USSR ELECTRONIC AND PRECISION EQUIPMENT

• Document Type: CREST
• Collection: General CIA Records
• Document Number (FOIA) /ESDN (CREST): CIA-RDP78-03107A000100020002-7
• Release Decision: RIFPUB
• Original Classification: K
• Document Page Count: 44
• Document Creation Date: November 11, 2016
• Document Release Date: April 26, 1999
• Sequence Number: 2
• Publication Date: October 22, 1958
• Content Type: REPORT

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USSR
ELECTRONIC AND PRECISION
EQUIPMENT
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Prepared by
22 October 1958
Foreign Documents Division
CENTRAL INTELLIGENCE AGENCY
2430 E. St., N. W., Washington 25, D.C.
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PLEASE NOTE
This report presents unevaluated information selected
from Russian-language publications as indicated. It is
produced and disseminated as an aid to United States Gov-
ernment research.
USSR ELECTRONIC AND PRECISION EQUIPMENT
Table of Contents
I. Items of Special Interest
A. Soviet Commentary
B. Consumer Goods Deficiencies
C. Plants
D. Thermoelectric Generators
E. Superior Equipment Exported to India
F. Leningrad Industry Represented at World Fair
G. Velour Paper to Replace Fabric
H. Unusual Change in Subordination
II. Electronic Equipment
A. Tubes and Bulbs
B. Radio and Television Equipment
C. Communications Equipment
III. Computers
A. Research and Development
B. Industrial Automation and Control Equipment
C. Scientific Instruments
D. Electrical Instruments
E. Scales
F. State Committee for Standards, Measures, and
Measuring Instruments
Page
8
9
10
15
18
19
21
24
V. Photographic and Motion-Picture Apparatus 27
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Page
A.
Standarization
31
B.
Controls and Relays
33
C.
Switches and Fixtures
34
D.
Insulators
35
E.
Cable
38
F.
Explosion-Proof Machinery
40
G.
Batteries
41
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A. Soviet Commentary
1. Elements of Technical Progress
It is impossible to make atomic devices, rockets, artificial
earth satellites, electronic machines, and other modern equipment with-
out the use of various automatic instruments and apparatus. Mechaniza-
tion and automation have become an indispensable element of technical
progress in socialist production. (Progress tyazheloy industrii v SSSR
(Progress of Heavy Industry in the USSR), book by V. I. Kuznetsov, Mos-
cow, 1958) p 53)
2. USSR Claims More Rapid Development of Germanium Than US
It took the US from 19+2 to 19+6 to take the production of
germanium out of the laboratory and set it up on an industrial basis.
In 1946, the US produced only one-half ton of germanium.
In the USSR, this work began after World War II, but went .
ahead much more rapidly. This was not because the USSR was following a
beaten path, since the Americans did not disclose their manufacturing
secrets. The USSR moved along more rapidly because it knew what could
be achieved with the use of germanium (in which case American know-
how [in application] 'was useful), and because it carried on this work on
a broad front. In Leningrad, Moscow, and Kiev, numerous institutes and
laboratories conducted research, and found ways to clean germanium.
Scientific research is continuing, and the variety of semi-
conductor materials is ever increasing. (Moscow, Znaniye-Sila, Jul 58,
p 5)
3. USSR Gravitometers Called Superior to Those of US
Both the USSR and the US ship gravitometers to India, where
they are used for prospecting purposes. Practice has shown that the
gravitometers produced by the Leningrad Geologorazvedka Plant are
superior in quality and reliability to those made in the US. This
fact was disclosed in a letter from India received by the Ministry of
Geology and Conservation of Mineral Resources.
Geologists of other countries are pleased with the Geologora-
zvedka Plant's products. In China, air-borne geophysical stations,
truck-mounted ratio meters, and other instruments made by the plant
are in operation. (Leningradskaya Pravda, 4 Apr 58)
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4+. Transistor Limitations Recognized
Ten years ago, a new device, the semiconductor triode or
transistor, was developed. It seemed at that time that the transistor
would eventually replace the vacuum tube.
At present a multitude of various semiconductor devices have
been developed; new types of semiconductors are being developed and
improved. However, it has now become clear that the new device cannot
fully replace the vacuum tube in all its applications.
Nevertheless, because of its low power requirements, small
size, low weight, high mechanical strength, and other qualities, the
transistor is preferred over vacuum tubes in various portable appara-
tuses, in battery-fed equipment, and in military equipment. The tran-
sistor can also find wide application in motion-picture apparatus.
(Moscow, Kinomekhanik, Aug 58, p 36)
B. Consumer Goods Deficiencies
Many Leningrad photography enthusiasts and professional photo-
graphers possess type Molniya photographic pulse lamps, and used them suc-
cessfully as long as batteries for them were available. However, for sev-
eral months, it has been impossible to acquire batteries for the Molniya,
because they are shipped to Leningrad department stores very rarely and
in small quantities.
Perhaps this does not bother the trade organizations, but it does
affect us photography enthusiasts, because ~f we do not have batteries,
we simple cannot use our pulse lamps. -- I. Ignatenkov, Leningrad (Mos-
cow, Sovetskoye Foto, Jul 58, p 85)
A year ago, my wife and I bought our son Kostya a Smena-2 camera.
After several films had been exposed, both the shutter and the self
timer broke down. We could not get the camera repaired at the rayon
center, and a train trip to Vladimir produced no better results. It was
finally necessary to ship the camera to Moscow to one of the listed rec-
ommended guarantee repair shops. After a long wait, the package was re-
turned to us -- unopened. The personnel of the guarantee repair shop had
refused even to accept the package at the post office.
Next year our son will be finishing 10-year school and we would like
to know how best to mark this occasion, and what kind of present to give
him. -- A. Tyurin, Stavrovo Village, Vladimirskaya Oblast
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From the Editors: A similar situation has a],so been described in
a letter from A. A. Anikin of Angarsk, who bought Zorkiy-S Camera No
56021556 in 1957 and subsequently found manufacturing defects in it.
He has nq' yet received a reply [to his communication to the plant], a
refund,,or a camera in return for the defective one. We take this op-
portunifty to ask the plant management what must be done. (Moscow,
Ogonek,No 30, Jul 58, p 21)
The number of photography enthusiasts is rapidly increasing in the
USSR, and each of them hopes eventually to become a master of his craft.
However, the prerequisites to realization of such aspirations include
not only skill and a good camera, but also good-quality film, photo
graphic paper, chemicals, and enlargers, which are not currently avail-
ablb in the stores. Time after time we tradespeople have been unable to
prdvide the prospective purchaser with such goods as cut film, light fil-
ers, interchangeable lenses, chemicals for both black-and-white and color
aevelopment, cheap or expensive light meters, lens caps, cassettes, film
clamps, etc.
The enthusiast has great difficulty trying to get an enlarger. Those
which are available are either too expensive or of poor quality, and none
are produced in sufficient quantity or variety. Practically the only
enlarger available is the Smena, and it is far from satisfactory. In fact,
it is often purchased for the sole reason that no other is available. Only
3,000 of the very-poor-quality Neva-2 enlargers are produced. each year,
and they can be purchased only in Leningrad.
The Voronezh base of Glavkul'ttorg [Main Administration of Wholesale
Trade in Cultural and Sporting Goods] has supplied stores with EV-1 [elec-
tronic?] flash units without batteries. For example, the Moscow Central
Department Store sold 3,000 flash units but was supplied with only 1,900
batteries to go with them.
The Moscow Photographic Accessories Plant of the Administration of
the Metalworking Industry of the Moscow City Executive Committee is sup-
posed to be producing a large variety of photographic equipment and ac-
cessories, but because of an extensive list of extraneous products cur
rently in production there, this plant is producing only enlargers and
floodlights in the photographic line.
At a conference of buyers held recently at the Moscow Central De-
partment Store, photographic enthusiasts met with trade and industrial
representatives. It is noteworthy that many new types of cameras were
demonstrated at this conference, but no other photographic equipment or
accessories were shown.
