REPORT 974-000 INTERIM PROGRESS REPORT ON THE PROCESSOR DEVELOPMENT PROGRAM

• Document Type: CREST
• Collection: NGA Records (Formerly NIMA)
• Document Number (FOIA) /ESDN (CREST): CIA-RDP78B04747A001300010001-6
• Release Decision: RIPPUB
• Original Classification: K
• Document Page Count: 285
• Document Creation Date: December 28, 2016
• Document Release Date: September 13, 2002
• Sequence Number: 1
• Publication Date: February 1, 1965
• Content Type: REPORT

STATI NTL
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f
DECLASS REVIEW by NIMA/DoD
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February 1965
REPORT
INTERIM PROGRESS REPORT
ON THE
PROCESSOR DEVELOPMENT PROGRAM
TATI NTL
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STATI NTL
FOREWORD
submits this report in compliance with Item 4. 2
of the Development Objectives of
Approved:
Research Manager
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STAT
STAT
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ABSTRACT
This document presents the program undertaken and the results
obtained in the period ending February 1965. Separate technical reports
covering specific contract assignments started during this period are
included.
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STAT
SECTION 1
INTRODUCTION
1. 1 GENERAL
The contract was signed July 1, 1964. For the purpose of this
interim report, the program will be divided into the following major levels
of effort: 1) Procurement and installation of a GFE cleanroom in which the
GFE HTA-5 processor will be installed as a test vehicle. This installation
will be used for an evaluation program to determine the cross effect of
environment on film processing and vice versa. 2) A research program
directed primarily, but not exclusively, toward improvement in the
liquid/air bearing concept of film processing.
The broad objectives of the program are laid down in the Design
Objectives of the contract. The portion of the total research program under-
taken in this term of the contract is intended to provide essential design
criteria as well as the development of specific items of equipment.
1.2 BACKGROUND
A typical immersion processor of conventional design usually con-
sists of the following sections.
1) Load end, containing the film magazine or cabinet, and splicer.
2) Accumulator, to permit film splicing without interrupting the
processing cycle.
3) Chemical and wash sections, which are basically tanks contain-
ing the various chemical solutions and wash water.
4) Drier section or cabinet.
5) Film takeup or spooling assembly.
Depending on the film type, width, and extent of additional fa-
cilities required, equipment such as a viewing panel, air squeegee, central
1-1
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control system and many other features, may be provided. In the past,
all processors of this general type have had one feature in common; film
is carried through the entire processing cycle on ; series of driven and idler
rollers.
Much attention has been directed to detailed improvements in the
film transport systems. In all machines, some form of ganged chain
drive to some or all of the rollers is employed, in conjunction with the use of
friction or magnetic particle clutches to equalize the tension of the film
throughout the processor. Much attention has also been paid to the finish
and coating of the rollers to minimize film slippage.
STATINTL In 1960, a concept was advanced byl
a subsidiary of to minimize the mechanical handling of
film during processing. This concept is based on the use of air and liquid
bearings in place of the traditional rollers. The film is transported on
cushions of liquid or air formed between the bearing and the film. The
use of the air/liquid bearing-principle, even in the drying cabinet,
virtually eliminates direct contact between the film and mechanical parts of the
processor.
On the basis of this concept, and from demonstrations given on a
working model, a contract was awarded for a prototype air/liquid bearing
film processor, identified as the HTA-5. This processor was built and
tested; much data about the functional requirements were obtained. How-
ever, some unexpected problems were encountered during the test program,
indicating the need for careful test work and data analysis to provide
advanced design criteria.
In addition to improvements resulting from the elimination of virtually
all mechanical film handling, more efficient processing was obtained due
to the impingement of the chemicals directly on the emulsion as it passed
1-2
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over the bearings. More efficient wash action was also obtained for the
same reason. Effective film drying, using heated air in the drier air
bearings, was obtained and a decrease in film tension during transport
was noted.
On the problem side, difficulty was encountered in retaining stable
liquid and air cushions capable of withstanding the loads generated at a
high transport speed of 60 feet per minute. Adequate surplus water re-
moval, film tracking, and large pressure losses in standard pipe fittings
and associated plumbing were among the other problems encountered. An
unfavorable total power consumption compared to that required for a
conventional processor was also experienced.
1. 3 OBTECTIVES
The objectives of this processor development program are clearly
stated in the Development Objectives exhibit forming part of the con-
tractual documents, and are summarized in Figure 1-1. The program in
work in this phase of the contract is directed towards providing data on
which the design of a future processor, modular in concept and designed for
cleanroom operation, can be based. The work is authorized by the follow-
ing assignments, summarized in Figure 1-2.
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SECTION 2
STAT
2. 1 LABORATORY FACILITY AND CLEANROOM INSTALLATION
The configuration of the cleanroom was finalized in September,
1964, and the laboratory facilities were planned accordingly. Electrical
and air conditioning requirements were engineered in October, 1964. A
final conference was held at the on STATINTL
October 29, 1964, at which time a detailed examination of all requirements
was made. Agreement was reached wit
ing Exhibit "A" of the subcontract.
The first delivery of cleanroom parts was scheduled for November
13, 1964. However, due to procurement difficulties, the delivery of the
steel framing for the raised floor was delayed and erection of the cleanroom
did not start until November 23, 1964. Prior to this date, architectural
drawings of the extensive changes to the area housing the cleanrooms
were prepared and the approval of local area authorities was obtained.
In order to isolate the cleanrooms and laboratory installation
from the shop power system and to provide the power required, electrical
engineering drawings were prepared for electrical services from the area
and the provision of a new main power and distribution system.
A concrete pad designed to support the HTA-5 processor, was
poured. Delivery of the floor framing was made within a few days of the
revised date, and assembly of the framing started the first week in Decem-
ber, 1964.
The erection schedule is shown in Figure 2-1 and has been generally
adhered to in spite of detailed changes found necessary as erection proceeded.
These changes were made for safety, some to meet local area codes,
and others to conform to the contract specification.
STATI NTL
n a statement of work form-
A final progress meeting was held between personnel of
on Tanuary 20, 1965 to check general
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progress and to reach agreement on specific problems.
The layout of the complete facility is shown in Figure 2-2.
Typical views of erection progress are shown in Figures 2-3 through 2-9.
_
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R AND D FACILITY AND CLEANROOM
INSTALLATION
ELECTRONICS AND CLEANROOM CONTROL AND
OPTICAL LABORATORY INSTRUMENTATION AREA
CHANGING ROOM
CHEMICAL LABORATORIES
STAFF OFFICE
WASHROOM STAFF OFFICE 7 MANAGERS OFFICE AND
CONFERENCE ROOM
CHEMICAL MIXING AREA
FIG.
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TEST ROOM
STATI NTL
STAT
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STAT
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tl.
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Q.1
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STAT
lirt7711
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SECTION 3
3. 1 ORGANIZATION
This contract is being handled in the Research and Development
Department, the organization of which is shown in Figure 3-1. A re-
search manager has been given responsibility for the program and work
progress and a contract administrator has been assigned to the program to
insure that contractual requirements are met.
3. 2 PROGRAM CONTROL
Research projects are controlled by an assignment system. A
project is selected from the main program (Figure 1-2) and an assignment form
prepared. This form details the work required, the objective, and the pro-
posed method of handling the project to obtain the desired data. On the
back of the form is a summary of data from which the estimated engineering
and manufacturing time and cost can be checked against actual time and
cost incurred. The assignments are identified by the contract number pre-
fixed to a three-digit numeral suffix The report covering
the investigation and the results, together with necessary charts, sketches,
and photographs, is identified by the same number as the authorizing assign-
ment. The assignment control flow chart is shown in Figure 3-2.
3-1
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STAT
STAT
IL
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CHIEF ENGINEER
STATI NTL
RESEARCH
18
SPONSORED
DEVELOPMENT
15
1
COMPANY
OPERATIONS
19
PROTOTYPE SHOP
ADMIN
STORAGE
AND
RETRIEVAL
PHOTO
Figure 3-1. R & ID Organization
DISPLAY
INDUSTRIAL
DESIGN
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CONTROL
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1
R AND D CONTRACT ASSIGNMENT CONTROL
BRIEFING SESSION
MP` PREPARE SPECIFIC ASSIGN FORM
PROGRAM SUMMARY
DEPT FILE COPY
RELEASE
OF PURHASE
ORDERS
STAFF CONCERNED
ASSIGN IN WORK
COMPLETED
ASSIGN FORM
WEEKLY REPORT
CUSTOMER'S
COPY
ASSIGN INDEX
COPY TO OUTSIDE
NO 4 CONSULTANT
I (IF REQ'D)
\ I
\ I
ASSIGN COMPLETED
DEPT FILE COPY R AND D COPY
FIG. 3-2
PREPARE FINAL
REPORT C/W TECH
DATA CHARTS
PHOTOGRAPHS, ETC
CUSTOMER'S COPY (COPIES)
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SECTION 4
RESEARCH PROGRAM
4. 1 GENERAL
The program objectives are to determine essential design criteria
and to develop specific items of equipment that satisfy the conceptual
and engineering advances called for in the contract'.
The specific assignments detailed in Subsection 4. 3 are directed
toward this goal. These studies will concentrate on the development of
a processor of compact modular design, lower power consumption, and the
Incorporation of improved liquid and air bearings.
All assignments listed in Subsection 4. 2 are identified by their
authorizing number and title. Each assignment is cross-referenced to the
applicable section of the Development Objectives exhibit of the contract.
4. 2 INDEX OF ASSIGNMENTS
Assignment
Description Exhibit Ref.
Measuring the pressure drop across standard
PVC fittings 3-4
Determining the force required to bend film 3-14
Hydromatic liquid bearing assessment 3 - 1
The effects of high processing temperatures
on aerial films 3-8
Comprehensive film processing data chart 3-8
The performance evaluation of a positive-
pressure transport capstan 3-3
Calculating the efficiency of a tank with
incorporated thermal control 3-8
Evaluating the requirements of a cleanroom
liquid/air bearing module 3-8
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STAT
awl
MN
3TAT
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Assignment
1)10001-6 I
Description Exhibit Ref.
Determining the coefficient of friction of
film 3-14
Determining the vertical spacing of liquid
bearings 3-8
Photographic record of cleanroom erection 1
Designing and testing intertank air bearings 3-8
3-1
Designing, constructing and testing a 3-8
liquid bearing incorporating a built-in pump 3-1
4. 3 SPECIFIC ASSIGNMENTS
4. 3. 1 Assignment
In the HTA-5 prototype liquid/air bearings, pressure losses between
the pumps and the bearings were experienced - these losses were in excess
of the calculated allowance. In some cases, these losses necessitated
the replacement of the pumps provided,for pumps of higher horsepower.
This assignment was planned to accurately measure the pressure drop
and flow across various standard PVC fittings.
It would be of undoubted value to extend this test series to in-
clude standard stainless-steel piping and fittings, and sanitary piping and
fittings used in the food processing industry. This would then present a
cross-reference of values against such parameters as cost, assembly time,
reliability of joints, and difference in pump energy saved. With due re-
gard to other investigations of higher priority, such an extension is be-
yond the present scope of funding.
