WORLD STRENGTH OF THE COMMUNIST PARTY ORGANIZATIONS

• Document Type: CREST
• Collection: General CIA Records
• Document Number (FOIA) /ESDN (CREST): CIA-RDP65-00756R000300100001-6
• Release Decision: RIFPUB
• Original Classification: K
• Document Page Count: 136
• Document Creation Date: December 19, 2016
• Sequence Number: 1
• Content Type: INTELLIGENCE REPORT

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INTELLIGENCE REPORT
NO. 4489 R-15:
W"R Y&IJ& C/
&,,w cc"" ~av A 4
BUREAU OF INTELLIGENCE AND RESEARCH
JANUARY 1963
State Dept. review completed
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TABLE O F C O N T E N T S
F,. ea
Introduction. ............ .......... .............................................. 2-3
Regional Tabulation of Corumulist Party Strength Outside the United States
Western Europe .................... .................. ........ ................... 4-15
Central Europe ................................................................... 16-19
Northern Europe .................................................................. 20-25
Eastern Europe .................................................................... 26-35
Africa ........................................................................... 36-63
Near East. .................................................... ................. 64-73.
South Asia ............................... ........... .......................... 74-79
Fat. East......... .. ........ . . . . . . .. .. . ... .. . .......... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . ...... . . . . 80-99
Canada, the Caribbean, and European Possessions in the Western Hemisphere........ 100-111
Middle America ................. *................ ........... ............ ...... .. 112-119
South America .................................................................... 120-129
Appendix: List of Countries in Which Communist Parties Have Been Proscribed........... 130-131
Alphabetical Index of Countries .............. :.......................... ..............- 132-134
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I N T R O D U C T I O N
This annual report presents, for the year ending December 1962, data on the strength
of the communist movement throughout the world, including information on ccxm unist voting
strength, parliamentary representation, and estimated or claimed communist party membership.
A list of proscribed communist pw ties is appended. The report generally omits estimates
of numbers of fellow-travelers or communist supporters because reliable data are so often
lacking. For each country or territory there is a brief statement on the overall status
and the strengths and weaknesses of the Communists.
In November 1962, Pravda claimed there were 90 communist parties (excluding Yugoslavia Z)
with a membership of 42.5 million. World membership for the 90 communist parties recorded
here is roughly 4+0-4+l million. Counting the CPUSA, there are a total of 91 parties. This
calculation includes the communist parties of Jamaica and the Ivory Coast, whose credentials
are uncertain, and excludes communist parties which exist in a few countries alongside
parties traditionally associated with the world movement, e.g., in Brazil and Iraq.
The communist state parties, of course, make up the bulk of the world membership, with
about 35.5 million - 36.5 million including Yugoslavia. Communist China, with the largest
party, accounts for 17 million compared to 10 million for the Soviet Communist Party. The
largest parties outside the communist orbit remain the Indonesian and Italian with an
estimated 1.9 and 1.2 - 1.5 million members respectively.
Membership figures, compared to last year, show no startling trends. In Cuba, however,
membership in the so-called Integrated Revolutionary Organizations doubled to where it is
now 60,000. The paties in Chile, Peru, and Venezuela increased their following, while the
Paraguayan Communist Party declined. In India, the Communist Party, suffering the conse-
quences of the Sino-Soviet split and the Sino-Indian border dispute, lost an estimated
25,000 members.
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Probably the most interesting communist parliamentary development of the year occurred
in the French national elections of November when the communist party received 21.8% of the
popular vote (3% more than in 1958) and increased the number of seats from 10 to 41. The
poor showing of all the other anti-Gaullist parties helped to reduce the isolation of the
French Communist Party, particularly as a result of widespread electoral collaboration with
the Socialists in the second round of the election.
Estimates have been used in this report except where a membership claim appeared to
be fairly accurate. The reader is reminded, as in previous years, that although the best
usable sources have been consulted, communist party membership figures are very difficult
to obtain and are not subject to verification. Again, in the tabulation of "national
parliamentary status", a conventional political spectrum ranging from communist to con-
servative has been used where applicable to provide some comparative data for the reader.
The arrangement of parties in the spectrum is meant to be suggestive and need not be taken
literally.
In generalizing about the status of the communist movement from the data given here,
the reader is cautioned that this report has a limited purpose and does not pretend to
present a definitive picture of communist strength and capabilities. While size is one
indicator of party strength, it is not necessarily decisive; the vulnerability of a
country may have no direct relationship to the size of its communist party.
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COUNTRY
NATIONAL PARLIA ENTARY STATUS
Date of last
nat'1. part.
elections
Communist
Non-Communist Left
Center
Conservative
UNITED KINGDOM
Communist Party
-
Labour Party
Liberal Party
Conservative Party
8
Oct.
, 1959
7 votes 0.10)
3079
12,215 538 votes (43.8%)
1, 638,571 votes (5.9%)
and supporters
No seats
258 seats (40.9;)
6 seats (i%)
13,7 F9, 3O votes (49.4 0)
365 seats (58%)
Independents
224,405 votes (0.8%)
1 seat (0.1)
IRELAND
Irish Workers' League*
Labour Party
Fianna Fail
Fine Gael
Oct. 4, 1961
277 votes
0.025
136,117 votes (11.70
512,102 votes (43.8%)
37 ,F~ 100 votes (32%)
No seats
16 seats (11%)
70 seats (48.60)
47 seats (32.6%)
Clann na Poblachta
Independents
Clann na Talmhan
13,170 votes (1.1)
67,462 votes (5.8%)
17,693 votes 1.5%)
1 seat (0.7%)
6 seats (4.3%)
2 seats (1.4%)
National Progressive Democrats
11,490 votes (1%)
2 seats (1.4-%,)
* Name since changed to Irish Workers' Party.
Sinn Fein - the political arm of the clandestine Irish Republican Army - won 36,386 votes (3.10), but failed to
win a single seat in the Dail.
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' OMMUNIST PARTY
MEMBER3HIp SOURCES-OF COMMUNIST STRENGTH COUNTRY
32,500 The Communist Party of Great Britain (CPGB) has not been represented in. Parliament since 1945-. UNITED KINGDOM
.(estimate) Nevertheless, because of their strategic location in certain trade unions and pressure groups,
especially peace organizations, the Communists have a potential for exercising influence out of
all proportion to their numbers.
Communists are members of the leaderships of a number of large unions, e.g., the National Union of
Mineworkers (NUM), the Amalgamated Engineering Union (AEU), and the National Union of Railwaymen (NUR),
and hold important positions as shop stewards in major industrial establishments. Moreover, they also
appear in the leaderships of a number of smaller unions, and according to the Radcliffe Committee on
security in the public service, in various civil service unions.
Communist influence in the trade union movement, which had suffered a setback in 1961, when the courts
ruled that the communist officials of the Electrical Trades Union (ETU), once a showcase of communist
control, had been fraudulently elected, sustained further blows in 1962: the new non-communist executive
of the ETU expelled the communist general secretary and president and took various disciplinary measures
against nearly a dozen other officials.
According to party claims, communist membership has climbed steadily in recent years -- from 24,900 in
February 1958 to 30,486 in February 1961 to 34,492 in June 1962. Although the number of new recruits
is fairly high, the number of drop-outs is also high; John Gollan, the party's general secretary, has
stated that in order to achieve a net increase of 3,400 members between mid-1961 and mid-1962 the party
had to recruit nearly 7,000 new members. The Young Communist League claims 4,503 members and circulation
of the Daily Worker was claimed to have been 61,105 in November 1962.
Among the themes that the party stressed during 1962 were opposition to UK entry into the European Economic
Community, to US policy on Cuba, to US bases in the UK; to resumption of nuclear tests, and to the Conser-
vative government's wage-restraint policy.
The tiny Communist Party of Northern Ireland, separate from the CPGB and the Irish Wor l.ers' Party (commu-
nist), held its Congress in Belfast, May 26-28, 1962.
100-150 The Irish Workers' Party (communist), formerly known as the Irish W,,Torkers' League, is not believed to IRELAND
(estimate) have any significant influence in the trade union movement or in politics.
WES TERN EUROP E
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COUNTRY
Date of last
natl. parl.
elections
NETHERLANDS
Mar. 12, 1959
NATIONAL PARLIAMENTARY STATUS
Communist
Netherlands Communist
Par regular
144,542 votes (2.41%)
3 seats (2%)
Socialist Workers'
Party (dissidents)
34.,723 votes (0.58%)
No seats
Non-Communist Left
Labor Party
1,821,2&5 votes
1+8 seats (32/0)
(30.370
Pacifist Socialist Party
110,499 votes (1.84%)
.2 seats (1.33%)
Center Conservative
Catholic People's Part Party for Freedom and
1,895,914 votes (31-590p) Democracy
49, seats (32.67%) 732,952 votes (12.22%)
19 seats (12.67%)
Anti-Revolutionary Part
562,996 votes 9.39%
11+ seats (9.33%)
Christian Historical Union
486,204 votes (8.10%)
12 seats (8%)
Political Reformed Party
129,621 votes (2.16%)
3 seats (2%)
Reformed Political Union
40)033 votes (0.67%)
No seats
Farmers Party
39,352 votes (0.65%)
No seats
Positive Christian
National Union
1,349 votes 0.02%)
No seats
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COMMUNIST PARTY
MEMBERSHIP SOURCES OF CONAIUNIST STRENGTH COUNTRY
12,000 (estimate) The influence of the Netherlands Communist Party is negligible; its front NETHERLANDS
groups remain ineffectual; and the communist-dominated EVC labor organization
is weak.. The impact of the Sino-Soviet rift on the party has been minimal.
A formal split in the party, which led to the establishment of a Socialist
Workers' Party in November 1959, added to its difficulties. The main centers
of communist electoral strength are in the large industrial and commercial
centers of Amsterdam, Rotterdam, and The Hague. Membership in the communist-
controlled labor unions is estimated at approximately 45 (or 20,000) of total
Dutch trade union membership, primarily among Amsterdam and Rotterdam workers
in construction, metal trades, and transport and among seamen. Communist
attempts at infiltration of noncommunist labor organizations continue to be
unsuccessful.
On September 1 the aging and ailing Secretary General of the party, Paul de
Groot, was relieved of his duties on the ground of ill health and given the
new title of Chairman of the Party. Leadership of the party is presently
being shared by Henk Hoekstra and Jaap Wolff, with the possibility that Hoekstra
will assume undivided leadership. The position of Deputy Secretary General has
been abolished. Although de Groot is now only the titular head of the party,
his personal influence and power will continue to play a large role in the
party's activities.
W E S TERN EUROPE
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COUNTRY
Date of last
natl. par]..
elections
BELGIUM
Mar. 26, 1961
NATIONAL PARLIAMENTARY STATUS
Communist Non-Co*imlunist Left Center Conservative
Communist Party Socialist Party Social Christian Party Party of Liberty and Progress
163,823 votes 3.11%) 1,933, 05 votes (36.73$) 2,182,778 votes (41.7%) 646,403 votes (12-325)
5 seats (2.36%) 84 seats (39.621,x,) 96 seats (45.28%) 20 seats (9.44
Peoples Union
179,561 votes (3.41%)
5 seats (2.36%)
Independent Party
70,000 votes (approx.)
(1.33%) -
1 seat (0.47%)
National Rail
42,398 votes o.81%)
1 seat (0.47%)
LUXEMBOURG
Communist Part
Socialist Party
Christian Socialist
Democratic Party
Feb..1, 1959*
220,425 votes (9.1%)
-
848,523 votes (31i..9%,)
Part
410,387 1$.4y6)
3 sea
us (5-77%)
17 seats (32.69%)
6977, 40 votes (36.9%)
11 seats (21.1s0
21 seats (40.39;6)
In endent
15,621 votes (0.7%)
No seats
* Each elector has as many votes as there are seats to be filled in his multi-member district. Hence
the total vote greatly exceeds the number of voters.
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COMMUNIST PARTY
MEMBERSHIP SOURCES OF COMMUNIST STRENGTH COUNTRY
11,000 estimate In the 1-9-6-1 elections the Belgian Communist Party (PCB) obtained five seats reversing for BELGIUM
the first time its continual decline during the postwar period. Communist candidates ran
for election in six of the nine provinces, hoping to benefit from the.dissatisfaction of
the Socialist left with the Socialist Party leadership, which failed wholeheartedly to
support the violent December 1960 - January 1961 strike. This hope was partially rewarded
when the party's strength rose from 1.89% in 1958 to 3.11% in 1961, primarily through the
protest votes of ordinary Socialist voters. Nevertheless, communist strength in Belgium
remains minimal; the party's front groups are ineffectual and communist labor support is very slight.
The industrial and mining areas of Liege and Hainaut provinces remain the centers of party.
strength. Communist membership in the socialist labor organization is estimated to be very
small, with the greatest strength among the public service workers, Antwerp dockers, metal-
workers, and whitecollar workers.
During 1962 increased tension in the international communist movement helped to fan
factionalism in the PCB. The Party found itself in the throes of a full-fledged crisis
when the powerful Brussels Federation opposed the Party leadership's support of Moscow's
condemnation of Albania and Communist China. The PCB has managed to contain this rift
within its ranks, but only by disciplining the rebellious federation and expelling its
leader, Jacques Grippa, from the Central Committee.
500 (estimate) The Luxembourg Communist Party remains an ineffectual force in the nation's political LUXEMBOURG
and labor spheres. Its front groups are without influence. The impact of the Sino-
Soviet rift on the party has been minimal. Communist strength is almost entirely
centralized in the urban, mining, and industrial centers of the south where the communist-
dominated labor organization has a membership estimated at 3,500. In the 1959 national
elections the party presented candidates in only two of the four electoral districts but,
in spite of a general shift to the right, they gained a fractionally larger percentage of
.the total vote than in the preceding parliamentary election in 1954.
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COUNTRY
Date of last
natl. part.
elections
FRANCE
Nov. 18 and 25, 1962
(All percentages of
votes are based on
the first round of
the election.)
NATIONAL PARLIPIM TARY STATUS
Communist Non-Communist Left
Communist Party Soci& is Party
3,992,431 votes (21.8%) 2,319,662 votes (12.70)
41 seats (8.6%) 67 seats (14.0%)
Miscellaneous Left.
449,743 otes (2.5%)
5 seats (1.1%)
Center
Radical Socialists
1,4 ,625 votes (7.9%)
44 seats (9-355)
Catholic Popular.
R ublicans
1,635,452 votes (8.9%)
38 seats (8.0%)
Conservative
UNR (Gaullist)
5,847,11.03 votes (31.90
234 seats (48.5%)
Independents
2,456,9bb votes (13.4%)
50 seats (10.5%)
Extreme Right.
159,682 votes (0.9%)
No seats
Other
No ascertainable vote
l seat ( - )
In the case of the Socialists, the Radicals, the Catholic Popular Republicans, the Independents,
and the miscellaneous Left, the number of seats assigned to each party is subject to change
because of constant realignments among the various parties.
EUROPE
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COMMUNIST PARTY
MEMBERSHIP SOURCES OF COMMUNIST STRENGTH COUNTRY
2 0,000 (estimate) The French omiu_~ st Party (PCF) was the only party opposing de Gaulle which gained FRANCE
429,000 (claim) strength in the recent election. Though the PCF remains well below its 1956 level,
.when the party commanded 25.5 percent of the popular vote and had the largest parliamentary
delegation, its vote increased by about 120,000 as compared to 1958, its share of the popular
vote by almost 3 percent, and its parliamentary seats from 10 to 41. The most important
aspect of tYfe recent election, however, is the fact that the defeat of all the other anti-
Gaullist parties has contributed to an improvement in the PCF's political position by lowering
the barriers that have separated the Communists from the other parties since 1947. This
situation contributed to widespread electoral collaboration between Socialists and Communists
in the second round of the election and has brought about a cautious rapprochement between the
two parties.as a result of their common dislike of the present regime. The results of the
recent election suggest that the PCF continues to derive its chief support from urban workers,
both industrial and whitecollar, particularly in the Paris area and the industrialized north,
traditional strongholds of the party, as well as from farmers and farm laborers in the rural
areas of central France and near the Mediterranean coast.
The Communists still control the largest French trade union, the Confed4ration Gdne'rale du
Travail (CGT), although its membership now is only about 1 million compared to almost
million in 1947. The party still operates numerous front organizations, although many of
them are only "paper" organizations. Party membership has remained stable over the last
few years, but it is aging. The party leadership's iron control over its members seems to have
kept dissension in the party to a minimum in the wake of the increasing turmoil in the inter-
national communist movement.
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COUNTRY
Date of last
nat'l. parl.
elections
ITALY
May 25-26, 1958
Chamber of Deputies,
total seats: 596
(Distribution as of
Dec. 15, 1961)
NATIONAL PARLIAMENTARY STATUS
I Communist
Italian Communist Party PCI
6,707+,454 votes (22.7%)
141 seats (23.7%)
Non-Communist Left
Italian Socialist Part
(PSI)
4,-2-9,726 votes (14.2%x)
87 seats (14.60)
Center
Republican-Radical
Parties PRI-PR
405,7$2 votes 1.4)
6 seats (1%)
Italian Democratic
Socialist Party PSDI
1,345,477 votes (4.5%)
19 seats (3.2%)
Christian Democracy
DC
12,520,207 votes (42.4%)
273 seats (45.8%)
Liberal Party (PLI)
1,047,061 votes 3.50)
21 seats (3.5%)
Other groups
465,936 votes (1.7%)
16 seats (2.7%)
NOTE: The. present distribution of seats differs slightly from that of.1958
because.of movements of individual deputies from one party to another
and the disintegration of the Monarchists after that year.
Riot
Monarchists (various
parties
1,436,916 votes (4.8%)
9 seats (.1.50)
Italian Social
Movement HSI
(Fascist)
1,407,71:8 votes (4.8%)
24 seats (4%)
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COMMUNIST PARTY
MEMBERSHIP
1,200,000
1,500,000
(estimate)
1,729,000 (claim
Oct. 1961)
SOURCES OF COMMUNIST STRENGTH COUNTRY
The Italian Communist Party has supporters in almost every social class and in every ITALY
geographic area of Italy. Most of its members, however, are urban workers (40%), farm
laborers (180), and tenant farmers (12%). The dedication of its cadres, many of whom
were formed in 20 years of underground and exile opposition to the Fascist regime, is
one of the main sources of party strength; a second major source of strength is grass-
roots political work; and a third is the party's propaganda machinery, which uses both
an extensive daily and periodical press and pervasive face-to-face communication to win
and hold supporters. The Co~riiraunists dominate Italy's largest trade union and cooperative
organizations, the Italian General Confederation of Labor (CGIL), and the National League
of Cooperatives. In coalition with the Nenni Socialists (PSI), the Communists control
some 1,300 local governments, about one-sixth of the country's total.
While PCI membership has declined, somewhat in recent years, its electoral strength has
shown remarkable stability. Nevertheless, in the local by-elections of June and November
1962, the communist popular vote suffered a slight decline in comparison to the 1960 and
1961 local elections. The most important development reducing the strength and influence
of the PCI is the deterioration of its relations with the PSI, with whom the Communists
were allied by a "Unity of Action Pact" from 1934 to 1956. While the PSI still collaborates
with the Communists in the CGIL, in cooperatives, and in many local administrations, the two
parties have drifted apart slowly but significantly in recent years. PSI parliamentary
collaboration with the present "center-left" government of Premier Fanfani has increased
communist isolation and has pushed the PCI further away from its erstwhile Socialist allies.
NOTE: The Communist Party of San Marino, while nominally independent, is an offshoot of
the Italian Communist Party.
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l1
COUNTRY
Date of last
nat' 1. part.
elections
NATIONAL PARLIAMENTARY STATUS
The Spanish regime is a coalition of conservative groups under the dictatorship of Generalissimo Franco.
These groups consist of the National Movement (Falange) -- the only legal party -- the army, the church,
and the conservative business and landholding classes. Most members of the Cortes, or parliament,
represent these groups. Over a third are ex-officio members, about 10% are appointed by Franco, and
the rest are indirectly elected under strict government supervision. Such elections take place over a
period of several months; the last elections occurred in late 1959 and early 1960.
PORTUGAL Portugal is governed by an authoritarian regime under the control of Prime Minister Antonio Salazar.
Nov. 1957 Only one legal party, the National Union, is allowed to function. All members of the National
Assembly, the lower legislative house, are either members of, or fully support, the National -Union.
At the National Assembly election held in November 1961, some opposition candidates withdrew at the
last moment, and the National Union candidates were automatically elected in all districts.
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COMMUNIST PARTY
MEMBERSHIP SOURCES OF COMMUNIST SZR:;l'GTH COUNTRY
5,000 Since the end of the Civil War in 1939, the Spanish Communist Party Partido Communista Espanol -- SPAIN
(estimate) PCE) has been illegal; laws passed in 1939 and 19+0 established criminal penalties for membersb p in the
party and participation in communist-sponsored political activities. However, despite periodic its
of known and suspected party members and sympathizers, the PCE has maintained an active underground
organization that engages in recruitment, the dissemination of propaganda, and occasionally in strikes
and demonstrations. During the major strike wave of April-June 1962, the PCE sought to capitalize on
worker discontent, but failed. Other opposition groups in Spain and in exile generally refuse to
collaborate with the Communists, but in recent years the PCE has had some success in appealing to younger
Socialists within Spain for joint anti-regime activities. Spanish Communists are also active'in the
Revolutionary Directorate for Iberian Liberation (commonly known as DRIL), which is based in Latin
America and aims to overthrow both the Salazar regime in Portugal and the Franco regime in Spain.
Within Spain, communist party members are found in most urban centers and are drawn mainly from classes
of manual workers and intellectuals. PCE members and organizations also operate in communist countries,
France, North Africa and Latin America. AI1iough the top PCE leaders are usually in communist countries,.
most party members outside Spain are in France,` despite the fact that PCE organizations and press organs
were outlawed in France in 1950.
Communist propaganda reaches Spain clandestinely in the form of leaflets and a number of more or less
regular publications, of which Mundo Obrero (Workers' World), an official monthly, is the most important.
Communist propaganda is also transmitted through communist radio broadcasts and through Radio Espana
Independiente,,which identifies itself as a clandestine transmitter in the Pyrenees but actually operates
from Eastern Europe.
2,000 Because of its illegal status, the Portuguese Communist Party (Partido Communista Portugues -- PCP PORTUGAL
(estimate) operates as an underground and exile organization. Within Portugal, the PCP is hampered by constant
police surveillance and-periodic arrests; many rank-and-file members and some top leaders are now in
prison. The party nevertheless has had some success. in maintaining an underground organization, re-
cruiting new members, disseminating propaganda, and penetrating noncommunist opposition groups. During
an unprecedented series of popular demonstrations in Lisbon and Oporto in the first half of 1962, the PCP
sought to increase its following among the numerous discontented elements there. PCP activities along
this line decreased sharply, however, after a number of party leaders were arrested in June.
Communist membership within Portugal consists mainly of urban workers (concentrated in Lisbon and Oporto),
a small number of farm laborers (concentrated in the Upper Alentejo area), and a minority of middle class
groups, including younger intellectuals. PCP members are also active in France, Brazil and the Portuguese
African colonies of Angola and Mozambique.
Communist propaganda is distributed clandestinely in the form of leafle s, pamL et de in with cial
subjects, and a number of fairly regular periodicals, including Avante (Forwarpd.~, tie oic al wont y.
This domestic propaganda is supplemented by short daily broadcasts in Portuguese from Radio Moscow.
WESTERN EUR OP E
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.16
COUNTRY
Date of last
natl. part.
elections
SWITZERLAND
Oct. 214-25, 1959
Communist
Communist Part
Partei der Arbeit)
Estimated vote:
26,000 votes (2.7%)
3 seats (1.5%)
Non-Communist Left Center _ Conservative
Social Democratic Party Radical Democratic Party Catholic Conservative Party
264,000 votes 2 .3 238,000 votes 23.7 237,000 votes 23.
51 seats (26%) 51 seats (26%) 47 seats (24%)
Peasant, Artisan, and
Middle-Class Part
117,000 votes 11.7%)
23 seats (11.7%)
----------------------------
Others. 122,000 votes (12.0,)
21 seats (10.8%)
AUSTRIA
Nov. 1$, 1962
Communist Party and
Left Socialists
135,482 votes (3.0%)
No seats
Socialist Party Austrian People's Party Liberal Party of Austria
1,9 0,590 votes (44.0,) 2,02 ,579 votes 5. formerly Union of
76 seats (46.10) 81 seats (49.10 Independents)
314,596 votes (7-0%)
8 seats
Various minor groups
21,535 votes 0.5 *
* Vote percentages total less than 100% due to rounding of,decimals.
NATIONAL PARLIAMENTARY STATUS
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COMMUNIST PARTY
MEMBERSHIP SOURCES OF COMMUNIST STRENGTH COUNTRY
6,000 (estimate) The small Swiss Communist Party -- known as the Partei der Arbeit or Parti du Travail -- SWITZERLAND.
has no appreciable influence among the essentially conservative Swiss population. Upon
its reemergence in 1947 after the wartime ban on the Party, it elected 7 deputies to the
National Council (lower house of parliament) and polled almost 50,000 votes (5.1%).
However, in 1959 the party elected only 3 deputies, all from French-speaking Switzerland,
and received 26,000 votes in the 5 cantons in which lists of candidates were presented.
Party voting strength since 1951 has remained fairly constant. The main concentration
of communist strength today is in the canton of Geneva. The party's growth has been
continually inhibited by internal struggles, failure of the communist front organizations
to expand, and adherence by the party to unpopular Moscow lines.
50,000 (estimate) The Austrian Communist P arty has steadily declined in influence since 1949. It has not AUSTRIA
been represented in the National Council (lower house of parliament) since 1959, and in
the 1962 election its popular vote declined in both absolute and relative terms to its
lowest point since World War II -- 3% of the total, compared with about 5% in elections
prior to 1959. Communist strength in the powerful Austrian trade union organizations
is limited to a small segment of industrial workers, chiefly in Vienna and the oilfields
of northeastern Austria. Coim=ist front organizations have negligible support among the
Austrian population. The party's unpopularity is heightened by the rigid adherence of its
leadership to Moscow. During 1962, the party has suffered from rifts among its followers
in the wake of the recent more extensive de-Stalinization campaign in the Soviet Union and
as a result of the deterioration in Sino-Soviet relations.
