CONGRESSIONAL RECORD-SENATE

• Document Type: CREST
• Collection: General CIA Records
• Document Number (FOIA) /ESDN (CREST): CIA-RDP64B00346R000500040027-8
• Release Decision: RIFPUB
• Original Classification: K
• Document Page Count: 12
• Document Creation Date: December 16, 2016
• Document Release Date: January 5, 2005
• Sequence Number: 27
• Publication Date: January 1, 1963
• Content Type: OPEN

1963, Approved For R tLfiftR 1UNAL *EC:c3x 4B0y JNATJ0500040027-8 705
under the Defense Production Act. I be-
lieve the information contained in this re-
port is of considerable ia$erest at this time,
and will }request that an extension of my
remarks on this subject be printed in the
RECORD.
The Joint Committee on Defense Produc-
tion has the responsibility of reviewing the
execution and administration of Defense
Production Act programs. The Banking and
Currency Committees have legislative juris-
diction over this act.
The Joint Committee on Defense Produc-
tion is frankly proud that it was able to save
the taxpayers of the Nation a substantial
sum through reductions in materials,' pur-
chases. Upon the recommendation and at
the urging of this committee, in the past 5
years there have been reductions of $361.3
million in the contracts which provided for
the delivery of materials to the Defense
Production Act inventory.
It has been more than 5 years since this
.committee called in procurement officials to
see what the Government could do to reduce
future deliveries of surplus materials that
were expected to replace earlier shortages
and also live up to its contractual obliga-
tions. As a result of the actions which fol-
lowed, the deliveries to the Defense Pro-
duction Act inventory have been substan-
tially less than the contracts provided. The
reduction of $90 million in aluminum pur-
chases was brought about when the commit-
tee insisted that consideration be given to the
imports of Canadian. aluminum by Alcoa
and Kaiser.
In addition, the Joint Committee on De-
fense Production took a close look at new
proposals calling for the expenditure of DPA
funds. In a hearing on May 28, 1957, this
committee questioned the necessity of buying
$47 million worth of cobalt, inquired as to
whether the agreement for the purchase of
nickel from the Freeport Sulphur Co. was in
the best interest of the Government, and re-
ceived assurances that the U.S. Government
was not obligated to buy additional quanti-
ties of nickel from the International Nickel
Co., as had been previously indicated.
As to nickel, it is pertinent to remember
that when the planning for a 5-year emer-
gency was changed in 1958 to that of a 3-year
emergency, the stockpile objective for nickel
was reduced from 675 million pounds to 323
million pounds. This reduction of 352 mil-
lion pounds compares with 142,077,157
pounds of nickel that was reported to be in
fense Production Act inventory in more than
3 years. Mica was the only material involv-
ing new contractual obligations under the
Defense Production Act during. the fiscal
years of 1958 and 1959.
There have been deliveries of materials
to the DPA inventory in recent years, but it
must be remembered that many of the DPA
contracts provided for deliveries over a pe-
riod of years. The primary purpose for pur-
chasing materials under the Defense Produc-
tion Act was to expand the productive ca-
pacity of the United States to overcome
critical shortages in supply, and this ob-
jective was accomplished. The accumulation
of a DPA inventory of materials was a by-
product of this endeavor.
The Congress recognized that there would
be losses under these expansion programs
when the Defense Production Act was ap-
proved in September 1950, and provided for
reports to the Congress covering losses in-
curred and anticipated losses. I am not
aware of any newly discovered losses on ma-
terials purchased under the Defense Pro-
duction Act not previously reported by this
committee and the agencies concerned.
The probable ultimate net loss and ex-
pense on Defense Production Act programs
administered by GSA, which includes ma-
terials, was estimated to be over $1 billion-
more than 8 years ago. Estimated losses
were published quarterly prior to the year
1960 and semiannually thereafter. Informa-
tion on these losses and the quantities of
materials held in the DPA inventory'was not
classified.
The committee report indicates that total
gross transactions contracted'-under the De-
fense Production Act to Jurle 30, 1962, by
the General Services Administration
amounted to $7,508,712,000 . and that the
losses and expenses on these transactions are
expected to amount tp'$1,260,844,000 by the
end of the fiscal year,.'1965. There were addi-
tional gross transactions by other depart-
ments and agencies in the amount of $539,-
218,000 on whic,Yi anticipated losses and ex-
penses will anl4unt to about $108,320,000 by
the end of tl3e fiscal-year 1965.
The Joint" Committee on Defense Produc-
tion has conducted a continuing review of
disposal;plans and receives advance notice
when sdles are to be made from the Defense
Production Act inventory. Sales have been
made from the DPA inventory in the amount
of $69.3 million through disposal plans.
;No solution has yet been offered for the
surplus supply as of June 30, 1962. problem that we have been stressing for the
I past 5 years, namely: How can the Govern-
it was the Joint Committee on Defense. ment dispose of surplus materials without
proposal to use $51/2 million of DPA funds
to bail .out a railroad that had not made a
profit in years.
This committee repeatedly opposed, the use
of DPA funds to solve economic dislocations
as being contrary to the purposes cif the De-
fense Production Act, and millions of dollars
could have been saved by eliminating a high
percentage of the $78 million expended for
materials under Public Law 206 and the
administrative actions which followed. This
law came into being through a convenient
bypass of the committees having legislative
jurisdiction over the Defense Production Act,
authorized the use of DPA borrowing author-
ity funds intended for defense and defense
supporting purposes, increased the deliveries
undue loss to the taxpayers on the one hand
and without unduly depressing the market
on the other?
Surplus materials may be sold from the
Defense Production Act inventory without
congressional approval at not less than the
current domestic market price. However,
until recently the policies and procedures
being followed in the administration of the
disposal program permitted any one inter-
ested agency to veto a disposal plan except
when materials were sold to other agencies.
When it appeared that disposal plans were
being held up or vetoed without adequate
justification, the committee staff questioned
some of the actions that were taken. The
committee then reported to the Congress in
dis-
the i annual report that
of
of unneeded zn'aterials to the DPA inventory posal could be upheld by the dissent of
over an extended period of time, and thereby single department or agency and that dis-
brought about additional losses for nonde- posals. could be delayed for indefinite peri-
fense purposes. ods if a department or agency elected to keep
If there have been any new contracts a proposed plan under consideration.
signed in recent years to increase surpluses, In 1955 this committee objected when the
these contracts have not involved the use Office of Defense Mobilization authorized the
of Defense Production Act funds. The Gen- General Services. Administration to cancel
eral Services Administration advises the shipments of copper which permitted three
committee that there has not been one con- producers to make a windfall of about $281,-
tract signed to buy materials for the De- 000. This practice, which was' discontinued
thereafter, was reported in the fifth annual
report of this committee.
Surplus materials have resulted largely
because of reductions in the stockpile objec-
tives. On June 13, 1958, the Director of the
Office of Defense Mobilization announced
that strategic and critical materials would be
stockpiled for a 3-year emergency period and
he stated that since July 1957 new com-
mitments were limited. generally to meeting
the needs of a 3-year emergency. 'Prior to
that time materials were being, acquired for
a 5-year emergency.
When the planning for a, 6=year emergency
was changed in. 1958 to ;,that of a 3-year
emergency the overall stockpile objectives
were reduced from $8.5,. 6111ion to $4.4 billion,
a reduction of $4.1 pillion. Although Gov-
ernment inventors@d on hand and on order
were about $1.1 billion short of meeting ob-
jectives for a 5-year emergency at that time,
this decision created a surplus in excess of
$3 billion in' specification grade materials
plus the additional quantities of lower grade
materials
It is 'obvious that any decision to change
the planning concept from a 5-year emer-
gency to that of a 3-year emergency would
lye been considered at a high level, and
that this was not a decision which would
be left to an office having responsibility for
pulling together total materials require-
ments or to a procurement agency.
The Office of Emergency Planning and pre-
decessor agencies have had their problems
in obtaining current materials requirements
from the Department of Defense. This com-
mittee has repeatedly questioned the ade-
quacy of the procedures followed by the De-
partment of Defense with respect to main-
taining and reporting military requirements
for materials. The OEP and precedessor
agencies have found it necessary to wait for
extended periods of time to obtain these
military requirements for materials.
In past reports the Joint Committee on
Defense Production has criticized the poor
judgment which was exercised in the execu-
tion and administration of some purchase
agreements which did not offer a legal basis
for the recovery of funds. In the current
`report the committee points out that the
recommendations contained in its progress
report No. 29 of 1957 continue to apply, and
calls for a review of the auditing procedures
of the General Services Administration. The
committee report states that the payment
of funds under circumstances which permit
the expensing of costly Stems, thereby in-
creasing the cost of nickel, raises a question
as to the adequacy of the auditing proce-
dures being followed by the General Services
Administration.
The committee report is critical of the
Interstate Commerce 'Commission for its in-
sistence on a so-called system of "random
sample" audits of its records by the General
Accounting Office. Under this system the
GAO was denied access to records considered
pertinent for an audit of the guaranteed
loans extended to the New York, New Haven
& Hartford Railroad. The committee report
states:
"In the letter to the Chairman of the In-
terstate Commerce Commission dated August
2, 1962, the chairman of the Joint Commit-
tee on Defense Production stated that even
though this railroad had lost more than $50
million since it had made an annual profit,
the Interstate Commerce Commission acted
favorably on a $7.5 million loan guarantee
as late as December 8, 1961, bringing the
total amount owed an ICC guarantees to $34,-
790,440 in addition to defaulted DPA loan
guarantees of $11,797,198. Yet, the ICC was
required to make a finding under the law
that there was reasonable assurance that this
railroad would repay the loan. About 3
months earlier the ICC had asked for direct
Federal grants for this railroad, stating that.
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CONGRESSIONAL RECORD - SENATE' January 22
it is highly improbable that the New Haven
can emerge from reorganization and con-
tinue to render essential transportation
services in the absence of direct Federal
grants. It was later reported in the press
on October 29, 1962, that this railroad sus-
tained a deficit of $9,938,401 for the first 9
months of 1962.
"It is the belief of this committee that
the 'random sample' formula of the Inter-
state Commerce Commission provides inade-
quate protection for safeguarding the ex-
penditure of public funds. Although this
committee has taken action to stop the use
of Defense Production Act funds for the
purpose of paying the operating deficits of
this railroad, additional Government funds
were made available through the action of
the Interstate Commerce Commission. If
the General Accounting Office is to serve as
an effective arm of the Congress, the Comp-
troller General must be permitted to exer-
cise some discretion as to the records he re-
quires for an audit. The General Account-
ing Office should be permitted to continue
with its investigation and audit of all Gov-
ernment loans or guaranteed loans extended
to the New York, New Haven & Hartford
Railroad."
The Joint Committee on Defense Produc-
tion has conducted its review of Defense
Production Act programs within the frame-
work of an act that did not provide for profit
controls. On August 11, 1950, in debate in
the Senate on the Defense Production Act, I
stated that a comprehensive renegotiatio
act was a necessary and integral part of
successful defense production program. This
matter was also discussed when the Defense
Production Act Amendments of 1951 were
considered. The Senate Banking and Cur-
rency Committee stated in its report at that
time that if the Congress sees fit to control
profits, it will do so through tax legislation.
As I have indicated previously, the Joint
Committee on Defense Production is proud
that substantial sums have been saved as a
S. 411. A bill to provide for allowance of By Mr. LAUSCHE:
credit under the Civil Service Retirement Act S. 424. A bill for the relief of Venson Chu,
for service as a member of a county commit- Miao-Chuen Liu Chu, Jeannie Ju-Yue Chu,
tee established under section 8(b) of the Turney Hou-Nan Chu, Paul Tsze-Yuen Chu,
Soil Conservation and Domestic Allotment and Barbara Chuen-Yue Chu; to the Com-
Act; to the Committee on Post Office and mittee on the Judiciary.
Civil Service. By Mr. FULBRIGHT:
By Mr. YARBOROUGH: S. 425. A bill to amend title II of the
S. 412. A bill to amend title 38 of the Social Security Act so as to remove the
United States Code to provide for waiver of limitation upon the amount of outside in-
indebtedness to the United States in certain come -which an individual may earn while
cases arising out of default on loans guar- receiving benefits under such title; to the
anteed or made by the Veterans' Adminis- Committee on Finance.
tration; to the Committee on Labor and By Mr. DOUGLAS:
Public Welfare. S. 426. A bill for the relief of Remo Angelo
(See the remarks of Mr. YARBOROUGH when Santilli;
he introduced the above bill, which appear S. 427. A bill for the relief of Regidor Nava
under a separate heading.) Guirre (also known as Felipe Capulong);
By Mr. HAYDEN: S. 428. A bill for the relief of Joseph Lovrich
S.413. A bill to authorize the Secretary (also known as Josip Lovric);
of Defense to lend certain Army, Navy, and S. 429. A bill for the relief of Rachel Ann
Air Force equipment and provide certain Proctor; and
services to the Boy Scouts of America for S. 430. A bill for the relief of Kam Ng; to
use in the 1964 national jamboree, and for the Committee on the Judiciary.
other purposes; to the Committee on Armed By Mr. BEALL:
Services. S. 431. A bill to confer jurisdiction upon
(See the remarks of Mr. HAYDEN when he the Court of Claims to hear, determine, and
introduced the above bill, which appear un- enter judgment upon the claims of certain
der a separate heading.) Army and Air Corps officers for back pay
1922
tember 14
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By Mr. MUNDT (for himself, Mr. aut
DOUGLAS, Mr. CASE, Mr. DODD, Mr. (42 Stat. 840, ch. 307); to the Committee on
SMATHERS, Mr. GOLDWATER, Mr. the Judiciary.
