the Bureau of Intelligence and Research,
Department of State, focuses on patterns of communications
among the three groups and ' means for their improvement.
In Chapter III the author analyzes. the problems and oppor
tunitites in developing and-using intelligence networks
within and outside the international companies. This.cor
porate intelligence generally deals with risks and oppor-
tunities for business abroad, which affect company policy
formation and implementation.
Biackstock, Paul W. The Strate of Subversion: flan ulating
the Politics of Other Nations.iicago: Quadrangle Books,
1964. 351 pp.
Although ten years old,-this volume takes on new meaning in
the light of the attention focused on CIA's covert action
function. The author, with some intelligence experience",
but now a college professor, reviews not only the common CA
episodes usually contained in volumes of this kind, but also
includes a good deal of reflective material on the implications
as he sees them of CA'operations. A research study of CA or,:
of any intelligence collection function would need to. include
this volume as one of its starting points.
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Blum, Richard II., ed. Surveillance and Es iona.;e in a Free
Society, A Report by the Planning Group on Intelligence and
Security to. the Policy,Co.uncil.of the Democratic National
Committee. New York: Praeger Publishers, 1972. 319pp
This is by far the best col.le.ction to date of articles on
the myriad aspects of the role of intelligence, domestic and
foreign, in our society. Lost of the articles, which range
through discussions of the.:FBI and police intelligence to the
CIA and policy'support,.are written by those at least.mildly
critical of the CIA and interested in change. Any researcher
dealing with the larger issues. concerning the role of intelli-
gence in our government and policy could start with this
volume.
Borosage, Robert L. and Narks, John.` The CIA File.
New York: Grossman/Viking, 1976. 23.6 pp.
This book i's 'primarily a compilation of the record of a
.meeting held in Washington, D.C., in September 1974 which
was devoted'toairing objections to CIA's involvement in..
Covert Activities. It includes the speech'to the group
by then CIA Director William Colby and the.que.stion,?and
answer period which followed that speech. .The book'.has
chapters (speeches) by the most prominent of the critics
of CIA, both responsible and irresponsible. It duplicates
entirely the feature section of Society magazine, Volume 1.2,
Number 3, entitled "Espionage USA," March/April 1975, which
in turn is a slightly edited down treatment of each of the
speeches at-the session. The book provides a full catalog
of the sins of which the CIA is-accused.
Bryan, George S. The Spy in America. :Philadelphia:.
Lippincott, 1943. 256 pp.
The history of American intelligence from the Revolutionary
War until the end of-the First World War.'
Canada. Reort'of Royal Commission to Investigate Disclosures
of Secret and Confidential In ormation to Unauthorize
Persons. Ottawa: Cloutier; 1946. 733 pp.
One of the few official accounts in the public realm of the
operation of a Soviet spy net. Useful for researchers on
espionage operations and comparative intelligence.
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Commission on Organization of the Executive Branch`of the
Government (Hoover Commission), "Intelligence Activities,"
A Report to the Congress ' (containing the Commis.s.ion and'
Clark Task Force Deports) June 1955.
Clark, Keith C.,'and Legere,' Laurence J., e.ds. The President
and the Management of National Security. New York:
Frederic A. Praeger', 1'969, 274 pp.
'lost of the studies of'the overall management-of the national
security process have been produced by various executive and
congressional commissions. This volume has the virtue of
being a non-governmental report designed to resume the organi-
zational history of the process since 11W1 II, pose and grapple
with the major conceptual issues in the process and evaluate
various alternatives for changed organization which would
lead to an improvement of the process. The authors are all
experienced government hands and their observations reflect
numerous interviews with government.offi.cials. A researcher
considering any of the issues involved in how intelligence is
used in the national security process .could get 'a good basic
sense of the user side.-through a review of this volume.
Copeland, Niles. The Real Spy World. London: Weidenfe1d
and Nicolson, 1974.- 391 p.
A journalistic, anecdotal perspective and defense of espionage,
counterespionage, and covert action as conducted by the CIA.
The writer is a former Agency officer who was present at the
creation. Researchers working on case histories involving
specific episodes of Agency activities would wish to check
this volume for assistance.
Copeland, Miles. l''ithout Cloak or Dagger. New York: Simon
and Schuster, 1974. pp.
The book is interesting and readable, explaining the basics
of espionage operations, agent handling, and the operation of
a CIA field station.. Copeland writes about the Agency
in a favorable way, defending it against recent exposes.
For a I professional intelligence researcher, the'volume
would be useful as a storehouse of lore and anecdotes
on the espionage side'of the business.
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Cottam, Richard t'l: Competitive Interference grid Twentieth
Century Diplomac . Pittsburgh : niversity.o pittsburgl
Press, 1967. 243-pp?
The author's main thesis is that American foreign policy lacks
adequate long-range planning and is outdated in terms of its
ability to conduct needed "interference": in the affairs=of
others in order to influence short and long-.term,outcomes.
The author's "interference" is. the CIA's "covert action," and
this book is a must for any researcher seeking to:explore the
theory and philosophy that could or should underpin covert
action. The author would give. CIA a policy-.making role in
order to better rationalize the conduct of covert action by
our government.''
Dallin, David J. Soviet Espionage. New Haven, Connecticut:
Yale University Press, 1955. 559 pp.
A leading authority on Soviet Russia discusses in detail the
Soviet espionage system, its evolution, its theory, and its,
operational code. The book contains certain "area studies"
of Soviet espionage, particularly.Europe and North America.
This is one of the most comprehensive and authoritative
studies of the subject.
Daugherty, William E., and Janowitz, rlorris. A Psychological
Warfare Casebook. Baltimore.: The Johns Hopkins Press,
1958. g80 pp.
A comprehensive treatise on the subject. One chapter relates
intelligence research and analysis to psychological warfare,
with a series of case studies of POW interrogations showing
how they provide the basis for psy war materials.
de Rivera,?Joseph, and Rosenau., James N., consultant.
The Psychological Dimension of Foreign Policy. Columbus,
1 o Charles . Merrill Publishing Company, 1968 . 441 pp.
O ii
This study is'unique as.,an attempt by a trained psychologist
to unravel 'the behavioral dynamics- of the individual ,that
underlie the process of foreign policy.. The.fi.rst` several
chapters study the way ind.ividual:s.perceive and react to
information they receive; later chapters discuss individual
motives in decision-making and the psychological factors
of group action in foreign policy., A researcher. studying
any intelligence process would find nourishment for his
research in this volume. It is a must for the study of
intelligence support for foreign policy.
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Dorsen, Norman, and Gil.lers, Stephen. None of. Your Business:
Government Secrecy in- America. Idew York: he 7771" r~ s,
1974. 362 pp.
A useful 'background volume on secrecy in intelligence.
operations. It-is a collection of papers read . before
a 1973 conference on secrecy in.government,. plus some
of the follow-on discussion of the?pape'rs. The authors
and participants cover the political, spectrum.. The.
general tone is`critical of the CIA and other centers
of.government secrecy, but there is some useful marshalling
:of.issues'and some nuggets . of. thought here and.there.
Dulles, Allen. The Craft of Intelligence. New York:
.T'=he New American Library,--1763. 256 pp.
A key book for all intelligence researchers. It offers
a wide-ranging view of the perceptions on intelligence by
one of the Agency's founding fathers .and, as such, covers
much of the history and-variety in intelligence through
the 1950s.
Dulles, Allen. Great True.. Spy Stories. New York: Harper
Row, 1968. 393 pp.
An anthology of stories presenting "a comprehensive view of
the business of clandestine intelligence as it has been prac-
ticed during the present historical era." The 39 stories are
divided into 11 categories such as networks, double agents,
etc., with comments on each by Mr. Dulles. Recommended.
Dvornik, Francis. Origins of Intelligence Services. New
Brunswick, New Jersey: Rutgers University Press, 1974. 334 np.
This book describes the early intelligence services of the
Ancient Near East, Persia, Greece, Rome, Byzant'iurn, the Arab
?'uslim Empires, the Mongol, Empire, China,, and Muscovy. The
author points out that efficient and dependable intelligence
services were,a necessity for all the major.ernpires and
describes the .use of secret police, counterintelligence, fast
communications, road networks, postal systems, and other devices
which contributed to their success. -The book is easy to read
and would be of interest to the general reader. Although it
focuses on early times, it might' be'ma:rginally useful to a
researcher working on questions which involve comparative
intelligence.
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Falk:, Stanley L. Natio*t1.a1 Security Management:
The National Security Structure. Washington,--D.C.:
Industrial - College o the-Armed Forces, 1967. 166 pp.
.A descriptive aggregation of the various government entities
that make up the national security apparatus. There is a
short, descriptive. section. on the Intelligence Community. A
.student seeking'a.basic review of . the national security,
process would find the book useful. Solid bibliography.
Farago, Ladislas tsar of Wits : The.Anatom o_f. Es ions e
and Intelligence. New or : Punk ?, Wagna ,is Company, 1;954
379 P.
Typical of the many popularized, anecdotal. accounts of
intelligence :and espionage in World War II and. after.
Interesting because of the author's effort to develop an
organizational philosophy for intelligence..
Ford, Corey, Donovan of OSS. Boston: Little, Brown. and.
Company, 1970. 366 pp.
A "biography of the late William J. ("Wild Till") Donovan,
and'the history of the Office of Strategic Services (OSS),
which he conceived and directed in World I^Jar;II." It is
based on interviews with one of Donovan's brothers, his
wife, associates, and personal papers of Donovan., Appendices
contain copies of some of the documents relating to the OSS.