CENTRAL EUROP E
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COUNTRY
NATIONAL PARLIAMENTARY STATUS
Date of last
natl. parl.
elections
Communist
Non-Communist Left
Center
Conservative
GERMANY
Communist Party
Social Democratic Part
Christian Democratic
Free Democratic Party
Federal Republic
Not eligible to
11,427,353 votes 36.20 )
Union Christian
,02,765 votes 12. %)
of Germany)
participate
190 seats (38.1%)
Social Union
67 seats (13.4%)
Sept. 17, 1961
1 ,2 ,372 votes (45.3%)
All-German Party
(seats as of
Communist-Front
242 seats (48.5%)
combination of German
Dec. 1961)
German Peace Union
Party and All-German
609,918 votes 1.9%)
Bloc or refugee party)
Includes Saarland
No seats
970,757 votes (2.8%)
as of Jan. 1, 1957
-----------------------------------------
No seats
Others
Minor groups including ultranationalists
315,73 votes
No_seats
1
GERMANY
Socialist Unity Part
Social Democratic Party
Christian Democratic Union
German Party
West Berlin)
31,572 votes
1.9
50,127 votes 52.
609,097 votes 37.7
53,912 votes (3.3%)
House of
No seats.
78 seats (58.6%)
55 seats (41.4%)
Free Democratic Party
No seats
Representatives
61,119 votes 3.
Dec. 7, 1958
NOTE:
No other parties eligible
No seats
(seats as of
to participate in
Free People's Party
Dec= 1961)
Dec . 7, 1958 elections
(Split off from Free Democratic Party 1956)
10,681 votes (0.7%)
No seats
GERMANY The 195 parliamentary elections were conducted on orthodox communist patterns,i.e. a "National Front"
German Democratic representing the Socialist Unity Party (SED), four satellite parties, and various mass social organi-
Republic and East zations received 99.87% of the total vote on a single list basis. 13% of the vote was either invalid
Berlin) or negative. In addition to the 400 voting members of the parliament (Volkskammer), 66 deputies without
Nov. 16, 1958 voting rights represent East Berlin. (East Berlin has its own 180 member legislature, whose election
and composition is analogous to the Volkskammer). Although termed in the Constitution the highest organ
of the State, with budgetary, legislative, and planning authority, the Volkskammer is a rubber-stamp for
previously devised SED proposals. There exists no trace of parliamentary debate in its session, which
are usually very short and initiated for ad hoc approval of major regime moves.
C E N T R A L E U R O P E
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COMMUNIST PARTY COUNTRY
MEMBERSHIP SOURCES OF COMMUNIST STRENGTH
35,000 - 50,000 The West German Communist Party KPD was outlawed by order of the Federal Constitutional GERMANY
(estimate) Court on August 17, 1956. At that time it had only a limited influence in the politics and (Federal
society of the Federal Republic, and had long been recognized as simply an appendage of the Republic of
East German Communist Party (SED). Since 1956 communist candidates running in State and Germany)
Federal elections have obtained only a negligible fraction of the vote. The scattered
communist influence in organized labor is limited to the coal mining, metallurgical, and
shipbuilding industries; Communists are not represented in the leadership of any national
trade union organization. Most German communist-front organizations, operating out of East
Berlin, have been outlawed in the Federal Republic. There are an estimated 5,000 party members
active in illegal operations.
Less than 5,000 Communists in West Berlin are organized as part of the East German SED. The legal status GERMANY
(estimate) of the SED organization in West Berlin is not affected by the outlawing of the KPD in the (West Berlin)
Federsl (West Berlin) Republic. However, the actual influence of the SED in West Berlin
is. nil.
1,610,000 Maintaining a facade of multiparty government through the existence of four non-SED GERMANY
(official claim, groups represented in the Volkskammer, the East German regime is completely dominated (German
Dec. 31, 1961) by the SED, which in turn controls all aspects of national activity. Party member- Democratic
ship as of December 1961 reflected a plurality of white-collar workers and intelli- Republic and
gentsia, followed by workers, who represent about one-third of the total, and peasants, East Berlin)
who, having firmly resisted recruiting pressure, constitute less than 1010 of the total.
Women currently make up one-quarter of membership, while the number of youths (under 25)
is less than 1050.
The highest levels of the East German government are almost entirely composed of SED
Central Committee members. Party First Secretary Ulbricht - who is also head of state -
has succeeded in retaining his dominant position longer than any other East European
Communist leader by means of Soviet support and successive purges of actual or potential
opposition elements. Although control facilities have been greatly strengthened by the
erection of the Berlin Wall, the East German authorities continue to be isolated from the
populace by a barrier of distrust and popular contempt, and are, in effect, dependent upon
the security services and Soviet armed force for their continued survival.
C E N T R A L E U R O P E
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COUNTRY
Date of last
natl. part.
elections
ICELAND
Oct. 25-26, 1959
NATIONAL PARLIAMENTARY STA.TJS
Communist Non-Commiunist Left Center
Labor Alliance Social Democratic Party Progressive Party
Communist-front) 12,910 votes (15.2%)
21.,88 v~ otes 25,70
13,621 votes (16%) 9 seats (15%) 17 seats (28.3%)
10 seats (16.7%)
National Defense Party
2,882 votes 3. )
No seats
DENMARK
Nov. 15, 1960
Communist Party Social Democratic Part Radical Liberal Part27,3+5 votes (1.1%) 1,024,039 votes 2.1 140,608 votes 5.8%)'-
No seats 76 seats (42.5%) 11 seats (6.1%)
Socialist Peoples Part
149,482 votes
( .2
11 seats (6.1%)
Conservative
Conservative Part
33,798 votes 39.7%)
24 seats (40%)
Conservative Part
436;005 votes 17.9%)
32 seats (17.9%)
Independent Party
1,09 votes 3.3`x)
6 seats (3.4%)
Moderate Liberal Party
511,388 votes 21
38 seats (21.2%)
Justice Party
52,232 votes (2.2%)
No seats
Five seats, in addition to those listed in this chart, are held by Greenland (2), the Faeroe Islands (2), and
the Slesvig Party (1). These groups are constitutionally overrepresented in the Folketing. The two Greenland
delegates and one Faeroese delegate have agreed to support the new Social Democratic-Radical Liberal Government,
giving it a working majority.
N O R T H E R N E U R O P E
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COMMUNIST PARTY
MEMBERSHIP SOURCES OF COMMUNIST STRENGTH COUNTRY
950 - 1,000 Communist strength in Iceland has declined since 1959, at first in the general elections of ICELAND
(estimate) that year and more recently in the 1962 local governmental and trade union elections. As a
result, the communist-controlled Labor Alliance lost much of its representation in local and
provincial councils. The Alliance also found itself in a minority at the November 1962 con-
vention of the Icelandic Federation of Labor (IFL), which dominates the Icelandic trade union
movement. The position of the Communists nevertheless remains formidable. Cooperation of the
Progressive Party has allowed the Labor Alliance to retain the chairmanship of the IFL as well
as a majority of the seats on its executive board. Thus the power of the Communists to harass
the government's program of economic stabilization remains great, and communist-controlled unions
have already given notice of their intention of again seeking increases in wages and wage bene-
fits, similar to those secured in 1961. For their part, the Conservatives and particularly the
Social Democrats, who are joined in the government coalition, have been reluctant to oppose such
demands for fear of alienating labor support in the forthcoming general elections. Nevertheless,
Social Democratic-Conservative campaigns against the Communists continue to be effective, and
the Progressives have ceased to cooperate with them in parliament and in campaigns against
Icelandic participation in NATO. Factionalism within the party, fanned by conflicts in the
international communist movement, have also hindered its activities.
5,000 (estimate) The pacifist and neutralist Socialist Peoples Party SFP dealt the Danish Communist Party DENMARK
(DKP) a crushing blow in the November 1960 Folketing elections, winning 11 seats while the
D lost its entire Folketing representation. The SFP appears to have won most of the former
DKP electorate, while gaining sizable numbers of voters from the Radical. Liberal, Justice,
and left-wing Social Democratic parties. The durability of the SFP is still uncertain; much
of its appeal seems centered in the personality of its leader and only really prominent figure,
Aksel Larsen, former Chairman of the DKP. Apparently free of Soviet influence, the SFP pro-
vided a "respectable" place to register pacifist, neutralist, and radical economic sentiment.
DKP party membership has remained largely unaltered, however, despite the extent of the party's
electoral losses. DKP and SFP followers are largely concentrated in urban areas, particularly
in Copenhagen and four or five other large provincial cities. The Communists and SFP control
less than 5% of organized labor, and no national labor unions.
N O R T H E R N E U R O P E
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COUNTRY
NATIONAL PARLIAMENTARY STATUS
Date of last
nat'1. part.
elections
Communist
Non-Communist Left
Center
Conservative
NORWAY
Communist Party
Labor Party
Liberal Part
C
y
onservative Party
Sept. 11,
1961
53,000 votes 2.9,)
7,000 votes (46.8%)
129,000 votes (7.2%)
336,000 votes 19.1,)
74 seats (49.4%)
14 seats (9.3%)
29 seats (19.3%)
Socialist Peoples Party
Christian Peoples Party
Center Party
42,000 votes 2.
169,000 votes 9.0
125,000 votes (6.8%)
2 seats (1-3%)
15 seats (10.0%)
16 seats (10.7%)
Electoral percentages do not add to 100.
SWEDEN
Sept. 18, 1960
Communist Party
190,559 votes (4-W
5 seats (2.2%)
Social Democratic Part
2,032,937 votes 7.
114 seats (49.10)
Liberal Party
7++,097 votes (17.5%)
40 seats (17.2%)
Center-Agrarian Party
579,006 votes (13.6%)
34 seats (14.7%)
Conservative Part
W4,412 votes (16.6%)
39 seats (16.8%)
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COMMUNIST PARTY
MEMBERSHIP SOURCES OF COMMUNIST STRENGTH COUNTRY
7000 - 5,000- The Norwegian Communist Party (NKP) lost its single parliamentary seat in the September NORWAY
(estimate) 1961 parliamentary election and its percentage of the vote dropped from the 3.38% which
it received in the 1957 election to 2.90. This loss is attributed largely to the establish-
ment of the pacifist Socialist Peoples Party, which ran for the first time and gained the
support of the Communists. The principal centers of communist support lie in Finnmark, the
northernmost province, and in the Buskerud, Bergen, and Hedmark provinces. Communists control
no national labor unions, and there are no known Communists among the national officers of the
Norwegian Federation of Labor Unions (LO). Out of a total LO membership of approximately
550,000, less than 10011. are Communists. Communists are strongest in the construction industry
and include workers in the iron and metal, wood, transportation, and electro-chemical industries.
The only remaining communist newspaper in Norway is Friheten, which has a small circulation.
Factionalism among party leaders, fanned by conflicts in the international communist movement,
has increased to where it threatens party unity.
25,000 (estimate) In the -1960 parliamentary elections the Swedish Communist Party (SKP) regained most of the SWEDEN
losses it suffered as a result of Swedish reaction to Soviet suppression of the Hungarian
revolution but still received only 4.5% of the vote. This compares to 3.4 in the June 1958
special election, about 4`in the 1958 local government elections, and 4.6% in the 1956
regular election. In the 1962 local elections its share of the vote dropped to 3.8%. It
holds only five out of-252 seats in the Second Chamber-of Parliament, and it continues to
be isolated by all noncommunist parties. SKP electoral support is concentrated in the
traditional strongholds of Norrbotten Province in the far north, the port city of Goteborg,
Ggvleborg Province in east central Sweden, and the capital city, Stockholm (in the order of
descending electoral district percentages). Communist electoral strength increased slightly
in 1960 in G8teborg (8.8~ to 9.3;0) and Gdvleborg Province (7.6% to 9.1fl) but it continued
to decline in Norrbotten (16.1';% to 15.5%). The Party's attempts to foster cooperation with
the Social Democrats as a manifestation of "working class solidarity" have met with failure
at the trade union level as well as in national and local government politics. Communists
control no national unions and only about 80 of the approximately 9,000 union locals. They
lost slightly in 1961 elections of leaders of trade union locals. What little support the
Commmmists retain in trade union locals is found largely in the building and construction
workers and forestry workers' unions.
NORTHERN EUROPE
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COUNTRY
NATIONAL PARLIAME
D
t
of l
NTARY STATUS
a
e
ast
nat'l. parl.
elections
Communist
Non-Communist Left
Center
C
FINLAND
Finnish People's
i
l
S
onservative
b. 4
oc
a
Democratic Part
Agrarian Party
National Coalition
Fe
-5, 1962
Democratic League
SKDL
(Ri
ht
i
s
g
-w
ng Socialist
525,491 votes (23%)
Party
507,124 votes 22 0
4
2
448,930 votes (19.5%)
53 seats (26.5%)
346,638 votes (15%)
7 seats (
3.5%)
38 seats (19%)
Swedish People's party
32 seats (16%)
Workers' and Small Farmers'
14775 votes
14 seats (7%)
Social Democratic League
(Skogists) Left-wing
Finnish People's Party
Socialists)
146,005 votes 6.3
100,394 votes (4.4%)
2 seats (1%)
13 seats (6.5%
Liberal Union
12,000 votes (0.5%)
1 seat (0.5%)
Other groups
,b~+ 759 votes (2.9%)
No seats
N O R T H E R N
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COMMUNIST PARTY
MEMBERSHIP SOURCES OF COMMUNIST STRENGTH COUNTRY
0,000 estimate The Finnish Communist Party (SKP) is represented in Parliament by the Finnish People's FINLAND
Democratic League (SKDL), a front organization dominated by Communists and including
radical labor and small-farmer elements. SKDL voting strength after World War II has
remained fairly stable in relation to that of the noncommunist parties. In the 1962
parliamentary elections the SKDL polled 226 of the votes, compared to 23.2% in 1958.
Although the Communist Party controls 47 of the 200 seats in Parliament, communist
efforts to infiltrate other branches of the national government have failed, mainly
because of the strictly enforced merit system. They have not been represented in the
cabinet since 1948.
Communist influence is strongest in Lapland, the underdeveloped northernmost province
of Finland, and in urban industrial centers. The most important area of communist
penetration is the Confederation of Finnish Trade Unions (SAK), member of the Inter-
national Confederation of Free Trade Unions (ICFTU) since July 1957. Communists
have taken advantage-of the open split which occurred in early 1957 in the Social
Democratic Party and the consequent fight between Social Democrats and Skogists
within-the SAK leadership. In May 1960, the Skogists with communist support gained
control of the SAK with the result that the Social Democrats in November 1960 formed
,a rival confederation, the Finnish.Trade Union Organization (SAJ). This organization
comprised 15 unions with about 70,000-members in late 1962. Communists and fellow-
travelers control only 7 of the remaining 23 SAK unions, but account for about 60% of
their 150,000 members. The greatest obstacle to further growth of communism in Finland
is the Finnish people's inherent distrust and dislike of Russia, Tsarist and Soviet
alike, to which communism and the SKP are closely linked. Many Finnish Communists have
long realized that a nationalist brand of communism would have greater appeal among the
Finns than the slavish devotion to the Soviet party demonstrated by most SKP leaders.
Recent reports indicate the emergence of a nationalist opposition group within the
hitherto monolithic SKP.
N O R T H E R N E U R O P E
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COUNTRY NATIONAL PARLIAMENTARY STATUS
Date of last
nat'l parl.
elections Communist-controlled Bloc Non-Communist Opposition
ALBANIA Communist-controlled Democratic Front (Single list) Votes against - 37 less than
June 3, 1962 389,868 votes were cast of a total electorate of 889,974 Invalid - 3 ) 00.01,
889,828 votes were cast in favor of regime candidates (99.99 plus %)
214 seats (100%)
BULGARIA
Feb. 25, 1962
Communist-sponsored s n e is
Fatherland Front
'5, ,517 votes (99.90 1,668 opposition votes
321. deputies (100%) 3,625 invalid ballots
E A S T E R N E U R O P E
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COMMUNIST PARTY
MI BERSHIP
"About" 53,000
members
(official claim,
Nov. 1962)
506,261 members
22,413 candidate
members
(official claim,
Nov., 1962)
SOURCES OF COMMUNIST STRENGTH COUNTRY
The membership of the Albanian Workers' communist Party has increased by about 15,000 ALBANIA
since 1956. This small increase reflects purges intended .to "strengthen the quality of
the ranks", staged at the same time as the recruitment. Despite the periodic purges of
unreliables and efforts to improve quality, however, the educational, ideological, and
cultural level of members is poor.
The regime claims that the percentage of workers in the party has increased from 29.6% at
the time of the February 1961 Congress to 30.3% in November 1962. Since the 1956 Congress,
about 50 percent of the members accepted in the party have been workers as compared with
33.7% between 1952 and 1956. The 1961 social composition of the party was as follows:
industrial workers 29.7%, peasants on cooperative farms 23.6%, private peasants 3.2%,
employees and white collar workers 41.9% and others 1.6%.
Since the Albanian leadership dispute with the Soviet Union, purges of high and low level
officials have removed pro-Soviet elements from party ranks. Subsequent to the open break
with Moscow at the 22nd.CPSU Congress, the party's main external source of strength is
Communist China, and it has received popular support for its break with the Soviet Union,
despite basic opposition to communism.
Party members and candidates constitute of the country's population. Workers constitute BULGARIA
the largest category in the party (over 40%), and the largest category among new members.,
The proportion of collective farmers in the party is high, constituting 28.5%. White
collar and intelligentsia membership is increasing and constitutes 28.40 of total.
The Party has been plagued by factional and power struggles which resulted in a major purge
of Stalinists and of opponents of Party First Secretary Todor Zhivkov at the Party's Eighth
Congress (November 1962). At the Congress the Party's leadership was strengthened markedly
and the Party pledged itself to follow the CPSU line in its policies, but its Stalinist
orientation has not been wholly eradicated.
EASTER N E U R O P E
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COUNTRY
Date of last
nat'l part.
elections
CZECHOSLOVAKIA
June 12, 1960
Nov. 16, 1958
NATIONAL PARLIAMENTARY STATUS
Communist-Controlled Bloc
Communist-sponsored single list (National Front,
a coalition of puppet political parties and mass
organizations controlled by the Communist Party).
9,059,838 (99.86%) votes cast for National Front
candidates
300 seats (100%)
Communist-sponsored single list
Patriotic People's Front
6,431,832 votes 99.6$j
(The total vote cast was 6,493,680 out of total eligible
vote of 6,600,686.)
338 seats (100%)
Non-Communist Opposition
12,819 invalid ballots
12,775 (0.14?) ballots cast
against National Front
candidates
26,691 no votes (0.04%)
32,010 invalid ballots)
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COMMUNIST PARTY
MEMBERSHIP
1,680 , 19 members
92,230 candidates
(claim Oct. 1,
1962)
511,565 members
(official claim,
Nov. 1962)
SOURCES OF COMMUNIST STRENGTH COUNTRY
The Communist Party of Czechoslovakia, comprising about 11. of the total popu- CZECHOSLOVAKIA
lation of Czechoslovakia, is proportionately ore of the largest, if not the largest,
communist party in the world. Party membership has been traditionally higher in the
Czech lands of Bohemia and Moravia than in Slovakia.
The party leadership. has over the years attempted to recruit more youth, workers and
peasants. into the ranks. The party's age composition is said to have improved.in 1961
and the membership's average age at-that time was alleged to be 45. Almost half of the
new candidates to the party (the period of candidacy in the party was reduced in 1960
from two years to one year) was reported to be under 26 years of age. A ratio of 80%
worker-peasants and 20% other categories appears to be the basic directive for admission
to the party. In 1961, the party claimed that workers represented half the membership
and that one of every five workers engaged in production was a party member.
In rebuilding the Hungarian Socialist Workers' Party after the 1956 revolt, the Kadar HUNGARY
regime has not attempted to restore it to its Previous., nearly double the third of the total membership and the
size. Industrial workers constitute roughly a
Party has its strongest organization in Budapest.
In 1962 the Party leadership began a gradual purge of county and local Party organizations
removing "dogmatic" officials opposed to its pragmatic policies, reaffirmed its anti-
Stalinist stance through expulsion from the Party of former Stalinist leaders, and
strengthened its hand by purging two opponents from the top Party organs. A Party Congress,
held in November 1962, reaffirmed Kadar's policies and increased the number of pranatic.ani
efficient Kadar-supports on boththe Politouro and the Secretariat. A cautious policy of
,national reconciliation and emphatic ,support of CPSU characterizes the current Party line.
EASTERN E U R O P E
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COUNTRY
Date of last
nat'1 pail.
elections
POLAND
April 16, 1961
RUMANIA
March 5, 1961
NATIONAL PARLIAMENTARY STATUS
Communist-Controlled Bloc
National Unity Front
17,653,646 votes (94-83% of electorate)
98.34% of total votes cast for National
Unity Front candidates.
There were 616 candidates for 460 seats
with communist majority assured.
Communists hold 55% of the seats.
Communist-sponsored single list
People's Democratic Front
12,368,786 votes 99.77
456 seats (100%)
Non-Communist Opposition
24,461 "no" votes (0.4)
5,552 invalid ballots (0-03%)
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COMMUNIST PARTY
i4EMBERSHIP
1,123,151 members
& 213,808 candi-
dates (official
claim as of
March 31, 1962)
SOURCES OF COMMUNIST STRE1`1GH COUNTRY
The Polish United Workers' Party communist is continuing its mild expansion begun POLAND
in 1960, but there is no apparent intent to have the membership exceed its present
level of 4~0 of the country's population. White collar workers and the intelligentsia
still constitute the largest single membership category (approximately 42',); industrial
workers are the next largest group (approximately 41%). The percentage of peasants, in
spite of recruitment efforts, appears to have remained stationary (12%). The Party claims
to have had some recruiting success among professionals, particularly doctors, whose
membership is said to have increased by a third, but the total number of Party members in
that profession is believed to be very small. Approximately a third of total Party
membership has joined since 1958 as a result of a turnover promoted by the Party itself.
Renewal of de-Stalinization elsewhere in Eastern Europe has had no internal effect on the
anti-Stalinist Polish-Party which had completed its own purges long before. Rather it has
had the effect of boosting the standing of the Polish Party in the world communist move-
ment.
Current membership in the Rumanian Workers' communist Party is the highest since 1948, RUMANIA
reflecting the fact that there have been no membership purges for the past four years,
while recruitment has been stepped up. Although "improvement" in the party's social
composition has been below expectation, the number of members of worker origin has in-
creased from-42.6% in 1955 to 51.10 in May 1962. Peasants constitute 22.70, function-
aries 23.4%, and "others" 2.8% of the membership. The chief source of the Party's
strength lies in the traditional passivity of the Rumanians combined with rigid controls.
The chief potential weakness is historical antipathy toward communism and the Soviet
Union.
E A S T E R N E U R O P E
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 COUNTRY
Date of last
nat'l parl.
elections
UNION OF SOVIET
SOCIALIST REPUBLICS
march 18, 1962
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Communist-Controlled Bloc
"Bloc of Communists and
Non Part Peoples"
139,210, 31 votes 99.47%)
791 delegates (100%) --
Council of the Union
139,391,455 votes (99.60%)
652 delegates (100) --
Council of Nationalities
NATIONAL PARLIAMENTARY STATUS
The delegates in each council
include seven representing
Soviet military forces stationed
abroad.
EASTERN EUROPE
Non-Corm=ist Opposition
746,563 n' o votes
815 invalid ballots
56+,155 "no" votes
706 invalid ballots
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COMMUNIST PARTY
--1- SOURCES OF COMMUNIST STRENGTH
(official claim) public and state." It is a highly cuscipiineo. n~erareui~u.L Vle W"y~AA ..,. _ REPUBLICS
sectors of Soviet political, economic, and social life. The totalitarian nature of
the regime is due to the comprehensiveness of party controls and authority. It is
universally recognized as the ruling organ of Soviet society, and while the degree
of its popular support is questionable, broad acquiescence to its rule is not.
Despite its attempts to counteract the tendency Jf the Part to become isolated from
the public at large and to become a conventional ruling caste more conscious of its
power, privilege and promotion through extensive recruitment in recent years, the Party
remains essentially a white collar organization of careerists. Its membership comprises
about 8% of the adult population, including 12% of the male and only 2% of female popu-
lation. About 6 times as many Party members work in urban areas as opposed to farming.
The highest concentrations of membership are found in the upper echelons of society: more
than one-third of all university graduates are Party members, as opposed to less than 4%
of collective farmers. In proportion to population, the peoples in the areas annexed by
the Soviet regime during WW II are notably underrepresented in the Party, as well as the
peoples of Central Asia. But all important positions in Soviet society are staffed by
Communists thereby insuring the Party's continued dominance.
EASTERN EUROPE
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34
COUNTRY
Date of last
nat'l parl.
elections
NATIONAL PARLIAMENTARY STATUS
YUGOSLAVIA (Yugoslavia is currently preparing the promulgation of a new constitution which, while retaining
March 23, 1958 the distinctive features of Tito's communism, would change several important elements of parliamen-
tarian election, structure, and process. The current term of members of parliament has been extended
until the new constitution is adopted.)
The Yugoslav parliament (Narodna Skupstina) consists of two equal houses, and a sub-chamber dealing
with questions concerning two or more of the six federal republics.
Non-Communist Opposition
Federal Council Federal Council
The Federal Council has 371 deputies, 301 of whom are Abstentions and invalidated
elected directly on the basis of one to every 60,000 ballots amounted to 9.11%
inhabitants, and 70 of whom are delegated by the various in the 1958 elections. Six
republican and autonomous provincial assemblies. These seats of the total of 371
delegated deputies form the Chamber of Nationalities, which were contested on the ballot.
functions as an optional sub-division of the parliament on
matters of legislation concerning more than one republic,
e.g. constitutional changes, the economic plan, inter-
republican disputes, etc. Virtually all candidates in the
1958 election were nominated by the communist-dominated
Socialist Alliance of the Working People of Yugoslavia (SAWPY).
Council of Producers Council of Producers
The Council of Producers has 216 deputies elected indirectly 79 electors in the industrial
by members of economic organizations in the ratio of one deputy category, and 5 in the agri-
to every 70,000 members. The deputies are divided into two cultural category cast invalid
categories: a) those representing industry, trade, and handi- ballots.
crafts (168), and b) those representing agriculture (48). This
division is adjusted according to percentual contribution to
total national income. The regime-controlled Federation of
Trade Unions plays a key role in the nomination of candidates.
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COMMUNIST PARTY
N04B SHTP
Approximately
1 million
(official claim,
July 1962)
SOURCES OF COM11IST STREDTGT3 COUNTRY
The Union of Communists of Yugoslavia UCY differs from other ruling communist YOWSLAVIA-
parties in that it terms itself "a moral and educative force", and rejects overt
administrative control of national life. Party control is assured, however, through
its dominant position in trade unions, the national political mass organization, and
local, republican, and federal governing bodies. Membership in the UCY is practically
a requisite for political office, although this is not true in other, and important
fields of activity, e.g. science, education, foreign and domestic trade, etc. The
relatively permissive nature and the nationalist background of Yugoslav communism
have succeeded in preventing the creation of an integral opposition, while tie total
absence of a unifying, national alternative to the present Tito regime fosters its
appeal to Yugoslavs who remember the national animosities and factionalism which
marked pre-World War II-Yugoslavia-
Regional affiliation of Party membership roughly corresponds to population figures
in each of the republics, and the Party has recently expressed a desire to raise the
percentage of workers within it, which now runs about 38%.
