CASTRO'S EXTORTION

• Document Type: CREST
• Collection: General CIA Records
• Document Number (FOIA) /ESDN (CREST): CIA-RDP64B00346R000200160034-0
• Release Decision: RIFPUB
• Original Classification: K
• Document Page Count: 10
• Document Creation Date: December 16, 2016
• Document Release Date: September 29, 2004
• Sequence Number: 34
• Publication Date: January 1, 1961
• Content Type: OPEN

Approved For Release 200 IA-
68000200160034-0 A3779
1961 CONGRESSIONAL -
marine could be ready for sea would be committee be committed to granting it. [From the Oakland (Calif.) Tribune, May 23,
19611
August of 1965 with a delivery gap of 9 It would merely be an insurance policy 'S EXTORTION
for defense, EXTORTION
months. If the date were March, the which would preserve the gains of the CASTRO'S
1 cent for
gap would be 10 months. If it were May Kennedy acceleration without building tribute," "Millions for de a philosophy 1 cent for
`r but in sums
Americans ilo in the political
o? 1962-and this is more reasonable- in the deceleration presently contained t
the gap would be a full 12 months. Is in S. 1852. gradation of the United sthis orderly long-range planning? Does I am not enough of an expert to say t It was of t the nteed States.
the early days
it make sense to expand our production how many of these submarines should be of the Republic and means flatly and Cate-
facilities to "one per month" and then built. But in the absence of testimony gorically that the United States will always
cut it off for a full year? Is not this pro- to the contrary, I must accept the clear resist international blackmail, subtle or
curement in "fits", gasps," and "spurts"? case which has been built over the years overt.
Mr. Chairman, I repeat, it is clear for a fleet of 45. 1 have every hope that Ben and we have been raiihs tra-
in our
relAtions post
nearly dtwo epnst centuries,
that the long leadtime items cannot be the present Secretary of Defense will see di ditionn nd used as a guide
acquired under the terms of section the wisdom in the program recom- is why Castro's extortion attempt is so dan-
412(b) of the Military Construction Act mended by experts and eventually gerous.
of 1959 for any boats except those au- recommend such a fleet. But, in the Castro's brazen demand for bulldozers and
thorized in this bill. meantime, we should not tie his hands tractors in exchange for the pitiful freedom
It is clear that if a one-per-month so that he is forced to lose a full year in fighters he now holds up for ransom is dou-
schedule is to be maintained, the long achieving his recommendation when he la always because the Americapublic
rtheir
rve always before o the
lways . put They their
leadtime items for the 30th and suc- makes it. ocketbooks
ceeding boats must be funded in fiscal I only recommend additional authori- pnderdog.
year 1962. Without authorization in S. zation. Without it we cannot achieve But consider these questions:
1852, they cannot be funded in fiscal a strength of 45 boats without the loss of What if Castro had asked for commercial
year 1962. a year's time. With the authorization airliners or cargo ships instead of farm
Therefore, no matter how we look at we do not procure a single item which equipment. The logic is the same and re-
it, and no matter how much we point will be wasted. MY plea is for time member that Cuba squats only 90 miles from
with pride to the Kennedy acceleration, which, once lost, can never be regained. our eAm rican shores. portant
we will have a Polaris delivery gap of 1 Long-range planning is essential for P more pay to
year and a disruption of the one-per- our Defense Establishment. Let us not effect Cuba that would mhaveaking on a the cadre blackmail sp pay en tto
month schedule. plan in fits, jumps, and spurts. Let us international Communist conspiracy.
During the hearings on H.R. 6151, give the Department of Defense the Would it not be interpreted as a show
there was much concern expressed over chance to continue orderly procure- of fear on the part of America, a position
the fact that no authorization for new ment. We must authorize six additional of weakness, and a clear example that we t manned bombers was requested. The fleet ballistic missile submarines in this have abandoned
answer, of oo siteo is aost pa gig
entire committee, including myself, felt bill. tribute? The "Yes."
that failure to authorize additional Mr. Charman, at the appropriate time, It must also be remembered that the ef-
bombers could be interpreted as the total I shall offer an -amendment authorizing facts will be the same whether the tractors
adoption by the Congress of the missile six additional Polaris submarines. and bulldozers are paid for through the gen-
concept and the final rejection of the The issues involved in my amendment erous donations of a sympathetic American
bomber concept. A great deal of con- are quite clear. public-the anti-Castro. Cubans now In the
cern was expressed that assembly lines First of all, do we want a Polaris gap United d States, or the U.S. Defense Depart-
manufacturing the B-52. and B-58 of l year? Commu-
bombers would be closed down and that Secondly, will we nullify a dramatic It nest- woulsuld coup mean that was any time successful a anywhere
mmuorderly procurement would stop. As a acceleration with a 1-year deceleration? in the world, Americans would be seized and
result, we authorized additional bomb-. Thirdly, when there is no risk of waste, held for ransom. Where would it end?
ers. can we afford not to be sure? Before any commitment is made to ran-
Although it is true that S. 1852 does And lastly, are we going to allow an Born these men-however gallant their un-
search
sub ar authorization for more Polaris of 1 full year in the orderly deeply dertaking-the into its American collective public must conscience and
submarines while the original bill con- interruption
the procurement schedule we have fought so consider the real eventual price it will pay
tamed no dons are co pa bombers, far hard to achieve? by giving in to this present blackmail.
two Situations arc comparable insofar At the appropriate time, I earnestly No one can help but sympathize deeply
tithe maicerned. c orderly heoone- hope the House will support my amend- with the plight of the prisoners and under-
on is concerned. Achieving the one_ stand the selfless desires of the mercy fund per-month schedule of "Polaris deliveries organization being formed on nonpartisan
merit.
lines to rescue them.
and then stopping it for 1 year does as What we are suggesting is that the men-
much violence to the orderly production stro!s Extortion for-machines swap has far deeper and fun-
of ships as no new authorization would Ca damental implications for Americans and
have done for bombers. I respectfully our country than merrely raising a few mil-
suggest, Mr. Chairman, that the same EXTENSION OF REMARKS lion dollars to pay off kidnaper.
argument successfully applied for bomb- OF
HON. STYLES BRIDGES [From the Boston Herald, May 22, 19611
ers should be applied for Polaris sub-
marines. MILLIONS FOR TRIBUTE
a small but
I do not wish to tie the present ad- OF NEW HAMPSHIRE
ministration to the policy of its prate- IN THE SENATE OF THE UNITED STATES Once upon a time there was proud nation that refused to buy protection
cessors, nor to the previous planning of Thursday, May 25, 1961 from anyone. When a piratical country sev-
naval experts. But additional authori- Mr. BRIDGES. Mr. President, I ask eral thousand miles away seized its ships and
zation of six Polaris submarines in S. demanded ransom, the small nation fitted
1852 will not do this. It only provides unanimous consent to have printed in out a fleet and blew the pirates off the map.
insurance against delay while the new the Appendix of the RECORD editorials Its motto then was, "Millions for defense,
administration is determining its own from two outstanding newspapers in the but not one cent for tribute."
policy regarding the number of subma- Nation-one which appeared in the A century and a half later the small na-
rines we should eventually build. The Boston Herald, Boston, Mass., May 22 tion had grown rich and powerful. But
funding of long leadtime items in fiscal entitled "Millions for Tribute," and the when a piratical neighbor 90 miles off its
year 1962 could not possibly be a waste other entitled "Castro's Extortion" from coast seized persons under its protection and
even if the decision was finally made to the May 23 edition of the Oakland Trib- demanded , fit make inally m500 tra top tsr the mind
terminate the Polaris program at the une, Oakland, Calif., which is pub- wsafe hat e urn,
29th boat. The items are identical with lished by our former colleague, William Finally a group of leading citizens an-
nounced which can be used in other nu- Knowland. nounced that it would raise the ransom
clear submarines. The administration There being no objection, the editorials price. It sent a telegram to the pirate leader
would not be committed to request were ordered to be printed in the REC- saying thattoward it was the paying sthertere and ordered deep
funding nor would the Appropriations ORD, as follows: humanity
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CONGRESSIONAL RECORD -APPENDIX
sense of Iriendship" for the rank-and-Sle
pirates. he government, relieved to have
the decision taken out of its hands, agreed
to facilitate the export of the ransom trac-
tors.'
The arrangement naturally pleased the pi-
rates, who were anxious to cultivate such
profitable riendships. When the ransom
was paid t ey turned over the prisoners, only
slightly th worse for wear, and then looked
around for more friends of the rich and pow-
erful country whom they could seize and
hold for r nsom. Indeed, the thing looked
so good th t everybody began grabbing pris-
oners and ending off ransom notes.
Soon th rich and powerful nation was
poor and mall again. But it was a long
time beforel it recovered Its pride.
Murder Is Not a Childish Prank
EXTENSION OF REMARKS
OF
HqN. BRUCE ALGER
OF TEXAS
IN THE HHoUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES
Th rsday, may 25, 1961
Mr. AL ER. Mr. Speaker, it is time
we faced p to the fact that coddling
criminals b cause they happen to also be
teenagers i not the answer to so-called
Juvenile de inquency. There is a differ-
ence betw en breaking windows and
committing murder. Our laws must rec-
ognize Seri us crime for what it is if we
are to mee and solve one of America's
gravest pro lems:
GE NG AWAY WrrH MURDER
On readin President Kennedy's proposals
for a feder Ily directed "total attack" on
juvenile deli quency. a responsible parent
may wonder whether he and Mr. Kennedy
are worrying about the same thing.
The Presid nt, it seems to us, has missed
an opportun ty- to inject some clarity into
the discussio of a fogbound subject, per-
haps because he misses the-point of the Na-
tion's cone 'r . Nowhere in his remarks is
the euphe ism "juvenile delinquency"
pulled apart to reveal the multitude of evils
it embraces.
