COLLECTIVE FARMS IN MACEDONIA, YUGOSLAVIA

• Document Type: CREST
• Collection: General CIA Records
• Document Number (FOIA) /ESDN (CREST): CIA-RDP80-00809A000500440307-0
• Release Decision: RIPPUB
• Original Classification: C
• Document Page Count: 14
• Document Creation Date: December 16, 2016
• Document Release Date: August 4, 2005
• Sequence Number: 307
• Publication Date: April 5, 1954
• Content Type: REPORT

Approved For R~Iease 200508117 CIA-RDP80-00809A000500440307-0
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CONE DE 1rIAL
CENTRAL INTELLIGENCE AGENCY
INFORMATION REPORT
COUNTRY Yugoslavia
SUBJECT Collective F~sme in Macedonia, Yugoslavia
I
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DATE DISTR. R
10 ON MT :OM ? MI INID ATION AUUICiloOi YMt NII~?IO+AI. DUIMI(
01 TNI UMITID ITAT0. ^ITNIMTNIYIANINO 01 TITLI 10. -ICTIONI 711
AND 714. OF TM1 U.S. COOS. AI 'I, DID. ITS 1IINAMIMII/101. OR 0111.
IATION 01 ITS CONTIMTI TOI DA AICIIMT OY AN UNAUTMINIIIO 010100 1/
25X1 THIS is UNEVALUATED INFORMATION
?age No. Table, of Contents
2-3 Historical Data
NO. OF PAGES 14
NO. OF ENCLS.
SUPP. TO
REPORT NO.
3_4 Creation of Auto a ous People's Republic of Macedonia
4 Estatlisbment ofll Cooperatives
5 Structure arid Functions of Cooperatives
5-6 General Agricultural Cooperatives
6-7 Peasant Work Cooperatives (PWC)
7-8 Conditions Affecting the Development of Cooperatives
8-9 Macedonia's Position in Yugoslavia
9 Membership in Cooperatives in Macedonia
9-10 Agricultural Structure of Macedonia in 1948
10 Num':er of Cooperative Holdings, 1949, 1950, 1951
11 Land Holdings and Cultivation in Macedonia, 1949-1951
1'_ Orgat zaticn of Typical Macedonian Cooperative
11- ._2 arm
2EELASrp
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CONFID3'~ITI11L
i" FAR 5L CT & AREA CODES
OISTRIOUTION 4 STATE I IAFM'f~~ NAVY IAIN__ I LBI I I ORR EV
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Table of Ccnteats (oont'i)
Village Patterns
Peasant Resistance to Cooperatives
Governmental Recognition of Peasant Dissatisfaction
Reorganization of November, 1951
1953 Decrees Affecting Cooperatives
Future Role of Cooperatives in YugoslaviJ
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Historical Data
1. The People's Republic of Macedonia vas formed as one of the autonomous republics
of Yugoslavia in 1945, at the end of World War II. The formation of this
Republiciinaugurated a new phase in what has been lan old question -- the
"Question of Macedonia." Macedonia is the name given to the general area that
lies north of the Aegean Sea, west of the Steams River, south of the Shar
Planina, land east of Lake Ohrid in the countries of Yugoslavia, Greece and
Bulgaria.
2. Since the time of Alexander of Macedon, this area has been an area of contention
because through it pass some of t.hr.major passageway? of the BalkanR, The
Morava-Vardar Corridor ie the connecting link between the Danube valley at
Belgrade land the, old town of Salonika on the Aegean Sea. During ancient times'
the east! vast route that led from Durazzo on the Adriatic coast of present day
Albania and across Lake'Ohrid and the Macedonian plains to Salonika and
eastward to Istanbul and the Black Sea was the mayor land route of the Romans,
the famous Via Ignatia.', It must be stressed that the function of a major
passageway has been even more accer,tuated in modern times because the roads and
railroad both follow the sane paths of the ancients, paths which are made
arbitrary land arteries because they, are the easie~t routes through the
numerous mountains thnt' dominate the Bal!ttan landscpe.
3. During the long thousands of years of Use of these natural arteries, many
foreign groups have r ,,
s ha_ invaded ar, ,7 c_ .,, N
...d the area. The land has seen the
Asiatic horsemen _,t Ati lly the 111i,, ha:!, felt the read of the spear-carrying
Roman legions, has heard the Moharmnedar, battle cries of the Turbaned Turks as
well as the rumble of Italian rind G::rman tanks anrl~of Allied planes flying
overhead.i Each of these groups has had some effec, on the area, in that over
the course of centuries 'a tr?ans"itlonal. ethnic group slowly came into being.