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 36
COUNTRY_
Date of last
nat' 1 virl
elections
ALGERIA
Sept. 20, 1962
_NATIONAL -PARLIAMENTARY - TATtTS-
A Ccnsti.tuent Assemblyof 96 members has a popular mandate of one year in which to
frame a national; constitution. In the interim, a ministerial team, headed by Prime
Minister Ahmed Ben Bella, together with the Political Bureau of the National
Liberation Front (FLN), has assumed complete responsibility for the management of
national affairs.
Morocco has been an independent state since March 2, 1956. In theory, Morocco is
ruled by an absolute monarch, King Hassan II, but in practice he delegates political
power to a cabinet in which various Moroccan political groups have been represented
since independence. The present cabinet is personally headed by the King. Neither
the powerful Union Nationale des Forces,Populaires, a radical nationalist party, nor
the more conservative Istiglal are in the government. In December 1962, King Hassan
introduced a new constitution which was approved in a national referendum.
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37
COMMUNIST PARTY
MEMBERSHIP SOURCES OF COMMUNIST STRENGTH COUNTRY
5,000- ,000 The Algerian Communist Party, which had been outlawed by the French from ALGERIA
(estimate) September 12, 1955, until Algerian independence on July 3, 1962, was out-
lawed by decree of the Ben Bella Government on November 29, 1962. The
Party, however, continues to agitate for full legal status. It has some
support from student and war-veteran elements and has a large proportion
of Europeans in its membership. It has received material and financial
support and training from the Italian and especially French communist
parties. It exerts some limited influence in labor and other national
organizations. The Party central organ, Al-Hurrijya, is banned; but the
communist paper, Algier Republicain, still appears.
1,000-1,500
The Communist Party of Morocco (PCM) was outlawed in December 1952 by a
(estimate) decree of the French Protectorate administration which was continued in force
after independence.' In 1959 the government took legal action to dissolve the
party after it applied for legal status. In February 1960 an appeals court
sustained the government's action. Despite these legal restrictions, some
PCM activity is tolerated, apparently on the condition that the party label
not be used. There are no significant front groups.
MOROCCO
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 Date of t
nat'1 part.
elections!
TUNISIA Tunisia became-independent on March 20, 1956, and a republic on July 25, 1957. The Tunisian
Nov. , 1959 constitution, promulgated on June 1, 1959, provides for a pCresidential system of government
modeled in many respects on that of the United States. President Habib Bourguiba is also head
of the Neo-Destour Party, which holds all the seats in the National Assembly.
Communists
3, 461 vo s (0. ,,)
No seats
National Union (Neo-Destour and affiliates)
1,009,127 votes 99.6;
90 seats
LIBYA Libya is a constitutional monarchy with a federal system of government. Parliament consists
Jan. 17, 1960 of a Senate and a Chamber of Deputies. The Chamber is popularly elected. The Senate is chosen
partly by royal appointment and partly by indirect election. There are no organized political
parties.
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39
COMMUNIST PARTY
MEMBERSHIP SOURCES OF COMMUNIST STRENGTH COUNTRY
1,0007-estimate) Although the Parti Communiste Tunisienne (PCT) has operated legally,* its popular TUNISIA
appeal has always been limited, since it is regarded by most Tunisians as a foreign
body. This attitude is a holdover from the period of French rule, when. most PCT
members were French, and does not appear to have been altered by the fact that the
party's small membership now consists largely of Moslem and Jewish Tunisians. Like
communist parties in similar circumstances, the PCT currently gives major emphasis
to nationalist themes -- e.g., North African federation -- and tries to give them
an anti-American twist. The most active front group appears to be the Tunisian-USSR
Friendship Association. Tunisia's dominant labor organization, the General Federation
of Tunisian Workers (UGTT) is strongly anticommunist and is affiliated with the
International Confederation of Free Trade Unions (ICFTU). Communist influence in
youth and student organizations still appears to be slight. The communist paper
At-Talia (Arabic) and the communist-front Tribune du Progres (French) are Tunisia's
only real opposition newspapers.
* Note: The Party, At-Talia and Tribune du Progres were banned in early January 1963.
No organized There are no known Cbmnmmists in the Libyan Parliament, and no official communist LIBYA
party party has been formed. Communist attempts to organize appear to have been stymied
by determined government countermeasures, dating from the expulsion of suspected
Italian communist organizers during late 1951 and 1952. Soviet influence was
strengthened somewhat by the establishment in January 1956 of a Soviet Embassy but
Soviet interests have suffered since the breach in late 1958 between the USSR and
the United Arab Republic (which enjoys considerable popular sympathy). The Soviet
News Agency TASS has managed to introduce its wire services into Libya, and thus the
Soviet interpretation of news can be regularly sent to Libyan news offices. There
are no known official communist technicians in the country, but there has recently
been a notable increase in the visits of Soviet professional and cultural groups.
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 `.Grt L&ft?sigi. ~~~
SUDAN
March 1958
ETHIOPIA
Sept.-Nov. 1957
SOMALI REPUBLIC
March 1959
(Somalia)
Feb . 1960
(British
Somaliland)
Parliament was dissolved and all political parties were declared illegal by the military regime
headed by General Ibraham Abboud, which assumed power on November 17, 1958. Former leaders of
the Uinma Party, the National Unionist Party, and the Peoples Democratic Party are still pressing
for the reestablishment of some form of representative government. A national committee is
drafting a constitution, but no date has been set for return to parliamentary rule.
The Empire of Ethiopia is a monarchy. The present constitution was promulgated in 1955. The
first elections to the lower house of Parliament took place in the fall of 1957, with candidates
running as individuals since no political parties are allowed. The Senate is appointed by the
Emperor.
The independent Somali Republic was established July T, 1960. -It includes former British
Somaliland and the ex-UN Trust Territory of Somalia, which had been under Italian administration.
The Somali Republic has a unicameral parliamentary system with a president, prime minister, and
cabinet. Representatives to the former Somalia and British Somaliland legislative bodies
sit as a group in the Somali Republic National Assembly.
Parliamentary parties: Somali Youth League - 85 seats
Somali Independent Constitution Party (Hizbia Dastur Must it Sgagied - H11?S) 5 seats
Somali National League - 20 seats (ex-British Somaliland a
United Somali Party - 12 seats (ex-British Somaliland)
National United Front - 1 seat (ex-British Somaliland)
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COMMUNIST PARTY COUNTRY
MEMBERSHIP SOURCES OF COMMUNIST STRENGTH
1,500 members The Sudan Communist Party SOP has been illegal since it was founded in the SUDAN
(estimate) mid-1940's. The party's fortunes have fluctuated with such factors as its ability
to identify itself with Sudanese nationalism and its compatability with other
opposition groups. The SCP achieved its greatest popular appeal in the early
1950's during the agitation for independence, but declined in popular strength
after it opposed the 1953 Anglo-Egyptian agreement on the Sudan. When the military
regime came to power in 1958, it dissolved the SCP's political cover organization,
the Anti-Imperialist Front, and since then the SCP itself has been harassed by
sporadic repressive measures. The party's hard-core organization has apparently
remained intact, however, and Communists still exercise considerable influence among-
organized labor and university students., Soviet efforts to maintain cordial relations
with the Sudan have apparently caused some embarrassment to the SCP, which is openly
hostile to the military regime.
No organized party No political parties are permitted in Ethiopia, and the security forces have generally ETHICL'Ii
moved energetically against dissident political activity. Communist propaganda is
disseminated through a Soviet-supported hospital and information center in Addis Ababa
and through the TASS news agency. Communist representatives recruit Ethiopian students
for schools in communist countries. The USSR has begun to build a secondary school that
may be staffed in part by Soviet teachers and supplied with Soviet teaching materials.
It is to begin building an oil refinery at the port of Assab in 1963.
No organized party There has been some infiltration of political, labor and student organizations SOMALI REPUBLIC
by pro-communist elements, but there is no organized Somali communist party.
(An organization under that name was established in 1956 but dissolved after a
few months.). More than 300 Somalis are studying in communist countries at the
present time.
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442
COUNMY
Date of last
nat'l part.
elections
TANGANYIKA
November 962
UGANDA
April 1962
NATIONAL PARLIAMENTARY STATUS
Tanganyika became independent on December 9, 1961. The government is formed by the Tanganyika
African National Union (TANU), which enjoys a virtual monopoly of political power. On
December 9, 1962, Tanganyika became a republic headed by President Julius Nyerere, who was
elected in a national election in November 1962. The election was contested by the Tanganyika
African National Congress (TANC), but the vote was overwhelmingly in favor of Nyerere. A third
party, the People Democratic Party (PIP) headed by Christopher Tumbo, ineffectually advocated
boycott of the elections.
Uganda became independent in October 1 2. The government is formed by a'coalition of the
Uganda Peoples Congress (UPC) and the Kabaka Yekka, a movement representing the supporters
of the traditional:ki don of n8 Buganda. ThePrime Minister is Milton Obote.
Kenya is administered by a governor responsible to the United Kingdom Colonial Office. As a
result of the Lancaster House Conference held in the spring of 1962 Kenya has limited internal
self-government and is on the way to independence. However, no date for new elections leading
to fall self-government or for independence has.yet been set by the UK. The African nationalists
are demanding early elections and independence. The present government Is-.formed by a coalition
of the Kenya African National Union (KANU) and the Kenya African Democratic Union (Kaw). KM
is based on a coalition of smaller tribes and organized principally as a reaction against the
stronger Kikuyu-Luo dominated KANU. New elections will probably be held in 1963 with independence
perhaps in late 1963 or in early 1964.
AYR I C?A
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COW4JNIST PARTY SOURCES OF CONIRUNIST STRENGTH COUNTRY
MEMBERSHIP
No organized The Tanganyika African National Congress has a pro-communist, orientation, and some TANGANYIKA
party members both of this party and of the Tanganyikan African National Union have made
trips to communist countries. Soviet and Chinese Communist embassies were established
in Dar-es-Salaam in early 1962.
No organized Uganda has no communist party. It has agreed tote est lishment of Soviet an
party Communist Chinese embassies, and a Chinese Communist chargel d'affaires in December
1962 opened diplomatic representation in Uganda.
No organized There is no communist party in Kenya, but some Kenyan politicans have adopted
party markedly pro-communist positions. Over,300 Kenyan students are studying in
communist countries. Since the lifting of restrictions by the British authorities,
a number of delegations have travelled to the communist orbit.
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44
COUNTRY
Date of last
nat'l part.
elections
NATIONAL PARLIAMENTARY STATUS
ZANZIBAR A coalition government has been formed by the Arab-dominated and leftist-oriented Zanzibar
British Protectorate) Nationalist Party (ZNP) and the Zanzibar and Pemba People's Party. The Afro-Shirazi Party
June 1961 (ASP), which has an African membership, forms the opposition. The ZIP is the most articulate
party, but the ASP appears to be increasing in importance.
MAURITIUS Under the present 19 constitution, the Legislative Council consists of 0 elected members,
British Colony) plus 12 nominated members. The majority is the Labour Party, which in May 1961 split into the
Last general Parliamentary Labor Party (PLP) and the' Mauritius Labor Part
election: Y (HIP). The PLP is considerably
stronger, and represents a large part of the Hindu community. The MLP is a splinter group of
March 1959 coloreds. The opposition consists of the radical Independent Forward Bloc (IFB) and the moderate
Parti Mauritien (PM). A constitutional conference in June-July 1961 agreed that Mauritius would
obtain full internal self-government in two stages, but no dates have been set.
AFRICA
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l.5
COMMUNIST PARTY
MEMBERSHIP SOURCES OF COMMUNIST STRENIC H COUNTRY
Estimate The formation of a Zanzibar Communist Party was announced-in August 1962. ZANZIBAR
unavailable No estimates are available on its strength, but the membership is probably
small.
No organized Communist activity in Mauritius currently is concentrated in the trade unions
party and among the Chinese community. Of a total of 25,000 Sino-Mauritians, some
20% may be actively supporting the Chinese. Communists. The leader of the
Parliamentary Labor Party and Minister of Finance, Dr.. Ramgoolam, is rather
sympathetic to communism, as is a significant wing of the PLP. The Independent
Forward Bloc, the most radical of the parties, is led by a pro-communist, and
it has attracted some Hindus who have become dissatisfied with the Labor Party.
MAURITIUS
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COUNTRY
Date of last
nat'l part.
elections
NATIONAL PARLIAMENTARY STATUS
PORTUGUESE AFRICA Angola and Mozambique are legally "overseas provinces" of Portugal, administered by governors-
Angola, Mozambique general under the direction of the Overseas Ministry in Lisbon. Partly-elected advisory
and Portuguese Guinea) Legislative Councils were established in both territories in 1955. As in metropolitan
Nov. 1961 Portugal, the Uniao Nacional is the only political party legally permitted to function.
SPANISH AFRICA The Spanish territories ca are legally provinces of Spain, ruled by governors-
(Spanish Sahara, general who are responsible to Madrid. There are no parliamentary institutions, although
Ifni, Rio Muni, Rio Muni and Fernando Po send delegates to the Spanish Cortex.
Fernando Po)
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COMMUNIST PARTY
MEMBERSHIP SOURCES OF COMMUNIST STRMGTH COUNTRY
No organized The rebellion in Angola and the developing nationalist movements in PORTUGUESE AFRICA
party Portuguese Guinea and Mozambique have created important potential Angola, Mozambique
opportunities for the Communists. At present, however, communist and Portuguese
influence is mainly to be found in some. of the leftist-oriented Guinea)
nationalist organizations which, with the possible exception of
Portuguese Guinea, have not generally had as much influence and support
from the indigenous populations as some of the more moderate nationalist
groups. The leftist-oriented organizations have been particularly active
in organizing Portuguese Africans living abroad into "united front" groups.
They have.also established closer contacts with some of the radically-
inclined African states and with communist countries. The small number of
Portuguese Africans who have had any contact with communist ideas were
exposed to them either while studying in Portugal and France or while
traveling in communist countries. As in many parallel situations, it is
difficult to differentiate between Africans who are convinced Communists
and those who simply are willing to profit from communist aid and advice.
No organized ere is no known communist activity in the Spanish African territories. SPANISH AFRICA
party (Spanish Sahara,
Ifni, Rio Muni,
Fernando Po)
A F R I C A
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COUNTRY NATIONAL PARLIAMENTARY STATUS
Date of last
nat'l parl.
elections
FEDER TION OF RHODESIA The Federation of Rhodesia and Nyasaland consistsof the self-governing colony of Southern
AND NYASALAND Rhodesia and the British protectorates of Northern Rhodesia and Nyasaland. Nyasaland is
April 1962 entering the constitutional stage of full internal self-government. Northern and Southern
Rhodesia, both under new constitutions, have significantly increased African participation
in governmental organs. As a result of elections in December 1962, Northern Rhodesia has
an African government formed by a coalition of the African National C ngress (ANC) and the
United National Independence Party (UNIP). General elections in Southern Rhodesia in
December resulted in an upset victory over-the United Federal Party by the more conservative
European Party, the Rhodesian Front. The appearance of such different regimes in Northern
and Southern Rhodesia may hasten revision of the present federal association of the three
territories. The federal government at present is in most respects autonomous in respect to
the powers assigned to it. The predominant party at the federal level is the United Federal
Party, which is controlled by Europeans, and which is now an opposition party in all three
territories.
REPUBLIC OF SOUTH South Africa became a republic in 19 1 and left the commonwealth in the same year. The ruling
AFRICA Nationalist Party has a heavy parliamentary majority.. There are no known Communists in the
Oct. 1961 Parliament.
BASUTOLAND The British colony of Basutoland is one of the three UK "High Commission Territories" in
Southern Africa. The other two are the Bechuanaland Protectorate and Swaziland.
A F R I C A
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COMMUNIST PARTY
MEMBERSHIP SOURCES OF COMMUNIST STRENGTH COUNTRY
No organized There is little evidence of communist activity to date. FEDERATION OF RHODESIA
party AND NYASALAND
800 The illegal South African Communist Party SACP continues to exploit the tensions and REPUBLIC OF SOUTH
(estimate) frustrations generated by the government's apartheid program. The party's membership is AFRICA
relatively small but it has, perhaps, 6,500 sympathizers. The SACP's basic objective has
been to gain influence and, if possible, control over organizations opposed to the govern-
ment's racial policies, and especially those representing non-whites. Among the important
organizations in which there is a significant degree of communist infiltration or control are
the African National Congress, in which there are important noncommunist elements but in which the
SACP seems to exercise a preponderant influence; the Congress of Democrats (an organization of
whites opposed to apartheid); the South African Congress of Trade Unions, important because it in-
cludes African trade unions, which are not recognized by South African law; the South African
Coloured People's Congress, a small group which purports to represent the racial element known
as the Coloureds; and the Indian National Congress. These organizations are linked in the commu-
nist-dominated "Congress Alliance". Since 1959 communist efforts have met strong opposition from
the Pan-Africanist Congress, which is antagonistic to the white leadership of SACP and resentful
of its efforts to direct protest movements toward a strengthening of the communist apparatus
rather than toward the organization of a non-white nationalist movement. During the latter half of
1962, the Government of the Republic put into motion a concerted program to curb Communists and pre-
vent further outbreaks of organized sabotage. Approximately 2 dozen alleged Communists have been
placed under house arrest for violation of the harsh "Anti-Sabotage Act". The Government has
published a list of over 400 individuals now banned from political activity under the new Act.
Statements made by-any banned or restricted person may not be published anywhere in the country.
The Congress of Democrats and the weekly New e a communist periodical, were banned shortly be-
fore the end of the year; but the communist weekly, ,Spark, continues. to appear. Basutoland has
become a major haven and base of operation for the SACP. (See entry for Basutoland).
Probably. less The existence of the "Communist Party of Lesotho" (Basutoland) was made public for the BASUTOLAND
than 100 first time-in Nov. 1961. The leadership of the new-party will presumably be strongly in-
fluenced or dominated by "exiled" South African Communists, who have made Basutoland a major
base of their operations. Early in 1962, the party made an unsuccessful attempt to seize con-
trol of the Basutoland Congress Party, the country's leading political organization. Since
that time, the party seems to have had little success in developing its own following among
the Basuto people.
A F R I C A
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50
COUNTRY
Date of last
nat' l part.
elections
ENTENTE STATES
IVORY COAST
Nov. 190-
DAHOMEY
Dec. 1960
NIGER
Dec. 1958
UPPER VOLTA
April 1959
CAMEROON
April 1960
CENTRAL AFRICAN
REPUBLIC
April 1959
NATIONAL PARLIAMENTARY STATUS
The Ivory Coast, Dahomey, Niger and Upper Volta are all members of a consultative union known.
as the Council of the Entente, which was formed in 1959. All four states were autonomous
republics within the French Community before becoming independent in August 1960. Their
constitutions provide for a presidential type government with a unicameral legislature. In
each state the government is dominated by a local section of the RDA (Rassemblement
Democratigue Africain). Ivory Coast President Felix Houphouet-Boigny is titular head of the
RDA and the leading political figure in the Entente.
The Trust Territory of the Southern British Cameroons merged on October 1, 1 961,, with the
Republic of Cameroun. The legislative assemblies of the two federated states chose from
their membership deputies to the transitional Federal National Assembly. The forty deputies
from the former republic are members of President Ahidjos' Union Camerounaise party, and the
ten from the former trust territory are members of that. territory's governing Kamerun National
Democratic Party.
The independence of the Central African Republic (formerly known as Ubangi-Shari) was proclaimed
on August 13, 1960 and.a presidential system of governorgnt introduced. President David Dacko is
hea
fte d of the largest political party, the Mouvement d12manciation Sociale de a 14ESAN).
:'.country's other ai Icant ply, the Mouvement d' Evolution D&nocrati en Afrique Centrale
(MEDAC), has been reduced in importance.
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COMMUNIST PARTY
MEMBERSHIP SOURCES OF COMMUNIST STRENGTH COUNTRY
No organized No organized communist parties-are Town to exist n Ivory Coast, Upper Volta, ENTENTE STATES
parties Niger, or Dahomey. Following the discovery of a reporte& plot against the Ivory
Coast Government in January 1963, 'the communist party"- -- previously unheard
of -- was outlawed. he RDA and the Communists had important ties with the
French Communists in the early postwar period, and although these were severed
in about 1950, some residual influences and organizations have presumably re-
mained. In 1962 Dahomey concluded-cultural, economic, and technical accords
with a number of communist countries and agreed to the establishment of diploma-tic
IVORY COAST
relations with the USSR, Poland, Bulgaria, and Czech?sl.ovskia. Niger in 19&e- UPPER VOLTA
signed cultural, technical, and commercial accords with the USSR, Poland, and
Czechoslovakia.
No organized There is no communist party in Cameroon. A communist-supported terrorist
party organization, the military arm of the rebel Union des Populations du Cameroun
(UPC.), operates in southwestern Cameroon. At present it is effectively contained
by government security forces. Ccemnunist countries have supplied the UPC with
small quantities of arms and anununition and have provided financial and diplomatic
support. There are some indications that Peiping is taking a special interest in
the Cameroonian rebellion: UPC leaders have made a number of visits to Communist
China and the Chinese have trained Cameroonian rebel cadres in guerrilla warfare
technique. UPC representatives participate in various international communist
front organizations. The two largest Cameroonian trade unions, the Confederation
Generale Kamerunaise du Travail and the Union Generale des Travailleurs du Cameroun,
are affiliated to the a nist-front World Federation of Trade Unions. In France
the Union Nationale destudiants Kamerunais (UUEK) gives evidence of considerable
communist indoctrination. Through the UPC and the UNEK the communists give scholar-
ships to Cameroonian students. More than 50 are studying in communist countries at
the present time.
CAMEROON
No organized Modern organizations are still very rudimentary and there have been no indications CENTRAL AFRICAN
party of communist activity. REPUBLIC
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COUNTRY NATIONAL PARLIAMENTARY STATUS
Date of last
nat'l parl.
elections
CHAD The opposition Parti National Africain PNA agreed to merge with the governing Parti Progressiste
May 1959 Tchadien (PPT) in March 1961, but the parties are still independent organizations. Together they.
hold 77 of the 83 seats in the unicameral National. Assembly. The PPT and the PNA are center-
conservative parties.
REPUBLIC OF CONGO The Republic of Congo (Brazzaville) became independent on August 15, 1960. A new constitution
BRAZZAVILLE in 1961 established a presidential system of government. Abbe' Fulbert Youlou is president of
June 1959 the. republic and leader of the dominant political party, the Union D(nocratique pour la Defense
des Inter6ts Africains (UDDIA). Since 1960, the UDDIA has been in coalition with the Mouvement
Socialiste Africain.
GABON . Gabon became independent on August 17, 1 A National Unitry ticket, representing the dominant
Feb. 12, 1961 Bloc Democratique.Gabonaise (BDG) and the opposition Union Democratique Sociale Gabonaise (UDSG)
was elected. without opposition in the February 1961 elections. In the same month, the newly-
elected Assembly adopted a new Constitution providing for a strong presidential-type regime.
Under this Constitution,.the Assembly, which is elected for five years, has only limited power.
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COMMUNIST PARTY
MEMBERSHIP SOURCES OF COMMUNIST STRENGTH
No organized There is no communist party, and no signs of communist activity.
party
COUNTRY
No organized There is no communist party, and no practical communist political influence. REPUBLIC OF CONGO
party Students and trade unionists are the principal elements susceptible to BRAZZAVILLE
communist influence, which is exerted through French Communists and representatives
of international communist or communist-dominated organizations.
No organized There is no communist party or knojm communist front in Gabon, nor do the communist GABON
party states have any diplomatic representation.
A F R I C A.
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COUNTRY
Date of last
nat'l parl.
elections
NATIONAL PARLIAMENTARY STATUS
SENEGAL Like other territories in former French West Africa, Senegal became an autonomous republic in
March 1959 1957. In January 1959 it formed the Mali Federation with the autonomous republic of Soudan.
Both states voted to join the French Community in the 1958 referendum. The Mali Federation
subsequently received its independence on June 20, 1960. Two months later, on August 21,
1960, Senegal broke away and became an independent republic. The institutions inaugurated
in the period of autonomy have been continued with little basic alteration. All but one
of the seats in Senegal's unicameral legislature are held by the government party, the
Union Progressiste Senegalaise (UPS).
MAURITANI4 Mauritania became independent on November 28, 1960, During l!961,, the unicameral legislature
May 1959 adopted a new constitution replacing the parliamentary system of government with a presidential
system. Both the legislature and the executive are controlled by a coalition government which
includes the dominant Parti du Regrow ement Mauritanien (PRM) and the former opposition parties,
An Nahda and the Union Nationale Mauritanienne (UNM).
MALAGASY REPUBLIC Madagascar became independent June 26, 1960. It has retained the constitution which was adopted
(MADAGASCAR) in April 1959 when it was still an. autonomous republic. The moderate Parti Social D nocratique
Sept.-Oct. 1960 Malgache, led by the President of the Republic, Philibert Tsiranana, won a large majority in both
houses of the legislature in elections held on September 4 and October 2, 1960. Although the
Communists have no seats in Parliament they support the Parti du Congres pour 1' Independence de
Madagascar (known as A FM by its Malagasy initials) which has three of the 107 seats of the lower
house.
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COM"IST PARTY SOURCES OF COMMUNIST STRII~IGTH COUNTRY
No organized There is no communist party in Senegal. Communist influence is mainly found in SENEGAL
No
party certain trade unions (e.g.) teachers' unions), in student and youth organizations,
and in small left-wing parties, particularly the Parti Africaine de 1'Indep
(Per), which was proscribed in July 1960, and the Parti du Regroupment Africain-
Senegal (PRA-Senegal). A Soviet embassy was established in Senegal in October 1962,
after agreements on economic, technical, and cultural cooperation were signed between
Senegal and the USSR earlier in the year.
No organized There is no known communist movement in Mauritania.
party
MAURITANIA
No organized The Madagascar Co unist Party claimstoi ei neitherhvery active nor influenitial AG
p~ty, movement, but of Titoist Persuas .
in Malagasy politics. The major target for international communist penetration
in Madagascar appears to be the AKFM, an alliance of radical nationalist movements.
Communist influence among the AKFM leadership is strong, and is also evident in three
of the party's. affiliated organizations: its labor arm, the Confederation of Workers
Unions of Madagascar (FISEM), which is affiliated with the communist-front World
Federation of Trade Unions; its youth organization, the Union of Young Democrats of
Madagascar (FM); and its welfare organization, the Malagasy Solidarity Committee
(COSOMA). In September 1960 parliamentary elections AKFM obtained 247,862 votes,
principally in the provinces centered in Tananarive, the capital, and Diego Suewez,
the island's chief port. AKFM does not have great influence elsewhere on the island.
