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• Document Type: CREST
• Collection: General CIA Records
• Document Number (FOIA) /ESDN (CREST): CIA-RDP66B00403R000200170041-5
• Release Decision: RIFPUB
• Original Classification: K
• Document Page Count: 10
• Document Creation Date: December 16, 2016
• Document Release Date: January 3, 2005
• Sequence Number: 41
• Publication Date: July 21, 1964
• Content Type: OPEN

} (pa/iA-C89&S6B0ft4A02M70041-5
Equal time and minority parties Anonymous, "British Parties Rule Out Reston, James, "The Fourth Debate," New
Midwestern lemocratic' Senator: "I feel I Great Debates," Broadcasting, March 9, 1964, York Times, October 22, 1960, 10.
must express s`ome concern about the ten- 91. Roper, Elmo, "Who Really Won the Elec-
denCy ?o ignore completely the candidates Anonymous, "Debate No. 2," Time, vol. tions of '62?" Saturday Review, December 16,
of minor parties. I am fully aware of the LXXVI, No. 16 (Oct. 17, 1960), 17-23. 1962, 13.
problems which radio and television net- Anonymous, "Facing the Televoter," Econ- Rovere, Richard; "Letter From Chicago,"
works face in giving equal time to minor omist, April 20, 1964, 222. the New Yorker, October 8, 1960, 167-174.
as well as major candidates However, I do Anonymous, "Goodbye, Great Debate," the Salant, Richard. S., "The Television De-
not thinks we can let our concern for their New Republic (Sept. 26, 1960), 5. bates: A Revolution That Deserves a Future,"
economic ,problems overshadow the basic Anonymous, "Money Is Not the Object," Public Opinion Quarterly, volume XXVI, No.
Amer[Can principle that all sides have a Broadcasting, April 20, 1964, 52. 3, fall 1962, 335-350.
right to'be-heard' Anonymous, "Political Television," the Sarnoff, Robert W., "The Time To Plan for
Western D~mooratic'senator: "I am mind- New Republic, August 15, 1960, 6-7. the 1964 Presidential Campaign Is Now,"
ful it rs claimed by minority parties that Anonymous, "Should a President Be Re- McCalls, September 1961, 16, 174.
suspension of equal time would deprive them quired To Debate His Election Opponent on Shayon, Robert Lewis, "A `Political Clinic'
of their,ampaign'opportunities and rights. TV?" Senior Scholastic, May 8, 1964,16-17. Program,'! Saturday Review, November 17,
This is unwarranted. The broadcasters Anonymous, "Small Screen, Super Weap- 1962, 38.
proved to us in 1950 they could operate un- on," Newsweek, August 19, 1963, 76. Shayon, Robert Lewis, "Elections by Elec-
der the etlapei3sion with"appropriate respon- Anonymous, "Talk About Debates Tones tronics," Saturday Review, March 14, 1964,
aibillty.' Down, but Keeps On," Broadcasting, 22.
fllino1p Republican ' Representative: "If December 2, 1963, 82-83. Shayon, Robert Lewis, "Pavlov and Foli-
networks provide free time for debates be- Anonymous, "Television Politics: All Star tics," Saturday Review, January 23, 1960, 28.
tween? the Republican and Democratic can- Cast?" Economist, February 8, 1964, 486-487. Stanton, Frank, "Case for Political Debates
d,islatQ g, they should be required to do the Anonymous, "The Campaign," Time, vol- on TV," New York Times Magazine, January
as a ,30j each, national, candidate for the ume LXXVI, No. 18 (October 31, 1960), 9. 19, 1964,16.
Presidency. Lifting the equal time require- Anonymous, "TV Debates in '64, the New Stern, Philip M., "The Debates in Retro-
mpnt,to, pejiet,tAti e two, major parties gives Republic, November 7, 1960, 6. spect," the New Republic, November 21, 1960,
them ,4i3~dvanta e which they neither need Anonymous, "TV Zooms in on GOP," Bus- 18-19.
nor, d~ e~?V?j jaction tends to give the mess Week, February 22, 1964, 32. Stevenson, Adlal, "Plan for a 'Great De-
two parties a favored, quasi-offlcial position. Alsop, S., "Coming Attack on Lyndon bate; " This Week magazine, March 6, 1960,
A~tli9ugh I believe firmly in the two-party Johnson" (debate issue), Saturday Evening 14-15.
system, _f am eually firm in believing the Post, March 28, 1964, 15. Willis, Edgar E., "Little TV Debates in
twp parties us tbemseives`lirovide the sys- Apple, R. W. Jr., "The Little Debates," Michigan," Quarterly Journal of Speech, vol-
t tl virility. Todayy s Republican Party the Reporter, December 6, 1962, 36-38. ume XLVIII, No. 1, February 1962, 15-23.
began a third party in 18'56, built on a splin- Ascoli, Max, "Intermezzo," the Reporter, Reports and pamphlets
ter from the g Party. Other third party November 10, 1960, 18.
"
Equal Time,"
moVel el i 11 ,,~ mt,ributed significant Braden, Waldo W., "The Big Shows Versus CBS Television Network,
Ideas to 0111. L ni11 life, and frequently the Solemn Referendum," Vital Speeches, point of View, December 1960.
have 4 i afi i fghtily the principles of volume XXVII, No. 17, June 15, 1962, 542-544. Federal Communications Commission, re-
w 'Cater, Douglas, "Notes From Backstage," port to the Congress of the United States,
the tties
o a or ar
the Reporter, November 10, 1960, 19-20. March 1, 1961. Submitted pursuant to San-
MoCA% Commager, Henry Steele, "Washington ate Joint Resolution 207, 86th Congress, in
r $Ao .-, -: Would Have Lost a TV Debate," the New hearings on review of section 315 of the
Angle, haul M., "Created Equal? The Com- York Times magazine, October 30, 1960, 13, Communications Act, Senate Committee on
pieta Lincoln-Douglas rebates. of 1858," Chi- 79-80. Interstate and Foreign Commerce, 87th Con-
oapo, University of Chicago Press, 1958. Cortney, Phillip, "Responsibility of Tele- grass, 1st session, 1961.
Amps Leon and l1tay, Mark A., "Television vision to the People," Vital Speeches, vol. Federal Communications Commission,
and Iil.r n ,ayier New York, Appleton- LXXVI, No. 8, February 1, 1960, 252-254. "Survey of Political Broadcasting," Wash-
Cent1}rZyrolts 1963. Cousins, Norman, "Presidents Don't Have ington, D.C., May 1963.
Aver, ellrey and Ew-banks, Henry Lee, To Be Quiz Masters," Saturday Review, No- Federal Communications Commission,
"Discusslpn a,hbate Tools of a Democ- umber 5, 1950, 34. "The Communications Act of 1934 with
i'.rac~+ Slew `Fork, Appleton-Century-Crofts, Crawford, K., "TV or Not TV P' (cameras Amendments and Index Thereto," Washing-
nc 194 barred at Baker Investigation), Newsweek, ton, D.C.
John
b I% ohn El., "Freedom and Responsi- March 9, 1954, 32. File of editorial comment on the equal
casting," Northeastern Uni- Dennis, Lloyd B., "Lincoln Debates Easily time debate distributed by the Columbia
v f$1 Press, 1961. Arranged," New York Times, September 26, Broadcasting System.
ire y, Stanley Jr., "Political Campaign- 1960, 25. House of Representatives, committee on
Problems in Creating an Informed Elea- Freeley, Austin J., "The Presidential De-. conference, conference report, "Suspension
tpateti. Washington, D.C., the Brookings In- bates and the Speech Profession," Quar of Equal Time Provisions of the Communica-
8titur4Qn 1960. terly Journal of Speech, vol. XLVII, No. 1, tions Act for 1964 Presidential Campaign,"
Dapper, Joseph "The Effects of Mass Com- February 1961, 60-64. report No. 1415, second session, 1964.
minications," New York, Free Press of Glen- Gould, Jack, "Candidates on TV-The Kellogg, V. S., "The Kennedy-Nixon De-
Coe 1960., Ideal and Others," the New York Times bates," unpublished report, Boston Univer-
I?*raus, Sidney, The Great Debates, Back- magazine, October 28, 1962, 27, 95-96, sit y, 1962.
ground-Perspective Effects," University of ,Hamilton, William, "The Victory Was Sarnoff, Robert W., "Television's Role in
A )4
India press, 1962. Video's," the Christian Century, volume American Democracy," NBC pamphlet, March
,tine, Yale, "The Television Dilemma," New LXXVII, No. 48, November 30,1960,1409-1410, 1963.
York, Hastings House, 1962. Harrington, Alan; Kleine, Don W ; Sarnoff, Robert W., "What's Right with
teixler Gary, The People Look at Tele- McLaughlin, W. G.; Roxroth, Kenneth; Television," NBC, December 1962.
Vision," New York, Knopf, 1963. and Wheeler, Harvey, "Debating the Great U.S. Senate, Committee on Commerce,
Th9ms Charles. A. H., "Television and Debate," the Nation, November 5, 1960, 344- final report, "Freedom of Communications,"
PresidentjalPolltlps," Washington, D.C., the 347. report No. 994, part 3, 87th Congress, 1st
F,ookings Institution 1956. Hughs, Emmet John, "52,000000 TV Sets- session, 1961.
Trenass}an J, and McQuail, D., "Television How Many Votes?" The New York Times Mag- U.S. Senate, Committee on Commerce,
and tale P optical Image," New York, Hillary azine, September 25, 1960, 23, 78-80, report, "Suspension of Equal Time Provi-
House 'slblishers, Ltd., 1963 (1959 British Kelley, Stanley, Jr., "Campaign Debates: sions of the Communications Act for 1964
eleot)ou) . Some Facts and Issues," Public Opinion Presidential Campaign," report No. 501, first
White, Theodore H., "The Making of the Quarterly, volume XXVI, No. 3, fall 1962,351- session, 1963.
President 1960," New York, Pockbooks, Inc., 366. MEMBERS OF THE COMMISSION
1962 Krock, Arthur, "The Polite Debate," New Carl J. Friedrich: Harvard University since
Ar i York Times, October 9, 1960,E i 1. 1926, Eaton professor of science of govern-
Anonymous, "A Great eat TV Debate?" the McCrory, Mary, "Ladies and Gentlemen: In
Commonv(e41, vol. LXXI, No. 26 (Mar. 25, This Corner * * ? I" America, volume 107, No. ment at Harvard Graduate School of Public
1960) 687-688. 25, September 22, 19.62, 767. Administration since 1956; director, radio
Petersmeyer research project at Harvard
Anonymous, At CBS, Blank Check for yer C. Wrede, "A Broadcaster University, 1937-42; served as Government
1964 .hgp tes" Broadcasting, November 25, Looks at His Industry," Vital Speeches, vol- affairs adviser in U.S. military government,
1963, 66. ume XXVII, No. 16, June 1, 1962, 497-500. 1946-48; member, American Political Science
Anonymous, "At Last, Action on Section Reston, James, "The Second Debate," New Association (president, 1962), International
315." Broadcastinv Februar
24 i964 70
y
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 15826
Approved ~fiW0%01&RD0N03R000200170041-5 July 21
1961-) ; the American Historical Association:
the American Philosophical Association; and
the American Academy of Arts and Sciences;
author of "Man and His Government" and
numerous other books and articles.