Racially th{a grout was is mixture of nnti.ve tribes and of the various racial
groups that had !narauded loc~!.1~ ..,! that had maintained control over long
periods of time as 'had tih. by.:crr:?. n :F -rid the Turk:i, each of whom had hegemony'
over Macedonia for over :>:v. the cu.:,lud year - and five hundred years respectively.
4. Ethnicai..ly, the 1(!~.?e;i, I'twl,;, .~ii(,irQ 7 .1,!;1.illuul Slu~ic Cir~.ture, speaking and
writ.i.!g a dialect 1,C1.i,.! Aic. :1 )3Cr>I bu.,,arl.an but also incorporated many
SerbLan words. For the nominative "I" is "As" which is the Bulgarian,
nomi.native, while the Serb: use thr n.or!irvat'vc "Ja'l. But as far es many words)
are concerned, Serbian roots ere used rather than Bulgarian. It must also be
noted that many of tha: I1acednnianr, understood and spoke Greek, the Slavic
Cyrillic alphabet itself, being u derivative Trot: the basic Greek alphab,~, by
two monks, Cyril and Methodic:. oi' the Athos Peninsula near Salonika. The
derivation of the Cyrill.c alphabet wa. in fact a political development
because through it Cyri 1. ,-.nO. Methcdiuc had aspirations of creating and
reviving a strong Bulgarian empire, such as the previous empires of the
Middle Ages.
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5. Becauae Macedonia Was s st.za r~31`- - r.-~i:.:?
ethnic characttristiL3 of the I -r?dr'i.a-i=, mb~3.ed Biiiga. an. Greek and Yugoslav
traits, the three Breen o'n rvs, ;;f B? g%ria, Greece and Yugoslavia have
fought for control of h"acrnonia -'or the pa_t two hundred years. This battle
has produced a tremend.,us fico. i s P&Scnd& wherein individual
claims are Justified on li:u~attic, va_ial, religi^us and economic
growls. The ax -.r.ts have ci,n':in:::d not ordy sc in`.init;mt but even ad
nauseum as well. But t f p?* o1: an - a'rc ;.e_c garla or Yugoslavia
and vice versa. ist evet t''eilk't~ e s e tno.z"anr MycedOniana elected to stay
in Greece vnl to bee. a ?r~ek _ttir.*rs. the- Yugci1aVte nor Bs:3.gerta has
relinquisha:i ^lsims ?.:, three ,'x`:?p1e tie Ir;ede:ttisi g: oups.znTfetthe overall e past struggle for Ms^_.ionis ::gin-inue3 V, the. waaezc:si pa.?t
centurie3.
Creation of ,' Le' c Rerrii'aic '* h{9.c'ei0nis in Yugoslavia
tom- Aor?ua ~:; P`'~?
historical.?': J r ~n= of tLe, str.ggle over 1h,-!4=11% is tii:dsmental to any
8. This
vnderstandi' , of th- :reat:ion :?f er. a'ztOnomc:~ ? ople's Relratlic of Macedonia
an one of the falseatai 'il'ea lies o." Y g^sla~is. D%;z-zrg World War II, Macedonia
Was one of the agar era :," g,- r11Ly ?ar= Ln the Balkans because the
rugged moux twins s i 1=.?: f re y ~v :in! ca~?1:~:. ?e it difficult for Axis
forces to isola sz?-' : a ' u 3 g`ierr i . tighte=r'' . Yvgoslxv Macedonia Wt.3 tinder
the military control of 1'' '? i:c7 re=A Of ai iir g the Bulgarian troops,
most of the Zta:edonian,= in ''Ud. 1 'r rIE'e zo:'?i- ^,xg;.t them as savagely as they
fought the Germans.
9. The situation W4# 9ix.' ::.nelly rami>_.Lc:ut...3 by the fact that Yugoslavia was in
eir. cu
s.?c t?aality uncle^_'gc. inp, a .iv i1 vs-- i.:. si31..10:. . _ k g ocpisd by \is forces.