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Enthusiasts and tradesmen are turning to the sovnarkhozes (councils
of national economy) of Moscow City and Oblast, Voronezh, Khar'kov, Lenin-
grad, Kiev, and others with requests for immediate production of the variety
of equipment and accessories in current demand. -- S. Trelin, Deputy Com-
mercial Director, Central Department Store; and S. Loskutov, Foreman, Cul-
tural and Sporting Goods Department (Moscow, Trud, 11 Jun 58)
C. Plants
G. Zborynkin is deputy director of the Moscow Illumination Engineering
Products Plant. (Moscow, Promyshlenno-Ekonomicheskaya Gazeta, 6 Apr 58)
[Comment: A fairly long article on this plant dealing with production
and supply fails to give any direct or implied information on the nature of
the plant's operations, products, or suppliers].
The Ramenskoye Electrical Machinery Plant (Ramenskiy elektromekhaniche-
skiy zavod) has converted its operations to a shopless basis. (Moscow, Len-
inskoye Znamya, 24 Apr 58)
[Comment: This appears to be a new plant.]
The Bobruysk Scales Plant (Bobruyskiy vesovoy zavod) adopted a number
of new processing methods in 1957, including the chill casting of iron, the
use of mechanically driven rollers for straightening cut steel strips, and
the application of other devices in production. (Minsk, Sovetskaya Belo-
russiya, 25 Apr 58)
[Comment: This appears to be a new plant.]
The Ivan'kovo Thermometer Factory (Ivan'kovskaya fabrika termometrov)
is the only factory of its kind in the USSR. It produces various types of
consumer thermometric devices, which are used in all parts of the country.
The factory produced about 3.5 million thermometers in 1957.
In 1958, the factory will produce about 4 million products, including
more than 3.7 million indoor, outdoor, and vat thermometers and several
hundred thousand sandglass cooking timers (timing from one to 12 minutes).
(Moscow, Leninskoye Znamya, 3 Apr 58)
[Comment: This appears to be a new plant.]
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A new electrical engineering plant has begun operations in Leninakan,
Armenian SSR. It has already produced 300 welding transformers and will
produce several thousand during 1958. The plant also expects to organize
the production of other types of transformers. (Riga, Sovetskaya Latviya,
16 Apr 58)
The first stage of the Vladimir Electric Motor Plant (Elektromotornyy
zavod) of the Vladimirskiy Sovnarkhoz went into operation in 1957. The
plant has begun series production of electric motors up to 100 kw in power.
High-production USSR-made machine tools and units are being installed in
the plant shops; constant-flow lines and conveyers are being set up. The
plant has a machine and assembly shop (1). (Moscow, Vechernyaya Moskva,
4 Apr 58)
(1) Photo available in source, p 1, bottom
The production buildings of the Vitebsk Electrical Measuring Instru-
ments Plant are under construction along the bank of the Zapadnaya Dvina
river. The production of instruments has already begun in one of the
buildings. (Minsk, Sovetskaya Belorussiya, 12 Apr 58)
During the past few gears, the grounds of the Yerevan Armelektro
Plant imeni Lenin have been expanded considerably, new production build-
ings have been constructed, and the railroad line has been lengthened.
So far, 25,000 trees have been planted over an area of more than 4
hectares. (Yerevan, Kommunist, 8 Apr 58)
D. Thermoelectric Generators
The Termoelektrogenerator Plant [also known as the Metallolamp
Plant and the Radio Products Plant] of the Moscow Oblast Sovnarkhoz
began the production of 2-volt thermoelectric generators in 1953. The
2'EGK-2-2 thermoelectric generators it now produces have a voltage of
100 volts. The kerosene lamp on which the thermoelectric generator is
installc can be used.. simultaneously as a source of light.
The plant is now getting ready to produce the 16-watt TGU-1 thermo-
electric generator for supplying power to the Urozhay two-way radio.
The TGU-1 is installed on a kerosene-gas burner. The plant is also
assembling an experimental model of a 200-watt thermoelectric generator
(2) for the cathode electrical protection of oil and gas pipe lines.
(Moscow, Leninskoye Znamya, 3 Apr 58)
(2) Photo showing the testing of a 200-watt thermoelectric genera-
tor available in source, p 2, top
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E. Superior Equipment Exported to India
On 17 October 1957, a conference on problems of large-unit [package]
installation of electrical equipment was held by the Technical Council of
Tyazhpromelektroproyekt[State Planning Institute for Electric Power in
Heavy Industry?]. One of the resolutions adopted by the Technical.. Council
at the conference read as follows:
The maximum introduction of package devices and units into production
is one of the main tasks of the plants of the electrical industry and plants
of Glavelektromontazh ,Main Administration for Carrying Out Electrical In-
stallation Work]. Gosplan (State Planning Commission) should be requested
to make it obligatory for plants of the electrical industry to supply USSR
plants with the same kind of new package electrical equipment as that manu-
factured for the metallurgical plant in India, except that such equipment
need not be adapted for tropical operation. Gosplar also should have
producer plants supply cranes with all electrical equipment installed. It
should continue to work with electrical plants toward expanding their
products-lists and mastering the production of package electrical units.
(Moscow, Promyshlennaya Energetika, Jul 58, p 35)
F. Leningrad Industry Represented at World Fair
Almost 50 percent of all the equipment made by RSFSR plants for ex-
hibit at the Brussels World Fair was produced in Leningrad. Leningrad
has long been famous for its precision instrument industry. Many new in-
struments have been made for the Brussels fair, including one for visual
observation, motion-picture photography, and still photography, through
a microscope, of heat-resistant metals and alloys undergoing high-
temperature heating and tension in a vacuum. Another interesting instru-
ment, produced at a Leningrad plant, is; the two-beam automatic spectrophoto-
meter, which can be used for solving many practical problems in science and
industry. For the first time, an optical infinity micrometer has been de-
veloped. This instrument, which has no.equal abroad, will be exhibited at
the fair.
Television sets, some of which are still entirely new to Leningrad
residents, will also be exhibited. These include the Mir, Yubiley, Zarya,._,
and Znamya-58. The 21-tube Mir receives five channels and has a 440 by
320 mm screen. The Yubiley is a 13-tube, 12-channel table model.
The Yunost', Neva, Estafeta, Vympel, Sputnik-2, and other cameras
will also be displayed at the fair. The new Neva and Leningrad cameras
are especially noteworthy.
-6
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The Leningrad exhibits will be equal to or above the current level
of world science and technology. (Leningradskaya Pravda, 12 Apr 58)
[Comment: For descriptions and illustrations of several of the
Russian cameras on display in Brussels, see Popular Photography, Vol 43,
Nd 1, New York, N Y~ Oct 58I pp 22-32 aancr' p 601
G. Velour Paper to Replace Fabric
In various branches of the USSR national economy, such as the
radio, instrument, jewelry, optical, and perfume industries, great
quantities of high-quality expensive fabrics are used for technical
needs. Most of these fabrics could be replaced by velour paper.
The Grigishkskiy Paper Mill has designed and put into operation
an experimental unit for the continuous production of velour paper.
(Moscow, Bumazhnaya Promyshlennost', Jul 58, p 22)
H. Unusual Change in Subordination
The Central Asian Officer of Elektrochasofikatsiya, which is
located at ulitsa Chimkentskaya No 20, Tashkent, is now subordinate to
the Ministry of Construction RSFSR. (Stalinabad, Kommunist Tadzhiki
.,l Apr 58)
stana,
[Comment: Elektrochasifikatsiya was formerly known as the State
Repair, Planning, and Installation Office of Glavchasprom (Main Adminis-
tration of the Timepiece Industry), of the former Ministry of Instrument
Building and Automation Equipment USSR.]
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II. ELECTRONIC EQUIPMENT
A. Tubes and Bulbs
The Moscow Electric Bulb Plant is producing five new types of
measuring photo cells: the TsV-6, the STsV-6, a cell with a bismuth-
silver-cesium cathode, the F-2, and the STsV-2A.