PROXMIRE, Mr. FONG, Mr. HIcKEN- By Mr. KEATING:
LOOPER, Mr. MILLER, Mr. KEAT S.J. Res. 19. Joint resolution designating
and Mr. SCOTTI : the fourth Sunday in September of each
Mr T.AUSCIIE
,
mission and the Freedom Academy; to con- S.J. Res. 20. Joint resolution designating
duct research to develop an integrated body the third week in June of each year as Na-
of operational knowledge in the political, tional Amateur Radio Week;
psychological, economic, technological, and S.J. Res. 21. Joint resolution designating
organizational areas to increase the non- February of each year as American History
military capabilities of the United States in Month; and
the global struggle between freedom and S.J. Res. 22. Joint resolution designating
communism; to educate and train Govern- November 19, the anniversary of Lincoln's
ment personnel and private citizens to un- Gettysburg Address, as Dedication Day; to
derstand and implement this body of knowl- the Committee on the Judiciary.
edge; and also to provide education and
result of continuing reviews and the actions training for foreign students in these areas
taken by the committee. of knowledge under appropriate conditions; CONCURRENT RESOLUTIONS
? to the Committee on Foreign Relations. CEREMONIES IN ROTUNDA IN CON-
(See the remarks of Mr. MUNDT when he NECTION WITH STATUE OF THE
BILLS AND JOINT RESOLUTION4 'introduced the above bill, which appear
INTRODUCED nder a separate heading.) LATE JOSEPH WARD OF SOUTH
By Mr. MOSS: DAKOTA
Bills and joint resolutions were intro-
duced, read the first time, and, by unan-
imous consent, the second time, and re-
ferred as follows:
By Mr. ELLENDER:
S. 405. A bill to amend the copyright laws
with respect to certain rights of copyright
holders in musical compositions; and
S. 406. A bill for relief of Rickert & La an,
Inc.; to the. Committee on the Judiciary.
By Mr. LONG of Missouri:
S. 407. A bill to amend the Internal Reve-
nue Code of 1954 to allow income tax deduc-
tions for certain payments to assist in pro-
viding higher education; to the Committee
on Finance.
(See the remarks of Mr. LONG of Missouri
when he introduced the above bill, which
appear under a separate heading.)
By Mr. METCALF (for himself and Mr.
MANSFIELD):
S. 408. A bill to set aside certain lands in
Montana for the Indians of the Confeder-
ated Salish and Kootenai Tribes of the Flat-
head Reservation, Mont.; to the Commibtee
on Government Operations.
By Mr. CURTIS:
S. 409. A bill for the relief of Yeng Bur-
dick; to the Committee on the Judiciary.
By Mr. YOUNG of North Dakota:
S. 410. A bill to authorize the Secretary
of the Interior - to receive from the. Devils
Lake Sioux Tribe of the Fort Totten Reserva-
tion, N. Dak., a deed conveying certain prop-
erty on such reservation to the United States;
and for other purposes; to the Committee on
Interior and Insular Affairs.
S. 415. A bill to amend Public Laws 815 Mr. MUNDT submitted the following
and 874, Eighty-first Congress, in order to
extend for 1 year certain expiring provisions concurrent resolution (S. Con. Res. 9) ;
thereof, and for other purposes; to the Com- which was referred to the Committee on
mittee on Labor and Public Welfare. Rules and Administration:
(See the remarks of Mr. Moss when he Resolved by the Senate (the House of Rep-
introduced the above bill, which appear resentatives concurring) , That the South Da-
under a separate heading.) kota State Historical Society of South Dakota
By Mr. BARTLETT. is hereby authorized to place temporarily in
S. 416. A bill for the relief of Patrick E. the rotunda of the Capitol a statue of the
Eagan; late Joseph Ward, of South Dakota, and to
S. 417. A bill for the relief of Raghavaiyen- hold ceremonies in the rotunda on said oc-
gar Parthasarathy and his wife, Sarada casion; and the Architect of the Capitol Is
Parthasarathy; hereby authorized to make the necessary
S. 418. A bill for the relief of Syun-Iohi arrangements therefor.
Akasofu and his wife, Emiko Akasofu; and
5.419. A bill for the relief of Joseph T.
Flakne; to the Committee on the Judiciary.
By Mr. JACKSON:
S. 420. A bill for the relief of Frederick Ho
Wolf; to the Committee on the Judiciary.
By Mr. FONG:
S. 421. A bill for the relief of Ho Koon
Chew; to the Committee on the Judiciary.
By Mr. HARTKE:
S.422. A bill for the relief of Jasenko
Rokov; to the Committee on the Judiciary.
By Mr. MUNDT:
S. 423. A bill to amend title V of the Na-
tional Defense Education Act of 1958 in order
to provide for guidance, counseling, and
testing programs in elementary schools, and
to provide for training for individuals en-
gaged in counseling and guidance in ele-
mentary schools; to the Committee on Labor
and Public Welfare.
THANKS OF CONGRESS TO SOUTH
DAKOTA FOR STATUE OF THE
LATE JOSEPH WARD
Mr. MUNDT submitted the following
concurrent resolution (S. Con. Res. 10) ;
which was referred to the Committee on
Rules and Administration:
Resolved by the Senate (the House of Rep-
resentatives concurring), That the statue of
Joseph Ward, presented by the State of South
Dakota, to be placed in the Statuary Hall
collection, is accepted in the name of the
United States, and that the thanks of the
Congress be tendered said State for the con-
tribution of the statue of one of its most
eminent citizens, illustrious for his leader-
ship as author of the State's motto, framer
of the Territorial school law, founder of the
first college, and outstanding churchman in
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1963 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD --SENATE
the founding of Christian churches among
whites and Indians; and be it further
Resolved, That a copy of these resolutions,
suitably engrossed and duly authenticated,
be transmitted to the Governor of South
Dakota.
TO PRINT AS A SENATE DOCUMENT
THE PROCEEDINGS AT THE AC-
CEPTANCE OF THE STATUE OF
THE LATE JOSEPH WARD
Mr. MUNDT submitted the following
concurren resolution (S. Con. Res. 11) ;
which was referred to the Committee on
Rules and Administration:
Resolved by the Senate (the House of
Representatives concurring), That the pro-
ceedings at the presentation, dedication, and
acceptance of the statue of Joseph Ward, to
be presented by the State of. South Dakota
in the rotunda of the Capitol, together with
appropriate illustrations aYgd other pertinent
matter, shall be printed as ;a Senate docu-
ment. The copy for such Skate document
shall be prepared under the st}pervision of
the Joint Committee on Prlntin);..
c
January 31, 1964, inclusive, is authorized
(1) to make such expenditures as it deems
advisable; (2) to employ upon a temporary
basis, technical, clerical, and other assist-
ants and consultants: Provided, That the mi-
nority is authorized to select one person for
appointment, and the person so selected
shall be appointed and his compensation
shall be so fixed that his gross rate shall
not be less by more than $1,600 than the
highest gross rate, paid to any other em-
ployee; and (3) with the prior consent of
the heads of the departments or agencies
concerned, and the Committee on Rules and
Administration, to utilize the reimbursable
services, information, facilities, and person-
nel of any of the departments or agencies of
the Government.
SEC. 3. The committee shall report its find-
ings, together with its recommendations for
legislation as it deems advisable, to the Sen-
ate at the earliest practicable date, but not
later than January 31, 1964.
000, shall be paid from the contingent fAd
of the Senate upon vouchers approved b the
Representatives and one thousand two hun- ciar
dred conies shall be for the use of the Mom-
~r y `+ v~ -_- Mississip Mr. ASTLAND, has been sub-
the State of South Dakota.
RESOLUTIONS
ESTABLISHMENT OF A STANDING
COMMITTEE ON VETERANS' AF-
FAIRS
Mr. PEARSON submitted a resolution
(S. Res. 51) creating a standing com-
mittee on Veterans' Affairs, which was
referred to the Committee on Rules and
Administration.
(See the above resolution printed in.,
full when submitted by Mr. PEAxson
which appears under a separate head-
ing.)
STUDY OF MATTERS PERTAINING
TO VETERANS' AFFAIRS
Mr. YARBOROUGH submitted the
following resolution (S. Res, 52) to au-
thorize- a study of matters pertaining to
veterans' affairs, which was referred to
the Committee on Labor and Public Wel-
fare:
Resolved, That the Committee on Labor
and Public Welfare, or any duly authorized
subcommittee thereof is authorized under
sections 134(a) and 136 of the Legislative
Reorganization Act of 1946, as amended, and
in accordance with its jurisdictions specified
by rule XXV of the Standing Rules of the
Senate, to examine, investigate, and make a
complete study of any and all matters per-
taining to veterans' affairs including, but
not limited to, such problems as (a) voca-
tional rehabilitation and education of vet-
erans, (b) veterans' hospitals, medical care,
and treatment of veterans, (c) soldiers' and
sailors' civil relief, and (d) readjustment of
servicemen to civil life.
SEC. 2. For the purposes of this resolution
the committee, from February 1, 1963, to
ee thou-
docu-
atyle
all
es
penaed to ppe and testify in the case
of U.S. v. N~J(ert Shelton, in the United
States Distri_ Court for the District of
Resolvee,4hat a permission of this body
for the a nator fr Mississippi, Mr. EAST-
LAND, t cappear an testify in response to
the of eeaid subpena hereby granted.
CERTAIN COSTS OF H
CATION
Mr. LONG of Missouri. Mr. P ident,
for a number of years Congress h been
struggling over proposals to pro ote
education. To the best of my knowle
education and its development is vital
to our Nation's future. However, agree-
ment stops here. From this point on, at-
titudes and. views run the full range from
no Federal action to a comprehensive
program of Federal assistance at every
level and to all schools. Since entering
the Senate,.I have supported legislation
to provide grants to the States to be used
for school construction and teachers'
salaries. Also, my support has been
given to legislation to assist in the con-
struction of academic facilities at insti-
tutions of higher education. I have sup-
ported a Federal scholarship program
for higher education and proposals to
strengthen the National Defense Educa-
tion Act. All of these measures, in my
opinion, are necessary if our young peo-
ple are to have the opportunity to obtain
the best possible education. It is my
firm conviction that we have a responsi-
bility to see that the youth of our coun-
try have this opportunity.
In the days ahead, we will discuss and
debate these issues at length. It is my
hope that a sound program will receive
final congressional approval. Certainly,
I will exert every effort in this direction.
In the meantime, however, quick action
should be taken on a measure for which
there is widespread support. That is
tax relief for costs of }igher education.
During the past few c) ys, numerous pro-
posals have been Introduced in both
Houses for this rpose. Some propose
an additional 00 exemption for a full
-
time studen Some propose a tax credit.
Some pro e a tax deduction. Some
contain 41 mits while others cover all ex-
pense But they all share a common
pur se to stimulate higher education
t ough a tax incentive. Last year, .the
provision to stimulate economic growth.
Certainly we can afford a similar incen-
tive to stimulate that which is of even
greater importance-human growth.
An outstanding feature of this approach
to aid higher education is that it nur-
tures diversification. It provides equal
help to the student of math, the student
of medicine, the student of art, the stu-
dent of political science, the student of
physics, the student of engineering, the
student of music. All of these, as well as
all other areas of learning, are essential
to our society.
Mr. President, I now introduce, for
appropriate reference, a bill to amend
the Internal Revenue Code of 1954 to
allow income tax deductions for certain
payments to assist in providing higher
education.
This bill would allow a taxpayer to
deduct certain costs of higher education
for himself, his spouse, and his depen-
dents. It would include expenses for
tuition, fees, books, and board and room.
To insure that all taxpayers will enjoy
the benefits of this proposal, the de-
duction would be allowed on page 1 of
the tax form in computing adjusted gross
income. While I believe this approach
the best, I hope the Congress can move
quickly to resolve the differences in the
various proposals and approve one. The
administration has opposed the tax ap-
proach in the past, but I am hopeful it
will reassess its position. A tax incen-
will be
ferred.