What alar s a community is not truancy,
window brea ing, and apple filching. It is
robbery, ra , and murder, committed by
criminals wh happen also to be teenagers
or even young r. And "criminal" is the exact
word. In Ne York City the other day, a 15-
year-old stabbed to death a 14-year-old he
had never s n before." His explanation:
"He got sno y." This was the seventh
youth gang urder in that section of the
city this year, and the fourth in just 17 days.
In too man places, the merely wayward
youngster an the truly dangerous youth
alike have enj yed society's impartial solici-
tude. In the f ce of alarming evidence to the
contrary, the sentimental assumption per-
sists that eve y young hoodlum can be re-
deemed if mci ty will only love and under-
stand him. B t this turns the issue upside-
down. The ne essity for understanding does
not rest with society, but with the young
criminal who s contemptuous of its rules.
The remedy for the worsening problem of
juvenile crime does not lie mainly in more
study, worksh ps or projects. Indeed, there
is no pat solu ion. But a big step toward
a solution would surely be for all commu-
nities to draw he line between delinquency
and crime.
No community needs Federal help to make
that commonsense distinction. Those com-
munities which let young criminals literally
get away with murder are already shirking
their responsibilities. If they let Washing-
ton try to take over the problem, they are
abdicating their responsibilities.
Memorial Day
EXTENSION OF REMARKS
OF
HON. RICHARD L. ROUDEBUSH
OF INDIANA
IN THE HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES
Thursday, May'- 25, 1961
Mr. ROUDEBUSH. Mr. Speaker, this
is our Memorial Day around the world.
Memorial Day, May 30, is distinctly an
Americari institution. It is a deeply sig-
nificant, sentimental custom established
by our people more than 90 years ago.
The American Memorial Day is being
observed in every community across our
Nation, also in many foreign lands upon
the high seas.
This special day is the brief moment
we set aside from our busy lives to pause
before the resting places of our departed
loved ones-to remember them and to
eulogize the honored dead. This is the
day of tribute to those who live only in
history. - -
When we have concluded our short
ceremonies here and turn back to our
daily tasks, we shall leave with the dead
our tributes, expressed in words and with
flowers. But of even' greater import is
the fact that we, ourselves, will have
gained new spiritual and mental enlight-
enment through this experience.
This is not a day for sadness. In fact,
when we consider all of its facets, we
find that Memorial Day has great beauty
and that it has truly inspiring depths.
There are the colors of our flag and
flowers for the eye to admire. There are
the carefully chosen words of prose, po-
etry, song, and prayer for the ear to
hear. All these touch our hearts and
minds and our conscience. They re-
awaken in us a new realization that we
are influenced in large measure by those
who have gone before us, and by their
contributions to our lives.
It does i?ot matter who we are, nor
the differences between our religious
thinking on racial stock. The principles
represented by this Memorial Day are the
same to each of us. We are all Ameri-
cans. This is our special day, and here
we stand together in tribute to our own
national family.
Following the same line of thought,
,when we honor the dead we-do not weigh
the stations they held in life. It does
not matter whether they were rich or
poor, young or old, whether they were
intellectuals, craftsmen, students, or la-
borers. At the poet John Ingalls ex-
pressed it, in the democracy of the dead,
all men at last are equal, There is nei-
ther rank nor station nor prerogative in
the republic of the grave.
In those days of combat, it did not
matter who our fellow defenders were,
And so it is now in our homage to them.
It makes no difference whether they
May 25
were native sons or the foreign born,
whether they were white or black or
brown, gentiles or Jews, Protestants or
Catholics. In the final analysis, all that
has ever counted is the fact that they
were Americans and that they gave their
lives in the defense of our homes and of
our ideals of freedom.
Now, it may be a little difficult for us
who are gathered hereto realize that we
are part of a vast, worldwide, commemo-
rative service on this special day. We
are but a small portion of the living who
are honoring the dead. And these souls
to whom we are directing our immediate
attention are but a very few of the total
number of American honored dead
around the world.
What we are doing here is actually
symbolic. Our contribution to the over-
all Memorial Day observance is being du-
plicated by millions of other people
throughout our land and in several for-
eign countries. To make the point clear,
let us consider the following facts:
There are more than 1 million names
on the honor rolls of the American war
dead. Those are the men who have
fought and died for our country since
this Nation was founded some 185 years
ago.
What we say here today expresses our
tribute to all of those honored ones.
The praise we give the other departed
war veterans of our personal acquaint-
ance is, in reality, praise for all who
have served in the Armed Forces of our
Nation.
We cannot return the dead, therefore
the only remaining course is to extend
ourselves to them through the sincerity
and beauty of our memorial services.
That is what our people are doing today
at home and abroad. Let us look at the
whole picture for a moment.
Throughout the 'United States and in
some 25 American military cemeteries
beyond our shores, the mortal remains
of some 400,000 Americans who gave
their lives in World War I, World War II,
and the Korean conflict are buried-or
they are recorded as missing in action.
On this Memorial Day, special cere-
monies are being held at 8 American
military cemeteries or special memorials
in France, England, and Belgium, where
nearly 31,000 World War I dead are
Similar services are being held for
76,000 World War II dead at 14 other
American cemeteries in England,
France, Belgium, Luxembourg, Holland,
Italy, and Tunisia.
Also, special services are being held
for more than 90,000 other World War
II and Korean -war dead buried or re-
corded as missing at American ceme-
teries in Puerto Rico, Hawaii, Alaska,
and the Philippines.
In addition, special services are being
held for the war dead at the Tomb of
the Unknowns and some 99,000 other
war dead buried at Arlington National
Cemetery, on Virginia soil, across the
Potomac from Washington, D.C.
Most of these final resting places are
a long way from us. But, in reality,
they are very close to our hearts.
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CONGRESSIONAL RECORD -'SENATE May
One of the ablest research men whom Welfare, sometimes in the office of the said that apparently a new procedure
I observed working in the Senate in my majority leader, and sometimes in the" had been adopted, and indicated that
years of service, a keen student, a thor- committee room itself. On those occa- perhaps I had become subject to over-
ough preparer of material for the com- sions, we hammered out a bill on the confidence and had engaged in some ir-
mittee who leaves no stone remain un- basis of conscionable adjustment of regularity, because today there arrived
turned in his search for answers, is those differences of opinion which de- on Capitol Hill a print of Senate bill 1021
Charles Lee. velop in the consideration of a bill as which bears the notation-"Passed the
To him, again in behalf of the com- complex as this bill. Senate May 25, 1961." They pointed out
mittee, I express my appreciation. I One of the things of which I shall al- that that notation had been printed on
am proud of the fact that Charles Lee ways be proud, and of which I think the the bill even before the bill had actually
holds a masters degree in political committee can be proud, is that we could been put to a record vote in the Senate.
sicence from the University of Minne- come to the floor of the Senate and say I did not know anything about the
sota. He has a long record of outstand- to the Senate, "We are presenting a bill printing procedures; so, as the RECORD
ing service in my State and also has a which has the approval not only of its will show, I said I did not know about it;
great war record, something about which sponsors and those who voted to report but that I would find out, and that it was
we never hear him talk. But it is a it from committee, but also the approval not done on any orders or authorization
war record which is deeply moving of the officials of the administration." of mine. I said I was sure it was not a
when it is fully known. He is a resi- That cannot be done frequently in the substantive matter, but no doubt was one
dent of Portland, Oreg., and I am proud Senate. If Senators want my opinion as of common procedure.
to call him a fellow Oregonian and a to one of the major reasons why it was Now I have ascertained the facts, and
constituent of mine. possible to pass the bill, defeating every the RECORD should show them, so that
On the Republican side of the staff, I amendment which was offered which we those who read the RECORD will not be
express my appreciation again to Mike wanted defeated, accepting only two left in doubt, and so there-wil be no ques-
Bernstein and Ray Hurley, who were amendments with which we were in com- tion about the propriety of the course
most capable assistants, not only to the plete agreement, and which we decided of action which was followed.
Senator from Arizona [Mr. GOLDWATER], we wanted adopted after the bill had The enrolling clerk of the Senate,
the Senator from Illinois [Mr. DIRKSEN7, been reported from the committe, it was who has been employed by the Senate
and the other Republican members of that we had the administration behind for 30 years, advises me that the proce-
the subcommittee; but who, when we us, both at the White House level and at duce which was followed last night,
sometimes needed help from them even the level of the Department of Health, after the third reading, in sending the
on our side of the aisle, to check up on Education, and Welfare. bill to the Government Printing Office
the material which was put into the The RECORD should show this, because for printing, is a practice of 30 years'
RECORD by the Senator from Arizona, for if it did not show it, I do not know how standing. I am sure that my friend,
example, always gave us whatever facts my very deep and appreciative feelings the Senator from Arizona [Mr. GOLD-
we needed in relation to the material and really sentimental reaction could WATER], and my friend, the Senator
which was being used by the Republi- be made a part of this historic record. from Illinois [Mr. DIRxsEN], will be glad
cans. They recognized that that, too, Only part of all the nice things that to have that enlightening Information,
was their duty, just as it was the duty have been said about the work we have just as I am glad to have it. They will
of the representatives of the majority done are deserved. in that connection be pleased to know that no irregularity
side of the committee. I wish to say that a very great deal of at all was followed. The enrolling clerk
The Department of Health, Educa- the credit is due the chief sponsor of the of the Senate informs me that the prac-
tion, and Welfare made available to us bill in the House of Representatives, tice is to send the bill to the Govern-
at all times one of their experts, Mr. Representative THOMPSON of New Jersey. ment Printing Office immediately after
Dave Martin. I express the committee's Today I received a call from the White the third reading of the bill, so that a
appreciation for his excellent work. House and also a call from the Depart- so-called "clean copy" of the bill can be
Other members of the staff of the full ment of Health, Education, and Wel- printed. Then it can at once be placed
committee assisted us. I desire to thank fare, and was told that the administra- in the hands of the legislative counsel,
especially Mr. Stewart McClure, the chief tion refers to this bill as the Morse- so that he can do his work on the bill
clerk. - Thompson bill-Representative TROMP- before it goes to the House of Represen-
I wish to thank another research so,, of New Jersey, having had the re- tatives. The enrolling clerk points out
assistant, from my office Miss Phyllis sponsibility of the leadership on the that the moment such a print of the bill
Rock. House side, in connection with the bill. is available, it is available for signa-
Then we come to the floor of the l wish to thank the administration ture by the Secretary of the Senate.