The TsV-6, which is designed for receiving radiation in the red
and infrared portions of the spectrum, is used for the type SF-1l non-
registering quartz spectrophotometers. This vacuum photocell utilizes
an oxygen-silver-cesium cathode mounted on a rectangular 18-by-30-mm
nickel plate, and has a cylindrical bulb. The anode is made in the
shape of a rectangular frame out of nickel wire.
The STsV-6 photocell is designed to receive radiation in the
ultraviolet and visible parts of the spectrum. It is also used in the
SF-1- nonregistering quartz spectrophotometer. The combined use of the
TsV-6 and STsV cells makes it possible for the instrument to reach all
parts of the spectrum. The STsV vacuum cell utilizes an antimony-
cesium cathode mounted directly on the glass of the cylindrical bulb.
The anode, which is mounted in the lower part of the bulb, acts as an
antimony screen and vaporizer.
'I le pl ucell with a biarnxth -sil :-or-cesium cathode, which was designed
.for the SF r2 spectrophotometer, is used for receiving radiation in the
visible part of the spectrum. This vv.cuum cell has a semitransparent
cathode fused to one side of the spherical bulb. The anode, which acts
simultaneously as a silver and bismuth screen and diffuser, is mounted
in the center of the bulb. The bismuth-silver-cesium cathode was de-
veloped in the Soviet Union for the first time by A. A. Mostovskiy.
The F-1 vacuum photocell, which was developed in the USSR, is de-
signed for instruments used in determining the percentage of alloyed ad-
mixtures in steel smelts and is based on the principle of photoelectric
effect. The F-l, which initially had been called the STsV-9, has an
antimony-cesium cathode and a uviol glass bulb with a drawn-out thin-
wall eye. It differs from regular USSR-produced measuring photocells
of this type in that it utilizes a special design protective ring, and
has dichlordimethylsilane moisture-proof coating.
The STsV-2A miniature two-anode vacuum photocell is designed for
use in bridge circuits. It receives the visible part of the spectrum,
and has an antimony-cesium cathode located on a trough-shaped metal plate.
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The circular-field photocell is a miniature-type vacuum cell with an
antimony-cesium cathode, designed for work in the short-wave and visible
parts of the spectrum. The anode and the metal cathode plate are mounted
c.oaxially and are fused directly on the bulb wall.
Magnesium photocells are sensitive to the ultraviolet part of the
spectrum and insensitive to the visible part. Because of the narrow
range of uses for these photocells, they are still being produced only
as individual models.
(Source gives detailed information on photocells.)
(Moscow, Sveto-
tekhnika, Jan 58) pp 3-11)
The BS-3 fluorescent lamp, which was developed by the Moscow Electric
Bulb Plant, is used in the type LAS-5 mine lamp.
Jan 58) p 19)
(Moscow, Svetotekhnika,
B. Radio and Television Equipment
During the first quarter of 1958, one million radio receivers and
219,000 television sets were produced in the USSR.
Ekonomicheskaya Gazeta, 13 Apr 58)
(Moscow, Promyshlenno-
Retail prices of radio and television sets quoted in a lottery list
for the Estonian SSR are as follows (in rubles):
Daugava radio receiver
765
Estoniya radio phonograph
2,200
Turist radio receiver
330
Daugava radio-phonograph
1,100
Akkord radio-phonograph
1,150
Rekord radio-phonograph
4495
Rodina radio receiver
x+05
Rekord television set
1,850
Start television set
1)950
El' fa-7 record -player
180
(Tallin, Supplement to Sovetskaya Estoniya, 8 Apr 58)
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The following retail prices of a radio-phonograph and a television
set were quoted in a lottery list for the Georgian SSR (in rubles):
Lyuks or Druzhba radio-phonograph 2,300
Rekord television set 1,750
(Tbilisi, supplement to Zarya Vostoka, 26 Apr 58)
The Riga Radio Plant imeni Popov is getting ready for the mass pro-
duction of the Festival' high-class 12-tube radio receiver. The Festival'
utilizes miniature tubes and semiconductors. It has seven wave bands and
keyboard controls. It can be automatically tuned to a station by using a
special remote-control panel. (Moscow, Promyshlenno-Ekonomicheskaya
Gazeta, 11 Apr 58)
.The Minsk Radio Plant is mastering the production of the new R-58
Class-2 radio-phonograph, which will have keyboard controls. (Minsk,
Sovetskaya Belorussiya, 9 Apr 58)
The Moscow Radio Plant (Moskovskiy radiozavod) is the producer of the
Temp-3 television set, which is assembled on a conveyer line. (Moscow,
Trud, 25 Apr 58)
In 1955-1956, [USSR] industry began the series production of the type
PTS-52 mobile television station, which had been developed by the All-Union
Scientific Research Institute of Television. Because of certain design de-
fects in the PTS-52, the new PTS-3 mobile television station was developed.
This new television station is now being produced by a plant of the Lenin-
gradskiy Sovnarkhoz (Council of National Economy) in place of the PTS-
52.
One of the first PTS stations has been sent to the Brussels World
(Source gives additional information concerning the PTS-3.) (Moscow,
Tekhnika Kino i Televideniya, Jul 58, pp 25-32)
C. Communications Equipment
Specialists of the Scientific Research Institute of the Committee for
Radioelectronics and workers of the Ministry of Communications USSR have
developed a new, original apparatus.
M. N. Vostokov, chief engineer of the Scientific Research Institute
of the Committee for Radioelectronics, states that a special apparatus for
the high-frequency addition of city connector lines has been built and suc-
cessfully tested. This means that on one pair of city connector lines, it
is possible now to carry on 30 simultaneous two-way conversations instead
of only one.
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The 30-channel communications apparatus has been designed with the
utilization of miniature parts, printed assemblies, and semiconductors.
It provides high audibility for a considerable distance. The institute
is working with the Long-Distance Communications Equipment Plant of the
Permskiy Sovnarkhoz to produce a set of this equipment for Stalingrad.
The new equipment is suitable for local and long-distance communica-
tions, and can also be used on medium-length radio relay lines. (Moscow,
Leningradskaya Pravda, 22 Apr 58)
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The recently developed M-3 computer is the first small computer made
in the USSR. It has 780 vacuum tubes and about 3,000 semiconductors. It
covers an area of less than 3 cu m, and its operational speed is much
slower than that of the M-2 computer. Nevertheless, in 8 hours, it can do
more work than could 200 persons operating modern electrical adding ma-
chines. The M-3 is designed for planning and scientific research insti-
tutes and for higher educational institutions. It is undergoing continued
improvement.
Great successes have been attained in the development of cybernetic
machines. A calculating machine is being developed which will be able to
carry out 30,000 logical solutions, 8,400 additions, or 1,200 multiplica-
tions per second. It will store 8 million facts concerning more than
150,000 designations of objects and apparatus. Each day, the machine will
be able to make 37,500 changes in the stored data and to calculate these
changes.
In recent years, computers have been put into ever greater use in the
control systems of many various processes. Machines are already control-
ling the entire industrial process in some oil refineries.
Similar machines are used for controlling the operations of an auto-
matic plant for the production of motor vehicle engine blocks and a radio
plant, and for governing motor vehicle traffic. They are used for various
tasks of a logical character, such as the translation of a text from one
language into another. In principle, the machines are capable of solving
any problem that can be expressed in terms of elementary logical operations.
For this reason,. their utilization capabilities are very broad in scope.
The future improvement of electronic control machines will depend
mainly on the adoption of high-quality semiconductors, magnetic equipment,
and radio components, as well as on the scientific research done in the
fields of physics and electrical engineering.
The creation of machines capable of performing 100,000 operations per
second is well within the realm of reality. At present a new unit without
mechanical moving parts has been developed, which enables an electronic
computer to store millions and even billions of binary digits. (Progress
tyazheloy industrii v SSSR (Progress of Heavy Industry in the USSR), book
by V. I. Kuznetsov, Moscow, 1958, pp 56-58)
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Research on computer circuits and the design of new mathematical
machines is carried on in the laboratories of the Scientific Research
Institute of Computer Machine Building. One of the most interesting
divisions of this institute is the Division of Electrical Simulation
[or Electrical Analogy].