Evron M. Kirkpatrick: Executive director,
American Political Science Association, 1954-;
professor of political science, University of
Minnesota, 1935-48; chairman, social science
division, University of Minnesota, 1944-48;
wartime service ORS; Chief, external research
staff, U.S. State Department, 1947-52; Deputy
Director, Office of Intelligence Research and
chief, psychological Intelligence and research
staff, Department of State, 1952-54; member,
President's Commission on Registration and
Voting Participation, 1963-64; trustee of sev-
eral research and educational organizations;
author of a number of books and articles on
politics and International affairs.
Harold D. Lasswell: Professor of law and
political science, Yale University, 1952-; fel-
low of the Center for Advanced Study in Be-
havioral Science, Stanford, Calif., 1952; di-
rector of war communication research, Li-
brary of Congress, 1939-45; member: Ameri-
can Political Science Association (president,
1955-56), the American Academy of Arts and
Sciences, and the American Sociological So-
-ciety. Member of the committee of freedom
of the press and research advisory board.
Committee for Economic Development; au-
thor of many books and articles.
Richard E. Neustadt: Professor of govern-
ment, Columbia University, 1954-; visiting
lecturer, Nuffield College, Oxford, England,
1961-62; economist, OPA. 1942; staff member,
Bureau of the Budget, 1946-50; White House
staff, 1950-53; special consultant to numerous
congressional committees and Government
agencies, 1959-; consultant to President Ken-
nedy, 1961-1983; member American Political
Science Association, the American Academy
of Arts and Sciences, the Institute of Stra-
tegic Studies (London); author of "Presi-
dential Power" (1960) and numerous arti-
cles.
Peter H. Odegard: Professor of political
science, University of California, 1948- (de-
partment chairman 1948-56); assistant to
the Secretary of the Treasury, 1942-45; mem-
ber of and consultant to numerous govern-
mental commissions including the Atomic
Energy Commission, 1947-54; the President's
Commission on Migratory Labor, 1950-51;
member: American Political Science Associa-
tion (president 1951); the Academy of Po-
litical Science; American Academy of Politi-
cal and Social Science; author of numerous
books and articles In the field of political
science and associate editor of the Public
Opinion Quarterly. 1940-
Elmo Roper: Marketing consultant since
1933; former radio commentator, newspaper
columnist, and professor of journalism;
consultant, director, and member of several
wartime governmental offices including Dep-
uty Director of ORS; research director for
Fortune Survey of Public Opinion, 1935-50;
editor at large of Saturday Review; active
participant in numerous Connecticut study
commissions and former chairman of the
Connecticut Civil Rights Commission; dep-
uty chairman of the NATO citizens delega-
tion to Paris, 1962; and a member of the
National Planning Association, American
Marketing Association, Market Research
Council (president 1942-43) and the Amer-
ican Statistical Society.
Telford Taylor: Lawyer and writer; visit-
ing lecturer, Yale Law School since 1957,
Columbia Law School since 1958; professor,
Columbia Law School, 1963-; attorney and
counsel for numerous governmental offices
and agencies, 1933-42, Including general
counsel, Federal Communications Commis-
sion, 1940-42 counsel for the Joint Council
for Educational Television, 1951-61; briga-
dier general of the U.S. Army serving In
military intelligence; author of "Sword and
Swastika" and numerous articles on politi-
cal, legal, and military subjects.
Charles A. H. Thomson: Member of the
senior staff and administrative officer, de-
partment of social science, Rand Corp. since
1959; staff member. Brookings Institution,
1946-59; consultant, Department of State,
1948-49; President's Communications Policy
Board, 1950-51; member of task force staff,
oversee operations of Second Hoover Com-
mission, 1958-54; visiting lecturer. School
of Advanced International Studies, John's
Hopkins University, 1953, I955-57; author of
"Television and Presidential Politics," 1956,
and many articles related to political com-
munications and politics.
Gerhart D. Wiebe: Dean of the School of
Public Communication, Boston University,
1962-; research associate for Bureau of Edu-
cational Research, Ohio State University,
1940-41; research psychologist CBS, 1942-43,
1946-55; assistant to the president, 1955-58;
partner, Elmo Roper & Associates, 1956-62;
communications research consultant: USAF;
USIA; National Recreation Association; Na-
tional Council of Churches; member of
American Psychological Association, Ameri-
can Association of Public Opinion Research
(president 1956-57); coauthor of "Casebook
In Social Processes" (1960) as well as numer-
ous articles on varipus aspects of communi-
CUBA
Mr. KEATING. Mr. President, re-
cently a series of articles appeared in the
Montreal Star on the recent history of
Cuba and life under the Castro regime
today. They were written by Bruce Tay-
lor and accompanied by pictures taken
by Adrian Lunny.
They are an excellent analysis of re-
cent developments in Cuba. Mr. Taylor
lived in the country prior to the Castro
takeover, so he is well qualified to com-
pare the life there today with the condi-
tions under the oppressive Batista re-
gime.
Taylor maintains a high standard of
reporting on economic conditions, the
U.B. trade blockade, the agricultural sit-
uation, the educational system, Castro's
personal history, and a concluding arti-
cle on what we may expect from this
island in the next few years. I call par-
ticular attention to Mr. Taylor's obser-
vations on Cuban activities which are
directed toward the subversion of Cuba's
neighbors.
Castro Is dedicated to the concept of
"the liberation of all Latin America."
By liberation he means bringing com-
munism with its onerous state control
to every country south of our borders.
Castro's attempts to indoctrinate Cuban
children are particularly disturbing.
Taylor's articles describe in detail the
"rewriting of history" which is part of
the educational program of filling young
people's minds with the doctrines of
Stalin and Lenin. If Castro Is success-
ful in his educational practices, in 15
years all Cuba's younger generation will
have closed minds.
These articles point out to all Ameri-
cans the oppression of the Castro regime
in Cuba today. Castro will stop at noth-
ing to destroy freedom in our hemis-
phere and bring communism to all the
peoples of Latin America. Mr. Taylor
has performed a great service In describ-
ing so vividly the situation in Cuba to-
-day. I am sure that many people will
read these fascinating articles with great
interest. It is a lesson and warning for
Americans and Canadians alike.
I ask unanimous consent to have this
series printed in the RECORD.
There being no objection, the articles
were ordered to be printed in the RECORD,
as follows:
[From the Montreal Star, June 15, 1984]
CASTao WIELDS IRON FzsI'-CUBA EXILES FACE
FAILURE
(By Bruce Taylor)
The Cuban exiles who have begun to infil-
trate their homeland to organize a revolt
against the dictatorship of Fidel Castro face
almost certain failure.
Cuba Is coming apart at the seams, Its
economy Is shattered. Conditions overall
are far worse now than at the time of Castro's
ascendancy 5 years ago, and are deteriorating
relentlessly. But there will be no widespread
civilian uprising on the island now.
Cuba is totally a police state. Castro is its
supreme ruler, and his incredibly efficient
internal security network has the nation's
7 million people-who are overwhelmingly
dissatisfied with his system of government-
tightly In control.
If Castro can keep his island alive for an-
other 15 years-and his only hope of doing so
is continuing commerce with Canada and
other NATO partners of the United States
which have elected to ignore the U.S. trade
embargo-Cuba will be Irrevocably Commu-
nist.
He needs that length of time to imbue
Cuba's schoolchildren with a thorough
hatred of "Yankee imperialism," and to pre-
pare them to carry his political philosophy
through all of Latin America. His program
of Indoctrination is similar to that used by
prewar Germany to rear its fire-eating Hitler
Youth.
The adult population, meanwhile, is being
restrained by terror, helpless to prevent the
brainwashing of its children.
Castro Is not endangered by the returning
exiles. It would take major military action
to destroy what he has built. He stands
ready today to resist even the full-scale in-
vasion he believes is imminent.
His army of 200.000 fit, well trained, and
dedicated soldiers is equipped with the best
weapons In the Russian arsenal. There is no
reason to believe it would not fight, or that
It could be beaten by anything less than a
force of comparable size.
Anti-Castro leaders in Cuba. who hope
rather than fear that an invasion is inevita-
ble. are concerned that the United States
underestimates Castro's real strength. And
they have little but prayer and pity to offer
the exiles who are landing in Cuba.
The exiles are scattering into the Sierra
Mestra and Lscambray mountain ranges of
the 700-mile-long island, where they hope
to set up guerrilla bases from which to rally
open resistance to Castro.
WELL ISOLATED
They are finding themselves almost en-
tirely without help.
Castro Is isolating them. He does not in-
tend to give them the kind of toehold he
grasped-and held-in his own revolution
against Fulgenclo Batista, the dictator he
deposed In 1959.
Batista didn't understand guerrilla war-
fare; he merely tried to keep Castro's rebels
bottled up In the hills. He lost Cuba in 3
years.
Castro, on the other hand, probably knows
more about guerrilla fighting-and certainly
more about the mountains-than the exiles
who have come back to overthrow him.
He is going into the hills after them. He
is using 20.000 and 30,000 soldiers at a time
to encircle individual mountains and root
out pockets of as few as four or five of them.
The civilians are too frightened to move.
They are waiting for "the Invasion.- Their
first question to me often was a despairing
"When are the Americans coming?". But
even if a major Invasion is launched, few
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 A~ pr`oved For D2 ~5 9.1 7T: q1&[ .q6B%kq j Q0200170041-5
are being used, literally, as slave labor where
manpower is short, such as in sugar cane
cutting; the others are being given full polit-
ical Indoctrination and are being trained
as fighters.
Augmenting the armed forces are 100,000
?militia men and women, all volunteers.
They are used to guard nonstrategic civilian
sites which could be targets for sabotage:
,department stores, hotels, banks, theaters,
.government buildings.
Half the milicianos have been given mili-
tary training-many are ex-servicemen-and
can be counted on to fight.
Not so the other half. It is compromised
of clerks, secretaries, stenographers, book-
keepers, ushers. They take turns guarding
the buildings in which they work. Each
=puts in 6 to 8 hours of duty a week. The
-women are used mainly in daylight hours.
Most have volunteered only to show that,
on the surface at least, they are with the
-Government.
They have had little or no military train-
ing-many have never even fired the rifles
-issued to them-and might reasonably be
counted on to run for their lives at the sight
of an aircraft carrier off Havana.
. So Cuba has at least a quarter of a million
people under arms it can depend on in an
emergency. It is clearly alert.
We are not to worried about the exiles
Who are coming ashore, says a Castro aid.
We are well able to cope with internal
for the U.S. machinery that is breaking down
through misuse and old age are proving woe-
fully inadequate, both in quantity and in
caliber.
Most serious of all, Cuba's 7 million people
are fed up. with the Government that has
been promising them pie in the sky since
1959, and are growing increasingly loath to
cooperate with It.
Resentment toward Castro is rising. De-
liberate work slowdowns are reaching criti-
cal proportions.
Castro, nonetheless, continues to make
grandiose claims of progress. Rigid press
censorship in Cuba prevents the escape of
editorial comment to the contrary. And
most visiting correspondents-confined to
Havana or taken on carefully guided tours of
the 700-mile-long island-have little way of
investigating the truth of his assertions.
But Staff Photographer Adrian Lunny and
I have just ended 2,200 miles of travel within
Cuba-the freest movement ever accorded
North American newspapermen behind Cas-
tro's Palm Tree Curtain-and have seen at
first hand the tragedy that has been wreaked
by communism.
