CONGRESSIONAL RECORD- SENATE

• Document Type: CREST
• Collection: General CIA Records
• Document Number (FOIA) /ESDN (CREST): CIA-RDP91-00965R000300090056-8
• Release Decision: RIFPUB
• Original Classification: K
• Document Page Count: 4
• Document Creation Date: December 16, 2016
• Document Release Date: October 30, 2003
• Sequence Number: 56
• Publication Date: February 26, 1960
• Content Type: OPEN

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1960 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD -.SENATE X3301
and force as to eliminate a large portion ai
the enemy's-force before launch.
-The concepts I have been describing are
not science fiction pipedreams. They a,re
the sound 'concepts and desigxis of many of
the Nation's -best scientists and engineers:
They are based on a conservative estimate oP
scientific progress in the immediate futw~e.
Of ono thing we may be certain. The So-
viets are alert to every one of these poten-
tialities. They have a demonstrated capa-
bility in the field. We are years behhtd
them, but not yet so far that we cannot
catch up. Our beginnings are an abroad
front, our resources and our capability are
extensive.
It has been insisted that our space pro-
gram is principally a civilian and scfentiffic
program, with oxlly minor military implica-
tiona. Our policy has been to deny that the
are in a race with the Russians in this flel.d.
The whole world. knows that there is such
a race, that we're in it, that we're behind.
The fact is that we're plodding along slowly
several laps behind the Russians, and we
are losing more ground with every day that
passes.
The Pact is that we have urgent need of
a Iilitary space program. We cannot afford
to ignore, or even soft-pedal, the military
significance of satellites.
And the fact is that we only impede our-
selves by insisting on an arbitrary, artiflci.al
distinction between a military and civilian
space. program.
Every space vehicle has four major prob-
lems: First, propulsion (how to get it up
there). Second, guidance (how to get it to
> where you want it to go) . Third, re-
ttry (how to get it back down without
zrning it up) . Fourth, payload- -(what it
cries)
On three of the tour-propulsion, guid-
""~ e,nce, and reentry-the problems of military
and scientific apace vehicles are identic~a,l.
Only the payload differs:
What I maintain now should be done-
as I have been maintaining for more -than
a year-is to establish a Military Applica-
tions Division within the National Aeronau-
tics and Space Administration. This would
operate in similar fashion to the Military
Applications Division within the Atomic En-
ergy Commission. It would centralize our
space activities in a single civilian-headed
agency, but would encourage the closest co-
operation between -the various parts of t'he
Government concerned with the .space pro-
gram.
Now, why do we need a military program
so urgently?
Military satellites are the next weapo:us
generation. Whichever aide achieves them
first will possess an enormous advantage over
the other. Those advantages are very great
indeed for a nation committed to deter-
rence rather than aggression.. General
Schriever testified that he would give our
military efforts in space a priority equal to
the development of our intercontinental bal-
listic missiles.
In summary, these are the anaovers to some
of the questions in defense being. currently
debated in Congress.
We are committed to a policy of deterrence,
riot aggression. That means that we have to
be able to sustain the first attack and have
enough left to strike back. We have no
present warning system that will alert us to
such an attack for as much as even ib min-
utes. We have no defense whatsoever against
the Soviet intercontinental ballistic missi'ie.
We cannot now prevent the complete de-
struction of our missiles on the launching
pads. For the next several years we will 'be
wholly dependent;. as we are now, upon our
Strategic Air Command bombers as a retalia-
tory strike force. In order to be sure that
the SAC retaliatory strike force is not com-
pletely destroyed on the ground, we must,
when the Russians have sufficient missiles
to wipe us out in the next year or two, be
prepared to put substantial numbers of the
Strategic Air Command bombers in the air
on an airborne alert. We must provide the
necessary money for trainixig and equipment
now to make an airborne alert possible with-
in the next 2 years. In order to assure -our
bomber strike capability- we must proceed
to develop the B-70 xiot only as a backup for
our missile strength, but for Necessary re-
connaissance and the .fighting of limited
wars.
In order to close- the intelligence gap, to
get us the- longest possible warning of attack,
and to apprise us of Soviet military prepara-
tions, we must move as rapidly as possible
into the field of space satellites. The tech-
nology for Lhe development of these satellites
is already at hand. .All we need are the re-
sources to do it-and the green light to go
ahead. Our decision this year will determine
haw safe we are 2, 3, or 4 years from now.
i predict that Congress will want to make
available the money for the airborne alert
when it is necessary. I believe that Congress
will support placing the B-70 as a weapons
system in our operational air force. And I
am sure that Congress will urge the most
'rapid possible development of our military
activities in space: These are costly pro-
grams, but they are the price we have to pay
for national security-arid I am convinced
that the American people are willing to pay
'the price.