According to V. B. Ushakov, chief designer of this division, several
electrical simulation units for different purposes are being series-produced
in the USSR; namely, the IPT-5, the MPT-9, the M0-7, and the MN-8.
V. B. Ushakov shows us two machines in one of the laboratories, the
M~1-7 and the MNi-8. The MN-7 occupies the space of a desk, and is used for
solving relatively simple equation systems. The MN-8, which is the largest
simulating unit in the USSR, occupies a 60-square-meter room.
The MN-l0 is a miniature simulating machine, the smallest type of math-
ematical machine. This is the first time in the world that a simulating
machine has been built up exclusively with the use of transistors. It re-
quires only the power input of a 100-watt lamp. In spite of its small size,
this machine solves extremely complex problems of higher mathematics.
Other machines and devices under development in the division are a
computing unit for controlling power processes in electric arc furnaces, a
device for selecting the optimum cutting conditions for metal-cutting machine
tools, and the electrical simulator of a rolling mill.
V. I. Dobrosmyslov, chief of another division, shows us machines which
will be used for processing the results of the forthcoming 1959 census of
the population of the USSR.
Another interesting new machine is the electronic digital tabulator,
which is designed for carrying out accounting, statistical, bookkeeping, and
planning operations. This machine, which will replace the existing T-5 tabu-
lator, will be put into large-scale use in machine-computing stations, where
it will perform mathematical, astronomical, and scientific calculations in
all areas of the national. economy (3).
In another laboratory, we can see a machine for winding ferrites, which
are used today in many mathematical machines. Ferrites look like minute rings
with internal diameters of 2-2.5 mm and external diameters of 3-Ll mm. This
machine actually performs work with a jeweler's precision. Wire that is only
tenths of a millimeter in gauge is wound on the ring. The work is done com-
pletely automatically. (Moscow, Leninskoye Znamya, 3-Apr 58, p 2)
(3) Photo showing the verification of the solution of a control problem
on a mathematical machine available in source, p 2, bottom
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The computing center of the Institute of Mathematics and Mechanics
of the Academy of Sciences Uzbek SSR has been in existence for one year
and has a staff of about 60 specialists. These specialists studied the
operation and design of electronic computers in Moscow and other cities
and received the most help from the workers of the institutes of the
Academy of Sciences USSR, where the BESM computer was designed and the
Strela computer is in operation, and from the workers of the plant where
the Ural electronic computer is produced.
The Ural computer, which was designed by B. I. Remeyev, is being
series-produced by USSR industry and is being put into operation at large
enterprises. One such machine has been acquired by India.
The Ural computer is the first universal computing machine to be set
up in Central Asia. It is being assembled with care, since it has more
than 1,000 vacuum tubes; tens of thousands of transistors, resistors, and
capacitors; and more than 11 kilometers of wire.
If the Ural. is properly set up, it will be able to solve any mathe-
matical problem arising in the activities of scientific research institutes
and large plant design bureaus of the Uzbek SSR. For instance, in 4 hours
it can solve a system of differential equations depicting the flight of an
aircraft, a 400-day task for a person operating an automatic calculating
machine.
In addition to its electronic circuits, the Ural has complex mechanical
units, such as printers. These units require the skill of a master watch-
maker to assem ua.e . (Tashkent, Pravda Vostoka, 9 Apr 58 )
Pneumatic computers have been developed in a laboratory of the Insti-
tute of Automatics and Telemechanics of the Academy of Sciences USSR. These
machinos, which are driven by compressed air, are still very new, but they
can alroady be applied in various operations in place of electronic computers.
However, they cannot as yet completely replace electronic machines, which are
so expensive. and cumbersome, because their speed is so much slower. An elec-
tronic computer can carry out hundreds of thousands of mathematical operations
per second, while the operating speed of pneumatic machines is still measured
in fractions of a second. Nevertheless, pneumatic computers will find appli-
cation in the chemical, petroleum refining, and power engineering industries.
Designers are toying with the idea of making parts for pneumatic com-
puters out of plastic instead of metal. The units themselves will be made
similar in appearance to vacuum tubes, and will be plugged into programing
devices.
Cybernetics minus electronics is a new, very important field of techno-
logy. (Moscow, Sovetskaya Rossiya, 20 Apr 58)
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A. Research and Development
In October 1957, a plenum of the Central Board of the Scientific and
Technical Society of the Instrument Making Industry took place.
M. Ye. Rakovskiy, deputy chief of the Division of Electrical Engineer-
ing and Instrument Making Industry, Gosplan (State Plaruiing Commission)
USSR, in a speech devoted to the future of instrument-making under the re-
organized industrial system, mentioned that the USSR instrument industry is
now 136 times as large as it was before World War II, but still fails to
meet the demands of the national economy.
According to the resolution of the 20th Congress of the CPSU, the USSR
is setting up the groundwork for the development of over-all automation and
mechanization of industrial processes. Consequently, capital outlay for
instrument-making has increased considerably. In 1958, a large amount of
production space will be added to enterprises producing computing and mathe-
matical machines and instruments for the automation of production processes.
The joining of the electrical and instrument industries within a single
division of Gosplan USSR facilitates better and more extensive specialization
of enterprises and cooperation among them.
To raise the technical level of the instrument industry, a number of
new design bureaus and scientific research institutes have been founded. At
the same time, the gradual construction of new plants is taking place, and
a number of existing enterprises are to be converted into bases for experi-
mental work, where scientific research institutes and design bureaus can pro-
duce instruments in small series. The most immediate task of the instrument
industry is the proper distribution of work among scientific research insti-
tutes and design bureaus.
In the resolution adopted by the plenum, Gosplan USSR was informed of
the following wishes expressed during the discussion of Rakovskiy's speech:
NIIVesprom [Scientific Research Institute of Scales and Instruments]
should be transferred to Gosplan USSR as a central branch institute in the
field of weighing devices and testing machines.
The products-lists of instruments, especially thermal power-
engineering control instruments, should be expanded in the USSR.
Experimental bases of scientific research institutes and design
bureaus should be expanded.
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The control over newly organized institutes and design bureaus
should be concentrated in Gosplan USSR, at least during their organizational
period (2 or 3 years) and until the nature and extent of their work is de-
termined. (Moscow, Izmeritel'naya Tekhnika, No 3, May-Jun 58, p 99)
The TNIISA (Tbilisi Scientific Research Institute of Instrument Making
and Automation Equipment), one of the large scientific research institutes
of the Georgian SSR, has successfully completed its first year of existence.
It has already developed a number of original industrial process control
mathematical machines.
G. Zedginidze is deputy director of the TNIISA in charge of the scien-
tific sector.
(Source gives additional information on the institute's research.)
(Tbilisi, Zarya Vostoka, 8 Apr 58)
During the 37 years of Soviet rule, the Georgian SSR has become a highly
industrialized area. The decisive role in tl r,apid development of its in-
dustry was played by the successful training of native workers and special-
ists. The proportion of persons with higher education in the Georgian SSR is
greater than in some Western countries.
The advance of industry was accompanied by the development of the pro-
duction of instruments and automation; however, the growth rate of instrument-
making in the republic is far behind the growth rate of industry as a whole.
The [Tbilisi] Gidrometpribor Plant has done significant work in the
development of hydrometeorological instruments. It now produces up to 40 dif-
ferent hydrometeorological and measuring instruments, of which 15 are exported
to foreign countries. The production of so-called albedometers, pyranometers,
and actinometers, which are designed for measuring the intensity of the sun's
radiation, occupies a prominent place in the plant's activities. The plant
also produces highly sensitive galvanometers, which are used in sets of instru-
ments for measuring the sun's radiation.
Another plant [unidentified] has mastered the production of more than 11i
new types of telegraph apparatus and automatic attachments for them, including
page teletypes using Russian and international codes. One of these is the
RPM-51 page teletype.