Missouri, was rece
title, and referred
Finance.
WAIVER OF INDEBTEDNESS TO THE
UNITED STATES ON DEFAULT OF
GUARANTEED VA LOANS
Mr. YARBOROUGH. Mr. President,
I introduce, for appropriate reference, a
bill to provide for waiver of indebtedness
to the United States in certain, cases
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708 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD - SENA
arising out of default on loans guaran-
teed or made by the Veterans' Admin-
istration.
This bill would authorize the Admin-
istrator of Veterans' Affairs to waive, un-
der certain circumstances, the recovery
from veterans or their spouses of any
indebtedness owed the United States re-
sulting from default on guaranteed or
direct loans.
Specifically, the bill would permit
waiver of recovery of such indebtedness
if the Administrator determines that the
default arose out of compelling reasons
without fault on the part of a veteran,
or that collection of the indebtedness
would otherwise work a severe hardship
upon a veteran. The bill does not au-
thorize the VA to grant a complete
waiver of a veteran's liability where his
financial situation is such that he could
arrange to pay all or a substantial por-
tion of the indebtedness without severe
hardship upon himself or his family.
During the 87th Congress the Vet-
erans' Administration officially requested
enactment of this legislation in order
to clarify the law relating to waiver of
loan indebtedness. The law now pro-
vides that the Administrator may pay,
compromise, waive, or release claims
arising in connection with the guaran-
teed and direct loan programs of the
VA. Despite this broad grant of au-
thority, the VA believes that administra-
tive action granting total forgiveness of
indebtedness on the basis of hardship
would be very questionable in the, ab-
sence of specific authorization.
The PRESIDING OFFICER. The bill
will be received and appropriately. re-
ferred.
The bill (S. 412) to amend title 38 of
the United States Code to provide for
waiver of indebtedness to the United
States in certain cases arising out of
default on loans guaranteed or made by
the Veterans' Administration, intro-
duced by Mr. YARBOROUGH, was received,
read twice by its title, and referred to
the Committee on Labor and Public
Welfare.
LOAN OF CERTAIN EQUIPMENT TO
BOY SCOUTS OF AMERICA
Mr. HAYDEN. Mr. President, I intro-
duce, for appropriate reference, a bill
which will authorize the Secretary of
Defense to loan, at no Government ex-
pense, certain equipment and services
for the use of the Boy Scouts of America
and Scout officials attending the Sixth
National Jamboree to be held during
July and August 1964, at Valley Forge
State Park, Pa.
The bill permits the Secretary of De-
fense to loan tents, cots, blankets, com-
missary equipment, flags, refrigerators,
vehicles, and other equipment and serv-
ices as may be necessary or useful to the
extent that the items are in stock and
available and their issue will not jeop-
ardize the national defense program.
In view of the outstanding accomplish-
ments of this fine movement in the past,
in aiding the youth of America, I urge
my colleagues to take favorable action
on this measure.
The PRESIDING OFFICER. The bill
will be received and appropriately re-
ferred.
The bill (S. 413) to authorize the Sec-
retary of Defense to lend certain Army,
Navy, and Air Force equipment and pro-
vide certain services to the Boy Scouts
of America for use in the 1964 national
jamboree, and for other purposes, intro-
duced by Mr. HAYDEN, was received, read
twice by its title, and referred to the
Committee on Armed Services.
FREEDOM COMMISSION ACT
Mr. MUNDT. Mr. President, in be-
half of myself and Senators DOUGLAS,
CASE, DODD, SMATHERS, GOLDWATER, PROx-
MIRE, FONG, HICKENLOOPER, MILLER,
KEATING, LAUSCHE, and SCOTT, I intro-
duce, for appropriate reference, a legis-
lative proposal now widely known as the
Freedom Academy bill.
This bill proposes the establishment
within the structure of' the National
Government of an autonomous institu-
tion for broad-scale training and re-
search in the nonmilitary areas and dis-
ciplines of our total national security
operations. This marks the third suc-
cessive Congress in which this legisla-
tion has been introduced.
In the 86th Congress Senator DOUGLAS
and Senator CASE joined with me in
sponsoring the Freedom Academy bill in
the Senate. That bill was unanimously
approved by the Senate late in the second
session, following a highly favorable re-
port from the Senate Judiciary Commit-
tee which stated in part:
The committee considers this bill to be one
of the most important ever introduced in the
Congress. This is the first measure to rec-
ognize that a concentrated development and
training program must precede a significant
improvement in our cold war capabilities.
The various agencies and bureaus can be
shuffled and reshuffled. Advisory commit-
tees, interdepartmental committees, and co-
ordinating agencies can be created and re-
created, but until they are staffed by highly
motivated personnel who have been syste-
matically and intensively trained in the
vast and complex field of total political war-
fare, we can expect little improvement in
our situation.
Failing to obtain favorable action in
the House at the late hour in the session,
Senators DOUGLAS and CASE and I, along
with nine other Senators representing a
broad spectrum of partisan attitudes, re-
introduced the Freedom Academy bill in
the 87th Congress.
On that occasion, in response to spe-
cial request, the bill was referred to the
Committee on Foreign Relations, where
unfortunately it remained without any
action being taken for the entire term
of the 87th Congress. In large part our
inability to gain the favorable action of
both Houses of Congress on the Freedom
Academy bill has stemmed from the
adamant opposition of the Department
of State, opposition which has persisted
over the past several years. I might ob-
serve that the position rigidly held by
the Department of State .is meeting grow-
ing and strong opposition from many
highly influential sectors.
In 1960 the Sprague committee, com-
posed of several distinguished Americans
all highly qualified in the field of foreign
affairs, presented a report to the Presi-
dent of the United States concerning the
effectiveness of our foreign information
program, in which cognizance was taken
of the present inadequacy of our over-
all training activities in the nonmilitary
sector of our national security opera-
tions. The Freedom Academy bill has
been endorsed by the AFL-CIO and was
the subject of a favorable resolution
adopted last year by the junior chambers
of commerce in national convention.
The Freedom Academy bill has received
many plaudits from leading national
journals and newspapers, such as Life
magazine, the Readers Digest, the Atlan-
ta Journal and Constitution, the Cincin-
nati Enquirer, the New York Daily News,
the Cleveland Plain Dealers, the Tampa
Tribune, and the Miami Herald.
Just recently, a special study panel
appointed by President Kennedy, of
which Mr. James A. Perkins is the chair-
man, has issued a report which empha-
sizes our urgent needs for vast upgrad-
ing of our governmental training and re-
search activities in the field of foreign
operations. Their report recommends
the creation of a National Academy of
Foreign Affairs and, to quote the mem-
bers 'of this distinguished panel, makes
that recommendation "based on our
strong belief that existing public pro-
grams of training, education, and re-
search in U.S. foreign affairs fall danger-
ously below the requirements of a country
whose officials must receive the best the
country can provide."
The Perkins panel study corroborates
the thinking and public utterances of the
Freedom Academy sponsors and support-
ers. We feel that this report gives added
impetus to our efforts to fill the research
and training gap which presently exists
in the national security area of our gov-
ernmental structure.
Mr. President, I ask unanimous con-
sent that the text of the bill may be
printed in the RECORD following my re-
marks, and also a statement taken from
a monograph prepared for the President
of the United States by Alan G. Grant, of
Orlando, Fla. I ask that that part which
appears on pages 32 to 56, inclusive, ap-
pear as a part of my remarks.
The VICE PRESIDENT. The bill
will be received and appropriately re-
ferred; and, without objection, the re-
quest of the Senator from South Dakota
is agreed to.
The bill (S. 414) to create the Freedom
Commission and the Freedom Academy;
to conduct research to develop an inte-
grated body of operational knowledge in
the political, psychological, economic,
technological, and organizational areas
to increase the nonmilitary capabilities
of the United States in the global strug-
gle between freedom and communism; to
educate and train Government personnel
and private citizens to understand and
implement this body of knowledge; and
also to provide education and training
for foreign students in these areas of
knowledge under appropriate conditions,
introduced by Mr. MUNDT (for himself
and other Senators), was received, read
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 Approved For Release 2005/01/27 : CIA-RDP64B00346R000500040027-8 709
1963 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD SENATE
twice by its title, referred to the Commit- world struggle. Not only do we need to lm- ervoir of talent, ingenuity, and strength
tee on Foreign Relations, and ordered to prove the existing instruments, but a wide which can be developed and brought to bear
printed in the RECORD, as follows' range of additional methods and means in. in helping to solve many of our globai.prob-
be both the Government and private sectors lems. We have hardly begun to explore the
Be it enacted by the Senate and House must be worked out and integrated with range of possibilities.
of Representatives of the United States of the existing instruments of our policy. V. The public must have a deeper under-
America in Congress assembled, Otherwise, the United States will lack the standing of communism, especially Commu-
SHORT TITLE means to defeat many forms of Communist nist nonmilitary conflict technique, and the
SECTION 1. This Act may be cited as the aggression and to extend the area of free- nature of the global struggle, including the
dom, national independence, and self-gov- goals of the United States.
"Freedom Commission Act". ernment, as well as to attain other national (8) The hereinafter created Freedom Acad
CONGRESSIONAL FINDINGS AND STATEMENT OF objectives. However, this will require an in emy must be a prestige institution and every
FonxcY tensive and comprehensive research and effort should be made to demonstrate this
SEC. 2. (a) The Congress of the United training effort first to think through these is a major effort by the United States in a
States makes the following findings and additional methods and means, and, second, vital area.
statement of policy: to educate and train not only specialists, but (b) It is the intent and purpose of the
(1) The United States in preparing to de- also leaders at several levels who can visual- Congress that the authority and powers
fend its national interests in coming years ize and organize these many instruments in granted in this Act be fully utilized by the
faces grave and complex problems in the an integrated strategy, enabling the United Commission established by section 4 of this
nonmilitary as well as military areas. States to approach its national objectives Act achieve the objectsectiives If ooritsht in
(2) First and foremost are the problems along every path in accord with our ethic. subsection (a) (7) of of ohs Congress
raised by the unremitting drives by the Soviet (6) There has been a tendency to look further intent and purpose Union and Communist China seeking world upon strategy as a series of discrete problems that the authority, powers, and functions of
domination and the destruction of all non- with planning often restricted by jurisdic-. thethCoin Act mtmhisssio a aaedotheb oadle y suedet
Communist societies. The Communist bloc tional walls and parochial attitudes and too be constr.
and the various Communist parties have much piecemeal planning to handle emer- DEFINITIONS
systematically prepared themselves to wage gencies at the expense of systematic, long- SEC. S. As used in this Act-
a thousand-pronged aggression in the range development and programing of the (1) The term "Commission" means the
nonmilitary area. Drawing on their elabo- many instruments potentially available to Freedom Commission established by section
rate studies and extensive pragmatic tests, us. While there has been marked improve- 4 of this Act; and
Communist leaders have developed their ment in such things as language training at (2) The term "Academy" means the Free-
conspiratorial version of nonmilitary con- agency schools, and while university cen- dam Academy established by section 6 of
flict into an advanced, operational art in ters have made significant progress in area this Act.
which they employ and orchestrate an studies, nowhere has the United States ea- ESTABLISHMENT OF THE FREEDOM COMMISSION
extraordinary variety of conflict instruments tablished a training program to develop
in the political, psychological, ideological, rounded strategists in the nonmilitary area SEC. 4. There is established in the execu-
economic, technological, organizational and or even certain vital categories of profes- tive branch of the Government an inde-
paramilitary areas enabling them to ap- sional specialists, particularly in the area pendent agency to be known as the Freedom
proach their immediate and long-range ob- of political, ideological, psychological, and Commission which shall be composed of six
jectives along many paths. This creates organizational operations and in certain members and a chairman, each of whom
unique and unprecedented problems for the areas of . development work. Nor has the shall be. a citizen of the United States. The
United States in a conflict that is being United States organized a research program `Chairman may from time to time designate
waged in student organizations, peasant vil- which can be expected to think through the any other member of the Commission as
lages, labor unions, mass communication important additional range of methods and Acting Chairman to act in the place and
the Acting Chairman absence.
systems, in city and jungle, and institutions means that could be available to us in the stead of the Chairman
and organizations of every description, as Government and private sectors. Chairman (or the Chairman) shall pan in
well as in the world's chancelleries. Recog- (7) In implementing this legislation the the absence of tha the Commission,
nn) l and a
nizing that nonmilitary conflict makes ex following requirements for developing our at all all fmeetings
the transaction the of business shall
traordinary demands upon its practitioners, national capacity for global operations in quorum consist for at least four members business
the Communists, for several decades, have the nonmilitary area should receive special of a present.