AFRICA
55
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COUNMY
Date of last
nat'l pail.
elections
NATIONAL PARLIAMENTARY STATUS
GUINEA Guinea became independent in October 195
March 1 , after rejecting the proposed French Community
957 constitution in: the referendum held in September of that year. is governed by its sole political party, y In practice the country
the.Parti D&mocrati ue de Guin~e (PDG). The
cabinet and the various governmental agencies carry out the directives of the Political
Bureau of the PDG. All members of the National Assembly belong to the PDG.
_injuvx The ruling Convention People's Party Cpp dominates the Ghana National Assembly. In
July 1956 September the National Assembly adopted a motion aski +I,-
1145 government to introduce a
one-party system into the country. Another motion, which would have made Kwame Nkrumah
life president, was refused by Nkrumah.
A F R I C A
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COMMUNIST PARTY COUNTRY
MEMBERSHIP SOURCES OF COMMUNIST STRENGTH
No organized There have been communist sympathizers , in. the ruling party and its affiliated GUINEA
party trade union and youth organizations but their ranks have diminished significantly
since the end-of 1961, when some of the most prominent spokesmen of the extreme
left were imprisoned on charges of conspiring against the regime. All communist
states except Albania and East Germany have embassies in Conakry. East Germany
is represented by a permanent trade mission having consular status.. The substantial
involvement of communist states in Guinean affairs has been reduced with the com-
pleting of a number of projects. (There were more than 1,000 technicians from
communist countries in Guinea in 1961.) Guinean delegations and students continue
to visit the communist countries.
Wo organized There is no communist party as such in Ghana, although communist influence is GHANA
party strong in the CPP, the Ghana Trade Union Congress, youth organizations, and the
press. This influence is enhanced by the close relations between Ghana and the
communist states and by the important role played by left-leaning radicals within
the ruling CPP and the government. As estimated 500 Ghanaians are studying in the
communist orbit. There are a larger number of visits than before of Ghanaians to
the communist states and of communist personnel to Ghana. In July, the Lenin Peace
prize was conferred on Nkrumah.
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COUNTRY
Date of last
nat'l parl.
elections
NATIONAL PARLIAMENTARY STATUS
MALI The Republic of Mali is the former French Soudan. Linked to Senegal in the Federation of
March 1959 Mali in January 1959, the Soudan became independent of France when the Mali Federation
acquired independent status on June 20, 1960. When the Mali Federation broke up two months
later, the Soudanese renamed their state the Mali Republic. Its legislature, like its
government, is dominated completely by the radical left-wing Union Soudanaise (Soudanese
Union.)
SIERRA LEONE Sierra Leone became independent on April 27, 1961. The parliament, as presently constituted,
May 1962 consists of a Speaker and 74+ members, 62 directly elected and 12 Paramount Chiefs elected by
the 12 district councils in the provinces. The Sierra Leone People's Party under Prime Minister
Sir Milton Margai holds 56 of the seats and the All People's Congress under Siaka Stevens, if.
LIBERIA The conservative True Whig Party holds all of the seats in the 10-member Senate and the
May 1959 31-member House of Representatives. There is no organized
opposition in the country.
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COMMUNIST PARTY UNTRY
I ERSHIP SOURCES OF COMMUNIST STRENGTH COOUN
T
No organized Mali's ruling party, like that of Guinea, harbors a number of communist
party sympathizers, some of whom have positions of considerable influence. As in most
African countries, there is no communist party as such, but pro-communist elements
appear to operate within the framework of the dominant Union Soudanaise. Mali's
relations with communist countries have been cordial and the communist presence is
substantial. Credits from the USSR, Czechoslovakia, Poland and Bulgaria amount to
over $75 million. Communist China has also offered economic assistance of an un-
known amount. A Mali delegation attended the 22nd CPSU Congress at Moscow in the
fall of 1961. The installation in 1962 of regular air service between Mali and
both Czechoslovakia and the USSR facilitates regular Malian contact with the commu-
nist countries. Czechoslovakian and Soviet crews operate Mali's airline.
No organized Sierra Leone has no communist party. Communist efforts at penetration thus far SIERRA LEONE
party have been largely confined to offers of scholarships for study in the Soviet
Union and to expense-paid visits to communist countries for a few selected Sierra
Leoneans, particularly labor and women's leaders. Some Soviet support is reported
to have been given to the opposition All People's Congress Party. The Soviet Union
opened a diplomatic mission in Freetown late in 1962. A pro-Soviet attitude is
prevalent among the student body of Fourah Bay College. Nearly 100 Sierra Leoneans
are studying in the Soviet Union.
beria.inSeveral Soviet delegations, one of which LIBERIA
No organized There is no communist in Liberia.
party included Yuri Gagarin,
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COUNTRY
Date of last
nat'l part.
.elections
NATIONAL PARLIAMENTARY STATUS
TOGO Togo became independent on April 27, 1960. Until January 1963 the overning
April 9, 1961 Unite To
golaise of pro-Western President Sylvanus Ol g P 'ty was the
Assembly f the ympio, which won all seats in the National
April 1961 elections. In January 1963 President Olympio was assassinated in a
military coup and Nicholas Grunitsky was installed as provisional premier.
NIGERIA A coalition of the Northern Peoples Congress NPC and the National Council of Nigeria and the
Dec. 1959 Cameroons (NCNC) hold about 250 out of the
312 seats in the Federal House of Representatives.
The NPC is conservative, and the NCNC and the opposition Action Group are left-center parties.
GAMBIA A new constitution went into effect in April 1962, and elections were held in May for the House
British Colony of Representatives. David Jawara of the Peoples Progressive Party became Gambia's first Premier,
and and Gambia obtained internal self-government.
Protectorate)
May 1962
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COMMUNIST PARTY SOURCES OF COMMUNIST STRENGTH TOGO
MEMBERSHIP in Togo, but President Olympio's death and the
No organized There is no known communist party
regime have in motion party loitare the many
installation of a provisional exploitation. $Perhaps fore-most political amo g thesen
be susceptible of communist eTogolese youth educated in France who have been influenced The by Marxist doctrine. Their
government kept
main political organization has been the Juvento paz'ty? dissatisfied with the existing
a close rein on these younger elements, who were deeply le in the rate of economic development and frustrated at beeinOTee ied and perhaps decisive
active
Now, it appears likely that they will play a much
on the political scene.
An estimated 30-40 Togolese are enrolled in communist higher institutions of learning,
with Togo Government approval. In the labor field, there appear to be some communist
a ) vailleurs efforts to infiltrate a dissident faction of the Unction Nation le desrTrw in Togo and
a federation of Togo's principal trade unionams. s. sing 1962, the USSR stepped up its program
is active in propaganda and cultural pros The USSR, Bulgaria, and
of invitations to Togolese opinion-make to oscommunist Said programs.
Czechoslovakia tiraae
was formed in February 19 1, but it has attracted less than 100 IA
NIGIIs than 500 A Nigerian Communist P arty have not affiliated with it. A Nigerian-
Most Nigerian Communists apparently
s
Le
nificant following so far.
i
n
th
s
g
) followers.
e any
(
a
e$s
the Nigerian Trades Union Congress
t Friendship Society has also failed to aform
l
i
y
e
er
Sov
The Independent United Labor Congress (have been prime targets for communist
(NTUC), and certain student and youth groups
fist-front
penetration and have a significant minority of Comm
sizeable fists an sidies from the C?t
their membership. The 0= has been receiving now as acted
World Federation of Trade Unions and other communist sources for several years and d has ac e
as a channel for distributing scholarships for study in the Bloc. There may
unist countries.
as 300 Nigerians studying in comm
No organized There is no known communist activity in Gambia.
party
AFRICA
GAMBIA
(British Colony
and
Protectorate)
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COUNTRY
Date oY last
nat' 1 part.
elections
NATIONAL PARLIAMENTARY STATUS
REPUBLIC OF THE CONGO The Republic of the Congo Leopoldville became independent on June 30, 1960. Its governmental
LEOPOLDVILLE institutions, modeled closely on those of Belgium, are established under a provisional loi
May 19 0 fondamentale. Executive powers are divided between the President, who serves as chief of state,
and the Premier, who heads the cabinet. Both offices are filled by parliamentary election. The
parliament is bicameral, with a Chamber of Representatives elected by direct suffrage and a
Senate elected indirectly from provincial assemblies and by co-option. After the death of the
first Premier, Patrice Lumumba, and a prolonged political stalemate, Cyril Adoula was unanimously
confirmed as Premier on August 2, 1961. There is no single predominant party. The principal
problem which beset the Congo after independence was the secession of Katanga Province, led by
Moise Tshombe. The UN has been active in aiding in the reintegration of Katanga.
REPUBLIC OF RWANDA The United Nations Trust Territory of Ruanda-Urundi under Belgian administration since 1916 became
KINGDOM OF BURUNDI independent July 1, 1962, as two separate countries, the Republic of Rwanda and the Kingdom of
Sept. 1961 Burundi. Previously, the national elections of September 1961 returned a Bahutu majority in Ruanda
and an aristocratic Watusi-dominated coalition regime in tTrundi. Rwanda deposed its Mwami (king),
while in Burundi the Mwemi?has been retained. Ruanda has a unicameral National Assembly
dominated by President Kayibanda'a Parmehutu party. Kayibanda's cabinet is coazposed overwhelmingly
of Parmehutu representatives. Burundi also has a unicameral National Assembly, in which the
Watutsi-led UPRONA party has a clear majority. Upon the assassination of Prince Rwagasore in
October 1960, the UPRONA leadership and the premiership fell to Andre MUhirva. Mwami Mwambutaa
retains nominal institutional powers and some political standing, but the policies of Muhirva and
UPRONA prevail.
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COMMUNIST PARTY
MEMBERSHIP SOURCES OF COMMUNIST STRENGTH COUNTRY
Very small A small number of Congolese claim sympathy with communism. Most of these REPUBLIC OF THE CONGO
are not organized in a communist party but rather constitute extremist LEOPOLDVILLE
elements in the several radical nationalist parties. A very few individuals
consider themselves part of a "communist party," but their organization has
no practical existence. The most ideologically socialist Congolese are
organized in the tiny Parti du People, which is avowedly Marxist but appears
to be oriented more toward European socialism than Soviet communism. A
significant but still relatively small number of Congolese have had some
contacts with Communists, chiefly through communist representatives in the
Congo, the Belgian Communist Party, and travel abroad as visitors or students
in communist areas. Communist contacts have served less to indoctrinate
Congolese than to excite anti-white, anti-colonial sentiment and assist radical
political elements. Communist activity was greatly curtailed by Lumumba's
political ouster and the withdrawal of communist diplomatic representatives in
September 1960. Communist diplomats were again accredited at Leopoldville in
December 1961. At present, there are Embassies of the USSR, Poland and
Czechoslovakia in the Congo.
No organized There are no known Communists in Rwanda and Burundi. Some UPRONA leaders REPUBLIC OF RWANDA
parties. in Burundi have had contacts with and support from the communist countries KINGDOM OF BURUNDI
but they have shown no readiness to permit communist influence to grow.
Burundi has agreed to-the establishment of diplomatic relations with the
USSR. The constitution adopted by the Rwanda legislative assembly in
August 1962 stipulates that "all communist activity and propaganda is
forbidden."
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COUNTRY
Date of last
nat'l pail.
elections
GREECE
Oct. 29, 1961
NATIONAL PARLIAMENTARY STATUS
Communist
The United Democratic Left (EDA),
a "front" of the outlawed
Communist Part of Greece (KKE)
75b 970` votes (14.65$)
24 seats (8%)
(In the last elections the EDA
formed a National Agrarian Party
/EAKJ as a front with which it
ran under the ticket Pan-
Democratic Agrarian Front of
Greece PAM .. EAK was given
2 seats in Parliament.)
Center Conservative
Center Union The National Radical Union
1,550,113 votes (33.69%) with the (ERE)
Party of the Progressives
66 seats (28.80%)
(8% of the Center Union
Deputies declared themselves
independent but cooperating
as of March 1962.)
Independents . . . . . . . . . .
2,341,924 votes (50.77%)
176 seats (58.66%)
Party of the Progressives
KP
14 seats (4.66%)
(Ran on the Center Union
ticket)
Greece is a constitutional monarchy and has a unicameral parliament with 300 seats. Parliamentary
elections are legally required every four years, but elections can be held at any time before the
four-year period. The law governing the electoral system and the number of deputies may change
from election to election.
The Center Union has been pressing for new elections on the charge that the elections of 1961
were rigged.
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COMMUNIST PARTY
MEMBERSHIP SOURCES OF COMMUNIST STRENGTH COUNTRY
20,000 (estimate) The Communist Party of Greece (KKE) was outlawed on December 27, 1947, including all GREECE
its operating arms -- the press, youth, labor and other front organizations. Follow-
ing the end of the communist guerrilla war in the summer of 1949, the Communists
developed a front political structure known as the United Democratic Left (EDA), which
is recognized as a legal political party. The KKE continues to exist with headquarters
either in Rumania or Bulgaria and takes part in international communist party councils.
It controls some 30,000 guerrilla-worthy elements in exile. Inside Greece, the Commu-
nists exploit the country's low standard of living, the unequal distribution of wealth,
and the dissatisfaction of labor in urban and rural areas, particularly among the
tobacco workers in the province of Xanthi and among factory workers and stevedores in
the principal cities of Kavalla, Thessaloniki, Athens and Pireaus. Unemployment and
under-employment is a serious problem in Greece.
Since the elections of October 1961, however, the EDA has lost the political initiative
it had had as an opposition party to the Center Union.
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COUNTRY NATIONAL PARLIAMENTARY STATUS
Date of last
nat'l parl.
elections Communist Non-Communist Left Center Conservative
CYPRUS Reform Party of the Working The Democratic Union of The Patriotic Front The Patriotic Front
People AK L is the official Cyprus (DEK) was formed -FP-M7,-which sup- PM , which was
Presidential name of the communist party for the Presidential ported Archbishop formed to support
Dec. 13, 1959 of Cyprus. In the first elections in which, with Makarios for the Archbishop Makarios
elections for the House of support of AKEL, it Presidency in the for the Presidency,
House of Representatives AKEL elected polled 33% of popular elections of Dec. polled 66.8% of the
Representatives 5 deputies out of the 35 vote. It did not take, 13, 1959, contains popular vote. It
July 31, 1960 Greek deputies. This repre- part in the elections many center elements controls 29 of the
sentation was based on a for the House of as does the Demo- 35 Greek seats in
Coal AsseUbl political deal with the Representatives. cratic Union of the House of
Aug. , l9bO nationalist Patriotic Front Cyprus. Representatives.
rather than on the returns of The Socialist Party
the election. The popular of Karamanos participated The Pan-Cypriot
vote cannot be estimated, in the House of League of Fighters
since AKEL did not run in 3 Representatives' elections, took part in the
of the 6 electoral districts. but failed to elect any House of
Also, in the Greek communal deputy. Its vote in the Representatives'
A.ssembly AKEL was given 3 electoral district of elections, but got
seats out of 29. Limassol was about 3,500 only about 4,000 votes
out of about 16,000 out of about 30,000
voters. in the electoral
district of Nicosia.
Cyprus was proclaimed an Independent Republic on August 16, 1960, after 82 years of British rule. It has
a President elected every 5 years, a House of Representatives which seats 35 elected Greek representatives
and 15 Turkish members. Cyprus also has two separate elected communal assemblies for the Greek and the
Turkish communities, which have a membership of 29 and 35 respectively. The Greek Communal Assembly
consists of 23 Patriotic Front representatives, 3 Communists, and 3 for the Christian minorities, Armenians,
Roman Catholics and Maronites. Elections are due in 1965.
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COMMUNIST PARTY
MEMBERSHIP SOURCES OF COMMUNIST STRENGTH COUNTRY
About 10,000 (estimate) The communist Reform Party of the WorkingPeople (AKEL) is the oldest and CYPRUS
10,432 (claim as of best organized political party in Cyprus, dating from 1927. It controls
May 1962) the principal labor structure, Pan Cypriot Labor Organization (PEO),
which claims to have from 35,000 to 51,000 members out of a total
130,000 wage earners and of 67,000 organized workers in all labor unions.
Its youth organization EDON claims to have 26,000 members out of 135,000
youth between the ages of 15 to 29. It has also an organization of
secondary education students with an estimated membership of 2,100 (PEOM),
most of whom are members of EDON. Its organization for women (POGO) is
estimated to have about 2,500. The total figure of all elements within
the AKEL apparatus, including various fronts, is estimated to be about
60,000.
The Communists in Cyprus have the opportunity to exploit the semi-independent
character and complicated constitution of the Republic, the British sovereign
bases on the island, inter-communal differences between Greeks and Turks and
the unemployment situation.
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. COUNTRY
Date of last
nat'l part.
elections
NATIONAL PARLIAMENTARY STATUS
UNITED ARAB REPUBLIC The UAR is governed by a president and two councils appointed by him. The Presidential Council
functioning as a "collective leadership," is the decision-making body; the Executive Council is~
more nearly a Cabinet in the traditional-sense without overall power of decision. A National
Convention of Popular Forces was called in 1962 as a prelude to organization of a mass political
organization -- the Arab Socialist Union -- designed to spread the base of political power.
Political parties are illegal.
SYRIA Syria is a parliamentary republic the president of which is elected by a unicameral. legislature
-Dec. 1, 1961 of 172 members. Under a provisional constitution, approved by popular referendum following
Syria's secession from the UAR, the parliament elected Dec. 1, 1961 is a constituent as well as
a legislative body.
LEBANON Lebanon is a republic. Its President, who is chosen by the legislature, exercises broad
June 1960 executive powers. As a result of the civil strife of 1958, the Prime Minister has assumed
more authority than the position previously carried. The basic political fact in Lebanon
is confessionalism, and traditionally each of the three top governmental posts is-held by
one of the three most important religious sects; therefore the President is a Maronite Catholic,
the Prime Minister a Sunni Muslim, and the Speaker of the Chamber of Deputies a Shia Muslim.
The 99-member unicameral legislature has a ratio of six Christians to five Muslims and Druzes.
IRAN The Iranian Parliament was dissolved in May 1961 by imperial decree. No new elections have been
Jan.-Feb. 1961 held since that time.
N E A R E A S T
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COMMUNIST PARTY
I EMBERSHIP SOURCES OF COMMUNIST STRENGTH COUNTRY
1,000 The Communist Party of the UAR (Egypt), which has never had a legal status, comprises UNITED ARAB REPUBLIC
(estimate) one primary organization and at least two splinter groups. As a result of sustained
surveillance, communist activity has been negligible and the movement's adherents have
been reduced to a small hard core. There are no significant front groups.
Under 2,000 The Communist Party of Syria has been.illegal since 1939. It operated openly and SYRIA
(estimate) effectively, however, from 1954 until the formation of the United Arab Republic in 1958.
Since Syria's secession from the UAR in September 1961 the party has operated underground.
Taking advantage of anti-Nasser hysteria, the party tries to ingratiate itself with a
government worried over vestiges of Nasserite influence, and to make expedient alliances
with ambitious nationalist leaders as a cover. The government, however, shows no
disposition to lift the ban on the communist party, or to permit the return of'its key
leaders now residing in communist countries.
300 The Lebanese'C mmunist Party has been illegal since 1939? Operating covertly, however, LEBANON
(estimate) Lebanese Communists from time to time conduct propaganda campaigns and demonstrations,
such as were carried out last summer in preparation for the World Congress for General
Disarmament and Peace at Moscow and the World Youth Festival at Helsinki. Normally
propaganda activities are maintained through two communist newspapers -- an Arabic-language
daily and an Armenian-language weekly. Other communist efforts are directed mainly toward
union organizations, with varying degrees of success. Communists control the Hotel and
Restaurant Workers and have significant influence among post and railway workers, but they
still have had little success, in gaining a foothold in the central Federation of Independent
Trade Unions.. The capital city of Beirut provides a useful channel of communications for
various Arab communist leaders to coordinate activities and to maintain contact with the
regional leadership now residing in communist countries..
1,000-2,000 The communist party, called the Tudeh Party of'Iran, was banned by a cabinet decree in 1949, IRAN
(estimate) and its activities were effectively curtailed after the fall of Prime Minister Mossadeq in
1953? Its leaders live abroad. The security organizations of the Iranian government have
been successful in keeping the Tudeh party on the defensive.
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COUNTRY
Date of last
nat'l parl.
elections
NATIONAL PARLIAMENTARY STATUS
JORDAN Jordan is a constitutional monarchy. The bicameral legislature consists of an elected 60-member
Nov. 24, 1962 Chamber of Deputies and an appointed 30-member Senate. Unlike the 1961 elections, candidates for
the 1962 elections were permitted to campaign freely, although not under a political party label.
As a result 184 candidates contested the 60 Chamber seats, a record number for Jordanian elections.
TURFY
Oct. 15, 1961
The new constitution of the Turkish Republic, adopted by referendum in July 19 1, provides for a bicameral
Grand National Assembly (parliament). In the October elections for both houses, the four parties that met
the requirements for participation in national elections received the following percentages of the votes
and numbers of seats (all four are conservative):
'
Republican Peasants
Republican People
s Party
Justice Party
New Turkey Party
Nation Party
Senate :
Votes :3,734,285 (37.2%)
3,560,675
(35.4%)
1,401,637
(13.9%)
1,350,892
(13.4%)
Seats: 36 (24%)
70 (46%)
28 (19%)
16 (11%)
Assembly:
Votes : 3,724, 752" (36.7 6)
3,527,435
(34.7%)
1,391,934
(13.7%)
1,415,390
(13.996)
Seats: 173 (38%)
158 (35%)
65 (15%)
54 (12%)
ISRAEL Israel is a parliamentary republic governed by a coalition led by Mapai.
Aug. 15, 1961
Election to the *Mapai (moderate socialist) - 42 seats.
Knesset Liberals (liberal, nonsocialist) - 17 seats
(parliament) Herat (extreme rightist) - 17 seats
*National Religious Party (religious) - 12 seats
Mapam (extreme left socialist) - 9 seats
*Ahdut ha-'Avodah (left socialist) - 8 seats.
Maki (communist) - 5 seats, 42,111 votes (44)
Arab parties, (Mapai affiliates) - 4 seats
Agudat Yisra' el (orthodox religious) - It. seats
*Poalei Agudat Yisra' el (orthodox religious labor) - 2 seats
*Parties in coalition
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COMMUNIST PARTY
MEMBERSHIP SOURCES OF COMMUNIST STRENGTH COUNTRY
200 (estimate) The Communist Party of Jordan was outlawed by royal decree, as were all other political JORDAR
parties, after an abortive attempt to topple the monarchy in April 1957. Some of the
less radical parties, nevertheless, have been permitted to operate on a limited scale,
but the Communist Party has been constantly harassed and restricted by security organs.
Non-member supporters of the Party number perhaps 1,500, mostly among the young
intelligentsia, but their capacity for agitation or political action is limited. The
Party has no front groups, nor does it have access to the embryonic trade union movement.
Under 1,000 Communist activity has been banned in Turkey by Cabinet decree since 1922. Government
suppression has prevented the Communists from achieving an effective organization. There
are about 1,000 known Communists,about half of whom have been arrested at one time or
another, including 131 members imprisoned in 1951. Communist activity is apparently limited;
supporters and sympathizers number perhaps 2,000-3,000. Political difficulties and increased
economic and social problems have fostered greater concern with ideology among Turkish
intellectuals. Vested political groupings claim communist interference not infrequently when
challenged. The Communist Party has had great difficulty in exploiting this situation, how-
ever, because it is considered an instrument of the Russians, the traditional enemy of
Turkey.
Less than Maki is a mixed Arab-Jewish party which derives its strength from a hard core of ideologically- ISRAEL
2,000 of whom conditioned Communists, augmented at the polls by those who vote communist to demonstrate their
500 are Arabs dissatisfaction with the government. Most of those Arabs who vote for Maki do so to protest
(estimate) against the creation of the state of Israel and to endorse the communist party program's special
appeal to the Arabs, particularly its position against military government in effect in areas of
Arab settlement. Among economically depressed Jews, especially immigrants from Iraq, Bulgaria,
and Poland, a vote for Maki. is generally intended as a protest against the state's failure to
improve their standard of living. The Communists do not play a significant role in Israeli
politics and constitute only 2.8% of the trade union membership, a percentage smaller than they
hold in the parliament.
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COUNTRY
Date of last
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NATIONAL PARLIAMENTARY STATUS
SAUDI ARABIA Saudi Arabia is a monarchy, with a cabinet currently headed by the Crown Prince. His
new government recently announced that it will undertake a series of reform measures.
THE YEMEN
KUWAIT
BAHREIN
The Yemen is a republic, the result of a military coup on September 26, 1 2 which
ended more than 1,000 years of monarchial rule. The current government, headed by
a President, was installed for a five-year transitional period, after which elections
and a constitutional republic have been promised.
The State of Kuwait is an independent sheikhdom under an absolute ruler. A Constituent
Assembly was elected in December 1961 and a constitution drafted in late 1962.
The Sheikhdom of Bahrein is governed by an absolute ruler of a hereditary dynasty
which traditionally maintains close relations with the United Kingdom.
Iraq is a republic ruled in fact by the Prime Minister, Major General Abd al-Karim Qasim,
who assumed power following a military coup d'etat in 1958; the nominal chief executive
is a three-man Council of State. Under the temporary constitution, the Cabinet serves
also as the, legislative body. Political parties are stringently controlled and organized
activity is discouraged.
D E A R E A S T
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COMMUNIST PARTY
MEMBERSHIP SOURCES OF COMMUNIST STRENGTH COUNTRY
Negligible. Saudi Arabia, as keeper of the most venerable relics and holy cities of SAUDI ARABIA
Islam, views communism as wholly incompatible with its state religion
and does not permit communist activities of any kind.
Although there are a few Communists operating in The Yemen, there is no THE YEMEN
formally organized communist party. Communists were closely suppressed
under the Imamate, and the new republican regime has giver no indication
that they now will be allowed any freedom of action. Nevertheless, the
republican government has requested economic assistance from the USSR on
a scale as large or perhaps larger than the old regime had received.
By the will of the ruler there is no communist party in Kuwait. There KUWAIT
is a small number of Communists, most of whom are nationals of other
Arab states working in Kuwait. They are believed to be organized in
separate cells along national lines and to maintain contacts with the
parties in their own countries.
As in Kuwait, the ruler of Bahrein does not permit a communist: party BAHREIN
to exist. Communist activity is severely suppressed.
800 - 1,000 (estimate) The licensed "Communist Party of Iraq" is a moribund splinter group; the IRAQ
internationally-recognized party is the illegal Ittihad al-Sha'b (People's
Union). Many thousands who flocked to the Party immediately after the 1958
revolution became disillusioned and dropped away. Hard-core membership
probably does not exceed 500-750 with perhaps 10 times as many sympathizers.
