VFW CHIEF DOUBTS RED CHINA WILL ENTER VIETNAM CONFLICT

• Document Type: CREST
• Collection: General CIA Records
• Document Number (FOIA) /ESDN (CREST): CIA-RDP67B00446R000400080006-4
• Release Decision: RIFPUB
• Original Classification: K
• Document Page Count: 24
• Document Creation Date: December 16, 2016
• Document Release Date: June 29, 2005
• Sequence Number: 6
• Publication Date: June 23, 1966
• Content Type: OPEN

June 23, 1966
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CONGRESSIONAL RECORD APPENDIX A3389
Sunday film: "Stonehenge," lecture hall, 4.
Inquiries concerning the Gallery's educa-
tional services should be addressed to the
Educational Office, 737-4215, extension -272.
MONDAY, JULY 25, THROUGH SUNDAY, JULY 31
Painting of the week: Van Gogh. "La
Mousme" (Chester Dale collection), gallery
86, Tuesday through Saturday 12 and 2;
Sunday 3:30 and 6.
Tour: Introduction to the collection. Ro-
tunda, Monday 11 and 3; Tuesday through
Saturday 11, 1, and 3; Sunday 2:30 and 5.
Sunday film lecture: "Chartres Cathedral."
Speaker: Ann Watson, staff lecturer, Na-
tional Gallery of Art, lecture hall, 4.
Continuing exhibition: "Art Treasures of
Turkey." Ground floor. Through July 17.
Circulated by the Smithsonian Institution
Traveling Exhibition Service. Acoustiguide,
self-contained portable electronic guide,
available for rent.
Recent publications: Catalogue. "Art
Treasures of Turkey." 240 pages, 9" x 91/2",
with essays by Machteld Mellink, Rodney
Young, Paul Underwood, and Richard Etting-
hausen, 3 color plates, and 129 black-and-
white illustrations. $3.50 postpaid.
Catalogue. "French Paintings from the
Collections of Mr. and Mrs. Paul Mellon and
and Mrs. Mellon Bruce.." Second edition.
260 pages, 10" x 71/2" with introduction by
John Rewald, index, 20 color plates, and 226
black and white illustrations. $4.50 postpaid.
Sunday film lectures: A series of lectures
with films on analogies between Primitive
and Modern Art will begin on July 10 and
continue through July 31.
Week-end films: "Art in the Western
World" will be shown in the auditorium on
Saturdays at 2:15 p.m. and "The American
Vision" on Sundays at 2:00 p.m. throughout
the month.
LecTour: A radio lecture device is installed
in 30 exhibition galleries. Talks, running
continuously, cover most of the periods of
art represented by the collections. A visitor
may rent P. small receiving set for 25 cents
to use in hearing these LecTour broadcasts.
Gallery hours: Extended Hours. Through
September 5: Weekdays 10:00 a.m. to 10:00
p.m. Sundays 12:00 noon to 10:00 p.m.
Admission is free to the Gallery and to all
programs scheduled.
Cafeteria: Extended Hours. Through
September 5: Weekdays, Luncheon 11:00
a.m. to 2:30 p.m.; Snack Service 2:30 p.m. to
5:00 p.m.; Dinner 5:00 p.m. to 8:00 p.m.
Sundays, Dinner 12:00 noon to 7:30 p.m.
VF ie Doubts Red China Will Enter
Vietnam Conflict
EXTENSION OF REMARKS
of
HON. RIC14ARD L. ROUDEBUSH
OF INDIANA
IN THE HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES
Thursday, June 23, 1966
Mr. ROUDEBUSH. Mr. Speaker, the
distinguished commander in chief of the
Veterans of Foreign Wars, Mr, Andy Borg
of Superior, Wis., has made many ap-
pearances since assuming the leadership
of that organization nearly a year ago.
He has won a reputation for being candid
and forthright in discussion of public af-
fairs. On June 16, 1966, he made a visita-
tion to the Department of Arkansas, and
as always his remarks were of great value
in their printed reference to the situa-
tion in Vietnam. I, therefore, submit a
newspaper article covering the text of
his . remarks, so that all Members may
be aware of the statements made:
VFW CHIEF DOUBTS RED CHINA WILL ENTER
VIETNAM CONFLICT
The commander in chief of the Veterans
of Foreign Wars of the United States here
Friday ruled out the possibility of Red China
entering the yiet Nam war.
Andy Borg of Superior, Wis., also called for
"total victory" in the Southeast Asian con-
flict, in an interview prior to Friday's open-
ing session of the 35th annual convention of
the state department of the VFW at the Velda
Rose Tower.
The VFW commander said his belief that
Red China would not enter the war was based
on eight reasons, "many of which were given
to me by Chiang Kai-shek when I discussed
the matter with him on Formosa."
He then listed his reasons as follows:
"One, Red China is in economic difficulty.
"Two, If Red China entered the war we
would bomb her atomic installations immedi-
ately and she is very desirous of preventing
that so she can perfect the atomic bomb.
"Three, because of the feud between Red
China and Russia, she does not have the parts
to repair her war machine which was fur-
nished by Russia.
"Four, if Red China entered the war, we
would give air support and naval support to
Chiang Kai-shek and that Is the last thing
that Red China would want-to have Chiang
Kai-shek get a footfold on the mainland of
China.
"Five, the war in South Viet Nam is a
peninsular war and we control the sky and
sea, and Red China would have difficulty in
getting men and supplies in to South Viet
Nam, and we would not make the same mis-
take we made in Korea by not bombing the
sources of supply.
"Six, the Vietnamese people do not desire
to have Red China in Viet Nam any more
than any other outside power. There is a
long-lasting dislike of the Chinese by the
Vietnamese people.
"Seven, Red China would not have any-
thing to gain by entering the war because
at the present time they are fighting the war
with North Viet Nam soldiers without the
loss of face and men and supplies.
"And eight, there is an internal struggle
going on within the Communist regime to
determine who will succeed Mao Tse-tung."
Borg then lashed out at at Sen. J. WILLIAM
FULBRIGHT and asked the Senator to "give
his reasons for believing that Red China
might enter this war."
The VFW commander said, "I don't know
what Senator FULBRIGHT stands for."
Borg, a former district attorney, said Sen.
FULBRIGHT should step. down and let others
ask him questions. "I certainly would like
to ask him questions as a trial lawyer." Sen.
FULBRIGHT is chairman of the Senate Foreign
Relations Committee.
He said he would like to know just what
the Senator advocates in the Viet Nam war.
The. commander-in-chief said he believed
both Sen. FULBRIGHT and Sen. WAYNE MORSE
of Oregon, a critic of the Viet Nam war,
"should go to Viet Nam and see for them-
selves.-
Pointing to a quote attributed to the Ar-
kansas senator as saying the United States
was "arrogant," Borg said "this country has
been good to him myself and everyone. I
have never called my country arrogant."
Asked his views on possible peace talks
with the Red Chinese leaders, the VFW com-
mander said the U.S. should fight with the
idea of "total victory" in the war.
"By using our power," he said, we would
have a much better chance of peace talks
with them than by this so-called graduated
escalation.
"We've announced we will talk. Now it's
up to them."
He was quick to point out, however, as
Washington had said "there is no substitute
for victory."
During his address of the state VFW dele-
gation, the commander again called for "a
big and fast step-up in the U.S. war effort,
in Viet Nam."
Borg urged+a four-point program in step-
ping-up the U.S. war effort.
"Cut-off free world and Communist-bloc
shipping into North Viet Nam by blockade
and if necessary, mining the Haiphong
harbor.
"Bomb fuel supplies and other military
targets in the Hanoi area.
"Destroy railroad communications between
Red China and North Viet Nam.
"Build-up U.S. troop strength in South
Viet Nam."
The commander also said "the VFW fully
supports the stronger action being taken by
the Johnson Administration in South Viet
Nam. The VFW believes that the United
States has no choice but to win this war.
"To do so requires patience, perseverance
and power. We must prove to the Commu-
nists and to the free world that we have, as a
nation, these indispensable ingredients for
victory."
An Editorial in Support of the Interna-
tional Education Act of 1966 by Hen-
rietta and Nelson Poynter, St. Peters-
burg (Fla.) Times, June 19, 1966
EXTENSION OF REMARKS
OF
HON. JOHN BRADEMAS
OF INDIANA
IN THE HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES
Wednesday, June 22, 1966
Mr. BRADEMAS. Mr. Speaker, I in-
sert in the RECORD a most thoughtful
editorial describing the International
Education Act of 1966, which the House
of Representatives passed on June 6,
1966, and which is now awaiting action
in the Senate.
This editorial, which appeared in the
June 19, 1966, issue of the St. Petersburg,
Fla., Times, was written by two distin-
guished journalists, Henrietta and Nel-
son Poynter.
The editorial follows:,
NEEDED: GREATER UNDERSTANDING
College students next year may take a hard
look at new, demanding courses that can lead
to careers overseas working for their govern-
ment, international organizations or busi-
ness and banking enterprises.
Congress has toyed with the idea of a "West
Point of Diplomacy" and other schemes to
train officers for the Department of State.
But the U.S. Senate now has a bill-already
passed by wide bipartisan support in the
House-to make better use of existing insti-
tutions of higher learning to train the thou-
sands of Americans needed to do the wide
diversity of chores of a world power which
has had greatness and responsibility thrust
upon it.
"The Ugly American" was an overdrawn
novel about the thousands of our country-
men in foreign enclaves who had neither the
desire nor capacity to understand the people
of the country to which they were assigned.
The International Education Act is de-
signed to help find and stimulate young
Americans with the urge to know the world--
not just to travel it. Our guess is that such
a program will solve the dilemma of many an
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A3390 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD - APPENDIX June 23, 1966
educated young woman who may find a re-
warding spouse and a career too.
A program of federal aid to stimulate the
study of agriculture, started more than a
century ago, has paid off in bounteous crops
beyond the dreams of those who originated
it, as well as important research in fibers and
new products.
Since the first Russian Sputnik went orbit-
ing In 1957, the federal government has
poured money into most of our colleges and
universities to stimulate scientific and tech-
nical specialities. The International Educa-
tion Act is recognition of our critical need
for new skills not, only in the language of
the tongue but empathy and understanding
of the aspirations and needs-and ? strength
and limitations-of the bewildering variety
of people who make up the rest of our world.
President Johnson has pushed this specific
bill by speeches and special messages. When
he was a member of the Senate he worked
toward better educational facilities for those
especially interested in Asia. His work has
been effective. Only two members of the
Florida delegation-JAMES HALEY of Sara-
sota and ROBERT SIKES of Crestview-voted
against the new act.
Its two principal sections authorize gradu-
ate centers for research and training which
may be set up regionally by several universi-
ties and grants to colleges and universities
and grants to colleges and universities for
comprehensive programs at the undergrad-
uate level. The bill also amends the Defense
Education Act to cut out the limit of "50
per cent" support for language and area study
centers and deletes the, provision that such
centers be limited to teaching languages for
which adequate instruction was not readily
available In the United States.
As JOHN BRADEMAS, Democrat of Indiana.,
the floor leader of the House bill explained.,
this does not mean that colleges have to
teach Czech or Tagalog to qualify. There
is great need for languages like French and
Spanish too. All of this "will help to bring
the nation's educational system into line with
the responsibilities of the United States in
the world community, and with the new
realities of an increasingly interdependent
world."
The federal funds would supplement exist-
ing grants from public and private non-profit
agencies and encourage exchange programs
for teachers and students-such as the Mexi-
can study group at Florida Prebyterian
,College.
By coordinating the activities of various
government agencies in the field of inter-
national studies In a special branch of the
Department of Health, Education and Wel??
fare, thebill could utilize the skills of Ameri-
cans returning from the Peace Corps, Ful-
bright fellowships and other programs, as well
as government and industry experts in a
various areas of the globe.
The results hoped for from this bill as
stated in the debate are:
The exposure of nearly all undergraduates
to some substantial international studies,
particularly in relation to non-Western areas.
. The integration of international studies
Into the curriculums of our universities as
central, not peripheral concerns.
The provision of an effective international
dimension in as many departments and pro-
fessional schools of our universities as appro-
priate and possible.
The encouragement of inter-institutional.
arrangements among groups of colleges and
universities to support effective programs in.
international study.
But of prime importance, in the minds of
the congressmen, is the potential for peace
in this legislation. Rep. CARLETON SICKLES,
Democrat of Maryland, who has worked all
through the Par East, and whose wife was
born in Shanghai, summed it up for his col-
leagues with:
"Only by really knowing the peoples of
other lands, their hopes, their problems-not
as we see them, but as they see them-can
we really develop the mutual understanding
upon which permanent and lasting peaceful
relationships can be based. There is no
greater cause than this."
Florida-Colombia Alliance Program: A
Progress Report
EXTENSION OF REMARKS
or
HON. DANTE B. FASCELL
OF FLORIDA
IN THE HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES
Wednesday, June 22, 1966
Mr. FASCELL. Mr. Speaker, I am ex-
tremely pleased to announce that Flor-
ida's exciting partnership with Colombia
under the Alliance for Progress is being
expanded to include the Republic of
Venezuela. Florida Secretary of State
Tom Adams spoke in Tallahassee on June
16 and announced that the State-to-
nation program has been so successful
in its first 33 months of operation that
"we are now ready to take another im-
portant step, in making this an effort. of
true hemispheric proportions."
Florida's new partnership with Vene-
zuela will begin with a student exchange
program. The first Venezuelan graduate
students will arrive in Florida in Sep-
tember.
Mr. Speaker, problems of hunger,
disease, and illiteracy continue to plague
our hemisphere. But through the ever
increasing scope of activities such as the
Partners of the Alliance the war against
the deepest causes of instability can be
won.
PROGRESS REPORT: FLORIDA-COLOMBIA
ALLIANCE PROGRAM
(By Secretary of State Tom Adams, June
1966)
Now that 33 months have elapsed since the
Florida-Colombia Alliance was initiated, it
is appropriate that we stand back from our
work, appraise our efforts thus far and take
a brief look at where we hope to go in the
years ahead.
In a very real sense, the Florida-Colombia
Alliance constitutes a unique approach to
international good will and assistance pro-
grams. It was one of the first "state-to-
nation" programs embarked upon in the
United States. It combines the talents of
government, private organizations and in-
dividuals of both nations. It is generated
not by monetary gifts but by an exchange of
people, ideas, talents and technical know-
how. It is built on the premise of helping
our good hemispheric friends to help them-
selves and on the recognition that in return,
we have much to gain from their rich cul-
ture and new technology as well as from
commercial exchanges. For only in such a
way can be built mutual respect and truly
friendly relations between the peoples of the
Americas.
Because our approach has been new and
different, the Florida-Colombia Alliance has,
by design, sought to move slowly and de-
liberately in the Initiation of our programs.
For us, it has been a case of learning to
crawl before we could walk; of gaining ex-
perience before we could embark on ambi-
tious ventures.
As a result, I am pleased to report that we
have succeded in establishing a sound base.
The Florida-Colombia Alliance is now a
strong, dynamic and growing concern. With
active state-wide committees established in
both Florida and Colombia, we are ready to
move forward with increasing effectiveness
in the areas of education, agriculture, civic
organizations and sister city affiliations. In
addition, new committees are soon to be ap-
pointed to guide our efforts in public health,
culture, tourism, commerce and public ad-
ministration.
RESUME OF ACCOMPLISHMENTS
Education
College Scholarships
The Florida Board of Regents has author-
ized a total of 15 graduate level scholarships
each trimester at State universities for de-
serving Colombian students under the Alli-
ance program. As well, more than a dozen
Florida junior colleges have pledged more
than 45 scholarships to Colombian high
school graduates. In return, leading Colom-
bian universities, including Los Andes, Na-
tional and Valle, have granted reciprocal
scholarships on a matching basis to Florida
students.
During the first sixteen months of these
reciprocal scholarships, a total of 47 Colom-
bian students were placed in universities and
junior colleges in Florida. In January, 1966,
the first three Florida students began classes
in Colombian universities.
Study-Travel Program
An 8-week study and travel program was
organized by the Alliance and the Experiment
in International Living in Bogota for 15
Florida junior college students beginning in
July, 1966. The major colleges of the Colom-
bian Department of Cundinamarca have de-
veloped a special six-week course in Spanish,
Latin American History and Literature, for
which no enrollment fees are being charged.
Technical Assistance
Through the Alliance, Dr. Harvey K. Meyer,
Director of Research in Teaching at Florida
Atlantic University, went to Colombia this
year to advise on the establishment of aca-
demic programs at the Universidad del Norte,
a new, private technological institute sched-
uled to open in Barranquilla in July. On a
contract to the university, Dr. Meyer surveyed
facilities, interviewed professors, developed
curriculums and recommended necessary
textbooks.
Public health
Medicines Dispatched
On July 20, 1965, Colombia's Independence
Day, the Alliance delivered 500 pounds of
urgently needed medicines and medical sup-
plies to the Children's Hospital in Barran-
quilla to combat an epidemic of dehydration.
As a result, the hospital director reports that
the lives of many young children were saved.
Similar pleas from other hospitals and clinics
are also receiving an affirmative response
by Florida-Colombia Alliance Committees.
Health Survey
A detailed public health survey was con-
ducted along the north coast of Colombia
through the auspices of the Alliance. The
consequent report is providing the basis for
continued development of health programs
in that area.
Agriculture
Soil Kits
Early in 1965, soil testing kits and mate-
rials to assist in plant disease recognition
and control were dispatched to the Secre-
tary of Agriculture in the Colombian State
of Atlantico.
Cattle Short Course
The Alliance Agriculture Committee ar-
ranged for the Issuing of formal invitations
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A3376 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD - APPENDIX June 23, 1966
merit should not have to base the bed-rock to conduct research in electrogasdynamic
of its promotion on the free help of key power generation, through which it is
people from DMAA, Time, Inc., Readers hoped that large volumes of electricity
Digest and McCalls? will be produced without the use of con-
Two years ago, The Department and Con-
gress ventional generators and turbines.
should have looked at this new product, The success of r d turbines.
ZIP Code, and hired themselves a first class
advertising agency to produce a continuing, would not only reduce air contamina-
believable advertising program. From a tion-currently one of coal's major prob-
practical matter, though, no self-respecting lems-but also increase efficiency in
agency .would have touched such a product power production and eliminate the need
until they saw that the product was ready for large water supplies at electric plants.
for market. The product may finally be With an assortment of air pollution con-
ready by the end of this year. A paid-for trol regulations now facing the coal and
advertising program will sell the public, sell
business, sell the employees, point everyone oil industries, it is mandatory that new
in the same direction with some confidence combustion techniques be developed as
that this is a going concern. If 1% of sales is soon as possible.
the formula, $60,000,000 is needed for the The Federal Government and some
project. large municipalities have suddenly
This whole subject is grist for another adopted or threatened such stringent
treatise on the need for government to recog- regulations on smoke, fly ash, and sul-
nlze that marketing should be paid for to emissions that even the most mod-
buy best results, just as government must phur pment
cannot
guar and trucks, and buildings, me, and computers, aern ritee the coal burning plants will meet
and scales, and postage meters.
Be that as it may, we have all learned a requirements. Certainly the electric
valuable lesson in government. And we utility industry has made outstanding
hesitatingly continue to believe that our progress in reducing atmospheri0 pol-
present ZIP Code system is a reality, colored lution, and the coal industry has in-
by the obvious fact that we need something vested in multimillion-dollar prepara-
e We tion plants to remove impurities before
t o mail make in the yeaW ahead
sh mouldove the
mlook try t to it Congress, work. v however, , to work apparently out the product goes to market.
must
a carefully written law and remove this im- Only an all-out research program can
portant system from regulation, a law which advance the cause of air pollution con-
also defines perimeters beyond which The trol to a point where it can meet some
a
allowed out is accurate. I must confess,
however, that I have little confidence in
those whose spokesman has enunciated
the official "right to lie" and recently has
jibed at Vietnam reporters who expect
officials to tell them the truth. But all
this is somewhat beside the point of what
I intend to say.
Mr. Speaker, thus far this has been the
most mismanaged war in the history of
the United States as a sovereign nation,
It is a sad thing when our soldiers have
to write home from Vietnam to ask to get
a pair of shoes, tents, when ammunition
supplied our allieds in Europe has to be
bought back at a profit to the holders
and then flown to Vietnam; when a small
American command has to ask General
Ky's headquarters in Saigon before
making a local attack on an assembly of
Vietcongs, when military helicopters are
summarily requisitioned in the battle
area to carry civilian supplies, and when
the record shows that 70 percent of sup-
plies reaching Saigon by ship are not
military supplies at all.
Whatever happens in the future, the
American people are not going to forget
or forgive the massive mismanagement
of a war in which their sons, husbands,
and fathers are fighting and dying.
Department cannot go in making demands of the new standards proposed or a re
Y New Economic Myths
for sorting and sacking. There is a solution. adopted. OCR's projects to develop
t b
l
There must be. You can do your par
y competitive synthesis fuels from Coa
understanding, experimenting, reporting show exceptional promise, and coal's
your findings to Congressman ARNOLD OLSEN, bright future will be assured if the
House of Representatives, Washington, D.C.,
20515 and to Frederick C. Belen, Deputy Post- Gour dine process proves successful,
master General, Post Office Department,
Washington, D.C., 20260. You will want to
send carbons to your associations, and if you
think of it, to this reporter. We'll continue
to look, listen and report our findings to you.
But your participation is urgently needed.
Coal Research
EXTENSION OF REMARKS
OF
HON. JOHN P. SAYLOR
OF PENNSYLVANIA
IN THE HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES
Thursday, June 23, 1966
much as I was author of cne legislation ---Last week, American Armed Forces
that established the Office of Coal Re- suffered 883 casualties in Vietnam, of
search, I have attempted to keep in- which 142 were killed. The number of
its various the progress of that office and wounded is, of course, many times that
its vatiys projects. of the dead and casualty figures do not
Last year I oj dssoectf c aoal facility used y in to Cleve-
filter include those ill from the peculiar dis-
lwage, a beds of cr eases of Asia and one of the world's
seewage, and I have since noticed in-
deepest jungles.
creasing interest in this project on the Nor-and this is very important-do
part of both Government and industry. the official casualty figures bear a rela-
Once rin coal has served its purpose as tionship to the number of troops in-
bofilrsiwi agent, it can be bs ucont undeer volved. The majority of the battles in
bilers have also little loss of Btu content.
s Coal Vietnam are fought in small units of
I hate also ithe Monroeville, Bituminous Coal from platoon to battalion strength. If
were experimentations Laboratory under nder OCR QCR Pa aus- - a batttalion suffers 300 casualties that pices as well as numerous industry- is a high rate indeed.
whhere
sponsored studies are taking place. Last Mr. Speaker, like most Americans, I
week it was my pleasure to inspect the do not know when or what to expect in
laboratory of Gourdine Systems, Inc., in Vietnam. Like most Americans, I do
Livingston, N.J. This facility has re- not know how much news is being given
cently been awarded an OCR contract out or withheld and how much of that
HON. ED REINECKE
OF CALIFORNIA
IN THE HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES
Thursday, June 23, 1966
Mr. REINECKE. 'Mr. Speaker, the
total of American dead in Vietnam is now
nearing the 4,000 mark and local Ameri-
can papers increasingly carry news of the
dead from local cities, towns, and farms.