4. 3. 2 Assignment' I This assignment was issued to determine the
forces required to bend film over rollers of varying diameters. These
4-2
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forces are one of the essential design parameters necessary in the calcula-
tion of the loads on bearings, required capstan torque, and film tension.
STAT 4. 3. 3 Assignment
"d Various diameters of liquid bearings and slot configurations were
tested under this assignment to provide a background for the design of an
improved liquid bearing of the sleeve type. Much of the data obtained
remains to be analyzed at this date in order to establish a mathematical
relationship and to develop, if possible, formulae on which designs can
be based. Based on the undigested data obtained, a bearing was designed
with the following objectives in mind:
1) Eliminating edge guides
2) Reducing horsepower requirements
3) Attempting to achieve self-centering of film.
STAT
Testing of this bearing will continue during the remaining period
of the contract.
4. 3. 4 Assignment
To determine the best configuration for a processing module,
it was necessary to obtain the range of processing speeds at given de-
veloping temperatures.
Since the concept of a modular processor provides three variable
parameters in the form of transport speed (FPM), temperature, and the
number of modules required for a given developing process, this assign-
ment was planned to obtain data not only for these criteria, but also for
the expected processed film quality in terms of fog level, contrast, reso-
lution, speed and granularity at selected increments of processing tem-
perature.
This assignment will continue until the end of the current contract.
4-3
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Rol
STAT 4. 3. 5 Assignment
This assignment was planned to incorporate, in chart form, all
the available data on original aerial negative and duplicating films, to-
gether with the results obtained from other assignments producing ap-
plicable and correlative data.
No report will be issued on this assignment at this date.
STAT
)010001-6
4. 3. 6 Assignmen
This assignment was planned to invesiigate the performance of a
vacuum capstan, the design of which was based on a new technique for
generating and applying a vacuum to a rotating film drive capstan from
positive air pressure. A plenum for applying positive pressure to the out-
side of film wrapped 180 degrees around the capstan was also manufac-
tured. Due to other investigations of higher priority, however, fu'rther
investigation of this technique is beyond the present scope of work.
STAT
4. 3. 7 Assignment
In the HTA-5 processor, the bearing pumps and the recirculation
and temperature control system for each tank were mounted in separate
assemblies some distance from the processor itself (Figure 4-1). This
separation led to BTU gains in the tank cooling systems and losses in
the heating system in addition to pressure losses through the pipes and
fittings to and from the temperature control equipment.
This assignment authorized a study directed toward incorporating
a method of thermal control in the tank itself, with the objective of reduc-
ing the overall machine size, complexity, and power consumption.
This study is incomplete at this time, since its progress is tied
to developments resulting from Assignment
under which a de-
sign study of a modular tank assembly is being made.
4-4
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STAT 4. 3. 8 Assignment
This assignment initiated a design study to evaluate a processor
designed on the modular principle specifically for cleanroom use. Ideally,
each standard module would be self-contained and interchangeable with
any other, thus making it possible to adapt to any specific processing
requirement in black and white or color. Simply adding the proper number of
self-aligning unit's, then, would permit maximum flexibility, enabling
the processor to be "tailor-made" for each process.
In concept, the modules for the wet end would be constructed of
double-wall stainless steel with internal insulation to minimize heat trans-
fer. Integral plate-coils for heat exchange, plug-in bearings, self-
contained filters, and temperature control would eliminate all external
..4
service-unit functions such as pumps, plumbing, and thermostatic
exchangers. The optimal design would then be neat, compact, easy to
clean and maintain, high in reliability, and extremely flexible in appli-
cation.
STAT
Further assignments will be issued to study associated equip-
ment requirements, including cleanroom requirements for the modular de-
sign of the accumulator, drier, and takeup assemblies. The same modular
concept would be applied to the design of intertank plug-in air-transfer
bearings.
4. 3. 9 Assignment
This assignment involves determination of film drag or, more
correctly, skin friction of the film when pulled through water or near-water
solutions. This determination is essential as a liquid/air bearing pro-
cessor design parameter. The values obtained from the tests initiated
by this assignment will provide the Cr constant in a formula developed
for thin, flat plates. This is applicable when a correct value can be
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given to the coefficient of friction for film. Other factors such as bending
forces and film tensioning devices must also be considered at this time.
With a method of calculating the total tension in the film available f a
logical sequence of processor design can be applied as follows:
1) Processor performance requirements are obtained initially frdm
a customer's specification, which details the films to be processed, the
processing rate in feet per minute, and the sensitometric characteristics
required. Processing times and temperatures are obtained from this in-
formation.
2) With this criteria established, the physical sizes of the tanks,
the immersed length of film, and the number of bearings required can be de-
termined.
3) Using the formula previously described to obtain the total
film tension load, the load on the individual liquid and air bearings and
the transport capstan torque loads can then be calculated.
4.3, 10 Assignment
This assignment was planned to determine the maximum vertical
spacing of liquid bearings df 1-1/2, 1-3/4, and 2 inches nominal diameter
plus a 1/8-inch built-up cushion.
4. 3. 11 Assignment
This assignment was issued for administrative purposes to
provide a photographic record of the cleanroom erection. Some of these
interim documentary prints of significant highlights of the schedule have
already been appended to the Monthly Progress Reports submitted to the
Contracting Officer. No separate report will be issued.
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Service Unit Modules in Position
,
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STAT
February 1965
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STAT
REPORT
MEASUREMENT OF PRESSURE DROPS
ACROSS STANDARD PIPE AND FITTINGS
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Section
1. 1
1. 2
TABLE OF CONTENTS
Introduction
Data Limitations
Purpose and Objectives
Page
1-1
1-1
1-1
2
Technical Discussion
2-1
2. 1
Equipment and Instrumentation
2-1
2,2
Pressure Drop Experimentation
2-2
3
Conclusions
3-1
3. 1
Pump Tests
3-1
3. 2
Pressure Drop Tests
3-2
4
Recommendations
4-1
4. 1
Continued Experimentation
4-1
References
Appendices
II
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LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS
J1 UUU1 -b
Frontispiece
Page
Figure 2-1
Pressure Drop Test Apparatus
2-35
2-2
Test Rack - Pump, Gage, Manometer, and Flowmeter
2-37
2-3
Test Rack - Pump, Gage,, Manometer, and Thermometers
2-38
2-4
Test Rack Apparatus and Inclined Manometer
2-39
2-5
Flowmeter Calibration Chart
2-41
2-6
Reynolds Numbers vs. Friction Coefficients
2-43
2-7
p's for 90-Degree Elbows
2-45
2-8
A )4' s for 90-Degree Elbows
2-46
2-9
p's for Tees
2-47
2-10
A p for PVC Union
2-48
2-11
tp for PVC Tee
2-49
2-12
t?p's for 90-Degree PVC Elbows
2-50
2-13
Dimensions of Sweep Elbows
2-51
2-14
.I'p's for 45-Degree PVC Elbows
2-52
2-15
Ap for PVC Ball Valve
2-53
2-16
/.`p for PVC "Y" Valve
2-54
2-17
Cp for PVC Plug Valve
2-55
2-18
6p for PVC Coupling
2-56
2-19
bp for PVC Pipe and Fittings
2-57
2-20
Fairing Tool
2-58
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Table
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2-1
2-2
2-3
2-4
2-5
LIST OF TABLES
Calibration Data and Reynolds Numbers
Head Loss/100 Feet of Pipe (Unreamed)
Head Loss/100 Feet of Pipe (Reamed)
Head Loss for PVC Union (Unreamed)
Head Loss for PVC Union (Reamed)
Page
2-5
2-7
2-7
2-9
2-9
2-6
Head Loss for PVC Tee - L\pip2 (Unreamed)
2-11
2-7
Head Loss for PVC Tee - AP1P3 (Unreamed)
2-11
2-8
Head Loss for PVC Tee - Ap1p2 (Reamed)
2-13
2-9
Head Loss for PVC Tee - 6p 1p3 (Reamed)
2-13
2-10
Head Loss for PVC 90-Degree Elbow (Unreamed)
2-15
2-11
Head Loss for PVC 90-Degree Elbow (Reamed)
2-15
2-12
Head Loss for PVC 90-Degree Flanged Elbow (Unreamed)
2-17
2-13
Head Loss for PVC 90-Degree Flanged Elbow (Reamed)
2-17
2-14
Head Loss for PVC 90-Degree Sweep Elbow (Reamed)
2-19
2-15
Head Loss for PVC 45-Degree Sweep Elbow (Reamed)
2-19
2-16
Head Loss for PVC 45 -Degree Elbow (Unreamed)
2-21
2-17
Head Loss for PVC 45-Degree Elbow (Reamed)
2-21
2-18
Head Loss for PVC Ball Valve (Unreamed)
2-23
2-19
Head Loss for PVC Ball Valve (Reamed)
2-23
2-20
Head Loss for PVC "Y" Valve (Unreamed)
2-25
2-21
Head Loss for PVC "Y" Valve (Reamed)
2-25
2-22
Head Loss for PVC Plug Valve (Unreamed)
2-27
2-23
Head Loss for PVC Plug Valve (Reamed)
2-27
2-24
Head Loss for PVC Coupling (Unreamed)
2-29
2-25
Head Loss for PVC Coupling (Reamed)
2-29
2-26
Head Loss for PVC Pipe and Fittings, Branch I (Unreamed)
2-31
2-27
Head Loss for PVC Pipe and Fittings, Branch II (Unreamed)
2-31
2-28
Head Loss for PVC Pipe and Fittings, Branch I (Reamed)
2-33
2-29
Head Loss for PVC Pipe and Fittings, Branch II (Reamed)
2-33
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iv
STAT
TAT
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STATI NTL
FOREWORD
submits this report in compliance with Item 3.4 of the
This report should be read
>f which it forms part.
Development Objectives of
in conjunction with Report
Approved:
STATI NTL
esear anager
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STAT
STATI NTL
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SECTION 1
INTRODUCTION
010001-6
1. 1 DATA LIMITATIONS
When the liquid bearing concept was first considered, the state-
of-the-art in processor design required only the movement of film through
the various steps of developing and fixing by means of rollers or sprockets.
Hydrodynamic and fluid mechanic complexities introduced by the new
bearing, in which the film 'was supported on a liquid cushion, required
engineers to depend heavily on available technical data - pump
capacities, pipe and fitting losses, pressure drops through filters, and
frictional coefficient buildup with photochemical deposits. Inadequacies
in the published data parameters quickly became apparent when pump ca-
pacities had to be virtually doubled to compensate for line losses, even
though supposedly ample design safety factors had been incorporated.
STAT
STATI NTL
1. 2 PURPOSE AND OBJECTIVES
One of the foremost objectives of the assignment was to satisfy
the need for these missing parameters and provide, generally, a more complete
technical documentation of fundamental engineering data germane to pro-
cessor design. One important byproduct of the research program, then,
was to eliminate rule-of-thumb calculations in which the pressure drop in
a 45-degree elbow was assumed to be one-half of that for a 90-degree
elbow, or that in a valve four times a 90-degree elbow, with a safety fac-
tor of 20 percent or better.