Senate. We have seen these wonderful for what I consider to be its exceedingly But it is signed by him only after the
staff members assisting the members of generous expression. It is really a bill is passed by the Senate, and this
the committee from the very beginning tribute due all the members of the two printed copy is actually effective only
of the debate. I desire that the RECORD committees, the one in the Senate and after it has been signed by the Secre-
show our appreciation to Mr. Baker, Mr. the other in the House of Represent- tary of the Senate. Of course, the copy
McDonald, Mr. Gibbons, Mr. McPherson, atives. which the Senator from Arizona and
and all their associates on the Senate Probably I have failed to express my the Senator from Illinois had obtained
floor staff. appreciation to some I have overlooked; bore no signature at all; but I imagine
Nor could we have produced the bill, but, if so, it is certainly unintentional. that the bill has now been signed and
which I think time will prove to be a To all who have helped, I am deeply is on its way to the House of Represen-
sound bill, if we had not had the co- grateful; and I may say I am particularly tatives, because, after all, the bill has
operation of the White House staff and grateful to the 48 Senators who joined now been passed.
the Department of Health, Educaton, and me on the rollcall vote and to those who Although I imagine that much of
Welfare. I express my thanks particu- joined me on live pairs. what my two friends said was said in
larly to Secretary of Health, Education, Mr. President, my good friend, the humor and in the process of indulging
and Welfare Abraham Ribicoff and to Senator from Arizona [Mr. GOLDWATER] in good fun, nevertheless they made a
his keen and scholarly assistant, Mr. has now left the Chamber. However, serious point about the matter, and I
Wilbur J. Cohen. earlier today he obtained a print of this wanted the RECORD to show the facts in
In my judgment, the bill never would bill which was made after the enrolling rega}d t it.
have come to us in the acceptable form clerk of the Seante sent the bill to the
in which it was passed tonight if the Government Printing Office last night, )OLD MISTAK 'REPEATED IN CUBA
White House staff, the Secretary of after the third reading of the bill . My
Health, Education, and Welfare, and his friend, the Senator from Arizona [Mr. Mr. MORSE. Mr. President, I ask
assistants had not been willing to meet GOLDWATER], and my friend, the Senator unanimous consent to have printed in
with us frequently, sometimes at the from Illinois [Mr. DIRxsEN], had a little the RECORD an article entitled "An Old
White House, sometimes at the office of sport with me tonight, in the course of Mistake Repeated in Cuba." The article
the Secretary of Health, Education, and the debate; they ribbed me a little. They was published today in the Washington
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1961
NOT VOTING-33
Anderson ore
Blakley ruening
Bush ickenlooper
Byrd, Va. umphrey
Cannon efauver
Capehart err
Carlson ong, La.
Chavez agnuson
Dodd cCarthy
Eastland McClellan
Ellender McGee
Mr. HAYD
to reconsider
Mr. HOL
move to lay
CONGRESSIONAL RECORD - SENATE
Neuberger
Prouty
Robertson
Russell
Saltonstall
Schoeppel
Smathers
Sparkman
Symington
Talmadge
Yarborough
[on was agreed to.
N. Mr. President, I move
;he vote by which the mo-
ito.
AND. Mr. President. I
hat motion on the table.
to lay on the table was
LEGISLATIVE PROGRAM
Mr. DIRKSN. Mr. President, earlier
in the day the majority leader indicated
that there would be a session tomorrow,
at which time we would consider the
calendar of easures to which there is
no objection. I should like to know
whether that is still what he proposes
to do, and wh ther or not after the con-
mainder of th
ordered that
up with spec
Friday until
nate adjourn for the re-
ELD. The Senate has
now of will be taken; if
it will be noncontrover-
it is, certainly
sial. It is p
the Senate may have legislation before it
at that time which will demand close
attention.
Mr. DIRKStN.
leader.
EXPRESSION OF APPRECIATION BY
SENATOR MORSE
Mr. MORSE Mr. President, I would
.not want the RECORD to close without
taking some time to express my appre-
ciation for the wonderful assistance I
received throughout the consideration
of the Federal-aid-to -education bill,
starting from the day the bill was re-
f erred to my Subcommittee on Education
until the historic hour this evening when
the bill was passed by such a fine ma-
jority of 49, t 34. Mr. Baker advises
me that if all enators had been present,
the bill would have been passed by a
vote of 59 to 41
Many of n y colleagues have been
kind enough express very flattering
words about m work on the bill. Every
Senator knows that no one person car-
was carried t
gh the Senate. The bill
ough the Senate not by
cooperated with me and
with me from the time
we first consi
committee.
It is always dangerous to start thank-
ing some persons for services rendered
far beyond the line of duty, without run-
ning the risk of forgetting someone
else. However, I will run that risk in
order to make certain that the RECORD
will show that credit is given to some to
whom I shall always be indebted for their
wonderful cooperation.
Th6re would have been no chance for
the passage of the bill if we had not re-
ceived-at-all times the complete coopera-
tion of the majority leader, the Senator
from Montana [Mr. MANSFIELD]. I am
sure that few Members of the Senate
fully appreciate the great help the Sen-
ator fromMontana was to the boys and
girls of this country in connection with
the magnificent work he did in helping
to clear the way for the final considera-
tion of the bill today. In behalf of my
subcommittee I say to the Senator from
Montana that we thank him very much.
I also wish to express my. sincere
thanks to the chairman of the Commit-
tee on Labor and Public Welfare, the
incomparable Senator' from Alabama
[Mr. HILL]. We all know that no mat-
ter how hard a subcommittee may work
on a piece of legislation, if the subcom-
mittee cannot receive the complete co-
operation of the chairman of the full
committee, any bill the subcommittee
seeks to bring out is headed for rough
travel through the parliamentary pro-
cedures of the Senate. The Senator
from Alabama has been one of the great
friends of Federal aid to education
ever since I first came to the Sen-
ate, starting back in 1947, when the
Senate first considered the bill that year,
followed by the bill of 1949, and again
last year, by S. 8. The Senator from
Alabama has long been of great help in
the area of Federal aid to education just
as he has been one of the great propo-
nents of Federal aid to various health
and hospital projects. One of the great
pieces of legislation on the statute books,
known as the Hill-Burton 'Act, has
caused us frequently to refer to LISTER
HILL as probably the greatest friend the
people of the country have in the Senate
in connection with health legislation.
I express my sincere thanks, too, to
all the members of the subcommittee.
The senior member of the subcommittee
is the very wonderful Senator from
Michigan, PAT MCNAMARA. Never at any
time during the consideration of the bill,
either in committee or on the floor of
the Senate, did I ask any help from Sen-
ator McNAMARA and not get it in over-
flowing measure. I want him to know
that I deeply appreciate his help, as I
appreciate also the help of the Senator
from Pennsylvania [Mr. CLARK], the
Senator from West Virginia [Mr. RAN-
DOLPH], and the Senator from Texas [Mr.
YARBOROUGH], the other Democratic
members of the subcommittee.
Moreover, there would have been no
chance of voting on the bill tonight if
we had not had the understanding as-
sistance-although they did not agree
with us in some particulars on some
parts of the bill-of every Republican
member of the committee. I express my
appreciation to the Senator from New
8461
York [Mr. JAV>TS] and the Senator from
New Jersey [Mr. CASE], who voted in the
subcommittee. and in the full commit-
tee to report the bill.
Although he is not a member of the
committee, I want to voice my thanks,
also, to the Senator from Montana, LEE
METCALF, who is now presiding over the
Senate. As a Member of the House of
Representatives, he was coauthor of the
Murray-Metcalf bill, an important fore-
runner ofthe measure we have just
passed.
The Senator from Montana attended
our conferences with administration rep-
resentatives and was of great help to
us with his wise counsel. I shall always
appreciate his outstanding contribution.
Even though they did not vote with us,
I wish to thank the Senator from Ari-
zona [Mr. GOLDWATER] and the Senator
from Illinois [Mr. DIRKSEN]. All of us
know that in committee work if there
is an opposition that wishes to exercise
all the parliamentary weapons it can
keep in its parliamentary arsenal, it is
sometimes very difficult to get a bill out
of subcommittee to the full committee
and from the full committee to the floor
of the Senate.
So I appreciate the fine, sportsman-
like cooperation we received from the
Senator from Arizona [Mr. GOLDWATER]
and the minority leader, the distin-
guished Senator from Illinois [Mr. DIRK-
SEN], because they threw no parliamen-
tary roadblocks, so to speak, in our way.
They roughed us up from time to time
in expressing opposition to our point of
view, but that is to be expected and is
apart of the parliamentary process. Not
only is it their right, but I believe it is
their duty to express themselves in op-
position to a bill with which they do not
agree.
I only regret that I was not more per-
suasive with them. I only regret that I
was not a better teacher, because they are
good students. Something was wrong
with my teaching process, because they
were not won over to my point of view.
In addition, I thank them as individual
members of the full committee.
Senators alone do not carry bills
through committees or through the Sen-
ate. We would not be successful in the
passage of any bill if it were not for
the dedicated service which we receive
from the very loyal staff members. I
would not want the RECORD to close with
my expression of thanks and gratitude
to Senators only. I express very deep
appreciation to the wonderful staff mem-
bers on both sides of the table-both the
majority and the minority staff mem-
bers-who did such wonderful research
and preparation work for the committee.