Many correspondents who are permitted to
go there now have little with which to com-
pare conditions than the standards of their
own countries, and that isn't fair. I lived
there in 1957, however, and am able to make
comparison with Cuba then and today.
CANADA A SAVIOR
trouble. Foreign correspondents must acquire offi-
cial .authorization to travel outside Havana.
Even the chaos that might be created by
assassination of Castro would be short-lived. Lunny and I were approved for our extensive
We are prepared for that eventuality. movement because Castro is going a long way
"Our main concern is a military invasion. these days to curry favor with Canadians.
"We have every reasons to expect one. He sees Canada as a savior.
The United States already has supported one It is one of the few countries able to supply
invasion. It has blockaded us. It is flying him with essential material no longer avail-
U-2's over us. It had stated publicly it- able to him from the United States, and he
considers the present situation intolerable. claims he will do about $60 million worth of
Many of its leaders have called for a new business with it this year. (Official figures
attack. ' are far less than that amount, but it is ac-
"But we are going to give the United States -knowledged that many Cuban purchases,
one hell of a surprise if it thinks it can take -made for cash, are not recorded as such.)
us with its famous 'handful of marines'." ?Even so, there were numerous restrictions
Cuban underground leaders agree. -on our travel and there was a not entirely
"Any new exterior action against Cuba subtle warning that an' unfavorable report
must not be another Bay of Pigs," one 'told, -by us would mean detention and deporta-
me. "It must be a full-scale Invasion, or ft tion from Cuba if we later attempted to re-
will fail horribly, turn.
"The invaders must not count on an in- Cubans, generally, were delighted to see
tern bl uprising to help them. There would us and would go to great pains to talk to us
;privately. Sometimes, it wasn't easy.
not be one. - The state of terror in which Cuba is held
"Most of Cuba wants desperately to be rid is not readily apparent in Havana, where
Is wait t annsd communism. nism. But all it can do movement is reasonably unhindered. Ha-
hope' vans still is one of the world's most beauti-
And' n it has to wait too long, there will ,ful cities, although Castro has done his best
be nothing
t will gbe too that ca late." noe done for it, .to blight Its esthetic attraction by draping
"It will it with building-sized propaganda signs, and
[Prom the Montreal Star, June 16, 1964] this is the Cuba that most visitors to the
island see.
"ECONOMY RUNNING DOWN-CUBA $EING St is only when you go into the interior
CHOKED BY U.S. TIi./iDF. Cugp that you are made very much aware of the
Cuba is being strangled by the U.S. trade
embargo.
It cannot survive at its current rate of im-
-port and technical assistance from the Sa-
viet bloc nations. It would perish, slowly
.but certainly, but for its expanding com-
_merce with Canada and other NATO partners
_of the United States.
.Even that may not be sufficient to keep it
alive.
Its sugar production-the core of its econ-
.omy-will be the lowest in history this year.
-Its agriculture and livestock programs are
failing. Its internal- transportation system
,is about? to callapse. Its factories-when
they operate at all-are turning out products
that cost two and three times more tp manu-
The people there are in virtual slavery.
Everything they do, down to the simplest
action, is known to the secret police. They
speak to strangers only where they cannot
be overheard, and then only after looking
over their shoulders. %
.Some of our travel among them was closely
escorted by secret police or members of the
....Cuban Communist party (Partido Unido de
la Revolution Socfalistica) who were charged
with preventing us from speaking to anyone
other than government officials, or seeing
anything other than that which previously
had been designated acceptable.
Escort was particularly close in Oriente
Prpvince, biggest of. Cuba's six, at the eastern
end of the island. There were three men-
one of them armed-,to meet us when we
Approued for Release 2005101/2:7 CIA-RDP66B0040 RO 0 170041-5
ians wt],l teem t to support it until
they are convinced s succeeding
,They feel mere Is Food reason for `their
reticence , Theyy say they were taught a;bft-
ter and bloody lesson by tTie',lsco at the Bay
pf Figsyears a
the o.
'they learned n that Castro's omniscient
IlSy;stpolice had`far greater knowledge of the
then ubs an?ihl Unde ground than was sus-
etted, and knew where "to find its leaders
beor .thy could organize an uprising to
c inpide yglth the. at ck. They were rounded
up within hours` of is landings at the Bay
of Pigs, and were butchered or imprisoned.
The uxidergrouild has never regained even
a_emblance o its tgmcr strength.
Arid -l Cubans '. read_a repetition of the
military blunders that caused the attack to
abort when, 1t shoved every indication of
$11eces,S, &fid left them wide open to repercus-
sioxi
It can be s atfd or the first, time now that
the assut gnhe island was within Inches
pt viclp-ry Yt failed only, because early ad-
va1'itages were not pressed, and because there
was no real all _- p port for the invaders.
Castro,'i n Q a subordInates admit
iiow hey Were _afmost owerfess to stop the
invader , an"'d `that the latter had been T given even min ra'dl support'the island would
have faile
"We l ad no air strength then, ' a ranking
Cuban ariy officer concedes "A few Amer-
ca~A F~=T04 (supersonyet lighters would
"We, were lsin obsolete jet trainers and
just about anytng else that would fly.
"Thy 26omers which attacked us
;Collie $ op3 ep , far away they had fuel for
only a few miputes over Cuba. We were
able tQ-SVnd, tropps ana armor unhindered
aver ol5en mds` o Mlle Ba~y of Plgs
yen :so we ran mt`o trou i e Immediately
and probably would ' have' been destroyed If
there had been S ppart far the invasion. The
lnercexlaPee (lie Cuban government's
epithet. for the anti bastro forces it claims-
we're- iu.he pay of fife t7.S. Central Intelli-
pence agency) shot up the first three tanks
we se nt n against them:
(These were Russian tonics. However,
baba .later xq,ased ,photographs of them
'lying useless on the beach and claimed they
wele Americai ric9which had come
ashore
wi h 1g 1nya ears and which had been
stopped by dastros arm +.)
GVe wer@ cjywea fat only stupidity
pre'veuitec us from bem beaten" the officer
sa "'> -tut the'sltuation has changed con-
eraly since then '
`Ca9t}'p realizing how close he'd come to
being topp1ed by an invasion he hadn't ex-
pected, set out at once to build the army
he now baasts,7e, spcQnd-Ony to that of the
United, Sates the Americas,
lie has modg Ml fighters and the men
fiy them (both Cuban and Russian), a
like-i of fast it'ussian Ina-tar torpedo boats,
the best arms anfT ammunition the Soviet
has to of er and: a thoroughly communistic-
indoctrl ted ~rzny that"'is Russian-trained.
AId mover the zslansi there. are Russian
sfCCface-tp air ty iesiles capafi)e of bring ng
dpwh QVgn the bfgh fiyfng i1 2 reconnai.s-
ea7ace Tones -
D - make Baily sorties over
?Cuba r tm F3orida, ,lust 96 miles away.
ST he ussianssay they Have removed their
--ixltere , tlnental:a osplo missiles from Cuba,
but rgrourid Teaclers there rnsist that
r' some 7~$ an that they have seen. them,- and
that the are well hidden from the pying
cath fthetl s)
"Crubajs espandln~ Its armed forces. It
has begun compulso~r,y~ military ?raininp"for
all ri i between tk#e ages" of 1`! and "4b.
Z7hose It deem too solidly entrenched in
.'''their szpposition' ?o 'Castro to be converted
 15828
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CONGRESSIONAL RECORD -SENATE July 21
that exists. All legal food purchases are ra-
tioned. The meat quota, for example, Is
three-quarters of a pound per person per
week In Havana, less in the interior. A Cu-
ban may legally buy six eggs a month.
Eggs are 6 cents each in the grocery atores.
They are $2 each on the black market.
The government makes no real attempt to
stamp it out. It knows if it did the many
small farmers who keep It going would cut
down production altogether, rather than sell
at government prices. Then, there would be
no food at all.
There Is a black market for everything.
Automobile parts are particularly precious.
Only government-approved people can pur-
chase new East European can which come to
Cuba in extremely limited quantity. All
other cars are American, and all are of 1959
vintage or older. Most are barely hangipg
together. A 1957 Chrysler in bare running
order, for Instance, can be sold for the equiv-
alent of $7,000.
Clothing-what little there Is of it-is ra-
tioned. and new consumer goods are non-
existent. Cubans take you aside to ask in
whispers if you can smuggle something-or-
other to them from Canada.
You expect them to ask for luxuries, and
are startled to hear that what they want, as
In the case of one tearful young mother, are
items such as baby pacifiers.
The cost of living in Cuba Is particularly
hard on foreigners because the Government
there Insists the peso Is at par with the
American dollar. It relieves you of your
dollars Immediately on arrival at Havana
airport, and replaces them with pesos--one
for one.
stepped from the Russian Ilyusbin-18 air-
liner that brought us to Santiago from Ha-
vana. They were with us until we left that
province 4 days and several hundred miles
later.
It wasn't too difficult to elude them late
at night-usually through a back door some-
where-and getting away from them to talk
to people became somewhat of a game. One
night, however, when Lunny remained in our
room to give the impression we both still
were there I got into animated political
conversation with what I thought was an
ordinary Cuban-who turned out to be chief
of the area's secret police.
We were not surprised by the close escort
in Oriente. There was a report of Impending
trouble in the province the day we arrived.
The day after we left, the big sugar mill at
Pilon was blown up.
Some of our travel in other provinces was
in the company of a driver selected for us
by the government. He spent a great deal
of time at the outset attempting to convince
us he was a "gusano"-a worm-Castro's
word for Cubans who are opposed to him.
But he gave up In disgust eventually and
lapsed into long, daily propaganda orations.
When necessary, however, as in Oriente, we
generally were able to slip away from the
various agents entrusted with keeping an
eye on us. We met and talked to a wide
cross section of the population. And it soon
became evident that Cuba today is In far
more terrible condition. materially, than
when r lived there during the dictatorship
of Fulgencia Batista.
Batista was a venal man. His government,
devoid of ideolpgy. was unbelievably corrupt.
As opposition to him mounted, be took in-
creasingly severe measures to repress it. At
length he gave his secret police, comprised
In the main of sadists, a free hand. They
tortured and killed. It became common-
place to find the children of his opponents
dead in the streets. Therg was no sense of
predictability then; a man could be arrested
for anything.
Probably more than 80 percent of the
population was opposed to him, and would
have supported any man who could topple
him. Castro was given overwhelming sup-
port because he promised reform and a high
standard of living. He even promised free
elections.
He appeared to be blessed relief from the
long line of dictators who successively had
bled the Cuban treasury. Batista, for ex-
ample, is said to have banked $800 million
In other countries before he fled.
And if you understand Cubans, you know
that politics are of secondary if even of any.
Importance to most of them. They wouldn't
have cared whether Castro was Communist,
Fascist, or Democratic, so long as he gave
them enough to eat, enough to wear, and
enough to spend on simple luxuries.
But he didn't. He imposed a dictatorship
that Batista's could not even begin to match
for the manner in which It holds its people
in subservience. Castro has held no elec-
tions, and doesn't intend to. He has failed
in every promise to make Cuba a better place
to live, and the Cubans say they are worse
off than ever, that hardship is more wide-
spread now than In the days of Batista.
There is no question but that poverty
existed in some sections of Cuba, particularly
among the sugar workers, before 1959.
IDLE BOAST
But even then the country as a whole was
far better off. Castro has slightly improved
the welfare of the sugar workers, but greatly
decreased that of almost everyone else.