_.; 1ng leaders ' n :,r?oatia and
Mihaiiavich' a Ctiu-tr.i:t; , Ti
Serbia vers redone s:tt~ 1,c.adi;ia~ rtF_ sl ldt-ur;. Farther (:0n ta'.or_ Was
created by the tntrvra';i n of C !~r.t:` ideas ?',,y Partisans in fugoslavia
~sassxria.
and by Co ut..iet lescle__ In
10. Seemingly one of the rarii`e dr-wr of `"h~, 0arrnim1w4t3 was to create an
autoromo,),T M5relcn..e. in e. ;>:'ge' rsl *r F r3 i?a. This scheme was openly
at that time the leader of B-zlsr?ria. B xUrig~*~..,i.th r-Datis, a
discussed in 194 '.y Ti arA h o f``~:Lgariar.. ' umunie': Georgi Dimik?rov, who was
uMacedonia. The
_
sucCew?ful '7'. cn r.5iAj yj.cau .. _. ~ .. _
two acprsrato . care : ~I.i :` a ".7:u `Aav- Saionica In Greece, and even southward toward
Athens on the minl,nui of FJ?J.t the establishment of the tripartite
borders of Yugoslavia, Bulgaria and Greece in 1913 severed the traditional
north-south seasonal migration, and since that time, the valleys and basins of
Yugoslavia, and!lof Macedonia in particular, have been subject in winter to the
invasions of these migratory people and their flocks.
35. Up to 19453, cooperativeb were of little significance in this pattern of land use
and land ownership in Macedonia even though a few were started following 1918.
But after 1945, under the spur of official pressure the number of cooperatives
soared. Like the cifliks they were organized mainly in the valleys and basins
where level land was used for plow agriculture and again where accessibility was
easiest. There was little effort even madeto organize the migratory groups into
cooperatives because they had no land to be assigned to cooperatives since they
usually rented pasture, or as wab more cften the case, simply used it at will.
Furthermore, they had little personal property beyond their flocks of sheep or
goats and a few donkeys used as pack animals for their simple household
equipment. Similarly, little headway was made in organizing the people of the
high mountain~: because not only were they pretty independent in spirit, but
their mo.mtair?. alpine plstur?es were too scattered for handy organization into a
cooperative. A rather unusual feature in Macedonia was the organization of a
great number offishing cooperatives on Lake Ohrid, which has long been d
productive fi,;hi g: ound.
36. Thus the most saient feature', affen.ting the establishment of cooperatives in
Macedonia were- (1) the ;:harp e?ontract in productivity of the valley. lowlands
contrasted to thy: mountain elopes, (2) previous patterns of ciflik ownership with
peasants as agriFultural latorers in the valley lowlands, (3 the poverty of the
Macedonian peasant because of difficult natural conditions of terrain and
climate, and (4)I th_ 1,oittical link of Macedonian independence and ethnic
acknowledgement linked with the rise of Tito's Communist government.
Macedonia's Position in Yugoslavia
37. Macedonia has a ota.L area of' 256,850 square kilometers. This is 10.2 per cent
of the total ar ~?al~ of 256,850 square kildmeters of Yugoslavia. (See Table I for
compa.rl.son with other . ep.1G1ir s . A.
TABLE I.
Area
Per Cent of
Total Area
Yugoslavia
256,850
square
kilo.
100.0
Slove ilia
20,25l
"
,
7.8
Croatia
5E,284
21.9
Bosnia and r
.I
~c;v. r
erc?_t.
iti
?-,348
20.0
Crna Gore
13,967
'.
'.
4
5?
Serbia
36,766
34.6
Macedonia
26,234
10.2
38.
Frora the stunripc1nt of population, a].tr.o?agh Macedonia had 10.2 per cent of the
land area, it had only 7.3 p~r? ? eio of the popui.ition on 15 Max 48, and 7.7 per
cent on 31 Mar 53. Table II gives the population figures and the number of
"hoc.seholds" in 1~acedonia.
'.FABLE Ii.
Population and Households
oslavla
Macedonia
Population
Per Cent
Population
Per Cent
15
Mar
48
15,772,098
100.0
1,152,986
7.3
3].
Mar
13
16,927,275
100.0
1,303,906
7.7
u-:seholde.
Per Cen l
Ho,.weholds
Per Cent
15 Mar 48
3,609,568
100.0
218,816
6.6
31 ear 53
3,986,5,90
100.0
248,730
6.5
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39. The predominance of the Macedonian ethnic group in Macedonia and the status, of
the Albanians as the se=end greatest minority group in Macedonia are demonstrated
in Table III.