With the shortcomings of technical literature in mind, the objec-
tives of the research project were formulated. The following list com-
prises the most important research objectives for this part of the pro-
gram:
1-1
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Approved For Release 2002/11/01 : CIA-RDP78604747A001300010001-6
1) Check as many different fittings (including straight pipe) as
feasible in the light of time and budget.
2) Begin experimentation on 1-1/4-Inch rigid polyvinyl chloride
(PVC) pipe and threaded fittings. Measure Ap with unburred fittings and
pipe. Repeat tests with burred fittings and internal taper.
3) Repeat tests outlined in objective (2) with socket-type fittings.
4) Repeat the series of tests with polished, sanitary stainless
steel dairy pipe and fittings.
5) Determine the effect of pump inlet pipe size.
6) Determine the effect of restricted inlet pipe size.
7) Study input of pump, mechanical efficiency, losses, and the
effect of .a dropping head on pump output.
8) Make a long run breakdown test of pump, using actual photo-
graphic chemical solutions.
9) Check the interrelationship of pump outlet angle on delivered gpm.
10) Make effectivity comparisons among various types of flowmeters
- rotameter, orifices, venturi, and newer types.
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Approved For Release 2002/11/01 : CIA-RDP78604747A00130
SECTION 2
TECHNICAL DISCUSSION
)010001-6
2. 1 EQUIPMENT AND INSTRUMENTATION
The pressure drop test apparatus is illustrated in Figures 2-1,
STAT
STATI NTL
2-2, 2-3, and 2-4. All instrumentation and fittings are described in detail
in Appendix F. A stainless-steel hold tank, on loan from
formed the core of the circulatory setup. From its center bottom outlet,
a 2-inch ID PVC pipe fed a 2-horsepower centrifugal pump.
On both the inlet and outlet sides of the pump, thermometer wells
were provided for measuring T1 and T2 respectively. Unions were installed
on both sides to enable easy removal of the unit without disturbing the rest
of the apparatus. On the downstream side, a valved tee for drainage and a
pressure gage to read P1 were provided. The piping then led directly to a
1-1/4-inch ball throttling valve and the flowmeter, and from the latter to the
remaining test apparatus. The test piping and fittings were all 1-1/4-inch
PVC, with the exceptions noted (Appendix F). They were supported on two
tiers by wooden racks.
The lower level was a straight run of pipe over 10 feet long; a riser
led to the upper level and to a union leading to a tee. The left branch of
the tee was arbitrarily designated Branch I and the right, Branch II. Each
of these two branches returned to the hold tank. Branch I embodied three
test fittings and Branch IT, four. The wooden supporting racks were care-
fully leveled so that both the upper and lower stages were precisely hori-
zontal. Each fitting was provided with an upstream and downstream pressure
tap for Ap measurement. These consisted of holes drilled and tapped for
1/8-inch standard pipe thread. The tapping depth was controlled so that
when the flanged brass tubing adapters were screwed in, their bottoms
would be flush with the inside of the pipe in accordance with Hydraulic
2-1
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Approved For Release 2002/11/01 : CIA-RDP78604747A0013C0010001-6
Institute Standards (Ref: 11). The test apparatus was completely assembled
from a scale drawing by two shop plumbers. The only specific instruction
given them was to use standard shop practice in cutting, fitting, and thread-
ing pipe and to use "Proseal" (flexible two-component epoxy mixture) in
making up the joints. The completed test rack closely approximated the
assembly technique incorporated in any standard
gear.
STAT
STATI NTL
All pressure drops were measured with either a vertical U-tube
manometer or a sensitive inclined mercury manometer. The jank temperature,
T3' was measured with an accurate Centigrade thermometer.
2.2 PRESSURE DROP EXPERIMENTATION
The first step in the research project was the calibration of the
flowmeter. This was done by accurately timing, with a stopwatch, the
filling of a standard bucket whose exact capacity had been measured.
Enough runs were made at each 2 gpm flow increment on the rotameter scale
to assure an accurate mean average. The data are presented graphically
in Figure 2-5 and tabularly in Table 2-1. Based on the same data, the
Reynolds numbers were calculated and plotted against friction coefficients
(both are dimensionless) for PVC pipe (Figure 2-6). The data for various
commercial pipes and tubes were obtained from the literature (References
1 and 2). It is interesting to note how much less the coefficients of friction
are for plastic than for glass, supposedly the epitome of smoothness.
The pressure drops and Reynolds numbers were measured on the
horizontal 10.020-foot section of the 1-1/4-inch PVC pipe (lower level).
So that the total pressure drop for the section could be measured simul-
taneously, a long 1/4-inch diameter copper tube was connected to the up-
stream pressure tap and brought to the downstream end. When all lines
were bled free of air, the readings were taken on the inclined mercury
manometer.
2-2
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Approved For Release 2002/11/01 : CIA-RDP78B04747A00130(1010001-6
Time, rate of flow, temperature, inlet pressure, and pressure drop
were recorded in a typical series of tests. The flow was changed from
maximum to minimum rotameter readings in 5 gpm increments. Enough rechecks
were made to assure reproducibility of readings. As the tests progressed,
it was found better practice to proceed from the lowest to the highest flow
reading. Use of this technique resulted in less overall temperature var-
iation (since the tank was nonadiabatic) for a series which might take as
long as 26 minutes. Corrections for density, viscosity, etc., with temper-
ature were made in the observed results (Appendix A).
Since the accurate calorimetric thermometers used were of the total
immersion type, stem temperatures were recorded during the early runs. A
sample calculation (Appendix B) showed the stem correction to be negligible
in the 690 to 77oF ambient operating temperature range used, so it was
neglected.
Pressure drops on the 1-1/4-inch tee were recorded across each leg
independently, with the opposite leg blocked off, and again with both legs
open. Data obtained for pressure drops with both legs of the tee open were
omitted because their intervariation was slight and in all cases, the readings
were less than those with one leg blocked off. Since design would be based
on maximums, these data lost their significance. Note that the pressure
drops across the leg leading to Branch IT were higher than those leading to
Branch I. Two explanations are possible: 1) An internal aberration in the
plastic die not removed by the burring operation was responsible, or 2) The
Increased pressure drop in Branch II (in all cases higher than Branch I)
was reflected back to the leg of the tee.
In only three instances could comparable data be found in published
charts, those for straight pipe, a 90-degree elbow, and a tee. These are
presented, together with our data, in Figures 2-7, 2-8, and 2-9. Some of
the proprietary data seems overly optimistic. Note that the Cherry-Burrell
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STAT
Approved For Release 2002/11/01 : CIA-RDP78604747A00130
p010001-6
data is not exactly comparable, since the closest size to our 1-1/4-inch
ID pipe is their 1.402-inch stainless.
The remaining data are presented graphiCally in Figures 2-10 through
2-19 and tabularly in Tables 2-2 through 2-20. Each set of data presents
a comparison between pressure drops in the fittings with unreamed pipe and
with reamed pipe. The latter data were obtained in the following manner.
After all tests were made on the original setup, the components were carefully
identified and the apparatus completely disassembled. All fittings were
internally deburred and each end of the connecting pipes faired with a special
tool (Figure 2-20). The apparatus was then reassembled with Proseal in
exactly the original order and orientation. With no other change, the flow
was increased 6.7 percent. This result points to possible economies ?
in reduced pump sizing on large production machines.
When the test apparatus was first assembled, a source of sweep
fittings to check against the common, standard pipe thread, short-turn
types could not be located. Continued market research uncovered a line
of specialized electrical conduit fittings manufactured by Kraloy. The tests
were subsequently performed on two of these PVC Schedule 40 conduit turns
(Figure 2-13) fitted with female adapters, slip to thread. The pressure drops
in the 90-degree sweep elbow (Figure 2-12 and Table 2-14) were almost
exactly equal to those of a straight pipe of equivalent length. In neither the
case of the 45-degree sweep nor that of the short-turn elbow were the pressure
drops half of those of the 90-degree elbow. They were more. This phen-
omenon cannot be explained by inaccuracies of mensuration (see discussion
of errors, Appendix C). The appendix also includes calculations of pump
heads and effect of discharge angle on delivery.
2-4
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STAT
9-1?0001?000?1?00V/PLP088/dCIU-VI3 : 1.04 I./ZOOZ eseelet1 JOd PeA0AdV
TABLE 2-1
FLOWMETER CALIBRATION DATA AND REYNOLDS NUMBER CAL CULATION
Flowmeter
Reading
* gPm
Measured
Flow
gpm
T2
?F
P
gm/ml
ft3 /sec
V
ft/sec
2
1/V

sec2/ft2
f
a
lb/ft sec
1/-4
1
ft. sec./lb.
0
lb./ft'1
R
E
41.2
40.8
71.05
.99720
.0893
10.36
.00932
.00218
.000608
1645
62.25
1.11x 105
39.6
40.8
72.55
37.7
38.2
72.75
.99718
.0833
9.66
.01072
.00214
.000607
1649
62.25
1.04x 105
35.8
38.2
72.85
33.9
33.8
72.95
.99716
.0724
8.40
.01417
.00215
.000606
1651
62.25
9.05x 104
32.1
31.2
72.45
30.2
29.6
72.55
28.3
26.9
72.65
.99716
.0618
7.17
.01945
.00228
.000605
1652
62.25
7.73 x104
26.3
26.3
72.70
24.4
23.7
72.85
22.5
21.5
72.90
.99714
.0509
5.90
.02873
.00349
.000605
1654
62.25
6.37 x 104
20.6
19.7
73.00
18.7
18.2
73.10
.99713
.0400
4.64
.04645
.00259
.000604
1655
62.25
5.01x 104
16.7
15.8
73.20
14.7
13.9
73.30
.99712
.0291
3.38
.08754
.00315
.000603
1657
62.25
3.65 x 104
12.8
11.1
73.45
10.9
10.3
73.50
9.0
7.9
73.55
.99710
.0182
2.11
.2246
.00332
.000603
1660
62.25
2.29x 104
6.9
7.2
73.65
4.9
4.5
73.75
2.6
74.05
.99706
.0071
..823
1.476
.00417
.000600
1667
62.25
8.95x 103
2-5
II
0
Fss.
0
0
I 0
0
0
Cr)"
4?F
0
CD
a.0
. .