[From the Army-17avy-Air Force Register &
Defense Times, Feb.. 6, lssoj
THE REGISTER INTERVIEWa SENATOR GLAIR
ENGLE-KEY LAWMAKER. PROPOSEa DESENSE
REORGANIZATION
Is reorganization of the Department of De-
fense in the "making"7
Merger, or revampment, of the defense
structure looms as a big topic in this session
of Congress. Retired Army Clhief of Staff
Gen. Maxwell D. Taylor proposes a single
Chief of Stan and the abolishment of the
JCS. Chief of Naval Operations Adm. Ar-
leigh A. Burke, warns of schemes. to deprive
the JCS of their responsibilities as heads of
the services. He is satisfied with the present
setup as is Secretary oP Defexise .Thomas
Gates.
On the Hill there fs talk of the need to
reorganize nbw. The new budget-has been
submitted on a functional rather than service
brealcdown. Is this a forerunner of things
to come? Representative FRANK KowALSKx,
(Democrat, Connecticut) , a retired Arxny
colonel,- proposes one overall comlxlander,
with all in one uniform. Another congres-
sional proposal would have a commanding
general for all of the services rather than a
Chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff.
To sound out congressional thinking on
this-highly controversial subject, the Regis-
ter's Steve Tillman, ixiterviewed Senator
GLAIR ENGLE, of~ California, a member of the
Senate Armed Services Committee:
"Question. Do you believe the Department
of Defense is really in need of "further reor-
ganization?
"Answer. I definitely do. I believe that we
should completely reorganize the defense
structure along functional lines rather than
the out-moiled Army, Navy, and Air Force
organizational setup, that we 'now have.
Furthermore, I believe that our supremacy in
space science is threatened not by lack of
talent, but rather by lack of purpose, direc-
tion, and organization Por the best use of our
scientific manpower. This we need more
than we -need more money for research-and
we do need mare money.
"Question: What is necesary as a prelude
to reorganization?
"Answer. I do rat believe we can expect to
reorganize in terms of functional torcea un-
til Abe simplify the present defense structure.
Then organizational reform along "func-
tional lines should eliminate unnecesary du-
plication and the present struggle for control
of important weapon systems.-
"Question. Can you give an example- of
what you mean?
"Answer. Yea. The continental. defense
force would take over-the air defense oi'the
United States, and the question oP whether
the Army or the Air Force should man the
Nikes, Bamares; and the Zeus antimissile
missile would disappear. The. new command
would operate all weapons.
"Question. What would be the first step to
be taken looking toward unification? "
"Answer: The first step should be the
preparation of a complete, time-phased plan
which would set forth each step to be taken
and the relation between one step -and an-
other. Then, too, I should .think that the
establishment ai a single Chief of Staff at
an early date would help. This: could easily
be done within the framework of the present
JCS setup, but it would require legislation.
"Question. Please give an example of 'sim-
plification:
"Answer. Let's take procurement. A large
percentage of supplies and material-used are
common to two or more oP the services.
While some progress has been made under
the present single-manager system of pro=
curement of common-user itexxrs-like food,
fuel, and clothing-a lot more could be ac=
complished in this direction.
"Question. Why can't the Secretary of
Defense reorganize without additional- law?
"Answer. While some do hold the view
that there is plenty of authority' to reor-
ganize under the 1958 Defense Act, it is per-
fectly obvious to me that further unification
is not going to be started from inside the
Pentagon. The action must come from out-
side the Defense Department.
"This is not said as-a reflection upon the
Secretary of Defense and his-people at all,
but is simply a statement of the facts of
human nature. As long as you have human
beings and human institutions; you-are ga-
ing to have rivalry. If in uniform; then you
will have service rivalry, and the more the
number of services, the more fertile the field
for service rivalry. I believe that rivalry
is healthy as long as it does not .degenerate
into selfish moves which have as a primary
purpose the glorification of one service at
the expense of another.
"I would be the first to acknowledge that
'pride in uniform' and in `the outfit'- does
make for combat effectiveness, but. I do not
feel that this would be loaf by merging-into
one service.
"There is no solution, as I see it, to our
present military problems within the frame-
work of our present organization, because
the problem facing us is not that of pre-
paring for another World War II. Yet, our
military organization is still geared to that
kind of conflict. What is needed is a new
type organization, one which will permit
groupings based upon the capabilities of
modern weapon systems; this can only be
established by changing the present law.
"Question. Would research and develop-
ment be merged?
"Answer. The direction would be merged.
Actually, research and development is carried
on by a large number of agencies both within
and outside the Goverxunent. Lwould expect
that there would be a more economical use
of these agencies, not only as to funds but
as to better use of scientific manpower.