I saw one such report this morning in
EXTENSION OF REMARKS
HON. AL ULLMAN
OF OREGON
IN THE HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES
Thursday, June 23, 1966
Mr. ULLMAN. Mr. Speaker, the sta-
bility of our economic today is being
threatened by skyrocketing interest
rates. The inflationary pressures of in-
reased money costs are being reflected
in the price of many consumer goods.
At the same time, the homebuilding in-
dustry is being adversely affected by the
drain from the mortgage market. I am
concerned that these and other irreg-
ularities are not receiving the required
attention from the administration. De-
cisive action is needed to bring interest
rates within the zone of safety to permit
a continuation of our economy's record
expansion.
In the accompanying article from the
Washington Post of June 19, Columnist
Joseph Kraft recalls the efforts of the
late President Kennedy in expressing the
distinction between-myth and reality in
economic affairs. Today, reality de-
mands that the accelerating trend to
higher interest rates be halted and rev-
ersed before it imposes an unbearable
burden on our economy.
NEW ECONOMIC MYTHS
(By Joseph Kraft)
At Yale four years ago, President Kennedy
made his famous distinction between myth
and reality in economic affairs. President
Johnson has at all times shied away from
that distinction. And now there are signs-
faint but unmistakeable-that the myth-
makers are staging a comeback.
The focus of the distinction between myth
and reality, of course is the role of the Fed-
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June 23, 1966 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD - APPENDIX
At the May 19 hearings, A3377
t'5
Y quite a case was Fact is, The Department has assigned 930 regionally, or significantly beyond the bor-
to
made for including all towns in a new direc- first three digit numbers. The importance ders of a single toenwn. to Is a the change thousands upon
of the napt, ry. Iii my tours around the country, one of this does not show until your mall is sort- What will happ
indicated?
people using the direr complaints Iheard from ed and sacked according to current resole- thousands of
pon
findh
I-P.- an TO
ro number for many towns and for ad- 552 sectional centers, you lmu
st knowl
sses which
dre based on building names. There are three-digit number goes to which sectional
between 91,000 and 122,000 communities, po- center. If you do not have enough mail
litical entities, what-have-you, in the United tied out to five digits, to make a third of a
States. If you live in Muttontown, Long Is- five-digit sack, you must place these bundles
land, New York, you cannot find your number in the right three-digit hag, which can mean
in the directory. It is served by the Syosset either a sectional center or a multi-ZIP
Post Office and carries the 5 digit number of Coded city (Chicago-606).
Syosset. The Past Office's position has been Important here is that there are 189 sec-
that the postal delivery address is the right tional centers which shepherd two to five
address on mail, not the name of the prestige first-three-digit numbers totaling 265 across
community which has no post office. When the country, or 454 three-digit-problems.
you realize that there are only 33,000 post Add to this 398- sectional centers involving
offices serving 122,000 "communities" you be-
girt to see how incomplete the directory is in that wone
e lhst we three-digit number and you se-852 terms of a useful tool for the public. di are dealing with added more three
cen-
While the Post Office takes this restricted gs. u this must be added more three
view of addressing, they dare not press the digit numbers reserved for the military and
issue officially. They know that Congress Wr ot purposes.
would be sensitive to the public's cry if their Carolina, does this Hmeans? ,
al Ce Crer, , shepherds North
community's name was forbidden in a postal first , a sectional cenr five
address. The situation has been aggravated discover digit that numbers-270
If
you ou do not o nohave enough
by The Department's program in recent years you discnde enough
of closing 3rd and 4th Class Post Offices, town bundles, tied out by five digits begin-
omces. But now there are approximately
33,000 plus branches.
Good news may be on the way, though.
The Postmaster General at his news confer-
ence on May 19 announced that Instruc-
tions are being Issued to all postmasters to
arrange to supply ZIP Code information by
telephone on a regular basis during normal
business hours. To be of necessary service,
to the meetings held for a hundred here and
a hundred there? We anticipate chaos of
immense proportions.
I am informed, much to my dismay, that
this situation was fully discussed at a meet-
ing of the Postmaster General's Technical
Advisory Committee about a year ago. Why
wasn't this problem brought back for dis-
cussion in association bulletins at that time,
so that at least the insiders could go to work
on exploring the problem. Why was this ap-?
parently a surprise to The Department at
recent hearings? What can be done now In
seven short months?
Exemptions? Or extensions for hardship
cases? This was likewise thoroughly ex-
plored at the May 19th hearing. Harry
Maginnis, Lee Epstein and Manny Cohen of
Mailmen, Inc., Syosset, spoke at length about
the potential inequities of that system; that
it opened the door to 33,000 different opinions
from 33,000 postmasters; would create a situ-
ation of slow, bureaucratic decisions. And
by what ouideli ,
'---
es ,,
enough bundles to make a third of a sack reasonable sorting andfsacking requirements.
for all towns whose numbers begin with 274. Isn't the real solution a compromise version
If not, the mail handlers will have to know of Arnold Olsen's original bills making the
that 274 bundles must be sacked to 270. ZIP Code system a law, not a regulation; and
The same would apply to 273, 272 and 271. delaying the program through the device of
This complication far exceeds the ability of a reward for those who have fought this
the mailhandler to scoop finished mail com- thing through and can make it, or a slight
ing off a conveyor belt, and "compute" where penalty to those who can't comply because
this goes. of no real fault of
of rea
-_-?sons to reporter decided
land, which means that a new directory wIt4i they sorting . and sacking are finding that (1 testify-
on Post ay 4 was to make three points:
With complete and accurate information, is tmust specially code the finished list- (1) The PsOffice Department did not
run
going to be needed. The Department agreed do. to tip off the mail handler what he is to predate the enormity of the problem for
for
at the May 19 hearing to take this under do. A list in numerical sequence must be business in accepting a revolutionary filing
study. If they now agree to the chap e, it hand coded, preferably in red, with three to system to replace many age-old ways of son-
g five different sacking symbols, or the mailing ducting business clerically. They miscalcu-
will be many months before this 4th revs- process slows to a snails nn- with f.. ,a+e ,
elan can appear
t
iuey will also need to study the quantity
needed. Hundreds of thousands are needed
at windows, switchboards, on public writing
counters. (This weekend I walked into a
post office and spotted a directory chained
to a, writing counter In the lobby. But was
horrified to see that it was a copy of the first
directory Issued in 1963, thoroughly out of
date including the numbers for the 643
delisted multi-ZIP Coded cities.) Enough
new directories will be needed to supply the
millions of reference points in businesses
around the country. There are 4,000,000
businesses in these United States, plus gov-
ernment. Large national mailers need many
copies throughout their organizations.
Point is, that in this critical area alone, we
are simply not ready for January 1967.
Closely related to this is The Department's
computer tape. It does not work. It does
not contain every community. It does not
recognize The Department's own imposed
standard abbreviations for cities and states.
It does not help computer owners with zones
in multi-ZIP Coded cities. This was brought
out in hearings by Norman Carroll, computer
expert Holy Ghost Missions, Stanley Wood-
r
ff
f
u
o
Ed Burntt I
e,nc. and Myron Kauf-
man of Publishers Clearing House. They also
Those on computer are figuring several ways was first announced nr November e11962, the
of adding a code during the addressing run. rules of the game were not made known until
We have seen several. But those on old February, 1965, barely 16 months ago, after
fashioned equipment must do it by hand several years of repeated statements by The
after every list run. This was not told to us Department that ZIP would be voluntary.
in the early diagrams put out by the Post (2) The ZIP Code system did not stabilize
Office Department to prove simple compli- soon enough. The sweeping changes at the
ance. This, is no where described in dia- beginning of this year in which 643 multi-
grams being handed out at meetings right ZIP Coded cities were delisted to single ZIP
now. status is a case in
point.
We have been mailing this magazine un- ing, innocent changes being omade eIn Multi-
der the regulations as they are now written ZIP Coded Cities. The numbers finally need
since February. The list is in numerical se- to be frozen, changes made systematically
quence. In conusultation with the Duluth and everyone notified in a systematic way.
Post Office and the Minneapolis Regional ex- (3) The ZIP Code program is in trouble
pert, our plant determined that our list of because of inadequate promotion in two im-
labels in continuous form needed to be coded portant areas: (a) a massive training gro-
in red by hand, with five different symbols gram for 600,000 postal employees; (b) a mas-
at every change in number, depending on sive advertising and promotion campaign
what needed to be done with the bundle. beamed to every corner of the land.
And every month. Our plant claims it takes A real training program is desperately
a girl 13 hours for this chore, and must be needed. We understand a manual has been
done if the conveyor belt is to maintain any written and sits on a Department desk. And
decent speed. It really must be done an has for some months. But The Department
lists from a computer print-out, if some sort says it has no money to hire the large train-
of symbolism isn't added during the address- ing staff, the tools and materials needed to
ing run. And here, I am, told symbols are get all employees talking the same language.
hard to see at high speed.
-?-- The D
s
t
The proper tools have i' . Lane Publishing, Menlo Park, California in
yet to be supplied May. They publish Sunset. Have 700,000
to those who face a mandatory date in seven subscribers. Their plant notified them that
months.
SORTING AND SACKING
But If you think the numbers are bad,
wait until you grapple with sorting and
sacking. Those of you who read our weekly
newsletter, Friday Report, already know
about the discovery of recent weeks. All
of us have been told repeatedly that there
are 552 sectional centers and many have
assumed that there arg, therefore, 552 first
three digits assigned out of a possible 999.
they would not mail the magazine unless
their "print-out" from Speedaumat plates
was marked in red with symbols. It has
meant three extra people for the week dur-
ing which the magazine run is made on five
addressing machines. And every month.
This dissertion is in part news to you. But
another purpose is to make the point that
few know about this yet. The Department is
just beginning to recognize the significance
of this to the mailer mailing nationally,
par
ment is apparently gun shy of
Congressional Appropriation Committees.
So the program sits. Consequence is that
many business users of the mail, searching
for answers, come away from their post of-
fices with confusing interpretations and a
feeling that the postal "experts" know less
about the problems than questioning mailers.
Part II of an educational program is the
real need for a paid advertising program to
the public, produced by the smartest possible
marketing team. Needed ... an Asst. Post-
master General for Marketing to sit beside
the ones for Transportation, Operations, Fa-
cilities, Personnel and the new one to be,
Research and Development. The Depart-
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:13482
CONGRESSIONAL RECORD - SENATE
the demise predicted for them; it Is still the
locus of governmental faith, hope, and
charity.
There is little indication that the local
government omelet can be unscrambled.
,The urban county, interlocal contracting,
voluntary councils of elected officials, re-
sponsible regional development districts, lib-
eralized annexation, municipal incorporation
control, metropolitan planning, supervision
of special district activities, and residual
home rule powers; these will all help pre-
vent the local government situation from
,getting worse, or at least slow down the rate
of fragmentation. But this may be the best
that can be hoped for in the way of intra-
metropolitan action.
' Buckminster Fuller has expressed shock at
the realization that in the field of interna-
tional relations, "continuation of the weap-
ons race and of cold and hot warring are mo-
tivated only by intramural party fears of local
political disasters. The world's political fate
does not rest with leaders at the summit, ex-
sin the will of world people, but with
es
known to all Americans for his penetrat-
ing observations over many years to the
people of this country on most of the
important issues about which all of us
are concerned.
He recently spent a month in southeast
Asia and this personal report of what he
found is one of the best balanced and
most objective analyses of the situation
that prevails in that unhappy area that
has come to my attention.
I believe that what Mr. Sevareid said
about this tragic situation will be of in-
terest to Senators and to people of
the country. Therefore, I ask unani-
mous consent that his remarks be
printed in the RECORD.
There being no objection, the report
was ordered to be printed in the RECORD,
as follows:
VIETNAM: A PERSONAL REPORT
(By Eric Sevareld)
g
pr
the local ambitions and fears of lower-eche- (Below and on the pages that follow is the
,on political machines ... All political ma- full text of the CBS News' "Vietnam: Eric
chine professionals of all political states will Sevareid's Personal Report," scheduled for
always oppose loss of sovereignty for their broadcast Tuesday evening, June 21, on the
own state. Solution of the impasse, if it CBS Television Network. Mr. Sevareid video-
comes at all, must clearly come from other taped the broadcast shortly after returning
than political initiative." 62 from several weeks in Vietnam followed by
Substitute for the world's fate, "the met- from
swing through Asia that took him to Hong
of inttan area's fate," and we have a picture Kong, Thailand, Japan and Formosa. Text
interlocal relations today. Unfortunately may be reprinted in full or in part, with
for international relations, there is nothing oredit.to CBS News.)
comparable to the Federal and State govern- Good evening. I'm Eric Sevareid.
ments to help keeps things manageable. I propose to sit here for the next thirty
. Much political, professional, and adminis- minutes and talk about America in Asia,
trative talent will continue to be expended about war and about truth. This may set
just to make the interdependent etro oli- television back a long way. We'll find out.
tan area work. At a minimum, each metro- I sill not an authority on Asia. Asia is far
politan area will need some form of regional too big, changing far too rapidly for many
governmental machinery, most likely taking certainties.
the form of a council of elected officials and There is no
staffed by a regional planning unit, a regional I such am thing not an n military expert pert on science. ar. er is o
citizen information-education-response rye- such art, in which by sci ch. er,. will man
tern and an integrated regional fiscal plan, to and faith play at least as great a role as fig-
rneetagreed-upon regional goals 5' ores and logic.
All three levels are developing a more dis- About truth, I hope I know more. It is a
criminating form of cooperative federalism 64 re orter's business to tell appearance from
to meet the needs and realities of govern- reality, rhetoric from fact.
meat in metropolitan areas. In a govern- He often fails. in this Vietnam war, he
mental system of shared functions, frictions fails unusually often. Because he is nor-
and an ever, will occur. There are m elfbasic really a stranger to the land, its language
defects, met all of, the lleng but es system one-the itself. and its people. And because at every level-
psychological-
Ithas ar. all of thechallenges
wcontinue contiue to serve military, political, economic, psychological-
for a War. long g The system will nu the robthe truth is fragmented in a thousand pieces.
for ace riots, toshortages, meeting est ac At each level it is a jigsaw puzzle that no
bong of n, and ots, increasing water s rate, and d single man is able to piece together. We are
contamaminatinaed air. There are crime no multimate therefore confronted with an extraordinary
cont human or or governmental condition: no honest man can return a con-
loairs. Consistency in either urban develomene vincing answer to the great and obvious
will, i stewords, "continue questions that all men ask:
be thl the Is our action there insurance against even-
b, ob Emerson ' s little minds, by little
statesmen of lphil min The es si tual war with China, as the administration
f asserts, or 1s it increasing the risk of such
bility lOf fn the he students s and and :" pracThetitioners oners of
,. a war? Will the Vietnamese pull themselves
o
e
v
r
SOUTHEAST ASIA
Mr. FULBRIGHT. Mr. President, on
Tuesday evening, June 21, the distin-
guished commentator, Mr. Eric Sevareid,
made a personal report on the CBS
television network. Mr. Sevareid is well
The New Yorker, January 8, 1966, p. 93.
See "The State of the Region," Presi-
dent's Annual Report Delivered to the Board
of Trustees of the Metropolitan Fund, Inc.,
Detroit, Michigan, January 26, 1966, p. 5.
Henry C. Hart, "The Dawn of a Com-
, 54 munity-Defining Federalism," The Annals,
years and men will it take?
To each question, the official rhetoric of
Washington gives the optimistic response.
These officials speak from faith, not fact.
The total of the known facts does not deny
their optimism; but it does not confirm it,
either.
Through this fog of uncertainties the re-
porter must pick his wa'y; he must report
out of instinct, experience and impression.
He can guess, estimate, and try to project
what seem to him the probabilities.
And his first task is to break through the
crust of his own pre-conceived notions.
I think I was only dimly aware of what
the American power in the Pacific world
really means. As you fly the great arcs to
Alaska and .Japan, and down the eastern rim
of Asia's land mass, you begin to under-
'June 23,1966
stand. The vast Pacific and the skies above
it belong to American power. America-its
men, money and machines-is intermingled
with the affairs of governments' everywhere,
the daily lives of hundreds of millions of
people.
Consider the world of the Pacific Ocean
and the southern seas in this American era:
Alaska-30,000 military men.
-Hawaii-100,000 military men.
Guam-20,000 military men.
Okinawa-25,000 military men.
Japan-39,000 military men.
Korea-55,000 military men.
Taiwan-10,000 military men.
The Philippines-25,000 military men.
Vietnam-about 285,000 military men.
Thailand-20,000 military men.
Besides, of course, the Seventh Fleet
itself-60 to 70,000 men.
This is the legacy of the defeat of Japan
in World War Two; of the take over of China
by the communists; of the collapse of Euro-
pean rule; of the Korean war; and now, of
the fighting in Vietnam. It is also the legacy
of habit, of the military man's fear of ever
giving up any salient, of the idea that Com-
munist China, is bent upon military aggres-
sion, as were Hitler's Germany and Stalin's
Russia.
There is a strange phenomenon that comes
into play in the relationship between im-
pressions and reality. It has to do with time
and space. For distance lends, not only en-
chantment, but apprehension. So, to Amer-
icans at home, the Buddhist riots in Saigon
means that all Saigon is in turmoil. But
the man sitting in a cafe a block from the
riots is relaxed; he knows it's not. So, to
us at home, China appears a frightening
monster, straining at the leash, eager to
smash her neighbors.
But some of her neighbors are far more
relaxed than we. This is true of the gov-
ernment of Japan, the most powerful non-
communist society of eastern Asia. Their
view of China as an aggressive threat is
closer to the view of Senator FULBRIGHT
than to that of Secretary Rusk.
They believe that China is already con-
tained. She is contained by the existence
of the nuclear bomb, by the simple knowl-
edge that if she marches over the border of
a friendly country that we are able to help,
we shall immediately help. She is con-
tained by this gigantic ring of steel built by
the United States along her eastern and
southern borders and by Russia's ring of
steel along four thousand miles of her west-
ern borders. If she feels encircled, no big
power ever had more right to feel that way.
She fears what the United States may do
more than some of her neighbors fear what
she may do.
China can try the methods of subversion
in Southeast Asia, she has and she does.
But it is doubtful how successful she would
be, even without our presence and resist-
ance in Vietnam. Nationalism is basically
stronger than any ideology. Most nations
are not dominoes, that fall over with a click.
These nations of Southeast Asia, like Thai-
land or Burma, are more like sponges.
Their edges can become waterlogged with
Communist-trained resistance groups, but
there are a thousand natural obstacles to
the water seeping through the whole or-
ganism. One is the historic dislike and
distrust of, the Chinese throughout these
regions.
A crucial question is whether our resist-,
ante in Vietnam is preventing the spread of
Chinese dominance in other Asian countries.
through their propaganda, infiltration,
subversion.
The administration points to Indonesia
where the powerful Chinese-inspired Com-
munist apparatus was smashed not, long ago.
That would never have happened.. they like
to think, were we not there, in Vietnam.
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June .23, 1966 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD -.SENATE
13481,
these agreed-upon goals, an examination public official, is concerned with citizen reac- tional arguments for limitations on Federal.
aright then be made of the present and lion to its activities, "its image." These action. It will administer little directly
steeded performance of the whole range of qualitites should make the private corpora- other than the Post Office, national parks?
urban functions to be followed by develop- tions especially attractive to governmental and veterans hospitals.
ment of a Metropolitan. Workable Program. officials at all levels to help carry out their Until now, the States in the Federal Union.
Such Metropolitan Workable Program would programs. Many Federal agencies have have exercised relatively unlimited autonomy,
be multi-program, multi-jurisdictional, and already, in effect, created their own private in four major areas of governmental activity:
include procedures to assure that before any corporations, e.g., Rand, Institute for Defense (1) the administration of election machinery
local government in the metropolitan area Analysis. Other agencies have done likewise, and the prescription of voter qualifications
would be eligible for any Federal aids that but more covertly.
they be a party of the workable program in State and treai fo (2) the financing
A number of contracts have been let under and administration n o of the public schools;
agreement. The plan would include a politi- the Economic Opportunity Program with (3) maintenance of law and order; and (4)
cally responsible comprehensive planning major industrial corporations to operate Job maintenance of independent tax systems.
process, an integrated regional fiscal capital Corps training centers. The corporations Pressured by sins of commission and omission
program and budgetary plan, and agreed- diversify their activities while OEO taps their in a handful of States, the Federal Govern-
upon variety of land development control managerial resources for public purposes. ment in 1966 entered three of these previously
mechanisms. Federal incentives to such a The State of California has let contracts reserved fields In substantial manner,
cooperative regional effort would have to be with some of the Nation's aerospace corpora- through the Voting Rights Act (P.L. 89-110),
high and might take the form of cash con- tions to examine the feasibility of attract- the Elementary and Secondary Education Act
meet t ib tions ofl unearmarneedsked to help Ing urban problems through the scientific (P.L. 89-10), the Law Enforcement Assistance
through existing budget sources. Federal al available
aids e bl and systems approaches developed by these Act (P.L. 89-197), and establishment of a
through of gong sour is and the grant feore firms in helping carry out the Nation's de- National Commission on Law Enforcement
Tense and space programs. Taking a leaf and Administration of Justice. If the Heller
oentives for metropolitanwide projects in the from this experience, Lyle Fitch of the Insti- Plan becomes the Johnson Plan, the Federal
Metropolitan Development Title of the Urban tute of Public Administration predicts "the Government will enter the fourth previously
Development Act proposed by the President development of public-private 'consortiums' exclusive area. And once public respon-
are steps in the direction of a metropolitan to meet urban social and physical needs. sibility revolves upward it rarely devolves
goals effort. Government ... might contract with Indus-
Metropolitan party organization try for entire systems or urban services." w again.