He boasts that no one in Cuba goes hungry
today, despite the gigantic failure of his na-
tionalized farm system, That is true, but
only because of the vast black market in food
OMELET COSTS $e
That makes the price of eating, for in-
stance, enormous. Soup is 2 pesos; $2.
Tomato juice is 11/2 pesos. An omelet Is 8
pesos-
Hotel rates, are unexpectedly low, about
$6 to $8 per person per room, and service in
the major hotels is good. But if you plan to
do business around the city you must hire
a taxi by the day because you seldom can
find one away from the midtown area,
In Cuba, there Is a huge black market in
American dollars. You are offered 7 and 8
pesos for 1. All of Cuba, It seems, is hoarding
U.S. money for "the great escape."
The story of what communism has done
to Cuba Is written In the frantic desire of its
people to get away.
Four hundred thousand already have left.
Tens of thousands more have applied for the
permission to leave that takes up to 2 years.
if at all, to acquire. Most will not get It.
Many will. Spain's Iberia Airline, which
maintains service between Havana and
Madrid, is completely booked for the next 3
years.
Hardly a night passes but that a small
boat does not set oyt from some obscure
cove for Key West or Jamaica or the
Bahamas. Most are discovered before they
get far. Their occupants are shot.
Castro. like his counterparts in East Ger-
many who built the Berlin wall, knows he
has lost his bid to convert the adult popula-
tion to his system of government. He is
missing no bets to insure he does not lose
it entirely.
A young soldier with a machinegun is
the last person to board any domestic Cuban
airline flight-to prevent It from becoming
an unscheduled International flight.
He comes through the doorway after all
passengers are seated and the crew is in the
cockpit. He. backs all the way up the aisle
to the cockpit door, his gun at the ready.
Then, he lets himself into the cockpit and
bolts the door behind him.
He remains in there until the flight is com-
pleted.
[From the Montreal Star, Juno 17, 1964]
CASTRO HAS TALENT-FOR RuiNING THE
ECONOMY
(By Bruce Taylor)
It is not despite Fidel Castro's best efforts
that Cuba is grievously ill. It is because of
them. There Is no realism in his programs
to make thecountry self-sufficient.
He establishes himself as the ultimate au-
thority In a project, becomes entirely en-
grossed in it, sets unattainable goals for it,
makes mistakes, loses Interest, leaves all of
it to be puzzled out by subordinates who
know less about it than he does, and moves
on to something else.
The results are disastrous.
Cuba's economic welfare is determined
almost wholly by its ability to produce sugar.
It is Cuba's only real currency. Last year's
production was 3.8 million tons, the lowest
in the nation's recent history. Premier
Castro Is talking about 10 million tons by
1970, but this year's production will be even
lower than last year's.
FORCED TO BUY SUGAR
He is committed for 3.84 million tons, and
has admitted In speeches he has been forced
to buy sugar on the open market to meet
that commitment.
Mr. Castro is unable to plan ahead.
Last year's low production was caused by
the shortage of experienced canecutters he
created by bringing them into the cities
after the previous season to work in industry.
He was unable to free them to return to the
fields at harvest time.
Wielding a machete is backbreaking work,
and it is definitely an art. Amateurs not
only can ruin the current crop, but the suc-
ceeding one.
IMPORTS CANECIITTERS
This year, Mr. Castro thought he had the
problem beaten by Importing new, specially
designed Russian mechanical canecutters.
They did notprove effective. So he ordered
practically all of his army into the fields.
This improved the situation to some extent-
although we saw thousands upon thousands
of acres of cane that could never be cut in
time-but this year there was a new prob-
lem: transportation.
Where it was relatively good last year, it
broke down this year. The old American
trucks he has been using were another year
older. There ar# not nearly enough Soviet
vehicles In Cuba to replace them. He used
oxen.
Next year, he doubtlessly will be plagued
by the increasing malfunction of the ma-
chinery in the American-built sugar mills.
All of it Is at least 5 years old, and no re-
placement parts for it are available to him.
PSYCHOLOGICAL EFFECT
This second successive sugar crop failure
has had a tremendous psychological effect
on the Cubans. It has heightened anti-
Castro emotion everywhere on the island,
but most particularly in the agricultural
areas where his main strength originally lay.
It Is not generally known that Mr. Castro
last year carried out a second agrarian re-
form. It nationalized the farms of the very
people who had given him his most solid
support.
His first agrarian reform law was enacted
In 1980, a year after he became dictator, and
was the one which he had promised. It took
over for the state all farms of more than 30
"cavallerias." There are 33 acres to a caval-
lerla.
Most of these farms and plantations be-
longed to absentee United States and Cuban
landlords, and there was little general sym-
pathy for them. The land was not turned
over to individuals, however; the individuals
were turned onto it, to work It for the state.
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 Last year, reports begin to fly that Mr.
Castro was contelolating further agrarian
measures.
ANI~, an association of-owners of small
private.farms, wa"s~vorried. It called a con-
vejition'last summer to ask Mr. Castro what,
if any plans lael ad." Mr. Castro assured the
&ss ationhe was satisfied to take no more
'hat 7 ercent"of all land under cultivation'
an4 to leave tyi-e balance ;to the ANAP.
Less'than 2 inont'hs later he-quietly en-
aeted his second agrarian r form law' It
nationalized all farms" of more than five
cavalierias
WAP 'was de`stroye "but If that wasn't
bad enough Mr. Castro had more bad news.
To it. AL'1; Yi AND
The, state took every last acre of every
farm of more han ve cavallerias. It also
took all buildings on fife farms, and turned
out their owners vltti` nothing more than
the clothes on teiriacs: "' `
OonipensatTonvared;'from a minimum of
106 pesos a m'o'nth to` a" maximum of 260
pesos a rrihitth for it) years, according to the
size of the Parma
faller with even -656 '-& two children
'f
ooixld not survive o maintain a stable diet
he would: have to bu 'food on the black
Yeiarket, and fie wou d'nOw have to pay
rent-if i e 'was lixcky enough to find a place
to live
Premfe} Castro's typical lack of foresight
coiriiiouii&ed " tfielr troubles even further.
He had neglected the mechanics of a system
by which` the compensation payments could
be made A great number of the evicted
farmers received' no money at all for several
months.
The reasons for their mounting antagon
ism toward Mr.-Castro do not end even there.
5:He has begun compulsory military service
for, all-able bodied men `bet 'eeri 17 and 45.
method of 'conscr tion is to go into
small towns seemingly at random and strip
them, of all men whofit the bill.
Mr,, Castro bean his reign with a great
rash of" construction He had reasonable
sucees , p Itting up homes for laborers and
farmers =fn the`"interior "but his project in
Eapt 11'avand-across--e bay from the city
proper'- Ras a flop
1 C1NT wa fiO / LACE
It was to, have been a showplace. He put
up beautiful seven 'and eight-story apart-
meut, buildings. They" are impressive, and
government officials delight in pointing them
out to you.
But when, you get away from-the officials
and ta~lf "to the people who live there, you
flnd,thq~ buildings are anything but practi-
15829
RUSH GIVES ors grade six, for children and adults alike. Only
The fishermen earn up " to 400 pesos a a shortage of teachers prevents him from
h hi h hool
SC
ht
roug g
montli, three to four times the national making it compulsory
average. He has. begun an intensive teacher-training
Mr. Castro's early gush of construction program, but the process admittedly is slow.
has petered out now. There is a sign in Meanwhile, university undergraduates are
Havana that tells people who can't get past tutoring high school students; high school
the city to see for themselves that 70 per- students are teaching grade school students;
cent of the population lived in "bohios"- grade school students are helping in kin-
huts made of palm leaves thatched over dergartens.
wood frames-when Castro came to power, ALL STATE SCHOOLS
and Implies this condition no longer exists. Education is totally a state affair. But
it is an outrageous lie. The bohios still Castro is compensating for shutting down
are there. So are the mud-floor hovels that all private schools and colleges-such as
line every roadway through the interior. those operated by the Jesuits-by spending
Castro is attempting to inject some reality millions of dollars for new school construc-
into his planning now, but without notable tion, even in the remotest areas of the in-
achievement. terior.
and lectures at great length on the subject island Las Villas Province, and at Santiago
.in-speeches and in private conversation. He de Cuba in Oriente Province, at the eastern
wants to export beef, and says he is experi-, end of the island.
menting with natural feeds that will enable Cuba boasts that it is the first country in
him to raise cattle without having to import Latin America to rid itself of illiteracy, and
the fertilizers of which he is so desperately the first to launch a widespread program
short. of training in technical fields.
At the moment there is, not enough good "In the area of education," says a Castro
beef in Cuba for his own people. aid, "even our enemies must acknowledge
Cuba's climate is such that it should be a what we have accomplished."
prolific producer of food. Properly tended, The huge fortresses former Dictator Batista
its soil can be induced to give three crops maintained as barracks for his troops
of corn a'year, for instance. But the island's within the limits of Cuba's biggest cities have
agriculture is in a mess. The Russian and been converted to schools.
Red Chinese technicians brought there to Largest of these at the moment is Ciudad
much raighten it out do not appear to be making Libertad (Liberty City) on the site of the old
much headway. Camp Columbia. It is on the outskirts of
CANADIANS' FARM SUCCESS Havana, and used to house 30,000 of Batista's
They are being shown to great disadvan- soldiers.
tage by several Ontario tobacco farmers The buildings have been renovated "to rid
working on contract in Cuba. Their suc- them of the barracks look" and 7,000 children
cess has been spectacular. They have intro- go to school there. More than 2,000 of them
duced Canadian seed and methods to Cuban are boarders; the others live in Havana.
tobacco farming in Pinar del Rio Province, Construction is being carried out to increase
and have increased production there in the high school and technical school facilities.
past year by 300 percent. It eventually will handle 10,000 children.
Mr. Castro's own inadequacies are largely It serves as the model for other such centers.
responsible for the failure of his programs Biggest of them all will be the still un-
Cuba accordingly, the condition In which completed Ciudad Escolar Camilo Cienfuegos,
Cuba finds itself today. high in the Sierra Maestra Mountains near
But he also is handicapped by the fact Manzanillo, in Oriente Province, birthplace
that the only people he can trust are the of Castro's revolution.
people who fought with him in his revolu-
tion, and they are the ones he has had Officials at the school say Castro conceived
to install in positions of wide authority. it one day while he was still in the moun-
Most are totally unfit to hold them. " tains, brooding down over the squalor he
AVOID DECISIONS hoped to eradicate.
It is seldom that the head of one depart- The squalor still is there. But right in the
ent or ministry knows what his counter- middle of it is the incongruous, architec-
ment in another is doing; it is even more turally attractive concrete-and-glass com-
p plex that has been named for one of Castro's
seldom that one of them will make a decision. closest aids in the revolution. Camilo Cien-
Cubans have always been famous for get- fuegos dissappeared on a flight over the inte-
ting" things done "manana"-tomorrow. rior not long after he helped Castro take
With the addition of inept Communist Cuba. His body has never been found. Cas-
You ,learn thatvlr Oastro couldn't get bureaucracy, you're extremely fortunate in y
elevators for th -- em so' in one on the upper ,Cuba today if you can get things done by tro is enshrining him; a tremendous number
.doors i _ ha p 111 transportation to the ?la semana proximo"-next week. of state projects have been named for him,
city is so unpredictable the people can't and his image adorns the 50-peso note.
co fprtably get to and from their jobs. There are 2,700 students at the school now.