"With a reorganization of the Armed
Forces on a functional basis, there Would be
-less duplication of weapon systems, hence
less overlap in the R. & D. field. Dr. Herbert
York is supposed to be doing this now, but
I am sure he is handicapped because he can-
not look behind the present law which pre-
scribes roles and missions.
"Question. Would unification .reduce. the
budget?
"Answer. .Some budgetary savings' would
be made: Even more important, we would
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CONGRESSIONAL RECORD - SENATE '
get a much more effective defense for 'the
rYmey we spend. I believe that both Con-
gress alid the Department of Defense have
. an obligation to, first of all, see that attr
defense is adequate. And, second, that we
get the maximum return for the taacpay~er's
dollar.
"I think it is'signiflcant that in the fls,cal
year 1960 budget, appropriations were re-
gtiested-first as to functions and then by
service breakdown within these #unctions.
This is a long step- in-the right direction.
Now, I am for removing the service break-.
downs within functions.
"Question. Howe long would it take to 1?u.t
this simplification plan into action?
"Answer. About 5 years; if supported-
wholeheartedly by all concerned. I have al-
ready emphasized the need of a comprehen-
sive time-phased plan for accomplishing "the
turnover. In such a -vast enterprise, 'the
greatest care must be taken to avoid capsiz-
ing our- present system during the turnover.
"We must always keep- in mind that dur-
ing the process we might have to stop 2xld
fight. If this should happen, we would not
want to be handicapped by being caught in
the midst of our rearganizatfon. Therefore,
we must always be prepared to live with
what we have until. the emergency passes
and. we can finish the job.
"Question. Is it true that much of ~Ghe
overlapping and costly. duplication is due to
the rivalry of industry for contrasts? H'ow
would you -bring improvement in this par-
Lion of your proposal?
"Answer. The trouble at the present time
Sa that each of the services is bidding against
the other in industry. Very oaten one com-'
pony finds itself pulled-and hauled between
two of the services. Moreover, at the pres-
ent time a producer of an item develops a
vested interest in the Continuation of r~he
production ai.that item. with the support of
the particular service, because that branch
of the service wants o keep in that field of
weapon development 'or procurement.
"If we had the services reorganized anl;he
basis of function, there would usually be
only one service bidding far a particular
type of weapons systems. There would, of
cotuse, continue to be competition between
companies, which is not only necessary but
goad.
"Question. If a unified defence means- all
contracts would be handled in one ofH.ce,
what impact would this have on local -com-
munities?
"Answer. I certainly don't- anticipate that
all contracts would be handled through one
office. The project is too vast and such a
pra~etice would not make sense. What I
would expect. to see would be one central
policy direction here in Washington vrith :IC-
tual contracts being let on a decentralized
basis. However, I would expect to find one
area office ixi a city in place ai thI?ee, and xio
more uncoordinated bidding by the services
against each other far materi2.is and services.
"Question. You referred to whaleheari;ed
swppart. Do you anticipate opposition?
"Answer. I am sure that any effort looking
to unification ai the Armed Forces is going
to meet with opposition-=and it will be sin-
cere opposition-from both within and out-.
side of the armed services.- Nevertheless, we
must do something. The work involved in
planning and executing a merger apera.tiori
of this magnitude is breathtaking, but. the
greatly improved efficiency and effectiveness
over the years to come should make it a
.project worth every bit of-the effort.
"one idea' I have to bring about this
wholehearted support is to begin very early
to persuade the personnel ai the three serv+
ices toward the advantages of the merger. I
would put the major emphasis an the" carE;er
enlisted men and the junior, that is; com-
pany grade- career officers. Most ai the die-
hards will be sound in the senior grades, a:nd
these will normally 'be retired within the
next 6 or 10 years.
"The success of unification under merged
services will depend upon the attitude of
the younger-men, those with many years of
service ahead pi them."
POLICI3NlA23ING FUNCTION OF
GOVERNMENT OPERATIC}NS COM-
MITTEE
Mr. McCLELLAN. Mr. President, the
Subcommittee on National Policy Ma-
chinery of the- Government Operations
-Committee yesterday completed the first
phase of its- initial hearings. This sub-
committee, under the able direction of
Senator HENRY M. Jncxsarr, is inquiring
into the adequacy of our governmental
policymaking machinery in the field of
national security matters and how we
might best organize to meet the chat=
lengeS of the cold war.
Mr. President, I have been extremely
pleased by the enthusiastic and dedicat-
ed manner in which Senator JAC1~saN
and the staff have approached this diffi-
cult undertaking. The scholarly, non-
partisan efforts of this subcommittee
have won a great many plaudits fn our
daily press. -One such article, entitled
"Inquiry at Its Best," a fine example of
press reaction, appeared in today's New
York Times under the byline of the die-
tinguished reporter, Mr. James Reston.