0
???1
03
CO
0
???1
???1
0
0
0
0
8
0
0
0
Table 2-2
Head Loss In Feet Of Water/100 Feet Of 1-1/4-Inch PVC Pipe
(Unreamed)
Meter Flow
gPm
Corrected
gpm
T2
?F
p
psi
4
Zero High
pS
Zero Low
Totalx
-
Total/2
Ft. Water
13.56 1
Ft. Loss/
100' 100
x 10.02
12
40.6
41.1
76.08
- 13.9
.03 2.95
.54 4.25
6.63
3.32
3.48
34.73
37.7
37.7
76.21
14.4
2.46
3.78
5.67
2.84
2.97
29.64
33.0
32.6
76.32
15.1
1.86
3.00
4.29
2.15
2.25
22.46
28.3
27.8
76.39
15.7
1.45
2.44
3.32
1.66
1.74
17.37
23.5
22.9
26.45
16.2
1.07
1.95
2.45
1.23
1.29
12.87
18.7
18-0
76.56
16.7
.68
1.47
1.58
.79
.83
8.28
13.8
13.0
76.62
17.3
.40
1.19
1.02
.51
.53
55.29
9.0
8.2
76.76
17.8
.17
.81
.41
.21
.22
2.19
4.1
4.1
77.06
18.3
.03
.61
.07
.04
.04
.40
40.7
41.2
76.65
13.9
2.88
4.28
6.59
3.30
3.46
34.53
Table 2-3
Head Loss In Feet Of Water/100 Feet Of 1-1/4-Inch PVC Pipe
(Reamed)
43.2
44.3
70.30
13.6
.53 4.63
.03 3.57
7.64
3.82
4.00
39.92
40.0
40.4
70.25
14.1
4.07
3.12
6.63
3.32
3.48
34.73
35.0
34.7
70.22
14.9
3.29
2.43
5.16
2.58
2.70
26.95
30.0
29.5
70.16
15.6
2.57
1.86
3.87
1.94
2.03
20.26
25.0
24.4
70.15
16.0
2.00
1.43
2.87
1.44
1.51
15.07
20.0
19.3
70.13
16.5
1.48
.96
1.88
.94
.98
9.78
15,0
14.2
70.15
16.9
1.04
.59
1.07
.54
.57
5.69
10.0
9.2
70.15
17.8
.74
.32
.50
.25
.26
2.59
5.0
4.8
70.27
18.2
.56
.13
.13
.07
.07
.70
2-7
4?F
1
Approved For Release 2002/11/01 : CIA-RDP78604747A001300010001-6
Table 2-4
Head Loss In Feet Of Water For 1-1/4" Rigid PVC Union
(Unreamed Pipe)
Meter Flow
gPm
Corrected
gpm
T2
?F
P1
psi
tyiS
Zero High
Zero Low
Total
Total/2
Ft. Water
x -i3y56-M1
.72
Correction
Factor Ft.
Loss/Inch
.0297
Tap
'Distance
w 14. 4 T In .
-.43
Corrected
Reading 'id
Loss in Ft.
.29
40.5
41.0
70.33
13.8
.25 1.14
.09 .57
1.37
.69
35.0
34.7
70.35
14.6
.90
.50
1.06
.53
.55
.0211
-.30
.25
30.0
29.5
70.42
15.4
.771 .43
.86
.43
.45
.0158
-.23
.22
25.0
24.4
70.47
15.9
.67 .37
.70
.35
.37
.0117
-.17
.20
20.0
19.3
70.55
16.6
.57 .32
.55
.28
.29
.0082
-.12
.17
15.0
14.2 70.62
17.1
.47 .27
.40
.20
.21
.0051
-.07
.14
10.0
1
9.2 70.67
17.6
.40
.23
.29
.15
.16
.0024
-.03
.13
5.0
4.8 70.69
18.1
.33
.23
.22
.11
.11
.0009
-.01 '
.10
Table 2-5
Head Loss In Feet Of Water For 1-1/2" Rigid PVC Union
(Reamed Pipe)
43.2
44.3
70.61
13.6
.50
1.48
.08
.52
1.42
.71
.74
.0333
-.48
.26
40.0
40.4
70.56
14.2
1.37
.43
1.22
.61
.64
.0289
-.42
.24
35.0
34.7
70.55
15.0
1,17
.98
.36
.28
.95
.68
.48
.34
.50
.36
.0225
.0169
-.32
-.24
.18
.12
30.0
29.5
70.50
15.6
25e0
24.4
70.42
16.0
.85
.25
.52
.26
.27
.0126
-.18
.09
20.0
,19.3
70.40
16.7
.72
.19
.33
.17
.18
.00816
-.12
.06
15.0
14.2
70.40
17.1
.62
.16
.20
.10
.11
.00475
-.07
.04
10.0
9.2
70.40
17.7
.55
.12
.09
.05
.05
.00217
-.03
.02
?
2-9
CIA-RDP78604747A001300010001-6
Table 2-6
Head Loss In Feet Of Water For 1-1/4" Rigid PVC Tee
01 02 For Unreamed Pipe) Branch I Open - Branch II Closed
BRANGH I BR A NGH 3C
1:12. r - 1)3
Meter Flow
gpm
Corrected
gpm
T2
?F
Pi
psi
t 0
Zero High
02
-Zero Low
'Iota'
Total/2
Ft. Water
13'56
Correction
Factor
Ft. Loss/In.
Tab
Distance
x14.45
Corrected
Reading Hd
Loss in Ft.
x 1
12
40.5
41.0
70.52
13.9
.25 2.90
.09 2.44
5.00
2.50
2.62
.0297
-.43
2.19
35.0
34.7
70.56
14.7
2.26
1.97
3.89
1.95
2.04
.0211
-.31
1.73
30.0
,
39.5
70.58
15.6
1.77
1.48
2.91
1.46
1.53
.0158
-.23
1.30
25.0
24.4
70.62
15.8
1.36
1.12
2.14
1.07
1.12
.0117
-.17
.95
20.0
19.3
70.66
16.6
1.00
.80
1.46
.73
.76
.0082
-.12
.64
15.0
14.2
70.73
17.1
.72
.54
.92
.46
.48
.0051
-.07
.41
10.0
9.2
70.82
17.5
.51
.36
.53
.27
.28
.0024
-.03
.25
5.0
4.8
70.94
18.2
.35
.21
.22
.11
.12
.0009
-.01
.11
Table 2-7
Head Loss In Feet Of Water For 1-1/4 Rigid PVC Tee
itS irS For Unreamed) Branch I Closed - Branch II Open
Zero
01
High
03
Zero
Low
x14.55
40.0
40.4
71.33
13.8
.26
3.30
.10
2.64
5.58
2.79
2.92
.0289
-.42
2.50
35.0
34.7
71.42
14.8
2.66
2.34
4.64
2.32
2.43
.0211
-.31
2.01
30.0
29.5
71.45
15.5
2.13
1.74
3.51
1.76
1.84
.0158
-.23
1.61
25.0
24.4
71.47
16.1
1.62
1.39
2.65
1.33
1.39
.0117
-.17
1.22
20.0
19.3
71.52
16.7
1.20
1.02
1.86
.93
.97
.0082
-.12
.85
15.0
14.2
71.58
17.2
.89
.69
1.22
.61
.64
.0051
-.07
.57
10.0
9.2
71.62
17.6
.60
.42
.66
.33
.35
.0024
-.03
..32
5.0
4.8
71.75
18.0
.42
.26
.32
.16
.17
.0009
-.01
.16
1
2-11
0
11>
CO
CO
0
0
0
C.4
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
CD
0-
0
to
0
0
???1
03
CO
0
???^ 1
???^ 1
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
Cr- )
Table 2-8
Head Loss In Feet Of Water For 1-1/4" Rigid PVC Tee
p p2 For Reamed) Branch I Open - Branch II Closed
Meter Flow
gpm
Corrected
gpm
T2
?F
P1
psi
Zero
4'1)1132
High
Zero
Low
Total
Total/2
Ft. Water
x .
1356 -1
Correction
Factor
Pt. Loss/In.,
Tab
x 14.45Distance
Corrected
Hd
Reading Loss in Ft.
12
43.2
44.3
70.82
13.8
.51
3.28
2.85
.08
2.63
2.24
5.32
4.50
2.66
2.25
2.7R
2.35
.(1331
.0289
-.48
-.42
2.30
1.93
40.0
40.4
70.80
14.3
35.0
34.7
70.73
15.0
2.33
1.76
3.50
1.75
1.83
.0225
-.33
1.50
30.0
29.5
70.70
15.6
1.83
1.32
2.56
1.28
1.34
.0169
-.24
1.10'
25.0
24.4
70.67
16.0
1.47
1.00
1.88
.94
.98
.0126
-.18
.80
20.0
19.3
70.66
16.6
1.09
.68
1.18
.59
.62
.00816
-.12
.50
15.0
14.2
70.71
17.1
.87
.44
.72
.36
.38
.00475
-.07
.31
10.0
9.2
70.70
17.7
.66
.27
.34
.17
.18
.011217
1
-.03
.15
5.0
4.8
70.90
18.1
.53
.13
.07
.04
.04
.00058
-.01
.03
Table 2-9
Head Loss In Feet Of Water For 1-1/4" Rigid PVC Tee
P For Reamed Branch I Closed - Branch II Open
42.7
43.7
69.38
13.8
3.38
.08 2.71
5.50
2.75
2.88
.0327
-.48
2.40
40.0
40.4
69.38
14.2
..51
3.02
2.41
4.84
2.42
2.58
.0289
-.42
2.11
35.0
34.7
69.37
14.9
2.46
1.89
3.76
1.88
1.97
.0225
-.33
1.64
30.0
29.5
69.37
15.5
1.97
1.46
2.84
1.42
1.49
.0164
-.25
1.24
25.0
24.4
69.38
16.0
1.54
1.07
2.02
1.01
1.06
.0126
-.18
.88
20.00
19.3
69.40
16.6
1.20
.73
.51
1.34
.89
.67
.45
.70
.47
.008_16
.00475
-.12
-.07
.58
.40
15.0
1402
69.40
17.1
.97
10.0
9.2
69.55
17.6
.72
.30
.43
.22
.23
.00217
-.03
.20
5.0
4.8
69.60
18.2
.55
.13
.09
.05
.05
.00058
-.01
.04
?
0
CD
0-
0
to
. .
0
1
???1
03
CO
0
???^ 1
???^ 1
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
Cr- )
Table 2-10
Head Loss In Feet Of Water For 1-1/4" Rigid PVC 900 Elbow
(Unreamed Pipe)
Meter Flow
qpm
Corrected
CI pm
T2
oF
P1
psi
4
Zero High
$Factor
Zero Low
Total
Tota1/2
Ft. Water
x 1 3f2" - 1Ft.
Correction Tab
Distance
Loss/In. x14.45
Corrected
Reading lid
Loss in Ft.