Medical instruments have been developed in various medical scientific re-
search organizations of Georgia. A great number of automatic instruments for
the production of medicine and for the processes of chemicopharmaceutical
plants have been developed in the Scientific Research Chemicopharmaceutical
Institute. IT. Kutateladze, an academician of the Academy of Sciences Georgian
SSR and an inventor of many instruments, has contributed greatly to the devel-
opment of the above-mentioned automatic instruments.
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Considerable work in the development of new automation equipment has
been carried out by the Chair of Automation of Production Processes of the
GPI (Georgian Polytechnic Institute) imeni Kirov and by the Division of
Automatics and Telemechanics of the Institute of Power Engineering imeni
Didebulidze, Academy of Sciences Georgian SSR. Among the developments of
the GPI are an electrohydraulic regulator for the automatic regulation of
frequency and power interflow in electric power systems, developed by Prof
N. Gabashvili and Engineer Kamkamidze, and a new principle of an electro-
thermic (electric melting) unit to replace high-frequency electric melting
furnaces, developed by I. Machavariani, Candidate of Technical Sciences.
Because of the., availability of skilled specialists in the Georgian
SSR. especially in -the field of electrical engineering, a network of scien-
tific research institutes, planning and design bureaus, and instrument-
iiiaking plants has been set up. These plants have already begun the pro-
duction of new types of automatic instruments and apparatus.
The largest in this network of institutes and design bureaus is the
TNIISA, which is mainly occupied with the development of control-type com-
puters for production processes. This institute has developed specialized
computers for processing data on the results of tests of various newly de-
signed complex machines.
The_TNIISA has been in existence not more than a year, but has already
solved a number of concrete problems, especially the creation (in mock-up
stage) of an original computer for calculating the charges of cupola furnaces.
The Institute of Electronics, Automatics, and Telemechanics of the
Academy of Sciences Georgian SSR conducts scientific research on new systems
of automatic control and regulation, the use of modern electronic machines
for solving certain logical type problems, and other subjects.
The newly organized NTII Avtomatprom [Scientific Re, Carct Institute or
Industrial Automation?] and the Proyektpribor [Instrument Design?] Bureau
are engaged in the development of control equipment, automation. equipment,
and automated constant-flow systems for the light and food industries. The
Avtomatprom Planning and Design Institute is solving a number of new prob-
lems concerning automation in the metallurgical, chemical, and ore-extraction
industries.
An important part in determining the operations of instrument-making
organizations, especially immediately after the reorganization of industry,
has been played by the branch divisions of Gosplan USSR, the Scientific and
Technical Committee of the Council of Ministers USSR, and most important, by
the Scientific and Technical Committee of the Council of Ministers Georgian
SSR. The creation of a Georgian SSR branch of the Scientific and Technical
Society of the Instrument-Making Industry in 1957 is also of considerable
importance.
(Sr',3r.ce gives additional information on instrument-making in the Georgian
SSR) (Moscow, Priborostroyeniye, Jul 58, pp 19-22)
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B. Industrial Automation and Control 'equipment
The USSR has succeeded in putting the first self-adjusting automatic
control system into operation in the metallurgical industry. This system
controls a-pipe-welding machine, which makes pipe out of metal strip.
At present, work is being done toward applying self-adjusting systems
in the control of chemical processes. The successful completion of this
task will be of great value to the national economy. It is hoped that re-
actions will be accelerated and that raw material losses can be cut con-
siderably. These very complex studies have only begun, but we can clearly
see the methods by which they will be resolved. (Moscow, Nauka I Zhizn',
Aug 58, p 9)
Although the Leningrad Lenteplopribor Plant is new, its products are
already widely used in industry. Many of the units displayed at the
Brussels World Fair have instruments made by the plant. In addition,
certain of its instruments will be displayed independently. They include,
first and foremost, an automatic electronic recording potentiometer with
a three-position regulating unit, which is designed for measuring and reg-
ulating temperatures and voltages. Two other electronic recording instru-
ments produced by the plant will be displayed at the fair.
This is all highly sensitive and precise equipment, which more or less
characterizes the nature of the plant. In 1957, the plant began the pro-
duction of ten new types of products; it is now getting ready to begin pro-
duction of at least 15 other types. It is giving special attention to the
development of instruments for the chemical industry. -- N. Chezhin, Chief
Engineer, Lenteplopribor Plant (Leningradskaya Pravda, 12 Apr 58)
The Tallin KIP Plant began the production of PRS pneumatic programed
regulators in 1951. These regulators are designed for controlling the
temperatures in an autoclave during the process of sterilizing canned goods.
In 1952, the plant began the production of the PR programed regulator,
which it put into series production during the second half of 1953. The PR
is designed for the simultaneous automatic regulation of temperature and
relative humidity or two separate temperatures.
The Tallin KIP Plant mastered the production of the PRZ pneumatic pro-
gramed regulator in 1956-1957 and produced an experimental consignment of
them during the second half of 1957. The PRZ is designed for the automatic
regulation of temperatures in the treatment of construction materials and
products by boiling in autoclaves. (Moscow, Priborostroyeniye, Aug 58,
pp 24-27)
The Moscow Fizpribor Plant is producing the new universal KEP-12U uni-
versal instruments, which are designed for regulating various industrial
processes. (Moscow, Vechernyaya Moskva, 12 Apr 58)
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C. Scientific Instruments
Mass spectrometers, which were originally developed for physical
research, are now being used in various fields of science, in new technol-
ogy, and in various branches of modern industry. Mass spectrometers are
designed for analyzing chemical and isotopic compositions of gaseous,
liquid, and solid substances.
Work in mass spectrometry is progressing in the direction of develop-
ing instruments in which the separation of ions o~, various masses takes
place in magnetic fields and those in which the separation takes place in
accordance with the difference in acceleration time of the ions and changes
in their energy.
The method of separation of ions of different masses in a nonuniform
magnetic field is used in mass spectrometers of high resolution capacity.
Instruments of this type, which were first developed in the USSR, allow
a resolution of from 5,000 to 7,000.
Mass spectrometers developed in the USSR include the following:
The MI 1301, developed by the NII MRTP [Scientific Research TLsti-
tute of the Ministry of Radio Engineering Industry] and produced by the
GSKB (State All-Union Design Bureau) for Analytic Instrument-Making, is
designed for analyzing the isotopic composition of gases and easily-vaporized
substances.
The MI 1303 mass spectrometer is designed for analyzing the isotopic
composition of gases and vapors of liquids and solids. It was developed by
the NII MRTP and is produced by the GSKB for Analytic Instrument-Making.
The MI 1305 mass spectrometer, which was developed and is being
produced by the GSKB for Analytic Instrument-Making, is designed for the
analysis of the isotopic composition of gases and vapors of liquids and
solids and can take the place of both the MI 1301 and ELI 1303.
The MKh 1302 mass spectrometer, developed by the Nil MRTP and pro-
duced by the GSKB for Analytic Instrument-Making, is designed for analyzing
the isotopic and molecular composition of gases and easily vaporized sub-
stances. Separation of ions occurs in a uniform sector magnetic field.
The MKh 1303 mass spectrometer, developed by the Institute of
Chemical. Physics of the Academy of Sciences USSR and the GSKB for Analytic
Instrument-Making, is designed for the analysis of the molecular and iso-
topic composition of gaseous, liquid, and solid mixtures of substances.
Ion separation occurs in a uniform sector magnetic field.
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The MV 2301 mass spectrometer, developed by the Institute of
Physical Problems of the Academy of Sciences USSR and the GSKB for
Analytic Instrument-Making and produced by this same GSKB, is designed
for the analysis of the isotopic and molecular composition of gases and
easily vaporized substances. Separation of ions occurs in a nonuniform
magnetic field.
The MI 1101 mass spectrometer, developed by the Physicotechnical
Institute of the Academy of Sciences USSR and the GSKB for Analytic
Instrument-Making, is designed for the rapid analysis of the isotopic
content of alkaline metals. Ion separation occurs in a uniform sector
magnetic field.