I request that it be printed at this point
in the 13>;co^n,
There being no objection, the article
was ordered to be printed in the RECORD,
as follows:
INgIIIRY AT' ITS $E5T-JACKSON'S ,JTVDY OF
FOLICYMAKING IS A SCHOLARLY AND OSJEC-
TIVE ONE -
(By James Reston)
WASHINGTON, February 25.-Washington is
getting at least one sample these days of
legislative investigation at its. very best.
This is the inquiry being coitdt3oted by Sen-
ator HENRY M. JACKSON, Democrat, of Wash-
ington, into the operations of the paltcy-
making machinery of the Government. It is
13 years since the last major revision of the
national security .policymaking machinery in
the National Security Act of 1947. Since
then, as the Jackson committee's interim
report notes, the traditional distinction be-
tween peace and war has been obliterated,
and our top otiiciala have gone on dealing
with the cunning new techniques of the cold
war through the old procedures of the war
and prewar eras.
What Senator JACKSON is doing, with the
help of a competent staff, is to conduct a
scholarly, objective. and nonpartisan study
of this whole problem so that when the new
President of the United States stumbles ex-
hausted out of the election campaign in No-
vember, he will have a careful analysis of
this problem of modernizing the policy-
making process,
The present situation in Washington illus-
trates the problem. The President is away
in Brazil. The Secretary ai State is with
him, There is a new Secretary of Deiense-
the sixth in 13 years-assisted by a com-
paratively new Under Secretary of Defense-
the eighth in 13 years-and by a Chairman aY
the Joint Chiefs of Staff, Gen. Nathan F.
Twining, who is in the hospital for the sec-
ond time within a few months.
Meanwhile, there is a crisis in Cuba, with-
out a U.S. Ambassador on the -job, and a
series of separate negotiations in process on
nuclear testing, disarmament, German policy,.
February-~6
and sul1lmit policy-not to mention ail the
domestic problems including the presidential
election, and a national debate on the ade-
quacy of our whole national defense.
NO ROOMAT THE TOP
The truth is that there is a traffic jam at
.the top of the Government, with everybody
complaining that he has too much to do in
too little time. In dealing with Moscow's
propaganda diplomacy, the late Secretary of
State Dulles was his own palicymaker and
negotiator, and in the process downgraded
the Ambassadors.
Now the heads of Government, including
President Eisenhower and Mr. K11rushchev,
have taken over the polfcymaking and
propaganda jobs themselves, thereby down-
grading the Foreign Secretaries to the point
where most people cannot remember their
names..
Fortunately, Senator JACKSON has avoided
the temptation to turn his inquiry- into an
attack on the specific personalities and poll-
cies of this administration in his investiga-
tion:
Senator JACKSON is aware that the prob-
lem of security demands analysis not only
of Government machinery but also of Gov-
ernment personnel, and that the cold war
has created as many demands on the intel-
lectual resources of the Nation as upon its
material wealth.
This has led the investigating- committee
into a number of perplexing but important
questions, including the following:
How can modern diplomacy continue to
operate in accordance with diplomatic rules
established at the Congress of Vienna at
the beginning oP the 19th century?
How can the President meet his present
executive duties and still spend a good deal
of his time traveling about the world and ~
meeting social obligations that are mare -
wea.ring than in the- quieter days 100 years
ago?
What is to be done about the maze of
interdepartmental committees-now running
into hundreds-that slow down the policy-
making procedure and tend to produce
merely compromise recommendations on
which everybody can agree?
How can a government so large and com-
plex come up with a unifying national pur-
pose and a plan of action to meet the direct-
action methods of the Communists.?
What is to be done about the outmoded
salary levels and conflict of interest regu-
lations -that impair the Government's ability
to attractaand keep brilliant men?
A LONGER CATALOG _
These are merely illustrative of a much
longer Catalog of inquiries, and the Jack-
son committee is seeking the views of the
most experienced men in and oiit of the
Government in searching for the answers.
Because Senator JACKSON and-his Republi-
can colleagues are. approaching their job in
an objective way-and looking at the weak-
nesses of congressional machinery at the
same time-they are getting the honest
testimony of leaders of both parties.
Former Secretary of Defense slid Under
Secretary of State Robert A. Lovett was here
this week. He placed before the committee
an analysis of the problem that is better
than anything heard in the capital in many
months.
In short, some good solid critical work. is
afoot here and at the right time. The ad-
ministration is coming into its final months.
There is scarcely a major questfan of inter-
national policy now in negotiation that will
not require the confirmation of the Senate.
The chances of negotiating agreements on
disarmament ar nuclear testing o1? the se-
curity of Germany before the Congress goes
home .early in July are almost nil.
As a result, reflective men are putting
their minds to file problems that will be
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CONGRESSIONAL RECORD -SENATE 3303
lacing th next administration. They -are
intereatee~ in the worldwide trips of the
President; but not much. -For they know
that these trips, while useful, are largely.
ceremonial, and that the problems thab
existed when the trips started will still be
there when they are over.