The classic functions of political parties Given a high degree of competence and States, programs as will continue to use 0h"
concern with the a channel as in "t01"
in the United States are to provide leader- protection of the public planning ng g assistance sto smaller communities,
ship, to crystallize issues and to reconcile interest on the part of government contrac- a priority-setting body as in sewage treat-
diverse community and private interests. tors, industry is in a strategic position to ment and hospital construction grants, a
These functions are precisely what are make major contributions in such previously planning body as in the Federal-Aid Highway
needed In our metropolitan areas today. In exclusive public sectors as crime and de- program, a partner as in the River Basin
the not too distant past, parties were well linquency control, government information, Commission title of the Water Resources
organized from the ward to State party or- economic development, and water supply and Planning Act, and an approving body as in
ganization. But patronage has declined, sewage disposal. the Land and Water Conservation Fund. In
and governmental programs today, as a mat- CONCLUSION large part, these differences in administrative
ter of right rather than party favor, increas- The current trends in the role of govern- relationships reflect subtle adaptation to
ingly meet peoples' needs for assistance, ment in urban development might have been political and administrative necessities, but
Local political party organization in metro- described in the paradoxical opening lines in larger part arise from piece-meal decision-
politan areas today is simply a pale reflection of Dickens' "A Tale of Two Cities": making and past patterns of behavior. Still
of the existing pattern of local government. "It was the best of times, it was the worst needed is a Federal philosophy and broad
One approach recently suggested in the of times, it was the age of wisdom, it was the doctrine on the role of the States in Federal
Philadelphia metropolitan area called for age of foolishness, it was the epoch of belief, assistance for urban development.
a supplementing of the existing local party it was the epoch of incredulity; it was the The States will continue to be an indispen-
structure "with a unit which will attend to season of light, It was the season of dark- sable part of the system for a number of old
the political realities of today's inter-county, ness; it was the spring of hope, it was the reasons and for a number of new ones. The
inter-state, super-city . . . Within the in- winter of despair." States do avoid a concentration of power,
ter-county--inter-state area encompassed The role of the Federal and State govern- facilitate a wide participation in government,
by urban Philadelphia, the Republican Party ments continues to grow. They are helping provide yardsticks and laboratories for experi-
was represented by three men seeking seats- local government do what local governments mentation, serve as an outlet for local griev-
in the U.S. Senate. Though largely facing cannot 'do very well for themselves; raise ances and for political aspirations, permit
the same problems and all campaigning adequate revenues and do It equitably, administrative decentralization and distri-
within the area of influence cast by such achieve economies of scale, administer re- butler of work load, allow for diversity and
factors as TV, there was no coordination of gional programs, and provide a forum for the regional adaption, and help protect our two-
candidate or party activity. A minimum of resolution of conflicting interests. party system. The State has ample powers
coordination could have improved each cam- A new dimension in Federal and State aids and financial resources; it exists, therefore it
paign and could have saved money through is likely to be demanded by local govern- will be used. It will increasingly be called
volume purchases of time and space." ment. In an age of $100 billion Federal upon to perform the functions of regulation,
Such a council, the proposal goes on, could budget, civil rights groups are calling for an leadership, technical and financial assistance,
develop programs in a multitude of critical added $40 billion a year to "aid economic and removing archaic restrictions on local
areawide problems, including transportation, development and racial justice in the Na- government. With no sign of metropolitan
water resources, housing, zoning, and race tion's large cities." The lesson of this new government in sight, the governor's office and
relations. A similar effort is underway in the dimension of proposed financial aid will not the legislatures will increasingly serve as a
Minneapolis-St. Paul metropolitan area. likely be lost on urban interest groups devel- place of arbitration and for developing under-
These political leaders understand the im- oping a strategy for the future. standing among suburban and city dwellers,
portance of the metropolitan area to their The role of the Federal Government will and among the sometimes competing metro-
party's future, both in terms of the proper- continue to be that of acting when it is the politan area populations within the same
tier of the vote cast in metropolitan areas only agency with the necessary resources, State.
and in terms of growing urban problems. when the needed activities cannot be han- Cleo for local a cannot w her her, nor ShakAs , espeare's approach has application in both par- dled within the jurisdictional limits of Cleopatra, " Are cannot wither her, nor cure
ties. It can revitalize and widen the hori- smaller governmental units, when nation- tom stale her infinite variety." It is the
tons of the existing central city political wide minimum standards are justified, when place where the buck stops, where ultimately
machine and add structure, professionalize- State, local or private groups are likely to most public services will be administered,
tier, and form to today's suburban political take action that injures the interests of and where almost all public funds, however
efforts. people in other States, or? when basic politi- collected, will be spent. The role of local
Public use of the private sector cal and civil rights are impaired .51 The vital- governments in urban development will not
The private corporation has many of the ity of the Federal response to urban prob- be tidy, or even efficient, in an accountant's
attributes of an ideal metro olltan lems-in voting rights, education, poverty, sense.
P govern- ng_h On the other hand, physical and admin-
nment. It can operate across jurisdictional ben demonstrated. ho rchoice, and ll be in r has
and even State boundaries. It generally has been Its role will beinceas- istrative tidiness (and even economy) is not
attracted the bulk of the managerial and pro- 80 Architectural Forum, January-February omit O ction agencies spawned by the Eco-t 'fessional talent of the country. It has broad 1966, Vol. 124, No, 1, 94. cess in prt by the disruption s meoof tthe heir atus
s
borrowing power. Its potential excesses can 61 Commission on Intergovernmental Rela. quo. Jane Jacobs (and in our hearts we
be `controlled by government regulation. tions, "A Report to the President for Trans- know she's right) has made an effective case
And, finally, the private corporation, like the mittal to the Congress" (1955), p. 64, for the central cities being a long way from
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June. 3, 1966
CONGRESSIONAL RECORD SENATE
If this Is true," all of us would all feel very
much better about this war in Vietnam. My
personal opinion is that that is not true.
Indeed, it was the conclusion of Japan's
ambassadors to Southeast Asian countries,
in recent consultation, that Vietnam had
nothing to do with those events In Indonesia,
that internal, domestic pressures alone were
responsible.
. Korea in the north, Thailand in the south
are exceptions to this line of thought. The
men who rule Thailand have thrown in their
lot with the United States and its argument.
Contrary to Burma on their west, Cambodia
on their east, they do fear China and Com-
munism in general, and they have given
welcome and facilities to American power.
The That government tries to keep as
much of all this as secret as it can; and we
help them in this out of diplomatic consider-
ation. For the truth is that we have upwards
of twenty thousand military men in Thai-
land, mostly on the great bomber bases from
which we hit North Vietnam and the Ho Chi
Minh trail. Reporters are not permitted to
see these bases. Twenty thousand is more
men than we had in Vietnam itself when Mr.
Johnson became the President.
Our military wanted, at one time, to put
ground combat units into Northeast Thai-
land where skirmishes go on with Chinese
trained guerrillas. Our diplomats stopped
that; but we have more than a few special
forces advisory and fighting teams in the
Northeast. And there one sees how war
tends to spread and of why military men
must be kept in constant check by political
men.
Laos, technically neutral by the Geneva
Agreements, is thoroughly engulfed in the
'war already. The North Vietnamese run
their supplies and fresh soldiers through
much of Laos and therefore we bomb it con-
stantly. We admit to no men on the ground
in Laos. My Information from people I con-
sider reliable, is that we have several thou-
sated soldiers inside Laos, including spotter
groups and special forces teams. When an
American is killed in or over Laos, his death
is officially registered as having occurred in
Vietnam.
Cambodia Is becoming more and more
deeply involved in the fighting. We have
bombed and shelled Cambodian territory,
more than once, for some time back because
we have had to. I believe our front line
intelligence reports and our eyewitnesses.
When General` Larsen, Commander of our
second corps, whose boundaries lie along
the Cambodian line, said there are heavy
North Vietnamese troop concentrations in-
side Cambodia-I am Inclined to believe him
rather than the Pentagon's immediate denial
of this. After all, he is on the scene.
This, then, is how war spreads-in spite of
all the official proclamations that we shall
.not allow it to spread.
War has a logic, a momentum, impera-
tives of its own. And In this process,
language is adulterated, reason twisted,
policy follows ink the wake of actions, in-
stead of the other way around, and the in-
ner sequence of cause and effect is lost to
men's comprehension.
(And so,) the administration argues that
unless we stop communism, or China, or
both in Vietnam now, other nations will fail,
as happened in Europe in the thirties, until
the grand confrontation of World War Three
with China will be forced upon the world,
It seems to me that it is quite as logical
to"argue that our very presence in Vietnam,
with this inevitable osmotic spread of hostil-
ities'across other borders, is just as likely to
produce war With 'China, unless we are ex-
tremely careful and extremely lucky. And
If that happens, it willbe like World War
One, if not World War Two; men still argue
how World War one got started, as actions
led to reactions and still further reactions,
engulfing nation by nation. And if we are
sucked into collision with China in these
regions, we will never be sure of the precise
point in space or time when it happened.
How the Vietnam war goes will be the test
of all this; Vietnam is the anvil on which
our future relations with vast, emerging
China are being hammered out, and the
sparks fly in all directions.
Until we got into it, the Vietnam war was
essentially a civil war; a civil war and a
social revolution and a struggle for national
identity and freedom from European rule.
For legal and diplomatic reasons, Wash-
ington must argue that it is not a civil war
at all, but an aggression and invasion by an
external power. But when men speaking
the same language, living within the same
cultural context, raised in the same cities
and villages fight one another by the thou-
sands that is civil war. When the men of
the north (including Prime Minister Ky)
are part of the government of the south, and
vice versa, it is civil war. Even the Geneva
Agreements called the two "zones" of the one
country, not sovereign states,
North Vietnam has gone to the Chinese
weapons system; their material help from
China and Russia is considerable. But no
Chinese officer or soldier has ever been found
among the enemy's fighting cadres, to my
knowledge.
It is the apparent conviction of Washing-
ton that if North Vietnam will just stop its
infiltration into the south the war could be
settled. Not necessarily, not unless Hanoi
also ordered a cease fire all down the line.
One of our leading generals there argues
strongly that the units from the north need
the local guerrillas far more than the guer-
rillas need them. The guerrillas are home;
they need ammunition but not trucks or oil
or great depots of rice.
How many men are coming down from the
north? Last fall, Secretary McNamara said
it was forty five hundred a month; this April
we were told in Saigon that it had gone
higher and might reach seven thousand.
The other day the Pentagon again said forty
five hundred. These figures are educated
guesses, no more.
How many in all have come down? At the
Saigon headquarters you are told there are,
at a generous estimate, fifty battalions of
North Vietnamese now in the south. Their
battalions are far smaller than ours-perhaps
four or five hundred men. That means
about twenty five thousand northerns in
their own combat units. That in turn, is
only ten per cent of the estimated total of a
quarter million organized (and semi-
organized) enemy fighting men that we and
the South Vietnamese now face.
On both sides, it's a much bigger war than
a year ago, when it was nearly lost and when
President Johnson ordered the massive in-
fusions of American troops. Our intelli-
gence officers out there now believe that the
enemy is now better armed, man for man,
than our South Vietnamese allies. Far
worse armed, of course, than we.
Our fighting men, our weapons and de-
vices, our tactical ingenuity-all are pro-
foundly impressive. We could not fight this
war at all were it not our side that enjoys the
real "privileged sanctuaries"-the sea and
the sky. Both are denied to the enemy.
If our tactics are ingenious, our grand
strategy remains a mystery, at least to me.
We are fighting what is essentially a war of
attrition, the most disagreeable kind of war,
counting progress by the number of enemy
bodies.
The count is accurate when our men can
actually go among the bodies; when the Air
Force claims so many Viet Cong killed from
bombing and strafing runs, those are foolish
guesses. The claims of enemy killed by the
South Vietnamese forces-and the figures on
their own casualties-may be approximately
'13483
right or widly wrong; hone of us can really
check.
It might be better if we in the news busi-
ness reported weekly progress in terms of
hamlets restored or re-settled, classrooms
built, village chiefs who feel it safe to to back
and sleep in their own houses. This, after
all, is what the war, is about. And in this
respect there is progress. It is something to
see tough American Marines acting as dedi-
cated; social workers; it Is a fact worth know-
ing that of the three thousand Marines who
have voluntarily extended their term of duty
In Vietnam, most are those men who work
daily with the ordinary people. Progress,
but painfully slow progress, and against it
must be set the great numbers of refugees
who come into our secured areas. About a
million of them now. And not all, by any
means, fleeing from Viet Cong terror; many
fleeing from the terror of our napalm and
high explosives which have, inescapably,
killed and maimed hundreds of innocent
people.
We are not really conquering territory.
Our official statement is that at the end of
last year eight and half per cent of the
total land area was considered secure; at the
end of February nine and half per cent; all
the rest is in enemy hands or disputed and
unsafe, or empty. About eight million peo-
ple, a bit over half the population, are in
secure allied controlled areas.
We are using giant sledgehammers to kill
hornets. The Vietcong's National Liberation
Front in the south has an annual budget es-
timated at about ten million dollars. Our
annual costs in this war run to about fifteen
billion. The enemy needs an estimated
eighty seven tons of supplies each day; the
American establishment alone needs about
twenty-thousand tons a day. In terms of
last year's total expenditure for the war,
each enemy soldier killed last year cost us
well over a million dollars..
What of our human investment and hu-
man losses? Of the total American military
in-country, say 285,000 (or so) only a dis-
tinct minority do the real fighting, on the
ground and in the air. They alone are the
heroes. All the rest, in the enormous sup-
port and supply echelons, in the cities and
ports, in the countless offices--they may oc-
casionally court danger, but their life is
wholly different, usually comfortable, for a
great many enjoyable.
We had, when I left, five combat divisions
and two brigades in the field, around eighty
five thousand men, Add to that the special
forces teams and the combat fliers. Of these
I would guess, generously, that about sixty
thousand can be defined as men in frequent
combat. Now this is an arbitrary definition,
but necessary-some definitions necessary-
if we are to think at all about our human
investment and losses.
And thinking, from that rough definition,
one feels obliged to say that our casualties
are high, not low. They are low in relation
to the total number in Vietnam, mostly men
who never or rarely ever see the enemy. And
low compared to enemy losses. But our
loses in combat dead and wounded have
mounted rapidly to the current rate of about
30 thousand a year. One year is a man's
term of service there. On the statistical face
of it, then, the chances for the individual
fighting soldier in an active combat zone
avoiding death or wounds in his twelve
months are not great, about fifty-fifty. What
lengthens his odds is the increasing rotation
of more units, not just between home and
Vietnam, but between the fighting zones and
the rest zones. It enemy attacks slacken,
that, of course, will improve the odds.
For every man admitted to hospitals, in
Vietnam for combat injuries, three times as
many are admitted for non-combat injuries
and disease. In terms of combat troops, one
is forced to the conclusion that we lose the
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CONGRESSIONAL RECORD.- SENATE
June 23, 1966
equivalent of about a battalion a week, most the immediate consequence will be a night- who fear and doubt, still believes that God
of them, of course, to return later on. But mare for us-for we should then have to and the stars will again indulge their no-
this. is a rather constant process; the need involve ourselves deeper and deeper into torious weakness for Americans and bring
for more men and more rotation in combat their politics, their economy and more and us through this unhappy Vietnamese trans-
operations would seem obvious, more of the fighting and dying will be done action in safety and peace.
- In.this sense, our casualties are high, not by Americans and less and less by the Viet- There, like the government officials, I
low. And by the other relevant measuring namese. speak rod -the lasting gain from the averse com- Ten days Ing, from fakn, not from the eve; blind
Secretary McNamara as- as they noht change d
bat operation-some Viet Cong killed, some serted that Vietnamese politics would would not fag, faith---can sometimes c change the the facts.
riCe destroyed, a village cleaned out, much hinder our war effort there. It Is part of This is Eric Sevareid in New York. Good
of which the enemy will later replace and the duty of national leaders to speak from evening.
recover-by this measure, too, the casualties their faith, not their fears. But it is part
must be considered high, not low. of the duty of the press to examine their
Last summer began the big increase in the faith, to raise the questions that officials ADDRESS BY
American fighting force. So this summer, DMNTESADOR
tens of thousands of men will leave Viet- never publicly raise. CHARLES LUCET AND INTERVIEW
nom. But they will be replaced, these vet- The hypothetical alternatives in Vietnam
erans, by green troops. However good their remain about what they were: bomb more OF MINISTER OF FOREIGN AF-
t
raining at home, oil soldiers are green unei of North Vietnam's industry and see what FAIRS COUVE DE MURVILLE, OF
ina: while nervously watching nervous FRANCE
they have gone through at least one real happens
China' halt the hnmhlno
One green company of my acquaintance re- our base areas and see what happens; en- Mr. FULBRIGHT. Mr. President, on
Gently lost a hundred and thirty mt killed courage the various third nation efforts to June 15, His Excellency Charles Lucet,
get negotiations started;
and badly wounded, out of its hundred and quit Vietnam en- French Ambassador to the United States,
seventy, in one engagement. In the ofllcfal tirely; keep the pressure on, as weare doing,
handout later, the casualties of that action and wait for Hanoi's will to break. made a most interesting address at a
were desrlbed as "moderate," presumably be- As of now, the prospect Is more pressure- luncheon of the National Press Club.
cause other units were also involved or be- more and heavier war; that is the meaning The Ambassador's remarks clarify the
cause the enemy 1st even mThe of the stepped-up draft, the new troop ship- policies of his Government and of
Ca
uses "heavy casualties" I don't, more. ore I ever ments, the longer lanes of cargo vessels plow- President de Gaulle.
plara think
saw in those handout statistics. ing the South China Sea, the increasing On June 5, M. COUVe de Murville,
I do not. believe we are losing this war or roar of the airplanes settling on to those French Minister of Foreign Affairs, was
will lose it. I am not sure one can call it a ever increasing airfields. interviewed by the Canadian BroadGast-
stalemate, as some men do. The Viet Cong I should like to mention, before I end this
st the south and those units from the north long and not very happy discourse, two mat- ing Corp. His comments also serve to
getting badly hurt. Thar is why the ters: a bit cosmic perhaps, but of funds- clarify the policies of the French Gov
sr
Vi Cong et etti is now recruiting kids as young as mental consequence for our future affairs. ernment.
thirteen
thirteen from ow r home.in the s you, g tax- One is the fantastic size of our military Mr. President, the Ambassador's ad-
people more omes thus ax- establishment and the fantastic speed by dress and the Minister's interview de-
some of their po Ing the people pre eavily a a.nd That it t why
which its cost- increases. This can consume serve the attention of the Senate, and
some of those northern units are not at all our marginal substance. This is what Gen- j ask unanimous consent that they well trained; that is why those who desert to oral Eisenhower warned about in his last be
the other side are nearly all the enemy fight- words as President. He said we must guard printed at this point the RECORD.
the, not South enamele the or, ,
of fi he- against undue power by a military indus- There being no objection, the address
American, trial complex. It will take a very convinc- and interview were ordered to be printed
Hanoi may have to call it off, though we see tag peace and a very strong President to put in the RECORD, as follows:
no signs yet that it will. We are not play- our military genie back in the bottle. ADDRESS BY His EXCELLENCY CHARLES LUCET
ing chess. Both sides are playing poker, The other thing - is this: the deepest, FRENCH AMBASSADOR TO THE UNITED STATES
doubling each lost bet. It is a test of politi- strongest forces motivating the people of BEFORE THE NATIONAL PRESS CLUB LuNCH-
cal will. Asia are not those we picture as we sit here EON ON WEDNESDAY, JUNE 15, 1966
But, like some others, when I try to en.. at home. From here, one has the illusion
visage the process of winning, I am haunted that Asia is clanking armies, colliding Ideol- you how much want to thank ho ifpl yeases our melcome and
e. is
This,
by a spectre. The spectre of this fragmen- not ogles, aggression and fear, that Asia is not the first time, It
course, that I
tined, weary, Vietnamese society. , of Press Club that have at-
politics. tended one CLuncheon-
It was our official belief and the argument But the deepest forces moving Asian pees even even a among the National nhonored guests-but it
among many of the so-called Hawks, that as ples now are not these at all, but the forces the first time that I have had the privilege
e
we stopped losing this war-which we've of the modern scientific-industrial revolu- of being done--and as we started winning It, which tion. Asians have discovered the your speaker, and that is lilts
great another thing. quite
not quite done-the bitterly conflicting secret, so long hidden from their hope: that
political and social factions inside South man is not born to a short life of pain and A preliminary remark is needed: I have
Vietnam would start to pull together, in their work and poverty. They see the marvelous lived in this city and country which I love
national interest. But the trouble is that evidence, nearly everywhere they look; for thirteen years, and I have spent here the
Vietnam is only a society, not a nation. Japan, a booming economic colossus whose best years of my life. Here I have learned
There is not a single leader of country-wide production may soon pass Great Britain's. the English language a little, but its pro-
prestige in South Vietnam. The people have Korea, prosperous enough to do without di- nunciation, not at all. I had hoped to over-
had little experience III responding to general rest American aid. Taiwan, where food come this disability, but it really seems to be
laws.arid impersonal institutions. They re- production has doubled in fifteen years and "beyond repair." Perhaps you have noticed
spond to local personalities, cliques, religious where new hotels, highways, factories open that my accent is a little like that of Charles
groupings or their own private interest. The every month. Thailand, whose cities boom Boyer, even if I have passed the age of
resistance and rioting of the most militant and grow. Indonesia, which has stopped its "bedroom eyes.'
Buddhists seems to mean that they hate the ridiculbus war with Malaysia and now wants The more I think about it, the more de-
central government more than they hate the to Join the real procession. Even Commu- lighted I am to have an opportunity to ex-
Communist enemy. nist China, where basic comfort now seems press my views. After all, we have more or
We try to apply Western land expo- assured for most, and where a new genera- less the same duties and, to a certain extent,
rience to this pply l t
ern. logic i wed epe- tion of economists, engineers, builders is the same job. You inform your readers of
land So
age the elections, envisage a parliament, slowly but surely coming to replace the old what goes on in a world which you observe
eventual civilian rule, representing groups men of politics and war as they were replaced with cold, impartial, photographic eyes.
and regions. in Russia when Stalin died. as unbiased as you, do the same, with one
e
My own guess is that this process Of In Taiwan I had a Chinese driver, name of difference-I have fewer readers. -
democratizing would produce yeras of politi- Jimmy. A mainlander who had to flee the Having returned to the United States after
cal turmoil before won produce
reaof po It Chinese Communists and has no love for an absence of six years, I naturally see a lot
will probably, though not certainly, oa them at all. But he said to me, "If only of changes. Those of you who have recently
W
whole new pandora's ill thoug box, all rta qy open pt i a America and China can learn to get along- been in my country, perhaps after a long
the country bursting into the oin what a wonderful thing for us all." absence, may also have seen a striking trans-
th
n
e I country myself, is not tto be he open. compared Viet- Jimmy perceives what Asia and life can be. formation in France, and this is what I think yam Korea or yself,e, where we were ued Our government perceives it, as attested by would like to say a few words about first.
wishful, in these respects strong s s us- the Johnson plans for Southeast Asia's eco- We have lived through two wars, and, in a cessf and these spects; existed in tonal nomic development. - - - addition, between 1945 and 1962, the ordeals
countries.
the But If this war in Vietnam goes wrong and of two colonial wars in Indochina and
If this proves to be the trend, as we try lost. rAnd that would break history's heart. the fist time in many living our peace y y to democratize government in Vietnam, then This reporter, like most, even among those since 1962, to be exactYears of our history--
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CONGRESSIONAL RECORD - SENATE June 23, 1966
to and is now pending before the Com-
mittee on the Judiciary:
Ben Hardeman, of Alabama, to be U.S.
attorney, middle district of Alabama,
term of 4 years-reappointment.
On behalf of the Committee on the Ju-
diciary, notice is hereby given to all per-
sons interested in this nomination to file
with the committee, in writing, on or be-
fore Thursday, June 30, 1966, any repre-
sentations or objections they may wish
to present concerning the above nomi-
nation, with a further statement whether
it is their intention to appear at any
hearing which may be scheduled.
11(7) provide such fiscal control and fund
accounting procedures as may be necessary
to assure proper disbursement of and ac-
counting of funds received under this sec-
tion.
"(c) The Secretary shall approve any State
plan and any modification thereof which
complies with the provisions of subsec-
tion (b)."
On page 17, between lines 11 and 12, insert
the following new section:
"SEc. 105. - For the purpose of carrying out
section 404 of title 23, United States Code,
there is hereby authorized to be appropriated
the sum of $5,000,000 for the fiscal year end-
ing June 30, 1968, $7,000,000 for the fiscal year
ending June 30, 1969 and for the fiscal year
ending June 30, 1970, $8,000,000 for the fiscal
year ending June 30, 1971, and $9,000,000 for
the fiscal year ending June 30, 1972."
On page 17, line 12, strike out "Sec. 105"
and substitute "Sec. 106", and redesignate
the succeeding sections accordingly.
ADDITIONAL COSPONSORS OF BILL
Mr. MANSFIELD. Mr. President, at
its next printing, I ask unaninmous con-
sent that my name and the names of Sen-
ators BOGGS, FONG, GRIFFIN, GRUENING,
INOUTE, METCALF, MONTOYA, MURPHY,
PEARSON, and YOUNG of Ohio be added as
cosponsors of the bill (S. 3112) to amend
the Clean Air Act so as to authorize
grants to air pollution control agencies
for maintenance of air pollution control
programs in addition to present au-
thority for grants to develop, establish,
or improve such programs; make the use
of appropriations under the act more
flexible by consolidating the appropria-
tion authorizations under the act and
deleting the provision limiting the total
of grants for support of air pollution
control programs to 20 percent of the
total appropriation for any year; extend
the duration of the programs author-
ized by the act; and for other purposes.
The PRESIDING OFFICER. Without
objection, it is so ordered.
ADDITIONAL COSPONSORS OF
BILLS
ADDRESSES, EDITORIALS, ARTI-
CLES, ETC., PRINTED IN THE
The PRESIDING OFFICER. With-
out objection, it is so ordered.
Mr. YOUNG of Ohio. In other words,
we Americans, who like to regard our-
selves as the most revolutionary nation
in the world, have become, it seems, the
most unrevolutionary in nature. The
generals with whom we are associated
and are supporting and keeping in pow-
er in Saigon were the Tories of that day,
and we are aiding and abetting them at
this time. That fact is further-evidenced
that there is a civil war raging in Viet-
nam, and the National Liberation Front,
which led the fight for freedom from
1946 on, is still fighting for the freedom
of Vietnam as they see it.
This is further evidence that we are
involved in a miserable civil war in Viet-
On request, and by unanimous con-
sent, addresses, editorials, articles, etc.,
were ordered to be printed in the Ap-
pendix, as follows:
By Mr. BYRD of West Virginia:
Speech by Birny Mason, Jr., chairman of
the board, union Carbide Corp., entitled
"Industrial Development of West Virginia,"
delivered }}b~efore the Governor's Conference
on Industi al Development in West Virginia,
on Iun& 2, 1966, at Morgantown, W. Va.
economic importance to tine aeieiiae V'i
the United States.
In 1954 12,000 of the French forces
surrendered to the Viet Minh at Dien-
bienphu on May 7. Then, following that,
in September the French withdrew their
240,000 men from Vietnam. The battle
at Dienbienphu did not do it; they
had been bled white over a period of 8
years. We are not being bled white, but
we are spending from $1 to $2 billion each
month intervening in that war in Viet-
ITARY JUNTA IN SOUTH nam, and the prospect of victory does not
in Parade, which is the Sunday maga-
zine section of the Washington Post and
many other newspapers of our Nation,
there was a very important and very in-
teresting item in the June 19, 1966, issue,
an item startling in character. In an
article the question was asked:
The 10 generals who govern Vietnam with
Nguyen Cao Ky at the head-can you tell
me how many of them fought the French?
The answer given was:
Of the 10 generals in the junta, only one
joined the Viet Minh resistance movement
against the French in 1945. He is Lt. Gen.
Phan Xuan Chieu, popularly recognized in
Saigon as the only junta member who fought
to free his country from French colonial
rule. The other nine either fought on the
side of the French or took training in French
military schools during the Vietnamese war
Under authority of the orders of the
Senate, as indicated below, the following
names have been added as additional co-
sponsors for the following bills:
Authority of June 7, 1966:
8475. A bill to abolish the office of
United States commissioner, to establish in
place thereof within the judicial branch of
the Government the offices of United States
magistrate and deputy United States magis-
trate, and for other purposes: Mr. BAYH,
W. BENNET'?, Mr. BREWSTER, Mr. DOUGLAS,
Mr. ERVIN, Mr. KENNEDY of Massachusetts,
Mr. LONG of Missouri, and Mr. Moss.
Authority of June 8, 1966 :
S, 3482, A bill to enlarge the home mort-
gage purchase authority which the Federal
National Mortgage Association may exercise
in its secondary market operations by in-
creasing the amount of preferred stock which
such Association may issue for delivery to
the Secretary of the Treasury: Mr. BENNETT,
and Mr. CooPER.
mitten ourseivea to u-- +??~""y " '- "
10,000 miles from our shores.
The Vietminh who waged guerrilla
warfare for the liberation of Vietnam
and what is now Cambodia and Laos
from 1946 to September 1954 came from
all areas of Vietnam. Historically, there
is no North nor South Vietnam. The
demarcation line at the 17th parallel
effected by the Geneva Accords was sup-
posed to be temporary pending elections
to be held in 1956 throughout all Viet-
nam. These were called off by our pup-
pet head of state in Saigon, Diem, with
the approval of Secretary of State John
Foster Dulles.
In the 8 years of struggle for free-
dom waged against the French colonial
oppressors thousands of Vietnamese
fought alongside the French against
many thousand Vietnamese fighters who
were then called Vietminh. Those who
allied themselves with the French were
y,
a
e
Ge
ter, spent most of those years out of his the tories of that time. In recent years
country, learning to fly in French Air the Vietminh have been termed the Viet-
Force schools. In Vietnam, the Vietna- cong. Many of them now as then are
mese forces fought the Japanese until members of the National Liberation
the end of World War II. Then, the Front. Those who had fought alongside
French colonial oppressors, who had gov- the French moved south of the 17th par-
erned Indochina for many years rein- allel settling in what is called South Viet-
stated themselves in Vietnam, Laos, and nam. Thousands of those from the
Cambodia, and sought to continue their southern area of Vietnam who had fought
oppressive colonial rule. The Vietna- with the Vietminh against the French
mese, from 1945 to 1954 waged a war of likewise settled in the north.
liberation against the French. Prime Minister Ky has announced
It is startling to Americans to learn elections in South Vietnam for early this
that of the 10 generals we are now sup- fall. These elections are for the purpose
porting in Saigon, 9 of them fought of electing an assembly to draft a con-
alongside the French colonial power at stitution. It is noteworthy that in more
that time against the liberation of Viet- than a year since Ky was selected by the
Hain ' generals as Prime Minister he never
The PRESIDING OFFICER. The time spoke out nor took any step toward elec-
of the Senator has expired. ` tions until the conference with our Presi-
Mr. YOUNG of Ohio. I ask unani- dent at Honolulu earlier this year. It is
mous consent to proceed for 3 additional said he Vietcong proposes that no Vietcong, or als-
minutes.
NOTICE CONCERNING NOMINATION
BEFORE COMMITTEE ON THE
JUDICIARY
Mr. EASTLAND. Mr. President, the
following nomination has been referred
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the present Prime Minis-
l K
n
r
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13431
where possible and appropriate substitute In aid to the States for driver education counting of funds received under this sec-
land will be provided for the park or and training. The third amendment tion.
site. provides $36 million to assist the States "(c) Prior to prescribing regulations under
This amendment is consistent with the in establishing and improving motor this section the Secretry shall consult with
philosophy of the Federal-aid highway vehicle inspection facilities. I ask the secretary of Health, Education and
program, which Is a program of close unanimous consent that the amend- Welfare. The secretary Federal-State cooperation. The amend- ments be printed at this point in the State) lan and any od,}lu approve any
ment is patterned after section 134, title RECORD. I plan to offer these amend- which complies with t e provisions an of sub-
23, United States Code, which was added ments when the bill is before the Senate. section (b). proof sub-
23, the Federal Highway Act in 1962 and The PRESIDING OFFICER. The "(e) For the purpose of this section, the
which,requires transportation planning amendments will be received, printed, term 'State educational agency' means the
in urban areas of over 50,000 population. and will lie on the table; and, without State board of education or other agency or
Adding this amendment to the law will objection, the amendments will be su
stet-
officer pervision of primarily public elementary for the
work a hardship on no one and will printed in the RECORD. ondary d seer
dary schools, or, , if if there is s no such d benefit every man, woman, and child in AMENDMENT No. 617 or agency, an officer or agency designated
this country. On behalf of all who value On page 17, line 1, strike out "and". by the governor or by State law."
America's parklands, I ask for its ac- On page 17, line 2, immediately before the On page 17, between lines 11 and 12, insert
ceptance. period, insert a semicolon and the following: the following new sections:
I ask unanimous consent that the text "$80 000,000 for the fiscal year ending June "SEc. 105. For the purpose of carrying out
of the amendment be printed at the con- 30, 1970; $80,000,000 for the fiscal year end- section 404 of title 23,. United States Code,
olusiOri of ing June 30, 1971; and $100,000,000 for the there is, hereby authorized to be appropri-
my remarks. fiscal year ending June 30, 1972". ated the sum of $60,000,000 for the fiscal
The PRESIDING OFFICER. The On page 17, line 7, strike out "and". year ending June 30, 1968, $70,000,000 for the
amendment will be received, printed, and On page 17, line 8, immediately before the fiscal year ending June 30, 1969, and $90;
0 for each of the three succeeding fiscal
appropriately referred; and, without ob- period, insert a semicolon and the following: years." 000,00
section, the amendment will be printed "$30'000,000 for the fiscal year ending June In the RECORD. 30, 1970; $35,000,000 for the fiscal year ending On page 17, line 12, strike out "Sec. 105"
June 30, 1971; $40,000,000 for the fiscal year., and substitute "Sec. 106", and redesignate
The amendment (No. 616) was re- ending June 30, 1972". Y the succeeding sections accordingly.
ferred to the Committee on Public Works, as follows: AMENDMENT NO. 618 AMENDMENT No. 619
At the end of the bill insert a new section On page 8, after line 16, insert after "403. On page 8, after line 16, insert after
as follows: Highway safety research and development." "403. Highway safety research and develop-
"PRESERVATION OF PARKLANDS the following: "404. Grant:, for ,State motor meat."
United States Code is amended by inserting On page 12, between lines 5 and 6, insert at Grants for State motor vehicle inspec-
at the end thereof a new section as follows: the following new section:
" -1 On page 12, between lines 5 and 6, insert
"'It is hereby declared to be the national training programs the following new section:
policy that in carrying out the provisions of "(a) From sums appropriated pursuant to
this title maximum effort should be made to the Highway Saftey Act of :1966 to carry out ?? 404. Grants for State motor vehicle in-
preserve Federal, State, and local government the provisions of this section for the fiscal spection programs
parklands and historic sites and the beauty year ending June 30, 1968, and for the four "(a) From sums appropriated pursuant to
and historic Value of, such lands and sites. succeeding fiscal years, the Secretary is au- the Highway Safety Act of 1966 to carry out
The Secretary shall cooperate with the States thorized to make grants to States to pay up to the provisions of this section for the fiscal
in developing highway plans and programs 50 per centum of the cost of developing, year ending June 30, 1968, and for the four
which carry out such policy. After July 1, establishing, and improving programs for succeeding fiscal years, the Secretary is au-
1968, the Secretary shall not approve under driver education in accordance with the pro- thorized to make grants to States to pay up
section 105 of this title any program for a visions of this section. The Secretary shall to 20 per centum of the cost for the estab-
project which requires the use for such determine the amount of the Federal share lishment or improvement of State programs
project of any land from a Federal, State, or of the cost of such programs for each fiscal for motor vehicle inspection in accordance
local government park or historic site unless year based upon the funds appropriated with the provisions of this section. The Sec-
(L) there is no feasible alternative to the therefor for that fiscal year and the number retary shall determine the amount of the
use of such land, (2) such program includes of participating States. Federal share of the cost of such programs
all possible planning to minimize any harm "(b) Any State desiring to participate in for each fiscal year based u
to such park or site resulting from such use; the grant program gI a ra ria yon the funds
and where ant ro am under this section shall pp P ~d therefor for that fiscal year and
(3) possible and appropriate sub- submit through its State educational agency, the number of participating States.
stitute land will be provided for such park a State plan which shall- "(b) Any State desiring to participate in
or site. Any additional project costs in- the grant program under this section shall
curred for the purpose of acquiring any such "(1) provide for the intiation of a State designate or create an appropriate State
substitute lands shall be considered to be in- program for driver education or for a sig- agency for the purpose of this section, and
cluded in "costs of rights-of-way" for the a program o expansion and e improvement of such submit, through such State a enc a State
p.Irpose of this title.' a already in existence g y,
plan which shall-
"(b) The analysis of such chapter is "(2) include provisions for the training "(1) set forth a program for establishing,
amended by adding at the end thereof the of qualified instructors and their certifica- or improving (in the case of a State which
following: lion; already has in operation a State administered
" `137. Preservation of Parklands.'" "(3) provide for adequate research, de- motor vehicle inspection program), State
velopment, and procurement of practice driv- supervised motor vehicle inspection at
ing facilities, simulators, and other similar garages or other suitable facilities certified
teaching aids; by the State for that purpose;
HIGHWAY SAFETY ACT OF 1966- "(4) include provision for financial assist- "(2) agree to accept and apply such mini-
AMENDMENTS ance by the State to institutions of higher mum standards for highway traffic safety
AMENDMENTS NOS. 617 THROUGH 619 education for research In driver education with respect to inspection as the Secretary
testing, curriculum, and methods of instruc- shall by regulation prescribe;
Mr. RIBICOFF. Mr. President, I tion; "(3) provide that the State will pay from
submit three amendments, intended to "(5) provide that the State will pay from non-Federal sources the cost of such pro-
be proposed by me, to S. 3052, the so- non-Federal sources the cost of such pro- gram in excess of amounts received under
called "Highway Safety Act of 1966." I gram in excess of amounts received under this section;
stated on Julie 9, 1966, that a stronger this section; "(4) set forth provisions for the financing
Federal role in traffic safety is required "(6) provide adequate State supervision of such plan without Federal assistance be-
than that provided in the bill reported and administration of such driver education: ginning with the fiscal year ending June 30,
by the Public Works Committee. Ac- "(7) provide that the State agency will 1973;
make such reports, in such form and con- (e contain satisfactory evidence ise that the ent co: dl he,am hoirst amen t wions ill re- taming such information as the Secretary programency will adequately supervise such
and 403 to the amounts and duration may require; and "(6) provide that the State agency will
adirially proposed "(8) provide such fiscal control and fund make such reports, in such form and con-
in the bill. My sec- accounting procedures as may be necessary taining such Information as the Secretary
and amendment authorizes $400 million to assure proper disbursement of and ac- e
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June 23, 1966 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD- SENATE
no member of the National Liberation
Front, whether or not he is suspected of
being a Communist, and no neutralist,
will be permitted to vote. It is wishful
-thinking that such an election would re-
sult in pacification of South Vietnam.
France having squandered tremendous
sums of money in addition to the billions
of dollars in military aid from the
United States finally withdrew. We now
have nearly 380,000 men of our Armed
Forces in South Vietnam. In addition,
40,000 in Thailand, and 50,000 officers
and men of our 7th Fleet off the Vietnam
coast. Our servicemen in southeast Asia
are the "cream of the crop." They are
the finest fighting men in the world.
Their morale is high. Their firepower
Is so tremendous many more Vietcong
have been killed than Americans; and we
have suffered more than 2,000 who have
died in combat this year.
What assurance can there be if by late
December our forces have been increased
to 600,000 or 800,000, as seems probable,
that guerrilla tactics of the Vietcong will
have been ended and Vietcong resistance
crushed? Even if the Hanoi government
is silent as to offers to negotiate and dur-
ing the coming years the Vietcong do
bury their weapons, return to their
farms or go to Saigon, Cam Ranh Bay
and elsewhere in South Vietnam to work
for the Americans and even if the shoot-
ing and the killing should cease, is there
anyone who can say following the time
we "bring the boys home" that guerrilla
warfare will not again break out?
What is occurring in Vietnam seems
to be a rerun of the 8-year struggle on
the part of French generals against the
Vietnamese seeking freedom from
French oppression. Also it is most un-
fortunate for us that heads of State of
Japan, the Philippine Republic and
other Asian allies and of allies like
Canada have refused to give us any mili-
tary aid whatever.
WHY NOT HELP AND NOT DIS-
CRIMINATE AGAINST THE ST.
LAWRENCE SEAWAY?
Mr. YOUNG of Ohio. Mr. President,
earlier this month I spoke out in this
Chamber strongly opposing recent at-
tempts to increase tolls on the St.
Lawrence Seaway. At that time I stated
that\should tolls on the seaway be In-
creased, I intend to ask that the Senate
Committee on Public Works review Fed-
eral expenditures for future improve-
ments of entrance channels leading from
the oceans to our ports with the view to-
ward placing all entrance channels on
the same self-liquidating basis as the St.
Lawrence Seaway.
What is good for the goose is good for
the gander. All of this Nation's sea-
ports, including the Great Lakes ports,
should be placed on the same economic
footing with equal rights of access to the
oceans of the world. It is high time that
officials of port authorities in Eastern and
in Gulf States and executives of rail-
roads serving 'those cities recognize the
fact that ports and great cities on the
Great Lakes such as Cleveland, Toledo,
Lorain, Duluth, Buffalo, Milwaukee, Chi-
cago, and others have become interna-
tional seaports in every sense of the word
and are no longer to be considered as
poor country cousins from the Midwest.
Millions of our Nation's taxpayers'
dollars have been spent for construction
of entrance channels for ports such as
New Orleans, Philadelphia, Houston, and
other cities and on none of these water-
ways do shippers pay a penny in toll
charges. At the same time, one ship
traveling from Montreal, Canada, to
Cleveland, Ohio, loaded with 15,000 tons
of cargo now pays seaway tolls and tran-
sit charges amounting to more than
$14,000.
Mr. President, at the present time the
great St. Lawrence Seaway Is a self-
liquidating project on which 31/2 percent
interest is being paid on every dollar bor-
rowed by our Government to construct
it. Both principal and interest must be
returned from toll revenue derived from
all toll shipping within a 50-year period.
What is important today is to encourage,
not to discourage, use of the great St.
Lawrence Seaway. In doing so, we shall
not only take advantage of the great po-
tential which the seaway holds for Ohio
and for all the States in the Midwest, but
in the long run through greater use of
the St. Lawrence Seaway we shall enable
it to liquidate its debt with greater dis-
patch and probably in many fewer years
than the 50 years now contemplated.
Increasing toll rates at this time would
only work to destroy the effectiveness of
the seaway.
Mr. President, on June 16, 1966, there
appeared an excellent editorial, entitled
"Why Not?" in the Toledo Blade, one of
the great newspapers of our Nation,
commenting on this subject. I commend
this to my colleagues and ask unanimous
consent that it be printed in the RECORD
at this time as part of my remarks.
There being no objection, the editorial
was ordered to be printed in the RECORD,
as follows:
[From the Toledo Blade, June 16, 19661
WHY NOT?
"All of this nation's seaports, including
the Great Lakes ports, should be placed on
the same economic footing with equal rights
of access to the oceans of the world."-Ser a-
tor STEPHEN YOUNG.
It remained for Ohio's Senator YOUNG to
inject a bit of irrefutable logic into the de-
bate over whether tolls on the St. Lawrence
Seaway ought to be maintained at present
levels, raised, or reduced. It boils down to a
question of just why this one waterway con-
necting U.S. ports with ports abroad should
be saddled with discriminatory tolls when
other U.S. waterways on which tax funds are
spent are toll-free.
Senator YOUNG indicated that he intends
to introduce legislation to impose tolls on
vessels using coastal ports if the drive, led
by Seaway opponents, to increase tolls on
that waterway succeeds. There is fully as
much justification for that as there is for
requiring vessels moving to and from the
Great Lakes via the Seaway to pay tolls that
run into thousands of dollars per passage.
U.S. taxpayers, for instance, have had to
pick up the $100 million bill-nearly as much
as the entire U.S. investment in the Seaway-
for construction of a ship channel serving
New Orleans, but not a cent of toll is charged
there. Another $70 million in tax funds went
into the Delaware River channel, $57 million
into a channel linking Houston with the Gulf
of Mexico, and $50 million to connect Sacra-
mento with salt water, to mention but a few
13433
cases. Yet, on none of those waterways do
shippers pay a penny in toll charges.
Why, then, should a 15,000-ton vessel using
the Seaway be forced to fork over $14,000 in
tolls, when the same ship could use any
other U.S. waterway free?
That is a point which Senator YouNG
should keep raising, as he pierces the smoke-
screen of propaganda thrown up by lobbyists
for the eastern ports, the railroads, and
others who have little interest in seeing the
Seaway succeed. The Seaway should expect
no special favors from our Government or
from anyone else; on the other hand, it
should not be hit by a toll schedule that no
other tax-built and publicly supported wa-
terway must carry.
If those forces trying to reduce the Sea-
way's competitive thrust by imposing higher
tolls will not listen to reason, then perhaps
they will get the Senator's message when, as
the second ranking member of the Senate
Public Works Committee, he dusts off legis-
lation to meet fire with fire.
HOME RULE FOR THE DISTRICT OF
COLUMBIA
Mr. MILLER. Mr. President, the lead
editorial in today's Washington Post,
entitled "The Road to the Polls," points
out very well the difficulties besetting
efforts to obtain home rule for the Dis-
trict of Columbia.
A reading of this editorial should per-
suade anyone that is a cynical partisan
political power play behind some of these
efforts, seeking to lock in political power
at the expense of what is needed and good
for the people of the District.
Specifically, these power interests wish
to have elections at large on a partisan
ticket; and they are content to pursue
these goals even if it means the loss of
a home-rule bill for the District.
I recall, at the time the Senate passed
a bill last year, the partisan power that
was used to defeat amendments to make
these elections nonpartisan and to re-
quire members of the city council to be
elected from separate wards rather than
some or all of them at large.
Those who genuinely wish to see home
rule for the District would do well to
dissociate themselves from the partisan
political power players, who must bear
the full responsibility for the failure of
the Congress to promptly enact a good
home-rule bill for the District.
I ask unanimous consent that the edi-
torial be printed in the RECORD.
There being no objection, the editorial
was ordered to be printed in the RECORD,
as follows:
[From the Washington (D.C.) Post, June 23,
19661
THE ROAD TO THE POLLS
The hope for city elections in Washington
this year is being demolished by the very
people who want them most. There are now
four bills to extend the city's voting rights,
and each is being vociferously attacked by
the partisans of the others. As the city's
political leaders go after each other, the
genuine enemies of local democracy can look
on with their hands in their pockets and
smiles on their faces.
If none of these bills is passed in this
Congress, the city will not be able to blame
that misfortune on the wicked segregationists
and the Board of Trade, The responsibility
will lie a great deal closer to home. The Dis-
trict's Democratic Central Committee is par-
ticularly culpable. Instead of using its au-
thority to weld together a broad alliance of
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13434
CONGRESSIONAL RECORD -SENATE June 23, 1966
all 'who favor elected self-government in
Washington, the Committee is indulging it-
self in the luxury of old vendettas and fol-
lowing narrow factional interests.
The future distribution of political power
in the city depends heavily upon the char-
acter of the election process. Election at
large, citywide, gives an advantage to poli-
ticians with access to large citywide organiza-
tions. Partisan elections give power to party
managers. Nonpartisan elections help in-
dependent candidates, and elections by ward
are essential to those who, like most slum
politicians, have a personal following con-
centrated in one neighborhood.
The Administration's home rule bill, passed
by the Senate but not the House, would es-
tablish partisan elections and, for most of the
important offices, citywide elections at large.
It would greatly benefit the proprietors of the
only citywide political organization In town,
the Democratic Central Committee. Small
wonder that the Committee is ready to de-
fend this version to the bitter end.
The Sisk city charter bill, passed by the
House but not the Senate, would establish an
elected charter committee to decide the form
of the future city government. Since the
elections to the, crucial charter committee
would be nonpartisan but at large citywide,
the Sisk bill is widely supported among the
Democratic faction that was beaten in the
last primary.
The Green amendment, still in the House
Education and Labor Committee, would es-
tablish a School Board elected by ward on a
nonpartisan ballot. This kind of election
would directly help the rising generation of
young leaders in the central city, who have
been working through social action organiza-
tions and have no hope of favor from the
parties.
The fourth bill, to provide a nonvoting
District delegate in the House, carries, little
power and causes little stir. All of these
bills are honest and useful proposals. The
most promising, at this particular moment,
is the bill for an elected School Board.
While the Administration home rule bill
prothises much more, It cannot be moved
without massive intervention by the White
House.
But none of the bills can be passed without
some measure of agreement among the city s
political and civic leadership. It is still pos-
sible for the city to go to the polls within the
next year, but only If factional leaders show
themselves capable of tactical skills not cur-
rently visible.
TAXATION AND INFLATION ,
Mr. MILLER. Mr. President, a timely
and outstanding article, entitled "Taxa-
tion Alone Cannot Cope With Inflation,"
written by Harley L. Lutz, was published
in the Wall Street Journal of Tuesday,
June 21, 1966. Dr. Lutz is professor
emeritus of public finance at Princeton
Vniversity.
Dr. Lutz persuasively points out that
an excessive increase in the money sup-
ply is the direct cause of inflation; that
taxation has no effect on the money
supply; that budget balancing can be
achieved by reduced Federal spending;
and that this would be the better way to
control the money supply in view of the
drag effects of taxation.
I ask unanimous consent that this
article be printed in the RECORD.
There being no objection, the article
was ordered to be printed in the RECORD,
as follows:
[From the Wall Street Journal, June 21-.19661
TAxATION ALONE CAN'T COPE WITH INFLATION
(By Harley L. Lutz)
The critical phase of the New Economics
doctrine of perpetual prosperity through
Government manipulation of the economy is
approaching. The first stage-stimulation
through deficits, cheap money, tax cuts, and
guidelines for wage increases-is drawing to
an end. Despite positive evidence of an un-
dercurrent of inflation, its existence, when
not denied or ignored, was rationalized on
the ground that expanding total demand was
the chief prop of prosperity. This was a com-
forting doctrine for both Government and
business as long as inflation worked under-
ground. When It erupted into the price in-
dexes the facts could no longer be disre-
garded. Inflation is now recognized to be a
present danger. The moment of truth is at
hand.
Inflation has two aspects. One is the visi-
ble evidence of rising prices, the other an ex-
cessive increase of the money supply, exces-
sive in relation to the supply needed to effect
the exchange of produced goods and services
at a given price level. As used here money
supply means demand deposits in commercial
banks and currency In circulation. Rising
prices are more generally perceived and un-
derstood than details of bank statements and
Treasury reports. They are not, however, the
real thing but rather a symptom or outward
expression of the basic inflationary force.
TWO CATEGORIES AND POLICIES
The policies designed to cope with infla-
tion fall into two categories, according to
whether the attack is directed at the symp-
tom of rising prices or at the root cause. The
difference between superficial and fundamen-
tal inflation control measures is apparent In
the following summary:
Policies aimed at inflation through price
control:
1. Price control by a Government agency,
as In World War I1.
2. Real or simulated outrage at price in-
creases proposed by business concerns and
severe pressure for rescission. No similar in-
dignation at or condemnation of wage in-
creases exceeding the guidelines.
3. Dumping of Government stockpiles to
prevent price increases.
4. A campaign for consumer boycott of
goods deemed to be priced too high.
5. Pressure on business concerns to curtail
or defer programs for new capital invest-
ment. Hints at repeal of the 7% investment
credit.
8. Tax Increase in the mistaken belief that
it would cause prices to fall by reducing total
demand.
. Policies aimed at curbing inflation by lim-
iting or reducing money supply.
1. Restriction of the capacity of commer-
cial banks to increase demand deposits
through loans and Investments.
2. Federal budget balance.
The political approach to the problem
deals primarily with the superficial aspect
of inflation-rising prices-and only as a last
resort, if at all, with the basic cause. This is
natural for more popular support can be
garnered by attacks on profiteering and price
"chiseling" than by essays on the technical-
ities of monetary and fiscal policy. An illus-
tration is the bad semantic connotation of
budget balance. Moreover, a switch now to
emphasis on fundamentals would mean an
admission that the Government policies re-
sponsible for inflation had been wrong. Any
hint of fallibility is bad for the political
image.
Since inflation is a blowing up, or Inflat-
ing of the money supply, effective control
involves action to halt the expansion. Thin
requires a combination of monetary and fis-
cal policy. The details- of monetary policy
must be dealt with here only briefly for the
main emphasis Is to be on the role of taxa-
tion in an inflation control program. Spe-
cifically, it is a question of the extent to
which taxation, as an instrument of policy,
can check inflation by influencing the money
supply.
SOURCE OF NEW MONEY
The main source of increased money sup-
ply is the expansion of loans and Invest-
ments by commercial banks through the pro-
cedure of entering the proceeds of these
transactions as demand deposit credits. Cur-
rency in circulation has also increased. but its
chief function is to serve as pocket and till
money and for some payrolls. Any issue
above these needs will not stay in circula-
tion but will drift into the banks. For the
greater part of total purchases and other pay-
ments is effected by means of checks and
other documents drawn on deposit accounts.
Restriction of bank credit expansion is
applied through appropriate monetary ac-
tion, including sales of securities by the
Federal Open Market Committee to soak up
member bank reserves and a higher dis-
count rate when these banks borrow from
their respective Reserve Banks to replenish
reserves. The discount rate was advanced
to 4,5% last winter amid grumblings from
"diehard" cheap money advocates. In a
single week of mid-April, 1966, the Commit-
tee sold $1,084 million of Government se-
curities to tighten the brakes on credit ex-
pansion. Further restrictive action may be
in the offing.
The expansion of demand deposits occurs
in response to both private and public de-
mand for more credit accommodation. Just
why the process of bank lending and invest-
ing should, in the course of a boom, lead to
creation of an excessive money supply is
explicable only In terms of human attitudes
and behavior. It can best be explained
briefly by saying that in a boom expectations
eventually outrun realizations. Speculative
anticipation of.the future becomes extrava-
gant. Hence loans are made at greater risk.
Investments are screened less cautiously.
Assurance of Government economists that
the economic cycle has been abolished con-
tributes to expansionary enthusiasm by re-
moving the fear of a deflationary downturn.
In recent years the Government's own ex-
ample and influence have been on the side
of cheap money, easy credit, and disregard
of prudence in spending. For these and other
reasons, over-optimistic credit policy in-
creases the money supply at a greater rate
than justified by long-term reality. Infla-
tion control requires that the increase be
slowed down to a rate consistent with main-
tenance of a stable price level.
Both the private and the public sectors of
the economy have contributed to excessive
expansion of credit and adequate control
measures must be appropriate to these re-
spective transactions. In this regard a sig-
nificant difference emerges. Private credit
can be controlled and regulated by mone-
tary policy, provided the Federal Reserve
System is not prevented from -exercising the
necessary restraint by political pressure and
interference. There is no authority superior
to the Federal Government to regulate the
amount and the terms of its borrowing. Its
fiscal and monetary discipline must be self-
imposed.
Thus we have a definite boundary to our
topic. Established agencies can effectively
control private credit excesses, though there
will always be criticism of Federal Reserve
operations as being sometimes too much, too
little, too soon, or too late. From this point
on the concern will be with the measures
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CONGRESSIONAL RECORD - SENATE `13409
league has laid down, there is, I believe,
a duty incumbent upon the executive
branch of the Government to respond to
this challenge posed by the Senator from
Michigan. it should indicate to the
Senator and to the Senate how it intends
to improve the procedures and how it in-
tends to remove the apparently tremen-
dous opportunity for corruption that
exists in the use of the commodity im-
port program.
I would also like to state to my able
friend from Michigan that I thoroughly
applaud his excellent and constructive
suggestion that businessmen in America
devote their knowledge and experience
to the business of the Government of the
United States for a temporary period of
time. In this manner, they can bring
their unique and successful qualifications
under the free enterprise system to bear
in the exceedingly important cause of
freemen 10,000 miles from this Chamber.
There is also a great deal of pride for
all Americans, to be found in. what our
young men in the U.S. Marine Corps did
with respect to the civilian population of
South Vietnam. The Senator from
Michigan has ably drawn our attention
to the outstanding efforts of our fighting
men in the small hamlets and villages in
the rural part of that tragic and melan-
choly land. I was particularly proud to
know that our men in uniform have as-
sisted young people in constructing
schools and the local, Indigenous popu-
lfztion in improving agriculture.
Now I should like to ask the Senator
a question. In the Senator's opinion, is
our civilian aid program working with
the civilian aims of our military person-
nel in that country?
the able Senator in that we do have ex-
cellent and able American civilians in
that area. Some of them raised consid-
erable question, in connection with our
Appropriations Committee function,
that perhaps there was not sufficient at-
tention given to the problems of the
civilian population. As the Senator has
said, 80 percent of the people in Vietnam
live in rural areas. It is in these small
villages and hamlets, where such prob-
lems as inadequate sanitation and anti-
quated techniques of agriculture and the
like, offer a tremendous opportunity for
this fine program to help the civilian
population and the cause for freedom.
I would like to thank the Senator for
his admirable presentation and for his
lucid response to my question. I would
again like to welcome the Senator from
Michigan to the Senate and to thank
him for his able and constructive speech.
Mr. GRIFFIN. I thank the Senator.
I also wish to express appreciation to
the majority leader for making it pos-
sible for me to make this speech at this
time.
Mr. MANSFIELD. I am glad we had
the opportunity to have the Senator
make his speech. -
Mr. PEARSON. Mr. President, let me
say that I regret that committee assign-
ment respofisibility prevented me from
being on the floor when the distinguished
Senator from Michigan [Mr. GRIFFIN]
addressed the Chamber. His experience
in that troubled area, his great record
in Congress, have enabled him to give
to our own colleagues, and indeed to the
Nation, a great insight into the prob-
lems to which he has directed attention.
ORDER OF BUSINESS
Mr. MANSFIELD. Mr. President, I
ask unanimous consent that the Senator
from Kansas [Mr. PEARSON] be allowed
to speak for 5 minutes, and I also ask
unanimous consent that thereafter the
Senator from Alaska [Mr. BARTLETT]
may be allowed to speak for 30 minutes.
The RESIDING OFFICER. Is
there q~bction? Without objection, it
is sd o e ed.
Mr. GRIFFIN. Mr. President, first, I
thank my distinguished colleague from
California for his very kind observations.
I think, generally speaking, that there
is close cooperation and liaison between
our AID agency in Vietnam and our mili-
tary. I elaborate On my statement by
emphasizing that my criticism is not
focused, or is not intended to be
focused, on all aspects of our AID pro-
gram in Vietnam. I am particularly
pointing out the commodity import pro-
gram.
I also want to emphasize that we have
many fine, competent, dedicated people
in Vietnam in the AID agency. They
are not all incompetent, by any means.
Particularly in the pacification program,
for example, we have people in the AID
agency who are out in the countryside,
incurring considerable personal risk, and
who are doing a very fine job in some of
the same areas in which the marines are
doing it. When I mentioned the ma-
rines, I do not wish to imply that that is
the only part of the military that is doing
this work with the people there. It just
happens that I had an opportunity to be
. a the field with the marines.
I hope, with That elaboration, perhaps
the address I have made today will be
placed in a proper perspective.
Mr. KUCHEL. The Senator has in-
deed done Just that. What prompted my
interest was an Opportunity I had to
speak with some returning military and
civilian personnel over the last year.
Our conversations reflected the views of
VIETNAM CREDIBILITY GAP
Mr. PEARSON. Mr. President, on May
29 Radio Moscow devoted some attention
to the speech I made on this floor on May
27 wherein the Soviets indicated that yet
another U.S. Senator had criticized the
President for his Vietnam policy.
I would not expect to be correctly re-
ported or correctly interpreted by Radio
Moscow, but I shall not let their misrep-
resentation go without response.
Mr. President, I support a policy aimed
at the containment of communism in
southeast Asia; the halting of Commu-
nist aggression and the guarantee of an
independent and a peaceful South
Vietnam.
But, Mr. President, what I sought to
interpret on May 27 is some meaning as
to why the American people are con-
cerned and confused about our commit-
ment and about our participation in
Vietnam. For the truth of the matter
is that our Nation is at war. Our objec-
tives are honorable and worthy. The
American people genuinely want to sup-
port the President in any international
crisis.
Yet to the average citizen whose sup-
port is so vital in our democratic system
we appear to be helpless victims of a
situation we cannot control; that the
most powerful Nation in the world can-
not determine its own destiny; and that
while we know where we have been, it is
impossible to guess where we will be in
the future.
Why is there such uncertainty and
confusion? Why do the polls and the
surveys indicate a lack of support for
the President who acts as the Com-
mander in Chief of a nation which has al-
ways responded with great unity in
times of international confrontations?
The inevitable answer was that the
administration's position was not be-
lievable. There was a lack of credibility.
And in the Washington lexicon of the
day there existed a "credibility gap."
With some due candor I would assume
that this is a result of partisan politics
in an election year. Yet the most vocif-
erous critics are members of the Presi-
dent's party. And one cannot overlook
the fact that there continue to be a
growing number of newspaper editors
and columnists who are constrained to
question our policy.
So, while the ever-present partisan
politics is always present, this lack of
belief in the administration's policy must
be caused by something else. And that
something else is a mismatch between
words and deeds, a contradiction be-
tween ends and means and a conflict in
statements and actions which have ex-
isted over a long period of time and
which in turn brings about that slow
erosion of public confidence.
Therefore, the tragedy of the most
agonizing episode in the midsixties for
all Americans may be that our Vietnam
policy may fail-not because they are
wrong, but because our people are con-
fused and disillusioned. -
Mr. President, this confusion stems,
it seems to me, from three administra-
tion weaknesses regarding our policy in
Vietnam. The first is the administra-
tion's unhealthy obsession with a notion
that it is always right and never wrong-
or that, at least, it should so present
itself.
And second is the administration's
overpowering urge to be "all things to all
men," to govern by consensus not only
in domestic, but in foreign policy. The
emphasis, therefore, has been on nul-
lifying domestic and international criti-
cism rather than following a policy best
designated to achieve the objectives
sought.
And third is what appears to be the ad-
ministration's aversion to long-range
planning, a predisposition of "playing
things by ear," of responding rather
than taking the initiative.
If one asserts that such weaknesses
exist, there is, of course, the responsi-
bility to offer some documentation.
Mr. President, in recent weeks there
have been repeated stories of shortages
of war materials in Vietnam. Now if
we know anything about past military
buildups of this sort, we know that such
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13410 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD - SENATE
shortages inevitably occur. And if these Mr. President, the real reason we are
shortages are not the result of gross mis- in South Vietnam today is to prevent the
inaanagement then they constitute only spread of imperialistic, totalitarian
another of harsh facts of war-which communism into South Vietnam and
is organized confusion at best. into the rest of southeast Asia which
But what has been the administra- threatens the peace of the world. This
tion's response to, first, the press dis- has been a cornerstone of our foreign
closures of these shortages and later con- policy for two decades. It is the basis
firniation by congressional committees? of the Marshall plan; it was the reason
~ At first they were categorically denied. we instituted the airlift into Berlin; that
The Secretary of Defense described them we resisted Soviet-sponsored thrusts into
as "baloney,," an extreme example of the Greece, Iran, and Turkey; it is the rea-
administration's overreaction of critics son we opposed conventional warfare in
and an administration that admits no Korea; it is the reason we reacted to the
mistakes; and administration policy missile crisis in Cuba; and indeed it is
which seeks to discredit critics, but the reason we are committed in south-
which finally only raises new doubts. east Asia. And the administration ought
And then there was the speech by the to say so. The American people would
distinguished junior Senator from New understand. But to talk about our
York [Mr. KENNEDY], who suggested that presence there in terms of treaty com-
the United States should negotiate with mitments, legalistic arguments and talk
the Vietcong. of a war for freedom and democracy
The administration's overreaction clouds the real reason and creates doubt
once again proposed that, first, they were and confusion.
in agreement; second, that they were in Let me make reference to another
complete disagreement; and, third, that phase of this problem which has long
they were "very close to Mr. KENNEDY'S been difficult for the American people
views," to understand. This is our position in
This is another illustration of an ad- regard to negotiations with the Commu-
ministration trying to cover all bets, at- nists. In May 1965 the President, in his
tempting to be all things to all people at now famous Johns Hopkins speech, said
all times. But in the meantime, what we would negotiate anywhere at any
,is ,our policy? New doubts are raised. time without prior conditions. We then
New confusions are created. immediately imposed a condition our-
In the order of things these may be selves and that was that we would not
matters of small circumstance, but let negotiate with the Vietcong. Now, Mr.
us go on to review issues of greater President, there may have been good
consequence. .and valid reasons why we should not
In the administration's explanation of negotiate with the National Liberation
the basic reasons as to why we are in Front. Certainly we should not negotiate
Vietnam they speak in generalities. only with the Communists in South Viet-
The administration spokesmen talk of nam as Hanoi and Peking would suggest.
defending freedom and democracy in But here again is more uncertainty.
South Vietnam. These are admirable Note also that every time We escalate
causes. The very basic tenants of our our peace effort we also escalate, in like
foreign policy are to expand the bound- manner, our military effort. One dilutes
aries of freedom by means of halting ag- the other.
gression and by means of peaceful per- In relation to the so-called peace feel-
suasion. But admirable as they may be, ers, I would remind the Senate that after
who among us now really believes there our declaration that we would explore
is any real meaningful freedom and de- all possibilities of negotiation, the Amer-
mocracy in Vietnam or indeed in south- scan people learned of the overtures
east Asia? through the United Nations, through the
The administration speaks in terms of Italian Foreign Minister and others only
narrow. legalisr"ns, of honoring commit- after evidence had come forth to the
ments, of contending that we are bound extent that the administration could no
by the SEATO Treaty. But if we are, longer deny that they existed. Again
other treaty members apparently do not these overtures may not have been
appear to believe that they are so bound. worthy of consideration. The adminis-
And apparently the administration does tration's position may have been abso-
not either for it has never really con- lutely sound. But the administration
sulted with our allies regarding Vietnam was discredited when they first denied
policies. It talks to them in terms of their existence and then had to acknowl-
more men and material commitment, but edge such contracts after public disclo-
It does not discuss policy or SEATO sure.
Treaty Obligations.
The administration talks about our
commitment by past administrations, by
the Kennedy administration and by the
Eisenhower administration. These com-
mitments supposedly are binding upon
our Government and on our people for
which we are honor bound. The truth
of the matter is that the Eisenhower
commitment was nothing more than a
letter to the Diem Government offering
economic and technical assistance upon
the condition that there would be
achieved certain social, economic and
political reforms.
June !2, 1966
great political display. But even at the
time it was underway many felt that
the objective was to nullify criticism
rather than to find a response to our
peace offensive.
The point is if in the past months we
had been making the proper diplomatic
efforts then this diplomatic spectacular
would have been unnecessary. And if
we had not been making the proper di-
plomatic efforts for peace then this jet
diplomacy would convince no one.
Let me make reference to the severe
problem of government stability in South
Vietnam. A great cloud hangs over
America's involvement with the numer-
ous Saigon governments.
I specifically make reference to the
Honolulu Conference. The situation at
that time was that the peace offensive
had failed, the bombing had been re-
sumed in the north, the desperately
needed economic, social, and political re-
forms had not taken place, criticism of
the administration's position was in-
creasing as manifested by the Senate
Foreign Relations Committee hearings.
It was precisely at this point that the
President, together with his top advisors,
went off to a conference with Premier
Ky, and here again the general feeling
among many was that this was to nullify
criticism at home rather than to extend
a long range policy.
Secretary McNamara's recent offhand
comment that the conflict between the
Ky regime and the Buddhists was
healthy sign was either thoughtless or
naive.
Now, Mr. President, one can under-
stand the niceties of diplomacy and the
delicate circumstances of international
relations. But if the United States ap-
proves and supports each government,
we, in turn, compound the confusion in
the minds and in the consciences of our
people.
Mr. President, the great confusion lies
in the mismatched words and deeds of
the administration.
Mr. President, if we are to reduce this
to a single proposition, looking back over
the long and troubled past, one will see
that the administration from time to
time has taken a public position that we
would commit ourselves only so far, and
at the same time the administration as-
serted that there were certain actions
which we would not do and that this
scope of commitment would achieve the
objectives that we seek. Then inevit-
ably conditions change and the admin-
istration does the very act that they
promised not to do, whether it be in-
creased troop commitment or some other
action
B
t
th
.
u
now
ey say this new es-
I make reference also to the so-called
calation, this offensive of January 1966. At that the Vietnam new commitment, will solve
problem. all will recall that the bombing never comes. . Yet the solution
had stopped. Ambassador Harriman Let me illustrate. In 1964 the Presi-
was sent to Poland, Yugoslavia, and In- dent said our objectives can be achieved
dia; Mr. McGeorge Bundy went to Ot- without American troops. Today there
tawa; Ambassador Goldberg was sent are over 400,000 American troops in
to the Vatican, Rome, Paris, and Lon- North Vietnam.
don; the Vice President toured the Far In 1984 the President indicated that
East capitals; Ambassador Kohler called there would be no bombing north of the
upon those in authority in the Soviet 17th parallel. At a later time air strikes
Union; Mr. G. Mennen Williams con- into North Vietnam became necessary to
tacted several African nations; and Mr. cut the supply lines, yet supplies con-
Thomas Mann went to Mexico. tinue to flow over the Ho Chi Minh trail
This was a massive peace offensive. A in ever-increasing volume.
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June
CONGRESSIONAL RECORD - SENATE
13411
If the administration really thought drink ana tine iouu we vtt,,.
that a limited action and a limited com- tinue to speak out on this subject, adequate consultation with representa-
mitmellt would suffice, then the result is Radiation exposure is cumulative and tives of the life scientists. Until now
a misjudgment. But if the administra- ' it comes from many sources. We are the safety standards on radiation ex-
tion thought that the limited commit- receiving ever greater exposures from posure have been administered largely
ments previously made would never suf- the known sources of radiation. We are by the men who make the radiation.
`flee, then it constitutes deception. But, ever finding new, hitherto unsuspected, They are hardly unbiased.
in any event, the result is confusion and sources of radiation. The more moni- The Advisory Committee report is im-
doubt on the part of the American people. toring and surveillance of the environ- portant, its recommendations are vital.
Mr. President, once again, I say that I ment we undertake the more we find I intend tioto make n contamination sure ati is heard.
will support the position of the admin- which needs to be done.
istration which is, as I understand it, to The newspapers, in a paragraph here facing all mankind. It is especially
be goals of halting Communist aggres- a paragraph there, report these in- pressing in the United States because of
sion in Vietnam and southeast Asia and creases: We read of Columbia River oy- the ever increasing military, medical are
mak in securing a free and Independent , I am persuaded contaminated by the ni Washington, we hearoof adiationsmaterials. In order to i draw
that Vietnam. e I n people an persuaded d Eskimos exposed to unusual amounts of Senators' attention to the problem, I in-
the administration. American am want persuaded d that support radiation in the Arctic, we learn the trib- tend, over the next 3 weeks, to speak on
our objectives ae I right pa utaries of the Colorado River are pol- three particularly distressing cases of ex-
and objectives are right and hr the honorable bl luted by the tailings of uranium mills, cessive radiation exposure. In location
add worthy. I am convinced that American Academy of Pediatrics these range from New York to Arizona,
administration will receive the spate warns us against use of the fluoroscope from the Arctic to the Gulf of Mexico.
of our people if it will onty elearly state and the British Medical Journal Lancet In the Colorado River Basin, of Colo-s thereaefor o our commitment. warns us against unnecessary diagnostic rado, New Mexico, and Utah there are
n
, The s strong g people enough to land are wise understand enough that X-rays. 33 uranium ore-processing mills. Some
and All of this is reported; yet it is buried of these are now shut down; some of
the lessons s South Vietnam in 19 3 are in the rush of the day-to-day news. No- these are still open. Beside each there
th same lessons of Munich t 1939. I where is it all put together. Nowhere are are piles of mill tailings. These are
shi nk they are wise enough nough to under the full implications of the increasing heavily radioactive and in some cases
stand that freedom of South Vietnam radioactive burdens to man and his en- they have seriously contaminated the
is not the same kind of freedom that we vironment made clear. area about them. Today let me draw the
our would have for nor land and for that peo- When the test ban treaty was ratified, attention of the Senate to two particular
unexpected and ed will know and expect thathe Federal interest-especially congression- examples: the contamination of the San
unexpected w occur. al interest-in radiation hazards seemed Miguel and the Animas Rivers.
Mr. President, I think the American to fade away. This is unfortunate for The mills along these two rivers are
public can understand a policy of limited as the National Advisory Committee on AEC licensed. This means that they are
action for limited objectives, that they Radiation pointed out in its report to required by their license to abide by the
can understand that uhere is a new cant the Surgeon General this April: so-called part 20 regulations which limit clear dept are victory in a do what ge and that Although the nuclear weapons test ban the amount of concentrations of radio-
they awilling to do whais necessary appeared to reduce the need for environ- activity which regulations released from mill
in these times. mental surveillance for a time, current world sites. These rMr. President, one last point. The conditions make a continuing effort in this in 1955 and were adopted in 1957.
field essential. Let us see how well they were regarded.
great wrung of the administration's pol-
icy of seeking a consensus in foreign af- Essential as our efforts in this field The Federal Government has promul-
fairs is that not only doubt and confu- may be, they are not now even remotely gated radiation protection guides which
sion have resulted, but it is in the fact adequate to the problem. It is true that are to be used in evaluating radiation
that in this doubt and confusion many the test ban treaty cut down on the contamination hazards from peacetime
people have been driven to extreme posi- amount of radioactivity released in the uses of atomic energy. The guides clear-
tions. The simplistic approach of all-out air through atmospheric testing by the ly state that radiation exposure should
war on one hand or complete withdrawal great powers. It did not reduce, how- be kept as low as possible. They set forth
on the other gains popularity every day. ever, the amount released through inad- three ranges of exposure. The first,
The broad body of thought which under- vertent "venting" from underground range I, calls for "periodic confirmatory
stood that there are no simple answers tests. Neither France nor Red China are surveillance as necessary." The second,
for Vietnam; that understood that there affected by the terms of the treaty and range II, provides for "quantitative sur-
is no "yes or no" answer; that under- both are mounting atmospheric testing veillance and routine control." The pur-
stood that solutions do not appear in programs this summer. The extent and pose of this control is defined as provid-
black or white shades now is dissolved use of radioactive substances in medi- ing "reasonable assurance that average
and the administration's mismatch of cine increase substantially each year. rates of intake by a suitable sample of
words and deeds has led an ever-ncreas- The full extent of the ability of certain an exposed population group, averaged
ing number of people into extreme posi- food chains to absorb radioactive ma- over the sample and averaged over
tions which can only give way to extreme terials is only now being determined. periods of time of the order of 1 year,
solutions, The difficulty of safely disposing of radio- do not exceed the upper value of range
For America, in the midsixties the active waste products has yet to be II."
-agony of Vietnam could be the trial for solved. The Federal and State respon- Range III calls for "evaluation and ap-
this generation. What we need today is sibilities in all these fields are unclear plic Lions of additit iscntrol measures
reason, understanding and patience and, and unsettled. as ." presumed that
Mr. President, these will exist if our goals In reviewing these and other matters rlengthy adiation exposure range ITI levels
are clear and if we know where we are the National Advisory Committee on Ra- meaation would call commufor nity active the counter
going. diation in its report to the Surgeon Gen-
in the or area: has reposed a greatly increased food exchange, crop storage, water treat-
P
CONTAMINATION OF THE COLO-
RADO RIVER BASIN
Mr. BARTLETT. Mr. President, re-
peatedly Senate recent about years thI e have
to the
hazards to man and his progeny caused
by radioactive contamination and pollu-
tion of the air we breathe, the water we
No, lea--10
el
anu forth.
Federal effort to strengthen our research me~n&, principal radionuclide released
and training programs in radiology, to
strengthen our laboratory and statistical from the uranium mill pilings has been
resources and to develop standards of radium 226. The FRC guide for radium
acceptable radiation exposure that make specifies that exposure from 0 to 2 pico-
clear "the balance of profit and risk" in- curies of Ra" is in range I; exposure
volved in all matters pertaining to the from 2 to 20 picocuries of Ra?e is in range
human application of ionizing radiation. II and exposure from 20 to 200 of Ra22' is
The present guidelines are drawn with- in range III.
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13412 CONGRESSIONAL. RECORD - SENATE June 23, 19666
An average person drinks and eats hibiting such contamination as I have public policy should be on such matters. I
about 2.2 liters of water a day, outlined. It may be, but I doubt it. congratulate you and your subcommittee for
Keep these facts in mind. Most of the contamination in the undertaking what is a most complicated and
In 1955 the San Miguel River contained Animas and San Miguel Rivers occurred dreadfully important inquiry.
concentrations of radium 226 as high as after the part 20 regulations had been As you know, for several years I have
88 picocuries per liter. If any One had promulgated, worked to expand and improve our research
been drinking water from this river at It may be that the pilings at the closed many billions doftidolars ecaioe We speng
buildin
that time he would have absorbed 193.6 mill sites are properly banked and that nuclear weapons; we spend veryafew dollars
picocuries of radium a day. This is at there is no danger of their contaminants a year investigating their effects on man and
the upper limit of range III. leaching into the streams or draining his environment-both potential and real.
The Animas River in 1959 contained into the water table. It may be, but I Radiation contamination is of particular
24 picocuries of radium per liter. A per- am not sure of this. poncern to Alaskans. The Arctic food chain
son drinking from this river would have The problem is very real at the closed is highly susceptible to contamination from
received 52.8 picocuries of radium per mill sites in the Colorado River Valley. radioactive settles
on the This Arctic comes to . fallout
m day. Again this is a level well within Radium 226 has a half life of 1,620 years. sedges. These plants receive shy
range M. We must have more than the present ment from the air and not from the earth.
A polluted river does damage to the temporary measures to guard against They live for many years and fallout remains
entire river environment. For example, the long-lived hazard caused by radium upon them. The mosses are eaten by the
the sport fish disappeared from both riv- contaminated mill pilings. This prob- wandering herds of caribous, and the cart-
ers during the years of maximum pollu- lem may become even more important in bous become heavily radioactive. The in-
tiori Some hardy fish remained. Min- the years ahead. Uranium is basically land Eskimos, citizens of Alaska and the
flows taken downstream from the ura- a scarce material and uranium produc- large United part for States their protei
n on are Caribou meat.
nium mills in 1958 contained, on an aver- tion can be expected to rise substantially And as a result, Chet Ingestion of rad of
age, 18 times the natural background in the years ahead. It is expected that nuclides by the inland Arctic Eskimos is
level of radium contamination. Some world demand for uranium will reach many times greater than the average for
samples contained as much as 48 times about 60,000 tons a year in 1980, ,a 50- Americans across the 48 United States. It
the natural background level. percent increase over present capacity. approaches, indeed sometimes exceeds, the
Fish taken from the San Miguel River To meet this demand, it will be rieCes- maximum permissible levels as set by the
in 1956 and 1957 were as much as 98 sary to open new mines and mills and Radiation Protection Guide. Attaches! es
times more radioactive than they should to reopen old ones. There is a great deal this letter you will find several speeches
have been. which I have given to the Senate discussing
usmore uranium in the United States to this problem m in great detail. I would ask
Bottom fauna taken from the Animas be mined and prospecting is now going that the subcommittee make these speeches
River in 1961 contained radium con- on at a lively level, a part of its hearing record.
taminations as much as 30 times greater Because contamination from pilings is As a result of these speeches and the con-
than normal. Bottom fauna taken from a real and continuing problem, i am tern of scientists and others, I have been
the San Miguel River at the end of 1962, pleased that the junior Senator from successful in obtaining improved monitor-
7 years after the maximum contamina- Maine [Mr. Mussuzi is holding hear- ing and surveillance programs for Arctic
tion period, still retained concentrations ings on the subject before his Subcom- watchc The otntter is being cbeing
of radium 226 20 times greater than mittee on Air and Water Pollution. studied so that we will be measures are e: being prepared in-
normal. Much valuable evidence has been ob- sure the safety and health ofthe Alaska
The radium cdhtent of algae from these tained at these hearings. I am told the Eskimos.
two rivers was even greater. In 1959 subcommittee intends to continue its Alaska is not the only place where radia-
algae taken from the Animas River con- study and I here pledge to give the com- tion problems cause concern. The appalling
tained 888 picocuries of radium 226 per mittee every assistance and support that amounts of Iodine 131 which have fallen
gram ashed weight. Compare this with I can. over parts of Nevada and southern Utah are
samples of unpolluted algae taken from The Colorado River Basin is but one well be thatethe levels fully Investi. It may
absorbedtby the chic-
above the radium mill which contained of many hot spots. We are learning only dren in that area of the country have been
an average of 4 picocuries per gram. Al- slowly and very tardily how to measure sufficiently great to cause measurable somatic,
gae taken from the San Miguel River in and evaluate the extent of the contami- effects.
1957 ranged as high as 3,560 picocuries nation in the biologics food chain and Your subcommittee, Mr. Chairman, today
of radium 226 per gram of ashed weight. our environment gene ally. We must is taking up a problem no less grave. The
This is 890 times the level of the un- train the men, provide the laboratories, sliding in oythe tributa tributaries of the lCo orado
polluted samples of algae, and finance the research needed to in- River apparently has been-and may well
There are approximately 25,000 per- sure that with the increasing use of radi- still be-extensive. A close reading of the
sons living in the Animas River Basin. ation products mankind does not inad- report of the Federal Water Pollution Con-
Fewer persons live along the banks of vertently do his world grave and perma- trol Administration indicates that in three
the San Miguel River. Even so, these nent harm. rivers at least, levels of radiation have been
people have been drinking treated or un- Mr. President, I ask unanimous con- reached which exceed the so-called maxi-
treated river water and have been irri- sent that a letter of questions which I mum permissible levels as established by
gating their crops with water taken from sent. to the chairman on the pollution of the National Council on Radiation Protec-
these rivers. Radiation contamination the Colorado River Basin as well as re- tion.
of alfalfa and hay grown along the plies to these questions from the AEC con
in 155 the centrations of~radium-226 Miguel iasrhightas 138
Animas River averaged about nine times and the Federal Water Pollution Con- picograms per liter. In 1961 South Creek
the normal expected level during the trol Administration and also an article had concentrations measured at 27 pico-
period of maximum contamination. on the increased demand for uranium grams per liter. In 1959 the Animas River
Now several years after, the levels of from May 14 issue of the Economist may contained 24 picograms per liter of radiuni-
contamination stand at 70 picocuries per be made a Part of the RECORD at this 226. According to the Radiation Protection
kilogram, about four times the natural time. Guide anything more than 2 picocuries of
concentration of radium 226. There being no objection, the ma- radium
scale o-226 absorbed per day by a large
Uranium mills have been operating in terial was ordered to be printed in the federal "quantitative sur vein a ce and lrou-
the Colorado River Valley since the Sec- RECORD, as follows:
and World War. The Atomic Energy tine m eore t." to han According rithe per day ould
Commission began studying the radia- Honorable EDMUND S. MussrrEMAY 6, 1966, call cal for r "evaluation than picocues pt nay would
tion safety aspects of mill operations and appliso mo
Chairman, Subcommittee on Air and Water tional control measures"-this s is c commonly
ly
only in 1957. The AEC began its study Pollution, Committee on Public Works, taken to mean the application of counter
of closed mill pilings only in 1963. By United States Senate, Washington, D.C. measures.
that
time much water, much radiation, DEAR M. CHAIRMAN: I deeply regret that A picogram of radium-226 taken inter-
tha flowed over the tem. I am unable to appear before your subcom- nally will produce the equivalent of a pico-
had mittee as it begins its may be that the AEC part 20 regu- caused by uranium mill tailingof the hazards s piles in the cu An averaietper
lations are adequate to the task of pro- Colorado River basin and as it considers what 2.2 liters of water andayinks and eats about
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Senate
The Senate met at 11 o'clock a.m., and
was called to order by the Acting Presi-
dent pro tempore (Mr. ME'rcALF).
The Chaplain, Rev. Frederick Brown
Harris, D.D., offered the following
prayer:
0 Lord our God, whose love is so gra-
cious and tender that it passeth under-
standing, we bow before Thee in grati-
tude at the remembrance of Thy mer-
cies. Bring us, we beseech Thee, into the
quiet sanctuary of Thy presence that we
may be still and know that Thou art God.
In spite of all the evil that stalks the
earth with shackles and chains, we thank
Thee for human kindness, for hope that
shines undimmed, for faith that is daunt-
less, and for all the qualities of high per-
sonality that cannot be bought. Let Thy
beauty, 0 Lord, be upon us, that our
spirits may be radiant as in Thy strength
we face the perplexities of these troubled
days. Use us, we pray Thee, as ambassa-
dors of good will. At the end, without
stumbling or stain, strengthen our arms
as in all the world we fight for righteous-
ness and justice and truth.
We ask it in the name of that One
who is the life and truth and the way.
Amen.
THE JOURNAL
On request of Mr. MANSFIELD, and by
unanimous consent, the reading of the
Journal of the proceedings of Wednes-
day, June 22, 1966, was dispensed with.
MESSAGE FROM THE PRESIDENT
A message in writing from the Presi-
dent of the United States, submitting
nominations, was communicated to the
Senate by Mr. Jones, one of his secre-
taries.
MESSAGE FROM THE HOUSE
A message from the House of Repre-
sentatives, by Mr. Hackney, one of its
reading clerks, announced that the
House had agreed to the amendment of
the Senate to the bill (H.R. 12270) to
authorize the Secretary of Defense to
lend certain Army, Navy, and Air Force
equipment and to provide transportation
and other services to the Boy Scouts of
America in connection with the 12th
Boy Scouts World Jamboree and 21st
Boy Scouts World Conference to be held
in the United States of America in 1967,
and for other purposes.
The message also announced that the
House had passed a bill (H.R. 15119) to
extend and improve the Federal-State
unemployment compensation program,
in which it requested the concurrence of
the Senate.
13406
THURSDAY, JUNE 23, 1966
ENROLLED BILLS SIGNED
The message further announced that
the Speaker had affixed his signature to
the following enrolled bills, and they
were signed by the Vice President:
H.R. 1582. An act to remove a restriction
on certain real property heretofore conveyed
to the State of California;
H.R. 3438. An act to amend the Bankruptcy
Act with respect to limiting the priority and
nondisohargeabiiity of taxes in bankruptcy;
H.R. 7371. An act to amend the Bank Hold-
ing Company Act of 1956; and
H.R. 10721. An act to amend the Federal
Employees' Compensation Act to improve its
benefits, and for other purposes.
HOUSE BILL REFERRED
The bill (H.R. 15119) to extend and
improve the Federal-State unemploy-
ment compensation program, was read
twice by its title and referred to the Com-
mittee on Finance:
LIMITATION ON STATEMENTS DUR-
ING TRANSACTION OF ROUTINE
MORNING BUSINESS
Mr. MANSFIELD. Mr. President, I
ask unanimous consent that at the con-
clusion of the speech to be delivered by
the distinguished junior Senator from
Michigan [Mr. GRIFFIN], which I under-
stand is not to exceed 45 minutes, there
be a period for the transaction of rou-
tine morning business, with statements
to be limited to 3 minutes.
The ACTING PRESIDENT pro tem-
pore. Without objection, it is so ordered.
ORDER OF BUSINESS
Mr. MANSFIELD. Mr. President,
once again I wish to state that after the
Senate disposes of the metal and non-
metallic mine safety bill, which will be
the pending business at the conclusion
of the morning hour, it is our intention
to take up tomorrow the Traffic Safety
Act. I urge all Senators to be in the city
and available for attendance in the
Chamber, because there may be amend-
ments to be voted on.
The ACTING PRESIDENT pro tem-
pore. Under the previous order, the
Chair recognizes the Seljator from Mich-
igan.
(At this poi
UNITED STATES ECONOMIC ASSIST- a nation.
ANCE TO VIETNAM South Vietnam is a relatively small
Mr. GRIFFIN. Mr. President, I rise to fewer country.
relation trained ts leaders s Yare et, even
make my first speech in this Chamber, a
at an hour of testing in the history of
the Republic.
Ten thousand miles from this Cham-
ber, on the other side of our planet,
more than 300,000 young Americans are
engaged in fighting an enemy who is
everywhere and nowhere-an enemy who
walks barefoot through the rice paddies
of the Mekong Delta and rides through
the streets of Saigon on a bicycle carry
ing a bomb.
Mr. President, I served 14 months over-
seas during World War II, and I do not
claim to be a military expert. Recently,
I spent 5 days, from May 9 to May 14, in
Vietnam as a member of the House
Subcommittee on Foreign Operations
and Government Information, studying
the commodity import program of the
U.S. Agency for International Develop-
ment. I do not come back and profess
to be an expert on all the problems of
Vietnam. During my visit in Vietnam,
I had an opportunity to meet and engage
in discussions with our top military, po-
litical, and economic representatives,
with our soldiers in the field, and with
the Vietnamese people themselves.
With all humility, I offer some assess-
ments and conclusions. I earnestly hope
that they will contribute to a better unf
derstanding of the problems we face in
Vietnam. For one need not be an ex-
pert to realize that in Vietnam we are
confronted with a new and terrible kind
of war-terrorism that makes pawns of
the innocent, and severely tests the mo-
rale, the loyalty, and the steadfastness of
the civilian population.
In Vietnam the economic and political
know-how of the 20th century is strug
gling to bring nationhood out of subver
Sion, and some order out of chaos..
Whether South Vietnam, with the
military and economic help of the United
States, will be able to survive this ordeal,
no one can predict with certainty. Mili-
tarily speaking, I believe we can see
some light at the end of the tunnel ;
however, the possibility continues that
the tunnel may cave in before we reach
the end.
THE CHALLENGE OF COMMUNIST TERROR
I should like to suggest that two wars
are raging in Vietnam today: one is the
war to defeat the Communist Vietcong
in the countryside and in the villages of
the south and to repel overt aggression
from the north; the other is the war
to win the people, so that they can create
a viable political, social, and economic
order-in short, so that they can build
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June 23, 1966 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD - HOUSE
By Mr. CAMERON: ing of elections in South Vietnam; to the
H.R. 15921. A bill to amend the Economic Committee on Foreign Affairs.
Opportunity Act of 1964 to provide insur- By Mr. MATSUNAGA:
ance for loans made to assist in the creation H'. Con. Res, 798. Concurrent resolution es-
of employment opportunities for low-income tablishing a Joint Committee on National
persons; to the Committee on Education and Service and the Draft; to the Committee on
:Labor. Rules.
By Mr. HAWKINS:
H.R. 15922, A bill to amend the Economic
Opportunity Act of 1964 to provide insurance
for loans made to assist in the creation of
employment opportunities for low-income
persons; to the Committee on Education and
Labor.
By Mr. McFALL:
H.R.15923. A bill to amend the Internal
Revenue Code of 1954 to permit the with-
holding of Federal income taxes for em-
ployees of certain water districts; to the
Committee on Ways and Means.
By Mr. McCARTHY:
H.R.15924. A bill to regulate interstate
and foreign commerce by preventing the use
of unfair or deceptive methods of packaging
or labeling of certain consumer commodities
distributed in such commerce, and for other
purposes; to the Committee on Interstate
and Foreign Commerce.
By Mr. TALCOTT:
H.J. Res. 1179. Joint resolution to estab-
lish the American Revolution Bicentennial
Commission, and for other purposes; to the
Committee on the Judiciary.
By Mr. CRALEY:
H. Con, Res. 796. Concurrent resolution ex-
pressing the sense of the Congress with re-
spect to certain matters in connection with
the 225th anniversary of the founding of
'York, Pa.; to the Committee on the Judi-
ciary.
By Mr. McCARTHY:
H. Con. Res. 797. Concurrent resolution ex-
pressing the sense of Congress on the hold-
PRIVATE BILLS AND RESOLUTIONS
Under clause 1 of rule =I, private
bills and resolutions were introduced and
severally referred as follows:
By Mr. CAREY:
H.R. 15925. A bill for the relief of Giuseppe
D'Angelo, his wife, Rose D'Angelo, and Ono-
frio D'Angelo and his wife, Francesca
D'Angelo; to the Committee on the Judiciary.
H.R. 15926. A bill for the relief of Vittoria
Mancuso; to the Committee on the Judi-
ciary.
By Mr. COHELAN:
H.R. 15927. A bill for the relief of James
Rodriguez Garcia (also known as Jaime Wil-
son and Jaime Betia); to the Committee on
the Judiciary.
By Mr. MACKAY:
H.R. 15928. A bill for the relief of Mrs. Ruth
Brunner; to the Committee on the Judiciary.
By Mr. MORSE:
H.R.15929. A bill for the relief of Mr.
Salehbhai Shamsi and Mrs. Sakina Shamsi;
to the Committee on the Judiciary.
By Mr. MULTER:
H.R. 15930. A bill for the relief of Andrea
Ventimiglia; to the Committee on the
Judiciary.
By Mr. O'HARA of Illinois:
H.R.15931. A bill for the relief of Ilea
Kalember; to the Committee on the
Judiciary.
PIP
By Mr. POWELL:
H.R. 15932. A bill for the relief of Giovanni
Fiorini; to the Committee on the Judiciary.
By Mr. ROSTENKOWSKI:
H.R. 15933. A bill for the relief of Kazimiera
Niemirowska; to the Committee on the
Judiciary.
By Mr. ROYBAL:
H.R. 15934. A bill for the relief of Miss Jai
Ok Yuh; to the Committee on the Judiciary.
H.R. 15935. A bill for the relief of Abdallah
Hanna Abi Monsour; to the Committee on
the Judiciary.
By Mr. ST GERMAIN:
H.R. 15936. A bill for the relief of Maria
De Jesus Da Silva Ferreira; to the Committee
on the Judiciary.
H.R.15937. A bill for the relief of Maria
Inez Pacheco de Andrade Medeiros; to the
Committee on the Judiciary.
By Mr. TEAGUE of Texas:
H.R. 15938. A bill for the relief of Julio
Cesar Gon Martinez; to the Committee on
the Judiciary.
By Mr. WALDIE:
H.R.15939. A bill for the relief of certain
employees of the Naval Weapons Center,
Concord, Calif.; to the Committee on the
Judiciary.
By Mr. WOLFF:
H.R.15940. A bill for the relief of Thalia
Simos; to the Committee on the Judiciary.
PETITIONS, ETC.
Under clause 1 of rule =I,
402, The SPEAKER presented a petition of
Ralph Boryszewski, Rochester, N.Y., rela-
tive to Impeachment, which was referred to
the Committee on the Judiciary.
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June 2J,, CONGRESSIONAL RECORD - SENATE 13407 the period of 2 years more than 600 village First. The Saigon Government main- the forlai. o ck waxen in Vietnam thwere ey om-
headmen and civil servants were killed tains a list of approved importers in Viet- plainer against the profiteering there which
by the Communist Vietcong, and over 'nom. A firm or individual on the list has created a vested interest in keeping troops
1,400 kidnapped. Imagine the sense of a tremendous opportunity for realizing bogged down in Vietnam.
terror which would pervade America if profit, licit and illicit. DIVERSION OF U.S.-FINANCED IMPORTS TO THE
every good mayor and every good public Second. Only approved importers are ENEMY
servant in the United States risked death eligible to apply for a license to import profiteering by unscrupulous importers
or kidnaping at the hands of Communist particular goods. Yet our AID officials and, in some cases, exporters is not the
gangsters! Yet, this is the situation in have paid little or no attention to the list only shocking example of laxity no coh
South Vietnam. of approved importers, or to the grant- onlover kin examplof l of the c on-
In its total context, the war in Viet- ing of import licenses. There has been trol over the administration . Expansion o-
naiv cannot, and will not, be won merely no reliable system of checking on the modity import
program t programa faster rate than AID
by dropping bombs or by taking over backgrounds, honesty, loyalties or secret the ogramqualifiedter ratetthan has
Vietcong territory. In the-final analysis, connections of the import applicants. could recruit
resulted a the most out-
be to win this total effort, a nation must Administration of the import licensing - apparently in tep most dot-
be rebuilt out of the chaos, confusion, system has been left almost entirely to rageoulays us s attack div upe ersi s
o of tU.S.-
years corruption left in the wake of 25 Vietnamese officials. Although licenses financed imports a the enf the and the
years of continuous strife and conflict. are supposed to be issued without charge, finasmunced of is to supplies out of Vntna the
To succeed, we must be as skillful and in- it is common knowledge in Saigon that for resale in other areas.
genious with the tools of nation building an "under the table" payment to the ap- Foe ale in o, other May 9 the New York
as our fighting men are skillful and in- propriate local official is "part of the Timesexpmtle,
genious with the weapons of battle. game."
No matter how many military engage- Third. By using his privileged author- The possibility that United States taxpay-
ments are won by American soldiers, the ity, a Vietnamese importer can obtain an ers may indirectly be financing the Viet Cong
ware will surely be lost if our civilian import license-say, for the import of through the import program is a continuing
$10,000 worth of cement-by paying the headache to AID officials. Enough diverted
personnel fail in their education, health, Government in local cur- supplies have been recovered from the Viet
and economic programs-in the nation Vietnamese Cong to suggest that much more has gone
building aspects of the total effort. And, rency at the "pegged" bargain rate of 60 the same route.
every shortcoming and failure in our piasters to $1. I am speaking here of the has been presented in the
economic assistance and development period prior to last week's devaluation of Evidence press and elsewhere, intruding the come
program serve only to prolong the war. the piaster. The exporter, who may be Press and the sere, badY on which I
THE WEAKEST LINK in the United States or a third country, is semitt rved, no substantiate those reports.
paid by the U.S. Government in dollars.
In my judgment, based on my recent Fourth. Upon obtaining the imported For example, there is reason to believe
visit to Vietnam, the weakest link in U.S. goods, the importer remains virtually un- that American steel has been used to
activities is, inexcusably, the economic checked-at least, this has been the case re-enforce Vietcong bunkers; that Amer-
one. I am very much disturbed to report in the past-in his methods of disposal. ican steel has been used by the Vietcong
that our largest economic assistance pro- He can-and often does-sell the goods to fashion homemade mortars; that
gram in Vietnam has not been well han- on the Saigon black market where the small machine equipment, medicines,
dled. As a result of serious misman- going exchange rate has ranged between and other items have been pilfered from
mport and ineffective controls, U.S. 160 and 180 piasters to the dollar. The the docks in Saigon-actually under the
import subsidies have brought boom to spread between the official rate and the noses of AID officials-and transferred
the black markets of Saigon; they have "down on the corner" exchange rate in- to the Vietcong; and that rice, imported
made the rich richer and the poor poorer; sures a real windfall profit for the im- from Texas and Louisiana, has been
and they have indirectly routed Ameri- porter. He can nearly triple his original smuggled from Vietnam into Cambodia,
can supplies into the hands of the Com- investment in piasters. making that country, according to the
munist Vietcong. But he need not stop there. Other New York Times: "the fastest growing
The program to which I refer is the avenues for profiteering have been open exporter of the staple in southeast Asia."
commodity import program. Through to the resourceful importer. In the May 10 issue of the New York
It the U.S. Agency for International By working through a "cooperative" Times Felix Belair, Jr., wrote:
development--AID-provides indirect foreign sales agent, the importer can Nobody in the Agency for International
)udget support for financing the 'in- arrange for the seller to -make a kick- Development here (in Washington) or in
'ortation into Vietnam of capital goods, back to him on a part of the sales price. Saigon knows on anything like a current
-aw materials and consumer goods. Overstatement of invoice prices, short basis how much (of the imports) has arrived
Over the years, the commodity import shipments, or shipment of inferior goods or where it went.
)rogram has grown to the point where are other devices for realizing profits In the circumstances, "estimates" that 20
t represents the major portion of our from a generous Uncle Sam. Kick-back percent of AID-financed shipments are
ks and
n
oreign aid package in Vietnam. For the stolen is. tor from the docks ant fiscal year, approximately $370 payments may actually go to the im- warehouses transit a otherwise diverted go -
;urgerren has been budgeted for the coin- porter in Saigon through a sales repre- lenged because there are no figures to re-
sentative, or they may take the form of fute them.
Aodity import program in Vietnam- a transfer of funds between foreign THE NEED TO HELP THE eD PERCENT OF THE
-*ell over half of our total economic aid banks. PEOPLE
commitment to that country. Unfortu- A large percentage of the goods The profiteering by unscrupulous ele-
nately, the rapid expansion of this pro-
gram, brought into Vietnam under the coin- ments in the cities and ports of Vietnam
has modity import program are supposed to is naturally demoralizing to the great
unmanageable influx which has influx of commodities, in has
ot ben accompanied y an equivalent be purchased from the United States. mass of the people faced with suffering
not been of competent But if Uncle Sam is paying no attention, and terrorism inflicted by the Commu-
or numbeer r in the system eem o o shipping documents can easily be falsi- nist Vietcong. It must be stopped if
AID administrators, the number
AID f fled as to the country of origin. This we are going to win the 80 percent of
controls, makes it simpler to get dollars into the Vietnamese population who live as
gin ll design yedimport Program
u u pp was French or Swiss banks. peasants in the countryside.
originally y design, first, cur- In a recent series of syndicated col- In the May 5 issue of the Reporter
Vietnamese Government's ''s shore
down on their foreign hr umns on the profiteering in Vietnam, magazine, Stanley Andrews, a noted au-
-foreign resxpends by itt cutting tti sec _connd, , t to provide economics consultant Eliot Janeway has
expenditures; on rural development who spent
additional, government revenues to bal- written: a number of years in Vietnam, said:
once their budget; and third, and most The business of latching on to war dollars perhaps no more than 10 to 20 percent of
important, to help combat inflation in has grown into the only really big business American aid has trickled down to the ham-
Vietnam. there (in Vietnam) . . . . Of the $600 mil- lets in a way the peasants can relate to
lion outflow to Vietnam, nearly half
This well-intentioned but, unfortu- (roughly 20 percent of our worrisome [bal- either the United States or their own Gov-
nately, not well-administered program ance of] payments deficit) goes right back ernment ... Most of the aid has benefited
works something like this: to France as ammunition for her war against the elite and the urban middle class.
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13408 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD - SENATE
WHO IS TO BLAME?
A good part of the blame for the past
and present situation in Vietnam must
be laid at the door of top AID officials.
Consider these facts about the AIL)
mission In Vietnaxfi:
First. On March 26, 1966, AID mis-
sion personnel in Vietnam totaled ap-
proxynately 2,800 which is nearly the
number stationed in Washington. How-
ever, until recently there were only a
handful of American AID employees in
Vietnam whose principal concern was
the administration of the commodity
import program. A year ago there was
only one such employee.
Second. While I was in Vietnam, four
key administrative posts, including the
position of Deputy Director, were vacant.
Third. There have been four different
Directors of the Vietnam AID mission
during the past 4 years.
Fourth. There have been few audits of
the AID operation in Vietnam. At the
time of our visit, there had been no au-
dits of the operation by AID-Washing-
ton since 1961. Controls and supervi-
sion over the commodity import program
by Washington or Saigon have been min-
imal or nonexistent.
In,, other words, the AID agency in
Washington and Saigon has been "look?-
ing the other way." Its personnel poli-
cies have been inadequate. During the
past 5 years there have been no mean-
ingful measures, to check or audit this
vital program.
Since the House Foreign Operations
Subcommittee took an interest in this
problem several months ago, however, I
am pleased to report that the attitude in
Washington has been changing. In re-
cent weeks three high level teams have
been dispatched to Saigon to investigate,
including the Inspector GenerqLl for For-
eign Assistance, the Controller of AID,
and a high level team from the General
Accounting Office.
These are important-although disas-
trously late-first steps toward improv-?
ing the administration of the commodity
import program. I trust these first-
hand observations will help to spur
meaningful reforms.
WHAT SHOULD BE DONE?
In the long run, peace in South Viet-
nam means political security and eco-?
nomic progress for the people. The
United States, alone, cannot supply these
vital commodities under any foreign aid
program, but we can help the Vietna-
mese if they will help themselves.
Our military men are doing their job.
But when soldiers are dying in battle for
the cause of South Vietnam's freedom,
our civilian personnel must also perform
up to the same standards. In many re-
spects, -their responsibilities are more
subtle, more complex, and more difficult
than military objectives. One thing is
certain, this economic and social chal-
lenge will not be met just by throwing
U.S. funds around as if they were hand
grenades in a battle.
Specifically, I would recommend four
steps to be taken right now to upgrade
our civilian programs in Vietnam.
First, I propose the establishment of
an Executive Service Corps patterned
along the lines of the Peace Corps. I
believe greater incentives must be pro-
vided to attract businessmen and others
with special training and experience to
serve as civilians in the "other war" in
Vietnam. We need to put to work the
best talents and the genius of American
enterprise in this total effort.
I envision a program that would stim-
ulate greater interest among American
businessmen to serve their Government
on a longer term basis than is currently
the case.
The program might involve an expan-
sion of principles and guidelines already
laid by the successful International Ex-
ecutive Service Corps, which is a private
nonprofit group of volunteer business-
men who have served in such countries
as Iran and Taiwan, but not in Vietnam.
The Executive Service Corps should
encourage executives to take a 1- to
3-year leave from their businesses-with-
out loss of position or status-to serve
the country overseas while enlarging
their own administrative experience.
Such an infusion of talent would provide
a real "shot in the arm" for the AID
program in Vietnam and, at the same
time, it could open the way for more
meaningful' cooperation between the
business community and Government in
the whole field of economic development.
Second, a team of auditors and investi-
gators must be stationed in Vietnam-
not to execute the profiteers, but to show
simply and firmly that the United States
insists. upon honest accounting for its
funds. By cutting back and stopping the
"under the table" profits in Saigon, we
would help significantly to combat the
traditional country-city hostility in Viet-
nam and spread the benefits of U.S. aid
more equitably among the South Viet-
namese people.
Third, career incentives should be de-
veloped to attract the most competent
and dedicated AID personnel to serve in
Vietnam. This could be accomplished
by requiring successful service in a crisis
area like Vietnam as a condition of pro-
motion above a certain level, or by per-
mitting AID or Foreign Service person-
nel with responsibilities in Vietnam to
be eligible for promotion within a shorter
period, or by screening AID personnel for
Vietnam so carefully that such an as-
signment would be considered an indi-
cation of superior ability. There are
many ways, within the AID organiza-
tion, to insure that only the best are sent
to Vietnam, but so far, to my knowledge,
these methods have not been fully em-
ployed.
Fourth, additional programs are
needed to reach the rural areas-which,
after all, contain 80 percent of the Viet-
namese people. They must be programs
that do not pour black market money
into the countryside. Such programs
should offer realistic and practical help
in farming, irrigation, transportation,
health, and the like. Community clinics
for such endemic ills as trachoma, and
sympathetic treatment for civilians
wounded by military actions, for example,
would have a far-reaching impact upon
the South Vietnamese people.
THE ULTIMATE OBJECTIVE
The ultimate objective for South Viet-
nam is nationhood. But the South Viet-
June rR, 1966
namese, not the United States, must
build it. As Americans strive and look
forward to peace and a day when mean-
ingful elections will be held-when the
South Vietnamese will freely select their
own government-we must not forget
that in the long run the United States
cannot rule, the Vietnamese people--we
cannot govern for them.
Mr. President, while I was in Vietnam,
I spent a part of a day with the U.S. Ma-
rines in the Da Nang area visiting a small
village-actually a hamlet-where about
35 or 40 people live. The marines had
helped to build a very crude school for
the youngsters in that hamlet; it was ap-
parent that the Marine Corps is concen-
trating particular attention on the Viet-
namese children. Throughout the Da
Nang area our marines are taking a very
real personal interest in the people of the
villages and hamlets, working with them
on their agricultural problems, helping
them find ways to irrigate the fields and
to grow more rice, and helping to provide
security during the harvest. At a near-
by children's hospital built and operated
.by our marines, Vietnamese nurses were
being paid by the marines out of their
own pockets.
The marines that I visited in the Da
Nang area represent the kind of example
that Americans must hold out to the peo-
ple of Vietnam. Surely, it is not asking
too much to expect that U.S. civilian per-
sonnel in the "other war" will demon-
strate a comparable interest and com-
petency, and that our AID programs will
be administered efficiently and effective-
ly. This is the least that American civil-
ians can do while American servicemen
are sacrificing their lives. At present,
unfortunately, it is more than we are
doing.
Mr. KUCHEL. Mr. President,: will the
Senator from Michigan yield?
Mr. GRIFFIN. I am happy to yield to
the Senator from California.
Mr. KUCHEL. Mr. President, I would
like to say, with respect to the lucid ad-
dress to which the Senate has just lis-
tened, that as an American, I am de-
lighted to greet our new and able col-
league from Michigan.
As a Republican, I am particularly
grateful that one with his background in
American government now graces this
Chamber.
I believe it was my late, great, and il-
lustrious predecessor, Hiram Johnson
who on one occasion said, "In war, the
first casualty is truth." It is an aspect
of this problem which the distinguished
junior Senator from Michigan has out-
lined so carefully to the Senate today.
I trust that his message will carry beyond
this Senate to the executive branch of
the Government. These problems have
arisen in the heat of conflict; a conflict
which certainly involves the honor and
integrity of the American system. They
must be brought to the attention of the
American people. Action must be taken
to increase our scrutiny of the manner
in which our commodity import program
is being conducted in South Vietnam to-
day.
in view of the gravity of the charges
which have been made and the specific
recommendations which our able col-
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June 2~ 1966 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD - SENATE
league has laid down, there is, I believe,
a._duty incumbent upon the executive
branch of the Government to respond to
this challenge posed by the Senator from
Michigan. It should indicate to the
Senator and to the Senate how it intends
to improve the procedures and how it in-
tends to remove the apparently tremen-
dous opportunity for corruption that
exists in the use of the commodity im-
port program.
I would also like to state to my able
friend from Michigan that I thoroughly
applaud his excellent and constructive
suggestion that businessmen in America
devote their knowledge and experience
to the business of the Government of the
United States for a temporary period of
time.-- In this manner, they can bring
their unique and successfur'qualifications
under the free enterprise system to bear
In the exceedingly important cause of
freemen 10,000 miles from this Chamber.
There is also a great deal of pride for
all Americans, to be found in what our
young men in the U.S. Marine Corps did
with respect to the civilian population of
South Vietnam. The Senator from
Michigan has ably drawn our attention
to the outstanding efforts of our fighting
men in the small hamlets and villages in
the rural part of that tragic and melan-
choly land. I was particularly proud. to
know that our men in uniform have as-
sisted young people in constructing
schools and the local, Indigenous popu-
lation in improving agriculture.
Now I should like to ask the Senator
a question. In the Senator's opinion, is
our civilian aid program working with
the civilian aims of our military person-
nel in that country?
Mr. GRIFFIN. Mr. President, first, I
thank my distinguished colleague from
California for his very kind observations.
I think, generally speaking, that there
Is close cooperation and liaison between
cur AID agency In Vietnam and our mili-
tary. I elaborate on my statement by
emphasizing that my criticism is not
roeused, or is not Intended to be
Focused, on all aspects of our AID pro-
tram in Vietnam. I am particularly
)ointing out the commodity import pro-
;ram.
I also want to emphasize that we have
nany fine, competent, dedicated people
n Vietnam in the AID agency. They
are not all incompetent, by any means.
)articularly in the pacification program,
For example, we have people in the AID
agency who are out in the countryside,
,incurring considerable personal risk, and
who are doing a very fine job in some of
the sane areas in which the marines are
doing it. When I mentioned the ma-
rines, I do not wish to imply that that is
the only part of the military that is doing
this work with the people there. It just
happens that Thad an opportunity to be
in the field with the marines.
I hope, with that elaboration, perhaps
the address I have made today will be
placed in a proper perspective.
Mr. KUCHEL. 'the Senator has in-
deed done just that. What prompted my
interest was an opportunity I had to
speak with some returning military and
civilian personnel ' over the last year.
Our conversations reflected the views of
the able Senator in that we do have ex-
cellent and able American civilians in
that area. Some of them raised consid-
erable question, in connection with our
Appropriations Committee function,
that perhaps there was not sufficient at-
tention ' given to the problems of the
civilian population. As the Senator has
said, 80 percent of the people in Vietnam
live in rural areas. It is in these small
villages and hamlets, where such prob-
lems as inadequate sanitation and anti-
quated techniques of agriculture and the
like, offer a tremendous opportunity for
this fine program to help the civilian
population and the cause for freedom.
I would like to thank the Senator for
his admirable presentation and for his
lucid response to my question. I would
again like to welcome the Senator from
Michigan to the Senate and to thank
him for his able and constructive speech.
Mr. GRIFFIN. I thank the Senator.
I also wish to express appreciation to
the majority leader for making it pos-
sible for me to make this speech at this
time.
Mr. MANSFIELD. I am glad we had
the opportunity to have the Senator
make his speech.
Mr. PEARSON. Mr. President, let me
say that I regret that committee assign-
ment responsibility prevented me from
being on the floor when the distinguished
Senator from Michigan [Mr. GRIFFIN]
addressed the Chamber. His experience
in that troubled area, his great record
in Congress, have enabled him to give
to our own colleagues, and indeed to the
Nation, a great Insight into the prob-
lems to which he has directed attention.
ORDER OF BUSINESS
Mr. MANSFIELD. Mr. President, I
ask unanimous consent that the Senator
from Kansas [Mr. PEARSON] be allowed
to speak for 5 minutes, and I also ask
unanimous consent that thereafter the
Senator from Alaska [Mr. BARTLETT]
may be allowed to speak for 30 minutes.
The PRESIDING OFFICER. Is
there objection? Without objection, it
is so ordered.
tives are honorable and worthy. The
American people genuinely want to sup-
port the President in any international
crisis.
Yet to the average citizen whose sup-
port is so vital in our democratic system
we appear to be helpless victims of a
situation we cannot control; that the
most powerful Nation in the world can-
not determine its own destiny; and that
while we know where we have been, it is
impossible to guess where we will be in
the future.
Why is there such uncertainty and
confusion? Why do the polls and the
surveys indicate a lack of support for
the President who acts as the Com-
mander in Chief of a nation which has al-
ways responded with great unity in
times of international confrontations?
The inevitable answer was that the
administration's position was not be-
lievable. There was a lack of credibility.
And in the Washington lexicon of the
day there existed a "credibility gap."
With some due candor I would assume
that this is a result of partisan politics
in an election year. Yet the most vocif-
erous critics are members of the Presi-
dent's party. And one cannot overlook
the fact that there continue to be a
growing number of newspaper editors
and columnists who are constrained to
question our policy.
So, while the ever-present partisan
politics is always present, this lack of
belief in the administration's policy must
be caused by something else. And that
something else is a mismatch between
words and deeds, a contradiction be-
tween ends and means and a conflict in
statements and actions which have ex-
isted over a long period of time and
which in turn brings about that slow
erosion of public confidence.
Therefore, the tragedy of the most
agonizing episode in the midsixties for
all Americans may be that our Vietnam
policy may fail-not because they are
wrong, but because our people are con-
fused and disillusioned.
Mr. President, this confusion stems,
it seems to me, from three administra-
tion weaknesses regarding our policy in
Vietnam. The first is the administra-
tion's unhealthy obsession with a notion
.VIETNAM CREDIBILITY GAP that it is always right and never wrong-
Mr. PEARSON. Mr. President, on May or that, at least, it should so present
itself. Radio Moscow devoted some attention to the speech I made on this floor on May overpowering urge to be "all And second the administration's
things to all
27 wherein the Soviets indicated that yet men," to govarn by consensus t
not only
ly
another U.S. Senator had criticized the in domestic, but in n foreign policy. th poThe
President for his Vietnam policy. emphasis, therefore, mphasis, therefore, has been on nul-
I would not expect to be correctly re- lifying domestic and international criti-
ported or correctly interpreted by Radio cism rather than following a policy best
Moscow, but I shall not let their misrep- designated to achieve the objectives
resentation go without response. sought.
Mr. President, I support a policy aimed And third is what appears to be the ad-
at the containment of communism in ministration's aversion to long-range
southeast Asia; the halting of Commu- planning, a predisposition of "playing
nist aggression and the guarantee of an things by ear," of responding rather
Independent and a peaceful South than taking the initiative.
Vietnam. If one asserts that such weaknesses
But, Mr. President, what I sought to exist, there is, of course, the responsi-
interpret on May 27 is some meaning as bility to offer some documentation.
to why the American people are con- Mr. President, in recent weeks there
cerned and confused about our commit- have been repeated stories of shortages
ment and about our participation in of war materials in Vietnam. Now if
Vietnam. For the truth of the matter we know anything about past military
is that our Nation is at war. Our objet- buildups of this sort, we know that such
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CONGRESSIONAL RECORD - SENATE June 1', 1966
shortages inevitably occur. And if these
shortages are not the result of gross mis-
management then they constitute only
another of harsh facts of war-which
is organized confusion at best.
But what has been the administra-
tion's response to, first, the press dis-
closures of these shortages and later con-
firmation by congressional committees?
At first they were categorically denied.
The Secretary of Defense described them
as ?baloney,? an extreme example of the
administration's overreaction of critics
and an administration that admits no
mistakes; and administration policy
which seeks to discredit critics, but
which finally only raises new doubts.
And then there was the speech by the
distinguished junior Senator from New
York [Mr. KENNEDY 1, who suggested that
the United States should negotiate with
the Vietcong.
The administration's overreaction
once again proposed that, first, they were
in agreement; second, that they'were in
complete disagreement; and, third, that
they were "very close to Mr. KENNEDY'S
views."
This is another illustration of an ad-
ministration trying to cover all bets, at-
tempting to be all things to all people at
all times. But In the meantime, what
is ow policy? New doubts are raised.
New confusions are created.
In the order of things these may be
matters of small circumstance, but let
us go on to review issues of greater
consequence.
In the administration's explanation of
the basic reasons as to why we are in
Vietnam they speak in generalities.
The administration spokesmen talk of
defending freedom and democracy in
South Vietnam. These are admirable
causes, The very basic tenants of our
foreign policy are to expand the bound-
aries of freedom by means of halting ag-
gression and by means of peaceful per-
suasion. But admirable as they may be,
who among us now really believes there
is any real meaningful freedom and de-
mocracy in Vietnam or indeed in south-
east Asia?
The administration speaks in terms of
narrow legalisms, of honoring commit-
ments, of contending that we are bound
by the SEATO Treaty. But if we are,
other treaty members apparently do not
appear to believe that they are so bound.
And apparently the administration does
not either for it has never really con-
sulted with our allies regarding Vietnam
policies. It talks to them in terms of
more men and material commitment, but
it does not discuss policy or SEATO
Treaty obligations.
The administration talks about our
commitment by past administrations, by
the Kennedy administration and by the
Eisenhower administration. These com-
mitments supposedly are binding upon
our Government and on our people for
which we are honor bound. The truth
of the matter is that the Eisenhower
commitment was nothing more than a
letter to the Diem Government offering
economic and technical assistance upon
the condition that there would be
achieved certain social, economic and
political reforms.
Mr. President, the real reason we are
in South Vietnam today is to prevent the
spread of imperialistic, totalitarian
communism into South Vietnam and
into the rest of southeast Asia which
threatens the peace of the world. This
has been a cornerstone of our foreign
policy for two decades. It is the basis
of the Marshall plan; it was the reason
we instituted the airlift into Berlin; that
we resisted Soviet-sponsored thrusts into
Greece, Iran, and Turkey; it is the rea-
son we opposed conventional warfare in
Korea; it is the reason we reacted to the
missile crisis in Cuba; and indeed it is
the reason we are committed in south-
east Asia. And the administration ought
to say so. The American people would
understand. But to talk about our
presence there in terms of treaty com-
mitments, legalistic arguments and talk
of a war for freedom and democracy
clouds the real reason and creates doubt
and confusion.
Let me make reference to another
phase of this problem which has long
been difficult for the American people
to understand. This is our position in
regard to negotiations with the Commu-
nists. In May 1965 the President, in his
now famous Johns Hopkins speech, said
we would negotiate anywhere at any
time without prior conditions. We then
immediately imposed a condition our-
selves and that was that we would not
negotiate with the Vietcong. Now, Mr.
President, there may have been good
and valid reasons why we should not
negotiate with the National Liberation
Front. Certainly we should not negotiate
only with the Communists in South Viet-
nam as Hanoi and Peking would suggest.
But here again is more uncertainty.
Note also that every time we escalate
our peace effort we also escalate, in like
manner, our military effort. One dilutes
In relation to the so-called peace feel-
ers, I would remind the Senate that after
our declaration that we would explore
all possibilities of negotiation, the Amer-
ican people learned of the overtures
through the United Nations, through the
Italian Foreign Minister and others only
after evidence had come forth to the
extent that the administration could no
longer deny that they existed. Again
these overtures may not have been
worthy of consideration. The adminis-
tration's position may have been abso-
lutely sound. But the administration
was discredited when they first denied
their existence and then had to acknowl-
edge such contracts after public disclo-
sure.
I make reference also to the so-called
peace offensive of January 1966. At that
time all will recall that the bombing
had stopped. Ambassador Harriman
was sent to Poland, Yugoslavia, and In-
dia; Mr. McGeorge Bundy went to Ot-
tawa; Ambassador Goldberg was sent
to the Vatican, Rome, Paris, and Lon-
don; the Vice President toured the Far
East capitals; Ambassador Kohler called
upon those in authority in the Soviet
Union; Mr. G. Mennen Williams con-
tacted several African nations; and Mr.
Thomas Mann went to Mexico.
This was a massive peace offensive. A
great political display. But even at the
time it was underway many felt that
the objective was to nullify criticism
rather than to find a response to our
peace offensive.
The point is if in the past months we
had been making the proper diplomatic
efforts then this diplomatic spectacular
would have been unnecessary. And if
we had not been making the proper di-
plomatic efforts for peace then this jet
diplomacy would convince no one.
Let me make reference to the severe
problem of government stability in South
Vietnam. A great cloud hangs over
America's involvement with the numer-
ous Saigon governments.
I specifically make reference to the
Honolulu Conference. The situation at
that time was that the peace offensive
had failed, the bombing had been re-
sumed in the north, the desperately
needed economic, social, and political re-
forms had not taken place, criticism. of
the administration's position was in-
creasing as manifested by the Senate
Foreign Relations Committee hearings.
It was precisely at this point that the
President, together with his top advisors,
went 'off to a conference with Premier
Ky, and here again the general feeling
among many was that this was to nullify
criticism at home rather than to extend
a long range policy.
Secretary McNamara's recent offhand
comment that the conflict between the
Ky regime and the Buddhists was a
healthy sign was either thoughtless or
naive.
Now, Mr. President, one can under-
stand the niceties of diplomacy and the
delicate circumstances of international
relations. But if the United States ap-
proves and supports each government,
we, in turn, compound the confusion in
the minds and in the consciences of our
people.
Mr. President, the great confusion lie:
in the mismatched words and deeds o`
the administration.
Mr. President, if we are to reduce thi
to a single proposition, looking back ove
the long and troubled past, one will se
that the administration from time t
time has taken a public position that w
would commit ourselves only so far, an
at the same time the administration a:
serted that there were certain actiot
which we would not do and that th
scope of commitment would achieve tl-
objectives that we seek. Then inev;
ably conditions change and the admin-
istration does the very act that they
promised not to do, whether It be in-
creased troop commitment or some other
action. But now they say this new es-
calation, this new commitment, will solve
the Vietnam problem. Yet the solution
never comes.
Let me illustrate. In 1964 the Presi-
dent said our objectives can be achieved
without American troops. Today there
are over 400,000 American troops in
North Vietnam.
In 1954 the President indicated that.
there would be no bombing north of the
17th parallel. At a later time air strikes
into North Vietnam became necessary to
cut the supply lines, yet supplies con-
tinue to flow over the Ho Chi Minh trail
in ever-increasing volume.
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 June 23, 1966
electric cooperatives. Therefore, I be-
lieve every Member of this body will ben-
efit from reading the careful discussion
of the British Columbia financing scheme
as reported in Barron's. For this reason,
I will insert this article iri its entirety at
this point in my remarks:
[From Barron's, June 13, 1966]
THE PEACE MONGERS-A NOTE ON THE BRTTTsH
COLeMBIA HYDRO AND POWER AUTHORITY
"British Columbia Hydro and Power Au-
thority has filed a registration statement
with the U.S. Securities and Exchange Com-
mission relating to a proposed public offer-
ing of $50,000,000 of Sinking Fund Bonds,
Series Y, due July 2, 1991. The underwriting
group will be headed by Kuhn, Loeb & Co.,
The First Boston Corp., Halsey, Stuart & Co.,
Inc., Merrill Lynch, Pierce, Fenner & Smith
Inc., Allen & Co., W. E. Button & Co., and
James Richardson & Sons, Inc. The Bonds
will be direct and unconditional general ob-
ligations of the Hydro and Power Authority.
Principal and interest will be uncondition-
ally guaranteed by the Province of British
Columbia and will be payable in New York
City in U.S. dollars. Annual sinking fund
payments commencing July 2, 1971, will re-
tire 50% of the issue prior to maturity.
Purchases of the Bonds by United States
persons will not be subject to the Interest
Equalization Tax."
In the busiest new issue market in the
annals of Wall Street, the foregoing an-
flouncement last week caused barely it rip-
ple of interest. On the previous day, after
all, Louisville Gas & Electric Co. accepted
a bid which represented the highest return
on Triple-A utility obligations in a half-
century. Next day Fannie May offered the
first instalment-$530 million worth-of loan
participation certificates, novel and con-
troversial government securities priced
to yield up to an unprecedented 5.75%. De-
spite its distant origins and relatively small
size, however, the B.C. Hydro and Power Au-
thority issue rates at least a footnote to
financial history. For it points up one of
the Street's most unfortunate failings, its
willingness to do business with men one
can't trust.
On this score British Columbia Hydro and
Power Authority, as a creature of the Provin-
pial government, eminently qualifies. A half-
decade ago this government, headed then as
now by the Honorable W.A.C. Bennett, leader
of the Social Credit Party, launched the Au-
thority through the simple expedient of seiz-
ing the British Columbia Electric Co. After
years of litigation, during which the B.C.
Supreme Court ruled that Premier Bennett
had acted illegally on every count, the Prov-
ince and the utility finally reached a settle-
ment. From a bad beginning the Authority
is moving steadily toward a dubious end: In
view of the restraints on investment, domes-
tic and foreign, now being urged on private
enterprise in the U.S. and Canada alike, this
is a curious moment to pursue a huge and
costly project. Even in the best of times, as
the prospectus neglects to point out, the
Peace River development which the new
bonds will help to finance would strike most
observers as highly speculative. Power, as
Lord Acton once said, corrupts. He should
have lived to see public power.
It's quite a sight. On the U.S. side of the
border stand such monuments to lack of
principle as the obsolete nuclear power sta-
tion at Hanford, Wash., as well as the Illegally
financed generating plant of the Colorado-
Ute Electric Association (Barron's, February
21). Now a project is rising north of the
border, which-for size, cost and potential
waste of resources-will dwarf anything on
the continent. Portage Mountain Dam on
the Peace .River, spine 600 miles north of
Vancouver, will boast on ultimate capacity
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of 2,270,000 kilowatts, several hundred thou-
sand more than Grand Coulee, currently the
largest in the world. Including three storage
dams planned under the Columbia River
Treaty, the B.C. Hydro and Power Authority
has blueprinted total capital outlays of $1.36
billion for the next half-decade. According
to the prospectus for the forthcoming offer-
ing, which constitutes merely the first round.
"The Authority expects to obtain the $932
million balance of the capital funds required
by borrowing approximately two-thirds of
that balance from Provincial Government in-
vestment accounts and the remainder from
other investors."
While bursting with statistics, the pros-
pectus is something less than a model of full
disclosure. For example, it scants the pro-
tracted dispute between the Authority and
the original owner of the properties, the
British Columbia Electric Co. The issue
arose in mid-1961, when a bill to expropriate
B.C. Electric was passed in record time. Lit-
erally, overnight, as Barron's observed, a
century-old private concern became an
agency of the Crown. "The speed of the
move," we went on, "was matched by its
highhandedness. In a previous case, an im-
partial tribunal, after weighing such factors
as future earning prospects and replacement
costs, fixed the compensation. Here, in con-
trast, the price was decreed, solely on the
basis of paid-in capital by the government
itself, with no provision for appeal . The
terms are patently unfair to most stock-
holders. In the view of the Dominion's
financial community, which has denounced
them as 'arbitrary, unfair and inconsistent
with the Canadian tradition of equity and
legal recourse' such terms smack less of ex-
propriation than of confiscation."
The "Supreme Court of British Columbia
agreed. In July of 1963 it declared the en-
abling act unconstitutional. The court
added that the takeover price of $172 mil-
lion, which purported to be "full, fair and
adequate compensation," was too low. B.C.
Electric finally settled with the Province for
$197 million,
Water over the dam, some may say. How-
ever, in view of the large sums of private
capital-all guaranteed by Victoria-which
the Authority hopes to raise, surely the past
is worth recounting. As to the future, the
prospectus sheds equally dim light. For ex-
ample, it nowhere breaks down total sched-
uled investment between the three Colum-
bia River dams, two of which will generate
neither electricity nor profits, and the Peace
River project itself. It makes no effort to
suggest where the power ultimately will go,
or at what price or cost. Queried about
markets last week, the Authority told Bar-
ron's it expects to sell its output primarily
in British Columbia, with any surplus tick-
eted for the Bonneville Power Administra-
tion. However, in view of the huge projected
increase in kilowatts (Portage Mountain
Dam will more than double present Provin-
cial generating capacity), the competition
likely from new discoveries of oil and gas
(Rainbow Lake), and the declining cost of
nuclear power, the confidence of the Peace
mongers may prove misplaced. As to the
U.S., the Pacific Northwest, according to pri-
vate utilities, will not lack for power in the
'Seventies.
If the past and future look murky, the
present is clear. B.C. Hydro and Power Au-
thority, the prospectus shows, operates like
anything but a business. Its railroad and
transit operations run at a loss. Since tak-
ing over from B.C. Electric, it has steadily
reduced rates, notably to residential users,
at the expense of profits. In the 1962 fiscal
year, the Authority showed a net income of
$16.3 million on aggregate revenues of $133
million; last year, in striking contrast, on
$160 million it earned only $7.5 million. In
short, a 20% Increase in gross has gone
hand-in-hand with a 55% drop In net.
In some circles, to be sure, such results
are praiseworthy. Thus, the Northwest Pub-
bile Power Association last Spring presented
British Columbia Hydro and Power Author-
ity with the Paul J. Raver Award for Com-
munity Service. After listing its achieve-
ments, the Citation reads: "The annuals of
of the electric utility industry have never
recorded so much progress in so little time."
On both sides of the border, what former
President Eisenhower labelled creeping so-
cialism lately has been )making a great leap
forward. Wall Street ould be the last to
AM
(Mr. WAGGONNER asked and was
given permission to extend his remarks
in the body of the RECORD and to include
an editorial.)
Mr. WAGGONNER. Mr. Speaker, I
have spoken a number of times about
the failure of the news media to carry
to the people the full story of our opera-
tion in Vietnam. I am pleased now for
the opportunity to say that one paper I
know of has no hesitancy to speak up on
this vitally important side of our opera-
tion there. The Shreveport Times car-
ried an editorial on June 18 which ex-
presses my view exactly and I think it
is important that other Members have
a chance to see it also.
THAT OTHER WAR
What the average American hears from
Viet Nam usually concerns one of two
things-combat operations against the Com-
munists or the latest political upheaval in
Saigon.
But there's a third story about Viet Nam
that ought to be told and that is what Amer-
ica is doing, amid the chaos of war and polit-
ical turbulence, for the people of South
Viet Nam.
Most people are not aware that swarms
of Americans are out working in the Viet-
namese countryside; not fighting, but re-
building what has been lost in the war;
building things like schools and clinics that
Viet Nam never has had.
Literally hundreds of thousands of Viet-
namese people have been treated by Amer-
ican medical teams, not' for war wounds but
for ailments like round-worms and berriberri.
What's more, nearly every American de-
fense perimeter has a military clinic-and
it serves not only U.S. and Vietnamese troops
but, Vietnamese men, women and children.
At the great Marine base of Da Nang, for
instance, Marine doctors not only patch GI's
but attend to Vietnamese villagers-many
of them kids-who sleep right alongside
armed leathernecks.
Politically, American forces are trying to
teach the people some representative democ-
racy at the grassroots, in the villages and
provinces. The idea is to build a viable,
free-working political structure from the
ground up. If Viet Nam does ever have a
really free election, this kind of American
work will pay off.
These positive American efforts to help all
the Vietnamese people are not very often em-
phasized. Here we confess to puzzlement.
The administration, it seems, could go a long
way toward building up public confidence in
what we are doing in Viet Nam by publiciz-
ing our non-war efforts.
For the truth is that Americans are fight-
two wars in Viet Nam. We can win and are
winning the military war. We also are try-
ing to win a war against disease, poverty and
ignorance. We cannot be victorious in just
one of these two struggles; both must be won
if a real peace is to come to Viet Nam.
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CONGRESSIONAL RECORD - HOUSE June 23,: 1966
HORTON RECOGNIZES ANNIVER-
SARY OF' EAST BERLIN UPRISING
(Mr. HORTON asked and was given
permission to extend his remarks at this
point in the RECORD and to revise and
extend his remarks and to include ex-
traneous matter.)
Mr. HORTON. Mr. Speaker, June 17
marked the 13th anniversary of the East
Berlin uprising. While the House of
Representatives was not in session on
that day, I feel it is fitting at this time
to recognize this significant event in
man's fight for freedom and to honor the
memory of those who participated in it.
The entire world was aroused by the
incidents which took place behind the
Iron Curtain on June 17, 1953. Even
today freemen continue to marvel at the
revolt which took place in East Berlin
causing the Russian Government serious
embarrassment and clearly demonstrat-
ing'to the world how cruel and heartless
the commissars and their puppet East
Germans could be.
Though under Russian occupation, the
East Berliners, nevertheless did not lose
sight of progress and improved living
conditions made by their countrymen in
the Western sector. Those in the East
were aware of the propaganda which the
Soviets were feeding them, and when the
hated dictator Stalin died in March 1953,
the people of East Berlin felt that here
was their chance to public dissatisfac-
tion with their living conditions and lack
of political freedom. Thus on June 17
began the heroic, but short-lived revolt
which the Russians brutally put down.
Many brave men and women were caught
up in the Russian retaliation and paid
the supreme sacrifice-their lives. The
example of their courage was not lost,
however, and a few years later a similar
revolt broke out in Hungary. Clearly
the Soviet Union's Iron Curtain was be-
ing splintered and much of the credit
belongs to the gallant people of East
Berlin who defied the goliath of the
Communist world.
That Soviets and East Germans still
fear the East Berliners' quest for free-
dom is obvious with the construction in
1962 of the infamous Berlin wall. What
further indictment of communism's fail-
ure is required than for it to feel obliged
to wall a large segment of its people in?
Mr. Speaker, it is possible that those
East Berliners of the June 17 revolt never
dreamed that its repercussions would
still be felt in this year 1966. But to
their credit the regime of the East must
either institute more repressive means to
stifle dissent or grant the people more
generous measures of freedom and equal-
ity. Time will judge what they choose.
But time cannot erase the role played by
those participants of the June 17 move-
ment who struck a blow for freedom, the
effects of which are still clearly evident.
DEMOCRATS: THE HIGH INTEREST
RATE PARTY
(Mr. CURTIS (at the request of Mr.
BucHANAN) was granted permission to
extend his remarks at this point in the
RECORD and to include. extraneous
matter.)
Mr. CURTIS. Mr. Speaker, I was ap-
palled the other day to see $530 million
of federally owned mortgages offered at
an interest rate of 5.75 percent and a
great loss to the Government. This sale
further tightened an already tight
money situation and exerted further
pressures toward high interest rates. It
also diverted funds from the savings and
loan industry and the housing market,
further compounding the problems in
those areas. I think we can now truly
call the Democrat Party the "high in-
terest rate party." It is particularly
alarming that also involved is a decep-
tive effort to cover up excessive deficit
spending for more mismanaged Great
Society programs. Under unanimous
consent I insert an article from the Wall
Street Journal of June 17 describing this
situation :
THE TANGLED WEB
When officials first planned to step up sales
of Government-owned.mortgages to private
investors, they were sure they had a good
idea, but by now they should be having their
doubts.
The Administration arguing for the sales,
could picture itself as a foe of Big Govern-
ment; after all, wasn't it substituting private
for public credit? True, in a sense: Private
investors indeed will be collecting the in-
terest on the loans. The mortgages remain
Federally insured, though, so the Govern-
ment still assumes most of the risk.
Aside from principle, the sales had their
practical aspects. By disposing of a lot of
mortgages, the expenditure side of the
administrative budget, as well as the deficit,
could be reduced. And that would leave
room, on paper anyway, for more Great
Society programs. Of course it was a little
deceptive, but how many voters understand
the workings of high finance?
However many such well-versed voters
there may be, quite a few members of the
electorate plainly don't care much for high
interest rates. As evidence of that, a num-
ber of Democratic politicians have largely
built their careers by campaigning for ever-
low interest charges.
That being true, it must have been a little
embarrassing to some people the other day
when $530 million of Federally owned
mortgages were offered at an interest rate of
5.75%. It's a good bit more than the Gov-
ernment has to pay when it sells its own
securities; several Republicans were quick
to claim that the Democrats had now be-
come the exponents of high interest rates.
The high rate also promises to divert funds
from the savings and loan industry and the
housing market, thus slowing their growth.
While a little slower growth might be de-
sirable after years of exuberance, you don't
find many Democratic politicians saying so.
If they want to, the Democrats can point
out that the Republicans also sold off plenty
of mortgages during the Eisenhower Admin-
istration, but we don't think they will find
this any great consolation. When you're
stuck in a tangled web, it doesn't matter
much who first began to weave it.
CRACKS IN THE FACADE OF
ECONOMIC PROSPERITY
(Mr. CURTIS (at the request of Mr.
BucHANAN) was granted permission to
extend his remarks at this point in the
RECORD and to include extraneous
matter.)
Mr. CURTIS. Mr. Speaker, cracks are
beginning to appear in the Nation's
facade of economic prosperity. Over the
past year, there has been a sharp re-
duction in the rate of increase of our
standard of living as a result of higher
taxes and price inflation.
The Wall Street Journal on June 21.
1966, pointed out that between the sec-
ond and third quarters of 1965 "real"
income per capita grew $47. The in-
crease fell to $29 between the third and
fourth quarters and to only $13 between
the fourth quarter and the first quarter
of 1966.
The slowdown in the growth of per
capita personal income adjusted for tax
increases and rising prices is already
having effects on the economic outlook.
Unless checked, the growth of the econ-
omy itself will level off in the coming
months. Even worse, inflation may con-
tinue or even accelerate. The decline in
"real" spendable earnings will spur
union leaders to make unusually large
wage demands during the heavy bargain-
ing that is scheduled for next year.
The slower growth of consumer pur-
chasing power is already having its
effects on the economy. The personal
savings rate has fallen substantially in
recent months, putting even more up-
ward pressure on interest rates that
already are at historically high levels.
Retail sales also are increasing less
rapidly than last year, while surveys of
consumer buying plans indicate a level-
ing off of purchases in the coming
months.
In an inflationary environment such
as exists today, this news should draw
some cheers. Indeed, this would be the
case if it were the result of a conscious
effort by Government to reduce excessive
demand by reducing or deferring non-
essential civilian spending.
Today, however, inflationary excesses
themselves are braking economic growth
and, at the same time, creating pressures
for inflationary wage demands next year.
If military spending is then increased in
the face of an emerging wage-price
spiral, the Johnson administration will
face a Hobson's choice of its own making.
It will be forced to permit galloping in-
flation, apply harsh and painful mone-
tary and fiscal restraints or seek au-
thority to impose wage-price controls.
No matter what the policy choice, the
American people will lose.
The situation that is building up to-
day is what the minority members of
the Joint Economic Committee warned
against in their annual views contained
in the committee's 1966 annual report on
the Economic Report of the President.
In that report, we said that failure by
the administration to take timely and
effective action against inflation would
lead to a recession next year.
Since then, the administration has
followed a policy of drift and delay, re-
lying largely on the wage-price guide-
posts. The guideposts, however, have
proven not only ineffective, but they
came under such sharp attack from,
economists that they are now all but
dead and buried.
Except for the increase in payroll and
excise taxes and the change in the with-
holding schedule, the administration has
put the burden for fighting inflation
squarely on the shoulders of the Federal
Reserve. As the minority of the Joint
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