have equal Commission, including
intensively trained their leadership groups attention: Each t Chairman, member lshall of the four
c-
and cadres in an extensive network of basic, I. At the upper levels of Government, the the e equas rand esponsibil-
have full access actions
intermediate, and advanced schools. The United States must have rounded strategists ity t and all shall decisions
Sino-Soviet conflict capacity has been im- with intensive interdepartmental training the authority Commission, all information relating to terformanco
measurably increased by the mobilization of and experience who understand the range his or reresponsibilities, lating to the h p and shall
research, science, industry, technology, and of instruments potentially available to us of duties Action of the Commison
education to serve the power-seeking am- and who can organize and program these in- have vave onne dv seote Action a maooy mss of
the needs Communist leaders rather than struments long atrsystematically Integrated, the members present. The Chairman (or
Chair-
the needs s of their people. forward strategy Acting Chairman in the absence of the Chair-
(8) Second, the problems of the United ape and utilizes our full national capacity man)shall be the official spokesman of the
States are complicated by the emergence of for the global struggle. Commission be its relations te Cthe
agencies, persons, or on-
many new nations, the unstable or de- II. Below them, Government personnel less, Government In with
teriorating political, social and economic must be trained to understand Ian all imple- public, and, age the s o s, orsio the s conditions in many parts of the world, the meat this integrated strategy shall see onn e ehl faithful of
execution is the
revolutionary forces released by the rising dimensions. Through intensive training, as the Commission,
shall all report nd here decisions on of to the Commission
expectations of the world's people, and other well as experience, we must seek the highest policies
factors, all of which increase the difficulties professional competence in those areas of from h ll a ort or eo the Commission may time to time of achieving our national objectives of pre- specialized knowledge required by our global from The Commission shave an official
venting Communist penetration while seek- operations. Government personnel should seal direct. The shall judicially shall h lly noticeding to build viable, free, and independent have an underlying level of understanding which shall OF THE COMMISSION.
oticenations. as to the nature of the global conflict, the MEMB
(4) The nature of the Sino-Soviet power goals of the United States, and the various SEC. 5. (a) Members of the Commission
drive, the revolutionary and fluid world, possible instruments in achieving these goals and the Chairman shall be appointed by the
situation, the emergence of the United States to facilitate team operations. We should President, by and with the advice and con-
may four
including the Not more than
as the major leader of the free world and the seek to instill a high degree of elan and dedi- bent, of the Senate.
mem-, be
need to deal with the people of nations as cation,
well as governments, has compelled the III. Foreign affairs personnel at all levels bers of any one political party. In submit-
United States to employ many new instru?? must understand communism with special ting any nomination to the Senate, the Presi-
ments under the headings of traditional di- emphasis on Communist nonmilitary conflict dent shall set forth the experience and quali-
plomacy, intelligence, technical assistance, technique. It is not enough to have experts fications of the nominee. The term of each
aid programs, trade development, educa- available for consultation. This is basic member of the Commission, other than the
tional exchange, cultural exchange, and knowledge which must be widely dissemi- Chairman, shall be six years, except that (1)
counterinsurgency (as well as in the area of nated, if planning and implementation are the terms of Office of the members first taking
related military programs). To interrelate' to be geared to the conflict we are in. (The office shall expire as designated by the Presi-
and program these present instruments over present two weeks seminar offered at the dent at the time of the appointment, two two
years
two long periods already requires a high degree Foreign Service Institute is entirely too brief at the end and two at the end of sexend of
of professional competence in many spe- for even lower ranking personnel.) four years, years; to fill a
cialties, as well as great managerial skill. IV. The private sector must understand (2) occurring member app i ed expiration of
(5) However, the United States has fallen how it can participate in the global struggle vacancy iTmg prior the
short in developing and utilizing its full in a sustained and systematic manner. the term for which his predecessor was ap-
capacity to achieve its objectives in the There exists in the private sector a huge res- pointed shall be appointed for the remainder
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710 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD - SENATE Tn.~l.v.n.r~i 9
of such term. The Chairman shall serve as partments of Government are authorized to vidual shall be employed by the Commission,
such during the pleasure of the President, assign officers and employees to the Academy nor shall the Commission permit any indi-
and shall receive compensation at the rate for designated training. vidual to have access to information which
of $20,500 per annum. Each other member of (b) The Commission is authorized to make is, for reasons of national security, specifical-
the Commission shall receive compensation grantsto students and to pay expenses inci- lydesignated by a United States Government
at the rate of $20,000 per annum. Any mem- dent to training and study under this Act. agency for limited or restricted dissemina-
ber of the Commission may be removed by This authorization shall include authority to tion or distribution until the Civil Service
the President for inefficiency, neglect of duty, pay 'actual and necessary travel expenses Commission shall have made an investiga-
or malfeasance in office, to and from the Academy or other authorized tion and report to the Commission on the
(b) No member of the Commission shall place of training under this Act. The Com- character, associations, and loyalty of such
engage in any business, vocation, or employ- mission is authorized to grant financial individual, and the Commission shall have
ment other than that of serving as a member assistance to the dependents of students who determined that employing such individual
of the Commission. hold no office or employment under the or permitting him to have access to such
ESTABLISHMENT OF THE FREEDOM ACADEMY; Federal Government during the time they information will not endanger the common
PRINCIPAL FUNCTIONS OF THE COMMISSION are undergoing training authorized under defense and security.
AND ACADEMY _ this Act. Grants and other financial as- (b) In the event an investigation made
SEC. 6. The Commission shall establish un- sistance under this Act shall be in such pursuant to subsection (a) of this section
der its supervision and control an advanced amounts and subject to such regulations as develops any data reflecting that the indi-
research, development, and training center the Commission may deem appropriate to vidual who Is the subject of the investigation
to be known as the Freedom Academy. The carry out the provisions of this Act. is of questionable loyalty or is a questionable
Academy shall be located at such place or (c) Foreign students selected for train- security risk, the Civil Service Commission
places within the United States as the Com- ing under this Act shall be admitted as non- shall refer the matter to the Federal Bureau
mission shall determine. The principal immigrants under section 101(a) (15) (F) of of Investigation for the conduct of a full
functions of the Commission and Academy the Immigration and Nationality Act (8 field investigation, the results of which shall
shall be: U.S.C. 1101(a) (15) (F)) for- such time and be furnished to the Civil Service Commission
(1)' To conduct research designed to im- under such conditions as may be prescribed for its Information and appropriate action.
prove the methods and means by which the by regulations promulgated by the Commis- (c) If the Commission deems it to be in
United States seeks its national objectives sion, the Secretary of State, and the Attorney the national interest, the Commission may
in the nonmilitary part of the global strug- General. A person admitted under this sec- request the Civil Service Commission to
gle. This should include improvement of tion who fails to maintain the status under make an investigation and report to the
the present methods and means and explora- which he was admitted, or who fails to de- Commission on the character, associations,
tion of the full range of additional meth- part from the United States at the expiration and loyalty of any individual under consid-
ods and means that may be available to us of the time for which he was admitted, or eration for training at the Academy, and if
in both the Government and private sec- who engages in activities of a political nature the Commission shall then determine that
tors. Special attention shall be given to detrimental to the interest of the United the training of such Individual will not be in
problems of an interdepartmental nature States, or in activities in conflict with the the best interest of the United States, he
and to problems involved in organizing and security of the United States, shall, upon shall receive no training under this Act.
programing the full spectrum of methods the warrant of the Attorney General, be (d) In the event an investigation made
and means potentially available in the Gov- taken into custody and promptly deported pursuant to subsection (c) of this section,
ernment and private sectors in an inte- pursuant to sections 241, 242, and 243 of the develops any data reflecting that the indi-
grated, forward strategy that will systemat- Immigration and Nationality Act (8 U.S.C. vidual who Is the subject of the investigation
ically develop and utilize the full capacity 1251, 1252, and 1253). Deportation pro- is of questionable loyalty or is a questionable
of the United States to seek its national ob- ceedings under this section shall be summary- security risk, the Civil Service Commission
jectives in the global struggle, including the and findings of the Attorney General as to' shall refer the matter tothe Federal Bureau
defeat of all forms of Communist aggression matters of fact shall be conclusive. Such of Investigation for the conduct of a full
and the building of free, independent, and persons shall not be eligible for suspension field Investigation, the results of which shall
viable nations, of- deportation under section 244 of such be furnished to the Civil Service Commission
(2) To educate and trainGovernment per. Act (8 U.S.C. 1254). - for is information and appropriate action.
sonnel and private citizens so as to meet the INFORMATION CENTER (e) If - the President or the Commission
requirements set forth in section 2(a) (7) SEC. 8. The Commission is authorized to shall deem it to be in the national interest,
of this Act. The Academy shall be the prin- establish an information center at such place he or the Commission may from time to time
cipal Government interdepartmental, educa- or places within the United States as the cause investigation of any individual which
tional, and training center in the nonmili- Commission may determine. The principal is required or authorized by subsections (a)
tary area of the United States global op- function of the information center shall be and (c) of this section to be made by the
erations. Authority is also granted to edu- to disseminate, with or without charge, in- Federal Bureau of Investigation instead of
eats and train foreign students, when this is formation and materials which will assist by the Civil Service Commission.
in the national interest and is approved by people and organizations to increase their GENERAL AUTHORITY OF THE COMMISSION
the Secretary of State. understanding of the true nature of the in- SEC. 11. (a) In addition to the authority
(3) To provide leadership in encouraging tenational Communist conspiracy and of already granted, the Commission is au-
and assisting universities and other institu- the dimension's and nature of the global thorized and em owered-
tions to increase and improve research, edu- P
cational, and training programs attuned to struggle between freedom and communism, (1) to establish such temporary or per
cht global operational needs of the United and of ways they can participate effectively manent boards and committees as the Com-
th-
etes, toward winning that struggle and building mission may from time to time deem neces-
(4) To provide leadership, guidance, and free, independent, and viable nations. In sary for the purposes of this Act;
assistance to the train ing staffs of Govern- carrying out this function, the Commission (2) subject to'tihe provisions of subsection
assns agencies handling g st States global is authorized to prepare, make, and publish (b) of this section, to appoint and fix the
operations, including training programs con- textbooks and other materials, Including compensation of such personnel as may be
operation oversee ingtt. training films, suitable for high school, col- necessary to carry out the functions of the
(5) a t provide a center where officers and lege, and community level instruction, and Commission; -
employees of Government agencies, as wed also to publish such research materials as (3) to conduct such research, studies, and
as private citizens, can meet to discuss and may be in the public interest. The Com- surveys as the Commission may deem nec-
asplrivcommon and special elements their mission is authorized to disseminate such essary to carry out the purposes of this Act;
pxpblrms in improving United States capsr information and materials to such persons (4) to make, promulgate, issue, rescind,
probes s the plovi struggle. and organizations as may be in the public and amend such rules and regulations as
interest on such terms and conditions as may be necessary to carry out the purposes
STUDENT SELECTION; GRANTS; ADMISSION OF the Commission shall determine. of this Act;
FOREIGN STUDENTS
DISCLOSURE OF INFORMATION (5) to make such expenditures as may be
SEC. 7. (a) Academy students, other than SEC. 9. necessary for administering and carrying out
Government personnel, shall be selected, in- Nothing in this Act shall authorize
the disclosure of any information or knowl- - the provisions of this-Act;
sofar as is practicable and in the public in- edge in any case in which such disclosure (6) to utilize, with the approval of the
terest, from those areas, organizations, and President, the services, facilities, and per-
institutions where trained leadership and in- (1) is prohibited by any other law of the sonnel of other Government agencies and ay
formed public opinion are most needed to United States, or (2) is inconsistent with for such services, facilities, and personnel out
achieve the objectives set forth in section the security of the United States. of funds available to the Commission under
2(a) (7) IV and V. Persons in Government SECURITY CHECK OF PERSONNEL this Act, either in advance, by reimburse-
service coming within the provisions of the SEC. 10. (a) Except as authorized by the ment, or by direct transfer;
Government Employees Training Act may be Commission upon a determination by the (7) to utilize or employ on a full-time or
trained at the Academy pursuant to the pro- Commission that such action is clearly con- part-time basis, with the consent of the or-
visions of said. Act. All agencies and de- sistent with the national interest, no indi- ganization or governmental body concerned,
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CONGRESSIONAL RECORD -SENATE 711
the services of personnel or any State. or lo-
cal government or private organization to
perform such functions on its behalf as may
appear desirable to. carry out the purposes of
this Act, without requiring such personnel
to sever their connection with the furnish-
ing organization or governmental body; and
to utilize personnel of a foreign government
in the same manner and under the same cir-
cumstances with the approval of the Secre-
tary of State;
(8) to acquire by purchase, lease, loan, or
gift, and to hold and dispose of by sale, lease,
or loan, real and personal property of all
kinds necessary for, or resulting from, the
exercise of authority granted by this Act;
(9) to receive and use funds donated by
others, if such funds are donated without re-
strictions other than that they be used in
furtherance of one or more of the purposes
of this Act;
(10) to accept and utilize the services of
voluntary and uncompensated personnel and
to provide transportation and subsistence as
authorized by section 5 of the Administrative
Expenses Act of 1946 (5 U.S.C. 73b-2) for
persons serving without compensation;
(11) to utilize the services of persons on a
temporary basis and to pay their actual and
necessary travel expenses and subsistence
and, in addition, compensation at a rate not
to exceed $50 per day for each day spent in
the work of the Commission.