40.5
41.0
69.97
13.8
.50 2.76
.05 2.12
4.33
2.17
2.27
.0297 -.46
1.81
35.0
34.7
70.06
14.7
2.19
1.62
3.26
1.63
1.71
.0211
-.33
1.38
30.0
39.5
70.12
15.3
1.73
1.21
2.39
1.20
1.26
.0158
.0117
-.24
-.18
1.02
.72
25.0
24.4
70.17
15.9
1.38
.89
1.72
.86
.90
20.0
19.3
70.22
16.6
1.05
.62
1.12
.56
.59
.0082
-.13
.46
15.0
14.2
70.31
16.9
.83
.40
.68
.34
.36
.0051
-.08
.28
10.0
9.2
70.36
17.6
.63
.23
.31
.16
.17
.0024
-.04
.13
5.0
4.8
70.52
18.1
.52
.13
.10
.05
.05
.0009
-.01
.04
Table 2-11
Head Loss In Feet of Water For 1 - 1 / 4 " Rigid PVC 90? Elbow
(Reamed Pipe)
43.2
44.3
71.66
13.8
.37 2.38
.20 1.98
3.79
1.90
1.99
.0333
-.51
1.48
40.0
40.4
71.65
14.3
2.05
1.72
3.20
1.60
1.68
.0289
-.45
1.28
35.0
34.7
71.65
14.9
1.64
1.33
2.40
1.20
1.25
.0225
-.35
.90
30.0
29.5
71.63
15.6
1.35
1.09
1.87
.94
.99
.0169
-.26
.73
25.0
24.4
71.64
15.9
1.12
.77
1.32
.66
.69
.0126
-.19
.50
20.0
19.3
71.65
16.5
.81
.62
.86
.43
.45
.00816
-.13
.32
15.0
14.2
71.65
16.9
.65
.47
.55
.28
.29
.00475
-.07
.22
10.0
9.2
71.67
17.4
.47
.32_
.22
.11
.12
.00217
-.03
.09
5.0
4.8
71.80
18.3
.40
.23
.06
.03
.03
.00058
-.01
.02
2-15
Table 2-12
Head Loss In Feet Of Water For 1-1/4" Flanged 90`.! Elbow
(Unreamed Pipe)
Meter Flow
gpm
Corrected
gpm
T2
or
P1
psi
AO
Zero High
Zero Low
Total
Total/2
Ft. Water
X 13.65 ...1
Correction
Factor
Ft. Loss/In.
Tab
Distance
x14.45
Corrected
Reading Hd
Loss in Ft.
12
40.2
40.6
69.44
14.1
.52 2.38
.08 1.72
3.50
1.75
1.83
.0291
-.43
1.40
35.0
34.7
69.48
14.7
1.96
1.29
2.65
1.33
1.39
.0211
-.31
1.08
30.0
29.5
69..53
15.5
1.53
.97
1.90
.95
.99
.0158
-.23
.76
25.0
24.4
69.56
15.8
.
1.26
.71
1.37
.69
.72
.0117
i
-.17
.55
20.0
19.3
69.63
16.6
.96
.49
.85
.43
.45
.0082
-.12
.33
15.0
14.2
69.67
17.0
.79
.35
.54
.27
.28
.0051
-.07
.21
10.0
9.2
69.74
17.6
.63 .22
.25
.13
.14
.0024
-.04
.10
5.0
4.8
69.88
18.1
.52
.15
.07
.04
.04
.0009
-.01
.03
Table 2-13
Head Loss In Feet Of Water For 1-1/4" Flanged 90? Elbow
(Reamed Pipe)
42.7
43.7
68.45
13.8
.39
2.37
.22
2.00
3.76
1.88
1.97
.0326
-.48
1.49
40.0
40.4
68.42
14.2
2.12
1.73
3.24
1.62
1.70
.0289
-.42
1.28
35.0
34.7
68.40
14.8
1.71
1.38
2.48
1.24
1.30
.0225
-.33___._a7___
.70
30.0
29.5
68.40
15.6
1.35
1.08
1.82
.91
.95
.0169
-.25
25.0
24.4
68.36
16.1
1.07
.83
1.29
.65
.68
.9126
-.18
.50
20.0
19.3
68.36
16.6
.82
.62
.83
.42
.23
.44
.24
.140816
.00475
-.12
-.07
.32
.17
15.0
14.2
68.40
17.1
.63
.44
.46
10.0
9.2
68.43
17.7
.49
.32
.20
.10
.10
.00217
-.03
.07
5.0
4.8
68.50
18.2
.42
.25
.06
.03
.03
.00058
-.01-
._.02___
: CIA-RDP78604747A001300010001-6
Table 2-14
Head Loss In Feet Of Water For 1-1/4" Rigid 900 Sweep Elbow
(Reamed Pipe)
Meter Flow
gpm
Corrected
gpm
T3
?C
Pi
psi
h
Zero High
95
Zero Low
Total
Total/2
Ft. Water
13.56 ,
Correction
Factor
Ft. Loss/In.
Tab
Distance'
x14.45
Corrected
Reading lid
Loss in Ft.
x 12 -I
45.0
46.9
14.50
24.9
.38 1.32
.18 1.22
2.54
1.27
1.33
.0458
-.67
.66
40.0
40.4
14.42
25.6
1.18
1.10
1.72
.86
.90
.0225
-.43
.47
35.0
34.7
14.34
26.4
.92
.90
1.26
.63
.66
.0225
-.33
.33
80.0
29.5
14.31
27.1
.81
.70
.95
.48
.50
.0169
-.25
.25
25.0
24.4
14.17
27.5
.67
.57
.68
.34
.36
.0126
-.18
.18
20.0
19.3
14.10
28.0
.57
.45
.46
.23
.24
.00816
-.12
.12
15.0
14.2
14.02
28.5
.49
.34
.27
.14
.15
.00475
-.07
.08
10.0
9.2
13.93
29.1
.43
.26
.13
.07
.07
.00217
-.03
.04
5.0
4.8
13.85
30.0
.38
.21
.03
.02
.02
.00058
-.01
.01
5.0
4.8
Table 2-15
Head Loss In Feet Of Water For 1-1/4" Rigid 450 Sweep Elbow
(Reamed Pipe)
x14.67
45.0
46.9
15.46
24.8
.32 2.30
.18 2.10
3.90
1.95
2.04
.0458
-.67
1.37
40.0
40.4
15.42
25.5
1.73
1.57
2.80
1.40
1.47
.0289
-.42
1.05
35.0
34.7
15.34
26.4
1.43
1.22
2.15
1.08
1.13
.0225
-.33
.80
30.0
29.5
15.30
27.1
1.13
.96
1.59
.80
.84
.0169
-.25
.59
25.0
24.4
15.21
27.6
.93
.73
1.16
.58
.61
.0126
-.18
-.43
20.0
19.3
15.18
28.1
.74
.55
.79
.40
.42
.00816
-.12
.30
15.0
14.2
15.15
28.5
.58
.38
.46
.23
.24
.00475
-.07
.17
10.0
9.2
15.08
29.0
.46
.26
.22
.11
.12
.00217
-.03
.09
5.0
4.8
15.00
30.1
.40
.18
.08
.04
.04
.00058
-.01
.03
CO
0
"NI
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
Table 2-16
Head Loss In Feet Of Water For 1-1/4" Rigid 450 Elbow
(Unreamed Pipe)
Meter Flow
gpm
Corrected
gpm
T2
?F
P1
psi
Zero
4 0
High
Zero
Low
Total
Total/2
Ft. Water
13.56-1
Correction
Factor
Ft. Loss/in,
Tab
Distance
x14.45
Corrected
Reading Hd
Loss inn.
x 12
40.2
40.6
70.27
13.9
.52
2.74
.08
2.30
4.46
2.23
2.33
.0291
-.43
1.90
35.0
34.7
70.37
14.7
2.22
1.76
3.40
1.70
1.78
.0211
-.31
1.47
30.0
39.5
70.41
15.3
1.78
1.32
2.52
1.26
1.32
.9158
-.23
1.09
25.0
24.4
70.42
15.8
1.38
.92
1.72
.86
.90
.0117
-.17
.73
20.0
19.3
70.51
16.6
1.06
.61
1.09
.55
.58
.0082
-.12
.46
15.0
14.2
70.66
17.1
.82
.39
.63
.32
.34
.0051
-.07
.27
10.0
9.2
70.66
17.5
.64
.22
.28
.14
.15
.0024
-.04
.11
5.0
4.8
70.77
18.1
.53
.10
.05
.03
.03
.0009
-.01
.02
4
Table 2-17
Head Loss In Feet Of Water For 1-1/4 Rigid 45? Elbow
(Reamed Pipe)
42.5
43.4
69.17
13.6
.37 2.34
.20 2.18
3.95
1.98
2.08
.0324
-.48
1.60
40.0
40.4
69.15
14.2
2.08
1.93
3.44
1.72
1.80
.0289
-.42
1.38
35.0
34.7
69.13
14.9
1.76
1.58
2.77
1.39
1.45
.0225
-.33
1.12
30.0
29.5
69.08
15.6
1.38
1.22
2.03
1.02
1.07
.0169
-.25
.82
25.0
24.4
69.07
16.2
1.05
.91
1.39
.70
.73
.0126
-.18
.55
20.0
19.3
69.07
16.6
.81
.67
.91
.46
.48
.00816
-.12
.36
15.0
14.2
69.10
17.1
.62
.48
.53
.27
.28
.00475
-.07
.21
1n.n
9.2
69.15
17.6
.47
.32
.22
.11
.12
.00217
-.03
.09
5.0
4.8
69.20
18.2
.38
.23
.04
.02
.02
.00058
-.01
.01
Table 2-18
Head Loss In Feet Of Water For 1-1/4" Rigid PVC Ball Valve
(Unreamed Pipe)
Meter Flow
gpm
Corrected
gpm
T2
?F
P1
psi
t ,6
Zero High
Zero Low
Total
Total/2
Ft. Water
13.56
Correction
Factor
Ft. Loss/In.
Tab
Distance
x 16.50
Corrected
Reading Hd
Loss in Ft.
x 12 -1
40.5
41.0
69.67
13.8
.50 1.89
.05 1.26
2.60
1.30
1.36
.0297
-.49
.87
35.0
34.7
69.75
14.7
1.54
.98
1.97
.99
1.04
.0211
-.35
.69
30.0
29.5
69.3.1
15.4
1.25
.73
1.43
..72
.75
.0158
-.26
.49
25.0
24.4
69.87
15.9
1.02
.65
1.12
.56
.59
..0117
-.19
.40
20.0
19.3
69.93
16.6
.83
.38
.66
.33
.35
.0082
-.14
.21
15.0
14.2
69.96
17.1
.68
.28
.41
.21
.22
.0051
-.08
.14
10.0
9.2
70.03
17.4
.57
.18
.20
.10
.10
.0024
-.04
.06
.5.0
4.8
70.21
17.9
.50
.13
.08
.04
.04
.0009
-.01
.03
Table 2-19
Head Loss In Feet Of Water For 1-1/4" Rigid PVC Ball Valve
(Reamed Pipe)
43.2
44.3
67.86
13.6
.37 1.27
.19 .83
1.59
.80
.84
.0333
-.55
.29
40.0
40.4
67.82
14.2
1.12
.73
1.34
.67
.70
.0289
-.48
.22
35.0
34.7
67.80
14.9
.94
.65
1.03
.52
.54
.0225
-.37
.17
30.0
29.5
67.80
15.5
.77
.52
.73
.37
.39
.0169
-.28
.11
25.0
24.4
67.76
16.1
.65
.42
.51
.26
.27
.0126
-.21
.06
20.0
19.3
67.75
16.6
.54
.36
.34
.17
.18
.00816
-.13
.05
15.0
14.2
9.2
67.77
67.75
17.1
17.6
.47
.42
.28
.23
.19
.09
.10
.05
.10
.05
.00475
.00217
-.08
-.04
.02
.01
10.0
5.0
4.8
67.90
18.3
.37
.20
.01
.01
..01
.00058
-.01
-
Table 2-20
1 Head Loss In Feet Of Water For 1-1/4" Rigid PVC "Y" Valve
(Unreamed Pipe)
Approved For Release 2002/11/01 : CIA-RDP78B047474001300010001-6
Meter Flow
gpm
Corrected
gPm
T2
e'F
P1
psi
t 0
Zero High
Zero High
Total
Total/2
Ft. Water
13.56i
Correction
Factor
Loss/In.