From the Montreal Star, June 18, 1964]
Most 9f them would move=if there was It is being built to accommodate 20,000 by
somewhere elseto go CASTRO ATTACKS ILLITERACY-VICTORY IN 1974. All of them will be "becados"-special
g11IL7f PQWEitPCANTS EDUCATION scholarship students in science and techni-
Cuba is in the process of constructing two (By Bruce Taylor) cal courses-and all will board there from
therni.oelectric powerplants, "one'at each end Of all the programs Fidel Castro has ini- the time they enter first grade until they are
of the Island. These; however, are b_ eing tiated in his 5-year dictatorship in Cuba, ready to enter university.
built by Russians and are progressing well. only one has been entirely successful. It Is The "becados"-there and in other scholar-
To file-very bare credit side 6T Mr. Castro's in the field of education. ship schools-are Cuba's elite. They are the
construction ledger must be 'inscribed his No other program will do more to solidify children upon whom Castro is building com-
his brand of communism in Cuba, or to munism for his nation, and all treatment of
fishernen s cooperative atNfarizanillo; on the
.Carib$ean coast of Oriente Province. Al- spread it through Latin America. them is directed to that end. The method of
most -6I6 flsherinen and their families live He has swept the island of illiteracy- indoctrination for them is the same as that
in small. biitvery attractive 'prefabricated almost 1 million adults in a total population utilized to instill nazism in the Hitler youth
n
f
G
y.
prewar
erma
concrete "homes. They pay no rent. of 7 million could not read or write when o
The`developmefit has a'barber shop, a hos- he came to power-and he has made all edu= There are 125,000 of them at present.
pital a pharmacy and- other, `such services. cation, up to and including university, free. Plans are being formulated to triple and
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i oved For Come ) SI0INAL:,RECORD66Bg $ 0200170041-5
4.1
 15830
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CONGRESSIONAL RECORD - SENATE July 21
All Cuban schoolchildren are given politi-
cal indoctrination. The "becados" are satu-
rated with it.
They are taken from their parents, and are
permitted to visit them only for short periods.
Their school year is 11 months long, but even
during vacation periods most of them are
kept busy In enterprises of value to the state.
They attend class from 8 o'clock in the
morning until 4 in the afternoon. About
one-quarter of their time in the classroom Is
taken up by Marxism, Leninism, Castroism,
and anti-Americanism. They are given 8
hours of homework 6 nights a week.
The "becadoe," unlike regular schoolchil-
dren who live with their families, are housed
in large dormitories or in groups of 40 to 46
in slogan-adorned homes which once be-
longed to the wealthy. They are subjected
to further political indoctrination every
evening.
They are completely regimented, but they
are pampered like no other children In Cuba.
When food is scarce, as it often is, and
the mothers of other children hunt fran-
tically for sustenance, the "becadoe" have the
best of everything. They are dressed well,
they receive the finest medical and dental
services available, and are kept in excellent
physical trim by wide-ranging sports activi-
ties. Even entertainment-most of it politi-
cally slanted-is arranged for them.
And it doesn't take them long to learn
that their first duty is not to their parents,
but to the fatherland. Good students are "re-
warded," for example, by being allowed to
"volunteer" to go out Into the mountains
under the broiling sun to pick coffee beans
on, their summer vacation, instead of spend-
ing the time with their families.
Most of the "becados" are selected from
among farming and laboring classes. The
scholarships, a Ministry of Education official
told me, are awarded for "merit, aptitude,
and discipline."
"What kind of discipliner' I asked, "Party
discipline?"
He shrugged. "Of course."
HISTORIF3 REWRITTEN
The emphasis in all Cuban schools today,
scholarship and otherwise, is on political
economy. And Cuba's history books have
been rewritten to conform.
For Instance:
"Our history books used to teach that Cuba
was a free and independent republic," says
the principal of the Karl Marx scholarship
school at Habana's Ciudad Libertad. "But
that wasn't true. It was only half a republic
before Fidel destroyed the capitalists. The
other half was under the control of the
United States.
"Ali we had was a flag and an anthem,
The riches of Cuba were owned by reaction-
aries and American Imperialists. Our history
books now teach the truth."
They also teach that history previously had
been falsified to create the impression that
the United States helped Cuba gain inde-
pendence from Spain. And that it Is a lie
to credit Briton Sir Donald Ross with the
discovery that malaria is transmitted by mos-
quitoes; Cuban textbooks now assert that
the real discoverer was Carlos J. Finlay, a
Cuban.
English is the official second language of
the Cuban school system. It is taught from
the fQUrth grade onward, mainly because
English is the international language In the
technical fields, and most textbooks and man-
uals are published in English.
There are about 800 English teachers in
Cuba now. Other languages are taught at
advanced school levels.
Cuba is in desperate need of physicians.
Most fled the country when Castro came to
power. There are 2,000 medical students In
the universities now, but even some govern-
ment officials fear they are being rushed
through too quickly.
TL&IN TLCHNICiANs
Of even more pressing importance to
Cuba's chances of survival as a Communist
country is its need to develop skilled techni-
cians. Thousands of boys and girls are being
sent to school to learn how to operate the
toolmaking and other industrial machines
Imported from the Soviet bloc nations.
But Cubans are by no means Inherently in
cllned toward things mechanical-the coun-
try previously had imported almost all of Its
manufactured goods-and the youngsters are
driving their Russian and Czechoslovakian
instructors to distraction.
What they learn one day they are apt to
forget the next. And if they aren't disap-
pearing halt a dozen times a lesson for cof-
fee, they are wandering off for a siesta.
But, on the whole, Fidel Castro's education
factories are turning out the kind of product
he needs. He knows, and makes no bones
about the fact, that if he can retain control
of the country for another 15 years. Cuba
will be solidly Communist; be Is twisting the
children's minds to assure it.
It is interesting to note, therefore, that in
every classroom of every school in Cuba today
there are emblazoned the words of Jose Marti,
the Cuban who led his country's tight for in-
dependence from Spain:
"Ninon nacen pars ser felices."
They mean: "Children are born to be
happy."
(From the Montreal Star, June 19. 19641
CAsTao Now TAcxi.uro FaAxco--A Lms or
STRUGGLE
(By Bruce Taylor)
Fidel Castro is preparing to extend his
sphere of subversion to Spain.
He has agreed to train Spanish Commu-
nists in guerrilla warfare, and will supply
them with arms for a revolt against the
regime of Generalissimo Francisco Franco.
The plan, until now, has been top-secret.
Cuba enjoys good relations with Spain and
Is. in fact, negotiating to increase its trade
with the European nation.
But Communist members of the Spanish
underground now in Cuba have been assured
by Castro he will support them in an at-
tempted overthrow of Franco.
Subversion has become Cuba's No. 1 ex-
port. The chaos It has created in Latin
America already has ruptured diplomatic
relations with all but four members of the
Organization of American States.
Latest to cut ties was Brazil. Diplomats in
Cuba believe Uruguay may be next, Mexico,
Chile, and Bolivia would be the only OAS
members with ambassadors in Cuba.
Opinion is fairly unanimous In Havana
that the continuing deterioration of relations
between Cuba and the OAS indicates an In-
vasion of the Island may be in the works.
Brazil, prior to the coup which deposed the
Goulart government, had-like Mexico, Chile.
Bolivia, and Uruguay-resisted all efforts to
be pressured Into adopting a hard line against
Cuba.
But now that Brazil has severed relations,
and with Uruguay expected to follow suit,
tremendous pressure is being applied to the
three other OAS members still in Cuba to
reappraise their policies. Eventual armed
action against Castro is considered a distinct
possibility.
It is generally believed that such action
would come under the guise of the combined
OAS, The excuse would be Castro's con-
tinuing export of subversion.
Castro is aware of the risk he is running,
But he has dedicated himself, he says, "to
the liberation of all of Latin America," and
he can't stop now.
Who is this man who can create such
turmoil?
He is, first and foremost, the absolute ruler
of his nation. Recurring, and widely ac-
cepted. reports that he is merely the puppet
of the other men about him are just so much
hokum. Castro's word is law.
TOP Anfn
The task of keeping his police state in
order falls to two highly trusted subordi-
nates. Their names are little known outside
Cuba, but they are becoming tremendously
powerful there. They are responsible only
to Castro, and are acknowledged to be second
only to him in succession of strength, even
ahead of the brilliant, ubiquitous Ernesto
!head Guevara.
They are Ramiro Valdes, Minister of the
Interior, and Jose Matar, chief of the dreaded
Committee for the Defense of the Revolution
(CDR).
The Ministry of the Interior Includes G-2,
the counterintelligence department. Not
even Castro can free a prisoner held by G-2
until the prisoner's guilt or innocence has
been determined. G-2 is concerned mainly
with espionage and armed insurrection.
The CDR is the organization charged with
keeping the civilian population in line, and
the one which most effects the lives of
everyday Cubans. It is a pyramid which
descends from Havana into each province,
each city, each town, each village, each ham-
let, each block, -each street, each house. No
one makes a move, no matter how incon-
sequential, that is not known to the CDR.
CDR members cannot make-an arrest, but
they can order one by the simple expedient
of denouncing the person they want picked
up, People are denounced for all manner
of things.
Raul Castro, Fidel's younger brother and
his Minister of Defense, is fairly strong in
his own right, but has nowhere near the
power of Valdes and Matar. Raul is known
in Cuba as something of a sadist.
He also is a fanatical believer in the Com-
munist philosophy of fatherland above all
else. He demanded in a recent Havana speech
that Cubans inform on members of their
own families who are opposed to the govern-
ment. He said mothers must turn in sons,
daughters, their fathers, sisters, their
brothers, "for the good of the country."
NOT AFRAID
Guevara, Castro's Minister of Industry, re-
mains at the top of the hierarchy and is
generally considered to possess one of its
keenest minds. He Is one of the very few
men in key posts who really knows what he
Is doing. His speeches, unlike the propa-
ganda drivel spouted by the others, includ-
ing Castro, are intelligent and always inter-
esting to listen to.
Guevara is the onegovernment leader who
is not afraid to lay the facts of life squarely
on the line. Castro and the others tell the
Cubans Utopia is on the way. Guevara tells
them they will get nothing without hard
work.
He Is Intensely loyal to Castro.
Castro has botched the job of giving Cuba
the Utopia he talks about. And instead of
contenting himself with attempting to rec-
tify the situation, he has embarked on his
dangerous scheme to spread Communism
through Latin America. He is a fanatic, but
he is also a sincere and courageous man, and
his desire to improve the lot of his people
was not always touched with madness. It
began before he was 12 years old.
(Much of the following information about
Castro's youth and the early days of his
revolution was hitherto unknown. It was
obtained in Havana from his sister Angelita,
49, who did not realize she was being inter-
viewed. The accompanying photograph of
her and Fidel and Raul-previously unpub-
lished-was indirectly obtained from her.)
Castro was born August 18, 1927, although
the world believes he is a year older. His
father, a Spaniard from Galizia, had been
married previously and had sired two chil-
dren, Lydia and Pedro Emile. He was 90
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 OOAor-,d,ve_o,,ForR'Xa,se20Q,51G1/27,:qlA-R zP669,00403R0 200170Q41-5,
a Cuban,', They-had seven children, in this on his Cuban plantation at the age of 82. 08 f the mountains to spend part of Christmas
order: Angelita, Ramon; eY IEaul, Quena, Two months later, Fidel, Raul, Che One= with their family. They made their way past
Exxlma and Auguistina vara and 70 others, all armed to the teeth, set' the- soldiers guarding the plantation, spent
l?axnarxie ltipxican englneer and has sail for Cuba aboard a pleasure cruiser called several hours with their mother, their
grand-
three ch ldren they live in Mexico City, the Grdnma. 2 mother and sister Angelita.