They made it possible for us to meet the
questions which were presented to us
in the course of the debate on the basis
of the facts as shown by the record of
our hearings and deliberations.
So to John Forsythe, known to all
of us as Jack, and who is general coun-
sel of the committee, and really the
right-hand assistant to the chairman of
the committee, the Senator from Ala-
bama [Mr. HILL], I express in behalf of
the full committee and the subcommit-
tee my sincere thanks.
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1961 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD -SENATE
Post. The editorial note in connection
with the article reads as follows:
The following analysis was prepared by an
administrator In the Government who pre-
fers to remain anonymous.
Mr. President, this is a very keen anal-
ysis. It is one with which I completely
agree.
As chairman of the Senate Subcom-
mittee on Latin-American Affairs, I wish
to say that I believe the writer of this
analysis hit the nail right on the head, so
to speak. There could be a more per-
ceptive or more sound analysis of the
mistakes we have been making in Cuba.
In short, I do not believe that the anal-
ysis which was published today in the
Washington Post could be improved
upon.
I hope that everyone in the adminis-
tration who has anything to do with
Cuban affairs will read the analysis and
will take it to heart.
The PRESIDING OFFICER. Is there
objection to the request to print the
article in the RECORD?
There being no objection, the article
was ordered to be printed in the RECORD,
as follows:
iFrom the Washington Post, May 25, 1961]
AN OLD MISTAKE REPEATED IN CUBA
The Invasion of Cuba failed because of a
misreading of the nature of revolutions, and
especially of contemporary revolutions. A
genuine revolution, as distinct from the mili-
tary coup so common in Latin American
politics, involves far-reaching social and eco-
nomic change. Such change means dispos-
session of the former ruling class, which
naturally protests loudly and violently.
But these protests represent a minority
viewpoint if the revolution has effected land
distribution, social services, educational op-
portunities, and the like. Consequently, to
accept the opposition of the dispossessed as
representative of the views of an entire peo-
ple, or the predominant proportion of a peo-
ple, is to seriously underestimate the
strength and backing of a revolution.
This may seem obvious and platitudinous,
and yet this underestimation has been made
of every significant revolution of modern
clines. For example, at the Paris Peace Con-
ference following World War I, Lloyd George
opposed Allied intervention against the Bol-
shevik regime in Russia on the following
grounds: "The peasants accepted bolshevism
for the same reason that peasants accepted it
In the French Revolution, namely, that It
gave them land. Is any one of the Western
Allies prepared to send a million men into
Russia? The mere idea of crushing bolshe-
vism by a military force is pure madness."
Yet, this madness was pursued because of
the credence given to reports of emigres and
diplomats that the Soviet regime had little
popular support.
The invasion of Cuba failed for the same
basic reason that Intervention failed against
the French and Russian revolutions, that is,
underestimation of the popular support for
a revolutionary regime.
In recent years, some French military and
political leaders have studied Mao Tse-tung's
military tactics and have tried unsuccess-
fully to apply them in Algeria. In our own
country, there are reports that Che Guevara's
handbook on guerrilla warfare is being used
as a possible guide for U.S. forces.
One must never forget, however, that the
basic strength of the guerrilla is his revolu-
tionary program. He is identified in the
mind of the peasant as one who offers relief
from a despised usurer or landlord. Without
such identification at the grass roots, the
guerrilla is simply a saboteur able to blow up
a few installations or kill a few people, but
powerless to generate widespread popular
backing.
In other words, to read Che Guevara or
Mao Tse-tung on guerrilla tactics and not on
political and social change is to mistake
technique for the underlying and determin-
ing substance.
The conclusions that may be drawn from
the above are-
1. Further invasions by Cuban emigres
are likely to be as futile as their first at-
tempt. Arms from the Communist block
would be part of the explanation, but by no
means entirely; witness the collapse of Ba-
tista despite abundant American arms.
2. Direct American intervention will be
regarded and interpreted In most of the un-
derdeveloped and uncommitted world as cor-
responding to the policies of the Holy Alli-
ance in the early 19th century, Indeed, the
antagonism will be much more widespread
and intense because of modern mass com-
munication media.
3. Even if direct American intervention did
not lead to international complications, it is
highly probable, if not certain, that winning
the battle for Cuba in this manner would
mean losing the battle for Latin America.
Cuba could become as serious a thorn in
our side as Algeria has been for France.
Is it possible that we should talk to Castro
either directly or through a third country?
Is it necessary that we refrain from diplo-
matic trade and travel contact with Cuba?
For one reason or another, an understand-
ing with Castro may well prove impractical.
In that case we must expect the rapid de-
velopment of Cuba into a Communist show-
place in the Western Hemisphere. That in
turn will create a situation in the Americas
similar to that in Asia. Just as we now must
give massive aid to India; so that she will not
be hopelessly surpassed by Communist
China, so we will then need to give, massive
aid to at least certain. selected Latin Ameri-
can countries so that they will not be sur-
passed by Cuba. This aid will need to be on
a much larger scale than any contemplated
thus far.
The basic danger in the future probably
will come not from Soviet bases or Cuban
agents, but from the appeal of a prosperous
and growing Communist Cuban economy for
the Impoverished and dissatisfied Latin
American peasant.
Mr. MORSE. Mr. President, I yield
the floor.
THE OLD SUBWAY TO THE SENATE
OFFICE BUILDING
Mr. MANSFIELD. Mr. President, for
the information of the Senate, I an-
nounce that one of the old trolleys in
the old tunnel will continue in opera-
tion until at least the end of the present
session.
DEATH OF DAVID LYNN
Mr. MANSFIELD. Mr. President,
David Lynn, who served as Architect of
the Capitol from 1923 to 1954, died to-
day, after a short illness. Prior to his
service as Architect, Mr. Lynn served
for 22 years under the previous Archi-
tects, Edward Clark and Elliott Woods,
Mr. Lynn was appointed Architect of
the Capitol by President Coolidge on Au-
gust 22, 1923. He came from an old fam-
ily, of Frederick and Allegany Counties,
Md., who for many generations had been
distinguished in the judicial, military,
business, and social life of the State. His
great-great-grandfather, Judge David
Lynn, was one of the three Commission-
ers appointed in 1751 to lay out the town
of Georgetown.
Mr. Lynn was born in Wheeling, W.
Va., November 10, 1873; was educated in
public schools of Cumberland and the
Allegany County Academy. He entered
the Office of the Architect of the Capitol
on July 1, 1901, during the tenure of Ed-
ward Clark as Architect. He was ap-
pointed the seventh Architect of the
Capitol, following the death of Elliott
Woods.
During his tenure as Architect, there
were constructed and added to the build-
ings in the legislative and judicial
groups, the New House Office Building,
the First Street wing of the Senate Of-
fice Building, the U.S. Supreme Court
Building, the central refrigeration plant,
and other additions to the Capitol power-
plant, the annex and addition to the
Main Library of Congress Building, and
the legislative garage.
During his tenure, the 62 acres of land
lying immediately north of Constitution
Avenue were acquired and developed as
part of the Capitol Grounds park area;
the Capital, Senate, and House Office
Buildings were completely air con-
ditioned; the roofs over the Senate and
House Wings of the Capitol were re-
constructed, and the interiors of the
House and Senate Chambers were re-
modeled; the terraces of the Capitol
Building were reconstructed.
The U.S. Botanic Garden was relo-
cated to its present site, and the new
conservatory was constructed and the
grounds developed under his direction.
In connection with construction proj-
ects, Mr. Lynn served as a member of the
Commission for Enlarging the Capitol
Grounds; the United States Supreme
Court Building Commission; the Joint
Commission to acquire a site and addi-
tional buildings for the Library of Con-
gress; and was a member of the Zoning
Commission of the District of Columbia
and the Alley Dwelling Authority.
He served as Acting Director of the
U.S. Botanic Garden, from 1934 to 1954.
Mr. Lynn retired as Architect of the
Capitol on September 30, 1954. Until
his death, he continued to reside at his
residence, 3700 Quebec Street NW.,
Washington, D.C.
EXECUTIVE SESSION
Mr. MANSFIELD. Mr. President, I
move that the Senate proceed to the con-
sideration of executive business, to con-
sider the executive nomination on the
calendar under the heading "New Re-
pgrt. ,
The motion was agreed to; and the
Senate proceeded to the consideration
of executive business.
The PRESIDING OFFICER. The
nomination will be stated. .
DEPARTMENT OF THE AIR FORCE
The Chief Clerk read the nomination
of Brockway McMillan, of New Jersey,
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CONGRESSIONAL RECORD - SENATE May 25
to be Assistant Secretary of the Air
Force. J
The PRESIDING OFFICER. With-
out objection, the nomination is con-
firmed.
Mr. MANSF#ELD. Mr. President, I
ask unanimous' consent that the Presi-
dent be immediately notified of the con-
firmation of this nomination.
The PRESIDING OFFICER. With-
out objection, the President will be noti-
fied forthwith.
LEGISI~ATIVE SESSION
Mr. MANS$'IELD. Mr. President, I
move that the Senate resume the consid-
eration of leg slative business.
The motion was agreed to; and the
Senate resumed the consideration of
legislative business.
ORDER FOR ADJOURNMENT UNTIL
TOM RROW, AT NOON
Mr. MAN FIELD. Mr. President, I
ask unanimo s consent that when the
Senate concl des its business today, it
adjourn, to eet on tomorrow at 12
o'clock, noon
The PRE IDING OFFICER. With-
out objectio , it is so ordered.
CALIFORNIA'S STAKE IN THE MARI-
TIME I DUSTRY-ADDRESS BY
SENATOR KUCHEL
Mr. KUC EL. Mr. President, last
Monday, in he city of San Francisco, I
spoke at a Maritime Day luncheon. I
ask unanimous consent that the com-
ments I Iade on that occasion be
printed in tle body of the RECORD.