Numerous front groups are proscribed but are permitted open, activity from
time to time, as.Qasim finds them useful to him. Communists control two labor
unions and hold some influential positions in government offices. The Party
is strong in the teaching profession and among organized students.
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COUNTRY
Date of last
nat'l pail.
elections
NATIONAL PARLIAMENTARY STATUS
AFGHANISTAN The political institutions of Afghanistan operate under the surveillance and control of the
Apr. l W1; royal family, an oligarchic branch of the Barakzai section of the Durani Pushtun tribe,
current sitting of which has dominated Afghan affairs since the first half of the last century. Political.
National Council. parties do not exist nor is there independent expression of public views by press or radio.
began June 8, 1961. The Afghan parliament consists of the House of Nobles (Senate), composed of about 30 life-
members appointed by the King, and the National Council, which now has 173 members elected
for a three-year term by adult male suffrage. The main duty of the House of Nobles is to
assent to measures passed. by the National Council; the authority of the latter is restrict-
ed to influencing the details of measures proposed by the government. The most prestigious
assemblage of the Afghan people is the Los Jam, a national forum which is summoned
irregularly at the instance of the royal fancily. Membership in the Los Jir is determined
by traditional means and. is a function of social and religious influence anti status. The
Loa Jirga is the most important institution presently available to the royal family to ob-
tain public support for vital policy decisions; at the same time the Loa Jirgm. is also of
unique significance as a means through which the Afghan people as a whole can bring influ-
ence to bear directly on the government in a manner which accords with. their historical
method of resolving problems.
There are no k noirn cc nunis t members in these Afghan institutions .
PAKISTAN
April 28, 1962
Parliamentary government was overthrown by a coup in October 1958. A martial law adminis-
tration headed by President Ayub, former Commander in Chief of the Army, governed Pakistan
until June 1962 when a new Constitution drafted by the Ayub Government came into effect.
The Constitution provides for a presidential and federal form of government with power
concentrated in the executive branch. The members of the present National Assembly were
chosen by an electorate of 80,000.
SOUTH ASIA
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COMMUNIST PARTY
LEAD SHI' SOURCES OF COMMUNIST STRENGTH
No organized
party.
2,000 - 4,000 in
East Pakistan;
200 - 400 in
West Pakistan
(estimate)
COUNTRY
AFGHANISTAN
As a domestic movement, communism continues to be unrepresented in Afghanistan. Commu-
nist influence is rather a function of Afghanistan's official relations with the Soviet
Union. The already sizeable Soviet economic aid effort will continue during the second
Afghan Five-Year Plan, according to an agreement reached between the two countries in
1961. The Soviet Union has also given propaganda and political support to the resistance
of Pushtun nationalist elements against Pakistan authority, an issue of pivotal concern
for the Afghanistan government. The Soviet Union has continued to give special assistance
to Afghanistan since 1961 when the Pushtun issue led to a break in relations with Pakistan
and an end to the transit trade across the Afghan frontier. While these.and numerous other
measures have undoubtedly had a major -- and for the Soviets beneficial -- impact on official
and popular Afghan attitudes, there are as yet no discernible ideological or organizational
results.of consequence in Afghan domestic affairs.
In July 1954 the Criminal Law Amendment Act of 1908 was invoked to declare the party
illegal. Imposition of martial law in 1958 thus served to reinforce a previous ban on
communist activity.
The headquarters of a national organization does not appear to exist even underground. In
West Pakistan, party organization exists only in separate urban and rural centers; a more
formidable underground persists among the Bengalis of East Pakistan, but its influence is
fitful. Communist control over front organizations cannot be satisfactorily measured.
Such influence is nonetheless considered to be significant in certain areas, particularly
among the peasants of Sindh and East Pakistan and among Bengali students and factory and
dock labor.
PAKISTAN
While the Communists of Pakistan have little influence nationally, there are certain
persistent factors which explain their ability to survive: (1) the rapport which has
existed between the party's basic program and the desire of major ethno-linguistic
population elements for more local autonomy; (2) the post-independence development of
new urban groupings whose demands continue to furnish the Communists with a series of
exploitable issues; and (3) the support which accrues to Pakistan Communists from`their
fellows in neighboring Indian territories and from the regional influence of the Soviet Union.
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COUNTRY
Date of last
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elections
INDIA
February 1962
House of the
People:
approximately
115,000,000
votes polled;
494 elected
seats
NATIONAL PARLIAMENTARY STATUS
Communist
Communist Party of India
11, 415,652 votes 10
29 seats (5.9%)
Revolutionary Socialist
Party.
35b,496 votes (0.396 )
2 seats (0.4%)
Peasants and Workers
Party
703,582 votes (0.6%)
0 seats
Forward Bloc
791,167 votes (0.7%)
2 seats (0.4%)
Non-Communist Left
Pra a Socialist Part
7,944,509 votes )
12 seats (2.5%)
Socialist Part
2,737,71 votes (2.496)
6 seats (1.2%)
Socialist Labour Party
80,227 votes 0.7
0 seats
Center
Indian National
Co ess Party
51, ,790 votes
(45.1%)
361 seats (73.6%)
Conservative
Communal Independents
Swatanta Party Dependents
21'171 (.92%)
9,513,188 votes(8.3%)
22 seats (4.5%) 23 seats (4.7%)
Bharatiya Jan San
7,2$6793 votes )
14 seats (2.9%)
Republican Party
3,251,292 votes (2.8%)
4 seats (0.8%)
Dravida Munnetra Kaz
2,315, 10 votes 2.
7 seats (1.4%)
Hindu Mahasabha
33,732 votes 0.7%)
1 seat (0.2%)
Shiromani Akali Dal
829,129 votes 0. )
3 seats (0.6%)
Ram Rajya Pan-ishad
721,245 votes 0.7%)
2 seats (0.4%)
Jharkhand Part
79,399 votes 0.49)
3 seats--(0.6%)
Muslim League
304,450 votes (0.3%)
2 seats (0.4%)
-------------------------
Parties polling less than
100,000 votes:
Lok Sevak Sangh, 68,295 (1 seat);
Tamil Nad Party, 63,768 (0 seats);
Gurkha League, 41,127 (0 seats).
SOUTH. A S I A
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COMMUNIST PARTY
ME ERSHIP SOURCES OF COMMUNIST STRENGTH COUNTRY
150,000 estimate The Communist Party of India (CPI) contested the 1962 general election under the INDIA
handicaps of intense internal factionalism and a dark record of equivocation on
the Sino-Indian border dispute. Nevertheless, it managed to preserve roughly the
same relative strength in Parliament as that gained in-the 195'7 general election.
Its total representation in Parliament remained very small, however, as compared
with that of the majority Congress Party.
Much of the CPI's strength derives from a substantial labor base; it controls the
All-India Trade Union Congress, India's second largest trade union federation,
which boasts of a membership of well over 500,000. The CPI also holds some appeal
for students, urban unemployed, and intellectuals. To date, it has failed to make
much of an impression on the peasantry, India's largest socio-economic group. CPI
membership and electoral strength are distributed in a spotty fashion throughout
the country; the Party enjoys significant strength in such widely separated states
as West Bengal, in the northeast; Punjab, in the northwest; and Andhra Pradesh and
Kerala, in the south. It forms the major opposition in the legislative assemblies
of the states of West Bengal, Andhra Pradesh, and Kerala.
The CPI apparently suffered a sharp drop in public acceptability and a sizable loss
in membership in October and November of 1962 in the wake of major offensives by
Chinese Communist armed forces against Indian border positions. Thousands of
demonstrators stormed and severely damaged the central office of the CPI in New Dehli
on October 31. On the next- day, the National Council of the CPI passed a formal
resolution charging the Chinese Communists with aggression and extending virtually
unqualified support to the Indian Government. Despite the resolution, several
hundred CPI members, including many of its more prominent figures, were later
placed under arrest on the ground that they presented a threat to the national
security. At the same time, a substantial number of resignations were reported.
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COUNTRY
Date of last
nat'l parl.'
elections
CEYLON
July 20,,-1960
3,01+4,949 votes
polled.* 151
elected and 6
appointed by
Governor General
to ensure
adequate
minority
representation
Communist
Communist Party of
Ceylon Moscow-oriented **
90,219 votes 3
4 seats (2.6%)
Lanka Sava S a Part
(Trotskyite)**
22 ,993 votes (7.4$)
12 seats (7.9%)
People's United Front
(formerly Lanka Sama
S a Party-Revolutionary)
1 ,573 votes 3.5
3 seats (1.9%)
NATIONAL PARLIAMENTARY STATUS
Non-Communist Left Center
Sri Lanka Freedom Part United National,
1,022,162 2 votes 33. Party
75, seats (50%) 1,151,902 votes
(37.8%)
30 seats (20%)
Conservative or
CoMnInal Independents
Ceylon Democratic Independents
Party 117 M , votes
30,207 votes (1%)
2 seats (1.3%)
Federal Party
2(133,,753 votes
16 seats (10.6%)
Tamil Congress
46,803 votes
(1.5%)
1 seat (0.6%)
National Liberation
Front
1 ..030 votes (0.5%)
2 seats (1.3%)
the total .
no-contest agreement,
Other minor parties, not separately listed, received 26,311 votes (less than one percent of
Sri Lanka Freedom Party, Lanka Sams, Samaja Party, and Communist Party of Ceylon joined in a
probably contributed to lower popular vote for the latter two parties,
SAL The parliament of Nepal was dissolved and all political parties were made illegal by royal
decree on December 15, 1960. On that date, the King of Nepal assumed all governmental
powers.
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(3-
s
(4%)
6 6 eat
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COMB JNIST PARTY.
ME(ERSHIP SOURCES OF COMMUNIST STRENGTH
Communist Party of Ceylon The Communist Party of Ceylon became progressively disillusioned with its
(CCP) policy adopted in 1960, of extending "critical support" to Mrs. Bandaranaike'a
3,500 (estimate) government and, following the example of the. Trotskyite Lanka Same, Samaja
Trotskyites Party, decided in late 1962 to pull no punches against the party in power,
1,400 (estimate) the Sri Lanka Freedom Party. The Communists of Ceylon, both orthodox and
Independent Communists Trotsky-oriented, failedtto build up membership despite extensive enrollment-
650 (estimate) campaigns, and apparently lost prestige and strength in the wake of ineffective
strike attempts in the winter-of 1961-1962.
Traditionally, the Communist Party of Ceylon has drawn support from port workers,
students,, and low-grade clerks. While it has always emphasized participation in
united front movements, the Party does not seem to have been able to strengthen
its position materially through this sort of activity. The Lanka Sama Samaja
Party draws much of its strength from various segments of labor.
3- estimate Despite the existing ban on political parties., the Communist Party of Nepal
apparently managed to operate in a more or less open fashion during 1962.
Although it holds some appeal to the peasantry in certain districts and to
urban elements, notably students and educators, the Party remains numerically
small. Much of its activity. seems centered in Kathmandu, the capital.
Press accounts suggest that the Party is divided into two main factions. One
of these has issued public statements indicating that it favors a revolutionary
approach to power and that it welcomes cooperation from other political elements,
of whatever orientation, to overthrow the King. The other principal faction has
indicated publicly that it supports the King, presumably for tactical reasons.
The Soviet and Chinese Communists maintained the level of their substantial
economic aid programs in Sepal in 1962. Of particular. interest was the
completion of preliminary surveys by Chinese engineers of a projected road
running from Kathmandu to the border of Tibet.
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COUNTRY
Date of last
nat'l. part.
elections
THAILAND.
NATIONAL PARLIAMENTARY STATUS
The Union Revolutionary Government dissolved parliament on March 2, 1962. All legislative, executive
and judicial powers were invested in the Chairman of the Union Revolutionary Council on March 9, 1962,
effective as of March 2. There were no admitted Communists in the parliament elected February 6, 1960.
In that election communist and known pro-communist candidates received only 5% of the total vote.
No elected parliamentary body. The National Assembly was dissolved and the Constitution abrogated on
Prime Minister Sarit,Thanarat's assumption of power, October.20, 1958. A Constituent Assembly of 240
members was appointed by the King on February 3, 1959. There are no Communists in the Constituent
Assembly.
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COMMUNIST PARTY
MEMBERSHIP SOURCES OF COMMUNIST STRENGTH COUNTRY
5,000 (estimate) of The Burma Communist Party, the largest and most powerful of the insurgent communist groups BURMA
which 1,500 are in in Burma, was outlawed in October 1953. Its power, along with that on the insurgent Communist
the Burma Commu- Party (Burma), which was outlawed in 1946, is considerably diminished. Leadership of the pro-
nist Party under- communist legal National United Front lies with the Burma United Workers Party which contains
ground and 500 or the above-ground elements of both the Burma Communist Party and the Communist Party (Burma), and
less are in the a group of persons who consider themselves orthodox Communists but identify themselves with neither
Communist Party the BCC' nor The CPB. Other members of the NUF.include the Burma Trade Union Congress, and small
(Burma) youth, peasant, and women's organizations as well as other minor parties and ethnic organi-
zations.
Neither the aboveground nor the underground Communists exert appreciable political strength.
Political activity in general is at a low ebb in Burma as a consequence of the military coup of
March 2, 1962. The only key target group in which the Communists have shown appreciable political
strength has been the student union organizations. Student political activity is proscribed and
students unions have been dissolved; however, pro-communist agitators have continued to lead demon-
strations against the disciplinary measures introduced by the government.
Underground communist insurgents do not pose a serious threat to internal security. They are limited
to sporadic, hit-and-run raids on isolated outposts, railroads, and poorly-protected villages.
No estimate The Communist Party has been outlawed in Thailand since the passage of the Anti-Communist THAILAND
available Control Act in November 1952. In addition, martial law, banning all political parties, was
established in 1958. Communist propaganda and publications appear occasionally on a clan-
destine basis. The Thai Communist Party has always been small and relatively ineffective
in comparison with the Chinese Communist Party (Thailand) which has an estimated population
of about 3,000,000 Chinese to exploit.
81
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COUNTRY
Date of last
natl. part.
elections
FEDERATION OF MALAYA
August 19, 1959
(104 seats in the
Lower House of
Parliament---
Dewan Ra' ayat )?*
Communist
The Malayan Communist Party
was banned in 1948 and does
not participate openly in
either national or local
elections.
At the time this listing was compiled one
SINGAPORE
May 30, 1959,
51 seats in the
unicameral Legis-
latifft Assembly*
The Malayan Communist Party
(MCP), outlawed in 1948, does
not participate as such in
elections.
NATIONAL PARLIAMENTARY STATUS
Non-Communist Left
Center
Conservative
Socialist Front
Independents
Alliance
73
People's Progres-
Party Negara
Pan-Malayan
sive Party
5
Islamic
Malayan Party
1
Party
12
17
7
95
vacant due to the death of an Alliance member.
Barisan Socialis
13
People's Action
Singapore People's
Workers Party
1
Party (PAP)
25
Alliance (SPA)
3
United.Tpople'a
Independent
1
United Malays
Party (UPP)
National Organi-
zation '(UMO)
4
2b-
7
* At the time this listing was compiled one seat was vacant due to the death of a People's Action Party member.
F.AR EAST
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COMMUNIST PARTY
M~ERSHIP SOURCES OF COMMUNIST STRENGTH COUNTRY
00 (estimate) The Malayan Communist Party (MCP) was banned by the government on July 23, 1948, following FEDERATION OF
the armed insurrection of the Communists in Malaya. Both the.MCP and the Malayan Races MALAYA
Liberation Army (MRLA) have steadily deteriorated in strength in recent years. The armed
revolt, although nominally continuing, is now limited to less than 500 rebels located
along the Thailand-Malaya border. The Government of Malaya was able to end its 12-year
State of Emergency on July 31, 1960, but retains stringent security laws. The Prime
Minister has launched a campaign to ferret out the Communists in legal parties. The MCP
has concentrated on penetrating legitimate organizations such as youth groups, labor unions,
and minor political parties. Its major appeal is the Chinese minority (38% of the total
population) for reasons similar to those obtaining in Singapore.
A00(estimate) The Malayan Communist Party MCP maintains some organizational ties with the Singapore SINGAPORE
Communists, although it has been banned in Singapore since. the armed communist in-
surrection of mid-1948 (see Federation of Malaya). Seventy-five percent of the population
of the partially self-governing State of Singapore is ethnic Chinese. The Chinese Commu-
nist regime has exploited the past frustrations of the Chinese in the former British
Colony. The Communists and those who either follow their lead or who use them to further
other political aims are entrenched in some labor unions, splinter political parties, and
the middle school system. The prospect of merger with the Federation of Malaya caused the
extreme left of the ruling PAP to split away and form the Barisan Socialis. The Barisan
Socialis publicly supports merger with the Federation of Malaya, but actually works against
it on the ground that it would result in Malay domination of the State. The Party's political
tactic is to attempt to bring down the present government with the hope of increasing, its
parliamentary representation in the subsequent election and perhaps forming the next cabinet.
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Date of last
natl. pail.
elections
NATIONAL PARLIAMENTARY STATUS
REPUBLIC OF VIETNAM All political parties represented in the National Assembly, as well as most independents, generally
(South Vietnam) support the government of President Ngo Dinh Diem. There is no communist representation in the
April 9, 1961 National Assembly. The composition of the National Assembly is:
National Revolutionary Movement - 78
Independents - 36
Vietnam Socialist.P arty 4
Social Democratic Party - 3
National Restoration Association - 2
123
NORTH VIETNAM The Indochinese Communist Party, officially dissolved in November 1945, reemerged as the Vietnam Lao
("Democratic Dona, (Workers) Party in February 1951, and controls the North Vietnam regime. A National Assembly
Republic of of 453 deputies (including 91 allegedly elected in 1946 and reassigned their seats by an Assembly
Vietnam") resolution passed in December 1959) meets in very short sessions periodically to approve policies
May 8, 1960 formulated by the communist leadership. Any breakdown of party strength in the Assembly would be
of little significance, since the Workers Party controls the other political groups. According to
North Vietnamese publications, all Assembly deputies elected in the May 1960 elections were spore-
sored by the Fatherland Front, the communist-dominated national front organization.
There are two "political parties" (the Democratic Party and the Socialist Party) other than the
Workers Party in North Vietnam, and some of their members hold ministerial posts or are represented
in the Assembly. However, these groups have no real power. They exist mainly to help furnish a
democratic facade to the regime. Their major known activity during 1962 has been issuing public
statements in support of the regime's policies. Some noncommunist groups may remain in North Vietnam,
but they could operate only underground.
F A R E A S T
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85
COMMUNIST PARTY
MEMBERSHIP SOURCES OF COMMUNIST STRENGTH COUNTRY
Estimate unavail- In practice, communist activity and the Communist Party have been outlawed in the REPUBLIC.OF VIETNAM
able. Estimates Republic of Vietnam since about 1955. The constitution stipulates that communism (South Vietnam)
of communist is incompatible with its principles, and the constitutional ban is reinforced by
guerrilla considerable anti-subversive legislation.
movement vary up
to 20,000 in hard-
core personnel
and many
thousands more in
part-time
personnel.
W-0,000 to
700,000
(estimate)
The communist threat to the Republic of Vietnam is represented by: 1) the numerically
superior regular armed forces of the communist "Democratic Republic of Vietnam" (MV);
2) a residual apparatus of trained guerrilla cadres and clandestine agents left behind in
South Vietnam following the evacuation of regular DRV armed forces from south of the 17th
parallel in 1954-55; 3) the infiltration of guerrillas, agents, and equipment from the DRV;
and 4) the forceable conscription of peasants and youth in the south. In addition, some
opponents of President Diem have shown themselves vulnerable to agitation by the DRV and the
DRV-controlled "National Front for the Liberation of South Vietnam" for ousting Diem and for
"reunification" through nationwide elections and formation of a new coalition government.
Through considerably increased guerrilla, terrorist, subversive, and propaganda activities
and direct intimidation at the village level, the Communists attempt to discredit, weaken,
and eventually supplant local government authority while they develop sufficient armed and
subversive force to carry out a direct take-over of South Vietnam. At the same time, they
support. any group which seems likely to develop an effective challenge to the established
order.
The Workers Party completely controls the "Democratic Republic of Vietnam" DRV which NORTH VIETNAM
includes about 53; of the total population of Vietnam, or some 17,000,000 people, and "Democratic
about half of the territory (the area north of the 17th parallel). It employs numerous Republic of
controls to eliminate opposition and compel popular support, including country-wide Vietnam")
organizations of the Party and the Police (Cong An), neighborhood surveillance groups, and
domestic propaganda. The DRV government has a communist President and Vice President;
Communists hold the positions of Chairman of the National Asseioly Standing Committee, Prime
Minister, 4 of the 5 Vice Premiers, and head almost all ministries and functional agencies.
Communist cadres have been installed in all sensitive posts throughout the armed forces and
.local government. The "Fatherland Front", composed of numerous front organizations designed
to elicit mass participation in government programs, is completely dominated by the Workers
Party.
In addition, the Communists in Hanoi control the "National Front for the Liberation of South
Vietnam" and the "Vietnam Peoples Revolutionary Party", two clandestine groups which they founded
in South Vietnam in late 1960 and late 1961 respectively for the purpose of advancing the commu-
nist-led warfare there.
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COUNTRY
Date of last
nat' l . pail.
elections
NATIONAL PARLIAMENTARY STATUS
LAOS The Communist Party of Laos exists covertly and operates mainly through the Neo Lao Hak Xat NLHX ,
April 1960 a legal party. There are no Communists or overt sympathizers inthe National Assembly (59 seats)
which-was elected on April 24, 1960. The NLHX obtained only 1% of the total vote for the nine
candidates which it ran and its close ally, the Santiphab party, received 0-05% for its five
candidates. Following the grant of plenary powers for one year to the government of national
union on October 8, 1962, the National Assembly recessed and, presumably, will not reconvene
until the expiration of the plenary powers.
CAMBODIA Prince Sihanouk's People's Socialist Community won all 77 seats (unopposed) in the National
June 10, 1962 Assembly elections. The communist Pracheachon Party refused to contest the elections. No
member of the National Assembly is a known Communist.
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COMMUNIST PARTY
MEMBERSHIP SOURCES OF COMMUNIST STRENGTH COUNTRY
100 estimate Hostilities between anti-communist forces and neutralist-communist forces ended with the LAOS
formation of a government of national union and the conclusion of the Geneva Agreements.
of July 1962, which provide for the neutrality of Laos. The government of national union
is a coalition of neutralist, anti-communist and pro-communist forces under a neutralist
prime minister. The pro-communist NLHX has four representatives in the cabinet. Although
it is the policy of the coalition to unify the country through the integration of adminis-
trative authorities and military forces, its three factions continue to retain control and
administer the areas under their respective control. The NLHX has at least nominal control
over about half of Laos in areas occupied by its military forces, the Pathet Lao, numbering
about 20,000. The main sources of communist strength in Laos are the support of North Vietnam,
Communist China and the USSR; the disunity of the noncommunist forces; and group cleavages and
tensions, particularly between Lao and non-Lao tribes.
about 100- The embryonic Cambodian Communist Party operates covertly and concentrates its overt CAMBODIA
(estimate) political activity in the Pracheachon Party which it controls. The Pracheachon Party
has an estimated 1,000 members and about 30,000 sympathizers. There are also probably
large numbers of Communists and pro-Communists among Vietnamese residents of Cambodia.
Vietnamese Communists have in the past directed pro-commmist activities among Cambodians
of the KYeiter race, although attempts are made to portray communism in Cambodia as of
strictly native development and control.
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COUNTRY
Date of last
nat'l. pail.
elections
NATIONAL PARLIAMENTARY STATUS
REPUBLIC OF CHINA The Communist Party is illegal in areas under the control of the Republic of China. The Kuomintang,
headed by Chiang.Kai-shek, is the dominant political party, and holds about 90% of the approximately
1948 480 active seats in the Legislative Yuan (total elected membership in 1948 was 760). Two minor
parties, the Young China Party and the Democratic Socialist Party, also hold a few seats each in
the Legislative Yuan. Although two nonministerial portfolios in the Executive Yuan are reserved for
them, neither party has availed itself of this opportunity since 1953.
HONG KONG Hong Kong is ruled by a Governor appointed by the British Crown, with the assistance of two appointed
bodies, the Executive and Legislative Councils, and of a partially elected Urban Council. No political
parties are recognized in Hong Kong, but political "associations" have participated in the Urban Council
elections. In the 1961 elections, the two associations ran a single ticket. Although the Communist
Party has not been declared illegal in Hong.Kong, the Emergency Regulations adopted in 1949 oblige the
Registrar of Societies to refuse registration tc any local society which is affiliated with any political
organization outside the colony.
OUTER MONGOLIA Almost 1000,; of the voters were reported to have participated in the June 19, 1960 elections-at which the
`Mongolian People's candidates nominated by the "People's Bloc ofngolian People's Revolutionary (Communist Party and
Republic") non-Party members" won 99.98% of the votes cast as Representatives to the Fourth Great People's Hural
June 19, 1960 (national parliamentary body). Representatives elected numbered 267 and are distributed according to
estimate as follows: "Workers, including agricultural workers" -- 31%, "herdsmen" -- 15%, and "intel-
lectuals and cadres," -- 54;x. Although the percentage of votes won by the "People's Bloc" is identical
with the figures of the past two elections (1954 and 1957), there is no explanation given for the
fluctuation in the number of representatives elected, i.e., 295 in 1954, 233 in 1957, and 267 in 1960.
Women were reported to have won 20% of the seats in the parliament.
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COMMUNIST PARTY
MEMBERSHIP SOURCES OF COMMUNIST STRENGTH COUNTRY
Negligible The Communist Party is suppressed by the Government of the Republic of China, and REPUBLIC OF CHINA
there is no evidence that a communist underground organization of significant size
exists on Taiwan. Any subversive efforts there are directed from the mainland by
the Chinese Communist Party.
estimate un- The Communists in Hong Kong are members of the Chinese Communist Party CCP . They HONG KONG
available) operate through labor unions, leftist-controlled schools, communist-controlled banks,
and commercial firms, communist and left-wing newspapers, and the New China News Agency
(NCNA). Hong Kong is a distribution center for a large volume of Chinese language
communist propaganda, most of it produced in Communist China, to overseas Chinese.