Auguistina now 2 , became a Protestant Their plan was to land at Colorado 13each' Exactly 1 year and 1 week later, on New
while st}~ dyin in gurich. he married a on Oriente Province's south coast, where the Year's Day, 1969, Batista, still in command
Cuba,,, anis Aand they live in Moscow. Sierra Maestra mountains are claiest (about of 30,000 soldiers in Havana who had never
T'hey_liave a daughter 15 miles) to -the water. ' The Cranma was been sent into battle, fled Cuba.
Caso was'xnafri d? end cTivorgec); Ile spotted by a Cuban patrol boat just 2 miles Castro 's mother, who had inspired him to
Yp~e,WaS a relative from its target, and was turned at once into revolution -lived to see his victory. She died
cl"0411edl Vie, d eovere }i. y
of k"ul encia atista the dictator he deposed shore. the spot where Castro landed was an last September at the age of 57.
in 11, Ca trp'S , n riicknained Fidelito incredible tangle of tropical growth and Castro held a family reunion shortly after
(Little' Ffidel} is i4 and lives in Tlavana. Waist-deep marsh,' alive with crabs -he came to power. An uncle who traveled
Castro d S1I t ,P ten beg the boy, but has Batista's commanders, alerted to the land- to it from Buenos Aires made a speech. He
1 i1Gh 5ui h hixn, op occasion ing by the patrol boat, sent troops and air- said: "I am happy my family produced a man
Castrp,,,grew up near Santiago, in $riente craft into the area. The planes bombed and who will liberate his people from discrimi-
Province, at the eastern end o the Island. strafed the rebels. Of the 82 who came nation, corruption and bad government."
It was pre,-.e Wq laj Gll Iai" eyoluton, ashore, only f2 including Fidel, Raul and Castro nodded.
Il/s fa es a wed illy plantation owner, Guevara-reached the mountains. Ours was a revolution not to change a
was a 66 se y UP, ts;mother,was a fiery The 12 set out to take on Batista's 50,000 man," he said, "but a system. I will begin
reVOlutI isL and from her he' inherited soldiers. to make that change now. My system will be
Batista was Ignorant of guerrilla fighting, one such as no Latin American nation has
in~ich o~ zeal , .. ..
Before c$ 2 his sister recalls, he an- and never could launch an effective assault ever"had.
not}ncedifa am}iy one day after return- on the rebels. Castro's will-o'-the-wisp band, -
lug from a trip through the slum section of often near starvation, was constantly on the [From the Montreal Star, June 20, 1964]
Sa ti-ago "When I am a man I will buy move, never more than a few hours in any INCREDIBLE HEARTBREAK-No CHA-CHA-CHA IN
`
O t~e w o orl one
Shpes p xil5. clo k~P a`
place. _ .. _? __ CC7i3ASJ LIFE
revolution would have ended one night
ron }Iet iioIx}cpt on she says, he be.. The
(By Bruce Taylor) 440 ', ixire? tJp problems of the poor, in 1957, but for one of those miracles which
and In hlii } plunged into campus politics. always seem to save the Hitlers and the The people who run Cuba tell you that
His fathu warped m Xou must be callxm? Mussolinis-And the Castros-for bigger what is happening there today is "soctalism
in a ,'e nf,', iur, Wm n+ .+ ,,,t, .4 ,,r, 1? things. with a cha-cha-cha." The inference, of
found Castro and several others, exhausted anair.
after a long day's march, asleep In a shelter it is difficult to conceive of anything more
wade of branches, removed from the truth. Cuba is a nation of
The captain
completely unaware he had despair.
,
}n law :t. thealiglic uniVerrity there. He
.discovered the rebel leader, woke the men. You see it in the incredible scenes of heart-
BinGe 11a]i a ipt aired the ficll?ool and exiled Castro stood and faced him, and put his break when one or more members of a family
its recto Monsignor Masvidal, auxiliary hand on the captain's shoulder. "I am the who finally have been given authorization
bishop ofavana. man you are looking for," he said, "I am to leave the island are being seen off at
H
The GhurGlays no important, role_in the Fidel." avana Airport by those who must stay be-
generai affairs of Cuba now The captain marveled at Castro's.. candor. hind. They know they may never see each
Other a
astxn ould ha he un ractice in the He stared silentl at the unk t fl gain.
em
d
you?" have been allowed to leave, have been waiting
'Yes.,, more than 2 years to get the exit visas for
"And you are not afraid?" Which the entire family applied. They must
can
he
ers ill
_
..,,~
be pe -
'---/ --- .
_
__itt~
"Nor the others who are scattered through- med to follow in time.
out the mountains?" They are stripped of everything but the
"No." clothes on their backs. A pin of no value
LET THEM co that belonged to the man's grandmother is
The captain shook his head. He turned to taken from him, as is his tie bar. His watch
his soldiers and told them, "Let these men is demand8tl. So is every last centavo in his
go. It will do no good to kill them. It is pocket.
impossible to kill an ideal." The little boy is afraid of the guard who
A month later the captain defected from is searching him. His only possession is a
Batista's army and joined Castro in the pocket comb and he cries when the guard
mountains. Today he is aide-de-camp to takes it from him. He tries to retrieve it.
Cuban President Osvaldo Dorticos. The guard shoves him away.
Castro's band-. grew. If one member of a The man says nothing. He has heard of
family joined him, the others went too for people getting all the way to the plane, only
to their at
be omentdragged fo seats the last
fear of being tortured or shot. Children of m
14 and 15, both boys and girls, became guer- m- Nor does sha he say anything any-
rillas. one other than the boy while le the he plane is in
flight.
Whenever an unarmed person-and most He walks stiffly from the aircraft at Mexico
were unarmed-showed up to offer his sere- City holdin
his
l
g
son c
ose to him The man
,. killed ;e organized a plot to do so. ices, Castro would take him to the edge of is crying when he comes into the immigra-
retendfn to be Castro fol- a clearing near a Batista patrol post and tion area.
Sevexal,~rlen point to it.
lowgx? ayould priiggle him out of prison, TWO people near him are talking. One is
? their ehopj h ,,_ qr ,#ittempting to escape . "Those soldiers have guns," he would say, a self-described freelance writer from Can-
$llt apriest Msgr Perez Serantes,_ of "Go and get Urge. Then you can join us." adds west coast. The other is a Belgian bis Santiago, learned of the,, plot from a? prison Men and women who fought with Castro woman. They have come over from Cuba on
guard. Ike convinc say his revolution was dedicated entirely to the same flight, and are discussing Castro
e atjsta not to
go social reform and the reversion of large, pri- In glowing terms.
through with it?, vate land-holding to the state, but they in- The man looks at them in disbelief. "You
Ai Nisyy ECLARFA slet_he.was in no way a communist then, or are Communists?" he asks in heavy accents.
Two years later, in 1956,. Batista declared that he. gave communism even serious con- The woman smiles condescendingly. "So-
amnesty for all political prisoners as the sideration. cialists."
prelude,to a rigged election, and exiled them. They blame his embrace of communism "You are fools," the Cuban says. "Crazy
Fidel a7dgu,&t ?, ic9 where they on the hatred he developed for the United fools." He takes his son to the other side
met.-040#a, an,. Argentine Communist and States when that Nation refused point-blank of the room.
professional bo hthr ex 'rd
yV
ro
d
d
kithhex however urged him on.
strq, wc, tWa~'a:?ga to win. his degree
p y
p cry-eye
g
ASanta Clara man and his 4-ear-old son
we-d
4, LV ' section of t ie city. Instead, he and rebel for several moments. Then he asked. Y
h
two Ae; young men opened an office in the
t
Copipostea slum area. They often handled
.'. Ca8`e Wil o }t o1.ar,ge.
~l#tra?g d beyond endurance by the mount-
Ing atrocities of the Batista. regime, he re-
turned,,,9 Santiago in 19b3 o_rally support
for a revvlutioi .
On Judy 26, 1953 the day for which he
named bid xeyo t-k; ajgfi 1 ~ other young
men divided, into two bands of 75. each,
left a._ r> p e niie outside Ban-
tia,ggo where they had stored arms, and at-
ta~d ed._tk Bats-ta sirtxess of , dl oncad0 in
the k cart of tkle city. It was the second
largest stronghold in Cubaand Castro's men
were routed, but, oniy after they had made
their .way over its Walls and very nearly cap-
titred tlle.?xnacnegun that stopped their as
-
sal t ,
Castro ` td his brother haul who had ac-
doinpaniehim on the radd, were found in
=the }pgppanot to gaiter_and brought
to snttago fortrial litre ae.,no death
penalty in Cuba then ?_ They were each sen-
m,. g
. eY
un
e
to help him when he went there to seek
up all the.otiler G?ibap elcllea they could find, financial assistance shortly after he came to
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CASTRO HATER
And you see despair in the eyes of the
beautiful young mother of 22 who has be-
 15832
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CONGRESSIONAL RECORD - SENATE July 21
with most of It. but some of it causes great
bitterness.
WOMEN BITTER
Cuban women are unable to buy linen
and other white wear. There Is little avail-
able In . the stores. Yet, every time there is
a parade or special event, tens of thousands
of banners and streamers made of white
wear flutter out all over the country.
Women, In fact, are among Castro's most
dissatisfied subjects. They cannot buy
things to make themselves pretty, as in
the days of Batista.
The only stockings available to them are
from East Europe, and are heavy and un-
attractive. Lipstick is hard to come by, and
a $2 cake of mascara sells for $25 on the
black Market. Brassieres are sturdy, but
hardly flattering. There is an acute shortage
of razor blades, and the women are horri-
fied by the prospect of being unable to
control the growth of hair on their legs.
Castro now wants them to stop wearing
scanty bathing suits and the form-fitting
sheath dresses that are their trademark.
Cuban women are among the most beau-
tiful in the world, and are aware of it.
They wilLabide all manner of shortages and
inconvenience. But their pride Is severely
hurt now; and that is the one thing they
will not accept.
It is the small things, far too numerous
to chronicle in detail, which, piled upon the
continuing failures of Castro's major pro-
grams, have produced the great resentment
toward, and growing lack of cooperation
with, his government.
He now is preparing to nationalize the taxi
industry, one of the very few remaining
fields of free enterprise on the Island. Al-
most all Cubans now will be working directly
for the state.
DIFFERENT VIEW
Cubans are not by nature self-sacrificing
people. They are not at all pleased by the
growing awareness they will never again
revert to the overall material well-being of
pre-Castro days, and that everything now is
projected in terms of succeeding generations.
That was all right for the Russians and
the Chinese." says a disgrunted former
member of the Castro government still liv-
ing, but precariously, in Havana. "They had
nothing to begin with when they adopted
communism.
"We had plenty. Now we have less." He
went Into the bathroom of my Capri Hotel
room for a glass of water, and spewed it
into the sink. it was sea water. The fresh
water plumbing had broken down.
If there are two positive points of Castro's
revolution. they are the education he has
made available, and the Increased sense of
dignity he has brought to such people as
the sugar workers who had been so cruelly
exploited by the US. companies. They are
no better off materially now, but at least
they feel they no longer are serfs of for-
eigners.
All others are opposed to him, including
a proportionate number of the Negro third
of the population, against whom official dis-
crimination has been ended and to whom
most miracles have been promised.
Castro is making ever louder threats
against the United States. He warns now
he will shoot down the U-2 reconnaissance
planes which are of such great annoyance to
him as soon as the Russians fulfill their
promise to turn over control of their surface-
to-air missiles to him.
His opponents in Cuba hope he will, in-
deed, shoot one down and that the action
will trigger armed repercussion by the United
states.
However, for all his threats, Castro so far
has stopped short of anything that might
be considered an act of aggression. An ex-
ample was his threat to take over the U.S.
come a prostitute in Havana in order to feed "Because we aren't mad at the American
and clothe her 2-year-old daughter. people," explains an official in the Cuban
She knows she will go to jail If she is Foreign Ministry. "We hate only their gov-
caught. Prostitution once was a flourishing ernment."
industry in Cuba, but is outlawed now. But it is the American people who elect
She comes from a family which was the government, be Is told.
wealthy before the revolution, and is well "That's a lie," he retorts. "The govern-
educated. She was married in her teens to ment Is elected by the capitalists and the
a prosperous businessman from another Litt- monopolls*. The people have no voice."
in American country and went there to live He believes it. Everyone who Is close to
with him. He died while she was pregnant. Castro believes it. The entire population of
She wasn't really aware of what had hap- Cuba is coming to believe it. Their propa-
pened to Cuba In her absence, and returned ganda tells them so.
to Havana to be with her family when she It blares night and day from radios and
gave birth. Now, she can't leave. sound trucks. Television is one continuous
She has been able to buy only two pairs political harangue. Every available space on
of shoes for her baby. She cut the toes homes and buildings and streets is taken
out of them as the child grew. She says up by signs and banners. The country's
she has difficulty buying enough milk for newspapers are no more than propaganda
her daughter, even on the black market. sheets. They are subscribers to Tass news
Twice the baby was sick, and she couldn't service and to Prensa Latina, a service which
get a doctor. does little more than rewrite United Press
Is prostitution the only answer? International and Associated Press to con-
She shrugs. "They know I am a gusano form with Cuba's political line.
(a worm, someone opposed to the govern- We ran Into two outstanding examples of
ment) and will give me a menial job at the this.
minimum pay of 85 pesos a month. It cost One was a story carried on the front pages
me more than that for food." of all newspapers in Cuba to the effect that
She, like most: other Cubans, cherishes a Prime Minister Pearson virtually had told
dream of escape. She says she belongs to President Johnson to go fly a kite In the
a group which is planning to steal an air- matter of Canada's continuing trade with
plane. She knows the penalty for even-plot- Cuba. The stories indicated there had been
ting such a scheme, but says she is not a great deal of vituperation In Pearson's re-
afraid. marks, and quoted him at great length.
"My daughter and I would be better off We were in Pinar del R:o at the time.
dead than have to live here," she says. "I A copy of a newspaper containing the story
will kill her before they can take her from was shown to us by a government official
me for one of their schools." - who was very pleased. "Good for Canada,"
he SINCERrrs he said.
We learned from the Canadian Embassy
She speaks with such quiet sincerity you when we returned to Havana, however, that
believe her. - all Pearson had done was answer "no" to
Cuba is controlled by a minority which a question by Opposition Leader Diefen-
has created the means of maintaining con- baker whether Canada was planning changes
trol. It performed a very necessary task 5 in its trade with Socialist countries. There
years ago, and set off on a path of noble In- had been no mention of Cuba. The whole
tentions. Along the way it went awry. thing had been made up by an Imaginative
It wallows now In the eminence of Its Prensa Latina hack on orders of the Cuban
position. It takes for itself the best of what- Government.
ever Is available: the good ears, the good The second example concerned me di-
food, the good clothes, the good homes. rectly. Lunny and I were photographed
Photographer Adrian Lunny and I spent when we arrived by air In Santiago. I told
2 days and a night in Manzanillo at the home the reporter who interviewed me that we
maintained for visiting party leaders. It was were on a tour of the country to see what
the very epitome of opulence. It had a swim- changes had come about since I lived there
ming pool and huge, immaculately kept gar- In 1957, prior to the revolution. That was
dens. Its table setting would have done all.
justice to a maharajah. The next day we were on the front page
At our final dinner, one of our party of the newspaper Sierra Maestra. Among
leader hosts pushed away the remains of other things. I was "quoted" about how im-
one of the finest meals I had ever shared, pressed I had been by the May Day cele-
and leaned forward to wipe hiA, mouth on. brations in Havana. And to top It off, the
the hem of the exquisite damask table cloth, newspaper called me "El Companero Tay-
"Well now," he asked, interrupting him- for"-Comrade Taylor.
self with a belch, "do you still believe the Castro's May Day parade does more to
lies of the Yankee imperialists that there is impress foreigners than the Cubans. Pro-
a food shortage in Cuba?" paganda ordering Habaneros to the parade
Across the street, other Cubans were com- begins to build up about 6 weeks before the
Ing home to their palm-thatched huts with event. It is Intense in the week just prior
their meager quota of rationed foodstuffs. to It
The "Yankee Imperialists" are the con- Few dare shun It. As the marchers pass
venient scapegoat for everything that goes Castro's reviewing stand at the base of
wrong on the island. Castro runs his coun- the towering monument to Jose Marti. the
try like a crooked labor leader runs a union; man who led Cuba's fight for independence
he talks about all the wonderful things that from Spain, they shout: "Fidel! Fidel!"
are going to happen, uses force to beat down If you don't listen too closely, it sounds
opposition, and tries to take his people's like: "Sieg Heil! Sieg Heil!"
minds off what he is doing by keeping them The Cuban propaganda machine is aimed
angry at someone else. now at Havana's next big parade, July 26,
In Castro's case, the target is the United to mark the 11th anniversary of the start of
States, it has been blamed for everything Castro's revolution.
imaginable, including last year's failure of The third big parade of the year is January
the tomatoes to grow. 2. It commemorates the fall of the Batista
Oddly enough, the Stars and Stripes are government on New Year's Day, 1959. It Is
carried In all. Cuban parades, and Cuban held a day late to give the Cubans time to
soldiers on the far side of the S when This is themoneein Year's shows off
wide no man's land salute the flag
it is lowered every evening at the U.S. Guan- his miltiary strength.
tanamo Naval Base. Castro spends untold fortunes on internal
Why? propaganda. Cubans have learned to live
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 enr-'~:=.t51~. IV V~.M 1 V1. 1 V I VIA-1\ 1 VVIJV V~VV \\/VVLVV 11 VV~.1-V
196 S AL REC RD - SEN TE 15833
embassy building in Havana, now occupied falo. That decree was given by the school was distracted, the teacher and the cat-o'-
by Swiss diplomats. The Swiss warned him board to its students 127 years ago and nine-tails would "help him along the path of
of possible consequences, and he relented. learning."
was discovered by one of the students at -in a Mos
In tot' 1, t hate the ' system sand` want i?de the Cleveland Hill North Elementary from conversations i with MrslPauline tTau-
stroyed. But they know that the only way School during her search into the his- riello, who is the most experienced teacher
it can ,']7e destz dyed is by a full-scale inva- tory of her school. It was considered in the district and Mrs. Morgan's mother,
sion supported by the tinned States. quite an improvement back in the days Mrs. John Hofmann.
And they certainly do not want to -revert when Buffalo was the. wild West, Mr. Walter J. Heifley's thesis, written for
to unrestricted IT.$. exploitation. The students have decided that the his master's degree, was very helpful because
3oxxievhere, they hope is an answer. United States has made !Treat nrouress its topic was the "History of Our District."
ECONOMIES AT, BROOKLYN
N3 7Y ADD
Mr. President,
through the' years the Brooklyn Navy
Yprd has exhibited. v s ?ri and main-
tained high 'standards which are most
impressive. Decently the Navy's Bureau
of Ships has announced that the Brook-
lyn Navy 'yard has reduced its operating
expenses during the last fiscal year. $11.2
mil Ioil,
This, Js- indeed an nimpressive figure
and ,is yet another example of the team-
wOrhich-that yard has exhibited for
years; 'T'he Brooklyn Navy Yard has a
tra it>wfln of doixi$ work that can be no-
world; this tradition
is being maintainer today and I have
-seen it. in fiction, oil xiy several visits to
the yard.
M. President this pride and spirit can
never be duplicated. It would be a seri-
ous 1x3is}ake.to close the Brooklyn yard
when its employees continue to exhibit
a desire n n ability to perform some
of the? best? s ipbuild`ing work in the
world
I ashknahnqus consent that the. a,r-
tlcle der}hing the savings in operating
cOSts,3elized at the Brooklyn Navy Yard
tl}ls: past fiscal year be printed in the
`here beui no objection, the article
wad ordered to be printer} in the RECORD,
as follows:
. CITE NAVY YARD FOR AXING COSTS
`Employees at the Brooklyn Navy Yard were
cheered thifi week by praise from the Navy's
Bureau of Ships for effecting an appreciable
reduction in operating costs.
The cost-,c utting kudos came from the
Chief, of the_,ixeap, Rear Adm,, William "A.
rockett
In a letter to Rear L~d;II ,Ernest C. Holtz-
wortli, Commander of the Brooklyn yard,
Admiral rockett reported; .1 _1 j`Tt has been. easily recognized by the Bu-
reau's staff ,t11 t,,tlae _employees of the New
York Naval Shipyard at all levels have been
changed from the Indian "Jik
constantl,yy alert to the need to effect reduc -i
to the
d
"Ch
k
'
mo
ern
ee
towa
bons in shipyard costs. g
"Please extend my thanks to the shipyard Teachers have changed quite a bit also.
personnel responsible for this superior per- The first teacher in 1836 earned a salary of
formance $52 for 4 months, and was obligated to arrive
The `xooklyn Navy Yard is one of two of much earlier than the pupils to start the fire
the Navy's 11 Shipyards to have attained sav- in the potbellied stove.
lap of over'$10,million an fiscal year 1964. She had to teach all grades and all sub-
The Navy s fiscal year runs from July 1 to jects. In 1885 the salary jumped to $288 for
June 30 ,pf the follpwi fig year. Brooklyn's the school year.
savings, as validated ,by Navy auditors, The primative school mentioned here is a
amounted to An;impressive $11.2 million for far cry from the 167-teacher
2
380-pupil
,
,
the 12-month, period. school system that exists today.
CT EVEt,AND HILL" NORTH ELEMEN
TA.R SCHOOL EDITORIAL CON-
TEST
Mr, KEA'I`ING Mr.. ,President, there
are to be no more guns, or tobacco in the
schoolrooms of the Cleveland Hi11 schools
In Cheektowaga, N.Y., a suburb of Buf-
for 4 weeks' work. What impressed me
the most, however, in reading the ele-
School Reporter]
KEEP INFORMED To KEEP FREE
.the students' knowledge of the. type of (By Kevin Bradley, age 12)
men who made this country great as well For the past 18 or more years, the prime
as of the major problems that face our-- danger to our democracy has been -com-
country today. munism. This menace, however, cannot be
This elementary school paper spon- defeated If we, as Americans, all sit back in
our easy chairs and watch television.
sored an editorial contest in AmelYean. One of the best ways to combat this chal-
history and current Communist activities lenge is to keep informed. People who are
affecting our Nation. This was done, informed are less likely to believe com-
under the sponsorship of Mrs. Eve Allis, munistic propaganda and lies.
a fifth grade teacher who has recently We must take the responsibility of a good,
won an award for her article on.teaching active American citizen. What is a good,
of Americanism through newspaper active. American citizen? A good American
takes interest in his or her government,
work. I was very interested in these whether it's in the community, county,
editorials from,the Cleveland Hill North State, or Nation.