There bei g no objection, the address
was ordered to be printed in the RECORD,
as follows: ~
CALIFORNIA'S $TAICE IN THE MARITIME INDUSTRY
(Address by Hon. THoMAs H. KUCHEL, U.S.
Senator, at the National Maritime Day
Luncheon ~ of the Propeller Club of the
United States, San Francisco, Calif., Mon-
day, May 22, 1961)
As our closest neighbor, the sea has tradi-
tionally bee important to California both
as a source f income and as a natural route
of commerc and communication.
But, it to k a war fought from two shores
to open stil . undreamed-of maritime oppor-
tunities for us. It brought new nations into
focus off our western shores. And it dem-
onstrated to the eastern seaboard the grow-
ing industrial capability of the Pacific coast.
What has this meant for California?
It has meant the growth of a shipbuild-
ing industry. Today, we are, indeed, a mari-
time State. Once content to handle repairs
and conve sIons, we now boast 22 of the
principal ipbullding and repair yards in
the country. Currently, in these yards, we
are building 15 new merchcant ships-one-
fifth of the nationwide total under con-
struction,
It has !meant progress for our ports.
Amounts 4 cargo handled through our har-
bors are i 'creasing. During 1960, $1%4 bit-
tin worth 4f goods entered our ports, one-half
billion do Lars through San Francisco Bay
alone-a 3-percent increase over the previ-
ous years, I might add.
And proudly, we are keeping pace with
the sweling demand. Our entire boast is
bustling ith new facilities.
In San Diego, we have a multimillion-
dollar covered pier; In the East Bay, new
containerization facilities-fully automated
and the most modern "of its type; in Los
Angeles, new passenger facilities and a con-
tainer terminal; in Sacramento, an entirely
new $35 million port; in Stockton, new bulk
ore and bulk grain facilities; in San Fran-
cisco, a $50 million bond issue, to put into
motion a multitude of improvements.
And pointing the way to still greater pro-
gress, plans are now underway for many
improvements along our coast.
We hardly realize the wealth brought to
California by the maritime industries. The
ramifications are, in fact, staggering.
Building and loading ships mean employ-
ment opportunities for a highly skilled labor
force. Longshore industry workers alone
number some 25,000 in the State. Last year,
they worked 20 million man-hours. They
earned in the neighborhood of $75 million,
and about $42 million of that here in San
Francisco. Some 12,500 Californians are on
the payrolls at private shipyards in the State;
and, in 1960, they earned more than $40
million. These are labor dollars that pump
energy into our economy. These are dollars
that purchase food and clothing, finance
homes and cars, and pay taxes.
The effect on our State economy certainly
does not stop here. Ships are good cus-
tomers. There are a thousand and one prod-
ucts whose end use is found aboard American
tankers, freighters and luxury liners.
Take the simple matter of light bulbs. A
large freighter uses about 800 light bulbs
each trip.
Or, take soap. One American line recently
reported that one of its ships uses, each
trip, 2,400 bars of face soap, 200 bars of lava
soap, 1,200 bars of laundry soap, and 210
packages of soap powder.
Multiply this by the 1,400 American ves-
sel arrivals in our ports. The consumption
of light bulbs and soap alone is significant.
And so long as the ships continue to con-
sume, we shall continue to supply. This
goes, too, for the taxi that makes repeated
trips to the docks; the retail shops that sell
to the tourist and the embarking vacationer;
the doctor and the lawyer who lend their
talents to the maritime industry; and the
batiks that finance the cargo. The amount
invested in ships, shoreside facilities, ship
and repair yards reaches high in the mil-
lions. Shipping is, indeed, a benefactor to
the economy of our State.
This is the nuclear era, the age of outer
space. We are spending, as we should be,
billions of dollars to reach out to the moon
and to the stars. But I suggest to the Amer-
ican people, and to the Government, that
we do not shunt the sealanes into obscurity.
That great mariner of another day, Sir Wal-
ter Raleigh, was eternally correct when he
said: "Whosoever commands the sea, com-
mands the trade; howsoever commands the
trade of the world, commands the riches of
the world, and consequently, the world it-
self."
Our country, as well as our State, is de-
pendent on the sea, for trade and commerce,
for food, and for the security of our people.
The seas are our road of communications
with our allies and with the newly emerging
states-many of which are not far away
from our own shores. Across the oceans, we
move 99 percent of our foreign commerce,
exclusive of our contiguous neighbors,
Canada and Mexico. Our foreign commerce
represents 10 percent of our gross national
product, now in the proximity of $500 billion
a year. And the portent for tomorrow is one
of expansion. Trade will irresistibly con-
tinue and will inevitably grow.
The importance of exports cannot be over-
estimated. They are outlets for our indus-
trial output. Consequently, they are an im-
portant factor in our national income. And
just as significantly, they are a means of
sharing our democratic way of living with
new and impressionable nations.
In `speaking of the importance of Aports,
I am delighted, at this point, to report the
passage of a bill by the Senate (S. 1289),
which I coauthored with Senator MAGNUSON.
It eliminates the archaic and statutory oath
requirement on shippers' export declarations.
Though just one of the little things we so
frequently overlook, it will save exporters
thousands of unnecessary man-hours an-
nually. It will also pare thousands of un-
necessary dollars off our mounting export
costs, which, unfortunately, overprice our
goods in highly competitive world markets.
The sea road of commerce is two way.
Over it comes the raw materials of the free
world which we require for our own economic
existence. Without vast imports of mag-
nesium, bauxite, tin, rubber, nitrates, and
iron ores, we could not produce steel nor
aluminum. Without them, we could not
fully fertilize our fields nor have a myriad
of products upon which we have come'to
depend.
Let's not forget, either, that by buying
the products of other nations we mutually
strengthen the free world. A nation wthout
outlets, particularly the single-commodity
nation, is economically weak. And a nation
economically weak is politically vulnerable.
In essence, our exports and imports are
major tools with which we wage our de-
fense in the cold war of economics and ideas.
American merchant ships successfully op-
erating in peacetime trade are one of the
greatest assets this Nation can possess. And
because they are ready and able to serve
the country at a moment's notice should the
need arise, they are rightly and admirably
called our fourth arm of defense. We are
now living in the most dangerous world in
history. Despite our fervent hopes and ef-
forts through collective security systems to
maintain a just peace, situations may sud-
denly develop which will demand instant re-
sponse from our shipping industry. Suez
and Lebanon are two recent examples.
In the Korean war, we feverishly took 600
vessels out of mothballs to supply the United
Nations' needs in that conflict. But they
were old and they were slow. Meanwhile,
the tempo of the times was dramatically
quickened. There is, I think it fair to say,
an increasingly high premium on an active
merchant marine, swift and sure, to play
its part in peace or in emergency.
And now Russia has recognized the truth
of that maxim. In 1956, the Russians
stopped producing naval surface vessels in
their yards and began to build merchant
ships. Russia now operates about 800 mer-
chant ships-against our 990. And, by 1965,
the Russians plan to double that figure.
Their dry cargo accommodations will in-
crease 120 percent and their tanker capacity,
80 percent. In all, they will have about 13
million tons of shipping, or about 8 percent
of the world total. Last year, ship construc-
tion orders around the world declined 25
percent, but the Soviet increased its demand
for new tonnage by 88 percent. And, I think
the importance which international com-
munism attaches to the sealanes of the
globe is devastatingly clear in her subma-
rine fleet of more than 500-more than Hitler
had in 1939.
We need only look around us to verify So-
viet ambitions to penetrate all the commer-
cial areas of the world. Ninety miles from
our shore, Russian ships are arriving in
Cuba every day. One hundred percent of
all petroleum products are entering Cuba
in Russian tankers. Russian ships call reg-
ularly at African ports. Russian ships ar-
rive in the ports of the Persian Gulf, in the
Mediterranean Sea, and in the seas of south-
east Asia. It can be clearly seen that Rus-
sia, with leaping strides in merchant ship-
ping-not to mention her undersea craft-
is emphasizing the role of seapower.
It is against the background of maritime
development in the Soviet bloc that we
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frog the Russians in this unique develop- American region." They called on member this, the world's greatest democracy,
ment. This program-while it has states "to avoid measures which may jeop- have an obligation to help liberate the
shown excellent progress in the past 5 ardize" the flow of tourists. The finger was unortuante Cuban freedom fighters
pointed
years-had received only skimpy support squarely at Uncle Sam.
science and is in a position now to lead the coastfof 'Venezuela-long depended on as followsCU to be prm>ea in the RECORD,
the way and be the indisputable leader of oil refining to give it the highest standard [From the Providence Journal, May 23, 19611
;atomic space travel. The President's of living in the Caribbean. With free world
recommendation is an important step in oil markets shrinking, Curacaoans have been THE DRIVE To RANSOM CASTRO CAPTIVES NEEDS
this direction. I applaud him for his counting on tourist-generated dollars to If- HELP
stand, and I am most hopeful that his ap- nance a new Economic Development Plan. The voluntary campaign to raise $2 mil-
This plan will free the island of a one-in- lion dollars to buy the 500 tractors de-
peal will be favorably received by the dustry economy. More important is the manded by Premier Castro as the ransom
Congress. fact that tourism is Curacao's second largest price for the release of nearly 1,200 im-
Furthermore, President Kennedy, in industry right now. Increasing numbers of prisoned Cuban rebels calls for the unstint-
my judgment, made a necessary and Americans have been going to the capital log support of Americans.
frank disclosure of America's standing city and free port of Willemstad for bargains Despite the raw cynicism of Castro's pro-
in the cold war. His message concerning offered by Curacao's globe-circling mer- posal, despite the distaste for a payoff to
the
chants. Several thousand Curacaoans are a blackmailer, the fate of the 1,200 captured N and dfeedom o nf nnt be ro to I lberty dependent on a tourist industry built by at- anti-Castro invaders takes precedence over
aava Go.,. W u mu u V C1.141 esa u le sacrlnces
which each of us must be willing to take
for the security of the country.
The modernization of our Armed
Forces and the buildup of conventional
military power to contain communism is
a vital step toward achieving real security
in this country. I am happy to see that
the President has taken vigorous action
to institute these reforms in our military
posture.
All Americans, I believe, can draw in-
spiration from the intelligent and concise
statement by the President of the goals
that motivate this country and what is
needed and, should be expected of us all if
liberty is to prevail in this world. It is
my hope that Congress will see fit to as-
sist the program of the President by ap-
propriate legislative action.
DOLLAR GAPSMANSI-UP
Mr. SCOTT. Mr. President, . I ask
unanimous consent to have printed into
the RECORD a report which was prepared
for me on the possible adverse affect of
the administration's proposal to cut from
$500 to $100 the amount of goods return-
ing to the United States which tourists
can bring in duty free.
There being no objection, the report
was ordered to be printed in the RECORD,
as follows:
U.S. "dollar gapsmanship" could backfire
on both our balance of trade and our Latin
American relations in several key areas.
Back in February, President Kennedy pro-
posed to cut from $500 to $100 the amount
of goods returning U.S. tourists can bring
in duty-free. The $500 limit was originally
set to help European economies back onto
their feet. That was in the days when U.S.
attention was focused on European recovery.
Now administration leaders feel that Europe
no longer needs help-and we need the tour-
ists' dollars here.
But Mr. Kennedy's proposal-now formal-
ized into H.R. 6611 just passed by the
House-has poked a stick into the hornet's
nest of Latin American and Caribbean
economies. For the $500 tourist exemption
has been a boon to south-of-the-border na-
tions hungry to earn American tourist
dollars.
Thus, amid general satisfaction with the
$500 million Alliance for Progress Latin
American aid bill, a discordant note was
slipped into the May 15 session of the Eco-
nomic Commission for Latin America. The
ECLA pointed out "foreign exchange income
from tourism is of vital importance for the
economy of some countries of the Latin
tourists coming to Curacao, islanders point ment cannot participate officially in Cas-
out the United States gets the better.end of tro's cruel game of pawns. The lives of
the trade. For every dollar laid out by human beings, whom Castro has condemned
American tourists, six dollars are spent in to what would be slave labor unless they
the United States by Curacaons, about $250 are ransomed, cannot be equated with any
for every man, woman, and child. number of tractors. People are not com-
In addition to the all-important oil ship-
ments, each year Curacao brings in $29 mil-
lion of such staple American goods as De-
troit cars, Louisville refrigerators, Kansas
grain, and Philadelphia air conditioners.
The Dutch Antilles together import about
$70 million of U.S. goods each year.
These imports from the States dwarf the
$5 million American tourists paid out in
1959 during their shopping tours through
Curacao-generally regarded as the favorite
shopping center of the tax-free Caribbean.
Curacao is thus most susceptible to the
Kennedy measure. The Island's Director of
Economic Affairs and Development, Dr. F. P.
Jansen, points out that local tourism is not
"residual". Eighty-seven percent of tourist
dollars are spent for goods-not hotels and
services.
The proposed 80 percent cut in the tour-
ist allowance means many of the Curacaons
now directly employed in the tourist indus-
try may find themselves out of work.
Spritzer & Fuhrmann, largest jewelry and sil-
ver merchant there, says large scale layoffs
will be inevitable among their 600 employees.
With the island's second laregst industry
threatened and with the underpinnings of
their Economic Development Plan weakened,
Curacaons are joining others in Latin Amer-
ica in regarding the Kennedy measure as an
unreasoned or unfriendly act. They wonder
if this is the United States' answer to years
of friendship and heavy purchases from the
North American giant.
As one leading Curacao figure exclaimed,
"It makes little sense for the United States
to adopt tourist policies that may bankrupt
us, and then pros d t put us on American
relief." ~~JJ
i~.rllt
DRIVE 1O RANSOM CASTRO
CAPTIVES NEEDS HELP
Mr. PELL. Mr. President, on the floor
of the Senate last evening I made a brief
statement in support of the effort by our
fellow Americans to raise funds in an
Castro prisoners. My statement yester-
day contained my reasons for taking this
modities to be traded, so many irreplace-
able individuals for so many replaceable
things-whether dollars, tractors, or trucks,
the commodity that Hitler demanded to
spare the lives of a million Hungarian
Jews.
Although the Government has paid ran-
som in the past to win freedom for American
citizens unjustly jailed behind the Iron Cur-
tain, Castro's proffered deal is different in
many respects. The 1,200 hostages are not
American citizens. Nor are they merce-
naries, as Cuban propagandists claim. They
were not "bought" in the first instance to
undertake to overthrow Castro, but rather
were patriots, many former comrades in
revolutionary arms with Castro, seeking to
save their Nation from Fidelista dictator-
ship of the Left just as they sought before
to end the military dictatorship of Batista.
By the same token, this Government is pre-
cluded from taking any active role in a
"trade" that would suggest Washington re-
gards the rebel survivors now as mercenaries
salvageable for a price.
But these philosophical and official con-
siderations do not have to inhibit Ameri-
cans as individuals. By their response to
the fundraising appeal of Mrs. Eleanor
Roosevelt, Walter Reuther and Dr. Milton
Eisenhower for Cuba's freedom fighters,
private American citizens can demonstrate
to the world that this country's vaunted
concern for humanity, for individual hu-
man beings, is more than an empty phrase,
more than a demagogic lure.
Indeed, there is an obligation of sorts on
Americans to render what assistance they
can as individuals to the imprisoned anti-
Castro force. The American Government,
which acts in the name of the people, has
acknowledged a responsibility extending
over both the present and past administra-
tions for the failure of the Cuban rebel
invasion.
The American people can make amends
to the anti-Castro volunteers for whatever
mistakes Washington made in its covert
support of the invasion by helping to re-
deem at least the lives of the survivors. As
distasteful as political blackmail is, the
fundraising effort also gives the American
people an occasion to demonstrate thei
r
position. However, at this time I would friendship for the Cuban people, as distinct
like to ask unanimous consent that there from the regime.
be printed in the body of the RECORD an The need for funds will not stop, how-
editorial from the May 23 edition of the ever, with the ransom price of 500 tractors.
Providence Journal, "The Drive To Ran The men who risked their lives in the ili-
som Castro Captives Needs Help." It is starred anti-Castro invasion cannot simply
be left back on the
beach Florid., A.
my belief that this editorial states elo- soldiers sharing this country'stconcern with
quently the reasons why the citizens of keeping the New World free, they like the
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8436
Hungari!n freedom fighters have earned examine the words of the particular bill States some of the revenue raised within
the hell of Americans-and that means all under consideration to see whether in their own borders from their own citi-
of us-in finding jobs and accommodations fact there has been some mislabeling; to zens to enable them to have the where-
until thy can return to Cuba as free men. see whether the lofty objectives will withal to spelld more money in accord-
Any mo ey over the $2 million required for really be achieved. ante with their own standards. To me,
the tae tors could be applied very usefully Here we have a bill that is supposed to the choice is now quite clear. A vote
try that nd.
attain equality of educational opportu- for this bill will be a vote to spend mil-
nity for boys and girls attending public lions of dollars for a lofty purpose which,
TRIBUTE TO MINORITY STAFF primary and secondary schools through- under this bill, will never be achieved.
MEMBERS OF COMMITTEE ON out the United States. How is this to be A vote against the bill will result in
LABOR AND PUBLIC WELFARE done? The answer provided by the bill a new bill being. introduced which will
Mr. DIRKSEN. Mr. President, I is, in a nutshell, to spend $850 million a either actually achieve equality of edu-
yield myself 1 minute. year. Nothing is said about how it is to cational opportunity in fact or will re-
The 11 PRESIDING OFFICER. The be spent. In fact, the proponents of this turn to the States the revenue needed
Senatoj from Illinois is recognized for bill have repeated time and again the for them to fulfill their responsibilities
1 min e. policy set forth in section 103 of the bill; of education in accordance, with stand-
Mr. IRKSEN. Today a compliment namely: ards which' their people believe to be
was p id to the staff of the Labor and In the administration of [the act] no de- adequate.
Public Welfare Committee, and I think partment, agency, officer, or employee of the Another aspect of this bill which trou-
United States shall exercise any direction, bles me greatly is that it will result in
particularly to the majority members supervision, or control over the policy de- thousands of local school budgets being
of the staff. I certainly concur in that termination, personnel, curriculum, program on the assumption that future
compli ent, because they have been of instruction, or the administration or oper- d will ae future
kind, they have been courteous, they ation of any school or school system. appropriations rawn drawn up on the The by Congress Heath, forth--
have ti attentive, and they have Bbeen coming. ut I I respectfully submit that this policy cation, and Welfare has made it clear
cooper ti pa an eextroccast occasion.
mp kills the purpose of the bill. Anyone in that this is what he has in mind. Some
wish t pay m extraordinary coe the education field will tell us that of the proponents of this legislation may
start the minority members of f the spending money is not enough; that to feel the same way, but they are strangely
Gaff, Wray, John Bernstein, Ray Hurley, achieve even minimal quality of educa- silent on this point. I view with alarm
Blank Wray, John Stringer, Thelma tion there must be standards. such a fatalistic assumption that the
Blank reship, and seen Carmel more sta There are considerable differences in State and local governments can never-
Nev rsieve I rea more devoted
in uch the standards established in the laws of more be relied upon to fulfill their tra-
long ou. Never have they put in s mi- c the 50 States; and within each State ditional role in the education of their
long ours, to make sure or that
and d Public there are vast differences in standards citizens.
nori Welty a Committee s had the Lab all or the P informs among the hundreds and thousands of I am equally alarmed over the tenu-
titre ousness of such an assumption. It is
tion properly digested. So today I salute school districts. Just spending more
them as a great staff, who have been money will not assure equality of educa- entirely possible, if not probable, that
extremely helpful on every occasion, in tional opportunity. Sooner or later, the future appropriations will not be forth-
preparing standards will have to be changed. coming. And when that situation
the minority views and in e t Three years from now, if the Secretary arises, the budgets of thousands of local
plorin every other view with respect of Health, Education, and Welfare school districts will literally be wrecked.
not only to the instant which legislation but to means what he says, the Congress will Such would not be true if this legislation
all th legislation whic comes before be asked for a continuing annual Fed- were limited to assistance for construc-
thM MORishoMmittee, eral appropriation. We will not have tion. ut the bill has now been
Mdi . Mi leader President, I in his join s attained equality of educational oppor- amended to cover all kinds of operating
co distinguished he minority stafftunity in the meantime, and if the pro- costs as well.
When the compliments
take ponents of this legislation are-consistent,
When tc The logical result of this type of legis-
vote to is t concluded, I shall staff.
2 or minutes to express my apprecia- they will say that we.must appropriate lation is that under the general welfare
tion t many others. even more money than this bill calls clause of the Constitution, which the
for. Their only answer to the problem proponents of this bill rely upon as the
will be to spend more Federal money, and basis therefore, it will only be a matter
SCHOOL ASSISTANCE ACT OF 1961 as long as this philosophy prevails, we of time before the Federal Government
Thee Senate resumed the consideration will never achieve equality of educa- will come up with Federal aid for oper-
of the bill (S. 1021) to authorize a pro- tional opportunity. The answer to the ating costs of our mental hospitals-be-
gramof Federal financial assistance for problem of providing equality of edu- cause, it can be argued, the Federal Gov-
education. cational opportunity in fact lies in the ernment has an interest in the mental
Mr. DIRKSEN. Mr. President, I yield provision of minimal Federal stand- health of the Nation; and then Federal
10 m' utes to the distinguished Senator ards-not in the spending of more Fed- aid for operating expenses of our State
from Iowa [Mr. MILLER]. eral money. I think the proponents of colleges and universities-because, it can
The PRESIDING OFFICER. The this legislation know this, but they are be argued, the Federal Government has
Senator from Iowa is recognized for 10 afraid to include standards in this bill an interest in the higher education of
mint es. because they know that the people do our young people; and then Federal aid
Mr MILLER. Mr. President, the last not want the Federal Government tell- for State prisons-because, it can be
sentence in the "Declaration of purpose" ing them how to run their schools. argued, the Federal Government has an
of this bill reads: They know that once Federal money interest in rehabilitation of prisoners so
It is the intent of Congress that with this comes into the States and local school that they will become useful citizens;
assistance the quality of public elementary districts, it will be more difficult for the and so on. Not that these objectives are
andk condary education will be substantially people to resist imposition of Federal unsound. Not that the Federal Govern-
improved in all States and that inequali- standards and controls. ment should not be "interested" or "con-
ties of educational opportunities within and As I have said on this floor before, cerned." But this is the way toward
between States will be substantially re- I think the Senate should make up its the usurpation of all governmental
duce mind what it wants to do. Either it functions by one, centralized, Federal
In line with this policy, proponents of should decide to spend millions of dol- Government and the destruction of our
the bill have repeated that the real pur- lars of Federal money in a program Republic.
pose of the bill is to provide equality of which can never achieve equality of edu- Finally, Mr. President, our President
educ tional opportunity. cational opportunity; or it should de- has just called upon the Congress for
As~is the case with so much legisla- cide to include in the bill the standards hasion to appropriate called upon more mngre s for
act-bil
tion that is being proposed, one must that will achieve this equality. It has
look eyond the nice-sounding labels and already decided against amendments, lions of dollars of it-for national de-
lofty]objectives set forth, and carefully which I supported, to return to the fense and space activities. In the course
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CONGRESSIONAL RECORD - SENATE
I will admit that the statistics relat-
ing to classroom and teacher shortages
are open to question. Yet we must have
some basis upon which to justify this
program. I shall accept the figures
offered by the U.S. Office of Education.
In 1953, the Comissioner of Education
reported a shortage of 312,000 class-
rooms. A year later this estimate rose
to 370,000 with predictions that further
increases in the classroom shortage were
expected. While these statistics were
being compiled, the States managed to
construct classrooms at an average rate
of almost 70,000 per year, thus exceed-
ing the goal set by the Department of
Health, Education, and Welfare. By the
fall of 1960, the classroom shortage had
been reduced to 142,100.
In order to offset this magnificent rec-
ord, proponents of this bill contend that
the States cannot continue to finance
the educational needs of the 1960's and
therefore Federal aid is essential. Once
again,,the record reveals otherwise as
the taxpayers of America continue to
approve school bonds to improve educa-
tional facilities. But, even if we accept
this contention, this bill offers no relief.
In order to receive its full entitlement,
each State must maintain a minimum
effort based on the average Stale effort
over the three preceding fiscal years.
This simply means that the States
must maintain their present level of
progress. I believe they will meet their
educational needs without the coercion
of the Federal Government and notwith-
standing the pessimism of those who
support this bill.
In staffing our public schools, the
States have also proven their ability to
proceed without Federal Aid. Since 1900,
public school enrollment increased by
140 percent while the number of teach-
ers rose by 250 percent. We now have
one teacher per 24.4 pupils whereas in
1900 one teacher served 35.6 pupils. At
the same time teachers' salaries have
more than kept pace with those of other
wage earners. Again, the record fails
to justify Federal intervention.
In praising the States for their efforts
in meeting the educational needs of the
Nation, I take special pride in the prog-
ress made in my own State of Maryland.
Since 1950, the number of pupils in
Maryland public schools has increased
by 70 percent while the number of teach-
ers increased by 90 percent. During this
same period, teachers' salaries have been
Increased by 63.8 percent. Maryland's
average salary of classroom teachers is
now $5,680 per year. Maryland thus
ranks 11th in the Nation in the pay-
ment of teachers. We are spending $415
per pupil in average daily attendance.
This is above the national average and
represents an increase of 86.9 percent
during the past 10 years.
It has not been easy for Maryland to
meet these educational needs. It will
not be easy for us to meet future needs.
But we are prepared to meet them-that
is, if the Federal Government will hold
the line and not require Maryland tax-
payers to finance a national program
which will cost $1 for every 75 cents re-
ceived from Washington.
I have no illusions that this bill will
be defeated nor that it will be improved
by the adoption of worthy amendments.
Nevertheless, I deem it to be the duty
of those who oppose S. 1021 to point out
the shortcomings of this bill and support
amendments to improve the bill. It has
been implied, during the debate, that op-
ponents of the bill should not offer
amendments if they are not prepared to
support the final product. I sincerely
hope that the time will never arrive
when any Senator must forfeit his right
to amend pending legislation merely be-
cause he intends to oppose final passage
of the legislation.
Accepting the fact that this bill will
pass, I wish to comment on some of the
more glaring inequities and ' shortcom-
ings of S. 1021.
Returning to the declaration of pur-
pose, we find it to be the intent of Con-
gress that "inequalities of educational
opportunities within and between States
will be substantially reduced." This bill
endorses a principle of equal opportunity
in education while permitting Federal
funds to be used to support segregated
schools-an actively clearly in violation
of the Constitution.
An amendment to prohibit such use of
Federal funds was rejected by the pro-
ponents of S. 1021 on the grounds that
it was not germane to this bill and that
it would jeopardize the benefits which
would accrue to the little boys and girls
of America. I would remind the pro-
ponents of this bill that there are
thousands of Negro boys and girls who
are entitled to equal educational op-
portunities. It is about time that we
stop treating the Negro as a problem
unrelated to the issues which affect the
American people. It is about time that
we lay aside the cloak of expediency and
give something more than lipservice to
those principles which we claim to en-
dorse.
I sincerely believe that Government
should not do for the people that which
the people can do for themselves. I be-
lieve that Government which is closest
to the people is best. For these reasons,
I itm opposed to shifting the responsibil-
ity for educating our youth from the
local school districts to the States or the
Federal Government.
None of us are so naive as to believe
that the program we initiate today will
end after the expiration of 3 years. On
the contrary, this is just the beginning.
As the program progresses, it will be
necessary to set additional standards and
controls. Ultimately, the Federal Gov-
ernment will assume the responsibility
for educating our youth. If I may en-
gage in the game of foretelling the
future, I predict that it will not be long
before we are asked to approve the estab-
lishment of a Department of Education.
I oppose this shift of responsibility. I
do not share the lack of faith and trust
of those who contend that the parents
of America will not demand and provide
the best possible education for their
children.
Finally, I would address myself to
titles II and III of S. 1021, which extend
Public Laws 815 and 874. If we are to
talk about germaneness, then I submit
that these titles have no place in this
bill. The impacted areas legislation was
not enacted to improve the educational
standards of this Nation. Rather, the
purpose of these laws is to compensate
the States for land taken off the tax rolls
by the Federal Government. If not for
these Federal activities, this land would
represent a lucrative source of revenue
far in excess of the payments now being
received. I support the continuation of
these programs. However, I shall not
trade my vote on this issue, important as
it may be, for the acceptance of a Fed-
eral aid program which I know to be
unjustified and inherently wrong.
Federal aid to education is not a new
concept. It has come before the Con-
gress periodically since 1871. Each time
voices of pessimism warned of the col-
lapse of our educational system. Each
time these warnings were proved to be
wrong as the States met current needs
with positive action. I am confident
that the needs of the future will be met
Mr. CARROLL. Mr.
the Senator yield?
Mr. McGEE. I yield
from Colorado.
night there occurred a colloquy on the
floor of the Senate between the Senator
from Florida [Mr. SMATHERS] and my-
self about the anti-Castro fighters for
whom a private U.S. committee is ne-
gotiating to free. During the colloquy
I suggested that perhaps in addition to
taking whatever action was advisable on
the military prisoners, in line with a hu-
manitarian viewpoint we ought to give
some thought to the 150,000 political
prisoners who now languish in Cuban
jails.
It seemed to me at that time, as we
.were discussing the subject on the floor
of the Senate, that whatever action was
taken by a private group, more intelli-
gent and effective action could be taken
by either a committee of the United Na-
tions or a committee of the Organization
of American States or by the Interna-
tional Red Cross or by any other group
or mechanism which could help free
some of the larger group of people who
are being held as political prisoners in
the prisons of Cuba.
I read from a New York Times edi-
torial of today, May 25, entitled "Castro's
Civilian Prisoners." I will read only a
section of the editorial. It is vitally im-
portant :
While international efforts are being made
for the release of over 1,200 military pris-
oners In Cuba, the world must not forget
the civilians incarcerated by Premier Fidel
Castro's regime.
Newsmen have estimated that 200,000 men
and women were rounded up after the un-
successful landing in April.
Think of that, Mr. President. If the
news report is true, 200,000 men and
women were rounded up.
Exiles talk of 5,000 persons penned In a
150-seat theater in Havana, 19 dying the
first day. Relatives in many cases have
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8346 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD - SENATE
been unoble to learn whether vanished kin
are in custody. Only slowly have any of
those confined in the latest roundup been
winning release. Other political prisoners
are reported to have been held without trial
for months. Summary executions hgve
been rumored.
There as a time when Fidel Castro was
himself ~ rebel against the Fulgencio Ba-
tista govrnment.
Mr. President, I ask unanimous con-
sent to have printed in the RECORD at
this poi t the colloquy which occurred
on the poor of the Senate between the
Senator from Florida and myself.
There being no objection, the colloquy
was ord red to be printed in the RECORD,
as'follots:
Mr. CA ROgL. Mr. President, will the Sena-
tor from Florida yield to me?
Mr. S ATHERS. Mr. President, I do not
have the oor.
Mr. Go DwATER. Mr. President, I have the
floor; and 1 I ask unanimous consent that the
colloquy nay continue, but that time re-
quired fo* it be not charged to the time
available to either side, under the unani-
mous-consent agreement.
The PRiSIDING OFS'ICER. Without objec-
tion, it is so ordered.
Mr. CARROLL. Mr. President, this is a very
important !sub ject. I know the able Senator
from Florikda has studied it very carefully.
Will he inform us as nearly as he is able to,
based on what he has been able to learn
from the press and in other ways, how many
prisoners are being held in Cuba, today, by
Castro?
called free
Mr. CARR
Mr. SMA
my informs
for its ant]
hood of 10C
Mr. CARR(
newspapers
147,000. H
Mr. SMAT
the night o:
147,000 or 1
rIIERS. Over and above the so-
om fighters?
)LL. Yes, the 1,200.
mzas. Over and above the 1,271,
,tion is--although I cannot vouch
enticity-that in the neighbor-
060 people are being held.
LL. A few days ago I read in the
that the estimated number was
wever, whether it be 100,000 or
teas. The information isthat on
the revolution, Castro picked up
7,000. Since then, approximate-
'e been released; but 100,000 are
,ated in theaters and in pensof
der the most terrible conditions
ly 50,000 ha
still incarce
Mr. CARRO
let us say
Castro is on
,L. In order to be conservative,
hat the number still held by
y 50,000. But regardless of the
exact number of prisoners Castro still holds,
certainly the negotiations are most impor-
tant, for thy involve thousands of people.
So If the G vernment of the United States
has to negot ate on this basis, let the nego-
tiations be a roes the board.
Mr. SMATx Rs. I do not disagree with the
Senator, I merely say I do not think the
Government, itself, is in a position to be-
come involy d in this particular matter.
The whole b rden of what I was trying to
say is that ci izens' groups do a much more
effective job I understand the Govern-
ment has to en no particular position with
respect to t is question, and I hope that
will continue to be the case; but I agree that
we ought to try to have every prisoner in
Cuba release, and, for that matter, any-
where else. here are three boys in Ecuador
who need to a released.
Mr. CARROL Would the Senator not say
that, if we are to negotiate for 1,271 prisoners,
we should to k about all the people who
are now in p isons, whether it be done by
private group , or by a commission of the
Government, r by the U.S. Government?
Mr. SMATIIE . I could not disagree with
the Senator. ertainly, we want to see that
all people who' are incarcerated wrongly are
freed. Certainly, there are some in Cuba.
Certainly, if we are to try to free 1,200, we
ought to try to free more. Certainly, we
should try to free Cuba. Certainly, we
should try to get rid of communism there.
Mr. CARROLL. Emphasis has been placed on
some 1,200 people. Some persons call it
a ransom, some call it backmall, to exchange
machines for men. What about the thou-
sands who languish in the jails of Cuba?
It seems to me, they also represent a proper
basis for negotiation.
Mr. SMATIIERS. The Senator is correct.
Mr. CARROLL. Mr. President, I ask
unanimous consent that the entire edi-
torial which appeared in the New York
Times may be printed in the RECORD at
this point in my remarks.
There being no objection, the editorial
was ordered to be printed in the RECORD,
as follows:
CASTRO'S CIVILIAN PRISONERS
While international efforts are being made
for the release or over 1,200 military prison-
ers in Cuba, the world must not forget the
civilians incarcerated by Premier Fidel
Castro's regime.
Newsmen have estimated that 200,000 men
and women were rounded up after the un-
successful landing in April. Exiles talk of
5,000 persons penned in a 150-seat theater
in Havana, 19 dying the first day. Relatives
in many cases have been unable to learn
whether vanished kin are in custody. Only
slowly have any of those confined in the
latest roundup been winning release. Other
political prisoners are reported to have been
held without trial for months. Summary
executions have been rumored.
There was a time when Fidel Castro was
himself a rebel against the Fulgencio Batista
government.
Then Dr. Castro was declaring in a broad-
cast of August 21, 1958: "The victories we
have won in arms, without murdering, tor-
turing, or even questioning the enemy, show
that attacking human dignity can never be
justified." IF
Then he was arguing: "If in any war
cruelty is stupid, it never is so much so as
in a civil war, where the fighters will have
to live together some day and the victors
will finds themselves before the children,
wives, and mothers of the victims."
Then he was insisting: "The example that
our combatants are giving must be held up
as an edifying stimulus for our future gen-
erations, as against the shameful and de-
pressing examples given by the murderers
and torturers of the dictatorship."
In those rebel days, Fidel Castro was call-
ing for the International Committee of the
Red Cross to take over prisoners and to pro-
vide medicines. He was proud that on July
24, 1958, his rebels had released 253 captured
Batista troops to an International Red Cross
delegate, and 169 more to the Cuban Red
Cross a few days later.
This would be the time once again to in-
voke the international Red Cross-or an
inter-American governmental committee or
a United Nations mission-to alleviate con-
ditions of detainees, to report lists to fam-
ilies, to press for respect for the universal
declaration of human rights.
Article 9 of that declaration states: "No
one shall be subjected to arbitrary arrest,
detention, or exile." Article 10 says: "Every-
one is entitled in full equality to a fair and
public hearing by an independent and im-
partial tribunal, in the determination of his
rights and obligations and of any criminal
charge against him."
This should be a cause for the United
States and the governments of the Western
Hemisphere, in particular, as well as for those
governments that sought so ardently for
human rights for the late Premier Patrice
Lumutnba of the Congo. If Dr. Castro
May 25
should see fit to regard the International
Red Cross in the same humanitarian light as
he did his own revolt, it would be an advance
for human rights-and for Cuba.
Mr. CARROLL. I wish to read again
briefly from the editorial. After outlin-
ing three or four important factors, it
states:
This would be the time once again to in-
voke the international,3ted Cross-or an in-
ter-American governmental committee or a
United Nations mission-to alleviate condi-
tions of detainees, to report lists to families,
to press for respect for the universal decla-
ration of human rights.
Article 9 of the declaration states: "No
one shall be subjected to arbitrary arrest,
detention, or exile." Article 10 says: "Every-
one is entitled in full equality to a fair and
public hearing by an independent and im-
partial tribunal, in the determination of his
rights and obligations and of any criminal
charge against him."
I do not profess to be an expert in
these matters, but it seems to me that
the purport of the editorial and the dis-
cussion we had the other night is noth-
ing more than the application of com-
monsense. The President said that he
looks upon these men as brothers. Are
the 150,000 people who languish in jails
anything less than our brothers and
sisters
Therefore, when we talk about this
private group functioning, I say let them
go ahead. Let them exchange tractors.
However, I advocate we take an addi-
tional step, but not by private groups.
I advocate that through the Organiza-
tion of American States or through the
United Nations or through an interna-
tional organization like the Red Cross,
an immediate, continuing and unrelent-
ing effort be made to free the 150,000
civilian prisoners who languish in jails
in Cuba. Let us hear an answer from
Castro on this to the people of Latin
America. Let him attempt to answer it
to the peoples of the world.
Mr. MANSFIELD. Mr. President,
will the Senator from Wyoming yield,
with the understanding that he will not
lose his right to the floor?
Mr. McGEE. I yield.
Mr. MANSFIELD. Mr. President, I
wish at this time to make only two com-
ments on the President's message. The
first is to remark on the extraordinary
range of subjects which he discussed.
There is scarcely an aspect of our na-
tional security that did not receive
attention in the course of his address;
yet no one could say that his remarks
were disparate or unrelated to a sense
of the totality of the struggle that faces
us.
I can recall few speeches in the past
decades that have more clearly and
forcefully demonstrated the complexity
of the issues before us, or the Interde-
pendence of our foreign and domestic
responsibilities.
My second comment is that the Presi-
dent showed throughout his address his
profound sense of optimism that we can
expect to meet the great changes before
us. I share his optimism, and I honor
him for his faith in Congress and in the
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