..
~,
-
EIGHTH ANNUAL PRESIDENTIAL
PRAYER BREAKFAST-
Mr. CARLSON. Mr. President, an
Thursday lnoriling, February 18, 1,000
persons, inoluding the President of the
United States, members of the executive,
legislative, and judicial branches of our
Government, delegates to the conference
and representatives of the Council of
Christian Leadership groups attended
the Presidential prayer breakfast at the
Mayflower Hotel in Washington, D.C.
In 1ny opinion this prayer breakfast.
and program added much to the religious
life of our Nation.
I ask? unanimous consent to have
printed as a part of these remarks-a
copy of the program and transcript of
the proceedings of this service.
There being no objection, the tran-
script was ordered to be printed in the
RECORD,. a3 fO110W8:
PROGRAM FOR PREamENTIAL PRAYER BREAKFAST,
FESRVARY 18, 1960, MAYFLOWER HOTEL
Presiding: Senator FRANK CARL30N.
Invocation: Dr. Harold Ockenga, Park
Street Church, Boston.
Message of welcome: Senator CARLSON.
Solo: Jerome Hines, Metropolitan Opera,
Ide~r York.
Introduction of host, William Jones.
Old-Testament Scripture, Psalm 1: Justice
Charles Evans Whittaker.
New Testament Scripture, 1st John, second
chapter: Hon. Fred Seaton.'
Greetings from House of Representatives
breakfast group: Hon. PAVL JONES.
Greetings- from Senate breakfast. group:
Senator JoxN STENNIa.
Message from British Parliament: Hon.
John H..Cordle, Member of Parliament.
Prayer: Judge Boyd Leedom.
"America" in unison.
Benediction: Dr. Abraham Vereide.
PROCEEDINGS
Senator CAa>soN. This morning we will
have the invocation by Dr. Harold Ockenga
of the Park Street Church, Boston, Masa. Dr.
Ockenga.
Invocation
Dr. OcKENGA. "Our Heavenly Father, Thou
has assured us access -into Thy presence
through the Lord Jesus Christ, having shown
contrition over our sins and having turned
from them. In Thy love and wisdom and
righteousness through Calvary, Thou halt
procured salvation for Thy people.
Let us in a saving faith enter into Thy
presence-and there represent ourselves, our
families, our religious groups, and our Nation.
We thank Thee that under the aegis of the
International Christian Leadership, we may.-
- gather here this day. With the great prin-
ciples of this movement such as the faith
and the deity of our Lord Jesus Christ and
the authority of the Bible and. in righteous-
- ness as away of life -may it be the banner
over us.
Grant now that the Christian testimony.
which has been so effective in Building the
bulwarks of righteousness in this Nation, as
exemplified in the life of our President, may.
be spread through this movement unto the
grassroots of the Nation.
We thank Thee for our heritage of freedom
to express our convictions and our thoughts,
and we ask that Thou will lead us in the way
of righteousness.
And now,.our Father, in the-day when the lunch, or dinner in Russia. "I am glad to
world Sep divided between atheism and theism, present Mr. William Jones; of California.
betweem materialism and Christian faith, we Mr. JONEa. The only contribution that I
would confess our sins; great and many as can make to this is to tell"you what happened
they are, and aek thatr Thou wouldst purify to me and my own lice when Jesus Christ
us by the indwelling holy-spirit and by the changed it.
work oi' Calvary. I was brought up in this country and re-
Give wisdom unto our executives and our ceived very good schooling, earned money
Iegislators and our justices, and may they and .was determined to own a newspaper. I
lead us not only in prosperity but in peace was successful and by the time I was 19 I
and in freedom. Now protect our President owned one newspaper and at the age of 22
in his travels. Give unto him wisdom and I owned flue newspapers.
guidance as he directs this Nation and grant I found, after achieving everything I aimed
unto him grace in his Christian testimony.: at, there was a vacuum that was still unfilled.
As we gather here, may it be with thanks- I looked around the city I was in and un-
giving 1'or this food, which symbolizes. all the- fortunately saw people that were drinking
materia,i blessings we enjoy. May we re- and going a little .faster than I was, so I
member those who are less fortunate and joined them and by the time i was 28 I had .
who need our prayers and our humanitarian come to the inevitable conclusion. I had
interest. This we ask through Jesus Christ gambled away my business, drank away my
our Lord who is the nourishment of our friends and the kindest thing .you could say
soul. ~~1men. was I was a hopeless drunk.
,,....._...._ ~. _..,.,,.,...,_ In 1941 I started again in the business we
Senator CiARLSON. It is with, some hesita-
tion that I break into your very fine Break-
fast this morning, but time is a matter of
essence here. I -have been reminded that
there a.re many of we folks who are work-
ing for the Government and we are supposed
to get lback to our details and our duties, sa
I want to assure these visitors of ours from
out of the Nation and over the Nation that
we do '.not mean to be discourteous, but we
would like very much to get this program
underway.
We are delighted that there are so many
here this morning at this eighth annual
prayer breakfast. We are greatly honored
by the presence of the President of the
United States, Dwight D. Eisenhower.
I regret I do not have time to introduce
the many members of the executive branch,
the judicial branch, and. the legislative
branch of the' Government who are here with
us at this breakfast.
This annual breakfast 1a in commemora-
tion of the organization of the breakfast
prayer group of over 26-years ago, which was
organised in Seattle, Wash. Now these
groups have been organized in every section
of the Nation -and many of them in foreign
countries.
This is truly a dedicated group, with a
spiritual considers"tion of the practical prob-
lems which we believe can be solved by
groups. such as this. We believe -that the
cornerstone of American life rests on a strong
prayer foundation. We firmly believe that
the greatness of America comes from the
loyalty of the patriotism and the righteous-
ness oft our people. We believe it is impera-
tive-i,n order to preserve and save our sacred
freedom-that we have a strong and cou-
rageous God-fearing. people and a total mobi-
lization of all the spiritual forces of this
Natior.~, and we welcome you here this morn-
ing. .
We are fortunate to have a member of
the Metropolitan Opera, who is going to sing
a solo at this time, Mr. Jerome Hines.
Mr. NINES. Mr. President, honored guests,
friends, I am not supposed to say anything,
but I never sing in church that they won't
allow me to give my testimony and , I just
want to say I am here by the grace of God.
I am .a barn-again Christian. Christ is the
greatest thing in my life.
I am going to sing for you "How Great
Thou Art."
(So7.o by Jerome Hines.)
Senator C'iARLSON. This year-as last year-
we are; the guests of one of our Nation's out-
atanding businessmen, a publisher and busi-
nessman from California. He is a member
of the- personal board of directors of Billy.
ff d 1 ti H has
n
r
an za on
e
h t
G
of mind,- this something I knew .existed
somewhere, and so I started giving money to
the church. I started at 826 a week, then
went up to 850, then 8100 and by the time
1960 had came around it was 8800 a week and "
I was still just as far away from finding this
reality in my life.
At business I used to think I had to drink
at lunchtime to keep my customers and
when I stopped drinking, I found that 90
percent were happy because then they didn't
have to drink any more.
No more lying.. What a thrill it is to con-
duct business and -not work behind the
scenes. We have a new conscientiousness of
business commitments. When our company
gives its word it keeps it and last year we
spent over 8100,000 just keeping our word.
We will not permit our company to take a
job it cannot deliver on the date we said
we would deliver it. So whathas happened
in the last 8 years is that our business has
increased over 800 percent and with this in-
crease has come a wealth such as I have
never known.
With this wealth has come a responsibility
and to me the only significance of wealth
is its responsibility and I, as a Christian, am
responsible to God as to what fa done with
this wealth, so we have learned to -live on
around 8 percent of our income. We have
the pleasure of putting the rest of it where
it belongs -and that is that other people, no
inatter where they are, might find, and at
least come into .contact with the reality that
Jesus Christ is the answer to life, x'?d Mr.
President, even more than anything, this per-
sonal relationship for Jesus Christ permits
me and my family to gray in the absolute
assurance that God hears our prayers, and .
we can pray for you and have this wonderful
assurance that you are in our prayers. We
just hope that God will sustain you in every-
thing you do. I sure thank you, so much. '-
Senator CARLSON. This morning we are
gaiiig to have a Scripture read from the Old
Testament by one of the Associate Justices
of the U.S. Supreme Court, Justice Charles
Evans Whittaker, and following that a Scrip-
ture from the New Testment Rill be read by .
the Secretary oY.the Interior, the Honorable
Fred Seaton. Justice Whittaker.
(Old Testament Scripture: Psalm I, read by .
Justice Charles Evans Whittaker.)
(New Testament Scripture: I Sohn, second
chapter, read by the Honorable Fred Seaton.)
Senator CARLSON. We will now have a mes-
sage from the president of the House prayer
breakfast group, Congressman PAUL JONES,
and following that we will have a message
from Senator JoIrN STENNZa for the Senate
prayer breakfast group.
g
.
o
ra a.m s s a
o
picked up the tab, it I may use that expres- Greetings from the House of Representatives
Sion, for 160 similar breakfasts aver this breakfast grouts; Hon. Paull Jones
Natiwr during the past 3 years, paid 7 visits Mr. JONES. Mr. President, Mr. Chairman,
to Russia, 7 visits to Japan, and prepare- fellow Christians,. while I appreciate the great
tiorrs are now underway for a breakfast, privilege of representing our House prayer
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CONGRESSIONAL RECORD -SENATE February ~6
in God, who through -His divine guidance
has directed the destiny of this Nation.
May we never be confused in distinguish-
ing the difference between religion and gov-
ernment and the separation of church and
state and may we as Representatives never
experience the temptation of subordinating
our obligations to the Deity in carrying .out
our obligations to our constituents and to
our Nation,
Through the spiritual power that we re-
ceive at these breakfasts, I feel that we gain
confidence and courage to act as Christian
soldiers as we march on to greater victories
for God and Nation.
May God's richest blessing be on you all
as you meet here- in the Nation's Capitol in
the advancement of the work oP His kingdom
and may you gain inspiration from this
meeting which will guide you in your service
throughout the year. Thank you.
Greetings from Senate ba?eakfast group by
Senator John Stennis
Senator SzErrNrs. Mr. President, Mr. Chair-
man, and other friends. In bringing you
special greetings Prom the Senate breakfast
group, which in a largo measure is a dupli-
cation of the group in the House, I will mere-
ly quote what several 'Members have said,
that to meet around that table, as is our
privilege, without any.publicfty and no pic-
tures, without any outside sgeakers, without
any dividing line, westerners, easterners,
northerners, southerners, Republicans,
Democrats, Protestants, Catholics, and ex-
change spiritual views, thoughts, and en-
couraging wards, is not only the high point
of being in the S?nate, buffs a most helpful
experience,. as the problems and the years
come and go.
And in these Pew minutes, I shall attempt
to illustrate to those of you who are visitors
here in this land and this city a contrast of
experience of mine.
Since January 6, my friends, I have at-
tended closed door briefings by the Secre-
tary of Defense, by the Chairman of the Joint
Chiefs oP Staff,. by the Chiefs of Staff of our
militaxy services, the Director of Central In-
telligence, the Director of Space, and many
other scientific and governmental leaders-
coming away from those meetings greatly de-
pressed and in a condition of gloom, walking
down the corridors. of the Senate Chamber
asking myself over and over the question, "Ia
this challenge really in the field of material
things, or is it, after .all, in the field of the
spirit?"
I walked home several miles one evening
and during that time there came to me, I.
recall, an experience when I flew across ,the
Atlantic on one of those giant constellations,
and in the wee hours of the morning went up
front with the .chief pilot. There he sat
before that great instrument panel-this
giant of the skies rolling through the clouds.
I couldn't understand how he kept his bear-
ings, how he kept his course, and how he
was going to reach his final destination. I
didn't know anything about navigation. I
could see lights below and I asked him, "Do
you get signals from -those ships at sea.?"
He looked at me . in amazement and said,
"Mr. Senator, I have my awn panel board
and my own instruments right here before
me. I know how they operate, I know how
to read them_and I know how to fallow their
course, and furthermore, I have the power
in these monstrous engines to always climb
above the clouds and take my further bear=
ings Prom the stars: '
I rather meekly crept back to my cabin,
realizing that that pilot had given me a
great lesson, believing he had given one to
fny Nation and the tree world.
We have our own instruments, mq friends,
right here an our own panel board. We
have economic freedom, We have the natural
resources and the ability to wield those re-'
sources into great material power. We have
political freedom with a system. ~"~ govern-
ment whereby the people, through their rep-
resentatives and representative government,
can preserve that freedom, We have further
the priceless heritage of religious freedom
and have been trained in our youth to rise
above the clouds and take our Course from
the stars-the higher power.
So let us not be discouraged nor over-
come. This challenge is not in the realm of
the material-the challenge is in the realm
of the spirit. Let's look to our instruments
in charting our course and then through
God generate the courage to follow their .
readings.-
Other generations have also had their
problems. In a dark day of our own his-
tory, Benjamin Frariklin, at a critical time
at the Constitutional Convention, arose and
addressed the Chair-George- Washington
presiding-and said, "Mr. President, I have
lived a long time and -the longer I live the
more certain I am that God does govern in
the affairs of man. If a sparrgw cannot fall
to the ground without his knowledge, is it
probable that a nation can rise without his
heed?" and with that he moved that they
open those sessions with prayer.
They found their Instruments-they are
our possessions today. Let us look to those
instruments-looking ever for that light
from on .high, determined flYst -and always
to do our part and then we will find the
light and from that light we can find the
way. May Gad sustain us as we ga.
Senator Cextsorr, We are hongred this
morning by the presence of a Member of the
British Parliament who has consented to
bring us greetings and a short message,
the Honorable John H. Gordle, Member of
the British Parliament.
Statement by the Honorable John H. Gordle
Mr. GORDLE. Senator CeaLSOrr. Mr. Presi-
dent, this is indeed a signal honor for me
to bQ the only alien,-as it were, to participate
in this great occasion. It is my pleasant
duty as a Member of the House of Commons
to bring you greetings from my fellow
countrymen.
We were thrilled to see you revisiting our
country recently, for we have a trernendous
admiration for- your wartime leadership, as
well, sir, as for your many achievements in
world relationships and your successful
world tour.
You were greeted with warm affection and
admiration, as you rightly deserve, and.
which we rarely show to leaders of other na. _.
Lions. -You, sir, are held in .great esteem
not only by -those who ~ served under you
when you were Supreme Commander, as I
did, but also by many millions of Britains
who admire your moral integrity and devo-
tion to duty. And I know that these senti-
ments are shared by Her Majesty's. Govern-
ment.
You will rejoice to know the happy per-
sonal association between you, sir, and our
own dedicated Prime. Minister. In short, we
know we have in you a friend across the sea,
and we knew, too, as Britains during the
war that we had all Americans as friends
across the sea, when we stood together
shoulder to shoulder against the common
enemy in those dark days of war.
It was my pleasure, on one. occasion toward
the close of the war, to .meet you, sir, at
Wiltshire Station in Hampshire in England.
Those, indeed, were dark days and you did
not fail us. -And as we went back again
after the .war .and tried to reestablish our-
selves; again you used the Christian prin-
ciple and came to our aid through Marshall
aid, providing us with our material require-
ments from your own natural resources and
surpluses. Not only did you give us mate-
rial requirements, but you gave us money
too, and no Briton is unc;onsefous of what .
we owe to your country. Indeed, you helped
us rehabilitate ourselves. We were able to -
group here this morning, it is in the spirit
of humility and a feeling of inadequacy i~hat
I meet with you..
I know that most of you have been here
on similar occasions and are familiar with
our organization and I might say the group
that meets in the House of Representatives
each Thursday morning.
To me it is a rather unusual group and
over the possible SO years that I have been
attending this, I have found it is a-group
without any published rules, bylaws, or c;on-
stitutian-existing, operating, growing, and
being perpetuated on the basis of Christian
understanding, mutual respect, and spiritual
inspiration. -
Not only are there no initiation Pees or
dues, but membership is open to every Mem-
ber of the House of Representatives, wh.o is
reminded at the opening oP each session and
again. prior to this annual breakfast that all
who enjoy Christian fellowship, or who feel
the need for spiritual stimulation are avel-
come to come and Join with us at that itime
each week.
Ours is-not a large group, althoagh it does
not remain small because oP any desire to
limit the membership. I think that all of
us feel that it is not ours to judge whether or
not any of our colleagues need or would enjoy
the spiritual food of which we partake each
week,
Certainly ours is not a denominational
group, but many congregations are repre-
sented as we gather around the table each
Thursday morning.
If at no other time during our service
here in Washington, politics, partisan luoli-
tics, is forgotten for-at least an hour during
the week as we strive to measure to our
greater responsibility of serving the Kingdom
of God.
Iran across a little story in the Reader's-
- Digest-this week which to me characterizes
many of our. group. I know that it im-
pressed me and put irito words the feeling
that I have had since being privileged to
meet with the ICL group there in the House.
These words were attributed to a vaoman who
was testifying at a prayer meeting, as a;ome
of you probably read, .when she said elo-
quently, if ungrammatically, "Lord, I ain't
what I oughts be, I ain't what I'm gonna be,
but anyway, I ain't what I was."
Among the greatest inspirations that I
have had have beJ,n on occasions when. our
House group, in conducting programs ai; our
intimate meetings, have related personal
expgri~'^ces iri driving home some great truth.
Some may think that we are selfish indi-
viduals, Sn that we do have an unwritten
rule or custom which restricts attendance
at our meetings to Members of the House of
Representatives. There are only two excep-
tions, one being a charter member who has
been regular and consistent in his attendance
since the group was Snitiated some 14 ;years
ago by our good friend and Christian brother,
Abraham Vereide, who also meets with us
when his busy schedule permits. It is not
that outsiders wouldn't be welcome, or that
we feel the abundance of talent within our
ranks precludes the necessity oP drawinig on
speakers outside of our group to brin?; the
message aP the day, it is just that we have
learned that within the intimacy oP the
close association which has devel'.oped
through the years, there is an indefinable
something that encourages and enables one
to open his heart and permit others to share
and enjoy the experiences-that come to all
who seek earnestly and sincerely to dedidate
their lives to insuring the preservation: and
security of this Republic-one Nation tinder
Gad, with liberty and justice to all.
While dedicated to the prinoiple that it is
.,imperative that we preserve the separation
~ of church and state, it is just as important
~ that we never lose sight of the fact that the
foundation of this Nation rests on the belief
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