Tab
Distance
x16.50
Corrected
Reading lid
Loss in Ft.
x 12 -'Ft.
40.5
41.0
69.31
13.9
.45 3.24
.06 2.92
5.65
2.83
2.97
.0297
-.49
2.48
35.0
34.7
69.39
14.7
2.57
2.16
4.22
2.11
2%21
.0211
-.35
1.86
30.0
29.5
69.45
15.4
1.98
1.59
3.06
1.53
1.60
.0158
-.26
1.34
25.0
24.4
69.51
15.9
1.50
1.12
2.11
1.06
1.11
.0117
-.19
.92
20.0
19.3
69.56
16.6
1.13
.77
1.39
.70
.73
.0082
-.14
.59
15.0
14.2
69.62
17.1
.82
.43
.74
.37
.39
.0051
,
-.08
.31
10.0
9.2
69.72
17.6
.60
.25
.34
.17
.18
.0024
-.04
..14
5.0
4.8
69.85
18.1
.11
.08
.04
.04
.0009
-.01
.03
_
Table 2-21
Head Loss In Feet Of Water For 1-1/4" Rigid PVC "Y" Valve
(Reamed Pipe)
?
43.2
44.3
68.20
13.6
.37 2.19
.19 2.02
3.65
1.83
1.92
.0333
-.55
1.37
40.0
40.4
68.16
14.1
1.97
1.74
3.15
1.58
1.66
.0289
-.48
1.18
35.0
34.7
68.12
68.10
14.8
15.6
1.59
1.25
1.47
1.08
2.50
1.77
1.25
.89
1.31
.93
.0225
.0169
-.37
-.28
.94
.65
30.0
29.5
25.0
24.4
68.10
16.2
.98
.82
1.24
.62
.65
.0126
-.21
.44
20.0
19.3
68.07
16.6
.75
.62
.81
.41
.43
.00816
.00475
-.13
-.08
.30
.21
15.0
14.2
68.11
17.1
.58
.43
.45
.28
.29
10.0
9.2
68.15
17.8
.43
.28
.15
.08
.08
.00217
-.04
.04
5.0
4.8
68.25
18.2
.37
.23
.04
.02
.02
.00058
-.01
.01
2-25
Table 2-22
Head Loss In Feet Of Water For 1-1/2" Rigid PVC Plug Valve
(Unreamed Pipe)
Meter Flow
gpm
Corrected
gpm
' T2
oF
P1
psi
Zero
b
High
rg
Zero
Low
Total
Total/2
Ft. Water
13.65
Correction
Factor
Ft. Loss/In.
Tab
Distance
x14.50
Corrected
Reading lid
Loss in Ft.
x 12 1
40.0
40.4
69.90
13.8
.52
1.77
.08
1.13
2.30
1.15
1.20
.0289
-.42
.78
35.0
34.7
70.03
14.6
1.47
.98
1.85
.93
.97
.0211
-.31
.66
30.0
29.5
70.10
15.4
1.19
.67
1.28
.64
.67
.0158
-.23
.44
25.0
24.4
70.16
15.9
.98
.49
.89
.45
.47
.0117
-.17
.30
20.0
19.3
70.21
16.6
.81
.33
.56
.28
.29
.0082
-.12
.17
15.0
14.2
70.26
16.9
.68
.23
.33
.17
.18
.0051
' -.07
.11
10.0
9.2
70.32
17.4
.57
.15
.14
.07
.07
.0024
-.03
.04
5.0
4.8
70.47
18.0
.51
.10
.03
.02
.02
.0009
-.01
.01
Table 2-23
Head Loss In Feet Of Water For 1-1/2" Rigid PVC Plug Valve
Reamed Pipe)
42.7
43.7
68.95
13.8
..38
1.48
.19
1.17
2.08
1.04
1.09
.0326
-.47
.62
40.0
40.4
68.90
14.3
1.33
1.06
1.82
.91
.95
.0289
-.42
.53
35.0
34.7
68.90
14.9
1.13
.87
1.43
.72
.75
.0225
-.33
.42
30.0
29.5
68.90
15.7
.91
.68
1.02
.51
.53
.0169
-.25
.28
25.0
24.4
68.87
16.1
.74
.53
.70
.35
.37
.9126
-.18
.19
20.0 .
19.3
68.87
16.6
.59
.43
.45
.23
.24
.00816
-.12
.12
'
15.0
14.2
68.90
17.1
.49
.32
.24
.12
.13
.05
.03
.09475
.00217
.00058
-.07
-.03
-.01
.06
.02
.01
10.0
9.2
68.95
17.7
.40
.27
.10
.05
.05
.03
5.0
4.8
69.00
18.1
.39
.23
,
Approved For Release 2002/11/01
9-1?0001.000?1.00Vali7089/dCltl-VI3
?
Approved For Release 2002/11/01 : CIA-RDP78604747A001300010001-6
Table 2-24
Head Loss In Feet Of Water For 1-1/4" Rigid PVC Coupling
(Unreamed Pipe)
Meter Flow
gPm
Corrected
gpm
T2
?F
P1
psi
C 0
Zero ?HIgi Zero Low
Total
Total/2
Ft. Water
13.56 1
Correction
Factor
Ft. Loss/In.
Tab
Distance
x 14.50
Corrected
Reading Hd
Loss in Ft.
x 12 -
40.2
40.6
69.68
13.8
.52 1.48 .08 .82
1.70
.85
.89
.0291 -
-.42
.47
35.0
34.7
69.73
14.6
1.25 .63
,
1.28
.64
.67
.0211
-.31
.36
30.0
29,.5
69.81
15.3
1.08 .51
.99
.50
.52
.0158
-.23
.29
25.0
24.4
69.85
16.0
.92
.38
.70
.35
.37
.0117
-.17
.20
20.0
19.3
69.85
16.5
.77
.29
.46
.23
.24
.0082
-.12
.12
15.0
14.2
69.91
69.9
.67
.22
.29
.15
.16
.0051
-.07
.09
10.0
9.2
69.95
17.4
.58
.17
.15
.08
.08
.0024
-.03
.05
5.0
4.8
70.14
18.1
.52
.12
.04
.02
.02
.0009
-.01
.01
?
Table 2-25
Head Loss In Feet Of Water For 1-1/4" Rigid PVC Coupling
Reamed Pi e
42.7
43.7
68.80
13.8
.39 1.22
.22 .79
1.40
.70
.73
.0326
-.47
.26
40.0
40.4
68.80
14.3
1.12
.73
1.24
.62
.65
.0289
-.42
.23
35.0
34.7
68.77
14.9
.96
.65
1.00
.50
.52
.0225
-.33
.19
30.0
29.5
68.75
15.6
.82
.53
.74
.37
.39
.0169
-.25
.14
25.0
24.4
68.73
16.1
.68
.45
.52
.26
.27
.0126
-.18
.09
20.0
19.3
68.75
16.6
.57
.39
.35
.18
.19
.00816
-.12
.07
15.0
14.2
68.75
17.1
.50
.32
.21
.11
.12
.00475
-.07
.05
10.0
9.2
68.80
17.7
.44
.27
.10
.05
.05
.00217
-.03
.02
5.0
4.8
68.88
18.2
.41.
.23
.03
.02
.02
.00058
-.01
. 1
2-29
I.
Table 2-26
Head Loss In Feet Of Water For 1-1/4" PVC Pipe And Fittings - Branch I
(Unreamed Pipe)
Meter Flow
gpm
Corrected
gpm
T2
?F
P1
psi
High
Max.
Min.
L ow
Max.
Min.
t 0 ay.
Correct de
gfilead
Loss in Ft.
,
40.8
41.3
70.84
13.8
10.65
10.45
10.65
10.62
21.19
22.19
35.0
347
70.91
14.7
8.01
7.85
8.03
7.80
15.85
16.59
30.0
29.5
70.99
15.5
6.04
5.84
6.15
5.87
11.95
12.51
25.0
24.4
71.20
15.9
4.19
3.95
4.20
4.04
8.19
8.57
20.0
19.3
71.17
16.3
2.72
2.63
2.85
2.67
5.44
5.70
15.0
14.2
71.21
17.0
1.69
1.54
1.78
1,70
3.36
3.52
10.0
9.2
, 71.18
17.3
.83
.75
.96
.88
1.71
1.79
5.0
4.8
71.37
18.1
.54
.50
.61
.57
1.11
1.16
Table 2-27
Head Loss In Feet Of Water For 1-1/4" PVC Pipe and Fittings - Branch II
(Unreamed Pipe)
40.0
40.4
70.77
13.9
11.02
10.80
11.05
17.75
21.81
22.84
35.0
34.7
70.81
14.6
8.47
8.19
8.47
8.25
16.69
17.47
30.0
29.5
70.86
15.4
6.36
6.20
6.47
6.17
12.74
13.34
25.0
24.4
70.95
I 15.9
4.60
4.50
4.65
4.58
9.17
9.60
20.0
19.3
70.97
16.5
3.30
3.10
3.35
3.15
6.45
6.75
15.0
14.2
71.02
16.9
2.20
2.10
2.25
2.10
4.33
4.53
10.0
9.2
71.10
17.6
1.28
1.24
1.35
1.30
2.59
2.71
_
5.0
4.8
71.27
18.2
.77
.70
.82
.78
1.54
1.61
Approved For Release 2002/11/01 : CIA-RDP78604747A001300010001-6
Table 2-28
Head Loss In Feet Of Water For 1-1/4" PVC Pipe And Fittings - Branch I
(Reamed)
Meter Flow
gpm
Corrected
gPm
T2
?F
P1
psi
Max.
High
Min.
Low
Max.
Min.
. ay.
Corrected
b 0 Head
TrisR ;art__
43.2
44.3.
69.86
13.5
10.50
10.18
10.50
10.18
20.68
21.65
40.0
40.4
69.86
14,0
9.08
8.78
9.03
8.80
17.85
18.69
35.0
34.7
69.80
14.9
7.29
6.97
7.29
7.01
14.28
14.95
30.0
29.5
69.80
15.6
5.29
5.18
5.37
5.18
10.51
11.00
25.0
24.4
69.75
15.9
3.92
3.77
3.98
3.72
7.70
8.06
20.0
19.3
69.75
16.6
2.65
2.43
2.67
2.53
5.14
5.38
15.0
14.2
69.76
17.0
1.63
1.48
1.66
1.49
3.13
3.28
10.0
9.2
69.80
17.6
.85
.77
.92
.80
1.67
1.75
5.0
4.8
69.86
18.1
.35
.30
.35
.28
.64
.67
?
?
Table 2-29
Head Loss In Feet Of Water ,Por 1-1/4" PVC Pipe And Fittings - Branch II
(Reamed)
,
42.5
43.4
69.40
13.8
10.,32
10.27
20.59
21,56
40.0
40.4
69.35
14.2
8.95
,
9.00
17.95
18.79
35.0
34.7
69.35
14.8
7.22
7.30
14.52
15.20
30.0
29.5
69.35
15.6
5.33
5.40
10.73
11.23
25.0
24.4
' 69.35
16.0
3.78
3.90
7.68
8.04
20.0
19.3
69.35
16.6
2.52
2.64
5.16
3.14
5.40
3.29
15.0
14.2
69.35
17.2
1.64 1.50
_
1.65
1.48
10.0
9.2
69.35e
17.6
.85 .79
,
.92
.87
1.77
1.85
5.0
4.8
69.55
18.2
.52 .48
.61
.56
1.09
1.14
2-33
I1:513-s
0
CD
0-
-n
0
U)
CD
10
10
8
.0"
1.
I -9
???1
CO
CO
I0
V
???1
0
0
I "cd4
0
0
0
-%
I C2
ise
e?-
1. CALORIMETRIC THERMOMETER,
2. 1:)ESSU.RE GAGE, Pi
3. CALORIMETRIC THEWOMETE, T2_
4. THROTTLING VALVE
5. FLOW METER
6. UNION
7. TEE
8. 900 ELBOW
9. PALL VALVE
10. VALVE
11. 7/C' FLANGED ELBOW
12 CnUPLING
13. PLUG VALVE
14: 4 ELBOW.
15. TANK_ TEMPERATURE,
Figure 2-1. Pressure I
Apparatus
2-35
STAT
"
Tigure2-2. Test Rack - Pump, Gage, Manometer, and Flowmeter
2-37
ovecrfor Release 2002/11/01 : CIA-RDP78604747A001300
Approve11 For
Figure 2-3. Test RacK - Pump, Gage, anometer, and ermometers
2-38
STAT
IIu
Figure 2-4. Test Rack Apparatus an no me
2-39
1
Approved For Release 2002/11/01 : CIA-RDP78604747A001300010001-6
45
40
35
15
10
5
0
I
CALIBRATION
ROTAMETER
SERIAL NO.
BROOKS ROTAMETER
LANDSDALE,
CURVE
TYPE I 1
D-7498
CO
PENNSYLVANIA
71.05?F
0
? 72.75?F
072.85?F
072.55?F
?
? 72.95?F
? 72.45?F
72.55?F
I
.
.
72.65?F
? 72.70?F
?
? 72.85?F
? 72.90?F
7300?F
I
? 73.
? 73.20?F
0?F
.
73.30?F
73.45?F
? 73.50?F
I
? 73.55?F
0 7 3.6 5
I
? F
?
73.75?F
,
5
10 15 20 25 30
MEASURED FLOW IN GPM
35
40
45
Figure 2-5. Flowmeter Calibre
Chart
2-41
I.
13
0
a.
0
? ?
0
0
co
CO
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0.0 I
0.008
0.006
0.004
0.002
O. 0 01
..........6......_
?
?
COMMERCIAL
PIPES,
STEEL
-CAST IRON, ETC. 1-4"
?
A
-
??
?
?
+
SMOOTH
TUBES
0.5
TO 5"
0
GLASS,
COPPER,
DRAWN
ETC.
?
+
+
D
= DIAMETER,
FEET
PVC
I-1/4"
ID.
V = VELOCITY, FT. PER SEC.
p = DENSITY, LB. PER CU. FT.
p.= VISCOSITY, LB PER FT, PER SEC.
W= MASS RATE OF FLOW, LB. PER SEC
m = HYDRAULIC RADIUS, FT.
G = W/S = Vp
S
= CROSS
I
I
SECTION, SQ.
I
FT.
I
r
I 5
2
25
3
4 5 6 7 8 9 105
DVp
REYNOLDS NUMBER RE =
1.5
DG 4W
D
2
4mG
ILL
2.5 3. 4 5 6 7 8
4r
9 106
Figure 2-6. Reynolds Numbers
Friction Coefficien
2-43
I0
0
0-
0 20
"
Ci)
K.)
30
Oth
40
0
co
CO
4=.
50
. 60
dr)
Rd
70
I. I I li I I I IL I 1
HEAD LOSS IN FEET OF WATER/100 FEET OF PIPE
10 20 30 40 50 60
70
80
90
?
NOT REAMED
IN=111. MMINIMMIO
1-1/4" STEEL PIPE WITH SCALE?
1 -I/4" NEW CLEAN PIPE?
1-1/4" PVC SCHEDULE 80?
1-1/4" PVC SCHEDULE 80?
1.402 I.D. S.S. TUBING?
o TUBE TURNS PLASTICS, INC., A1A FILE NO. 29-B-8
0 HF EXPERIMENTAL DATA ON BF GOODRICH,H1
TEMP KOROSEAL
0 CHERRY -BURRELL DATA (QUICK CLAMP S.S.
SANITARY FITTINGS AND VALUES-BULLETIN 6-617)
REAMED
?
?
S.
S.
S.
?
5
lo
Figure 2-7. t fd For Straight Pipes
15 20
8p IN P. S. I. / 100 FEET OF PIPE
25
30
35
0
CD
? ?
???1
03
CO
0
???^ 1
???^ 1
0
0
C.4
0
0
0
0
HEAD LOSS IN FEET OF WATER
0.5 1.0
1.5
2.0
I-1/4" P.V.C. SCHEDULE 80 TTP
HI-TEMP 90? ELBOW (UNREAMED PIPE)
?0--0? I-1/4" SAME FITTING (REAMED PIPE)
A 1.402 ID CHERRY- BURRELL
SANITARY S.S. 90? SWEEP ELL- ,
BULLETING -G-617
RA'
60
70
Figure 2-8. &O's for 900 Elbows
C.4
0
0
0
0
0
0
HEAD LOSS IN FEET OF WATER
Approved For Release 2002/11/01 : CIA-RDP78604747A00130
1)010001-6
STAT
p's for Tees
0
0
0
o 0
1'0
Vg
dO NI MOld dO 31VLI
Lc)
2-47
Approved For Release 2002/11/01 : CIA-RDP78604747A001300010001-6
HEAD LOSS IN FEET OF WATER
Approved For Release 2002/11/01 : CIA-RDP78604747A0013000
10001-6
0 0 0
INd0 NI MOld JO 31.V8
Approved For Release 2002/11k14:8CIA-RDP781304747A001300010001-6
STAT
0
CD
0-
0
to
sal
CD
. .
0
???1
03
CO
???^ 1
???1
C.4
0"
RATE OF FLOW IN GPM
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
0.5
HEAD LOSS IN FEET OF WATER
1.0 1.5
2
2.5
BRANCH I BRANCH II
Pz
P,
P3
?0? ?0 ?
0 0
I-1/4" RIGID PVC TEE (UNREAMED PIPE),
P2, 72 70.52? - 70.94? F.
1-1/4" RIGID PVC TEE (UNREAMED PIPE),
p1 p3, T2 71.33? - 71.75? F.
1-1/4" RIGID PVC TEE (REAMED PIPE),
p1p2, T2 70.67?- 70.90?F.
6 I-1/4" RIGID PVC TEE (REAMED PIPE),
p,p3, 1'2 69.37? - 69 60? F,
Figure 2-11. kp for PVC Tee
0
CD
to
0
CI
???1
03
CO
???^ 1
???1
C.4
0"
Approved For Release 2002/1/04Q CIA-RDP78604747A001300010001-6
1.0
2
a-
(9 2.0
0
LL
LL
0
3.0
4.0
5.0
HEAD LOSS IN FEET OF WATER
0,5 1.0
1.5
1-1/4" RIGID PVC 90? ELBOW (UNREAMED PIPE),
T2 :69,970 -70.52? F. _
I-1/4" RIGID PVC 90? ELBOW (REAMED PIPE),
T2 = 71.63? - 71.800 F.
I-1/4" RIGID PVC 90? FLANGED ELBOW (UNREAMED PIPE),
T2 = 69.44? - 69.88? F.
I-I/4" RIGID PVC 900 FLANGED ELBOW (REAMED PIPE),
T2 = 68.36? - 66.50? F.
I-1/4" RIGID PVC 90? SWEEP ELBOW (REAMED PIPE),
T3 :56.93?- 58.60?F.
4IL<
2.0
Figure 2-12. hp's for 90-Degree PVC Elbows
Approved For Release 2002/11/01 : CIA-RDP78604747A00130001
450 PVC SWEEP ELBOW-SCHEDULE 40
900 PVC SWEEP ELBOW-SCHEDULE 40
3001-6
?
_
2 -c\J
co
0
(ID
w =cr
NJ
Cf)
o
T
r--
2 -C
03
0
z
LU cr
NJ
-(71
Approved For Release 2002/11/04 bIA-RDP78B04747A001300010001-6
Figure 2-13. .Dimensions of Sweep Elbows
STAT
Approved For Release 2002/1/612: CIA-RDP78604747A001300010001-6
RATE OF FLOW IN GPM
0 0.5
10
20
30
40
50
HEAD LOSS IN FEET OF WATER
1.0
1.5
2.0
1 -1/4" RIGID PVC 45? ELBOW (UNREAMED PIPE),
T2 :70.27?-70.77? F.
I-I/4" RIGID PVC 45? ELBOW (REAMED PIPE)
T2 = 69.07? - 69.20?F.
I-1/4" RIGID PVC 45? SWEEP ELBOW (REAMED PIPE)
T3 = 56.93? - 58.60? F.
Figure 2-14. 's for 45-Degree PVC Elbows
0
CD
0-
0
to
. .
0
???1
03
CO
0
???1
???1
0
0
C.4
0
0
0
0
0
FtEAD LOSS IN FEET OF WATER
0
Approved For Release 2002/11/01 : CIA-RDP781304747A001300010401-6
o 0 0
INdO NI MO-Id JO ILVEI
0
2-53
Approved For Release 2002/11/01 : CIA-RDP78604747A001300010001-6
Figure 2-15..
STAT
Approved For Release 2002/11/01 : CIA-RDP78604747A00130001
In
0
0
o 0 0
rn
V4c19 NI MO7A AO 31%18
0
3001-6
Approved For Release 2002d17614: CIA-RDP78604747A001300010001-6
STAT
RATE OF FLOW IN GPM
HEAD LOSS IN FEET OF WATER
0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5
10
20
30
40
50
0.6
0.7
0.8
1
?0-0
1
1-1/2" RIGID PVC PLUG VALVE (UNREAMED PIPE),
T2 = 69.90?- 70.47? F.