Ethnic Structure of Population, 15 Mar 48
40. According to the official census of 15 Mar 48, 2.5 per cent of the people in
Macedonia were members of c:o,peratives, these members numbering 29,613 of a
total of 1,152,986 in Macelor.~a, This percentage was identical to the national
percentage of cooperative me mere, which was 408,097 of the total population of
15,772,107. Table IV gives the str;.ct.re of population according to what the
Yugoslavs call the "social" i~lructure.
Membership in CooperatLves irMs.oedonia
Ethnic Group
Yugoslavia
Macedonia
Total
15,77
2,107
100.0%
1,152,986
100.0%
Serbs
6,5+
,190
42:5
29,752
2.5
Croats
3,78
4,969
23.7
2,704
0.2
Slovenes
1,41
2-L4
6.9
777
0.06
Macedonians
80
p,631
5.1
788,889
68.4
Albanians
75
p,483
'*.7
197,433
17.1
Turk.
9
8,001
0.6
95,987
8.3
Gypsies
7
b,671
0.4
19,500
1.6
"Social" Structure of Population
Yugoslavia Macedonia
State employa:i 3,431,541 214,785
Cooperative Member- 408,097 29,613
Social Organiz tions 26,576 1,069
Private 11,905,893 907,519
15,772,107 1,152,986
41. The 29,613 members of coooperatives were lilted as follows: 13,847, members of
agricultural cooperatives; 7,721, workers and apprentices; 5,915, governmental
workers and functionari's; 1,678, members of fishing cooperatives; 437,
artisans; 7, retired; and 8, profession unknown.
42. The place of cooperative in ~.he agricultural structure of Macedonia in 1948 is
given in Table V.
TABLE G.
Agricult:xral1Structure of Macedonia in 1948
Total POp. Members of Landless Total
of Agricultural Agri. Agricultural
Macedonia Cooperatives Workers Population
Active Pop.
Male 352,096 3,769 819 234,462
Female 273,575 3,989 649 245,833
Total 625,6,' 7,758 1,468 480,295
Inactive Pop.
Male 231,906 3,048 645 169,594
Females 295,409 3,041 704 174,745
Total 527,315 6,089 1,349 344,339
Total Pop.
Male 584,002 6,817
Female 568, 0
Total 1,152,9 o , 13,047
C0T ENTIALI
1,464
2,.
404,056
420,578
824,634
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43. These are the statistics as given in the finna
t
small, But, as noted previously Sin paragraphs 13, 14, and 127, the great
movement toward formation of cooperatives really started in 1948 and didn't
reach its peak until 1951.
44. Because the Yugoslav statistics published do not always have the same comparative
date and because different criteria are used, official statistics are not always
in exact agreement. Therefore, the following statistics of the'development of
cooperatives in Macedonia in 1949, 1950 and 193l will bR somewteat at variance
with the statistics noted previously Lin paragraphs 13, 14, and 157. .But the
same general pattern of development is evidenced.
TABLE YI.
Number of Cooperative Holdings, 1949,
1950, 1951
Yugoslavia 'Macedonia
Holdings
Members
Holdings
Members
Peasant Work,
1949
4,263
539
Agri.) and
.1950
8
,
952
other Coops.
11
8
127
991
Peasant
1949
..Work
1950
6),45
8'+5
Cooperatives
1951
6,835
929
Agricultural
1940
....
and other
cooperatives
1951
1,292
162
Household
1949
68,025
357,435
8,887
58,326
Plots of
1950
342,485
1,707,573
51,335
339,014,
PWC Members
1951
404,038
2,026,902
70,271
427,939
Combined
193
72,286
9,426
Total of All
1950
351,022
55,287
Cooperative
1951
412,165
71
262
Hol4i ar^
,
45. These sties were based on the agricultural censuses 0f 31 Jan 49, 15 Jan 50,
and.31.May 51.. On the baai.s of population in Macedonia in 1951 of 1,045,849
People.. a membership of 427,939 in Peasant Work Cooperativees would amount to
some 40 per cent of the population in Macedonia. This is quite a change from
the .2.5 per cent of 1948, and is indicati:?e.of the pressure applied to create
.these cooperatives. -
46. Other sources list the number of Peasant Work Cooperatives in all of Yugoslavia
in November 1951,? as 6,694.. These inclided 430 thousand peasant households
(18 per cent of all households) and 2,500,000 hectares of lazid, which would be
about 22.5 per cent of e.11 arable lanft. The.number of. general agricultural
cooperatives was listed as some eight thousand :+?ith.a membershhip of over
3,500,0(10. This would indicate that the same basic statistics were-used as
noted previously ,paragraphs 24, 25, :26, and 2f.