The MI 1306 mass spectrometer, developed by the GSKB for Analytic
Instrument-Making, is designed for analyzing the isotopic composition of
microquantities and microconcentrations of solid substances. Ion separa-
tion occurs in a uniform magnetic field.
The MKh 5201 mass spectrometer, developed by the Physicotechnical
Institute of the Academy of Sciences USSR and the GSKB for Analytic
Instrument-Making, is designed for the continuous analysis and registration
of six different components of complex gaseous mixtures in industrial enter-
prises.
The M 6-01 mass spectrometer, developed by the West Siberian
Branch of the Academy of Sciences USSR and the GSKB for Analytic Instrument-
Making, is designed for the analysis of the molecular chemical composition
of gases within the range of masses between 2 and 60. Separation of ions
of different masses depends on the degree of energy acquired in the high-
frequency electrical fields of the three-screen cascades.
A magnetodynamic mass spectrometer with high resolution capacity
has been developed by the Physicotechnical Institute of the Academy of
Science- USSR and the GSKB for Analytic Instruument-Making. It is designed
for the analysis of the isotopic and molecular composition of gases. The
ions separate during their acceleration along a spiral trajectory into a
uniform magnetic field.
The production of mass spectrometers in the USSR is handled by
the GSKB for Analytic Instrument-Making and its experimental plant.
Source gives detailed information on all of these mass spectrometers,
along with illustrations and diagrams). (Moscow, Pribory i Tekhnika
Eksperimenta, No 3, May-Jun 58, pp 3-15)
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Enterprises of the Leningradskiy Sovnarkhoz (Council of National
Economy) are making a new large telescope, which will have a tube 10 meters
long and over 3 meters in diameter. This 70-ton instrument will. rotate
automatically on its axis with the precision of a chronometer.
This telescope, one of the largest in the world, was developed by a
group of specialists headed by Chief Designer B. K. Ioaniisiani, a Lenin
Prize winner.
A large tower pavilion, designed by D. Kh. Yenikeyev for the instal-
lation of this telescope, is being erected at the Crimean Astrophysical
Observatory. (Kishinev, Sovetskaya Moldaviya, 6 Apr 58)
Workshops of the Moscow Mechanics Tekhnikum produce the type POB-lit
four-channel universal oscillograph.
(Source gives additional details on this instrument.) (Moscow,
Pribory i Tekhnika Eksperimenta, No 1, Jan-Feb 58, p 14+7)
D. Electrical Instruments
During the past 10 years, production of electrical measuring instru-
ments in the USSR has increased fivefold. However, the volume, quality,
and variety of types of instruments are unsatisfactory. Some plants pro-
duce outmoded AC panel instruments, frequency meters, miniature instruments,
measuring bridges, electric meters, and other instruments.
While the products-list of laboratory instruments is equal to that of
instruments produced abroad, it is still insufficient to meet USSR demand.
Very few high-sensitivity instruments, such as voltmeters with very low
current requirements and instruments of precision classes 0.2 and 0.5 for
low voltages and currents, are being produced. Not enough high-sensitivity
mirror galvanometers are being produced. USSR scientific institutes are in
great need of galvanometers which are resistant to vibration and jarring,
high-sensitivity flineneters, and DC and AC comparators.
.05.
There is an insufficient variety of AC instruments of precision class
Currently produced class 0.2 instruments with scales 300 mm in length
must be replaced by much smaller instruments with scales 150 mm in length.
It is necessary to have 80- to 100-mm scales on precision class 0.5 instru-
ments instead of 150-mm scales.
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USSR industry produces millions of panel electrical measuring instru-
ments per year, in about 60 different versions. Most of the currently
produced instruments need to be revised because of their insufficient pre-
cision. It is also necessary to raise the sensitivity of the panel instru-
ments, particularly microaimnieters and millivoltmeters, and to decrease
their current consumption. There is a need for instruments in housings 80-
and 160-mm in diameter, with scale angles of 2160 degrees, which will. aid
in reducing the size of instruments and the panels in which they are
mounted. Miniature instruments up to 25 mm in diameter are not being pro-
duced.
The production of rod-mounted instruments has only begun. The re-
placement of cores and support bearings with rods at the Leningrad Vibra-
tor Plant has made possible a saving of more than 7 rubles per instrument.
The use of rods on panel instruments alone would bring about a saving of
several millions of rubles per year. However, the introduction of rod-
mounted instruments is going much too slowly.
USSR electrical instrument plants are conducting a campaign for clean-
liness in their production areas. However, instructions and regulations
in effect at present are not always observed by leading personnel of plants
and sovnarkhozes. The instrument industry should have the same standards
of cleanliness as the food and other industries.
The development of electrical instrument making requires a continuous
development of new instruments and the simultaneous improvement of earlier
developed types, by increasing their precision and reliability through the
use of new materials and manufacturing methods, such as the use of printed
circuits, semiconductors, radioisotopes, organosilicon insulation, automatic
presses and machine tools, especially multispindle winding machines for
microwire and microresistors, and automatic galvanizing vats. Experience of
large foreign firms has shown that the coordination of scientific work, de-
sign work, and manufacturing is of great importance. Many firms are devel-
oping large research, design, and manufacturing centers which are able to
develop and adopt new technology very rapidly.
Under USSR conditions, such centers should be developed by the sov-
narkhozes. It is necessary that united design and technological divisions
or bureaus be founded at instrument plants. Well-equipped plant labora-
tories should be subordinated to these divisions or bureaus. These organi-
zations should be constantly informed of the latest achievements both in
the USSR and abroad. (Moscow, Izmeritel'naya Tekhhnika, No 6, Nov-Dec 57,
pp 65-67)
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At the Moscow, Leningrad, and Vil'nyus plants which produce the 00-2
type single-phase electric meter, a very scarce alloy of tin, lead, anti-
mony, and copper had to be used for making the drums of the indicating
mechanism.
At the beginning of 1957, the [former] Ministry of Electrical Engi-
neering Industry USSR proposed that these enterprises convert to the pro,-
duction of indicating drums by combined extrusion and pressing out of
mark A-00 aluminum sheet, 3 mm in thickness. This proposal was based on
the example of the Czechoslovak Krizik Plant, which produces the same
kinds of meters.
The Moscow and Leningrad plants began the production of aluminum
drums in 1957. The Vil'nyus Electric Meter Plant was supposed to begin
using their method on I January 1958.
In September 1957, an expanded meeting of the plant's production
and technical council took place. At this meeting, it was resolved that
the know-how of the Lenin ad plant would be appropriated for the manu-
facture of aluminum drums. At the same time, it was resolved that the
development of a method proposed by Pidlisnyy, chief engineer of the
Vil'nyus plant, would be continued.
However, when Pidlisnyy came back from a leave of absence, he began
to insist that his method be adopted [when developed] instead of the
Leningrad method. As a result, the conversion to the production of alun-
irnun drums was disrupted. All kinds of experiments and research are
being conducted at the plant, but nothing has been accomplished so far.
The Leningrad plant has already saved more than one million rubles
for the country, while the Vil'nyus plant continues to consume the scarce
alloy. Is not Pidlisnyy's experimentation much too expensive for the
state? -- V. Bugrov, Engineer, Vil'nyus Electric Meter Plant (Vil'nyus,
Sovetskaya. Litva, 3 Apr 58)
The Ilytishchi Electric Meter Plant is located at Yadreyevskoye shosse
2, Mytishchi, Moskovskaya Oblast. (Moscow, Leninskoye Zna~mya, 9 Apr 58)
The Saransk Elektrovypryamitel' Plant has produced the All-70, which
is a new universal apparatus for testing cable and solid and liquid
dielectrics, using high-voltage AC and DC. The main component of the AII-
70 is a mobile panel and a kenotron attachment. Starter-regulator and
signaling equipment and a high-voltage transformer are installed in the
panel.
The maximum voltage for AC testing is 50 kv; the maximum for DC is
70 kv. The high-voltage transformer's output power rating is 2 kva per
minute.