1-1/2" RIGID PVC PLUG VALVE (REAMED PIPE),
T2 = 68.87? - 69.00? F.
Figure 2-17. tyS For PVC Plug Valve
0
CD
0-
0
to
. .
0
???1
03
CO
0
???1
???1
0
0
C.4
0
0
0
HEAD LOSS IN FEET OF WATER
Approved For Release 2002/11/01 : CIA-RDP78604747A001300
)10001-6
Vide NI MO-1 JO 31.Vid
2.-
Approved For Release 2002/11/u156 : CIA-RDP78604747A001300010001-6
ST
0 5.0
0
0-
0 10
to
1.3
0 2
0 CI- 20
- z
-% -
EV
I " 0
. .
0 LL
-
> 0
OiiJ
30
0 I-
-0 .1
Co
CO
0
4).
4).
> 40
0
0
CA)
0
0
0
0
0
0
50
HEAD LOSS IN FEET OF WATER
10.0 15.0
20.0
BRANCH I (UNREAMED) TEMPERATURE=
70.84? - 71.37? F.
BRANCH II (UNREAMED) TEMPERATURE=
70.77? - 71.27? F.
BRANCH I (REAMED) TEMPERATURE:
69.75? - 69.86? F.
BRANCH II (REAMED) TEMPERATURE=
69.35? - 69.55? F.
0
?
0,
Figure 2-19. a's for PVC Pipe and Fittings
Approved For Release 2002/11/01 : CIA-RDP78604747A00130001
CROSS-SECTION OF
FAIRED PIPE
MOUNTING
OF FAIRING
FAIRING TOOL
Figure 2-20. Fairing Tool and Pipe
TOOL BIT
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UNREAMED PIPE
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SECTION 3
CONCLUSIONS
3. 1 PUMP TESTS
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In order to apportion time and budget most efficiently among the high
priority facets of the research contract, a rigid schedule for each was set
up and followed. Thus, a few of the proposed tests itemized in the list of
objectives were necessarily postponed until a later date. This was true
of some of the pump tests outlined, but a number of significant conclusions
can be drawn, nevertheless.
The pump had an excellent rated capacity for a given horsepower
Input. The drive motor used showed only a fraction of its rated rise (55?C.)
after over three hours of continuous service. The flow was not sensitive to
angle of discharge fromthe centrifugal plenum. It could be completely
disassembled in less than a minute. It proved to be a simple shop pro-
cedure to modify the impeller to exactly match the load. The unit produced
almost no entrainment of air, even without a bleed cock on the plenum. The
plenum pressure plate, impeller, shaft, and gland fittings are all stainless
steel, designed so that they can easily be cleaned or replaced. Optionally,
the unit can be supplied with a splash-proof housing of polished stainless
steel. Appendi4 D gives some typical pump calculations.
The design has not yet been tested with curved (an optional feature)
blades or with ordinary corrosive photographic chemicals. The latter test
will require some carefully planned safety precautions (automatic leak-
sensing unit and circuit breaker) to avoid the hazards of continuous unattended
operation. Three of the other tests outlined in the list of objectives were
not performed, i.e., falling head, constricted inlet, and breakdown. Since
there was some risk of permanent damage to either the pump or the motor and
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since the unit under test was on loan, this latter series should be run on a
purchased unit.
3. 2 PRESSURE DROP TESTS
As mentioned previously, some of the published proprietary data
on pressure drops is suspect. This conclusion is based on the fact that
the data do not agree with the standard charts of Reynolds numbers which
are supported by more experimental data than even the International Critical
Steam Tables.
Of the three types of valve tested, the ball valve proved to have the
lowest pressure drop. This is the type used almost exclusively on
designed equipment. Technically speaking, they are not "ball"
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STATI NTL
valves, but plug valves in which the rotating unit is spherical rather than a
truncated cone. They are well designed, haim no sharp internal protrusions,
and, because of their modular assembly, can be used in place of a standard
union. They are not wholly satisfactory, however, when used as throttling
valves to regulate flow.
The standard plug valve had the next lowest pressure drop. While
the readings were approximately 2-1/2 times those of the ball valve, they
cannot be accepted as fully definitive. The smallest valve of this type ob-
tainable was 1-1/2 inches. It was designed for slip fittings and was modi-
fied by inserting slip-to-thread collars. This left an irregular plenum at
each side which would have been largely eliminated in a 1-1/4-inch fitting.
The "Y" valve design was excellent for throttling, but offered the
largest pressure drop of the three. This was to be expected because the flow
pattern is subjected to two sharp changes in direction as it passes through
the valve. All of the tests on the three valves were performed in the full-open
position; any intermediate readings would have been meaningless.
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The measured pressure drops for the union and the coupling, with
reamed pipe, were almost identical, besides being the lowest for the series.
This was not surprising in the case of the coupling because of its short overall
length, the only irregularity being a few exposed threads when the joint was
made up. Note, however, that the internal section of the union was full
diameter and quite smooth so as to be comparable to straight pipe, whose
loss in feet of water per inch is only 0.0289 at 40 gpm.
Several pressure drop runs (Appendix E) were made across the rotameter
alone. Psig readings were converted to inches of mercury and then reduced
to an equivalent length of 1-1/4-inch PVC pipe. Thus, for a flow of 40.8 gpm,
the pressure loss was equivalent to 30.2 feet of standard pipe. Lack of
time and money prevented testing other types of flowmeters, particularly
venturis, whose losses are relatively low. The other pressure-drop readings
were not recalculated as equivalent lengths of pipe; this is rarely required
in design and can be readily obtained from the data presented.
The data presented in this report, while somewhat limited in scope,
have been carefully prepared and are unusually accurate. They should ade-
quately fill a gap in present technical design reference literature.
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4. 1 CONTINUED EXPERIMENTATION
The type of experimental measurement described in preceding sections
is extremely painstaking and time consuming. Since its worth is invaluable
to the design engineer, its further expansion should be funded by a group
such as the Bureau of Standards or the National Science Foundation. It is
difficult to justify fundamental research on a short-term development or
state-of-the-art improvement contract, notwithstanding the immediate
benefits to a design program such as could evolve. In this case, these
benefits include smaller pump size, increased flow, increased pressure,
less pulsation and air entrainment, and finally, no "cut-and-fit" trials
for power sizing or line losses.
There was no opportunity, for instance, to run comparative tests on
sanitary stainless-steel dairy pipe and fittings. These promise to have
singular advantages. Despite the fact that a running foot of stainless costs
more than five times that of the plastic in a comparable size, it is virtually
Indestructible. It is designed for minimum interstices (to be microorganism-
free) which simplifies cleaning. Each joint can be broken open so that unions
are unnecessary. Its pressure drops should be in the same range as plastic,
plus the advantage of not being sensitive to thermal shock. With the exception
of long tuns, no supporting structure is necessary to prevent sag and fracture.
No joint could be made up too tightly as each is joined with a single-lever
quidk clamp. The use of stainless steel should be thoroughly explored.
Some of the plastic fittings, particularly in plastic-to-metal joints,
split after sitting for periods of a few days to a few weeks. This strain
aging might be avoided by making up the joints with an adaptation of a
torsion wrench. None is available for this purpose and not all joints can be
assembled with the standard strap wrenches recommended for plastic.
Profitable research results could be anticipated by the design and testing of
such a specialized tool.
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There was little question that the dairy pump used for the tests was
superior, in a number of parameters which could be compared, to one
model of presently used equipment. The most salient of these features were
outlined in Section 3 of this report. These included trouble-free performance,
simplified maintenance, high efficiency, low line pulsation, freedom in
choice of plenum orientation, low a,ir entrainment, and ease of matching ca-
pacity to load. Additionally, the operation of the pump with the manufac-
turer's recommended inlet head was extremely quiet. This would tend to
lessen greatly the ambient sound level when a number of pumps and blowers
must be combined for an operating processor. The importance of supplementing
the present data with life tests and the relative imperviousness of the gas-
kets to photographic solutions cannot be emphasized too strongly. Other
manufacturers' sanitary pumps should be tested also.
It is further recommended that a series of comparative tests be
performed to determine the optimum type of flowmeter for this application,
i.e. , most accurate, least expensive, easiest to maintain, and lowest pres-
sure drop.
Because of the singular performance of the two sweep fittings tested,
continued experimentation should be directed toward enlarging the variety
of low-loss fittings such as these. For example, several types of sweep
tees could be fabricated from sections of the sweep elbows and straight
pipe. Predictably, the low pressure drops obtainable could usher in a whole
new design concept for the plastic fabricators and a distinct advance in the
state-of-the-art.
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REFERENCES
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1. Walker, W. H., Lewis, W. K., McAdams, W. H., and Gilliland,
E. R., "Principles of Chemical Engineering, " p.28, Fig. 27, 3rd Ed.,
McGraw Hill Book Co., Inc. , (1937).
2. Drew and Genereaux, "Quart. Trans. Amer. Inst. Chem. Eng., "
32, 17 (1936).
3. Lange, N. A., "Handbook of Chemistry, " 8th Ed., Handbook Publishers,
Inc., (1952).
4. Hodgman, C. D., "Handbook of Chemistry and Physics, " 36th Ed.,
Chemical Rubber Publishing Co. , (1955).
5. Plumbing Div., Dept. of Bldg. and Safety, "City of Los Angeles Plumb-
ing Code, "Art. 4, Chapt. 9, Mun. Code, Amend. 9 Sept. '64, Ord. No.
127, 991, Bldg. News, Inc., (1964).
6. Marks, L. S., "Mechanical Engineers' Handbook, " 5th Ed., McGraw-Hill
Book Co., Inc., (1951).
7. Binder, R. C., "Fluid Mechanics, " 2nd Ed., Prentice-Hall, Inc., (1950).
8. Cherry-Burrell Corp., Bulletin No. G-567, (1962).
9. Cherry-Burrell Corp., "Characteristic Curves, Model VAH Flexflo
Involute Pump, " Sales Manual No. 23, Div. Flexflo, Sub. Div. Model VAH,
p. 2B, 15 Nov. 1964.
10. Tube Turn Plastics, Inc., AIA File No. 29-B-8.
11. "Standards of the Hydraulic Institute, " Page B(VIII)-13. Revised
November 1958.
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APPENDIX A
Al. 1 Sample flowmeter calibration calculation.
A spin-flow stainless steel bucket held 33 lbs. of water at 75.000F.
At start of run, 11:04 A. M. :
Tl= Temperature at pump inlet = 71. 15oF.
T2= Temperature at pump outlet = 7 1. 05?F.
Pl= Pressure at pump outlet = 14. 0 ?0.5 psi
Flowmeter reading = 4 1. 2 gpm
Time to fill calibrated bucket (aver.) = 5.8 seconds
T3= Temperature in tank = 22. 45oC.
Density of water (Reference 3):
?
71. 05oF =
75. 00?F =
W=1\, ass Rate of Flow #/seo
33 .99787
5.8 .99734
Sec.
gm/ml
21 0.99802
2 1. 70 0.99787
22 0.99780
23
23. 90
24
- 5.693 #/sec
....5???
cYc