47. The tremendous increase in cooperatives is also evidenced by the statistics on
l
and holdings and cult'I.vation in Macedonia from 1949 to 19551. Although the
amount of state land ra;mained substantially the same, the amount of land under
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TABLE VII,
2d Cultivation in Macedonia. 1949-1951
n hectares
Total Productive Land
Year Total Coo ratio
1949 1,620,562 3~1 J,9r3
1950 1,625,555 5;)+,2;4
1951 1,729,61, 639,587
Agricultural land
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Per Cent Per Cent
of Total Private of Total
1119.20
,34. lo
36.98
25.21
41.25
55.01
686,921
42.38
531,172
32.67
406,622
23,51
558,156
49.82
413,931
36.98
296,093
26.49
ccor
A
di
ng
t
o
t
his, by 1951 c,rtc third of all productive land in Macedonia was in
Peasant Work Cooperatives 'Lind one half. of all agricultural land. The amount of
governmental aid to the PWC's in Macedonia is highlighted by the fact that of a
total of 270 tractors in. MacedIonia in~1951, cooperatives owned 108, state
enterprises owned 161, and only one tractor was owned privately.
Organization of Typical 14a.-,:d onian Co~erative!
49. The typical Macedonian c.ooper~tive is Ill formed the farmers of a single village.
This is generally true wnether, the type of cooperative is in the form of a
general cooperative where each keeps his own land, or whether the village is
organized into a peasant work cooperatF.ve where the land is collectivized.
50. The cooperative is headed '??' "director" who is either elected or is brought
in from outside. Pres-,z acly nif, position was due to his superior agricultural
knowledge, but in act'.w.iity i.:1., posi.tipn was usually due to his positic- or
contacts in the Communist pgrtty. In fact, in this whole period or organization
from 1945 to 1951, the poritiyr_ of people in the collective hierarchy was
closely aosociated with their poFttionjin the Communist Party of Yugoslavia.
For this reason, the: director wa, uaua ly hated and feared -- he controlled
not only what haprt~n.d in t:h.; cooperative but could also exert official pressure
from other governmen-:ai agr-ncir,. Theldirector had a tremendous amount of
local power because his; distr b ition. of seeds, farm animals and equipment
literally meant the d.iffer.er.c'Ii hc;tween life and death.
51. The director was aseist:ed 1"y
1 council" or"committee" which was supposed to
help him decide on querti^n:; -l f basic policy. The director and council, working
together, were renponsiblr_ fcr zhe maintenance and expan3ion of the cooperatives.
52.' If the village was organized unto a general agriou1.tural cooperative, a village
"headquarters" was aclectr5.. Somitiraed this would be in one of the existing
buildings, usuxnlly near the to cal admiritntrativo headquarrters or town hall.
The headquarters normally had sign posted conspicuously above the front door.
If the village was a peasant work cooperative, headquarters would be established
in the village or in the groap of cooperative buildings set on the outskirts of
the village. In any ooe, the head.qua,rters were well marked with a sign and
usually even with a Yugoaiav flag.
Farm Buildin~e
53. Ufl rc m PRO all of the peasant work icooperatives -- new farm buildings and
barns. Since construction was almost prohibitively expensive after the war, and
since building materials wr;rc: allocated by governmental officials, only the
cooperatives anti state farms were able to afford new construction under the aegis
Lf state funds and atrt: subsi~ies or state credit arrangements.
54. These collective buildings are located on the outskirts of a vil.l.uge. They are
constructed of adobe mud, or in many cases even with a stucco of plaster, and
roofed with a red tile roof. Timber isl expensive in Macedonia, henc3 house and
1949 1,120,3"9 '.423
1950 1,11.9,137 416,1,595
1951 1,117,787 559,058
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other ri l:'UC .G:. y :1Gb r aUC _ materials w, th fi ..__e roof the tile being -r; m t ale ..lays . ine ia. i;rC st b''.r:idi ng
constructed
is a barn, , h_ch dc_ ignei and Seed rather than to house 'farm
animals. A ,trailer .,a..ldinL,, -is:ially nearby _ d is used for a pig sty Other
outbuildings will house farm :a as ::and hoes and rakes and sho\ els
or old equipment and ' , un_r" .. .amore : i 1' i S near the barn and generally the
manure pile is not , a_l.ed 'n ;_12 and t:._ 1;[le spreads out gradually into the
yard. Farm animals _ the co:_ _ :five n^r;:._11, include a few cows, some horses,
donkeys and hcgc. T,er_ are even a few ar:~ie ?- remoar:ts of the UORA post-World War ?I
period. P'e'asants !-.ee to? __ l-- and u_..-: Geese at home on their
individual plots. Sheep are -ri:nar.l;? pasts 1 -.ray from the farm buildings
and normally no
rl"
_am b.yond taking them d')>^
' to the lowland: to min .er . 11" !- :. e r o _'7.: ha`_ a ._ ra -tor, the tractor
receives most car-, . _ . s Ise _ stun :~ ne!i prosperity" it must
be protected..