Elementary School Reporter and think Even at our young age it is our duty to
they set unusually high standards for have knowledge of the numerous advan-
elementary school journalism. I there- tages of a democracy and the many disad-
fore ask unanimous consent to. have vantages of communism.
printed in the RECORD articles by Daniel Urge our government. your parents Help to to take an strengthen interest in
your
Johnston, Kevin Bradley, and Peter family's knowledge of the Communist threat.
Dunghe. Try to make your friends and neighbors
There being no' objection, the articles aware of this constant danger to our freedom.
were or to be printed in the RECORD, Point out that for them, for our country,
as follows: and for our flag the blood of many patriots
[From the Cleveland Hill North Elementary has been shed.
Cleveland Reporter] Let's be a good example for other nations.
And remember, it's our choice between free-
GuNS, TOBACCO FORBIDDEN, SCHOOL BOARD dom and communism. Which will you pick?
DECREES
" (By Daniel Johnston) [From the Cleveland Hill North Elementary
"What, no more tobacco and guns in School Reporter]
school?" Parents and children in district 3 Boys AMERICANISM ESSAY: AMERICANISM AND
are astonished at the new directive passed THOMAS JEFFERSON
by the board of education. (By Peter Dunghe)
No, you are not reading a story found in When we say the name of Thomas Jeffer-
the attic. This is part of district 3's history son, what do we think of? Most people told from scratch a program presented gard him as an American President who wrote
re-
during Education Week. the Declaration of Independence.
were History
discovered One`facts presented the play Of course, he did write our "great declara-
Catherine Gunning after much Marie ar research by Mrs. tion" but that wasn't all. He did many
Cening and Mrs. . MMorgan, more things.
Cleveland Hill's third-grade teachers. Jefferson was always wealthy. In his boy-
, containing two elementary t $ es million
beginnings s as and schools school 'nd hood, his home was on the Piedmont Plateau.
one hschool, had Its grew up with the Piedmont farmers and
one high as a 20- their families. Thus, Jefferson had a better
by 25-foot schoolhouse built of the "finest understanding of the common people.
materials" for $150, 127 years ago.
The name of our community has also Because of this understanding of common
-do-wah-gah" people they are now allowed to hold political
office.
tong ago walking many miles barefoot to
school to save his shoes; one pail and one
dipper for water, used by everyone; lunch
buckets with cold lunches.
Arbor Day was an important celebration.
A tree was planted along with jars contain-
ing names of all the children in that class.
Every ' child's education was affected by
the cat-o'-nine-tails. If a child's attention
During Revolutionary times, Jefferson
made many statements that aroused the peo-
ple. His ideas are still used today as inspira-
tions.
For example, he said "The tree of liberty
must be refreshed from time to time with
the blood of patriots and tyrants."
In his day, the tyrants were the English.
Today we can use the same thoughts, but
the tyrants of today are the Communists.
We schoolchildren can benefit by Mr. Jef-
ferson's boyhood statements. Once while
studying, he was about to get upset, but he
calmly said to himself, "While I am still
young, I am supposed to stick to my studies,'
and not contradict. There will be enough
time for that later."
Most people give Lincoln credit for saying
"All men are created equal," but actually
Jefferson said that. In his home at Monti-
cello, he had slaves but he treated each and
every one of them like one, of the family.
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CONGRESSIONAL RECORD -SENATE J'am 21
Today, Congress is trying to pass a civil
rights bill, based on the fact that all men are
created equal.
Now you can see that this great states-
man deserves more credit for his contribu-
tions every day.
Don't you think so?
[From the Cleveland H111 North Elementary
School Reporter)
GIRLS AMERICANISM ESSAY: AMERICANISM AND
TnomAs JEFFERSON
(By Nancy Umfreville)
Thomas Jefferson, more than any other
man, has formed and molded the American
mind and spirit. Every later generation has
turned to his mementos and writings for
inspiration and never in vain.
"I have sworn upon the altar of God, eter-
nal hostility against every form of tyranny
over the mind of man," he declared.
Through 60 years of public service he was
faithful to this vow.
Sefierison was not merely a theorist, but a
very practical man. He held that all men
are created equal, and did more than any
man of his time to bring about equality of
opportunity among Americans.
Thomas Jefferson cherished liberty in every
form and was largely responsible for the
guarantees of freedom of speech. press, and
religion in the Federal Constitution and in
several State constitutions.
Just as Abraham Lincoln did, he wanted
to abolish slavery. His family had slaves,
but they were treated like members of the
family. Although he was very rich, he un-
derstood how the common man felt and
wanted to do something for him. He be-
lieved all men are endowed with Inalienable
rights.
His writings have stood as a torch to the
defenders of individual freedom. His plans
for the future helped America grow. Jeffer-
son's beliefs have been the foundation for
many of our beliefs today.
"Give the people light, and they will find
their own way," he declared.
metropolitan, urban, and industrialized
living. New York Is a big city and there-
fore its problems cannot be small. Let
us recognize the full dimensions of the
problem facing the governing officials
and law enforcement officials in a city
the size of New York. It is a stupendous
challenge.
If we learn nothing else from these
troubled days and from these most un-
fortunate circumstances, it Is that we
have not yet come to grips with the prob-
lems of urban life. We believe in law
enforcement. Essentially it is the re-
sponsibility of State and local govern-
ments. I hope that we will not grow up
with the idea that it is necessary to have
a national police take over law enforce-
ment on every occasion. The responsi-
bility, essentially, is local. If we truly
value freedom in America, it should re-
main local.
Having spoken about law enforcement,
let us also remember there is no substi-
tute for social and environmental condi-
tions which contribute to a peaceful and
tranquil community.
As the editorials point out so vividly.
such serious social and economic prob-
lems exist in this area that it is no won-
der there are moments of disturbance
and troubled times. I do not wish to be
misunderstood. Many good citizens in
this area have made It clear that these
acts of violence are committed by a
limited number of citizens, some of whom
have bad records, and some of whom are
nothing but hoodlums.
However, there Is tension. There Is
trouble. There is frustration. There Is
a sense of being cut off from the free-
doms and opportunities of white Amer-
ica. We should not be too surprised that
trouble will break out in these condi-
y
ti It is a trtil tragic situation
not have happy living and good eco-
nomic conditions in crowded tenement
conditions. We must expect a sense of
growing bitterness, and the frustration
that comes over a person living in such
circumstances. The potential for an ex-
plosion is indeed high.
If we were to pass the poverty bill, we
would be able to provide many thousands
of jobs for young people who are drop-
outs and potential delinquents and po-
tential troublemakers. It would give
them a constructive outlet.
Since the 85th Congress, I have been
the author of legislation to establish a
Youth Conservation Corps. Twice this
legislation has passed the Senate. It is
nothing short of tragic that we have not
done something along this line.
Mr. President, I ask unanimous con-
sent to have printed In the RECORD the
two editorials published in the New
York Times and the editorial published
In the Washington Post.
I stand here as one citizen who once
served as a mayor of a great city, respon-
sible for a police department. I know
that the law must be enforced and that
law and order must be preserved. I real-
ize that violence cannot be Condoned,-
and that the ransacking and destruction
of private property cannot be permitted.
I also say that there are not enough
policemen in the world to hold doom a
section of a city or of a nation that lives
in misery and poverty, frustration, hope-
lessness, sickness, and illiteracy.
What we see here in our local areas is
what has been taking place around the
world. I have visited such cities as Ca-
racas; I have been In the cities of Lima,
Peru, and Santiago, Chile, and I have
seen the filth and dirt of those slums.
As I insist that the law be enforced,
I also insist that we fulfill our social re-
onB
THE RIOTS IN HARLEM I believe that the New York Times edi- sponsfbilities. It is a rotten shame that
Mr. HUMPHREY. Mr. President, i in- torial states the situation quite well when America, the land of the free and the
it says: home of the brave, the richest nation on
of Senators to perceptive vita the and attention thoughtful ghtful editorials three Harlem at the moment is a sick commun- the face of the earth, should condone
which appeared In the New York Times itY. Many thousands of decent, law-abiding conditions of poverty and despair which
and the Washington Post this morning. people. jammed into its miserable housing are a disgrace to humankind.
I am sure there are many similar edi- and suffering from its high incidence of The press of our country and the other
crime and delinquency, its lack of job op- news media have brought out some of
torials in the Nation's press which ex- portunities and discriminations of many the sordid facts. 'Me coverage of this
press the same thoughts. Both relate to kinds, are being drawn into emotional tur- situation has been nothing short of
the violence, the disorder, the troubles, moll. New York City owes Harlem the duty miraculous in its completeness and fair-
and the difficulties which have taken of treating it with firmness, with kindness, n~ I hope that we finally will b-
place during last weekend's rioting in and with understanding.
Harlem is in great need of the long-range shocked into doing something construc-
8arlem. r that the Federal and city govern- tive, something which can stand as a
These editorials do not seek to eksts- mats are planning for it in the war against bold beginning to these despartely seri-
gate or chastise; nor do they seek to poverty. But riots will not help the people ous problems of poverty and urban life.
arouse further the emotions of our peo- of Harlem In the long run. There being no objection, the edi-
pie. They seek, rather, to bring the
searchlight of truth and understanding I have said before, civil wrongs do torials were ordered to be printed in the
follows:
upon some of the most difficult social not make civil rights: disobedience does RECORD, the New York Times, Julp 21, 1864]
problems which exist In certain areas not make for law enforcement and law [From
AND THE POLICE
HARLEM
of our country, problems of race rela- observance. tspokesmen for the Negro com-
met spokesmen
tions, social relations, economic oppor- The 88th Congress must do its job when
Acting Mayor Negro co at
city and education. In these times of domestic turmoil. Boon m unity the
city hall yesterday to discuss the recent
As one who is not a resident of the we shall have before us a bill to do some- horrifying riots, they advanced four recent
of New York, I believe the great city thing about this situation. We must do pal .demands which, In their judgment at
of New York oftentimes receives more something about poverty in Harlem and least, would allay the bitter resentment
than its share of blows and blackeyes In In other sections of America. The New against the police department that pervades
terms of public relations. These stories York Times appropriately refers to this Harlem. One a oelatiho a f frankl b warned the that e do not portray the other face of New subject in its next editorial entitled "De- unless the Negro community and the de-
York, for it is truly a magnificent city. bate Over Poverty." It indicates that partment. there would be more riots.
Basically, it is well governed. It is the something needs to be done of a con- The first of these was for the Immediate
cultural and financial capital of America. structive nature. Some of our cities suspension and arrest on suspicion of homi-
However, it is the largest metropolitan need to be completely rebuilt In their cide of the police lieutenant who killed a
area in our Nation, and therefore it poses tenement areas In a way which does not 15-year-old Negro boy last week, asserting
for us problems which go along with displace thousands of residents. We can- that the boy had attacked him with a knife.
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