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. The All-70 is considerably smaller and lighter than previously pro-
duced apparatus of this type. The plant will save at least 1.5 million
rubles per year by converting to its production. (Moscow, Promyshlenno-
Ekonomicheskaya Gazeta, 18 Apr 58)
E. Scales
The Armavir Armalit Plant is selling model A-1, 10-ton truck scales
in unlimited quantities. -- Advertisement (Moscow, Promyshlenno-
Ekonornicheskaya Gazeta, 4 Apr 58)
The production of mobile truck scales has been organized at the
Konstantinovka Vtorchermet Plant, and the production of stationary truck
scales has been organized at the Zhdanov Vesotochmash Plant. The Stalin-
skaya Oblast Executive Committee has adopted a resolution to install
truck scales at every kolkhoz in the oblast. (Moscow, Izmeritel'naya
Tekhnika, No 3, May-Jun 58, p 19)
F. State Committee for Standards, Measures, and Measuring Instruments
The Committee for Standards, Measures, and Measuring Instruments has
organized an exhibition of the work of its subordinate organizations in
Hall No 5 of the All-Union Industrial Exposition of 1958.
Many various types of calibration instruments are exhibited, includ-
ing the TKh-4 tachometric unit made by the Leningrad Etalon Experimental
Plant. This unit is used for checking tachometers and tachometer instru-
ments within the range of 40 to 4,000 rpm and has an error not exceeding
plus or minus 0.1 percent of the measured speed.
(Source describes several calibration instruments displayed at the
exposition). (Moscow, Izmeritel'naya Tekhnika, No 3, May-Jun 58, pp 15-16)
As a result of the reorganization of industry and construction, the
GKL (State Control Laboratories for Instruments) of the Committee for
Standards, Measures, and Measuring Instruments have acquired the right to
check and inspect measuring devices, not only actually at individual in-
dustrial enterprises, but also through the sovnarkhozes. The Ivanovo GKL
has established a close working relationship with the Ivanovskiy Sovnarkhoz.
Provisions were made in 1957 for the organization of three base labora-
tories: one was organized out of the Promenergo [Industrial Power Engineer-
ing] Office; the other two at the Ivmashpribor [Ivanovo Machine and Instru-
ment?] Plant and at the ZIP [Control and Measuring Instrument] Plant.
(Source gives further information on activities of the GKL within the
Ivanovskiy Sovnarkhoz.) (Moscow, Izmeritel'naya Tekhnika, No 3, May-Jun 58,
pp 17-18)
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The following measures and measuring instruments have been approved
by the Committee for Standards, Measures, and Ieasuring Instruunents, on
the basis of state tests, for use in the USSR:
lae-
M363 panel.. moving-coil voltmeter
Ts25 panel rectifier ammeter
Ts25 panel rectifier voltmeter
Ts26 panel rectifier ammeter
Ts26 panel rectifier voltmeter
U592 unit
IIN-3M inductometer
IMI-J. magnetic inductance meter
Li-3 Lecher wires
VMT-D resonance wavemeter
TM-J.A hydrogeological glass
mercury thermometer
TL-16 glass mercury thermometer
for Class II international standard
elements
Producer
Krasnodar ZIP Plant
[Omsk] Omelektrotochpribor Plant
Omelektrotochpribor Plant
Omelektrotochpribor Plant
Omelektrotochpribor Plant
[Kiev] Tochelektropribor Plant
a Leningrad plant
a Leningrad plant
a Vyborg plant
a Kazan' plant
R310, 8321, and 8331 measuring-type
electric resistance coils
M365 small. portable moving-coil ammeters
M365 small portable moving-coil. voltmeter
M358 panel moving-coil ammeter
M358 panel moving-coil voltmeter
M362 panel moving-coil voltmeter
M362 panel moving-coil omaeter
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Krasnodar ZIP Plant
Krasnodar ZIP Plant
Krasnodar ZIP Plant
Krasnodar ZIP Plant
Krasnodar ZIP Plant
Krasnodar ZIP Plant
Krasnodar ZIP Plant
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Type
GS-100I signal generator
ST-5, ST-6, ST-7 and ST-8 attachments
for the IZV-1 vertical length-meter
(d1inomer)
PG-100 hydraulic presses
P518 calibrated booster resistor
1II3p electric meter
1.45p electric meter
2PG-250 testing presses for testing
construction materials with pressure
up to 250 static tons
GI.M mechanical v'-bration generator
IEA-P capacitive asymmetry meter
Producer
a Gor'kiy plant
a Leningrad plant
Plant No 2 of the Moscow
City Sovnarkhoz
To chelektropribor Plant
Mytishchi Electric Meter Plant
Mytishchi Electric Meter Plant
Moscow Machinery Plant No 5 of
Glavtonnel'metrostroy, Minis-
try of Transport Construction
USSR
a Leningrad plant
a Leningrad plant
(Moscow, Izmeritel'naya Tekh.nika, No 3, May-Jun 58, pp 101-102)
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V. PHOTOGRAPHIC AND MOTION-PICTURE APPARATUS
The following prices were quoted in a lottery list for the Estonian
SSR:
Prize Awarded
Price (rubles)
Smena-2 Camera
180
FED-2 Camera
6oo
Zorkiy-S Camera
6oo
Zorkiy-2s Camera
(Tallin, supplement to Sovetskaya Estoniya, 8 Apr 58)
The Rostov-na-Donu base of Posyltorg fAll-Union Mail Order House]
of the Ministry of Trade RSFSR advertises the following cameras for sale:
Calera
Price (rubles)
Lyubitel'-2 with f:2.8 lens
163
?Moskva-5 with f:3.5 lens
540
FED-2 with f:2.8 lens
724
Zorkiy-S with f:3.5 lens
622
Zorkiy-2s with f:3.5 lens
724
Zorkiy-4 with f:2 lens
1,541
Kiev-IIlA with f:2 lens
2,254
(Yerevan, Kommunist, 8 May 58)
Types PIM-3 and PIM-4 electronic-optical converters are the most
modern USSR-made converters of this type for use in extra high-speed
photography. (Moscow, Svetotekhnika, Feb 58, p 29)
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The Krasnogorsk Machinery Plant of Moskovskaya Oblast has started
series production of the Zorkiy-5 camera. This plant will soon start) pro-
duction of the new Zorkiy-6 and Zorkiy-7 cameras. (Riga, S.ovetskaya Lat-
viya, 18 June 58)
The Moscow Electric Bulb Plant has completed preparations for the
production of the Luch-57 electronic flash unit. This unit is powered
by a high-voltage dry-cell battery and operates at 40, 60, and 100 watt-
second outputs, thus permitting the use of two flash heads simultaneously.
(Moscow, Novyye Tovary, No 6, Jun 58, p 14+)
The Moscow Kinap Plant has produced the firs+ models of the TKS-3
motion-picture camera, which was designed by the All-Union Scientific
Research Motion-Picture Photography Institute. It can be used for making
background scenes for motion pictures from miniature models.
The TKS-3, which was developed by a group of scientific workers
headed by V. I. Omelin, has an original optical system. It can be used
especially successfully for making color science-fiction and fantasy films.
(Kishinev, Sovetskaya Moldaviya, 8 Apr 58)
During the past 2 years, a considerable increase in the number of new
developments in the field of motion-picture equipment has resulted from
the organization of two special design bureaus devoted to the development
of new motion-picture equipment and cameras, and from the attention given
to this type of work at NIKFI [Scientific Research Motion-Picture Photo-
graphy Institute] and at other enterprises.
Until recently, the unsatisfactory assortment, number, and sometimes
even quality of motion-pJcture cameras had been, t pedir4gthc work of .notion-pic-
ture studios, purttlcul~triy In he national republics. Nothing had been
done in the production of special types of motion-picture equipment, such
as "combination-type," high-speed, or even 16-mm equipment. As a result,
considerable time and talent on the part of many organizations have recently
been concentrated on the solution of these problems.
The motion-picture cameras of various types and purposes listed below
show the results of the work. These do not include cameras currently under
development which will be completed during and after the second half of.