(b) The personnel referred to in subsec-
tion (a) (2) of this section shall be appointed
in accordance with the civil service laws and
their compensation fixed in accordance with
the Classification Act of 1949, as amended,
except that, to the extent the Commission
deems such action necessary to the discharge
of its responsibilities, personnel may be em-
ployed and their compensation fixed without
regard to. such laws. No such personnel (ex-
cept such personnel whose compensation. is
fixed by law, and specially qualified profes-
sional personnel up to a limit of $19,000)
whose position would be subject to the Clas-?
siflcation Act of 1949, as amended, if such
Act were applicable to. such position, shall
be paid a salary at a rate in excess of the
rate payable under such Act for positions
of equivalent difficulty or responsibility.
The Commission shall make adequate pro-
vision for administrative review of. any de-
termination to dismiss any employee.
GENERAL MANAGER OF THE COMMISSION
SEC. 12. The Commission is authorized to
establish within the Commission a general
manager, who shall discharge such of the ad-
ministrative and executive functions of the
Commission as the Commission may direct.
The general manager shall be appointed by
the Commission, shall serve at the pleasure
of the Commission, shall. be removable by
the Commission, and shall receive compen-
sation at a rate determined by the Com-
mission, but not in excess of $18,000 per
annum.
ADVISORY COMMITTEE _
SEC. 13 (a) To assure effective cooperation
between the Freedom Academy and various
Government agencies concerned with its ob-
jectives, there Is established an advisory
committee to the Freedom Academy (re-
ferred to hereinafter as the "Committee").
The Committee shall be composed of one
representative of each of the following agen-
cies designated by the head of each such
agency from officers and employees thereof.
The Department of State; the Department of
Defense; the Department of Health, Educa-
tion, and Welfare; the Central Intelligence
Agency; the Federal Bureau of Investigation;
the Agency for International Development;
and the United States Information Agency.
(b) Members of the Committee shall elect
a member to serve as Chairman of the Com-
mittee. The Chairman shall serve for such
a term of one year. The chairmanship shall
rotate among the representatives of the
agencies who comprise the membership of
the Committee.
(c) No member of the Committee shall
receive compensation for his services as such
other than that received by him as an of-
ficer or employee of the agency represented
by him. Each member of the Committee
shall be reimbursed for expenses actually
and necessarily incurred by him in the per-
formance of duties of the Committee. Such
reimbursements shall be made from funds
appropriated to the Freedom Commission
Upon vouchers approved by the Chairman of
the Committee.
(d) The Committee shall-
(1) serve as a medium for liaison between
the Freedom Commission and the Govern-
ment agencies represented in the Commit-
tee;
(2) review from time to time the plans,
programs, and activities of the Freedom
Commission and the Freedom Academy, and
transmit to the Commission such recommen-
dations as it may determine to be neces-
sary or desirable for the improvement of
those plans, programs, and activities;
(3) meet with the Freedom Commission
periodically, but not less often than semi-
annually, to consult with it with regard to
the plans, programs, and activities of the
Freedom Commission and the Federal
Academy; and
(4) transmit to the President and to the
Congress in January of each year a report
containing (A) a comprehensive description
of the plans, programs, and activities of the
Commission and the Academy during the
preceding calendar year, and (B) its recom-
mendations for the improvement of those
plans, programs,,and activities.
(e) The Committee shall promulgate such
rules and regulations as it shall determine to
be necessary for the performance of its
duties.
(f) The Commission shall furnish to the
Committee without reimbursement such of-
fice space, personal services, supplies and
equipment, information, and facilities as the
Committee may require for the performance
of its functions.
APPROPRIATIONS
SEC. 14. There 3s authorized to be appro-
priated, out of any money in the Treasury
not otherwise appropriated, such sums as
may be necessary to carry out the provisions
of this Act.
The statement presented by Mr.
MUNDT is as follows:
PART II: THE LIMITED NATURE OF THE U.S.
RESEARCH AND TRAINING PROGRAM IN NON-
MILITARY CONFLICT-THE FIVE REQUIRE-
MENTS AND OUR FAILURE To MEET THEM
The very great capabilities of the Com-
munist enterprise in political warfare makes
our problems of defense and offense extreme-
ly difficult. The more or less conventional
methods of diplomacy, economic and mili-
tary aid, student and cultural exchange, the
limited informational activities of USIA, to-
gether with certain covert intelligence opera-
tions and limited efforts by private orga-
nizations, are proving inadequate, as pres-
ently formulated and implemented, to con-
tain, much less defeat, Soviet indirect aggres-
sion. Undoubtedly some of the things we
are doing are causing the Soviets more diffi-
culty than is generally realized, but overall
the existing methods and means, as they
have been employed since the end of World
War II, have only succeeded in slowing the
Soviet push.
Again and again our methods have proven
inadequate, because' the enemy has mastered
all arms and is employing an extraordinary
variety of conflict instruments which enables
him to outflank, envelop, or smother the
more limited and hesitatingly applied in-
struments of our policy. Thus an aid pro-
gram, even when well conceived, may achieve
nothing toward improving the economic or
political conditions in the recipiept nation,
if it is more than offset by Communist eco-
nomic sabotage and superior agitation and
propaganda capabilities. A USIA library in
India is simply overwhelmed by a Soviet
translation and publication effort which dis-
tributes millions of books and periodicals
each year in many tongues and dialects, the
large scale buying up of publishing houses
and intimidation of bookstores, the massive
penetration and manipulation of thg mass
communications system-and it hardly com-
petes at all with trained Communist orga-
nizers operating in universities, unions, peas-
ant villages, classrooms, and various fronts.
The rapidly expanding Soviet capacity in
nonmilitary conflict and the dangerous de-
velopments beginning in 1956, now confirmed
by the new draft program, make it impera-
tive for the United States and its allies to
develop, and rapidly, a far greater capacity
in the area of nonmilitary conflict.
The question is, What are the conditions,
the requirements, which must be met before
this Nation can realize its full capacity to en-
gage in the type of global struggle which
has been forced upon us? It is rather re-
markable that with all that has been written
and said about the cold war, so little thought
has been devoted to thinking through these
requirements and how best we can meet
them.
Only by understanding these require-
ments and the wide margin by which we
have failed to realize them, can the present
legislation be understood. Most of our fail-
ures to date can be traced to our central
failure to take the necessary organizational
measures to meet these needs systematically.
It is submitted the principal requirements
are as follows:
Requirement No. 1: At the upper levels
of government we must have conflict man-
agers on our side-who understand the full
range of methods and means by which this
Nation and its allies can meet the entire
Communist attack and work toward our
global objectives systematically. This means
they will have to master a broad range of
nonmilitary measures which have yet to
be thought through and systematized. It
means they must be able to organize and
orchestrate these measures in an integrated
strategy in which our national objectives are
approached from many directions, using
every promising means in accord with our
ethic.
Requirement No. 2: Below these conflict
managers, agency personnel must be trained
to understand and implement this Integrated
strategy in all of Its dimensions, Unless
these people share a substantial common
fund of knowledge about the nature of the
enemy, the global conflict, and the vast array
of positive and negative measures potentially
available to us, there cannot be the close
teamplay necessary to carry. out a complex
strategy with vigor and elan against a skilled
and dedicated enemy.
Requirement No. 3 (implicit in above, but
listed separately to facilitate subsequent
analysis: Policymakers and cold war per-
sonnel at many levels must understand com-
munism, with special emphasis on Commu-
nist conflict technique. It is not enough
to have experts available for consultation.
This is basic battle knowledge which must
be widely disseminated in the agencies, if
planning and implementation are to be
geared to the conflict we are in.
Requirement No. 4: The public must have
greater understanding of communism,
especially Communist conflict technique,
and the nature of the global struggle. This
is necessary to maintain the will to victory
and to overcome apathy in a long and tedious
struggle. It is necessary If the public is to
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712 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD - SENATE
support wholeheartedly the difficult and
often distasteful things we must do in the
coming years. In a free society, policy, to
be effective, must have support. A widening
fissure between public knowledge and policy
can spell disaster. For defensive purposes
alone this knowledge is essential, if public
opinion is not to be confused and manipu-
lated by the deceptions and blandishnfents
of skilled propagandists who understand us
and our desire to be left alone too well.
Requirement No. 5: The private sector
must know how it can participate in the
global struggle in a sustained and systematic
manner. There exists in theoprivate sector
a huge reservoir of talent, ingenuity, and
strength which can be developed and
brought to bear in helping solve our cold
war problems. A wide range of interrelated
programs can be implemented, if certain pre-
conditions are met. Whether these things
are done or not done can be the difference
between victory and defeat in a close contest
in which the enemy has mobilized his entire
society to win'the cold war, as well as to pre-
pare for hot war?
It is submitted these requirements cannot
be met without a large-scale research and
training program directed by exceptional
men who have a clear understanding of these
needs.
Unfortunately, it is still being argued that
existing research and training is adequate
for our cold-war needs, or can be made ade-
quate with a little beefing up. It is true
that many things are being worked on with-
in the Government that the general public
is not aware of, and that institutions like
the War Colleges and the Foreign Service In-
stitute have adjusted their curriculums to
some degree to meet new situations created
by the Communist enterprise and the revolu-
tionary forces at work in Afro-Asia and Latin
America. It is also true that various Russian
research centers and centers for interna-
tional and area studies have been established
at a number of universities since the end of
World War U, and that the Government has
available to it certain research organizations
like Rand.
Yet it is equally true that the existing pro-
grams havefailed to achieve to a substantial
degree any one of the above requirements.
Further, I can find no evidence that anyone
in Government has thought out the overall
research and training program which would
be necessary to fill systematically and ade-
quately these five fundamental require-
ments, or if anyone has done so, that he was
able to make any impression on his supe-
riors. Rather, the- research and training
problem has been considered in bits and
pieces, and the programs instituted met bits
and pieces of the problem. This should be
self-evident, but there is - a built-in ability
within the agencies to resist these facts and
the conclusions to be drawn. -
It seems it will be necessary to summarize
the existing programs in relation to these re-
quirements before proceeding to an exami-
nation of the Freedom Academy bill. This
will help define the nature of the gaps to be
filled.
For a starting point, take requirement No.
3, the need for wide understanding of com-
munism and especially Communist conflict
technique in the agencies. This is the most
obvious and fundamental requirement and
should have been recognized and systemati-
cally approached at least 15 years ago. Yet,
even today there is little evidence of a com-
prehensive, organized effort to fill this need.
Before reviewing the present programs in
relation to this requirement, two points
1 There are other requirements, but the
above are basic in fixing - goals for our re-
search and training program. Of course, we
want our friends and allies to develop a
similar capacity.
should be emphasized. First, communism,
especially Communist conflict technique, is
not a quick and easy subject to learns It
requires a considerable amount of systema-
tized study. Training courses lasting a few
days or weeks simply cannot give the stu-
dent more than a superficial introduction,
regardless of how well they are run.
Secondly, there is the distinction between
area studies of the Communist bloc dealing
with such things as agriculture, the trans-
portation system, the new managerial class,
internal indoctrination, the arts and sciences
and Kremlinology, on the one hand, and
studying Communist strategy and tactics for
external political warfare. To a remarkable
degree our university centers have concen-
trated on the former and ignored the latter.'
Both subjects are important, but our cold-
war strategists and operational personnel
will need months of intensive schooling, in
addition to a range of operator experience,
before they can begin to master Soviet politi-
cal warfare.
With this in mind the inadequacy of the
present programs becomes apparent.
The War Colleges * may devote 2 weeks to
a month to coverage of.the Soviet bloc.
Within that period the specific treatment of
communism and Communist conflict tech-
niques rarely exceeds 2 or 3 days. It is true,
of course, that the rest of the instruction is
related to the Communist threat. But this
is an indirect tie which in many cases pre-
supposes a more complete understanding of
Communist operations than the- student
actually possesses.
The Foreign Service Institute 8 has a 2-
week seminar on "Communism and the So-
viet Union." This is a broad survey course
which can give only light treatment to com-
munism and Communist conflict techniques.
By trying to cover everything in 10 days
of actual training, the course is necessarily
superficial. For example, it provides 11/2
hours of lecture discussions each on com-
munism in the Far East, South Asia, Africa,
Southeast Asia, Western Europe, Eastern
Europe, Latin America, and the United
States. There 1s one lecture discussion on
such involved, encyclopedic subjects as "Sub-
version" and "Coordination of Forces to Stop
the Communist Advance." Considering the
very few points even a first-class teacher can
get across in 1 hour, the superficiality of the
course is self-evident. This - is no criticism
of the teachers--they just don't have enough
time.
The "Basic Foreign Service Officer's Course"
(9 weeks) required of all junior officers on
appointment and the "Mid-Career CourseIn
Foreign Affairs" (18 weeks), which are the
mainstay of FBI training (outside language
training), offer almost nothing. The basic
2 A minimum curriculum would have to
include the historical development of com-
munism; the principal theoretical works of
Marxism-Leninism, including Mao; the Com-
munist bloc from 1917 to the present. This
would be background. The most impor-
tant part of the curriculum would be a study
of Soviet external political warfare which is
an encyclopedic subject requiring the read-
ing of many books, the study of numerous
operational case histories, and a well organ-
ized course of study. I am appalled that
some still seem to believe this is an easy sub-
ject to grasp or can be covered in a few days
or weeks- of training. They are displaying
gross ignorance of the subject matter.
3 This can be seen by glancing through
their journals. -
6 Army War College, Naval War College,
Air University, National War College, and
the Industrial College of the Armed Forces.
IEstablished In1947 under the State De-
partment to provide in-service training to
the Foreign Service and other agency per-
sonnel.
January 22
course has 6 hours of lectures by CIA experts
covering the Soviet Union, the international
Communist movement, the organization and
strategy of communism, Soviet global propa-
ganda, and how to answer criticisms abroad
originating from Communists. (In Orlando
we considered 17 hours on the same subjects
too skimpy for high school seniors.) The
"Mid-Career Course" includes only a 2-hour
lecture on Communist doctrine-and practice,
2 hours on the role of behavioral sciences in
Soviet strategy, and 2 hours on Soviet politi-
cal organizations. There is time, however,
for 5 hours on "Philosophy of Administra-
tion" and 4 hours on "Origin and Diffusion
of Myths and Rites." 8
In 1958 FSI Inaugurated the "Senior Semi-
nar in Foreign Policy," a 9-month course,
for about 20 senior officers at a time which
appears to be the PSI counterpart to the
War Colleges. This devotes 5 days to "Com-
munist Strategy," and a good part of this
time is spent in discussion groups or at-
tending optional films. Actually there- are
just five lectures by four guest lecturers, who
are, however, top men, and several short
training films. Thirty-one books are recom-
mended to the students, together with cer-
tain classified material, but this lengthy
list must have been drawn up with tongue
in cheek for a 5-day course. Again, much
of the remainder of the course relates to
the Communist threat, but as in the case of
the War Colleges, this is an indirect tie
which presupposes more knowledge about
communism than the student usually pos-
sesses. -
The USIA training program has no course
on communism, but makes use of the 2-week
FSI seminar. The FBI, I am told, has a 1-
week course for its internal security people.
In summary, I do not know of a single Gov-
ernment-operated school which gives cov-
erage in any real depth to communism and
Communist . conflict technique? Without
detracting from the general value of the
war colleges and agency trade schools, it
cannot - be seriously argued these schools
provide an adequate coverage. There is in-
deed a coverage in broad outline, but no in-
tensive study in depth. It can hardly be
otherwise under present conditions, since
there are no textbooks covering the neces-
sary range of material between covers, and
the student who wants to be knowledgeable
about Communist political warfare must
read dozens of books and such an undertak-
ing is simply not in the cards within a 10-
month course (length of War College
courses), most of which deals with other
subjects, let alone courses lasting only a few
weeks. Further, literature dealing with com-
munism shows large gaps. -
The answer sometimes given by Govern-
ment spokesmen is that Government oper-
ated- schools were not intended to provide
this coverage. Instead, agency personnel are
sent to leading universities for graduate
work. However, an examination of these
graduate- studies, insofar as they are con-
cerned with communism, reveals that prac-
tically all of them are of the area study type
devoted to the internal study of Soviet Rus-
sia or China rather than study of Commu-
nist external political warfare e -
Further, the various Russian research cen-
ters are not suitable for instruction, but are
devoted to research, and again this is overly
academic and mostly of the area study type.
6 Figures are based on the 1960-61 academic
year.
7 A partial excention may be a CIA school
about w iich I have little information
8 Diligent inquiry may uncover a rare
seminar giving more coverage to nonmilitary
conflict problems. I understand such-semi-
nars have been held by Kissenger at Harvard
and Possony at Georgetown. This does not
change the general picture.
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1963 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD - SENATE
Research on specific operational problems is
rarely done. This should be obvious from
the literary output of these institutions.
Last fall Columbia University announced
it was establishing a Research Institute on
Communist Affairs. The most interesting
part of this announcement was Columbia's
opinion this was believed to be the first
institute in any American university devoted
to intensive study of relations and compari-
sons of Communist states and movements
throughout the world .D In other words, for
the first time an American university was
departing from internal area studies to take
a serious, scholarly look at communism out-
side the Sino-Soviet bloc and relations be-
tween members of the bloc. Coming in the
16th year of the cold war, that is an appalling
admission of the lack of interest in the
academic community in some of the most
fascinating and involved problems ever to
face mankind and on the solution of which
this Nation's security depends.
The Orlando committee congratulates
Columbia, but we hope policy planners in
Washington will not be mislead. This is a
research center, not a training center. And
it is congentrating on communism, not de-
veloping our methods and means of non-
military conflict. To the extent it may deal
with countermeasures, this will apparently
be almost entirely at the diplomatic level
(i.e., what diplomacy can do to increase the
rift between the Soviet Union and Commu-
nist China). If this institute runs true to
form, we can expect its output to be overly
academic.
How many more years will slip by before
an American university will announce it is
establishing an institute that will take a
serious interest in researching nonmilitary
conflict for our side; and how many years
after that will an American university
announce it Is offering training in this area?
Requirements 1 and 2: Speaking generally
there is no existing training program or
combination of programs which can produce
conflict managers for our side. Even if re-
quirement No. 3 is fully met, we will still be
a long way from realizing retiuirements 1 and
2. Studying Communist political warfare is
a necessary prerequisite to becoming an ex-
pert in nonmilitary conflict for our side, but
expert knowledge about communism does
riot make an expert in our methods 10 We
can. learn a great deal from the Soviets, but
we must develop our own art and science of
nonmilitary conflict that meets our special
needs and is in accord with our ethic.
Our training programs are a reflection of
our whole limited approach to the cold war.
Sixteen years. ago, when the agencies real-
ized we were entering a protracted cold war,
our policy planners formulated some rather
minimal ideas and programs for meeting the
nonmilitary part of the challenge. As the
crisis deepened and the massive nature of
the Soviet assault on our civilization became
evident, various research projects were insti-
tuted at our universities and within the
agencies; there was an increase in language
training at the Foreign Service Institute and
greater emphasis was placed on the nonmili-
tary area at the War Colleges. But our pol-
icy planners did not seem to comprehend
the new areas of knowledge, especially opera-
tionally attuned knowledge, we would have
to explore and the range of subjects our pol-
icy level people and operators would have to
. 713
The result has been a grossly inadequate ' amateur. Even a mediocre professional will -
approach to the research and training prob- usually defeat an excellent amateur, not
lems posed by the Soviet political warfare because the amateur does not know what to
challenge. While the .Communists recog- do, but because he cannot react with suf-
nized that political warfare is at least as ficient speed and consistency. Our leaders
difficult as any-of the arts and sciences and have not lacked ability, but they have
that those who lead it must be intensively had to learn while doing, and this has im-
and specially trained professionals, the way posed too great a handicap."
we prepared our people seemed to reflect a C. D. Jackson, who has been closely asso-
belief that a liberal education gave our policy ciated with our political warfare efforts,
makers and operators, most of the actual
schooling they needed, other than on the job
experience.
' This attitude is seen most clearly at'the
Foreign Science Institute where newly ap-
pointed Foreign Service officers, fresh from
the campus, are given only 9 weeks of gen-
eral orientation training before being com-
mitted to the global conflict of systems"
Only as they are entering midcareer do they
qualify for 13 more weeks at the Institute,
and this training is not only inadequate as
regards communism, it fails to give the stu-
dent even a superficial survey of the range
of measures potentially available to us.
Only when he becomes a senior officer is he
qualified for a 9-month course, and here
the training in nonmilitary conflict, as will
be developed later, is still most inadequate.
This would seem to reflect an attitude that
nonmilitary conflict is really not so complex
and that one can pick up the essentials on
the job. Or it can reflect a general resist-
ence to going beyond the traditional instru-
ments of foreign policy conventionally ap-
plied, which leaves the Communists unop-
posed on much of the political-ideological
terrain.
Lacking an adequate training program, our
cold-war strategists and operators have had
to learn on the job, with tragic consequences.
Furthermore, and this is an important point,
the. conceptual thinking and experience of
careerists is often limited to one agency.
While they may serve on various inter-
agency boards and even attend one of the
other agency schools, they are short on op-
erator experience outside their agency. There
are exceptions-noncareerists like Robert
Lovett and Gordon Gray come to mind, who
have moved around quite a bit.
As previously noted, this stands in marked
contrast to the preparation of,Soviet .con-
flict managers who' have often rotated
through the KGB, Army, AFITPROP, and
Foreign Service.
Henry Kissinger, in his useful study, "Nu-
clear Weapons and Foreign Policy," coin-
mented on this (p. 434) :
"Whatever the qualities of Soviet leader-
ship, its training is eminently political and
conceptual. Reading Lenin or Mao or Stalin,
one is struck by the emphasis on the rela-
tionship between political; military; psycho-
logical, and economic factors, the insistence
on finding a conceptual basis for political
action' and on the need for dominating a
situation by flexible tactics and inflexible
purpose. And the internal struggles in the
nerved reach the top. Against the Politburo, ' providing a broad survey of our cold and hot
trained to think in general terms and freed war machinery, an understanding of the in-
of problems of day-to-day administration, terplay between existing programs, and a
we have pitted leaders overwhelmed with survey of current political, economic, mili-
departmental duties and trained to think tary matters around the world, the war col-
that the cardinal sin is to transgress on leges do a reasonably good job and they en-.
another's field of specialization. To our joy considerable prestige.
leaders, policy is as a series of discreet prob- However,` the War Colleges, despite their
lems; to the Soviet leaders it is an aspect Pxoe11ence. fall far. far short of training
master before they would be able to compete of a continuing political process. As a re-
globally with the superbly prepared conflict suit, the contest between us and the Soviet
managers and cadres directing and imple- system has had many of the attributes of any
menting the Soviet effort. contest between a professional and an
9 The Christian -Science Monitor, Nov. 3, n This is not an argument for an under-
1961, p. 14. graduate foreign service academy. We agree
10 It is remarkable how many people assume this might take students out of the main
that an expert on communism is also an stream of American life at too early a stage
expert on nonmilitary conflict for our side. in their development.
such as they are, for two decades as Deputy
Chief of Psychological Warfare at SHAEF,
later president of the Free Europe Commit-
tee, and finally President Eisenhower's spe-
cial assistant on cold war planning, made
these pertinent observations at the 1959
Senate hearings on the Freedom Academy
bill (pp. 60, 61) :
"If there is a single common denominator
running through these different . experi-
ences-military, civilian, governmental, and
private-it is the difficulty of finding Amer-
leans who have not only an instinct or a
flair for political warfare, but also the ele-
mentary knowledge and training on the na-
ture of the conflict and how to go about
our end of the conduct of this very real and
continuing warfare.
"To be a Communist is to make political
warfare a full-time job and a life commit-
ment. For Americans it is at best a part-
time aspect of some other job, conducted
intermittently and with grossly inadequate
training. There are far too few Americans
who are both dedicated enough and knowl-
edgeable enough to combat communism' ef-
fectively on a. full-time basis. If the Com-
munists are scoring steady. political gains-
and we know they are, in all corners of the
world-it is because they take their political
warfare seriously and we do not. Our great-
est danger; it seems to me, is that we may
let the victory go by default, simply because
too few of us realize the nature and under-
stand the weapons of the struggle.
"Now, Mr. Chairman, if I may repeat and
paraphrase, I am sure that there is a gen-
eral, impression that adequate instruction
places- exist where this art or this profes-
sion can be studied. Actually, sir, there is
no existing place where the whole problem
is pulled together and taught in concen-
trated form and not in bits and pieces. That
is why I think this is a good idea."
During the past decade, the nearest thing
we have had to a training program taking
note of the new forms of struggle has been
at the war colleges. Originally designed to
emphasize military subjects, the colleges
have reoriented their courses to give to na-
tional and international affairs something
approaching a coequal role. Their primary
purpose is to give the officer, often insulated
from nonmilitary matters prior to World
War II, a grasp of the broader aspects of
national strategy. Tiny quotas are also as-
signed from State, USIA, CIA, ICA, Treas-
ury, and Commerce.
more modest. They were designed as finish-
ing schools for military officers-not as train-
ing centers for conflict managers in the new
forms of struggle. Such central subjects as
Communist conflict doctrine are, as noted,
given only the lightest coverage. The all
important subject of psycho-political war-
fare is mentioned, but not studied in depth,
and so forth. The same is true at the senior
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714 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD - SENATE January 22
officer's seminar at FSI. They hardly begin
to open the students' eyes to the whole new
range of operational methods and organiza-
tional forms which we must develop and
master, if we are to successfully resist Com-
munist protracted conflict from the student
organizations of Latin America to the jungle
villages of Vietnam.
. In the spring of 1961 the writer- asked Dr.
Stefan Possony 12 to list some of the impor-
tant subjects not being covered in govern-
ment cold war training programs. Here is
part of his reply:
"If we look at specific gaps, we find that
there is nowhere any instruction on polit-
ical warfare. Sometimes the word is used,
but the speaker usually has no solid back-
ground of information nor is documentation
handy. Nowhere, to my knowledge, is the
subject treated comprehensively, and even
if one agency does devote some attention to
this, I doubt that there is enough compe-
tence throughout the Government. Hence
not only our own operators, but also those
large segments of the U.S. Government who
are the very target of political warfare, are
left in ignorance about the matter.
"Similarly, there is no place where ideol-
ogy is being studied. Ideologies are studied
in universities, of course, but only in terms
of Hegel, Marx, etc. In a deeper operational
sense, notably in view of offensive or de-
fensive manipulation, ideology is not on the
instructional map. I would go so far as to
say that there is no instruction throughout
the Government designed to protect us
against hostile propaganda. It is naively
taken for granted that our people understand
propaganda techniques and have no trouble
distinguishing propaganda from genuine
communications.
"Going beyond propaganda, I am unaware
ofany Government effort dealing with psy-
chological warfare including such important
features as motivation, will, perseverance,
conversion, anxiety neuroses, and other fac-
tors from the area of psychology and
personality.
"There is- unquestionably some pragmatic
experience in economic warfare, but there
is no agency where this problem - is studied
comprehensively. -
"With respect to technological warfare, the
Industrial College of the Armed Forces has
been making some progress, but, essentially,
this school continues to deal with economics
in the traditional sense. -
"The interrelationships between psycho-
logical and technological warfare such as
they manifest themselves in the test-ban
agitation are studied nowhere. The many
scientists who are called upon to advise the
U.S. Government on technological matters
are kept in blissful ignorance about the most
essential i t h th
o n s on -W
i
i
"There are - several efforts to acquaint re-
serve officers and civilian leadership groups
with communism and othes strategic prob-
lems (strategy seminars). But these pro-
grams are intermittent, improvised, and have
too broad or narrow an audience base. No
effort is really made to give the facts to such
key segments of the American people as the
communications industry. Nor is a real ef-
fort made to acquaint public opinion with
the facts of life. Add to this the-unfulfilled
or largely unfulfilled need to increase the
knowledge on communism in Allied coun-
tries, and to give a proper instruction to
exchange people and foreign students, and
you have a good list of the many things we
are not doing."
These gaps in political warfare and its
substrategies of economic, psychological,
technological warfare and propaganda, as
well asoperational communism, could hardly
be more critical, for they are in the very
subjects which are essential to an under-
standing of the conflict we are in.
Without intensive, systematic study of
these subjects, how can a cold war strategist
possibly hope to develop strategy attunded
to the world conflict? To say that specialists
are available to advise him on these mat-
ters is like saying experts on strategy and
tactics are available to a field commander
who has never gotten around to studying
these things himself. Washington advised
Braddock about those unconventional In-
diana and well before the ambush. Unless
the policymaker has himself mastered these
central subjects and can think conceptually
about the nonmilitary conflict, the avail-
ability of specialists will not make a strat-
egist out of him.
When these grave deficiencies are pointed
out, the stock answer is, we know Govern-
ment training programs are inadequate, but
this is supplemented by sending regular
quotas to the better schools of international
studies at our universities. As one State
Department official put it to me, "We like
our people to get the Harvard viewpoint, the
John Hopkins viewpoint, the MIT view-
point."
The point is that our univesrities are con-
centrating on language and area studies and
not on developing or teaching nonmilitary
conflict. Whoever heard of a course in polit-
ical warfare? Yet it is total political war in
which we are engaged.
I do not argue against the desirability of
exposing agency personnel to many view-
points. I do say that when these training
programs, in sum, skim over or bypass sub-
jects essential to an understanding of the
war we are in, they are in no sense a substi-
tute for the Freedom Academy. Language
studies and area studies are essential. But
munist training program,' the whole process
by which they mould their cadre, -concen-
trates on achieving a complete personal com-
mitment. We naively assume motivation.
Our Armed Forces understand its impor-
tance. Paratroop, Marine Corps, and Special
Forces cadres have it, and it-has been care-
fully cultivated in training, because their
tough combat missions require it. Yet non-
military conflicts tests the human will in
more subtle and deadly ways than military
combat, and the will to win is crucial. The
university atmosphere is simply not condu-
cive to developing a complete personal com-
mitment. Sometimes it will, but this is by
accident rather than by -design.
.Many of the programs which are poten-
tially available to us are conditioned on
highly motivated as well as trained person-
nel to implement them.- Men and women
ready to accept any financial sacrifice or
physical rigor, if it contributes to victory;
who will not permit themselves to be af-
fected by the apathy of their associates or
the psychological pressures of the enemy.
Our training program is, of -course, se-
verely handicapped by the - grossly inade-
quate research and development -program in '
nonmilitary conflict. This has kept us from
understanding our potential capacity and
instituting a- training program oriented to
this capacity. It has kept our training pro-
grams confined to thecomparatively narrow
scope of our present knowledge.
Much work has been done at our univer-
sities on area research, especially on the
Soviet Union. The Russian Research Cen-
ter at Harvard and the Russian. Institute at
Columbia have produced a number of books
going into many facets of the Soviet state.
There is an increasing awareness of the need
for African, Latin American, and Eastern
studies, and many area studies areunderway
at our universities. Language training. is
being stepped up. Hundreds of books have
been published on communism 13
Yet, we must - keep constantly before us
the distinction between -studying commu-
nism and the languages, institutions, econ-
omies, and histogies of- foreign countries on
the one hand and researching and develop-
ing the operational-organizational know-
how and the conceptual framework for -non-
military conflict. Only the latter makes it
possible to understand the conflict we are in,
in all its dimensions, and to- apply the full
range of methods and means potentially
available in an integrated, sustained, and
consistent fashion.
It is this operational-organizational
knowledge and a realistic conceptual frame-
work for a global struggle between freedom
and communism which is neglected at our
universities. I do not mean that nothing is
being done about these things at our univer-
sities. Here and there - an individual - pro-
fessor or small group is doing useful work.
This does not change the general picture.
There seems to be a-feeling that the opera-
tional problems of nonmilitary conflict are
not a suitable subject for the campus.
The- Soviets also engage in extensive area
and lanugage studies, and in African studies
they are probably ahead of us. But it is not
this which gives them their great advantage.
Rather, it is the systematic way in which
they have thought out and mastered all the
organizational forms and operational tech-
niques which are possible in a total power
struggle and the way in which they apply
these flexibly yet systematically and consist-
p
c s
r adv
ce has a until the strategist has also studied in depth
bearing. Communist conflict doctrine and political,
"Academic instruction is one thing and ideological, psychological, organizational, ec-
operational training another. The opera- onomic conflict from our viewpoint, as well
tional training the U.S. Government has been as the Soviets, he canont relate the other
providing, even in its trade schools, is quite knowledge to the world struggle-he cannot
inadequate, partly because operational rec- "reorient our forces of all kinds" in the new
ords are kept highly classified and are with- forms of struggle;
held from instruction. Once a particular op- - The urgent need Is for rounded cold war
eration is terminated, the data and the les- strategists. Our universities are attuned to
sons learned could be incorporated into the developing scholars and specialists. - The
instructional materials, but this is not done, urgent need is for operational-organizational
possibly with the occasional exception of one know-how in the new dimensions of struggle.
trade school. Our universities are attuned to language and
area studies or to international law and
xa Dr. Possony, author of the pioneering diplomacy in a more conventional context.
book, "A Century of Conflict" (1953), and There is another most important reason
co-author of "A Forward Strategy for Amer- why our universities fall short. This has to
ica" (1960), has devoted much of hisadult do with motivation and the will to victory.
life to a study of Soviet conflict methods. Motivation is the most essential element we
He is a professor at Georgetown, past faculty must instill in our people at all levels. We
member at the National War College, occa- are constantly told that the Communists
sional lecturer at PSI, and adviser to the work harder with more dedication than their
Defense Department on Soviet affairs. opponents. - This is true because the Com-
"In many of these books, the - author - in
the closing chapter feels the need to suggest
countermeasures. Usually they have little
to offer. This is most revealing as to our
low level of knowledge in the area of non-
military conflict.
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1963 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD - SENATE
715
ently with clearly understood purpose within "In our schools and colleges we can find these have been well run. Sometimes they
an all-encompassing conceptual framework. many courses in ancient history, in philos- have been unnecessarily partisan. There is
This gives them the capability of using the ophy, courses on the great movements of seldom any follow-up. Last fall the Univer-
production of their area studies to best ad- the past, the conquests of ancient times sity of Southern California received a $350,-
vantage, from Alexander the Great to Napoleon. 000 gift to establish a school on "Communist
The Government research effort in non- Courses on Communist theory and practices Strategy and Tactics." Presently it is offer-
military conflict has been a bits-and-pieces are few and far between. ing 6 weeks of night classes. This event was
affairs. There has been considerable ad hoc "By and large, however, in our educational so unique- in the academic world, it received
inquiry into specific, limited operational institutions, except inthe graduate field or wide press coverage. It Is a small, but hope-
problems as they arise. There has not been in specialized schools and seminars, these ful beginning.
an organized, comprehensive effort to think subjects are not generally taught. It is when we come to requirement No. 5,
through - the full range of methods and. "There is a real urgency to build up our however-not merely understanding commu-
means potentially available to us. The em-- knowledge on the entire background of the nism and the nature of the global struggle
phasis has been on meeting the day-to-day Communist thrust against our civilization, between systems, but knowing how the pri-
problems, rather than a long-range research "The people of this country are and will vate sector can contribute to winning this
and development effort to systematically de-, continue to be basically opposed to com- struggle-that the extent of the research
velop our national capacity to engage in the _ munism in general. This opposition is based and training gap really becomes apparent.
new dimensions of struggle. Furthermore, - more on instincts than on knowledge. This The very idea of the private sector playing
the existing operational knowledge and re- is not enough. Our people should be suf- a large role in the cold war may seem novel.
search has not been assembled at one place ficiently educated in all of the ramifications The Orlando committee, after years of con-
so that we can determine what has already of communistic intrigues and its historical sidering the problem, is convinced that many
been done, define the gaps to be filled, and background, its purposes, and programs of our most difficult cold-war problems are
then set about in an organized way to fill 'adequately to contribute toward an effective susceptible of partial solution, at least,
these gaps.' answer. through a wide range of method and means
The result of this research and training "The initiative for new knowledge comes which can be implemented by the private
failure is that our policymakers simply do more often from those of us who want to sector-provided our private institutions and
not know what our national potential Is in learn than from those who teach, But let civic organizations have among their mem-
the global struggle. - A whole range of means us also call on our educators, and on those bers some who have received at least a little
which could be available to us do not enter in authority who have influence over the systematic training about communism, the
into our planning, because our policymakers development of our educational system to global conflict, and what the private sector
have not been prepared to understand these begin to expand the realistic teaching of can contribute. Without such trained and
things, our operators have not been trained the history and policies of communism." motivated people, what the private sector
to implement them, and our research has not Mr. Dulles was overly generous in his ref- can do is limited. With them, even in com-
.been attuned to finding out what they are. erence to the graduate field. One- expert paratively small numbers, the range of ac-
Therefore, in seeking our national objec? recently advised me, "I do not think there tivities * * * is almost unlimited. Yet, as
tives we employ only a fraction of the meth.. are more than half a dozen courses in the in the case of schoolteachers, we have ne-
ods and means potentially available. Again entire country that cover communism as glected to provide anywhere a training pro-
and again -an objective is approached along such and, if so, discuss operational tech- gram which would enable any significant
a few well-worn avenues when a whole com- nique rather than political philosophy and number of private citizens to learn about
plex of access roads lead directly or indirectly history. If there are more such courses they these things. -
to the same objective. Ours has been a would be outside regular degree curricula." Today the private sector wants to partici-
limited approach to strategy, while the Com- - A course covering political philosophy in the pate. From personal experience, and this
munists employ all arms. 19th and 20th centuries in which the stu- has been -confirmed by others I have talked
Our greatest weakness is that we continue dent reads the "Communist Manifesto" and with, I can testify a marked change has oc-
to plan too much in terms of present ca- "State and Revolution," does practically curred in the public's attitude toward the
pacity rather than interms of systematically nothing to prepare him- to understand the cold war. Responsible citizens who showed
developing capacity in the new dimensions of conflict we are in. Nor do a few chapters on little concern even a year or two ago, are
conflict by instituting a research and train- - Russia since 1917 in a modern European his- now crowding forward to ask "What can we
ing program organized to fill the five require- tory course. - Yet this is about all that many do?" They are worried. They sense that
ments I have listed. colleges offer. - the business as usual civic projects now
Consider requirement No. 4-adequate As Dulles emphasized, this Instruction engaging their time are a little remote in
public knowledge about communism and the should begin in our secondary schools. Here terms of the present world situation. Many
global struggle. Again there is no evidence the gap is almost complete. - Actually some display eagerness to involve themselves and
of an organized effort which can hope to ft [I public pressure is developing to institute their organizations in worthwhile projects
the gap. courses on "Communism Versus Democracy" that have some real bearing on winning the
It should be emphasized once again that in our high schools. However, even if our cold war. These axe responsible civic lead
adequate generalized knowledge about com- schools wanted to do this, and some now do, ere, who understand the battle must be won
munism and Communist conflict technique they are stymied because no teachers have in Latin America and Africa as well as Ho-
can only be obtained through a systematic been trained to give such courses, or to in- boken, and by a combination of positive as
training program or a heavy amount of or- clude the subject in adequate form In social well as negative programs.
ganized reading. It is no answer to say science and history courses. By and large, however, this increasing de-
that our news media give excellent coverage Nothing demonstrates our research and sire to participate has been frustrated by
of world events. They present a hodge-
podge of uncorrelated facts which leave the training failure better than this failure to lack of trained leadership at the community,
untrained individual with a blurred image teach the teachers. Again and again civic State, and National levels and advanced
of communism. Nor is it any answer to say organizations, the American Bar Association knowledge on what the private sector can do.
there are many good books about communism for example, have urged such instruction. This is disturbing, because every day im-
in our libraries, when no 'significant nurn- And each time they run up against the same portent opportunities are slipping by, some
ber of people are reading these books, or roadblock. -There is little evidence our never to reappear. But our civic leaders
reading them in sufficient quantity. teachers colleges and State universities are. lack the training to enable them to visualize
It should be kept In mind there is little doing anything to remedy the situation or these opportunities or the methods and
in theexperience of our people to prepare that they have instructors themselves, in means their organizations could employ to
them to understand the present struggle. many instances, who are prepared to teach take advantage of them.
The type of enemy we face, the confusing these things. It is unrealistic to expect our The little training that is available, like
array of methods and means used against busy teachers to educate themselves In this the strategy seminars, has one common fail-
us, the skillful deception, the ambiguous na- difficult subject. Under mounting- pressure, ing. It gets the student all stirred up and
ture of enemy moves, the misleading vocab- - courses will begin to appear in our high then suggests little or nothing he can do.
ulary, the slow, and often concealed erosion schools, but their quality, in the absence of There is a good reason why. In this tough
of our position, the seemingly disconnected systematically trained teachers, will leave and complex struggle the things the private
events in all parts of the globe, subversion much to be desired. sector can do are not as obvious as some
raised to the level of a science, the stagger- There are a few bits and pieces, small scale imagine. Knowing something about the
Ing long range implications of the Soviet attempts to overcome public ignorance. enemy is not sufficient preparation for mak-
industrial, technological, scientific effort, are The War Colleges bring in a few private citi- ing an effective contribution. It will re-
all foreign to our experience. zens, mostly reserve officers, for 1- or 2-week quire a concentrated, systematic research
Our, secondary schools and universities strategy seminars. These range over such program involving, a broad cross section of
are an obvious place to make a beginning. a wide area they can provide only the skimp- experts with a maximum cross fertilization
Yet by and large they offer almost nothing. fe coverage of
have initiated schools on communism, the ideas methods and means the private
Allen Dulles, In his August 1960 speech to group
the VFW, commented: usually of 1 to 5-day duration. Sometimes sector can employ-if the private sector is
No. 9-3
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716 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD - SENATE
to participate on a sustained and systematic
basis.
A number of private organizations are
making some contribution here and over-
seas. Certain foundations are spending
substantial sums overseas on a range of proj-
ects that sometimes have at least an indi-
rect bearing. The AFL-CIO has done con-
siderable work in Latin America, Africa, Eu-
rope and Asia attempting to build up free
labor against the Communist onslaught. If
you go through the whole list of private
participation, at first glance it appears im-
pressive.
In fact; it is not. Only a tiny fraction of
the. Ingenuity, talent, and strength that
could be brought to bear here and overseas
is being utilized. The great majority of our
civic organizations are uninvolved. Much
of what is being done is mediocre in terms
of what it could be, if we had trained, mo-
tivated people to carry out these programs.
To my knowledge, there is no comprehen-
sive, organized effort going on anywhere to
research and think through the full range
of methods and means the private sector
can properly employ. Nor does any existing
center have the staff, funds, or directive to
undertake this enormous and challenging
job. Yet, until the problem is considered
whole, until a wide range of expert knowl-
edge is focused on the problem, we can
never know what the true capacity of the
private sector Is.
In planning our strategy in the nonmili-
tary area, we tend to downgrade the role of
the private sector and this is realistic, con-
sidering its present limited capacity. The
point is that we can very likely develop a
very large capacity to participate with the
type of research and training program en-
visioned for the Freedom Academy. Instead
of bemoaning the lethargy, indifference, and
seeming incapacity of the private sector, we
should recognize these are the natural and
expected results of our neglect to institute
an adequate research and training program.
The President's speech of April 20, 1961, to
the American Society of Newspaper Editors
Indicates the administration may have
turned a corner in its comprehension of the
inadequacy of our strategy and the means
of implementation in nonmilitary conflict.
I was particularly struck by these words:
"It is clear that the forces of communism
are not to be underestimated in Cuba or
anywhere else in the world. The advantages
of a police state, its use of mass terror and
arrest to prevent the spread of free dissent,
cannot be overlooked by those who expect
the fall of every fanatic tyrant.
"If the self-discipline of the free cannot
match the iron discipline of the mailed fist
in economic, political, scientific, and all the
other kinds of struggle as well as the mili-
tary, then the peril to freedom will continue
to rise. * * * -
"It is clearer than ever that we face a re-
lentless struggle in every corner of the globe
that goes far beyond the clashof armies or
even nuclear armaments,
"We dare not fail to see the insidious na-
ture of this new and deeper struggle. We
dare not fail to grasp the new concept, the
new tools, the new sense of urgency we will
need to conbat it. ^ * * And we dare not
fall to realize that this struggle is taking
place every day without fanfare in thousands
of villages and markets day and night and
in classrooms all over the globe. * * *
"Too long we have fixed our eyes on tradi-
tional military needs; on armies prepared to
cross borders; on missiles poised - for flight.
Now It should be clear that this is no longer
enough; that our security may be lost piece
by piece, country by country, without the fir-
ing of a single missile or the crossing of a
single border.
"We intend to profit from this lesson. We
intend to reexamine and reorient our forces
of all kinds; our tactics and our institutions
here in this community. We Intend to In-
tensify our efforts for a struggle in many
ways more difficult than war."
These are hopeful words. Whether the
corner has been turned will depend in good
measure on the training and research effort
we now inaugurate to prepare us to under-
stand and master the new concepts, the new
tools which will enable us to reexamine and
reorient our forces of all kinds, our tactics,
and our institutions.
For many years I have felt that one of the
best indicators of future Soviet intentions is
their immediate research and training effort.
No one who noted the stepped up training of
Latin Americans at Prague beginning in 1954
would have been misled by Khrushchev's
protestations of peaceful coexistence.
By the same token I will remain unim-
pressed by talk about new methods and
means until an adequate research and train-
ing program is inaugurated to provide them.
The question is this. Will the administra-
tion take the position that the existing re-
search and training program is adequate, or
can be made adequate with a little more em-
phasis on nonmilitary conflict? Or will the
administration admit that we have not even
come close to an adequate research and
training effort in the new dimensions of con-
flict, and then set about systematically creat-
ing national capacity for the long haul in the
new forms of struggle?
The President is on record that we can lose
everything If we fail to master the new forms
of struggle. As'of today there is not a single
center in or out of government where this
vast subject is pulled together and taught
in concentrated form 11 Yet, only when It is
considered whole can we understand the na-
ture of the challenge and generate an ade-
quate response. .-.?
SCHOOL ASSISTANCE IN FEDERALLY
AFFECTED AREAS
Mr. MOSS. Mr. President, the pro-
gram of Federal school assistance to local
school districts under Public Laws 874
and 815 has now been operating success-
fully for 12 years. It has served all of
our 50 States, Guam, Puerto Rico, and
the Virgin Islands under many` diverse
situations and conditions, and served
them remarkably well.
n The Senate Judiciary Committee in Its
June 1960 report on the Freedom Academy
bill made this finding:
"1. No concentrated, systematic effort is
being made to develop an integrated opera-
tional science for our side which will meet
the entire Soviet attack and work toward our
long-range national objectives in a coordi-
nated manner, utilizing every area of poten-
tial strength in the public and private sec-
tors. We have not thought through all of
the short- and long-range methods and
means which freemen' can properly use
when faced with a Soviet-type challenge, and
we have not integrated these methods into
a broad strategic plan. This is especially
true in the field of political and economic
warfare. Bits and pieces of the problem are
being worked on within the Government and
at some universities, and part of this devel-
opment work is of a high order, but the
total effort falls far short of seeking an in-
tegrated, operational science and does not
begin to develop our true potential.
"2. Nowhere today can Government per-
sonnel or private citizens receive broad spec-
trum training In cold war, especially in the
large and highly complex field of political
and economic war. Not only do we lack top
level schools, we do not even mave interme-
diate or lower level schools. There is no
place where the bits and pieces are pulled
together and taught in concentrated form."
January 22
During this time, the impacted-area
laws have been extended many times,
and have been adjusted again and again
to meet new situations and to iron out
inequities. Public 'Law 815, which pro-
vides construction funds, was extended,
or its provisions modified to adjust as-
sistance to recently modified needs, three
times in the 83d Congress, three times
in the 84th Congress, three times in the
85th Congress, three times in the 86th
Congress, and once more in the 1st ses-
sion of the 87th Congress.
Public Law 874, which provides oper-
ation and maintenance funds in feder-
ally impacted areas, was extended, or
modified, with similar purposes in view,
three times in the 83d Congress, five
times in the 84th Congress, twice in the
85th Congress, three times in the 86th
Congress and once in the 87th Congress,
1st session.
The Members of Congress who sit on
the committees responsible for the im-
pacted-area laws have shown great will-
ingness to adjust the laws to fit newly
emerging situations, and the Congress
has given almost unanimous support to
the recommendations of the committees.
As a result, in 1962, approximately 11
million schoolchildren, or close to one-
third of all pupils attending public ele-
mentary and secondary schools, were in
attendance at a school in one of the 4,065
school districts receiving aid under one
or more of the impacted-area programs.
Federal property forming a basis for this
assistance totalled 255 million acres.
There were some 5,288 different Federal
properties claimed by applicants as a
basis for federally connected children.
I quote these figures to indicate how
widespread the programs are, and the
increasingly important impact this as-
sistance is having on all public elemen-
tary and secondary education in the
United States.
In my State of Utah, in 1962, 12 school
districts were aided under Public Law
874, the operation and maintenance law,
receiving a total of $2,257,342. Two
school districts were helped by Public
Law 815, the school construction law,
receiving $1,094,329. In a relatively
small State like Utah, where there is a
high birthrate, a personal income aver-
age below the national average, and
more children in public schools per
capita than in any other State, the $3
million in school assistance provided by
these two laws was welcome, indeed, in-
despensible.
Some provisions of these valuable and
highly regarded laws have been made
permanent, but others are under tem-
porary extension, and will expire on
June 30 of this year. I hope that in this
session we can give these programs early
and careful consideration, so we will not
be faced with pushing them through at
the last moment-or even after they
have expired, as was the case in the 1st
session of the 87th Congress-and that
we can also consider carefully some ad-
justments which would broaden the pro=
grams slightly to allow other schools to
participate and would also clear up in-
equities. I am, therefore, introducing a
bill today which I hope will be a basis for
such action.
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