46,000 claim The Mongolian People's Revolutionary Party directs all political, economic, and OUTER MONGOLIA
social activity. At the time of the Party's 14th Congress in July 1961, the ("Mongolian People's
number of members and candidate members in the Party had reportedly increased Republic")
by 1,006. Of the total membership, 18.1% were women. At the time of the Party's
13th Congress in March 1958 (the latest reported as to composition), about 52%
of the members were classified as "intelligentsia," 29% as "stockbreeders," and
about 19% as "workers . "
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COUNTRY
Date of last
natl. parl.
elections
NATIONAL PARLIAMENTARY STATUS
COMMUNIST CHINA The Chinese Communist regime is a one-party dictatorship, dominated by a small communist elite, which
"People's Republic holds a monopoly of key posts in the government and the armed forces. A facade of constitutional
of China") government is maintained around the National People's Congress (NPC) of 1,226 deputies elected in-
Mar. 1958- Feb. 1959 directly from the various administrative regions of the country as well as from the army, national
minorities, and overseas Chinese. Elections take place every four years. Although the Chinese
Communist Party exercises complete control over the NPC, it also maintains the fiction of multi-
party administration by permitting several small and. powerless parties token participation in
government activities through a communist-led United Front. This Front was particularly active in
the early years of the regime as a tool for the control of intellectual and business groups but
since 1957 has become increasingly circumscribed. Mere was no NPC meeting in 1961, probably
because of the grave economic difficulties the regime was then, encountering. A session was helm
in 1962, however, and one is scheduled for the second quarter of 1963-
FAR, EAST
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COMMUNIST PARTY
MEMBERSHIP SOURCES OF COMMUNIST STRENGTH COUNTRY
over 17 million Since the end of 1957, the Chinese Communist Party CCP has grown from 12.7 million COMMUNIST CHINA
(1961 claim) members to over 17 million. The expansion of membership has been due primarily to a eolets
deliberate aim to increase the proportion of party members to the population Republic of
(currently 2.4% or roughly half that in the USSR), to reward cadres who proved their China)
loyalty during the "anti-rightist" and "leap. forward" campaigns of 1957-58, and to
tighten party control over the population. It has officially been estimated by the
CCP that iO% of all party members in 1961 joined the Party after the regime was
established in 1949.
The growth in membership has been accompanied by efforts to "purify" the Party and
improve its morale and discipline. Prom early 1960 to mid-1961, for example, a
virtually continuous but low-key "rectification" campaign was carried out to eliminate
bureaucratic inertia and corruption, to weed out dissident party elements, and to
strengthen morale and efficiency. An undetermined number of party members was transferred
from urban and bureaucratic posts to rural areas in order to strengthen party leader-
ship and -co reenforce the partial shift in emphasis in 1959-61 from industrial to
agricultural production. The Party appears to have gone through this without a major
purge of its ranks or drastic changes in the dominant leadership core, although
several important military and economic figures came under a cloud.
Domestic economic difficulties during the last four years have almost certainly
resulted in a rise of popular discontent, particularly in rural areas, which the regime
has attempted to meet by a temporary relaxation of its more rigid policies in the
countryside. There is little evidence of active or effective opposition to the regime,
and the general mood of the people appears to be one of apathy and passive resignation.
There has, however, been an apparent revival of petty thievery, corruption, and
venality centering mainly around the search for food.
The CCP is the only channel to power, position, and prosperity in Communist China. The
core of party support probably comes mainly from the younger element of the population who
lack a basis of comparison with the past, have been indoctrinated through their youth by the
regime, and find the Party and the state the only outlet for their talents and ambitions.
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COUNTRY
Date of last
nat'l. part.
elections
NATIONAL PARLIAMENTARY STATUS
NORTH KOREA The North Korean People's Assembly is an important part of the democratic facade which the Communists
T'Democratic People's use to conceal their totalitarian regime. Theoretically invested with considerable power, actually
Republic of Korea") the Assembly is controlled by the Korean Workers (communist) Party, and it automatically votes approval
of decisions taken by the communist leadership. The parliamentary elections of October 8, 1962 were
October 8, 1962 the third in the history of the North Korean regime, the first two having been held in 1948 and 1957.
The constitutional provisionlimiting the tenure of an Assembly to four years has not been obeyed.
The regime announced that all 183 candidates had been elected to the Assembly. Like the 1957
elections, the 1962 elections featured a single slate of candidates with the electorate limited to
registering simple approval or disapproval of the candidate in each district. A breakdown of party
strength in the new Assembly is not available, but, in any event, it is known that the.Workers Party
dominates all other political groups in North Korea and hence the Assembly.
Two minor "political parties", the Democratic Party and the Religious Ch'ongu Party, have been per-
mitted to exist in an attempt to give a democratic appearance and to attract popular support for the
regime. However, both these groups are closely controlled by the Workers Party, and they have no
real power.
REPUBLIC OF KOREA In the wake of a military coup d'etat on May 16, 1961, martial law was declared pursuant to
(SOUTH KOREA) pertinent provisions of the constitution. Parliamentary government was replaced by the Supreme
Council for National Reconstruction, staffed entirely by military. officers, with absolute control
over legislative and executive powers. Political parties were dissolved and political activity
prohibited..
The military government has stated that it will.return the government to civilian control in the
summer of 1963, following the adoption of a new constitution and general elections.. Martial law
was lifted on December 5, 1962 and a referendum approving a new constitution was held On:_December 17.
Political parties are to be allowed to resume activities in early 1963 in preparation for general
elections which are expected to be held in May. The new constitution calls for a presidential
system and a unicameral legislature.
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COMMUNIST PARTY
MEMBERSHIP SOURCES OF COMMUNIST STRENGTH COUNTRY
1,311,563 official The Korean Workers (communist) Party, which now dominates the political life NORTH KOREA
claim, Aug. 1, 1961) of North Korea, was formed.in 1946, while Soviet troops were occupying that ("Democratic People's
region. It represented a merger of the Korean Communist Party, composed of Republic of Korea")
pro-Soviet Koreans and indigenous Communists, and the New People's Party,
formed by Koreans who had returned from communist-controlled territory in
China. In 1949, the Party formally joined forces with the South Korean Workers
Party, thus establishing a claim to be an all-Korean party, and it assumed its
present name. (It had formerly been called the "North Korean Workers Party".)
Today, by means of the usual communist techniques of interlocking leadership among
Party, Government, Armed Forces, and Front, of police-state surveillance and sup-
pression, and of communist infiltration of all organizations, the Workers Party
.controls and directs the North Korean regime. All officers of_the armed forces
are Party members. The Party has created a network of mass organizations, in-
cluding federations of youth, students, women, labor, and farmers, which are
designed to mobilize popular support for the regime, and it controls them through
the apparatus of the "United. Democratic Fatherland Front".
Negligible Most South Korean communist leaders have been in North Korea since 1948.. The REPUBLIC OF KOREA
passage of the National Security Law on December 1, 19118, severely restricted (SOUTH KOREA)
communist activities and the South Korean Office of Public Information formally
dissolved the'South Korean Labor (communist) Party in October 1949 on the ground
that it had not continued to provide the necessary information to the government.
The military government established in. May 1961 announced the elimination of
communist subversion as one of its main goals and through its police and
intelligence agencies has acted vigorously against communist agents and suspected
Communists. Although a small underground may continue to exist in the urban areas,
there is virtually no procommunist sympathy among; the general population.
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COUNTRY
NATIONAL PARLIAMENTARY STATUS
Date of last
nat'l. part.
elections
Communist
Non-Communist Left
Center
Conservative
JAPAN
Japan Communist Party
Japan Socialist Party
7
Independent and Minor-
Liberal-Democratic Party
Lower House
1,15 ,723 votes (2.91p)
10,77
,137 votes
27.60)
Parties
22,770-,265 votes 57.5%,
(House of
3 seats
145 seats
_172-670749 votes
296 seats
Representatives)
As of:
6 seats
467 seats
Dec. 7, 1962
Dec. 7, 1962
Dec. 7
1962
Nov. 20, 1960
3 seats
142 seats
Dec. 7, 1962
,
293 seats
3 seats
Democratic Socialist party
3,464,147 votes (6.87p7
17 seats
As of:
Dec. 7, 1962
15 seats
Upper House
(House of
Councillors)
250 seats
July 1, 1962
Triennial elections
held for one-half
the membership
divided into 75
seats from
prefectural
constituencies
(PC) and 50 from
the nation at large
(NC).
Japan Communist Part
PC-1,760,249 votes +.8%)
NC-1,123,945 votes (3.1%)
4 seats
As of:
Japan Socialist Part Soka Gakkai
PC-11,917, 7 votes (32.8%) PC- 957,-179
NC-8,666,806 votes (24.2%) NC-4,124,268
66 seats 15 seats
Dec. 7, 1962 Dec. 7, 1962 Dec. 7, 1962
4 seats
66 seats 15 seats
Independent (JCP- Democratic Socialist party
endorsed) PC-2,649,422 votes .7.3%)
PC-27,301 votes (.08%) NC-1,899,755 votes (5.3%)
1 seat 11 seats
As of:
Dec. 7, 1962 Dec. 7, 1962
1 seat 11 seats
Independents
PC-1,729,972
NC-1,699,759
4 seats
As of:
Dec. 7, 1962
4 seats
Vacancies
Dec. 7, 1962
11 seats
Vacancy
1 seat
Liberal-Democratic Party
PC-17,112, votes 7.1%)
NC-16,581,634 votes (46.4%)
142 seats
Dec. 7, 1962
141 seats
Doshikai
1
nr= 25 A l- (n 14.
+v 128 `3-r 'v'otes ~v.4rjo1
NC-1,.660,466 votes (4.6%)
7 seats
Dec. 7, 1962
7 seats
term "Center" is one which is not usually applied in categorizing political parties in Japan. The Democratic Socialist Party
is a centrist party in the sense that, as a rightwing socialist party, it sometimes sides with the Liberal-Democratic Party against
the Japan Socialist Party. The Soka Gakkai, based on the strongly nationalist Nichiren sect of Buddhism, is essentially a rightist
party, but takes a position similar to that of the left on such issues as rearmament and constitutional revision.
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COMMUNIST PARTY
MEMBERSHIP SOURCES OF COMMUNIST STRENGTH COUNTRY
100,000 (estimate) The Japan Communist Party JCP is a peripheral force in Japanese political life. The JAPAN
100,000 (claim, JCP benefits to some extent from the acceptance of Marxism and Leninism among intellectuals,
July 1962) who in turn are widely respected by the general populace, and. among non-communist left-wing
politicians. The JCP also derives strength from its ability to mobilize a nationwide
organization and an extensive network of front organizations to present the communist line.
It has been most successful in its manipulation of front organizations designed to attract
public support for "peace" and closer relations with the communist states, and against re-
armament, atomic and nuclear weapons, and Japan's alignment with the United States.
The party's subservience to external communist requirements and a past record of violence
militate against the party's growth as a popular movement. Its appeal on nuclear themes has
been somewhat prejudiced in the past year by the timing of Soviet nuclear tests. The JCP
continues as in 1961 to have difficulty eliciting cooperation from the Japan Socialist Party
and from the largest labor federation, the leftist Sohyo (General Council of Trade Unions of
Japan). Both these organizations are in general reluctant to show too close identification
with the JCP.
Voting support for the JCP (about 3% in the 1960 general elections and 4% in the 1962 Upper
House elections) is concentrated in the urban areas. The JCP draws a larger proportion of
its votes from that segment of the population than does any other Party. The JCP holds seven
Diet seats (3 out of 467 in the Lower House and 4 out of 250 in the Upper House), its largest
representation since 1952.
The steady growth and the organizational activity of the JCP-affiliated Minseido (Democratic
Youth League) have attracted attention among non-communist observers in Japan during the-past
year. Minseido membership has grown from under 5,000 in 1958 to an estimated 70-80,000 in
1962. Approximately 25% of the present membership consists of card-carrying JCP members. The
official JCP newspaper, Akahata (Red Flag) claims.a daily circulation of 140,000.
95
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COUNTRY
Date of last
nat'l. parl.
elections
NATIONAL PARLIAMENTARY STATUS
INDONESIA Indonesian Communist
Party (PKI) 30
The Indonesian parliament
is filled by appointment Proletarian Party
not election. The (Murba)
present parliament, in-
stalled on June 25,
1960, consists of 261
members appointed on
March 27, 1960, and 22
additional members
appointed June 17, 1960.
Indonesian Nationalist
Party (PNI) 44
Islamic Union Party of
Indonesia (PSII) 5
Movement for the
Expansion of Islam
(Perti)
Indonesian Party
(Partindo)
Moslem Scholars NU 3
Indonesian Christian
(Protestant) Party 6
Catholic Party
Party Representatives:
31
47
Functional Group
Representatives:
34
26*
73*
Total
65*
73*
120*
* Functional group representatives are not, in their capacity as members of parliament, formally identified with political
parties. These figures are based on available information on party affiliation, and must be regarded as approximate. No
information is available on the party affiliations of 20 functional group representatives, who are therefore not listed on
this table.
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COMMUNIST PARTY
NEMERSHIP SOURCES OF COMMUNIST STRENGTH COUNTRY
1,900,000 estimate The PKI's strength rests. basically on its legitimacy and respectability, and on INDONESIA
its strong organizational control over its followers. Its legitimacy and re-
"More than 2,000,000" spectability are attributable to President Sukarno's public endorsement of the
(claim as of Dec. 1962) party as a genuine participant in the political process and in the nationalist
movement. This endorsement has been concretized by the appointment of large numbers
of PKI members to the parliament and to advisory organs of the government, such as
the Supreme Advisory Council and the National Planning Council. The PKI's organi-
zational control in the labor field gives it a strategic position in such key sectors
of the economy as transportation and estate agriculture, and to a lesser extent among
government employees and oil field workers. Its control over both front groups and
party membership give it a force which can be mobilized for demonstrations and
propaganda.
The communist-front labor federation SOBSI claims 2,700,000,, probably comprising a
majority of organized labor. No other communist front holds such a predominant
position in its field. Other communist front organizations of numerical importance
include the Peasants' Front (BTI) 3,700,000; the People's Youth (Pemuda Rakjat)
1,000,000; and the Women's Movement (Gerwani) 800,000.
Proletarian Party Murba is described as a national communist party. It appears to have no organizational
(Murba). Estimate ties to international communism and advocates strict neutrality in the cold war. Its
not available. numerical strength is negligible, and its significance on the Indonesian scene stems from
the fact that several influential advisers of President Sukarno are Murba sympathizers
or members.
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COUNTRY
NATIONAL PARLIAMENTARY STATUS
Date of last
natl. part.
elections.
Communist
Non-Communist Left
Center
Conservative
NEV ZEALAND
Communist Party
Labour Party
Social-Credit Part
P
National Part
Nov. 2 , 1960
,05 votes 0.17%)
508,179 votes (43.42%)
100,905 votes
. 2%)
557,046 votes (47.59%)
No seats
34 seats
No seats
46 seats
Parliament:
80 seats .
--------------------------------
(unicameral)
Other Parties
2,319 votes (0.20%)
No seats
AUSTRALIA
Dec. 9, 1961
Senate
House
Senate:
60 seats Liberal-Country
30
Liberal-Country
62
House : 124 seats
Labour
28
Labour
60
Democratic Labour
1
122
Independent
1
Non votip.g members
2
60
PHILIP IN
Nov. 14, 1961
Senate
House
Senate: 24 seats
Nacionalista
11
Nacionalista
45
House :,104 seats
Liberal
12
Liberal
55
Independent
1
Independent
4
27
-107
F A R E A S T
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COMMUNIST PARTY
XWERSHIP
500 or less.
(estimate)
6,000 or less
(estimate)
1,500 - 2,000
including some
300 - 500 Huks
(estimate)
300 - 400 Chinese
Communists
(estimate)
SOURCES OF COMMUNIST STRENGTH COUNTRY
Although the New Zealand Communist Party in 1960 more than doubled the number of NEW ZEALAND
votes it received in the 1957 national elections, it remains very weak. It has little
influence in New Zealand national life, though through its front groups it has increased
its effectiveness from the low reached immediately after the Hungarian uprising. Its
influence among labor groups is negligible; party sympathizers are estimated around
3,000.
The Australian Communist Party finds its greatest support in organized labor. Commu- AUSTRALIA
nists have three representatives on the 16-man Interstate Executive of the Australian
Council Qf Trade Unions and control or hold important positions in the Waterside Workers'
Federation, Sheet Metal?Workers Union, Building Workers' Industrial Union, Australian
Railways Union, Miners' Federation and the Seaman's Union. Through these positions they
gain the stature to exert some pressure on the Australian Labour Party. Communists are
also active in immigrant organizations, and in peace and friendship societies, and are
attempting to influence students.
The Communist Party of the Philippines (CPP) was declared illegal by a Supreme PHILIPPINES
Court ruling in 1932 and specifically outlawed by the Anti-Subversion Act of 1957.
Since the collapse of the communist-led Huk rebellion, communist guerrillas have been
reduced to some 300-500 men located in the mountains of zentral and southern Luzon.
The Communist Party of the Philippines has switched from a tactic of insurrection to
one of infiltrating noncommunist organizations. It has achieved some success in a few
labor, youth, and intellectual groups and in those circles which advocate a policy of
Filipino nationalism.
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COUNTRY
Date of last
nat'l. parl.
elections
CANADA
June 18, 1962
NATIONAL PARLIAMENTARY STATUS
Communist Non-Communist Left Center Conservative
Communist Party of Canada New Democratic Part Liberal Party Proessive Conservative
6,307 votes 0. 1,0A056 votes 13.4%) 2,671, vote
666 (37.4) 2,867;555 votes (37.3%) No seats 19 seats (7.2%) 100 seats (37.7%) 116 seats (43.8%)
-----------------------------------------------
Other Parties
Social Credit Independents
896,427 votes (11.7%) 9;-007 votes (0.1%)
30 seats (11.3%) No seats
* A new party formed by the Cooperative Commonwealth Federation and the
Canadian Labor Congress in 1961.
C A N A D A , T H E CARIBBEAN, A N D E U R O P E A N P O S S E S S I O N S
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COMMUNIST PARTY
MEMBERSHIP SOURCES OF COMMUNIST STRENGTH COUNTRY
3,000 - ,000 The Communist Party of Canada CPC is essentially an urban party of industrial workers, CANADA
(estimate) white collar employees, and students, more heavily concentrated in Ontario than in any
other province. The party has little or no political strength; it received an even
smaller percentage of the total vote cast in the 1962 general election (0.06%) than it
did in the 1958 contest (0.1`). In the 1962 election, the CPC backed candidates of the
New Democratic Party, a new party formed by the Cooperative Commonwealth Federation and
the Canadian Labor Congress, in constituencies in which no Communists were standing. No
Communist has been elected to Parliament since 1945, and none has sat in a provincial
legislature since 1948.
Communists continue to be active, however, in several large trade unions, especially the
International Union of Mine, Mill, and Smelter Workers, the United Fishermen and Allied
Workers' Union, and the United Electrical, Radio, and Machine `'wrkers of America, and
assertedly in a number of smaller unions. They have also reportedly been active in
certain disarmament and peace Croups.
So far as has been noted, party leaders have not recently made public any figures on the
size of the party, but during 1961 they claimed it had 6,000 - 7,000 members.
C A N A.D A, T H E C A R I B B E A N , A N D E U R O P E A N P O S S E S S I O N S
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COUNTRY NATIONAL PARLIAMENTARY STATUS
Date of last
nat'l. earl.
elections Communist Non-Communist Left Center Conservative
BRITISH GUIANA
Aug. 21, 1961 People's Progressive Party United Force (UF)
PPP * 35,771 (16-476)
93,075 votes (42.6%) 4 seats (11.40)
20 seats ** (57.2%)
People's National
Congress PNC
89,501 vote (l%)
11 seats (31.4%)
* The PPP is placed between the communist and non-communist left 4--oluins because the party is professedly socialist,
has often followed a pro-communist line, and certain of its leaders are allegedly communist. The rank-and-file is
not communist.
** Since the 1961 general election the number of PPP seats won has been reduced by two. One seat was invalidated by a
court decision in November 1961, and a by-election has not yet been held. Another seat was lost to the PPP in June
1962, when the incumbent, B. S. Rai, then Minister of Home Affairs, was expelled from both his cabinet post and the
P. Since then, he has voted as an independent.
CANADA, THE CARIBBEAN, AN 13' EUROPEAN P OSSESS IONS
I N T H E W E S T E R N H E M I S P H E R E
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COMMUNIST PARTY
MEMBERSHIP SOURCES OF COMMUNIST STRENGTH COUNTRY
No organized Although there is no organized communist party in British Guiana, several PPP leaders BRITISH GUIANA
communist have been alleged to be Communists, and the publications and statements of the self-
party. styled socialist People's Progressive Party (PPP) have often echoed the communist line.
Over the years, a number of PPP officials, including Janet Jagan, the party's general
secretary, have made numerous trips to Cuba and various communist countries, including
Communist China, sometimes for the purpose of attending meetings of communist or communist-
front organizations. Several score Guianese students have gone to study in Cuba, Eastern
Europe, and the USSR.
Dr. Cheddi B. Jagan, the leader of the PPP and the Premier of British Guiana, describes himself
as a Marxist and has refused to answer directly the question of whether he is a Communist or not.
In June 1962, testifying before a commission of inquiry investigating the February 1962 disorders
in Georgetown, Jagan was pressed on this point by opposing counsel; he would concede only that he
believed the "tenets of communism to be 'from each according to his ability, to each according to
his need,' " and that he believed "in that.". This statement, however it may be interpreted, led
the commission chairman later to characterize Jagan as "an avowed Communist."
The PPP, which originated as a small political discussion group in 1946, was established as a party
in 1950, and won the April 1953 general election, the first ever to be held in British Guiana under
universal suffrage. Although the party was restricted'for a time as a result of the UK suspension
of the constitution, and a 'sizable faction led by L.F.S. Burnham split off (eventually to become
the People's National Congress), the PPP won the largest number of elective seats in the 1957 general
election. In 1961, it won its third straight electoral victory and formed the government. Recent
firm figures on PPP membership are not available, but the party'is estimated to have 10,000 - 12,000
members.
The PPP, predominantly an.East Indian and rural party, receives its mass support from the Indian
sugar workers and rice farmers; it. is backed also by some. Indian businessmen, a few rural Negro
workers, and some Negro intellectuals and extremists in the urban areas. The best-organized and
most homogeneous party in British Guiana, the PPP has benefited from the racial situation. in that
country -- 49% of the population is Indian, while only 44% is. Negro and mixed, and the Indian pro-
portion in the.total is steadily growing greater. Moreover, Jagan has successfully exploited Guianese
aspirations for political and economic independence, the sugar workers' demands for better working
conditions, and the Indian desire for land and for jobs formerly held only by whites and Negroes.
CANADA, T H E CARIBBEAN, A N D EUROPEAN P O S S E S S I O N S
I N T H E WESTERN H E M I S P H E R E
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COUNTRY
Date of last
natl. par.
NATIONAL PARLIAMENTARY STATUS
elections Communist. Non-Communist Left Center
TRINIDAD West Indian Independence People's National Movement Democratic Labor Party
Dec. , 1961 Party- 18-o,241 votes 57. ,0 131,760 votes 0.
No candidates entered 20 seats (66.7 ). 10 seats (33.3%)
Conservative
Other Parties
Butler Pam African National Congress Independents-
1,333 votes (0.4%0) 1,634 votes (0.5%) 1,502 votes (0.410)
No seats, No seats No seats
NOTE: Trinidad was formerly a member of the federation of The West Indies. The federation was formally dissolved in
May 1962, and Trinidad became independent in August 1962.
JAMAICA People's Freedom Movement People's National Party Jamaica Labor Party
April 10, 1962 No candidates entered 27b,704 votes (4b.7,)- 2 3,351 votes 9.7x0)
19 seats (42.2%) 26 seats (57.8%)
Socialist Party of Jamaica
Not formed at time of election
Other Parties
People's Progressive Party
,votes (0.9
No seats
Independents
2;842 votes (0.5%)
NOTE: Jaamaica was formerly a member of the federation of The West Indies. The federation was formally dissolved in
May 1962. and Jamaica became independent in August 1962..
BRITISH DEPENDENT
TERRITORIES
THE WEST INDIES
Barbados, Windward
Islands, Leeward
Islands, Grenada
and others)
NOTE: The federation of West Indies, which includes Jamaica and Trinidad. know inaepenaenti) as weJ-L
as these islands, was formally dissolved in May 1962. Seven of the eight members of the
former federation are considering the formation of a new "little seven" federation. Grenada
is considering joining Trinidad.
CANADA,
T H E C A R I B B E A N , A N D E U R O P E A N P O S S E S S I O N S
I N T H E WESTERN H E M I S P H E R E
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COMMUNIST PARTY
MEMBERSHIP SOURCES OF COMMUNIST STRENGTH
Negligible The party through which the Communists in Trinidad work is the West Indian
Independence Party. So far as is known, it has little, if any, influence in
the political or trade union fields.
Negligible The parties through which the Communists in Jamaica work are the People's Freedom
Movement (PFM) and the Socialist Party of Jamaica, which splintered off .from the
PFM in September 1962. A group of 20-30 individuals describing itself as the Jamaica
Communist Party protested the Jamaica Government's decision to refuse shore leave for
the crews of two Soviet training vessels that visited Jamaica in early May, but so far
as is known, this group has not engaged in public activities since then. These groups
are not believed to have any political influence, but the fanatic, back-to-Africa Has
Tafari cult, the inhabitants of the Kingston slums, as well as the trade unions,
constitute targets for communist penetration.
Negligible ` r- as is 1own, t ere Is no organized ccm,-r+unis act vity in 1these islands.
CANADA, T H E C A R I B B E A N , A N D E U R O P E A N
I N THE WESTERN H E M I S P H E R E
COUNTRY
TRINIDAD
JAMAICA
BRITISH DEPENDENT
TERRITORIES
THE WEST INDIES
Barbados, Windward
Islands, Leeward
Islands, Grenada
and others
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COUNTRY
Date of last
nat'l. part.
elections
FRENCH OVERSEAS
DEPARTMENTS IN
WESTERN HEMISPHERE
MARTINIQUE
Nov. l & 25, 1962
3 seats for French
Assembly
NATIONAL PARLIAMENTARY STATUS
Communist Non-Communist Left
Communist Party Democratic Progressive Radicals
10,510 votes 23.40 (PPM) C- saire TI-5170-Votes .(19.0%)
10,680 votes (23.5%) 1 seat
1 seat
Socialist Party
13,276 votes 24.4%)
1 seat
GUADELOUPE
No- v. 166& 25, 1962
3 seats for French
Assembly
Because of insufficient data, percentages do not add to 1007;
Communist Party Socialist Party dissident
23,612 votes (33.7%) 10,53-14 Votes (14.c,%)
1 seat
FRENCH GUIANA None
Nov. 18 9-2-5, 1962
1 seat for French
Assembly
Guiana Socialist Party
,209 votes 9.7
1 seat
.In endent
8,2 votes (11.8,)
1 seat
Because of insufficient data, percentages do not add to 10Uilll
CANADA, T H E CARIBBEAN)
AND E U R O P E A N
I N T H E W E S T E R N H E M I S P H E R E
Conservative
UNR Gaullist
12,476 votes 17.8%)
1 seat
UNR Gaullist
Tk2b2b votes 50.30
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COINUNIST PARTY
MEMBERSHIP SOURCES OF COMMUNIST STRENGTH
- COUNTRY
FRENCH OVERSEAS
DEPARTMENTS IN -
WESTERN HEMISPHERE
700 (estimate) Communist strength in Martinique has declined steadily since the end of World MART,_ TR
War II. The party suffered its most serious blow when its most prominent leader,
Aimcf C6saire, left it in 1956 and started a rival movement, the Progressive Party
of Martinique (PPM). The Communists also have run into difficulties with local
French authorities which barred them from participation in the April 1962 refer-
endum. As the most outspoken advocate of Martinique independence the party has
attracted little support inasmuch as the much more popular PPM has also advocated
greater autonomy for the island. However, the Communists are still able to exploit
racial discrimination and local grievances. which helped them to come close to winning
a seat in the recent national election.
1,000 (estimate) In Guadeloupe, where the party has not been plagued by any rival movement, the GUADALOUPE
Communists have just about held their own. In the recent election the party
dropped only slightly in terms of votes compared to the 1961 municipal elections
but never came close to winning a seat. The principal difficulty for the Commu-
nists in Guadeloupe in 1962.seems to have been their inability to develop any
popular issues.
Negligible In French Guiana, communist strength depends on the fortunes'of a few individuals. FRENCH GUIANA
Moreover, the absence of any labor surplus offers the party few opportunities for
labor agitation of any kind.
CANADA, T H E C A R I B 'B E A N. A N D E U R O P E A N P 0 S S E S S I 0 N.S
I N T H E W E S T E R N H E M I S P H E R E
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COUNTRY
Date of last
nat'l. part.
elections Communist
NETHERLANDS No communist parties
POSSESSIONS: exist in these terri-
WEST INDIES tories
Legislative elections June 4, 1962*
Bonaire
Curacao
Windward Islands
NATIONAL PARLIAMENTARY STATUS
Non-Communist Left
Aruba Workers Front (FOA)
372 votes 1.95,1
No seats
Radical Party (RP)
1249 votes (2.72%)
No seats
'. cao o _ar. Union
60-3 votes 1
No seats
Center Center
Patriotic Party of Aruba (PPA) Aruba People's Party
(Affiliate of the Curacao Democratic Party) -` ::. '
10,613 votes (55.62%) 6,2b9 votes (32.96%)
5 seats (62.5%) 3 seats (37.5%)
Windward Island People's Party (WIPP/A) Aruba National Union
323 votes 1. i1 (UNA)
No seats 1,484 votes (7.78Q
No seats
United Bonairian Progressive Party (PpBu)
1,121 votes 3.55
No seats
Curacao National People's Party (NVP)
Curacao Independent Party (COP)
The NVP and the COP united during the
election to form a joint list. Totals
given are for the combined list.)
22,526 votes (49.13%)
7 seats (58.33%)
Democratic Part (DP/B)
1,453 votes (56.40)
1 seat (100%)
Curacao Democratic
Party (nP)
18,953 votes (41.347/)
5 seats (41.677/)
Curacao Constructive
People's Part KVP
2,521 votes 5.50%)
No seats
Windward Island People's Party (WIPP/WWI) Democratic Party
7 77( votes 5.5511 (UP/WI)
No seats 893 votes (54.45%)
1 seat 1001
C A N A D A, . T H E C A R I B B E A N , A N D E U R O P E A N P O S S E S S I O N S
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COMMUNIST PARTY
MEMBERSHIP SOURCES OF COMMUNIST STRENGTH COUNTRY
No organized parties There is no communist party in the Netherlands West Indies and communist N~JD6
influence is negligible. POSSESSIONS
(NETHERLANDS
WEST INDIES)
(Aruba, Bonaire,
Curacao,
Windward
Islands)
CANADA, T H E C A R I B B EAN, AND EUROPEAN P O S S E S S I O N S
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COUNTRY
Date of last
nat'l. pail.
elections
NETHERLANDS
POSSESSIONS
SURINAM
Legislative Council
elections June 25,
1958.
NATIONAL PARLIAMENTARY STATUS
Communist Non-Communist Left Center
No communist party National Party of Surinam (NPS)
exists 121,797 votes-(32-5W
9 seats (42.86%)
Progressive Surinam People's Party (PSV)
76,977 votes 21.1,
4 seats (19.05%)
United Hindustani Party (VHP)
17,901 votes .7
4 seats (19-05%)
United Indonesian Farmers'
Party KPTI
7,77-votes (2%)
2 seats (9.52%)
Nickerie Independent Party (NOP)
4,588 votes 1.23
2 seats (9.52%)
Surinam Democratic Party (SEP)
54,26-5 votes (14.5%)
No seats
Surinam Party (PS)
40,4votes (10.81%)
No seats
Surinam People's Party (SVP)
39, votes 10. 5
No seats
Although the Surinam Democratic Party (Sir) obtained the second largest number of votes, none of its
candidates was elected because of the system of distribution of seats by electoral districts.
CANADA, T H E C A R I B B E A N, A N D EUROPEAN P O S.S E S S I O N S
IN THE WESTERN H E M I S P HERE
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COMMUNIST PARTY
MEMBERSHIP SOURCES OF COMMUNIST STRENGTH COUNTRY
No orga zz d party While there is no communist party in Surinam, several small political groups are NETHERLANDS
suspected of being led by Communists. Actual communist influence in the country, POSSESSIONS
however, remains negligible. SURINAM
C A N A DA, T H E CARIBBEAN, A N D E U R O P E A N P O S S E S S I O N S
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COUNTRY
Date of last
natl. parl.
elections
HAITI
April 1961
NATIONAL PARLIAn'LENTARY STATUS
Center Conservative
There have been neither parliamentary election nor functioning legislature in"Cuba-since the takeover
by Castro on January 1, 1959? As Prime Minister, Castro governs by decree with the help of a cabinet
of his choice.
The balloting which took place on April 30, 1901 was non-competitive in most districts, wit
hl the-pro-
administration candidates winning in all cases. President Duvalier's name appeared on the ballots of all
candidates, even though his term of office was not scheduled to expire until May 15, 1963 and no Presi-
dential election had been announced.. The results. of the congressional voting were interpreted as confer-
ring upon him a new six-year term. The National Unity Party received 1,320,7+8 votes and occupies all
58 seats in the legislature.
DOMINICAN REPUBLIC
Dominican Revolutionary Party PRD National Civic Union UCN)
Dec. 20, 1962
628,o44 of 1,05 ,99 votes 59;x) 317,327 votes
3a,
22 of 27 Senate seats (820) 4 Senators, 20 Deputies
4+9 of 74 Deputies (66q)
Dominican Popular
Democratic Nationalist
Socialist Party (PSPD)
Revolutionary Party (PNRD)
Communist
1 Senator, 14 Deputies
National Revolutionary Party
Social Christian Revolutionary Party
PNR
PRSG
AIthdrew
1 Deputy
14th of June Party
Dominican Revolutionary Vanguard
Social Democratic Alliance
PCJ Al J)
(VRD)
ASD
Abstained from
No seats.
No seats.
elections.
Dominican Popular Movement (MPD)
National Party
Progressive Christian
illegal
(PN)
Democratic Party PPDC)
No seats.
Abstained from elections.
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COMMUNIST PARTY
MEMBERSHIP SOURCES OF COMMUNIST STRENGTH COUNTRY
60,000 The Cuban Communist Party is currently called the ORI Integrated Revolutionary Organi- CUBA
(estimate) zations). It is made up of the old communist party (Popular Socialist Party - PSP), the
moribund 26th of July Movement and 13th of March Revolutionary Directorate. In 1961 the ORI
was simply the PSP under another name, but in early 1962 changes were made to give Castro and
some of his earlier followers the leading role in the Party. ORI itself will be transferred
into the PUBS (United Party of the Socialist Revolution), probably early in 1963. Initial
membership is estimated at 60-80,000. Its chief functions will be to indoctrinate other
Cubans in Marxism-Leninism and to provide support for the regime's policies. In addition to
the Party mechanism the regime sponsors a tremendous indoctrination program in Marxism-
Leninism through communications media,-the education system, adult education programs, special
Schools for Revolutionary Instruction, labor unions, the Communist Youth organization and the
militia.. Through such means the regime has built up a hard-core following, chiefly among youths
under 25 years of age. The population at large, however, is apathetic or opposed to the regime.
mown The communist movement was outlawed by legislative action, February 27, 1948; the Haitian HAITI
Communist Party (PCH) had dissolved itself in April 1947- Overt communist activity ceased
in December 1950 with suppression of the Popular Socialist Party (PSP). In the. last year or
two, at least 2 clandestine communist political organizations have become increasingly active:
The Party of Popular Accord (1 ) and the peoples National Liberation Party (PPLN). These
entities, although relatively small in number, appear to be fairly well organized and growing.
There is also increasing communist influence in the countryts weak labor movement.
Unknown The Dominican Popu_lar_Socialist (communist). Party has been outlawed and in exile through DOMINICAN
most of-the period of its existence. Most recently proscribed. by law No. 5576 of July 14+, REPUBLIC
1961, the party's leadership, and much of its following, continues in residence in Cuba.
The Dominican Popular Movement (MPD), outlawed in October 1961, is regarded as,a communist
front and its leaders, along with those of other organizations regarded as subversive, have
been. exiled by the ruling Council of State. The legal National Revolutionary Party (PNR 2
strongly pro-Castro, did not participate in the elections; the 14th-of June Party (APCJ?1
'hich has been characterized as communism-dominated also abstained. Vigorously suppressed.
during the Trujillo era, The Communists have. generally 'been given little opportunity by the
subsequent governments to gain a firm footnold in the Dominican Republic.
As a result of the December elections, the Council of State is scheduled to turn over the govern-
ment on February 27 to the successful Dominican Revolutionary Party (PRD) candidate, Juan Bosch.
M I D D L E A M E R I C A
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COUNTRY
Date of last
natl. parl.
elections
MEXICO
July 2., 1961
GUATEMALA
Dec. 3, 1961
(partial)
Dec. 6, 1959
(partial)
Communist
Mexican Communist Party PCM
Mexican Workers and
Farmers. Party POCM).
(PCM and POCM lack membership
required for electoral
registration.)
Socialist People's Party (PPS)
Communist front formerly
known as Peo le's Party, Pp)
1 seat (0.6
Guatemalan Labor Party (PGT)
Outlawed by the 1956
Constitution, and reaffirmed
by. legislative action on
February 21, 1961
* This breakdown is necessarily arbitrary as shifts
HONDURAS Honduran Communist Party
Sept. 1957 PCH
(Constituent Assembly
which became the
Congress in Dec. 1957)
NATIONAL PARLIAMENTARY STATUS
Non-Communist Left Center Conservative
Institutional Revolutionary Party National Action
(PRI) Party (PAN) 172 seats (96.6%) 5 seats (2.8%)
The PRI represents a spectrum
of political opinion ranging
from Right to Left, with
the dominant position under
President Lopez Mateos being
Left of Center.
Revolutionary Party (PR) Democratic National National Democratic
7 deputies (10.61o) Reconciliation Movement MrN)
Part(Redencion) 8 deputies (12:1%)
Guatemalan Christian 26 deputies (39.47o)
Democracy DCG
duties (7.6%) Democratic Union
Part (PUD
deputies (6.1 )
National Liberation
Movement N
1 deputy (1.5%)
Independents
15 deputies (22.7%)
are constantly taking place in the highly personalistic
Liberal. Party,
209,109 votes (61.3%)
36 seats (62%)
The Liberal Party represents a
spectrum of political opinion
ranging from Center to Left, with the
dominant position being just Left of
Center
Nationalist Part
101,27 votes( 30%)
18 seats ('31%)
Reformist Party
29,459 votes (8.7%)
4 seats (7%)
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COMMUNIST PARTY
MEMBERSHIP SOURCES OF COMMUNIST STRENGTH COUAITRY
PCM 5,000-6,000. The communist-front National Liberation Movement MU'! ; which was established following the MEXICO
(estimate) Latin American Conference for National Sovereignty, Economic Emancipation and Peace held in
POCM 100 - 200 Mexico City in March 1961, has been the principal activist communist. organization in Mexico
(estimate) in the past year. Its efforts to move Mexico further leftward have met with strong re-
PPS 70,000 sistance,on the part of the center and right, both inside and outside the government. Comma-
(estimate) nist groups, which are composed principally of intellectuals, students, and professionals, have
tended to divide following the Cuban crisis into "activists"-and proponents of "peaceful co-
existence". The Mexican government's stand on the Cuban crisis, in which it identified Castro
as a tool of Moscow and the Soviet Union as "interventionist", has reduced the appeal of the
strongly pro-Castro communist organizations, dulled the edge of their propaganda, and deterred
the growth of their movement.
1,000 - 1,100 Building on the ruins of the organization developed during the pro-communist regime of ex- GUATEMALA
(estimate) President Arbenz, the Guatemalan Labor Party (Partido Guatemalteco del Trabajo - PGT)
receives encouragement from the presence in Cuba of Arbenz himself and a number of his chief
communist advisors. During the past two years most of the able and experienced leaders of the
communist movement have returned from exile and stepped up efforts to regain lost ground,
particularly among students and organized labor -- where the Communists control the Autonomous
Union Federation of Guatemala (FASGUA), one of the major labor entities in the country. Commu-
nists hope that the December 1963 presidential elections will result.in a leftist government
under which they can begin to repeat the process which led to their domination of the country in the years
immediately -preceeding; the overthrow of the Arbenz government in mid-1954. The Communists have
considerable influence within several non-registered "revolutionary" political parties and will
strive to gain a foothold within the new parties which can be expected to emerge during the 1963
campaign, particularly those associated with the candidacy of former President Juan Joser Aredvalo
(1946-51) the strongest leftist contender. They recently suffered a psychological blow with the
defection of Carlos Manuel Pellecer, a top party leader.
11500 - 2, The Honduran Communist Party has not met legal requirements for registration and its HONDURAS
(estimate) activities are occasionally suppressed. Communist influence exists in many sectors of
Honduran life, including students, academic groups, and the bureaucracy. In the past year
and a half, , however, prodemocratic elements have wrested control of student organizations
from procommunists. Communist penetration of labor extends to a relatively small number of
unions in the Tegucigalpa area and to the economically depressed North Coast, but is becoming
more serious. The Communists have an important forum in the Tegucigalpa daily, El Cronista.
The breaking of relations with Cuba in April 1960 marked the beginning of a period of increased
awareness of the communist danger on the part of the noncommunist left.
MIDDLE AMERICA
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COUNTRY
NATIONAL PARLIP14NTARY STATUS
Date of last
nat'l. parl.
elections
Communist
Non-Communist Left
Center
EL SALVADOR Salvadoran Communist
National Conciliation
Authentic Constitutional
Dec. 17, 1961
Party PCS
Part PCN
Part (PAC)
(for 'a
236,864 votes (68.6%)
T028 votes (7.5%)
constituent and
April and May
54 seats (100%)
Union of Democratic Parties (UPD.)
legislative
Revolutionary Party
.
which was an electoral alliance of
assembly)
(PRAM)
the Christian Democrat Party (PDC)
(communist front)
and the Social Democrat Party (PSD)
Renewing Action Party (PAR)
82,629 votes 23.
No seats
NICARAGUA
Feb. 1957
Socialist Part
of Nicaragua PSN)
Outlawed August 1945,
by decree, and sub-
sequently by consti-
tutional amendment.
The PAC and the UPD do not have specific political
programs or orientations; they represent a broad
spectrum of political opinion opposed to the PNC.
On balance,: they each appear to be somewhat to the
right of the PCN.
National Liberal Party (PLN)
Chamber of Deputies,
28 seats
Senate, 12 seats
Nicaraguan Conservative Party (PCN)
Chamber of Deputies
14 seats
Senate, 4 seats
The Constitution of 1950 provides that all seats in the Chamber of Deputies are to be divided between the two principal parties.
These are defined by law as the Nationalist Liberal Party, the administration party which is often referred to as the Liberal Party,
with two-thirds, and the Nicaraguan Conservative P arty (opposition) with one-third. The apportionment of seats in the Senate
is also determined by constitutional provision. The officially recognized PCN is a minority faction of. the Traditional Conservative
Party (PCT), the major opposition party in Nicaragua.
MIDDLE AMERICA
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COMMUNIST PARTY
MEMBERSHIP SOURCES OF.COMMUNIST STRENGTH COUNTRY
500 The strong measures taken by the Civilian-Military Directorate in the first half of 1962 EL SALVADOR
(estimate) against El Salvador's communist elements have been continued and intensified by the new
administration. President Rivera, who was inaugurated on July 1, 1962,pledged himself
to conduct a counteroffensive against communism. Government Decree No. 28 of February
1961 and the Electoral Law of September 1961 outlawed communist activity and the govern-
mentenacted an antisubversive decree on September 29, 1962. The communist-dominated
General Confederation of Salvadoran Workers (CGTS) has been steadily declining in member-
ship and influence and has recently attempted to recou_o its strength by forming a new
front group, the National Union of Unemployed Workers (UNTD). Additional front groups
include the April and May Revolutionary Party (PRAM) and the United Front for Revolutionary
Action (F[JAR). With the declining strength of the communist movement in the labor field,
the principal source of communist activity has become the communist-dominated student
organization, the General Association of Salvadoran University Students (AG_EUS), which
exploits the advantage of university autonomy. Strong anticommunist movements, such as
the Democratic Civic Association, have been inaugurated in the past year.
200 - 300 The Socialist (communist) Party of Nicaragua PSN has been banned since 1945 and a few NICARAGUA
(estimate) of its. leaders are in exile. Nevertheless, the Nicaraguan Communists have exerted
considerable influence among groups opposed to the Somoza regime, and the party organi-
zation has been an active supporter of the Cuban revolution. The PSN has several
thousand sympathizers of whom perhaps half may be regarded as militants. Communist fronts
inside Nicaragua include the Republican Mobilization (MR), which claims.5,000 members; the
communist-led National Patriotic Youth (JPN); and Nicaraguan Socialist Youth (JSN). The
Communists are active in the student'center at the National University (CUUN), the country's
principal? although weak labor confederation (CGS ,the Managua Federation of Labor (FTM) and
several individual unions. Communist fronts outside Nicaragua include the Nicaraguan
Unitary Front (FUN), active chiefly in Costa Rica and Honduras; the Rigoberto Lopez Perez
Nicaraguan Revolutionary Army, based in Mexico; and the Sandino Revolutionary Front, active
largely in Honduras.
M I D D L E A M E R I C A
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COUNTRY
NATIONAL PARLIAMENTARY STATUS
Date of last
nat' L parl.
elections
Communist
Non-Communist Left Center
Conservative
COSTA RICA
Po ular Vanguard Party
National Liberation Party
National Union Part
Feb. . 4; 1962
PVP
192,65 votes 50.3
51,570 votes 13.
Outlawed July 17, 1948
29 seats (50.9%)
9 seats (15.8%)
PANAMA
May 1960
Democratic Action Party
PAn '
3,359 votes (0.9%)
1 seat (1.7%)
People's Party (j
National Republican Party
135,533 votes 35.
18 seats (31.6%)
National Opposition Union
rLINO 1
100,152 votes (41.39,)
28 seats (.52.83%)
National-Patriotic
Coalition PCN
8,192 votes (35.62%)
18 seats (33.960
Popular Alliance (AP)
55,613 votes 22.98%)
7 seats .(13.200)
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COMMUNIST PARTY
MEMBERSHIP SOURCES OF COMMUNIST STRENGTH COUNTRY
About 300 The Popular Vanguard communist Party of Costa Rica was outlawed by Decree-Law No. 105 C TA RICA
(estimate) of July 17, 1948- In the most recent elections, the presidential candidate who rare
under the banner of the Popular Democratic Action Party (PAID), a communist front,
received less than 1% of the total votes cast. The party's congressional ticket, which
polled in excess of 9,000 votes, was able to obtain, one seat in the 57-member legislature.
(This latter figure represents the approximate strength of the communist party plus its
sympathizers.) The party is active in its efforts to organize the workers in the acific
banana zone and other labor groups, and it has effectively infiltrated the General Confed-
eration of Costa Rican dorkers (CGTC). Efforts to expand its influence and numerical
strength have been met by countermeasures on the part of unofficial anticommunist groups
and increasingly by the Costa Rican government. A strong movement is afoot to strengthen
legal provisions which deal with subversive activities. The PVP puublication,
Adelante, was closed down by executive order of October 29, 1962; subsequently circulated
clandestinely for a brief period; and was then reissued as Libertad on November 11.
Libertad has since appeared sporadically. Membership of communist front groups, which
include Costa Rican Socialist Youth, Society of Friends of the Cuban. Revolution, and
Alliance of Costa Rican Women, is estimated at. s, maximum of 2,000.
About 150 The PIP has faced continual internal crises since it was outlawed on December 23, 1953 PANAMA
(estimate) (Law No. 43) and has lost much of its former influence. Prohibited from participation
in elections, the party ran some members and supporters -- with little success -- as
candidates on the slates of other parties in the 1960 national and municipal elections.
The party controls only a very small minority of Panama's trade-union movement, though
it has regained control of the influential student organization (UEU) at the National
University. The PIP controls the local-pro-Castro organization (CPIRC), which has become
less effective because of the growing awareness-of the threat of Castro-communism; the
party also works closely with ultranationalistic groups seeking to carry on anti-US
activities. Among the PIP's front groups is a small and ineffective women's organization
(Vw). An insurrectional group affiliated with the PIP is the National Vanguard- (VAN).
The Panama Communists have derived some support from the extreme left wing of the small
but increasingly active Socialist Party; leaders of this group have cooperated with the
PIP and assumed positions on issues unually identical with those of the Communists.
. ._ef'forts to. attract new members are impeded by the party's internal disorganization
and illegal status, and by the fact that party membership constitutes a barrier to teaching
positions in the government-controlled educational system and to employment in the Canal
Zone.
MIDDLE AMERICA
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COUNTRY
Date of last
nat'l. parl.
elections
COLOMBIA
Mar. 1962
NATIONAL PARLIAMENTARY STATUS
Communist Non-Communist Left Center
Communist Party PCC Revolutionary Liberal Liberal Party (PL)
No representation in Movement (MRL) 1,04T000 votes (34.6%)
Congress. 589, 000 votes (19.6%) 96 seats (34.0%)
45 seats (16.0%)
Conservative Party (PC)
Os inista faction Laureanista faction
Tdd,OOO votes (26.1%) 484,000 votes.(16%)
81 seats (28.7%) seats 18.4
Rojista faction
111,000 votes (3.7%)
8 seats (2.9%)
NOTE: Colombian political office is shared euqally by the Conservative and Liberal Parties, under provision of
the National Front agreement ratified as a constitutional amendment on December 1, 1957.
VENEZUELA Communist Party PCV Democratic Action (AD)*
Dec. 1958 161,000 votes 6.2 ) 1,27 ,000 votes 49.4%)
9 seats (4.8%) 65 seats (34.9%)
COPEI (Social Christian)
392,000 votes (15%)
25 seats (13.6%)
Republican Democratic Union (URD)
690,000 votes (26.8%)
44 seats (23.6%)
ARS (nickname for nationalistic,
dissident wing of AD)*
25 seats (13.4)
Movement of the Revolutionary Left (MIR)*
16 seats 77
NOTE: The AD-COPEI coalition is sup orte by a large number of political independents.
* The AD vote includes ballots cast for congressmen now representing
MIR and ARS, dissident groups which split off from AD in 1960 and
1961, respectively.
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COMMUNIST PARTY
MEMBERSHIP SOURCES OF COMMUNIST STRENGTH COUNTRY
(8,000 - 10,000) The Communists have had a certain degree of success in infiltrating the Revolutionary COLOMBIA
(estimate) Liberal Movement (MRL) a faction of the Liberal Party which is opposed to the National
Front. MRL leader, Alfonso Lopez Michelsen, moved against the threat of communist control
of the Party at a showdown congress in late 1962, but he did not call for a complete
ouster of the communist forces. The PCC has made repeated attempts to control and
coordinate the activities of Colombia's guerrilla enclaves but has met with only in-
different success.
The spread of communism in Colombia is inhibited by the National Front agreement which
tends to preclude the possibility of successful political agitation by subversive elements.
In addition, conversion to communism is particularly difficult in a country where membership
in the traditional political parties, Liberal and Conservative, is practically hereditary.
The Liberal-supporting CTC (Confederation de Trabajadores de Colombia) and the more Con-
servative-oriented UTC (Union de Trabajadores de Colombia represent the vast majority of
organized Colombian workers. The CTC broke with the communist-front CTAL and WFTU in 1950
and affiliated with the International Confederation of Free Trade Unions. During 1960-61
it expelled communist-dominated affiliates from its ranks. These communist-dominated unions
speak for somewhat more than. 50,000 workers, principally in the nation's major cities - Cali,
Barranquilla, Medellin and Bogota. Principal front groups of the PCC are: Committee for the
Defense of the Cuban Revolution; Colombian Society of the Friends of China; and, 7th of
January Worker-Student Movement. The communist youth organization (UJCC) itself numbers
around 3000.
About 30,00 The Communist Party of Venezuela PCV regained its legality with the overthrow of the VENEZUELA
(estimate) Perez Jimenez dictatorship in 1958. Although it originally supported the coalition govern-
ment headed by President Betancourt, the PCV shifted to militant opposition in mid-1960 and
has since caused as much trouble for the government as possible. Thus, in cooperation with
the T it has participated in guerrilla warfare, terrorist activities and attempted revolts in
.seeking to overthrow the Betancourt government. This subversive activity led the government to
announce on Oct. 15, 1962, that the Supreme Court had been petitioned to outlaw the PCV and MIR.
Although no court. decision has yet been forthcoming, significant numbers of PCV and MIR militants
have been arrested, brought to trial and convicted for subversive activities in recent months. In
Congress the PCV has aligned with the MIR, URD and ARS against the AD-COPEI government coalition..
PCV strength is centered in the Federal District, the area in which the AD is the weakest. Con-
versely, the PCV is weak in the rural areas, and the organized peasantry is overwhelmingly loyal
to the AD. Although as many as 150,000 trade union members may be under communist leadership,
this represents less than one-fifth of the organized workers in Venezuela, more than three-
quarters of whom are in AD-led unions. Among the politically active students at the Central
University, Venezuela's principal institution of higher education, the PCV currently is stronger
than the AD.. C mmunists are also influential among secondary school students, and PCV adherents
control the influential Venezuelan Newspapermen's Association.
SOUTH AMERICA
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COUNTRY
Date of last
nat'l..parl.
elections Conznunis t
BRAZIL Brazilian Communist Party (PCB)
Oct. 1962
Communist Party of Brazil (PCB)
dissident group: did not
participate in election.