1958.
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Under the direction of designer G. A. Shmidt, the MKBK (Moscow Motion-
Picture Equipment Design Bureau) of the Moscow City Sovnarkhoz
(Council of National Economy) has developed and put into production a new
type of motion-picture camera, the SK-1, for making 35-mm [sound] synchro-
zied motion pictures on either wide-screen or standard format.
Under the direction of designers B. I. Radchik and S. I. Nikitin,
MKBK and NIKFI have designed the 2KSS motion-picture camera for making
35-mm [sound] synchronJ_:.cd motion pictures of standard format. A model of
this camera has been lmiLdo by the Moscow Moskirrp Plant.
The design bureau and operators' equipment shop of the Kiev Art Film
Motion-Picture Studio imeni A. P. Dovzhenko has completed development and
manufacture of models of the new 35-mm US-1 motion-picture camera for
synchronized motion pictures. This camera was developed under the direction
of designers V. N. Matisson and V. V. Alekseyev.
Since 1957, the Moscow Moskinap Plant has been producing the new
35-mm ISB-32MSh Moskva motion-picture camera developed under the direction
of Sh. S. Gol'tser, which is designed for wide-format motion pictures
when used with an anamorphotic lens, and also for standard-format motion
pictures.
Also, since 1957, the Moscow Moskinap Plant has been producing the
35-mm KSRSh Konvas Avtomat manual-type motion-picture camera designed by
V. I. Mantsvetov and based on the 1KSR camera desgned by V. D. Konstantinov.
The IORSh Konvas Avtomat can.be used to make either wide or standard-format
motion, pictures.
Together with the [Moscow?] Central Documentary Film Studio, MKBK
is completing the development and testing of a model of the new 35-mm ARK
manual-type motion-picture camera for making documentary films.
Under the direction of operator F. A. Leontovich, the Central Docu-
mentary Film Studio has completed development and has made a model of a
special 35-mm modified Konvas Avtomat motion-picture camera for under-
water filming. This camera is currently being tested in the Black Sea and
Moscow Basin areas.
Under the direction of designer E. P. Dychkov, MKBK has completed
dF.s,,rr,l.op;;~ent of a 16-mm 16-SP-.1. professional motion-picture to be used for
ordinary motion pictures or for television.
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MKBK is currently completing the testing of a new high-speed 1KSK
35-mm motion-picture camera manufactured by the Moscow Moskinap Plant.
According to a design developed under the direction of designer
V. I. Omelin of NIKFI, the Moscow Kinap Plant has manufactured models of
a new 35-mm special TKS-3 motion-picture camera for trick photography.
Also under the direction of Omelin, the Scientific Research Motion-
Picture Photography Institute has developed a new triple-film SKP-1 motion-
picture camera for making panoramic motion. pictures on 35-mm film.
(Source contains further detailed information and illustrations of
the cameras mentioned above, as.well as information on lenses.) (Moscow,
Tekhnika Kino i Televedeniya, No 6, Jun 58, pp 6-15)
The Leningrad Lenkinap Plant is the producer of the type KZVT -5
sound reproduction apparatus for the panoramic motion-picture theater at
the Soviet pavilion of the Brussels World Fair. -- S. Kuznetsov, Director,
Lenkinap Plant (Leningradskaye. Pravda, 12 Apr 58)
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VI. ELECTRICAL PRODUCTS
A. Standardization
Little attention is being paid to normalization [departmental stand-
ardizatim] industry. This has resulted in a much too great assortment
of parts produced, especially those designated as hardware.
Many examples of the low level of normalization activities in the
electrical industry can be cited. For instance, different requirements
for compiling blueprints have been' established at different enterprises.
Materials on the compilation of uechnical documents, which. were issued in
1954 by the Technical Administration of'the former Ministry of Electrical
Engineering, need certain revisions.
Designers in the course of their work must use various handbooks, but
do not have any kind of systematized materials.' There is a need for single
branch design norms?based on Konstruktorskiye normy (Design Norms) of the
Leningrad Branch of the All-Union Planning and Technological Institute.
There is practically no normalization activity in the field of process
engineering. Certain of the existing standards for cutting and measuring
.tools were drawn up many years ago and no longer meet current requirements.
Electrical plants use a large quantity of plastic and. nonferrous metal
parts, which are still not covered by any branch standards. Neither are
there any recommendations for using any kinds of standards utilized in other
branches of industry. For this reason, the Cheboksary Electrical Equipment
Plant is still using outmoded 1945 plant standards for a part of its allow-
ances for plastics.
The main organ for normalization and standardization, the TsBSN
[Central Bureau of Standardization and Normalization] of the NII Elektro-
promyshlennosti [Scientific Research Institute of the Electrical Industry]
should become the central reference area for any plant standards within
the limits of the electrical industry. This would aid in the adoption of
individual subassemblies and parts.
The development and issuance of new branch standards should be pre-
ceded by a careful analysis of existing technical documents. As many
branch stand&rls?as possible should be issued; then designers will be able
to select the the most successful variants available instead of drawing
up new ones. However, to this day, the TsBSN of the NII elektropromysh-
lennosti has developed only a few branch standards.
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Branch normalization should be separated from plant normalization.
At a plant, it is expedient to normalize only what is characteristic for
the given enterprise and could not be used at other plants. There is no
need for each plant to issue standards for allowances for plastics and
nonferrous castings, hardware design components,general reference data,,
design manufacturability norms and other items. Such standards should
be developed by a main organ.
It would be expedient to utilize standards that are common to various
branches of machine building. For instance, a portion of the standards
drawn up within the system of the State Committee for Radioelectronics
could well be used in electrical enterprises.
Up to 1951, every producing plant had its own products-list for mag-
netic control stations. These lists were based on types, circuits, and
planning organizations.' requirements, such as, those from TsKB Elektroprivod
[Central Design Bureau for Electric Drive]. In 1951, a departmental
standard for control stations for DC electric motors and low-voltage induc -
tion motors was issued. This standard was drawn up by the TsKB Elektro-
privoU. with the participation of producing plants of the former. Ministry
of Electrical. Engineering Industry and main planning organs. Later,.
standaniswere issued for control stations of synchronous electric motors
(drawn up by the TsKB Elektroprivod) and multispeed induction motors
(drawn up by the Cheboksary Electrical Equipment Plant).
All of these documents (with the exception of the 1951 standard)
fully meet current requirements. The 1951 standard was experimental in
nature. Soon it was necessary to revise it and add to the products-
list of the Central Stations. However, the TsKB Elektroprivod, which
was supposed to do this, failed to make the recommended revisions. This
led the Cheboksary Electrical Equipment Plant to use the 1951 standard
for producing the series BN and PN,the BNV and PNV, the series BU and PU
for tropical climates (developed by the TsKB Elektroprivod) and various
other stations, including the series SNM,- BNP, and PNM. These stations
duplicate to a certain degree standardized magnetic stations produced by
the Cheboksary and Kharkov plants.
This unlimited pile-up of various duplicated types of control stations
impedes their normalization and makes the products-list of these stations
overly cumbersome. In addition, the TsKB Elektroprivod uses various solu-
tions for the same problems in its pxtojects; it also utilizes obsolete
subassemblies and structures.
When assignments for the production of new control stations developed
by TsKB Elektroprivod are given to the producing plants, harm is wrought, by
the inflated products-list, which includes identical or nearly similar
stations differing mainly in their names and designations. The TsKB does
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not trouble itself over unification and, normalization of parts and. sub ,
assemblies, although this could sharply out down the products-list of
stations. (Moscow, Standa.rtizatsiya, W;y-Jun 5_', pp 34-85)
B. Controls and Rel~~ ,rs
The Cheboksary Electrical Equipment Plant is the producer of the types
BN and PN magnetic control stations for two- three- and four-speed elec-
tric motors; they are expressly designed for single-series A and AO
45-55.0-kw, 1,500-rpm electric motors.
(Source gives specifications of these control stations.) (Moscow,
~7.: