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• Document Type: CREST
• Collection: General CIA Records
• Document Number (FOIA) /ESDN (CREST): CIA-RDP67B00558R000100130013-2
• Release Decision: RIPPUB
• Original Classification: S
• Document Page Count: 17
• Document Creation Date: November 16, 2016
• Document Release Date: January 27, 2000
• Sequence Number: 13
• Content Type: MEMO

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Attachment No. 1 to
-0221/64
This memorandum has to do with the microscopes that are used by the
photointerpreters at NPIC to inupect the K11-4- material. I 25X1 D
never cease tc be impressed with the fact that the final output of time
whole vast photographic reconnaissance system comes out of the the eye-
pieces of the microscopes and that the security of our country depends to a
major extent upon the visual performance of the photointerpreters who look
throigh these instruments. Surely as much care should be given to this
final stage of the reconnaissance system as to any other part of it. I
was particula,ly eager, therefore, to tour the photo interpretation area
at the time o' our last Panel meeting. :: wanted to see whether the rooms
used by the photointerpreters aid. the equipment used by them differed in
any essential way from the room and the Equipments used in the display and
demonstration room where we have seen thcc various materials. The impression
that I got du-ing our tour is teat the eluipments are essentially identical.
and that the rooms are essentially similar, although in almost all cases the
photointerpreters were working with room lights dimmed or even extinguished.
`Phis, of tour e, is as it should be.
There wa, no opportunity to assay tie condition of the equipment in the
rooms we visi:ed. Maintenance work was in progress on one microscope at
the time of o-zr tour. I hope that the exuipments used by the photointerpreters
are better maintained. than the ones in the display room.
I was surprised to find that very few of the photointerpreters whom
I observed at work were shielding themseLves from the glare of the light
from the large tables over which the files are spread. In the absence of
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tight fitting eye cups this glare can definitely reduce their visual
performance. I noticed that several of the interpreters were wearing eye
glasses and that they kept these on while looking through the microscopes.
This of course defeats part of the optical design of the microscopes,
since there is one and only one place where the pupil of the eye can
be placed in order to use the system in the way that it has been designed.
The exit pupil of the microscope should, of course, coincide with the
pupil of the eye of the observer and when this is done he not only sees the
full field produced by the eye piece, but he also sees it with the best
correction of which the optical system is capable. Ordinarily this can not
be done by an observer wearing eye glasses. In my earlier memorandum
I urged that the eye pieces of these microscopes be changed so that a
photointerpreter can set his own opthalmic correction on the eye piece,
thereby personalizing the microscope and making it unnecessary for him
to wear corrective lenses while looking through the instrument. I emphasize
again the desirability of this practice. The interpreters should follow
the procedure which is standard in the Armed Forces for lookouts; they
are instructed to set their opthalmic correction on the diopter rings of
the eye pieces rather than to attempt to set these adjustments by means
of their visual impressions. It has been demonstrated by physchophysical
tests that high scores in visual performance are obtained this way than
if the observer is allowed to adjust the eyepieces in any way he wishes.
If the interpreter's opthalmic examination has been correctly done, he
will not only see the picture better, but he will experience less eye fatigue
in this way than if he wears his own glasses and adjusts the eyepieces in
accordance with his own ideas.
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None of the present microscope eyepieces are able to provide the
whole opthalmic prescription, including cylinders and prisms. Eyepieces
with this capability should be provided. Uncorrected astigmatism can
drastically reduce visual performance; the effect is insidious because
the observer seldom realized that his retinal image has been deteriorated
by astigmatism unless the magnitude of his astigmatism is considerable.
In my memorandum of 25 February 196+ I strongly urged that means be provided
for detecting and correcting small amounts of astigmatism that are ordinarily
considered sub-clinical. I am confident that physophysical studies of
observer performance will demonstrate that sub-clinical amounts of the
astigmatism will make a considerable difference in the interpretation which
can be made of partially resolved objects, and that this statement is true
regardless of degree of the experience which a given interpreter may bring
to bear on the task. Obviously, the better look he has at what is recorded
on the film the better chance he has to extract a maximum amount of
information from it. In my opinion the Agency could very well stand to support
a physophysical investigation of the best techniques for looking through
these microscopes. It is my belief that some rather shocking figures would
be found if valid measures of visual performance were made to test some of
the topics I have discussed above and in my previous memorandum .
I had an opportunity during our recent tour of the photo-interpretation
rooms to talk with only one of the interpreters, and I regret to say that
I do not know that man's name. He was a senior person who wore glasses
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at all times including when he was looking through the microscopes.
He was obviously presbiopic since his glasses were bifocal, and this
was obvious also because his grey hair indicated an age in which presbiopia
is inevitable. The binocular eyepieces of the microscope in his laboratory
appear to be of the design which places the virtual image at reading
distance rather than at infinity. Thus, even if he were ematropic he
would need glasses in looking through the microscope in order to correct
his presbiopia. If this were not done and the virtual image produced by
the eye piece was placed at the reading distance by means of focussing
the entire microscope up and down with respect to the photograph then
his accomadation convergence relation would be falsified because his eyes
would have to converge for near but accomodate for far and this is an
unnatural and tiring situation which very few individuals can tolerate
more than momentarily and even then visual performance tends to be degraded.
Therefore, there is no question that this man needed his reading glasses in
order to look through the microscope and according to what he told me he had
other visual defects which the prescription of his glasses purported to
correct. I noted that he was wearing tinted lenses for looking through the
microscope and this interested me because there should be no reason for
this to be necessary if the quality of the light coming through the micro-
scope is right. He said that he felt it necessary to wear tinted lenses
in order to achieve visual comfort and he attributed the discomfort which
he experienced without tinted lenses to the fact that flourscent lamps
are used in the illuminator beneath the microscope. If I understand him
correctly he blamed flicker from these lamps for his discomfort, and he
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attributed the comfort he associates with tinted lenses to their
ability to make this flicker less noticeable. I can scarcely believe
that his reasoning is valid although I feel sure that he is more comfortable
with the tinted lenses than without them. I believe that the comparatively
small amount of light which is absorbed and, therefore, lost from the
system by the tinted lenses would produce no very great comforting effect
for him if the lenses were neutral. For example, he undoubtedly uses
the Deming-rheostat on the light box to control the brightness of the scene in
which he looks and this should accomplish for him anything that neutral
density filters could do in his spectacles. I strongly suspect that the
comfort he attributes to tinted lenses arises from the change in the
spectral quality of the light coming through the microscopes. As I pointed
out in my earlier memorandum the system seems to be afflicted by chromatic
abberration, particularly at high power. It is as if the spectral quality
of the light summed by the designer of the microscope lenses was quite
different from that which is actually being used to illuminate the film.
If this is the case, then of course the apparent chromatic abberations
of the system might be much greater than in the case of say incondescent
light if, in fact, this was the illuminate that was assumed in designing
the optics. In any event the abberations of the systems should be studied
and improved in any way that is possible. It may be that the apparent
chromatic abberation will disappear if the observer does not wear spectacles
and, therefore, can put his eyes at the proper place so that his pupils
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coincide with the exit pupil of the microscope. This is in the case
of the senior photointerpreter. I need my spectacles to look through
the microscope and so I cannot make the test I am suggesting. I think
it would be very interesting to devise a microscope illuminating system
that does not involve flourescent lamp but preferably uses some sort of
filtered and cooled tungsten lamps to illuminate the small section of
the picture which is being viewed through the microscope. It is my belief
that if this were done the photointerpreter with whom I talked would no
longer feel the necessity for using tinted lenses. More importantly I
think he would be able to see better and more comfortably than he now can
do. It should also be possible with an illuminator designed to produce
light only on the small part of the picture actually being viewed through
the microscope to produce a higher apparent scene luminence in the micro-
scope eye piece than at present. This should be of advantage particularly
at highest power where the exit pupil is smaller than is desirable. At
the risk of repeating that which I have already written I think that the
photointerpreter's microscopes should be personalized to him and that a
study should bcc made of the optimum way of accomplishing this. I believe
that a specially designed face mask and eye cup system could be made for
each man,that thin face mask and eye cup system could make use of liquid-
filled cushions such as those that are used on the best earphones. It
is even possible that the man could be supplied with a bite board consisting
of a dental impression so that he could position his eyes automatically to
the optimum position with respect to the microscope eye pieces. Just as
in the case of a toothbrush a bite board is a very personal. thing and I
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believe that microscope binocular eye pieces could be dcoigned.i_ri such
a way that the b-iteboard could be plugged in so that any photointerpreter
could plug; his own biteboard. into any microscope in the Agency and that
the act of plugging it in would automatically cause the eye piece to be
set at the innerpupilary distance which has clinically been determined
to be optimum for the particular photointerpreter for whom the bite-board
is made. It is probable that if the optical designer of the binocular eye piece
could be sure that the photointerpreter would place his eyes in exact
alignment with the optical system he could design a better microscope.
The use of a, well-formed and accurately fitting face mask for the
photointerpreter should. make it much easier to use the microscope without
darkening the room. The face mask would also eliminate any glare effects from
the lighted table on which the film is spread. The face mask if properly
constructed. would also provide a head rest and contribute to the comfort
of the operator. I am not convinced that a man does his best work particularly
on long periods of observation unless he is provided with every possible
physical comfort. There should be attention given to arm rests, head rests,
seat.-end pads, foot rests and so on, tailored to the stature and nature of
each photointerpreter.
I was delighted in talking with the senior photointerpreter during
our tour tr; hear him say that he visits his opthomalogist at least twice
a year and that ordinarily his prescription is changed and updated about
that often. I would be surprised if this practice is followed by all the
photointerpreters. As I said in my earlier memorandum this should not be
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left up to the men themselves but the Agency should require them to have
a visual examination administered by a specialist here in the NPIC build-
ing. This should be performed for all the photointerprete:rs on a regular
routine basis. Each man should get his examination at frequent intervals
regardless of his age or the :individual problems which he may or may not
have with his eyes. I hesitate to suggest how frequent or infrequent these
examinations should be, but I suspect that in some cases the examination
should be given at least every two weeks, particularly if attention is given
to sub-clinical astigmatism, which may vary in a non-systematic fashion
with time. Few refractionists are skilled in sub-clinical astigmatism
measurements and, in fact, it may be possible to devise some special
refraction techniques or equipment to facilitate the speed and accuracy and
sensitivity of the clinical measurements. I would point out in closing
what I want to say about this subject that if the microscopes are equipped
with eye piece systems into which the full refraction can be introduced that it
will not be necessary for the photointerpreter to get a new pair of lenses
fitted to himself for the purpose of his job. I am sure that at present
25 to $50 for a new pair of lenses to be used
for looking through the microscope if this expense would have to be borne
by them at frequent intervals. Moreover, unless some examination is made
of the lenses produced by the optician who fills the prescription it is
highly probable that mistakes by the optician will go unnoticed and these
mistakes are much more common than is ordinarily appreciated by the general
public who buy eye glasses from manufacturing opticians. At the very least
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the Agency should check eye glasses to make sure that they do indeed
fill the prescription called for by the opthomologist. All of these
inspection problems, I repeat, would vanish if the eye pieces of the
microscope were arranged to incorporate the full opthalmic correction.
I realize that such eye pieces may not exist but I see no reason why
they could not be designed and produced for the microscopes used by the
Agency.
The microscopes and all of their associated equipments should of
course have the very best maintenance. An inspection system for the
microscopes should be set up (if this is not already the case) so that
every microscope is inspected frequently by an expert technician who will
recognize maladjustments and administer calibration tests to make sure
that the diopter rings, cylinder axis scales, etc. on the opthalmic correct-
ing eye pieces are in precise calibration. Nothing should be left to
chance or to the request for service by the photointerpreter. He should,
of course,be encouraged to request service whenever he feels that there is
any need for it, but on the other hand , the service department should not
wait for this request but make its own inspection at very frequent intervals,
perhaps daily. Like any other piece of equipment, microscopes and eye
pieces can get out of adjustment.
It would be interesting to check the contrast rendition of some or
perhaps even all of the microscopes used by the Agency. Contrast reduction
due to scattering or imperfect lenses or lens surfaces or to deposits on
the eye piece surfaces can degrade visual performance, often in an
insidious way. This should not be left to chance for measurement techniques
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can be established to verify that the overall contrast rendition of the
microscope is up to standard. I feel that there is just as much reason
to check and maintain the microscopes and insit on their optimum manner
of use as it is to maintain, check, and correctly use the cameras that
make the pictures, inasmuch as the final output of the whole system is
the light that comes out of the eye pieces of these microscopes. Finally,
I think it should be urged that a study be undertaken to review the whole
question of viewing conditions in the microscopes,to review the design of
the instruments themselves in the hope that improvements can be made in their
optical or mechanical design by virtue of releasing certain optical require-
ments upon the lens designer and thereby enabling him to shift his com-
promises in some direction that will gain visual performance for the
particular task of inspecting the pictures on which these particular
microscopes are used. Like any form of engineering the final product is
the result of compromises. Relaxation of any requirement makes it possible
for the designer to make an otherwise impossible improvement elsewhere.
Unless such a design review has been made, I believe that there is a
potential reward for the Agency in having such a study conducted. Moreover,
it may be possible to devise improved techniques for using the microscopes.
Perhaps incorporating some of the thoughts I have attempted to put into
this and my previous memorandum and perhaps by generating other ideas as
the result of a review and a critical study of the particular viewing task
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at hand, it should then be possible to provide instructions for the
photointerpreters on the best means for using the microscopes and iJsing
their eyes for inspecting photographic materials by all of the available
means, whether through the binocular microscopes or with a simple magnifier
or by naked eye or through the film viewers.
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Attachment No. 2 to
X0221/64
This memorandum concerns the penetration of atmospheric haze.
No statistics are known by me on how frequently the U-2 and satellite
pictures are limited by atmospheric haze, but I strongly suspect that
on many of the cloud-free occasions when the photographic quality is
poor, atmospheric haze is responsible. Such haze lowers the apparent
contrast of the scene as observed by the cameras but does not otherwise
reduce the resolution potentially obtainable, since the image-forming
light traverses the atmosphere without being scattered. Contrast
amplification sufficient in amount to overcome the atmospheric contrast
reduction would, in the absence of noise, result in images of excellent
quality even under conditions which are presently found to be unsuitable
for photographic reconnaissance. I suspect that atmospheric haze is a
major component of the observed variability of the photographic reconnais-
sance material.
In quite another connection, the long-range terrestial photography
carried out by the clandestine services under DD/P are also affected by
atmospheric haze. Since some of the long-range terrestial photography
is accomplished at ranges of 10-18 miles there are many circumstances when
atmospheric haze must limit the ability of such photographs to be made.
In such cases, contrast amplification. could produce pictures under circum-
stances when no pictures could otherwise be obtained. Thus, both the
clandestine services of the Agency and the reconnaissance activities could
be served by the development of contrast amplification techniques to
supplement photography.
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=0221/64
There seems little likelihood of achieving photographic means
for sufficient contrast amplification to be of significant advantage.
In the case of horizontal photography, through a uniform hazy at-no
a contrast amplification of the order of 50 is necessary to double the
range at which objects can otherwise be photographed. Photographic
contrast amplification of this magnitude seems to be extremely unlikely
if for no other reason due to the point-to-point variability of the
characteristics of photographic materials. Very stringent exposure and
processing requirements also make high photographic contrast amplifications
unlikely to be practical, even if they can be achieved.
Electronic (television) techniques of image conversion appear,
however, to offer the possibility of getting manageable contrast amplifica-
tions of 50 and perhaps 500. Spectacular photographs of otherwise invisable
scenes might be accomplished in this way. It is too early to estimate
the practical aspects of this possibility although it does not seem at the
outset to be unsurmountable or to necessarily impose equipment requirements
that could not be met in practical ways. Certainly reconnaissance
photography from aircraft including both the U-2 and the Oxcart could look
forward to contrast amplification using television-type image conversion
equipment in conjunction with photographic or magnetic tape recording
systems. It is entirely possible also that an electronic telescope might
be devised for direct visual use both terrestially and from aircraft.
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All of these possibilities stem from the fact that television--
type electronic viewing equipment can be made that is essentially photon-
limited in its signal to noise properties. The best image orthicon.
r'riC.rae;:ctisti
televison equipment is very nearly so limited at the present
Image orthicons cannot, however, be used to record bright image> on their
cathodes because of electronic saturation associated with high light levels.
When image orthicon systems are used outdoors in daytime, small aperture
lenses or neutral filters are used to produce images on the photo cathodes
that are vastly smaller in photon content than would be possible in full
daylight if vast lenses were used. Since the signal to noise ratio of a
photon limited system improves as the square root of the number of photons
used to construct the image all else being equal, an improvement in signal
to noise ratio from image orthicon equipment is potentially possible. Under
full daylight conditions the photo cathodes of image orthicon tubes could
be exposed to 1 million times as much light as can presently be used with-
out producing cathode saturation. If it were possible to operate image
orthicons at the highest possible light level without electronic penalty,
an improvement in signal to noise ratio equal to the square root of 1 million
(i.e. 1,000) should be possible in signal to noise ration, and, therefore,
in contrast amplification. If this were done trouble would immediately
be encountered due to point to point variability and sensitivity across the
photo cathode (i.e. to "shading"). Fortunately, means exist for combating
the shading problem. The uniformity of photo cathodes could be improved
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during the manufacture of the tubes. The extent of the inprovc;ment
possible is a matter of economics, but clearly, an inmportaut degree
improvement could be achieved without unduly increasing the rt 't-- of orthicon tubes. There are moreover effective circuit Lc h_'aI_Uju c t'
combating shading. High quality existing television systems include
"shading circuits" which effectively mimimi.ze the shading problem. in
image orthicon tubes and, thereby allow greater manufacturing tolerance;,.
Various other anti-shading techniques have been suggested. for televi.sic'I.
use and a, careful combination of all of these means might reduce the
shading problem sufficiently so that special television systems for
intelligence and reconnaissance use might be produced feasibly which would
permit contrast amplification of 50 or more to be achieved in a very
practical way.
For nearly 10 years it has been known how to use image orthicon
televison tubes in curcuitry which eliminates the cathode saturation effect
and enables these tubes to be used as photon limited devices at the highest
achievable light levels. My colleague, James L. Harris, devised. and.
demonstrated two different simple and straight forward. means for usi.n.g ;standard
-television tubes in standard television cameras in this way. Comparatively
simple circuit changes and attachments to the existing television cameras
were used by Harris to demonstrate contrast amplification and signal to
noise ratio improvement in proportion to the square root of the photon
content of the image on the image orthicon tube. Harris holds a classified
U.S. patent assigned to the Navy on this television technique. Other
investigators have also pursued essentially similar approaches to, the -p dh1em.
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Basically, the method used by Harris makes use of the phenomenum
of reversed or negative secondary mission which can occur at the photo
cathode of an image orthicon tube when an abnorma structure of potentials
is applied to the various parts of the tube. If under these circuit
conditions the photo cathode is flooded either with light or with electrons
the saturating space charge can be dispelled. This can be a nearly
instantaneous process. Harris devised a system of electronic switching
of the voltages applied to the image orthicon tube such that saturation
effects could be wiped. out during the flyback time between each successive
line scan. The additional electronic components which had to be added to
a standard image orthicon field chain camera were very few. Very little
development work has been done by Harris or anyone else so far as I am
aware in this area. It appears perfectly possible that very straight
forward and reliable saturation eliminating techniques can be devised which
will enable television systems to provide contrast amplification sufficient
to more than double the range of terrestial photography or to produce
high contrast pictures through hazy atmospheres which make conventional
photography very poor and lacking in detail. The same techniques applying
to reconnaissance systems from aircraft or from satellites could produce
photographs of the ground under conditions which are obliterated completely
by atmospheric haze and could potentially improve the contrast and informa-
tion content of high-altitude reconnaissance photography when even modest
amounts of atmospheric haze serve to decrease the intelligence potential
of the photography achieved by present practices.
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It is not suggested that this electronic contrast amplification
is immediately suitable for use in orbital vechicles, but it would seem
that photography from U-2's and Oxcarts might be possible after only a
brief period of development. It would appear also that video tape
recording might be used in connection with these contrast amplifying
cameras; such video tape recordings might make it easier to deal with
the shading problem than if photographic recordings were used. If,
moreover, image processing were the extraction of additional image informa-
tion and content were desired, this could probably be accomplished from
the recorded video signal without involving photographic steps and their
intended granularity restrictions.
It might also be possible to compromise optical equipment design in
the direction of sharp edge gradiance and superior modulation transfer
characteristics at low and middle spacial frequencies and depend on analytic
continuation techniques (such as those described by Harris to 25X1A
I,
during their recent visit to Harris Laboratory) in order to
achieve excellent system performance at very high spacial frequencies.
All of the technical possibilities mentioned in this memorandum seem
to be interconnected. All of them represent possible avenues for future
technical developments and are offered in this spirit. It would seem not
impossible that giant strides can be made in improving both reconnaissance
photography from high-flying aircraft and long-range terrestial photography.
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