The barn: are not lar;_::: ty tanda_-:i o and do .._ . have the organization
of space tha i_ character _ o_ rne Ameoscar. arr. Of the Middle Weet. Nor
is there a have been introduced
into 2r11acedon'.c Skci,.1,.-. Ins _rp;cal barn a:_ut 30 feat by 50 feet
and the interT or not. :,iod,vid,,d, exeep', pos_,'biy for a couple of stalls.
There to generally only .. di_?i: __cca', althoug Corr of tat- most modern barns
have cement :fncrc ruruiin,z water, 'r'':-t. thero is usually a well in
the barnyard and a nearby '/~r,ion i;'_ :,ugh for feri. anL''n'lls . The velle are
generally open wel'_:;, sxrroun],t:i1 ; ti. ,t.,nc: or a li?o,' ~?ral'. A bucket Is lowered
,into the well and the water _ i :.:'. 'ry h.3ni. Hand pumps are rare. It is not
uncommon to Lee a large "sweep" :f31_i., 'rill: the being as much as 30 feet
long and counterbalance'' w- t.. -reig;tte to make r-_:cy to handle.
56'I. These farm buildings eland out in the lar!._cap: be..auee they contrast so
remarkably with the old village ho'.,~, s and generally dilapidated farm buildings
of the peasants. Their z/wrress, the r feati:r?e oi' having been built "in plumb',,
and the use of bricks and window frames and above all window glass in the
windows make them stand out like sore th?nnb_, Identification is also aided by
a sign labeled "Sel,jacka Zadr zga" (V lag:: Cooperative), and giving the name of
the village. It must be stressed that the;e are always called "cooperatives"
by the Yugoslav Comnuniet6 -- never "c olle.c tiv a", parti^_ularly since the
diplomatic break with the Soviet. 'inion.
Village Pattern.,
The farm bu l:link: to :. ire aims't t-ui.lt in a una on the
outskirts of -a till, ,r:a_ i,?:. .:,o ap-:e ave:Llable for it, in the
village an,,-ray. I'..car,r,; _ . :. i r -,tiro :mull no.nec, :et, in an irregular
pattern along the v a r,m.a_... yard -- usually
].i '!-,t.n~+n ri yri t.)-. .,, ~t,r? .; r, .:.la'.:_at ~.. ri? _,'.Cr'': ;'9.". i..... Law::' US style, are non-
existent. House yeris :r-. rt+.;` i1:;t In ds? taeeth r.
Chickens and And if' ther. are any hogs
they also have rcr.::,Cc'_ tr . h use ,.aryl ..crntty there L:, e . .oce of sorts
to keep farm anal mulct T;' ii. hour'ee Dlot is the!-. is a small
garden, uuual l.y plant'... rt?: .. t n err :em and dry - iris, including
limas, lettu,. ?]1.ic ra .L, ,::5 it i,1 r,. f ?. t : 7 .7.tO ge :! . li few of
the cooperat.i~r,c ; a -,n -i and . n" In r?: ;;r~rclnn crop arc' m for the
cooperative no r or_ ret?rier than + h,_ general
rule. The Impetus oi' i'.ac 1?: p-r?:.t i .rr i .: ii*. ow :staple inns crops 'rich an
grains and tobacco r'at..h-r t ].i. i : ?. I . '. v:: 1'r:rm lands for "truck"
for home one.
There is also a `_r:,ad ii. fart: ;'r putt,, between the. peasant work
cooperatives and oith r Irsnoort:] sg~1 ,alto t :)per:, t. vas or privat_ holdings, in
that larger plot:: are rat 1:-. stn:. 'cr'op In !'h r.,,i's becaie smaller plots of land
have been joined, together. l'li. o,.1.)teration ref traditional holdings has been
particularly painfal to the ':,: i.! ages wi:gee ties to the land are wrapped up in
h:islor