NATIONAL PARLIAMENTARY STATUS
Non-Communist Left
Brazilian Labor Party (PTB
11 seats (2k.0%)
Brazilian Socialist Party (PSB)
8 seats (1.7%)
Since most Brazilian parties are heterogenous and
At stake in the Oct. 1962 congressional elections
At least four known Communists and a small number
Center
Social Democratic Party
173- -seats-00-4)
National Democratic
Union UDN
115 seats (24.2,)
Social Progressive
Party PSP
24 seats ().0`%)
Rural Labor Party
3 seats 0.
Christian Democratic Party (PDC)
19 seats
National Labor Party (PTN)
15 seats 3.1,
Social Labor Party (PST)
3 seats 0.
Labor Renovation Movement (MTR)
3 seats O.
PSD
Conservative
Republican Part PR
15 seats 3.1
Popular R!gresentatidn
Party (PRP)
5 seats (1.5%)
(PRT)
Liberator Part (PL)
5 seats 1.7_
lack a firm ideological base, the above classification is somewhat arbitrary.
were the 409 seats in the Chamber of Deputies and 45 of the 66 Senate seats.
of sympathizers were elected to Congress on other party tickets.
PARAGUAY Communist Party (PCP) Febrerista Party CFR Liberal Party (PL)* National R can
March 1960 Did not participate. Did not participate Party, PNR , commonly
in elections. in elections. called Colorado Party
255,000 votes 9
All seats.
* The Liberal Party. attempted to register for the parliamentary elections scheduled for Februarl 10. 1963, but its application
was MId In, *key= ce ,by the National Electoral Board, which did inscribe a small dissident Liberal, gro cal7.ed, the
Revolutionary Directorate of the-Liberal Party.
S O U T H A M E R I C A
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COMMUNIST PARTY
MEMBERSHIP
Brazilian Commu-
nist Party (PcB)
25,000 - 35,000
(estimate)
SOURCES OF COMMUNIST STRENGTH
The Brazilian Communist Party (PCB), outlawed May 7, 1947 by action ofthe Superior Electoral
Court, has only partially been able to exploit the opportunities resented by the P y politico-
economic crisis in Brazil since August 1961. Its record in the October 1962 election was not
substantially better than in 1958 and 1960, although it was able to elect a small number of
COUNTRY
BRAZIL
123
Communist Party
of Brazil (dis-
sidents) 1,f
(estimate)
followers on the tickets of other parties. Nevertheless, the candidacies of several Communist
Party members from Sto Paulo were disallowed by the electoral courts, and appeals against this
action have so far been unsuccessful. The Brazilian Labor Party (PTB) of President Jc? o (tango)
Goulart and the small Brazilian Socialist Party (PSB) contain significant numbers of Communists
and sympathizers, with the latter including Peasant Leagues organizer Francisco JuliMo, newly
elected Federal Deputy and self-proclaimed Marxist, who has called for a Castroist type revo-
lution among the downtrodden peasants of Brazil's distressed Northeast. Another leading pro-
communist figure is Miguel Arrais, recently elected Pernambuco State Governor on a combined PSB-
PTB ticket. The Communist Party has been hampered by continuing internal dissension sparked by
"leftist" opponents of the "soft" line of long-time party boss Luiz Carlos Prestes, and party
membership has declined steadily in recent years. In December 1961, a number of leading Prestes
opponents were expelled from the PCB, and they subsequently formed the dissident Communist
Party of Brazil, which favors violent tactics on the Cuban and Chinese Communist model as
a means of promoting the Socialist revolution in Brazil. The orthodox PCB has gained in
respectability, however, due to the reestablishment of diplomatic relations with the USSR, and
has been successful in controlling the principal national organization of university students and
local. state and national labor grows such as the National Confederation of Industrial Workers CNTI .
3,000 to ,000 The. Paraguayan Communist Party, which was outlawed by Decree No. 5484 of October 7, PARAGUAY
(estimate) 1-936,. bas minimal influence. The majority of its members are in exile. The party
has never been able to establish an effective base in labor because the economy is
largely agrarian and also because the government firmly controls the one small con-
federation of labor. The principal source of communist support has been in intellectual circles.
where the communist-inspired Democratic Students' Front (FEDRE) appears to be making inroads
among university and secondary school students. The Party is also attempting, but with slight
success so far, to penetrate the army and rural areas. The most effective of the communist-
infiltrated exile organizations is the United Front for National Liberation (FULNA) with head-
quarters in Montevideo, which has the support of some noncommunist exiles opposing the present
Paraguayan government.
S O U T H A M E R I C A
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COUNTRY
Date of last
I 1
NATIONAL PARLIAMENTARY STATUS
nat 1. par .
elections Communist Non-Communist Left Center Conservative
ARGENTINA The parliamentary elections of March 18, 1962, which were intended to renew one-half of the membership of the
March, 1962 Chamber of Deputies, resulted in heavy gains by Peronist candidates, who ran under an assortment of neo-Peronist
(annulled) party labels. .The communist vote -- estimated at about 300,000 out of a total of nearly 8,000,000 -- went
chiefly to the Peronists. When the magnitude of the Peronist victory became apparent (Peronist candidates
received 33.4, of the total votes cast), the Argentine military ousted President Frondizi and installed in his
place JoserMar-fa Guido, who formally. annulled the results of the March elections and eventually dissolved
Congress altogether. G neral elections are now scheduled to be held. June 25, 1963.
URUGUAY Communist Party (PCU
Nova 25, 1962
Frente Izquierda de
Liberacion FIDEL
nist fr 3. )
P 7O
votes
seats (3.1%
Colorado Parma National Party (Blanco)**
461,45V votes (45%) 7+2,317 votes (46%)
59 seats (45.4%) 61 seats (46.9%)
Socialist Party (PSU)
Socialist front,
pop ul~,r Union Christian Democratic Party (PDC)
23,567 votes (2.3%) formerly Civic Union
2 seats (1.6%) 31,561svotes %)0%)
Three factions of the Colorado Party ran separate lists in the elections. The majority faction, List 15, is slightly left
of center; List 14 is more conservative; and List 99, headed by Deputy Zelmar Michelini, is almost as far left as the
Socialist Party.
The National Party is divided into two;distinct factions. The majority faction-consist Qf the less conservative White
Democratic Union (UBD) and a wing of the so-called Herreristas headed by Councilor Vietar Haedot.the minority faction
is composed of...-the rest of the He:Ereri-stas, led. by Councilor Martin Echegoyen, and the Ruralistas ef Benito Name.
S O U T H A M E R I C A
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COMMUNIST PARTY
MEMBERSHIP SOURCES OF COMMUNIST STRENGTH COUNTRY
110,000 - 50,000 The PCA has in effect been illegal since 1959, when federal attorneys were instructed by ARGENTINA
(estimate) executive decree to institute judicial action against Communists in each of the country's
provinces. The Political Parties Statute promulgated November 19, 1962, excludes from
participation in future elections parties which seek to establish totalitarian or dic-
tatorial regimes, or which are controlled from abroad. In practice, communist party
activities are suppressed, although Communists are free to vote as individuals for non-
communist candidates. The Party holds a significant, although far from dominant, position
in the General Confederation of Labor (CGT) and controls several of the smaller unions.
These, with the help of Peronist labor leaders, are presently seeking representation on the
20-man governing committee of the CGT. The PCA strategy is to link up with the left-leaning
faction of the Peronist movement, and it hopes to benefit from strains between leftist and
more moderate Peronists. Besides its own membership, the PCA is estimated to have an additional
100,000 sympathizers, including the pro-communist activists among the Peronists and in various
Socialist groups. Communists and pro-Castro. forces among university student groups have
suffered significant setbacks recently in student elections, particularly at the University
of Buenos Aires. Communist attacks on the Argentine Communist's close support of the Cuban
quarantine did not receive support from moderate groups and their efforts to create dis-
turbances during the Cuban crisis failed completely.
3,000 - 5,000 The major reasons for the PCU's small influence after 0 years of existence are the success URUGUAY
(estimate) of the government's welfare policies in undercutting the communist. appeal and the socialists'
refusal to ally with the PCU. Although active and articulate, the PCU can accomplish com-
paratively little without allies. Its gains in the November 1962 elections. stem from its
success in forming the Leftist Liberation Front, FIDEL (Frente Iz uierda,de Liberation),
consisting of the PCU, several small pro-Castro groups, and the MRO Movimiento Revolucionario
Oriental), headed by former Nationalist Deputy Ariel Collazo. Not a Communist, Collazo will
occupy one of the deputy seats won by FIDEL. The front's gains were achieved primarily at the
expense of the Socialists, also pro-Castro, whose parliamentary representation was cut in'half.
The main sources of communist strength are organized labor and intellectual groups. Communists
control the Central. Confederation of. Uruguayan Workers (CUTU), although the majority of the rank
and file unions are not procommunist. PCU's continuing influence in university student circles
can be attributed to the apathy of many students and also to the influence of some leftist-
oriented professors. A number of professors and other intellectuals are affiliated with FIDEL.
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COUNTRY
Date of last
nat'l. parl.
NATIONAL PARLIAMENTARY STATUS
elections Communist Non-Communist Left
CHILE Communist Part PCCh
March 1961 157,451 votes (11.7%)
20 seats (10.40)
Center Conservative
Radical Party (PR) Liberal Party PL
296,704 votes'(22p) 221,361 votes-(16.5%)
53 seats (27.6%) 35 seats (18%)
Socialist Part (PS.) Christian Democratic Conservative Part (PC)
1 9,x+20 votes 11.2 0) Party PDC 197,151 votes (1T~7%)
20 seats (10.4,%) 213,559 votes (16%) 21 seats (10.9%)
National Democratic Party 27 seats (14%)
(PADENA)
95,282 votes (7.1%) Independents
12 seats (6.2%) 3 seats 1.5)
National Vanguard
of the People (VNP)
17,173 votes (1%)
1 seat (0.5%)
NOTE: In the 1961 elections, the Communist, Socialist, National Democratic and National Vanguard parties collaborated in the
Popular- Action-Front (FRAP). The one representative of the National Vanguard subsequently joined the National Democratic
Party. Since the elections, the Radical Party has moved slightly to the right, forming an electoral alliance with the
two government supporting conservative parties. The Christian Democratic Party is a little left of center.
BOLIVIA
Bolivian Communist Part Nationalist Revolutionary Movement
MNR
June 1962*
PCB No seats, but
(partial)
reportedly received over Chamber of Deputies 64 seats
(88.9%)
June 1960
2% of the vote. Senate 27 seats (100%)
(partial)
Authentic Revolutionary Party (PRA)
Revolutionary Workers Party
3 Deputies .20
(POR) No seats
Bolivian Socialist
Party of the Revolutionary Left
Falange (FSB)
PIR No seats
4 deputies (5.7%)
Social Christian Party (PSC)
1 Deputy (1.4%)
In elections for 15 Senate seats and 38 of 72 Deputy positions, several opposition parties abstained; VA* FSB and PRA
considered boycotting the elections on the grounds of government favoritism toward the M.
The dominant MNR is divided into at least four factions with the divisions becoming sharper as the question of presidential
succession comes to the fore. Its left wing is infiltrated by the Communists, while its moderate wing includes many centrists.
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COMMUNIST PARTY
MEMBERSHIP SOURCES OF COMMUNIST STRENGTH COUNTRY
20,000 - 25,000 The PCCh has not climbed back up to its 1947 peak of 1 .5'0 of the total vote, although CHILE
(estimate) the 1961 elections showed that the Party had retained a considerable following even during
its 10-year period of illegality (1948-58). Alone it can exert only moderate influence,
but the willingness of other parties, including even the non-Marxist PADENA, to participate
in thetPepmm~znist-inspired FRAP, greatly increases the PCCh potential. Any weakening of the
FRAP would, therefore, constitute a setback for the party. Since the Cuban missile crisis,
a growing sector of the PADENA appears to oppose. continued collaboration with the Communists,
and some realignment of political forces may occur after the March 1963 municipal elections.
Communist strength is mainly in industrial labor and in intellectual and artistic circles.
It has generally dominated the Central Confederation of Chilean Workers (CUTCh), but the
August 1962 CUTCh congress showed a marked increase in Socialist and Christian Democratic
strength. Christian Democrats have also cut deeply into former communist influence among
university students, although the PCCh is currently having some success in expanding its
youth wing.. It is also seeking new avenues of influence and may have found an important one
in the organizations of slum dwellers, poblaciones, in all major cities. The PCCh has shown
great ingenuity.in setting up a variety of fronts, which include an estimated 5,000 active
communist sympathizers.
Bolivian Communist Communists in Bolivia are divided into three parties, all numerically weak and each in- BOLIVIA
Party (PCB) ternally divided (with this division being most pronounced in the case of the POR). The
4,000 to 5,000 PCB has control over several labor unions and exercises some influence within the MNR-
(estimate) dominated Bolivian Workers Central (COB), which includes white-collar as well as manual
Revolutionary labor and rural elements. The POR retains a shadow of its old influence in certain sectors
Workers Party (FOR) of the mineworkers and peasants. Due to this entrenchment in the labor movement the Bolivian
(Trotskyite) Communists are able to exert political influence far out of proportion to their small numbers.
3,000 to.k,000 Since the Cuban crisis, when Communist -promoted demonstrations led to bloodshed, important'
(estimate) elements among factory, transport, and teachers unions have rejected collaboration with the
Party of the Revo- Communists and are seeking to establish a free labor movement outside the COB.
lutionary Left (PIR)
1,000
(est.i.mate)
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COUNTRY
Date of last
nat'l earl.
elections Communist
ECUADOR Communist Party (PCE)
June 1962 No representation in
Congress
seats (5.5%)
NATIONAL PARLIAMENTARY STATUS
Non-Communist Left
Center Conservative
National Democratic Conservative Party
Front FDN 19 seats (26-3)
tats (32.9%%)
Concentration of Popular Independent Right
Forces CFP 11 seats 15.1
Ecuadorian National
Velas uistas Revolutionary Action
3 seats 4.15) Party ARNE
2 seats (2.7%)
Arosemenistas
5 seats (b.95)
Independent
5 seats .9%)
NOTE: Composition shown is only for the 73-member chamber of Deputies. The National Democratic Front representation includes
a few moderate Socialists and independents but is chiefly made up of Liberal Party members. A number of the Independent
Right representatives support the Conservative Party but do not carry the party label. The Velasquistas, Arosemenistas
and Independents are placed to the left of center but in fact all three groupings include representatives whose political
views range from far left to right.
PERU In the Peruvian National Elections of June 10, 1962 none of the seven presidential candidates received the
June 1962 necessary one-third minimum of the popular vote to be elected. Thus under the Peruvian Constitution, the
new Congress was to decide between the first three candidates by majority vote at the inaugural session on
July 28. During the period between the election and the inaugural session there were charges of fraud in
the elections by the armed forces and some political groups. On July 17 the National Election Board declined
to accede to the demand of .the armed forces that the elections be nullified. The following day the armed
forces overthrew the Prado government and nullified the electoral results. Peru is now being governed by a
Military Junta, composed of high ranking officers of the armed forces who have promised to hold new elections
on June 19, 1963.
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COMNNNIST PARTY
MEMBERSHIP
, - 3, Although legal since 1944, the Communist Party of Ecuador (PCE) has never been able to meet ECUADOR
estimate) the constitutional requirements necessary to launch a national electoral ticket. It is
estimated to have around 3,000 active sympathizers, particularly among left-wing socialists.
In recent years the PCE has dominated the Confederation of Ecuadorean Workers (CTE)1 which
includes most of the ten percent of the labor force that is organized into unions.
As the only political group making a determined effort to penetrate the Sierra Indian groups,
the Communists have attracted a few hundred Indian followers in the area around Quito. The
party's principal auxiliary is the Communist Youth of Ecuador (JCE). It also has strong in-
fluence in, if not control of, the Revolutionary Union of- Ecuadorean Youth (URJE),.a-vociferous
pro-Castro group formed in 1959 by the JCE, the Socialist Youth, and the CFP Youth. The in-
fluence of the CTE and URJE, which was relatively high in November 1961 because of their,sponsor-
ship of street demonstrations which helped to effect a -change in government, appeared to diminish
greatly after the Cuban missile crisis in October 1962.
8,000 -'10,000 The Peruvian Communist Party PCP is denied legal status by Article 53 of the Constitution PERU
(estimate) and is thus unable to enter candidates in elections, but there are few limits on its activi-
ties otherwise. In addition to its hard core members, the PCP has been a vigorous rival of
APRA for control of the Confederation of Peruvian Workers and the outlawing of APRA during
the Odria dictatorship encouraged their efforts. APRA regained considerable strength during
the Prado administration (1956-1962) but may- have lost ground to the Communists in the labor
movement since the military takeover. Communist labor strength is particularly evident in
Lima and in southern-Peru where it is beginning to penetrate agricultural labor. Several
serious agrarian disturbances in the Department of Cuzco and violence at the Cerro de Pasco
mines in late 1962 were in large part the result of communist agitation. The Communists and their
allies now control the National student- Federation (FEP) and all major university federations,
having captured this leadership from the Apristas and their allies. In addition to its student
and labor following the PCP has the support of several front. groups, including the National
Liberation Front, the=political group created by the PCP in order to participate in the 1962
elections.
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APPENDIX: LIST OF COUNTRIES IN WHICH COMMUNIST PARTIES HAVE BEEN PROSCRIBED
COUNTRY
METHOD OF PROSCRIPTION
DATE
Algeria
Decree
Nov. 29, 1962
Argentina
Decree
1959
Law
Nov. 19, 1962
Resolution of Superior Electoral Tribunal
May 7, 1947
Decree
Oct. 1953
China, Republic of
Decree
July 1947
Costa Rica
Decree
July 17, 1948
July 26, 1950
Dominican Republic
Decree
July 14, 1947
Law
July 14, 1961
El Salvador
Decree
Feb. 1961
Electoral Law
Sept. 1961
Germany, Federal Republic of
High Court Decision
Aug. 17, 1956
Law
Dec. 27; 1947
Constitution
1956
Law
Feb. 21, 1961
Haiti
Law
Feb. 27, 1948
Iran
Decree
Feb. 5, 1949
Iraq
Law
Also various decrees of military government
Jan. 6, 1960
# In certain countries, Brazil for example, an illegal communist party is permitted to engage in open
political activities. There are also situations, in the Arabian peninsula, for example, where
communism is simply not tolerated but no formal ban exists. See the text of the report for ampli-,
fication of this listing.
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COUNTRY
METHOD OF PROSCRIPTION
Ivory Coast
Decree
Jan. 1963
Lahr
Sept. 1951
Decree
Apr. 1957
Korea, Republic of
Law
Dec. 1, 1948
Lebanon
Decree
Sept. 28, 1939
Malaya
Decree
July 23, 1948
Morocco
Decree
Dec. 1952
Nepal
Decree
Dec. 15, 1960
Nicaragua
Decree
Aug. 1945
Pakistan
Law
1908
Panama
Law
Dec. 23, 1953
Paraguay
Decree
Oct. 7, 1936
Peru
Constitution (as interpreted by electoral
authorities)
1933
Philippines
Court Decision
Oct. 26, 1932
Law
June 1957
Portugal
Decree
1926
Spain
Law
Feb. 9, 1939
Sudan
Decree.
1958
Syria
Decree
Sept. 28, 1939
Thailand
Law
Nov. 13, 1952
Tunisia
Government announcement
Jan. 1963
Turkey
Decree
July 1922
Union. of South Africa
June 1950
United Arab Republic
Decree
Jan. 1954
Vietnam, Republic of
Constitution
Oct. 26, 1956
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ALPHABETICAL INDEX
COUNTRY Page
Afghanistan........... ............................... 74.
Albania ................................................ 26
Algeria ................... ............................. 36
Angola ................................................. 46
Argentina ....... ............ ........................... 124
Aruba:.......................... ........................ 108
Australia........ .. .................................... 98
Austria.......... .. ................................... 16
Bahrain, ............................................. 72
Barbados........... .................................. 104
Basutol_and..................... ........................ 48
Bechuanaland ........................................... 48
Belgium ............. 8
Bolivia......,........,... ..................... .......... 126
Bonaire.. ............................................... 108
Brazil ...............................
.......... ....... 122
British Dependent Territories (Glestern Hemisphere)..... 104
Bulgaria* ................. ........................... 26
Burma.... a ................. 00 ................... *00.0 ... 80
Burundi, Kingdom of ....... ............................. 62
Can+bodi a .... . . . . . . . . . .. . . .. ..0.00 ... ... . . . . . . ...... ? 86
Cameroon......................... ..................... 50
Canada... 90 .. . ... . .. . . . . .... . .... ... . . .. .. . . . . .. ....1. . .. . 100
Central African Republic ............................... 50
Cey1pin ...................................................
78
Chad............ .......................
Chile.... ............................................... 126
China, Communist ("People's Republic-of China")........ 9o
China, Republic Df... .................................. 88
Colombia ............................................... 120
Congo, Republic of (Brazzaville) ....................... 52
O F C O U N T R I E S
COUNTRY Page
Congo, Republic of the (Leopoldville)...... 62
Costa Rica ................................. 118
Cuba..... .................................. 112
Curacao .................................... 108
Cyprus ................. .................... 66
Czechoslovakia ............................. 28
Dshomey- ..................................... 50
Denmark... ...................,...... ....... 20
Dominican Republic ......................... 112
Ecuador, ................................. 128
Egypt ... .................................. 68
ite
n
e ~ades'( very'Coys$;')5a omey,':tiger 116
and Upper Volta .......................... 50
Ethiopia ............ .'.....,.....,.......... 0
Federation of Rhodesia and TTyasa_lan_d....... 48
Fernando Po ..............................0. 46
Finland ................ .................... 24
France. .. .................. 10
French Overs as Departments in Western
Hemisphere (M.rtinique, Guadeloupe and
Frenc Guiana)) 106
Gabon ...................................... 52
Gambia .................. ... 60
Germany ("German Democratic Republic" and
East Berl-in) .............................. 18
Germany (Federal Republic- and West Berlin). 18
Ghana.* ..... **to ........ ....... * .... 56
Greece... ................................... 64
Grenada........ 104
Guadeloupe..o .............................. 106
Guatemala. .-..........o ...................... 114
Guiana, British ............................ 102
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COUNTRY Page
Guiana, French ......... ............................... 1.06
Guinea........ . ................ ..................... 56
Guinea, Portuguese .................................... 46
Haiti............................ ..................... 112
Honduras .............................................. 114
Hong Kong.. ......................................... 88
Hungary ............................................... 28
Iceland........ ........................................ 20
Ifni .................................................. 46
India ................................................ 76
Indonesia ............................... 96
Iran....... ....................... .................... 68
Iraq .................................................. 72
Ireland........ , ..................................... 4
Israel ................................................ 70
Italy ................................................. 12
Ivory Coast............ ............................... 50
Jamaica ............................................... 104
Japan....................... ........................... 94
Jordan--o .......... oo.-o ...... sees ... o ......... . 70
Kenya.................. ............................... 42
Korea, North ("Democratic People's Republic of
Korea").... .. .. .................................. 92
Korea, Republic of (South Korea)...................... 92
Kuwait ........ .............. ....................... .... 72
Laos .................................................. 86
Lebanon ............................ .................. 68
Leeward Islands.............................,.......... 104
Liberia ................................................ 58
Libya .................................................. 38
Luxembourg....... ........... .......................... 8
Malaya, Federation of... sees ........... o ...... * ... so.. 82
Malagasy Republic, (Madagascar)........ .......... ....... 54
Mali. ................................................. 58
Martinique ................ ... ......................... 106
COUNTRY Page
Mauritania ................................... 54
Maur itius ............................ti:...... 44
Mexico ...................................... 114
Morocco ..................................... 36
Mozambique .................................. 46
Nepal.. ................................... 78
Netherlands ............................. 6
Netherlands Possessions (western Hemisphere) 108
New Zealand.. ........... ...............-... 98
Nicaragua ................................... 116
Niger . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . ..... . . . ..... . . . . . ? . . 50
Nigeria.......... .... ....................... 60
Norway. ...........r ......................... 22
Nyasaland, Federation of Rhodesia and....... 48
Outer Mongolia ("Mongolian People's
Republic")
Pakistan ...... . ...... ...... ........v.......? 74
Panama ................. ..................... 118
Paraguay*.*.*.* ........ *.so ... o .......... so. 122
Peru......... ................................ 128
Philippines ................................. 98
Poland..... ................................... 30
Portugal................... t o o .............. 14
Portuguese Africa (Angola, Mozambique and
Portuguese Guinea) ......................... 46
Rhodesia, Federation of /Rhodesig and
Nyasaland.. ................................ 48
Rio Muni ....... ............................ 46
Rumania ..................................... 30
Rwanda, Republic of ........ ..... 62
Sahara, Spanish .................... ..:...... 46
San Marino .................................? 13
Saudi Arabia ............. ........:........ .. 72
Senegal. ...... ............................. 54
Sierra Leone .......... ...................... 58
133
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COUNTRY Page
Singapore ............................................... 82
Somali Republic ........................................ 40
South Africa, Republic of .............................. 48
Spain. ................................................. 14
Spanish Africa (Spanish Sahara, Ifni, Rio Muni,
Fernando Po).....?..?............sss...ss........s...s 46
Sudan..*****.* ...... o ....... ...... ............... 40
Surinam .........................................-........ 110
Swaziland .............................................. 48
Sweden. ................................................ 22
Switzerland ............................................ 16
Syria..................G............................... 68
Tanganyika ........... ..G............................... 42
Thailand ............ 0 ..................... 80
Togo ................................................... 60
Trinidad ............................................... 104
Tunisia ................................................ 38
Turkey.*..*..* .......... O G... 0 0 0 G O O. O O O O O G O G O O O O O. O O O O O 70
Uganda......... ......................................... 42
Union of Soviet Socialist Republics .................... 32
United Arab Republic (Egypt) ........................... 68
United Kingdom ......................................... 4
per Volta ............. ............................... 50
Uruguay ..................... ........................... 124
Venezuela .............................................. 120
Vietnam, North ("Democratic Republic of Vietnam")...... 84
Vietnam, Republic of (South Vietnam)................... 84
West Indies (Barbados, Windward Islands, Leeward
Islands, and Grenada) (British)..... .................. 104
West Indies (Netherlands)............. ................. 108
Windward Islands (British) ............................. 104
Windward Islands (Netherlands) ......................... 108
Yemen, -The............................................. 72
Yugoslavia.-... .......? .......................r....... .. 34
Zanzibar. ................. ............................. 44
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An Index to the Trends in World Communism: How Wolfgang Leonhard sees the Ideological Spectrum of the East.
Die Zeit, Dec. 28, 7962
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