Useful for those working on intelligence history.,
Franck, Thomas PI., and Weisband, Edward, eds. Secrecy and
Foreign Policy. TIew York: Oxford University Press, 1974.
453 pp.
This volume is worth a scan, but not much more., by researchers
working. on a wide range of topics. As a compendium on the sub-
ject of secrecy in government, it illustrates that many authors
have done a little thinking about a variety of sub-elements of
the problem, but that a central, carefully?organized approach
is apparently still lacking. Those seeking some comparison
of U.S.. intelligence and that of foreign governments will
find help here in several articles, as will those studying
Congress and secrecy. A section on the public media and
secrecy in government mainly covers familiar ground. A
.final section on the..individual vs. the state on the matter
of secrecy is largely a series of personal vignettes by
aggrieved parties in the liberal spectrum such as Daniel
Bllsberg's lawyer.
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Godfrey, E. Drexel, and Harris, Don R.: Basic Elements
of Intelligence: A Manual of Theory, Structure an
Procedures refor Use by Law n orcement Agencies Against
Organized Crime. Washington, D.C.: U.S. Government
Printing - (Technical Assistance Division, Office
of Criminal Justice Assistance, Law Enforcement Assistance
Administration,. Department of Justice), November 1971.
159 pp.
Good, basic,: .,comprehensive works on.the processes of
collection and.production of foreign intelligence are
still rather rare. Even rarer are basic efforts to
define and describe the'intelligence process as it
should and does exist in other areas such as the cor-
porate and business world. This volume provides the
first comprehensive effort to lay out the intelligence
process in the field of law enforcement against crime.
It was produced by authors thoroughly familiar with the
Intelligence Community of the U.S. government and would
be of considerable use to. any researcher working in the
field of comparative intelligence. The authors attempt
to apply.many of the techniques of the'foreign intelligence
process to police work.
Goulden, Joseph C. Truth is the First Casualty; The Gulf
of Tonkin.Affair--I1 usion and Reality. Chicago: Ran .
McNally t Company, 1969. 285 pp..
This journalistic study of the 1964 Gulf of Tonkin affair,
although highly critical.of the Government decisions and
actions associated with it, is nonetheless useful to
researchers on questions of intelligence analysis and the
intelligence-policy interface. It is one of the few pub-
lished works that attempts a description in detail of
the intelligence interaction with policy and policy
execution in an important foreign incident.
Green, J. R.
The First Sixty Years of the Office
of
Naval
e
Intelligence.
mss. The Rican University, : 1 .6
..
Ann
Arbor, Michigan: University Microfilms,: Inc. 138 pp.
The author intended-this book to serve as a.refer.ence for
unclassified presentations on Naval Intelligence. He has
done an admirable jeb.. of filling. the many gaps in material
previously available on this subject. He describes ON.I in
considerable detail from its creation;, and he elaborates on
its effectiveness in specific incidents such as the Spanish-
American war, Pearl Harbor, and the Battle of Midway. The
book is almost entirely.factual with little o,pi.nion or
analysis.
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Gross, Bertram M..ed. Social Intelligence for America's
Future: Explorations in ocieta=.ro lems..' Boston: Allyn
and Bacon,. Inc. 1969. 541 pp.
This volume would have a marginal interest for anyone working
in the field of intelligence theory. It is a wide ranging
analysis of intelligence as information and its-use in measur-
ing domestic social conditions in the U.S: in the 70's and 80's.
Although there is no direct application .to-the foreign intelli-
gence business, the volume does show that others are thinking
about the problems of organizing information for policy support
in a variety of diverse fields. Several.chapters contain
thoughts on possible methodologies for the collection of
social. intelligence.
Gurr, Ted Robert. Why Men Rebel. Princeton, New Jersey:
Princeton.'Uni.versity Press, 1970. 421 pp.
The theory that,political violence in a,-group is.a function
of the relative deprivation of that group has received wide
attention from scholarly researchers in the past: few years.
This volume represents, one. of the as- yet few attempts
to bring the carefully structured thinking of systems
dynamics and other new methodologies to bear on political
phenomena in a fully rounded.way. Gurr's volume. is worth
the attention of analysts and others studying how to improve
the intelligence analysis product.
Halperin, Morton H`. Bureaucratic Politics and Foreign~Policy.
Washington, D.C The Brookings Institution, 1974. 340 pp.
Another entry''in the growing decision-theory literature by
an author with considerable experience inside the national
security apparatus. Using the ABH decision and various
other case histories, Halperin studies the interest groups
that participate in and influence the foreign policy process.
There is`a mine of anecdotal information in this volume and
a host of intriguing insights.. A mu'st' volume for anyone
interested in the relationships between information and
decision-making.
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Ilalperin, Norton II., and Kanter, Arnold, eds.. .
Readings in American Foreign Policy: A Bureaucratic
Perspective. Boston: Little, Brown and Company, 1973.
43 pp.
A. collection of articles. on the .decision-making-process
in government: Several deal critically with the, role
of intelligence in policy support, Others offer..a look
at the anatomy of several important decisions, although
they do not deal explicitly with the role of intelligence
in those decisions.
Hamilton, Peter. Espionage and Subversion in an Industrial
Society: AnExarninatinan.d iloso o.- )e fence for
ttanagement. won: utc inson, 1967. 2 3 0pp.
This i.s.one of the few studies permitting a comparison of
foreign intelligence operations with another field of
intelligence, in this case industrial espionage. It con-
centrates on English industry, but is very.scholarly,
conceptual, and well organized in layinr.out the uses, scope
and defenses against industrial intelligence. Useful for
n researcher in areas of comparative intelligence.
Pasw.ell, Jock. British rlilitar Intelligence. London:
l:Ieidenfeld Cr Nico son, 1973. pp.
Haswell, a retired array major, did not hold intelligence
assignments while on active duty. After retiring he was em-
ployed at the British School of Service Intelligence as a
writer. The book is of more interest and use to the general
reader than to professional intelligence officers. It con-
tains anecdotes of British military intelligence operations
tip through the first. World.'iar..
.Iead, Richard C. and Rokke, Ervin J., eds. American Defense
Policy. 3rd. ed. Baltimore: The Johns Hopkins University
Press, 1973. 696 pp.
All researchers on matters of decision making in the national
security establishment' owe a debt to their military colleagues
at the Air Force Academy for this extensive compendium of
articles and commentary on myriad aspects of American foreign
policy. Only a scattering of the material bears directly on
intelligence, but it is still worth a look by intelligence
researchers.
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Hilsman, Roger. Strategic Intelligence and National Decisions.
Glencoe, Illinois:- e Free Press-, 1956. .187 pp.;
A unique, valuable book that attempts to compare attitudes
toward intelligence among those. that produce it and those who
use. it. Its uniqueness comes.partly from its '?inside".quality,
since it is the narrative account of many interviews with
users and producers. The author also compares some academic
approaches to intelligence with reality in the business and
attempts to construct an ideal, rational doctrine of intelli-
ge,nce support to policy. For anyone with a professional
interest in.intelligence and a desire to be.well-read on the
subject, this now 20-year-old volume is a must. Huch of it
still describes the state of affairs in the business of
intelligence andpoli-cy.
Iiilsman, Roger. The Politics of Policy HHaking in Defense.
and Foreign. Affairs. New York.: Hari Row, 1971. 198.pp.
An unexceptional treatment of the various government power
centers and their interplay in the policy formulation pro-.
cess. A section on the CIA is interesting for its thought-
ful explanation of,the. "power" .of the Agency.
Hilsman,,Roger. To Move a Nation: The Politics of Foreign
Polic.in the Administration of John :I _(ennedy. New York
Dell.Pulishing Company, Inc., 1967. 602 pp.
Essentially a personal memoir and view of the main . crises of
the Kennedy years. As such it adds little that is unique to
the record. There is a chapter on the place of intelligence
in a free society that sketches in.the pros and cons of covert
operations and contains some suggestions for limited, careful
reforms of the Agency.
House Committee on Armed Services. "Amending the Central
Intelligence Act of 1949,". Report, August 11, 1966, to
accompany II.R. 16306, 89th Cong.., 2nd sess'., I'Tashington, D.C.:
G.P.O., 1966..
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I':ymoff, Edward. The. 0 SS- i4i `',''or1d.l'Tar II The Complete Story
of America's First l:'ortire T/srdnage service, the Forerunner
ot_ the CIA. New York: $al'lantine Books, 1972. 405 pp.
rather than a "complete story," this book is a 'collection of
incomplete stories of various OSS.'activities, with emphasis
on the human element. The book lacks organization, but the
individual. chapters are done reasonably well. ''
Ind, Colonel Allison. A'Short History of Espionage New
Ycirk David McKay Company, nc., 1963. 337 pp.
A chronological review of the h.istory.o.f espionage,
illustrative of the numerous rather` shallow, generalized
accounts of the subject.
Jackson, Henry H., ed. The National , .SecuritI Council:
Jackson. Subcommittee Pa ers on o icy.-Making at the,
rest ential Level. New for : Frederick A. PDaef~er, 1965.
31.1 pp.
This volume contains selected documents and testimony before
Congress in connection with the Jackson Committee's inquiry
into the National Security Council system in 1960. Many of
the problems of decision mechanisms, executive control, and
information flow still within the systen are illustrated in
t'-is:. volume. As such, it provides a helpful bench nark for
intelligence process studies that include consideration of
the policy-making apparatus for foreign affairs.
Janis, Irving L. Victims of Croupthink: A Psychological
Stud of Foreign Po is ecisions and Fi.ascoes. Boston:
H-oug ton, IIa. lip Company, 1972. 277 pp.
Janis presents his explanation of why foreign policy decision
makers who are individually wise, able, informed, and dedi-
cated sometimes do and sometimes do not make wise decisions.
He deals primarily with the'pressures for consensus and gives
examples of it in six situations: the Pay of Pigs, U.S. opera-
tions in North Korea, Pearl Harbor, Vietnam, the Cuban Missile
Crisis, and the formulation of the Marshall Plan. A researcher
on almost any intelligence process that deals with personal
interaction should review this volume.
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Jeffers, H. Paul. The CIA: A Close Look at the Central
Intelligence Agency. New York: The Lion'Press, 1970.
159.pp.
A superficial volume of little value to ahy serious research
purpose.
Kahh, David. Tho Codebro.kcer.s The Story of Secret t?!riting.
New York: t,Iacmil an:, 1967. 1164 :pp.
The most authoritative book on communications intelligence.
Kaufman, Herbert. The Forest Ran~,er: A Stud in Administrative
Behavior. Baltimore: The Johns, Hopkins, ress, 1960, 19 PP.
A study of the behavioral dynamics of a large organization,
in some ways comparable to the CIA. in its centraland field
elements. It provides interesting grist for the intelligence
researcher in that it constitutes a useful, relevant study
based on sound sociological techniques but written in a style
understandable by the layman.
Kent, Sherman. Strategic Intelligence for Arierican
World Policy. Pri cn eton, New Jersey: Princeton University
Press, 1966. 226 pp.
A pioneering attempt by one of the giants. of predictive
intelligence to lay out an operat-ional doctrine for the
effective writing of intelligence estimates. A must for
researchers on any intelligence production process.
Kim, Young Hun. The Central Intelligence Agency:
Problems of Secrecy i n -Democrat. Lexington,.
Massachusetts: D.C. Heath and Company, 1968. 113 pp.
A collection of articles now somewhat out of date, but
by prominent authors, on a variety of issues riuch in
the news today. Deals with the establishment of CIA,
its functions'and performance,. and the need for super-
vision and control of the Agency. Overall, the book
is critical of the 'Agency.
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Kirkpatrick, Lyman B., Jr. The Peal CIA. New Yo.r.l::
,.acrlillan, -19.68. 312 pp.
The author uses his wealth of knowledge gained from personal
experience in the middle and top management of the CIA to
describe the Agency and its role. Anecdotes based on his
experience in intelligence give-the public an.insider's
view of the Agency. and its' role.in such.events as the Bay
of Pigs invasion and the U-2 incident. A scholarly book
with many documentary references. Valuable because of
his view of the. strengths as well as the weaknesses of
the Agency.
Kirkpatrick, Lyman B., Jr: The Intelligence Conmunit :
Foreign Policy and Domestic Activities. New York: Hill and
T,r.ani , 1973.. 212 pp.
The author draws on his personal' experience in-the CTA
for this authoritative book on the development and functi'on-
ing of the Intelligence Community. It covers the' period!l947-
1973 and describes the impact of intelligence on policy-
making in the White House. A good book for the. general
reader; well documented.
-lass, Philip J. Secret Sentries in Space. New York:
Landon House, 1;971. 236 pp.
I,-.lass tells "the story of the.U.S.: and Soviet reconnaiss-ance-
satellite programs, and their impact. on world.affairs."., The
author, senior avionics. editor for Aviation Week F, Space
Technology, researched the subject well and has provi etc a
reasonably good introduction to the topic.
Leighton, Alexander II. Hunan- Relations in a Changing World.
few York:. L. P. Dutton ( Company, Inc., 1949. 354 pp.
This.is'the story of an effort by OWl.personnel to assess
Japanese morale, during 11111 II . It represents one of the
earliest attempts to explore the nature-of analytical
support to policy-making, and the extent.to which the
social sciences might be brought to bear . in. such' an
effort. Those interested in the analytical process~in
intelligence, as well as those studying intelligence
methodology, would find it worth review.
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MacCloskey, Monr.o. The American Intelligence Community.
New York: Richards Rosen Press, Inc.., 1967. 190 pp.
A short, superficial resume of.the American intelligence
establishment circa 1967.
Parchetti, Victor, and T-lark.s., John D.' The CIA and the Cult
98
pp.
of Intelligence New York: Alfred A., hnop 9 3
Marchetti, a former CIA employee and harks,' formerly employed
by the intelligence division of the State Department, present
a critical view of the CIA, particularly its, covert operations.
They advocate for the Agency a role.limited to "overall
supervision, coordination, and processing of intelligence.'-',
The book was printed with certai.n.,:portions deleted as a
result of.CIA objections.
McGarvey, Patrick J. CIA:. The Tl th and. the Psadness. New
9 2 0,pp.
172.
York: Saturday Review res's,
This is one of the maverick volumes about the Agency written
by a former employee whose main experience was on the. analytical
side of the house. Subsequently he did a tour with DIA. Any-
one interested in the psychological attitudes of Agency
employees, or in an insider's approach to some of the. gen.eral
criticisms leveled against the CIA, would find it.usefulfto
review P IcGarvey.'s volume, keeping in mind that its factual
accuracy has been repeatedly questioned..
McGovern, William Montgomer.y,. Strategic Intelli ence and
the Shape of Tomorrow. Chicago: Henry Regnery Company,
1961. 191 pp?
Another in the set of volumes authored during the initial
years of the U.S. central.intelligence apparatus and
intended to develop a philosophy and concept for the
production of strategic intelligence. Using voluminous
anecdotes from World. War II, the author shows the signi-.
ficance of secret, economic, "ethnological and ideological
information in producing national intelligence. Researchers
on intelligence production functions should probably review
it for a flavor of the early scholarly work. on intelligence.
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Newhouse, John.. Cold Dawn: The Story of SALT. New York:
=olt, Rinehart and Winston, 1973 . 302 pp.
This book deals with the. personalities, issues, and events
in the first round of Strategic Arms Limitation Talks (SALT)
between Moscow and 11ashington. A first-stage agreement was
signed in May 1972. Scattered throughout. the book are refer-
onces to .the Central Intelligence Agency and its role in
verifying that the Soviet Union is living up to.-the terms
of the agreement.
?orth, Robert C., Ilolsti, Ole R., Zaninovich, M George,
and Zinnes, Dina A. Content Analysis: A Handbook',with
Applications for the to o nternational Crisis
ivanston, Illinois: Northwestern University::Press, 1963.
182 pp.
An early effort to explore quantitative methodologies in the
analysis of international relations. At the heart of this
approach is the weighting of words and phrases., used by
nations in their dealings. Worth a scan by a researcher
on intelligence analysis.
Orlov, Alexander., Handbook of Intelligence and Guerrilla
Warfare. Ann Arbor: The University of Michigan Press,
1963. 187 pp.
Although nearly 15 years old, and concerned with the
situation in the 1930's, this is one of the better reviews
of Soviet intelligence, primarily general operational
doctrine.. The author's advantages are: his former good
position in Soviet intelligence; time after leaving it to
reflect on it; and some understanding of the American con-
cept.of intelligence. One of the more interesting elements
of the- book is the author's explicit'and implicit comparison
of U.S., and Soviet intelligence services.
OSS Assessment Staff. Assessment of Men: Selection of
Personnel for the Office o Strategic Services. ewTark:
Rinehart Company, Inc., 1948. 541 pp.
to description of the OSS psychological and other procedures
for choosing personnel. Very carefully structured and
organized, it would be useful for research on the selection
of intelligence personnel. .
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Pettee, George S.' The Future of American Secret Intelligence.
Washington, D.C.: In antry Journal Press, 1946. 120 pp.
This is a short book about the various processes of intel-
ligence, from collection'through production, as the author
saw them working from the vantage of a. military intelligence
officer. in lIorld'ti;'ar' H. It grapples with the problems
inherent in these processes that the author believed.would
influence the development of a :post-.war American intelligence
apparatus. Since the intelligence process has evolved far
beyond the author's viewpoint, the book is now of little
more than historical interest.
Platt,Washington. National Character in Action:
Intelligence Factors in Foreign Relations. New Brunswick,
New Jersey: Rutgers University Press,11961. .250 pp.
Platt discusses the importance for the intelligence collector
and analyst of understanding the character traits of
groups. Unfortunately, he does not relate his group
character concepts directly to real problems of inrelli--
Bence.analysis. Thus, the book is only of marginal
interest:to students of analysis and other intelligence.
processing problems.
Platt, Washington. Strategic.Intelligence Production
Basic Principles:: New or : Fre eric A. Praeger, 1957.
302 pp.
A pioneer effort to define doctrine and principles for the
production of national-level intelligence. Nuch of it will
strike today's reader as artificial and out'of date; yet,
there ate still useful insights to researchers on the`
intelligence production process.
Prouty, L. Fletcher. The Secret Team: The CIA,:and its. Allies
in Control of the United States and the 11orl.' 1nglewoa
Cliffs, N. J. r Prentice IIall, 1973. 496 pp.
A highly innaccurate attack on the CIA, of no use for serious
research.
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Ransom, Harry-Howe. Can American Democrac Survive Cold
War? Garden City, New York.: Doubleday & Company, Inc.,,
1963 270 pp.
Two chapters of .this book-are about the,CIA and include a,
generally objective assessment of its early coordination
problems with the.. Department of Defense; the difficulties
in producing good predictive intelligence; and the appropriate
place of covert.action;and espionage.in a democracy, ,. Some
useful background and quotations from early Congressional
hearings on intelligence.
Ransom, Harry Howe. The Intelligence Establishment...
Cambridge, Massachusetts. Iarvar University Press;. 1970.
309 pp.
Ransom, Professor of Political Science at Vanderbilt
University, has revised and updated his earlier, book,
Central Intelligence and National Security, it is,a
scholarly work, based on open sources. Unfortunately,.`.
even this revision is now out of date in terms of recent
Congressional and public criticism of the CIA.~'h?ever.theless,
Ransom covers many of the basic intelligence issues,in
our society in relation to: the CIA, the Intelligence
Community, Congressional surveillance of CIA, and the
intelligence bureaucracy and its problems. He also has
a chapter on the British intelligence system and its
influence on the American system. Since this is one of
the more thorough and objective books about the Agency, it
would be useful for Agency researchers who want.an.informed
outsider's view of the Agency and the Intelligence Community.
Report of the-Royal Commission on S.ecurit,_.y . (Abridged).
Ottawa, Cana a: The Queen's_?Printer,,1969. 159 pp.
This work is worth a look by those interested in the
relationship between intelligence and security. Essentially
a commission study on how Canada is organized to protect
'her official secrets,. it contains some thoughtful material
on the whole general problem of proper'secrecy in government
and society. Assumptions are.stated and there is some
interesting philosophy. on. how members of- another free society
see their security and secrecy issues. -
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Rothstein,. Robert L. Planning,., Prediction, and
Polic raking in Foreign Affairs Theory and Practice.
Boston: Little, Brown and Company, 1972.''.215 pp.
This significant book really consists of. two studies.
One is an innovative and. insightful;de.scription.of what.
is needed to produce useful planning, in the foreign
affairs environment and, by inference, in the foreign
intelligence field.-The other is an examination of
how theory can be made. useful to the everyday pr,acti-
tioner of the various foreign affairs arts Researchers
on,Agency management, intelligence support-of policy,.
and the development of theory and doctrine in intelligence
would find this volume must reading..
Schlesinger, Arthur M., Jr. The Imperial Presidency. Boston:
IIoughton Mifflin Company, 1973.' 505 pp.
This book deals with the shift in the constitutional balance
between ' Congress. and the Presidency. Of..particular interest
to those in the field of intelligence. is Chapter 10_, 'The,
Secrecy System," in which Schlesinger traces secrecy in
government from. the Constitutional Convention to the release
of the Pentagon Papers. He favors less secrecy, but acknowledges
it will still be up to Congress to. accept its responsibility
for being informed.'.
Schwien, Edwin Eugene. Combat Intelligence: Its
Ac uisition*and Transmission. Washington, D.C.: The
Infantry JOurnal, Inc., 1936. 125 pp,.
-An-old, but still illuminating, examination of the tactical
military consumer's intelligence needs.
Senate Committee on Armed Services, 'Hearings, "National
Defense Establishment," 80th Cong., 1st sess., on`S. 758,
3 parts. t'iashington, D.C., 1947
Part 3 contains testimony on central intelligence.
Senate Committee on Government Operations, Subcommittee on
National Policy Machinery, Intelligence and National Security,
Report, 86th Cong., 2nd sess. Washington, D.C.: C.P.O., 1960.
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$;enate Committee on Naval Affairs, Report to the Secretary
of the Pdavy, "Unification -of the '1''ar and Tavy Departments
and Postwar Organization for National Security" (Rberstadt
Fleport), 79th Cong.,. 1st less., 19,45, pp. 12-13, .:1.5,9-163.
I'rief account of World War'-II intelligence organization and
Navy proposals for postwar reorganization.
"enate Committee =on' Rules `and Administration,, Report, "Joint
Committee on' Central' Intelligence Agency," S'enate,fReport
;To. 1570, 84th Cong., 2nd se.ss. Uashington, D.,G.,..February 23,
1956.
The Committee supports, by an eight-to-one vote, the proposal
.to establish a Joint Congressional Committee on CIA. Contains
the outlines of the argument in favor of such'a move as well
as the dissenting argument.
Senate Judiciary Internal Security Subcommittee, hearing,
"Interlocking Subversion in Government Departments,'.'83rd
gong.., 1st Bess. Washington, D '.C. ,, June 25, 195., Part 13.
Contains ,testimony and important documents and memoranda
relating to intelligence organization within the. Department
of State, 1945-1947. See especially pages 8154-,882...;
;sheehan, Ileil. The Pentagon Papers. New York: The New York
Times Company; 1977 pp.
The "Pentagon Papers" cover the role of the United States in
Tndochina from Uorld War II to May 1968, and consists of
approximately 3,000 pages of narrative history and more than
1,000 pages of appended documents. They were commissioned
by Secretary of Defense Robert HcNamara in June 1967. and
completed in January 1969. The Pentagon Papers indicate
that the CIA and other intelligence units were generally
.accurate in their reporting of the situation in Vietnam.
They have been widely used'and quoted by many scholars and
Journalists researching and writing on the Intelligence
Community. .
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Smith, Richard I`arris. OSS: The.. Secret History of
America's First Central Intelligence Agency. Berkeley
and Los Angeles,. California,: University of California
Press, 1972:.' 458 ph
The book covers the field activities of OSS but omits
almost completely activities at the Washington head-
quarters It is based on unclassified sources, including
interviews with a number of OS.S alumni.,
Smith, Thomas Bell. The Essential CIA. Self-published,
1975. 204 pp.
This pro-CIA booki.is about the author's experiences in the
Agency from 1952-1963. He worked in the.DDP, in the Technical
.Services Staff, and as a case officer. Of marginal use to
someone studying the early history of the Agency.
,Strong,. ? Sir Kenneth (Maj or.-General) .. Intelligen.ce at the
Top. Garden City, New York; Doubleday, 1969. 271 pp.
A rather rambling discussion by a very thoughtful, experienced
intelligence practitioner of his military career with special
emphasis on his activities during World War II as Chief of
Intelligence for Home Forces. Although. primarily biographic
in format.,. the iv'ork provides useful insights into the proc-
esses used by the Allies to assess German intentions and
gives-an interesting picture of intelligence collection in
its early stages. Useful for researchers on the history of
intelligence and comparative intelligence services.
Strong, Sir Kenneth (Major General). Men of Intelligence.
.New York: A Giniger Book published in association with
St. 2aartin.'s Press, 1971. 1.83 pp.
The only extant work in the public ,realm which 'offers some
comparison of the philosophies and experiences of major
intelligence chiefs through John McCone. The author's
material on. the American leaders is interesting because
of his British perspective. There is some comparison. of
American and British intelligence systems--a subject not
yet explored anywhere in detail, and an interesting philo-
sophical chapter on the ge'neral,role of intelligence and
the intelligence officer. A' basic book'for those interested
in the literature of intelligence.,
21
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Taylor, John W. R., and Mondey, David. Spies 'in the Sky.
yew York: Charles Scribner Sons, 197.3..:,328. pp.
Presents the role of re.conna.is.sance in war and peace,
beginning with. the 18th:Ce fury The information on the
b-2 adds little-that is new and" cohtains some; inaccuracies.
Aerial surveillance in the Cuban missile crisis and satel-
lite programs are also covered.
Tully, Andrew. CIA:. The Inside Story. New York:
William Morrow an Company, 1962. 276, pp.
Another of the early popularized accounts of the CIA of
little use to serious intelligence, research..
Tully, Andrew. The Super Spies. New York: William Morrow
and Co., Inc., 1969. 256 pp.
So far, only journalistic, anecdotal accounts of T?SA are
extant. This one is of little use'to the serious researcher.
U.S. Bureau of the Budget. Report:, Intelligence and Security
;activities of the Government. 20'September 194-5. 23 pp-.''
his Report discusses and proposes a plan for. the organization'
of U.S.'foreign intelligence.'and security activities follow-
ng World War II. It cites the need for a more widespread
understanding of what intelligence is,, and calls for separa-
tion of security intelligence (counterintelligence) operations'
from the more basic intelligence operations. The Bureau of
the Budget urges creation of strong departmental organiza-
tions with leadership of Government-wide intelligence activi-
ties to be centered in the State Department. The' Report
could be of interest to anyone studying the background of
he Central Intelligence Agency and considering functional
or organizational changes in the Agency.
I.T.S. Congress, Hearing before the Committee on Armed
'Iervites, United States 'Senate, on 'Nomi.nation o'f
William E. Colby' to be Director .vf Central Inte ligence.
}3rd Congress, First Session, July 2,20` an 25, 1973.
T`ashington, D.C.: Government Printing Office,`1973:
1.86 pp,
Considerable. discussion of a number of.main issues and
topics in American intelligence today.'
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U.S. Department of State. Intelligence: A Bibliography of
Its Functions, Methods, and Techniques, Part I. Bibliography
`do. 33, December 20, 1948. 91 pp. Part II (Perin iical and
Newspaper Articles),.Bibliography No. 33.1, April 11, 1949.
60 pp..
Part I contains publications in English or 1.Testern Europe
languages since 1900, with a few outstanding works published
earlier.
Part II covers the same time period, with entries in four
groups:
I. Organizational Structure; Functions
II. Hethods and Techniques
III . . Spies and Espionage
IV. List of Newspaper and',Periodical Articles On Intelligence
U.S. Senate; Alleged Assassination Plots Involving Foreign
Leaders. An Interim Report of the Select Committee to Study
Governmental Operations. with Respect to Intelligence Activities,
20 .11,1oV.ember., 1975. , 349 pp.
This interim report of the Committee's investigation covers
questions of U., S. involvement in assassination plots against'
foreign political leaders, whether the U.S. was. involved in
other killings, authorization, and communication and control.
Alleged U.S..involvement in assassination plots in Cuba,
Zaire, Dominican Republic, Chile,. . and. South Vietnam were
investigated. Would beof interest to anyone studying
investigations of CIA.
Vagts,.Alfred. The Military Attache. Princeton: Princeton
University Press,.1967. 408 pp.
A thoroughly documented history of military attaches, with
most of the author's sources preceding 1960. Shows the
conflicts faced by attaches as a result of civilian-military.
relationships.
Whaley, Barton,, Codeword BARBAROSSA. Cambridge,
Massachusetts: TheIT.Press, 1973. 376 pp.
BARBAROSSA was the'name given by Hitler to his plan to
crush Russia. In, this book covering the, 11-month period
preceding Germany's '.attack on Russia on 22 June 1941,
Whaley presents hi.slexplanation of how-and why Stalin
and all the intelligence services of the world were
caught by surprise. Interesting in its illustration
of the interweaving of various influences--intelligence,
press, personality quirk, and happenstance--on the process
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'':'haley, Barton. Stratagem:, 'Deception and Surprise in War.
Cambridge, Massachusetts; P.T.I.T..,....Cent.er for International
Studies, 1969. 965 pp
".. very extensive compilation of case histories, based largely
on secondary sources and U_,S. military records. Of marginal
interest to researchers.lookinc at post-mortem methodology
or perhaps covert action.
"ilensky, Harold L. Organizational Intelligence:
knowledge and Policy in Government and ' In us_t : New York:
Basic Boo
s,Inc. , 1967.
226 pp.
One of the few studies of the intelligence function by a
behavioral scientist, Wilensky's work is especially valuable
for its examination of .factors which affect the quality and
accessibility of intelligence information in organizations.
It touches on foreign intelligence work within the U.S.
Government, as well as intelligence needed for domestic
policy and business decisions. Written between 1963. and'
1966, it is limited by the lack of access to the extensive
i-Aaterial on CIA and U.S. foreign intelligence disclosed.in
the seventies. The work has a number of highlights including
the intelligence '.'failure" case study of the "Great; Salad
Oil Scandal." Extensive bibliography.
''illiams, David. Not in the Public Interest: The Problen.
of Secures in Democracy. London: Hutchinson ( Co., +Ltd. ,'
X965. 224 pp.
it look, from the British point of view, at the operation of
the Official Secrets Act. Useful to-researchers on com.para-
tive intelligence and on the question of intelligence secrecy
and the public right to know.
Vise, David, and Ross, Thomas B. The Espionage,Establishment..
Jew York: Random House, 1967. 308 pp.
Although the authors di.sc.uss the intelligence services of
the U.S., Great Britain, USSR, and China, the CIA is their
main concern. They see the secret power of the Intelligence
Community as a threat to freedom. They present more informa-
tion on the British intelligence and security services than
tad been available publicly upto that time. Their coverage.
of the Soviet intelligence system is done well, but the
section on Chinese Communist intelligent :. is lacking.
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Wise, David, and Ross, Thomas B. The Invisible Government.
New York: Random House, 1964. 375 pp.
!',rise and Ross say that the Central Intelligence Agency is
at the heart of an invisible'government which is shaping
the lives of Americans. They give a detailed account of
the Pay of Pigs invasion., discuss the National Security
Act of 1947 and the early history of the CIA, describe
the role of CIA in Vietnam and Guatemala, and include
brief chapters on the National Security Agency and the
Defense Intelligence.Agency.
Vlohlstetter, Roberta. Pearl Harbor, Warning and Decision.
Stanford: Stanford. University. Press, 1962. 426 pp_.
A classic analysis of the problem of failure in intelligence
warning A useful reading for any researcher on processes
of intelligence production and analysis if only to illustrate
the complexity of the process and the difficulties in achievin
analytic objectivity.
Wriston, Henry Merritt. Executive Agents in American Foreign
Relations. Gloucester, Massachusetts, 1967. (Copyright,
1929, by The Johns Hopkins Press.) 874 pp.
A fascinating excursion through the history of executive and
congressional use of extra-constitutional. agents in foreign
affairs. Although published in 1929, it has considerable
relevance today in such issues as the proper scope of covert
operations and executive responsibility for providing
intelligence and information on intelligence activities to
Congress.
Yost, Charles W. The Conduct and Misconduct of Foreign
Affairs. New York: Random House, 1972. 234 pp.
Contains a good, short statement of the traditional State
Department position against the CIA. The author calls for
a smaller intelligence apparatus, with State taking the lead
role in reporting and analysis.
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Zacharias, Ellis H. Behind Closed Doors: The Secret History
of the Cold War. New Yor : G. P. Putnam' s Sons, 1950.
x,67 pp.
illustrative of the many journalistic, anecdotal accounts
Of intelligence developments during the cold war era by
on author experienced in wartime intelligence. Illustrates
the expectations of this period for the uses of counter-
intelligence and covert action.
7,,lotnick, Jack. National Intelligence: The Economics_
of National Security. Washington, D.C.: In use strrial
College of the Armed Forces, 1964. 75 pp.
A short history and description of the development of
the national intelligence apparatus through the 1950s.
:lather basic, somewhat outdated, and of limited use in
any but a general educational mode.
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Brown, R. V., Kelly, C. t,'. , Stewart, R. R., and Ulvila, J. W.
The Timeliness, of '`NATO'Res onse to an Impending Warsaw
act-Attack:, A .Decision-T eoretic A roar to its
Analysis an Estimation.: I'cLean, Virginia: Decisions
and -Designs, Incorporated, August 1974. 75 pp.
One of the few efforts, in-unclassified literature to apply
new methodologies to a 'specific problem in intelligence
analysis.
Brown, T A. Desirable flays of Displaying Uncertainty
to Decisionmakers-. Paper prepared for A. W. Marshall,
a'tional. Security Council. Santa rtonica, California:
RAND Corporation, 4 Nay 1073. 12 pp.
A short description of the advantages of expressing
probabilities in analysis. The author advocates the use
of explicit probabilities and describes six'.ays of
expressing aprobability mathematically." He also points
out some pitfalls for the analyst to avoid in presenting..
statements to decisionmakers.
.Brown, Thomas A An Experiment in Probabilistic
Forecasting RAND Report prepared -Tor Defense Advanced
Research Projects Agency,.R-944-ARPA. Santa lonica,
California RAND Corporation, July 1973. 45 pp.
This report describes an experiment conducted by the
RAND Corporation to determine ways.of increasing the,
usefulness of forecasts by groups and individuals by-
having them stated in explicit probabilistic terms.
The-experiment is relevant to the question of "how the
intelligence community can more effectively communicate
degrees of uncertainty to decisionmakers:"
Chan, Steve. A.Program-Budgeting Pro osal.for,Foreign
Intelligence. TTTinneapolis: University of Minnesota,
Ilarol Scott Quigley Center of International Studies,
n.d. 43 pp.
This paper presents a budgeting and accounting system for
foreign intelligence operations by a graduate student'
without any direct experience in the intelligence business.
Useful only to illustrate how a total outsider sees the
overall intelligence process.
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Chwat, John Steven. The President's Foreign Intelligence
\.dvisory Board: An Historical and Contemporary Analysis
(95S-1975) Washington, .C.: Congress of nal T'esearch
Service, Library of Congress, '13 November 1975.. 33 pp.
summary of the membership arid- some of the main issues in
connection with PFIAB'donefrom unclassified sources.-
Clauser, Jerome K., and Carter, Elton S. The Design of
an Intelligence Discipline: Assessment of Intelligence
I ccucational and TThi.n equirements. State College,
'yennsylvania: HRB-Singer, Inc., March 1965. 55 pp.
This, the initial section of a planned three=part study of
an intelligence discipline, attempted to ascertain the
types of skills and knowledge needed by individuals hold-
ing,various jobs from analysts through managers in the
intelligence analysis and publication cycle. The authors'
findings provide a useful cumulation of such skills, and
the study would be handy for research on intelligence
training.
]ulles, Allen W. 'Memorandum Respecting...Central
Intelligence Agency....," submitted to Senate Committee on
Armed Services, April.25, 1947. Printed in Hearings..'
-Uational Defense Establishment," 80th Cong., lst Bess...,
on S. 758, Washington, D.C., 1947, pp. 525-528.
A concise statement of hr'. Dulles' views on a central
intelligence organization,as of 1947.
Evans, Gary Lee. The:.United.States Intelligence Community:
A Brief Description o Organization and Functions.
Washington, Dom.:' U.S. library of Congress, 10 November' 1971.
36 pp.
Would be useful for someone'who wants a:quick overview of
the Intelligence Community as it was organized in 1971.
Also contains a sho.rt'h.istory of intelligence in the United
States.
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Graham, Daniel 0. U.S.- Intelligence at the Crossroads.
USSIReport 76-1.' Washington, DC: United States;,
Strategic Institute, 1976. 17 pp.
In this paper, written shortly after his retirement from
the position of Director, , Defense. Intelligence Agency,
General Graham seeks to put into perspective the issues
of actual and alleged shortcomings and abuses of the
intelligence agencies. He points out the damage caused
by decline in morale, breakdown in bureaucratic discipline,
and the loss of essential secrecy. Ile presents his ideas
for legislative, organizational., and procedural reforms
to correct shortcomings in. the intelligence system. Would
be of. interest to anyone studying the investigations. and
proposed reorganization of the Agency.
Greenwood, Ted.. Reconnaissance, Surveillance and Arrris_;._
Control. Adelphi Papers, Number 8. Lon on: The
International Institute for Strategic Studies, 1972. 28 pp.
This short monograph is one of the few nonclassified efforts
to assess the capabilities of photographic and other satellites.
Knorr, Klaus. Foreign Intelligence and the Social Sciences,
Research Monograph No. 17. Princeton: Center of International
Studies, Woodrow Wilson School of Public and International
Affairs, Princeton University, 1 June 1964. 58 pp.
(This paper was published originally under the title, "The
Intelligence Function," in Social Science Research and National
Security, by Ithiel de Sola Pool and Others, A Report
Prepared by the Research Group in Psychology and the Social
Sciences of the Smithsonian Institution, Washington, D.C.,
March 5, 1963.)
A long monograph, now somewhat outdated, examining the
relationship between the social sciences and intelligence
analysis. The author calls for the development of intelligence
theory and doctrine shaped to demonstrate the ways social
science can be useful.
Ocque, Nancy D. The Directors of Central Intelligence.
13 June 1975. 38 pp.
A term paper for a foreign affairs course at Johns Hopkins.
based on unclassified sources, the paper brings together
information about the men who have served as Director of
Central Intelligence.
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?ansom, Harry Howe. Strategic Intelligence. Morristown,
itew Jersey: General Learning Press, 1973. 20 pp.
A short basic outline,'intended,f.or the lay reader, of the
elements which make up the process of strategic intelligence.
The author also includes-'suggestions for research, on the
intelligence process!, many of which are pertinent to today's
concerns..
1iohistetter, Roberta. Cuba and Pearl. Harbor:, Hindsight
and Foresight. Santa Monica, California: The . ND Corporation
(lemoran.um RM-4328-ISA), April 1965, 41 pp
Also appeared in Foreign Affairs, July 1965, pp. 691.707.
An excellent analysis of the classic intelligence problem of
warning posed by the Cuban missile crisis and the Pearl Harbor
attack. Must reading for any student of analytic or intelli-
lence production processes.
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Baldwin, Hanson W. (five-article series in The New York
Times on Intelligence):
July 20, 1948, '"One of Weakest Links in Our Security,
Survey Shows--Omissions, Duplications"
July 22, 1948,.. "Older Agencies Resent a Successor and
Try to Restrict Scope of Action"
July 23,
1948,.
"Errors in Collecting Data Held Exceeded
by. Evaluation Weakness''
July 24,
1948,
"Competent Personnel Held Key to Success--
Reforms Suggested"
July 25,
1943,
"Broader Control Set-Up, is Held Need,
With.a 'Watch-Dog' Unit for Congress"
A series of five articles on intelligence dealing mainly
with the Central Intelligence Agency. Reports on the first
"investigative survey.of.the whole intelligence structure of
.Government" by Allen _ Dulles , William H. Jackson, and Mathias F.
Correa . in1.948.. Describes friction`between-CIA, FBI,`G-2,
AEC, a.rid,State. Points out "intelligence. fi,a.scds" and
weakness in evaluation of data, personnel pr.oblems, and the
need for greater control by means of a Congressional "watch-
dog`? committee Of interest in showing intelligence concerns
a quarter century ago..
Barnds,.William.J... "Intelligence and Foreign Policy:
Dilemmas of'a Democracy.", Foreign Affairs., January. 1969,
pp. 281-29S.
A thoughtful examination of the evolution of the CIA.
A.good general article for anyone dealing with the role
of intelligence agencies in a democracy.
Bell, Daniel. "Twelve Modes of Prediction--A Preliminary
Sorting of Approaches in the Social Sciences." Daedalus.-
Summer 1964, pp.. .845-880...
Useful short review of predictive methods in the political
area. Beginning researchers faced with formulating the
approach methodology.for their study would find this article
worthy of a look..
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Blackstock, Paul U. "Covert Pilitary Operations."
Handbook of PNilitar Institutions. Ed. Roger W. Little.
Beverly Hills, Cali ornia: Sage Publications, 1971.
pp...455-492.
Scholarly treatments of.covert action are rare: This relatively
general piece traces;the rationale of governments for CA
from the cold war days through the revolutionary nationalist
period and dis.cussesthe:vari?ous types'and objectives of
CA.
Blackstock,.Paul W. "The Intelligence Community Under the
Nixon Administration." Armed Forces and Society.
February 1975, pp. 231-250.
One of the few short, non-journalistic reviews of the course
of CIA affairs since the 1971 order from President Nixon on
the reorganization of the Intelligence Community. Emphasizes
resource allocation problems facing the Intelligence Community.
Bruce, David K. E. "The National Intelligence. Authority."
Virginia Quarter Review, Summer 1946, pp. 355-3,69.
This well-written article would be of interest to those
studying the history of intelligence services in the-United
States. Includes information on the establishment of the
Coordinator of Information, General Donovan's leadership of
COl, and the problems faced by the organization. The con-
troversy over the establishment of the National Intelligence
Authority and the difficulties anticipated for it are discussed.
Cline, Ray S. "Policy Without Intelligence." Foreign
Policy," To. '17, Winter 1974-75, pp. 121-135.
The author, whowas the State Department'sDirector of
Intelligence and Research from 1969-1973, urges a return
to the effective use of the National Security. Council.
and other elements of the "foreign' policy and. intelligence
b,ureaucra.cy` in decisionmaking 'He' criticizes. the
issinger-Nixon practice of "secret deliberations at
the top" and contrasts what he considers to be the misuse
of the National Security Council in the U.S. military
?lert on 24 October 1973 with the effective "close
collaboration between intelligence and the NSC" during
the Cuban missile crisis.
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Cooper, Chester L. "The' CIA. and Decision-Making,"
Foreign Affairs, January 1972, pp. 223-2`36.
A former officer of ONE discusses the process of preparing
national intelligence estimates under the old Board system
and describes I the values and faults of some specific
estimates, particularly on Vietnam.
"Coordination of Foreign Intelligence Activities," Directive
from the President. Department of State Bulletin, 3 February
194.6,-pp. 174-175.
Directive f'rdn the President setting up the flat-iolial
Intelligence Authority and the Central Intelligence Group
and stating the responsibilities of the Director of Central
Intelligence.
de Sola Pool, Ithiel. "Content Analysis for Intelligence
Purposes." World Politics, April 1960, pp. 473-485..
An interesting review of a RAND study dealing with Allied
analysis of German intentions' during World War II, using
FBIS broadcasts and propaganda analysis.' The author makes
several good points in presenting a 'case for content analysis
as a tool for identifying trends in'the policies of other
nations.
Donovan, William J. ."Intelligence:' Key to Defense." Life,
30 September 1046, pp. 108-120.
This article was written by William J. Donovan after the OSS
was disbanded. lie cites the need for effective intelligence
by our Government and points out the weaknesses of the
system at the time. He states the precepts of intelligence
which he says are being violated. Also included are examples
of the work of OSS during World Ilar 11. Of historical
interest.
Evans, Allan., "Intelligence and Policy Formation." World
Politics, October 1959, pp. 84-91.
A review with comment and interpretation of three basic books
on intelligence. The author's views, are now largely outdated,
but of marginal interest to the researcher on the intelligence-
policy interfaces
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Evans, John W. "Research and Intelligence: The Part They
Play in Foreign Policy." Foreign Service Journal, March
195.7, pp. 24-25, 34, 40.
I1istorical information on`State's''Bureau of Intelligence and
Research.
Falk, Richard A. "CIA-Covert Action and International Law."
Society, March/April l975,,pp. 39-44.
An,emotional attack on covert action based on its. alleged
illegality in international .law. Of marginal use. to a study
of intelligence and its legal relationships.
Falk, Stanley L. "The National Security Council Under
Truman, Eisenhower, and Kennedy." Political Science Quarterly,
September 1964, pp. 403-434.
Would be of interest to anyone studying the role of the
National Security. Council (NS Q. Points out the effect of
the personality and individual desires of the President on
.the role and scope of the NSC. Describes PresidentTruman's
emphasis on the advisory role of the NSC.: its reorganization
and formal structure under President Eisenhower; and
President Kennedy's reorganization of the NSC with a combina-
tion of features from the two previous systems.
hallows, James. 'Putting Wisdom Back into Intelligence."
Washington Monthly, June 1973, pp. 6-17.
A critical look at the Agency's analytic effort. as well as
.clandestine operations. Mostly a rehash of commentary and
insights from other authors.
Futterman, Stanley N., "Toward Legislative Control of
the C.I.A." New York University Journal of International
Law & Politics, ".inter 19.71, pp. 431-458.
The author, an Associate Professor of Law at New York
University, calls for legislation to restrict the CIA,
particularly its use of funds. He describes the laws
which set up the CIA and some of the bills before the
Congress (in 1971) aimed at more strict control of the
Agency. He also discusses the Agency's relationship
i,,ith Congress through the four oversight subcommittees
and expresses his doubt about their exercise of control
over the Agency.. 11hile out of date, this article
may be of interest in studying the past relationship
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Graham, Daniel 0. "Strategic..Intelligence: Estimating the
Threat: A Soldier's Job." Army; April 1973, pp. 14-18.
Written by Haj. General Graham while-he was Deputy Director
for Estimates in DIA,.this article presents his case for
giving the military profession the responsibility for intel-
ligence estimates, as well"'as collection, regarding the
threat to our national security. lie discusses strategic and
tactical intelligence, describing them in a gray. that he says
is different from their traditional' definitions, Uould be
of interest to researchers on Intelligence Community issues
and coordination processes.
Greene, Fred. "The Intelligence Arm: The Cuban Missile
Crisis." Foreign Pol.ic in the Sixties:. The Issues and
the Instruments. es. lP.oger Hi lsman and Robert C . foot.
Baltimore The Johns Hopkins Pr.ess., 1965.. ~pp.,127-140.
Fred Greene,,Prof'essor, of.Political Science at?'Jtl,liams
College, writes about intelligence as I`a 'special ,'arm within
the realm of American foreign policy in recent decades."
The Cub.an,?.mi.ssile.crisis.is used,as,an illustration of the
role of intelligence in the formation of policy.' He discusses
the philosophic precepts, and the bureaucratic structure of
the Intelligence Community, and concludes that ,'though the
Intelligence,-Community was surprised at the start, it handled
the situation fairly well."
Halperin, Morton H. "Decision-Making for Covert Operations."
Society, March/April 1975, pp. .45-51.
An essay on the advantages the intelligence establishment has
in securing administration approval for,covert action. Stresses
the lack of independent cross-checks -built. into, thesyst.em.
A fuller exposition along the same lines is contained in
IIalperin's book on Bureaucratic Politics=and Foreign Policy.
Useful for researchers,:on any aspect of the interface between
intelligence production and consumpti,on..
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Hammond, Paul Y. "The National Security Council as a Device
for Interdepartmental Coordination: An Interpretation and
Appraisal." American Political Science Review, December
1960, pp. 8.99
tin excellent examination of the National Security Council
(11SC) as a means of:c.oordinated policy guidance Covers the
historical background of-the P'SC and its functioning under
Presidents Truman and.,Eisenhower. Problems in the operation
of the NSC, and possible.ways of making the process work
better, are discussed.
Ililsman, Roger, Jr.: "Intelligence and Policy-making in
Foreign Affairs." World Politics, October 1952, pp. 1-45.
Of interest to anyone studying the intelligence interface to
policy-making. Hilsman concludes that intelligence, to be
useful, must be policy oriente-d'. Discusses th.e,differences
hetiieen :intelligence people and policy-making.people and
includes a section on the warning function of intelligence.
"Intelligence Objectives." Department of State:. Bulletin,
12 May 1946, pp., 826-828
Of interest to anyone studying the history of intelligence
in the Department of State. Lists the functions~of the
Advisory Committee on Intelligence; Office of Intelligence
Coordination and Liaison; Office of Intelligence Collection
and Dissemination; and the Geographic Offices.
Jervis, Robert. "Hypotheses on Misperception," 1?lorld
Politics, Vol. 20, No. 3 (1968), pp. 454-479.'
(Also included in Readings in American Foreign Policy:
A Bureaucratic Perspective, edited by Tlorton 11. Halperin
and Arno1 Kanter. Boston: Little, Brown and Company,
1.973, pp. 11-3-138.)
.An interesting examination of-the mental and psychological
processes of policy makers in receiving and taking account
-(If incoming information, including intelligence. Of utility
to researchers on the intelligence support and intelligence
production processes.
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Johnson, Robert 11. "The National . Security Council: The
Relevance of its Past to its Futur'e." Orbis, Fall 1969,
pp. 709-735.
The author examines the kinds of functions,the USC has
performed during the four'previbus administrations and the
kinds of functions.it could perform.''He stresses the diffi-
culty in generalizing about how foreign and defense policies
are made and points out that the NSC is only one part of a
complex system. Useful for research on intelligence and
intelligence-related organizations.
Jones, R. V. "Scientific Intelligence." Journal of the
Roya United Service. Institution, August 1947; pp.'-'352-369.
.A personal-interpretation, anecdotal in nature, of some. of
the major occurrences in British scientific. intelligence in
World War II. The author, . who worked in the field, is
concerned with the organizational problems inherent in
producing good scientific intelligence.
Kendall, Willmoore. The Function of Intelligence.," World
Politics, July 1949, pp. 542-552..
A review of Sherman Kent's book, Strategic Intelligence. Its
value lies in the questions Kendall raises concerning the
role of,strategic intelligence,. many of which still. have
some validity today.
Kent, Sherman. "'Estimates and Influence." Foreign Service
Journal, April 1969, pp. 16-18; 45.
An essay by the father of the estimative business on the
concepts of developing national estimates and the attitudes
of policy makers toward estimates. The conclusions are
still largely valid.
Kirkpatrick, Lyman B. "Paramilitary Case Study, The Bay of
Pigs." Naval 111ar College Review, November-December 1972,
pp'?' 32-4
An'analysis by a former CIA Inspector General.?of the lessons
for the Intelligence Community in the-conduct of covert
operations. Criticizes the failure of the analytic side of
CIA to be included in the evaluation of the operation.
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Knorr, Klaus. "Failures in National Intelligence Estimates:
The Case of the'Cuban Missiles." 'World Politics, April 1964,
pp. 455-467.
A very, penetrating examination of the. difficulties faced in
intelligence analysis when dealing with the subject of inten-
tions. Knorr suggests several areas where. useful work could
be done in developing intelligence: theory and doctrine.
Lay, James S. "The National Security. Council." American
Foreign Service Journal, Vol. 25, No. 3 (.March 19I,
pp, 1 -8.
The author was serving as. the first Assistant Executive
Secretary of the National Security Council when this article
was written. It would be of interest to.anyone. looking at
the early organization and work of the National Security
Council from an intelligence perspective.:
Lefever, Ernest W. "The CIA and American Foreign Policy."
Llano Review, Volume 4, 1975, pp. 1-34.
An effort to justify covert action on rnoral` and .constitutional
?rounds.
Lewis, Anthony Marc. "The Blind Spot of U.S. Foreign
intelligence." Journal of Communication, linter 1.976,
pp. 44-55.
A solid presentation of,the argument that intelligence
analysis and analysts, to be accurate and useful, must make
a greater effort to understand the cultural dynamics and
psychology of their subject countries.
Lockhart, John Bruce. "The Relationship Between Secret
Services and Government in a Modern State." R.U.S.I.,
June 1974, pp. 3-8.
A short, concise description of eight "principles" which
should govern the operational objectives of any intelligence
service, in an address delivered by an experienced British
intelligence professional.. Useful in terms of broad'phi-
losophy for.intelligence services operating in a democratic
environment.,
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Loory, Stuart II. "The CIA's Use of the Press: A 'Mighty
Wurlitzer."' Columbia Journalism Review. September/October
1974, pp. 9-18.
The most extensive commentary so far'in the public media
on CIA employment-of journalists in clandestine operations.;
P ,Iaxwell, Elliot E "The CIA's Secret Funding and the
Constitution." The Yale Law Journal, January 1975,
.pp. 608-636.
A scholarly effort to prove that the secrecy surrounding the
CIA budget is illegal-under Article 'I of the Constitution..
that a regular accounting shall be made of all monies drawn
from the U.S. Treasury. Useful to aresearcher on Agency
relations with Congress.
Millikan, Max F. "Inquiry,and Policy: The Relation of
Knowledge to Action." The Human Meanin of the Social
Sciences. Ed. Daniel Lerner. New Yore: Meridian Books,
Inc., 1959. pp. 158-180.
A rathe?r.'good discussion of the problems in attempting to
apply social science to the solution of policy issues.
Describes differences in the way social scientists and policy
makers view research and the results they expect from it.
There are many parallels with intelligence support for policy-
making. Also discusses briefly the interdisciplinary approach
to research in the social sciences.
P Morris, Roger. "The Aftermath of CIA Intervention." Society,
March/April 1975, pp. 76-80-
A good statement of.the case'against covert action?based on
humanistic perceptions and idealistic morality.
Hurphy, Charles J. V. "Uncloaking the CIA." Fortune,
June 1975, pp. 88-91'ff.
A general description of the Agency, basically favorable to
it. Contains? good statements of most of-the main arguments
used in defense of various CIA activities.
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New York Times (five-article series on the CIA)-
-April 25, 1966, "CIA:: Maker of,:'Policy, or Tool?
April 26, 1966, "How CIA Put 'Instant Air Force' into
Congo"
April 27, 1966, "CIA Spies.From 100ATiles Up: Satellite
Probes Secrets of Sovi:e.t
April 28, 1966, "CIA Operations: A Plot Scuttled"
April 29, 1966, "The CIA: Qualities of Director Viewed
as Chief Rein on Agency"
Best newspaper account of Agency in the 1960s:.
Pinkerton; Roy 11. "The, Role of Intelligence in Policymaking."
Military Review, July 1966, pp. 40-51.
Illustrative of the generally shallow interpr.etations.,of this
relationship available in public accounts.
Ransom, Harry Howe. ."Great Britain's Secret,. Secret Service."
'''idway, June 1967, pp. 19-35
The author gives general information about the British'
secret service and its success in remaining a "secret"
service. Ile contrasts it with, the U.S. Central Intelligence
Agency:and suggests some ways he thinks the U.S. could
profit by following the British example. Would be of inter-
est.to anyone studying (1) the problem of secrecy in a
democracy or (2) the British secret service- itself.
:;anson, Harry Howe. "Intelligence, Political aid Military,"
International Encyclopedia of the Social Sciences, Vol 7.
Mew or : 11acmil an and Free ,Press, 1968, pp.- 415-421.
A short, tight general survey of intelligence history and
modern functions. It stresses definitions, basic literature,
and makes suggestions for further social science research.
Iansom, Harry Howe. "Secret Intelligence Agencies and
Congress." Society, March/April 1975, pp. 33-38.
A short= description, of the origin's and development of CIA
-,relationships with Congress . offered in the usual balanced
Ransom style. Useful only as a general review.
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Ransom, Harry Howe. "Secret mission in an Open Society."
The New York Times Magazine,' 21 'lay 1961, pp. 20, 77-79.
Written during the investigation of CIA following the "Bay
of Pigs" when "troublesome issues" were "raised not only
about the efficiency of the C.I.A. but about its role in
American, democr'atic' society.',' Points out, .the means designed
to controi.the: CIA-.Federal statutes, PNSC directives, PFIAB,
and Congressional subcommittees, and emphasizes the need to
.keep the Agency under firm, responsible, political authority.
Ransom, Harry Howe.' "The U.S. Congress and American Secret
Intelligence Agencies." Prepared for delivery at the 1974
Annual meeting,of the American Political Science Association,
Palmer House, Chicago, Illinois, August 29 - September 2,
.1974, '32 pp.
A review of the development. and status of the Congressional
review of intelligence which, concludes that Congress needs
more information if` it is to exercise a meaningful role
in foreign p olicy-making Also reviews legislative intent
in the establishment of the Agency.
Roberts, Kenneth E. "Lessons of Strategic Surprise:
Pearl Harbor,. Cuba and the 1973 TNiddle East Crisis."
New Dynamics ' in National Strategy: The Paradox of,
,eneral Maxwell D. Taylor with con
Power. Porewor by
trributionsby faculty members of the,United States Army
War College. New York: Thomas Y. Crowell Company, 197.5.
pp. 69-89.
This is a short essay on the problem of the intelligence
analysis of seemingly irrational national behavior.. The
author draws a`number of conclusions about the type of
analysis needed from studying Pearl Harbor, Cuba, and
the 1973 Middle East Crisis. Students of the problem
of strategic surprise would find his views pertinent.
Rositzke, Harry. "America's Secret Operations: A Perspective."
Foreign Affairs, January 1975, pp. 334-351.
Makes a case for an oft-suggested solution to CIA clandestine
operations: separate covert from analytic CIA functions and
put the covert operators directly under the executive in
deep cover. One of the more ingenious efforts to develop
this approach. By a former CIA officer.
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:tuggles, Richard, and Brodie, Henry. "An Empirical Approach
to Economic Intelligence in World War II." Journal of-the
American Statistical Association, . March, 1947, pp. 72-11.
This article describes the work of. the conomic.Warfare
Division. of the American Embassy, in London,_beginning i . n
1943. lTarkings and serial numbers from captured German.
equipment were used to estimate Germany's war production and
strength. After the war, the estimates,: were compared with
official statistics which'became_available, and the-estimates
were shown to be highly accurate.: The article goes into
great detail on the methodology of the estimates.. Of his-
torical interest in,studying intelligence methodologies.
Schneier, Edward. "The Intelligence of Congress:,,Information
and Public Policy Patterns." The Annals of the. American Academy
of Political and. Social Science, March.1970,.pp.'-14-24.
A perceptive article on how Congressmen get the. information
on which they base their decisions. Useful . for anyone
thinking about CIA's relationship to Congress.
Scoville, Herbert, Jr. "The Technology of .Surveillance."
Societ, March/April 1975, pp. 58-63.
A very general rundown on what is?in the public domain on the
new technological processes of intelligence collection and
analysis. Contains a badly stretched argument in favor of
substituting technology.for human operations.
Szanton, Peter and Allison, Graham.,. "Intelligence:
Seizing
the Opportunity," Foreign Policy, Spring 1976, pp.
183-214.
The.authors urge taking advantage of the opportunity presented
by the events of the past two years to "rethink and restructure
the U.S.''intelligence community'." Six proposals are made
for reorganization and new procedures. New legislation and
effective oversight by Congress are also called for. Comments
on the article'by George A. Carver, Jr. and Morton 11. Halperin
present two different reactions to the suggestions in the
main article..
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Taylor, Rufus L. "Command and the Intelligence Process."
United States Naval Institute Proceedings, August 1960.
pp. 2,-39.
A careful parsing of the various processes involved in
the production of military.in:telligence from the Navy's
perspective. This article is'of interest,-in its historical
perspective on the attitudeof,the military toward intelligence.
Unna, Warrenl? "CIA: Who. Watches the Watchman?"iarper's
Magazine, April 1958, pp. 46-.53.
Another article which called for more effective Congressional
oversight of the CIA. Cites bills which have been introduced
(but not passed) for this purpose. Discusses Allen Dulles
relationship with Congress Would be of general interest to
someone looking at the history of CIA's relationship with
Congress.
Vagts, Alfred. "Diplomacy, Military Intelligence, and
Espionage." Defense and Diplomacy: The Soldier and the
Conduct of Foreign Relations. New or : inn's Crown
Press, 1956, pp. 61-77.
Discusses military intelligence and diplomacy beginning in
the 1600s through the "Cold ?W)ar." There is a brief section
on the establishment of the CIA and some of the questions
that have been raised regarding its competency, particularly
during the Korean W'War.
Walden, Jerrold L. "The C.I.A.: A Study in the Arrogation
of Administrative Powers.17 George Washington Law Review,
October 1970, pp. 66-101.
Short, general review of the origins and authorities
of the CIA, emphasizing the shortcomings in the law
and control mechanisms for the Agency.
Wasserman, Benno. "The Failure of Intelligence Prediction.
Political Studies, Vol. VIII, No. 2, 1960, pp. 156-169.
An academic, theoretical exposition on intelligence, now
largely outdated by modern intelligence procedures, but
of some interest to researchers on intelligence theory.
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{Tilensky,' Harold L. "Intell'igence in Industry: The Uses
and Abuses of Experts." The Annals.of the American Academy of
Political and Social Science, "tare 1970, pp. 46-597.
some very general remarks about how industries cope with
several basic problems of information needs,` especially at
the corporate headquarters. host of it is a reflection of
lilensky's larger, basic work: Organizational Intelligence:
"nowledge and Policy in Government and Industry.
7right, Quincy. "Subversive Intervention." American
Journal of International Law, July 1960, pp. SZ1- .
An early essay on the conflict of international law and
covert operations. .
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Some Thoughts on the Value, of a Study of
Compartmentation in the CIA
A prime objective of the Center is to keep as much of
its work as possible focused on issues at the core of pro-
fessional life in the CIA. We believe that a study of the
various impacts of compartmentation in the Agency would fall
within this area. We have in mind a study of compartmentation
that would range well beyond and indeed would be primarily
concerned with other than the necessary, usual security aspects
of the subject. If carefully defined, focused and researched,
we,believe a study of compartmentation could provide some use-
ful insights on a range of perennial issues in the Agency.
Depending on the exact focus of the study, we would Hope to
get some of the following:
--A better sense of whether our general lack of
personnel rotation between offices and compo-
nents in the Agency is really hurting us.
--A clearer understanding of how the continuing
trend toward greater professional specializa-
tion is affecting overall Agency performance.
--Some measure of how well the formal structures,
coordinating mechanisms, etc., we have set up to
overcome certain acknowledged impacts of compart-
mentation have functioned.
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--Some additional insights into the question of
personnel effectiveness insofar as the presence
or lack of adequate communication between compo-
nents impacts on such effectiveness.
--A better sense of the extent to which the free
flow of ideas, so important to the early strength
and vitality of the Agency is continuing.
--A better idea as to whethex needed security
precautions which form the rationale for com-
partmentation in many instances are being
effectively served by present organizational
arrangements or are even being observed. '
--An understanding of how our compartmentation,
impact stacks up against similar phenomena in
other government agencies and possibly in pri-
vate business.
--A grasp as to how compartmentation impacts on
the "central" features of a central intelli-
gence system.
Obviously the research required to deal seriously with
each of the elements above would call for a study probably
too diffuse to be useful. We believe that a careful effort
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at defining the problem could, however, result in the neces-
sary refinement of the approach and focus so as to concentrate
on a reasonable number of relevant and. rational objectives.
A main key to success in all the Center's projects is
selection of the proper people to do them. If,a project of
this type is to be thorough enough to be useful, it will almost
certainly take a team approach. No one individual could bring
to it the, experience and breadth to do the job in a reasonable
length of time (6-9 months). We will need three to four people
with one functioning as a team leader. The latter individual
will be most important. He must be fairly senior, so as to pro-
vide some credibility and entree in various Agency circles. He
must ,nave a wl.c (-. breadth of jor) experience so as to provic1 a
good understanding overall of the organi~a.tion and functioning
of the Agency. An officer from the DDA with a view of many
Agency elements from the support side might be the best bet.
There are a number of officers at the GS-14-15 level in
the DDA with interests that go well beyond their immediate job
horizons. At the present time, we have several more junior
officers from other components who could be recruited for the
,_. project to fill out the remainder of the team. There is no
one on the horizon, however, who looks like he could take on
the senior slot. Thus, the hurdle at this point to get this
project started is to find the senior man.:.
STATINTL
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