CONGRESSIONAL RECORD -- SENATE

• Document Type: CREST
• Collection: General CIA Records
• Document Number (FOIA) /ESDN (CREST): CIA-RDP64B00346R000200160028-7
• Release Decision: RIFPUB
• Original Classification: K
• Document Page Count: 14
• Document Creation Date: December 16, 2016
• Document Release Date: September 29, 2004
• Sequence Number: 28
• Publication Date: May 22, 1961
• Content Type: MISC

7932 Approved FpgMqf/WV-BDPRR000200160028-7
May 22
gation should be released. to the press With such an investigation, Mr. Presi- States, with direct encouragement and
and radio and television. dent, the American people will valiantly help from the National Trust for His-
Now, in light of the recent charges respond as they always have and support toric Preservation, have Passed legisla-
made against the Joint Chiefs of Staff, a program for victory in the cold war. tion enabling communities to adopt
I believe the following remark which I And with such an investigation, the ordinances to protect old and historic
made 3 weeks ago is Particularly perti- politicians and popoffs will be silenced districts, or specific single sites and
nent. At that time I said: by the truth. I again urge an investi- buildings.
In view of the many conflicting stories al- gation of the Cuban invasion and call But this is not enough. There is a
ready published and yet to come, the public upon my colleagues to put an end to trial pressing need for specific Federal legis-
has a right to know the truth. And a calm by innuendo, by hearsay and by igno- lation to make sure that funds used in
dispassionate inquiry would be of consid-
erable use to the administration and to the ranee. federally assisted
American people. Programs are well
spent in terms of human values. We
Mr. President, events and public PRESERVATION OF OUR HISTORIC need legislation along the lines intro-
statements of the past several weeks SITES AND BUILDINGS duped by the Senator from Minnesota
pro-
have borne out my worst fears. Mr. ENGLE. Mr. President. early this vide that the effectnd on historic sites and
It has been publicly stated that we year the Senator from Minnesota [Mr. buildings of a project involving Federal
direly need a new chairman and mem- HUMPHREY] and several Members of the funds shall be taken into account in the
bers of the Joint Chiefs of Staff. It has House introduced measures designed to planning of such project; that consid-
been publicly implied that the Cuban halt the headlong destruction of our ir- eration be given to alternative schemes
fiasco was the fault of the military replaceable sites, buildings, and objects when such vital factors as scenic, his-
leaders of the Nation, of such disin- of historic and cultural importance.
guished men as General Lemnitzer, my The Historic Sites Act of 1935 gives it rret trand y estoytroyedal values maybe
friend Adm. Arleigh Burke, and others. the Secretary of the Interior some au- rievably destroyed by such haveta
It has been publicly suggested that our thority for preserving buildings and sites the State m California we vt a
military leaders went into the Cuban in- of national significance. The number of examples pointing up the
vasion without taking proposed need for this kind of legislation- Th-all
would the factors. Now, Mr. PP sidente surely The Hlation istoric Sites Astrengthen ct of 1935 his hand, men to and history threatened Oild by the
a Nation which conducted one of the ed at a time when the Federal Govern- proposed o are being freeway. h the
greatest emphibious wars in the history ment played a relatively insignificant Sacramento district ng a in a blighted The rea
of man has the knowledge, and the mili- role in construction the river front been veye and
a
tart' background to conduct a simple the Federal Government trais,spending analyzed by experts, and plans foraits
landing on an island only a few miles great sums of money for federally as- redevelopment as a living, revitalized
from our shores. sisted housing programs, urban renewal,
Surely, the men who carried the United highways, and so forth. In the imple- urged historic
part the area have been
States to success in the Second World mentation of these gr m But it e city's re lost i plans
War were not guilty of overlooking or attention is being give i to wh t they of program.
the State highway all
commission ago
simplifying the problems of setting are doing to important historic sites. If through for locating the north-south
ashore a few thousand men, the law is not amended to reflect the freeway immediately in the area. This stop
I say that it
new
a
few scapegoats ands tart seeki glthert uth. Physcsitu ial at iden es of our Am most heni- would preven
as Pa redevelopment of the old
And that truth can only be found in the tage will be reduced to rubble. Under as p Californantia of law today's
the e ecti city.
traditional way of this country-a calm, When the historic American build- Under ,ole selection of
quiet, deliberate investigation by the ings survey ended in 1941, they had re- freeway routes is the division. Proponents
e Congress. The truth cannot and will corded more than 7,000 structures of of the Preservation progrram have urged
never be uncovered by leaked comments outstanding architectural or historical location of the freeway on the west bank
or off-the-cuff pronouncements by in- merit worthy of preservation. Since the of the river.
dividuals eager for publicity. reactivation of the survey in 1957 it has If we had on our statute books a pro
Mr. President, I am not a military ex- been estimated, conservatively, that vision along the lines of the Humphrey
pert although I have served my country more than 40 percent of these have been proposal, the State highway commission
in time of war, but I associate myself destroyed or so materially altered as not would be under obligation to give con-
with the military man who declared to warrant preservation. to plans for
about the Cuban invasion failure: It is ironic that the destruction of the fee ay nbeforetFederal funds could be
No military man in his right mind would historic sites that tell the story of our spent for this purpose.
have approved the plans that were carried country's fight for independence is being I should like to make it perfectly clear
out. done by I believe, then, an investigation is
either nwholeorain pat by the Fed- legislation, ieam not inuanyi way t x-
imperative, that its need grows more eral Government. The very things that pressing any reservation about public
and more obvious daily, and will con- Americans seek out when they go abroad works programs needed to meet the de-
tinue to grow so long as we have state- are systematically being destroyed at mands of our times. At the same time,
ments about dismissing our top-flight home. The preservation of our historic I think we need some mechanism in our
military leaders. But this investigation sites has more than just sentimental law that will make us pause and con-
should be conducted by the legislative value. In the cold war between free sider what our extensive construction
branch. And this inquiry should be nations and Communist nations it has program might be doing to important
work of a full congressional committee. great practical value. In destroying the evidences of our American heritage. We
Without such an investigation, the visual evidences in which the broad cul- need, in short, a provision in the law
public will remain in darkness, unaware tural, political, economic, or social his- to make sure that in projecting federally
of the very real dangers which confront tory of our Nation is best exemplified, assisted programs, due consideration is
us. Without such an investigation, the we are blurring the portrait of given to plans that will allow us to have
reputations of our finest and most hon- America-and thus making it easier for redevelopment, preserved landmarks,
orable military generals and admirals our enemies to distort the true meaning and sound traffic planning-and to have
who are under wraps will continue to be of our country.
besmirched and stained. Without such In recent all three in harmony without one being
an investigation, suspicion and the aiding in urban renewal, highway builds sacrificed to achieve the others.
darkest doubts will fill the minds of our ing, and housing construction, the rate
people, who in this time of crisis must of destruction of our historic sites is ac- THE FAITH OF THE FATHERS
have tie utmost confidence in the men celerating to such an alarming degree Mr. ERVIN. Mr. President, on March
who will lead us into battle should that that only corrective Federal legislation 19, 1961, Hon Edwin Gill, state treas-
battle ever become necessary. can diminish its impact. A number of urer of North Carolina, made a speech
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ONGRESSIONAL R
.
1961
concerned, it is a Federal aid to educa- and local authorities in protecting persons
tion bill, and I hope to see it passed un- and property against mobs. Governer Pat-
terson's attitude creates a series of unnec-
amended. essary problems, but the presence of the
Mr. MORSE. Mr. President, will the marshals constitutes a show of force and,
Senator from Montana yield to me? presumably, a warning of more drastic ac-
Mr. MANSFIELD. I yield. tion. if that should become necessary.
Mr. MORSE, I associate myself With Mr. MANSFIELD. I say, in conciu-
all the observations which have been sion, that I think the administration is
made by the Senator from Montana [Mr. trying to act with calmness and reason.
MANSFIELD] ; and io connection with May I say, furthermore; so far as the bill
them, I ask the RECORD consent al have which is presently pending before us is
con-
printed In the RECORD an editorial, pub- concerned, I would hope we could con-
Post, In ardnt to the problems he ewhich shich sider it without reference to race and
Post, in arisen regard twithout reference to religion, but solely
have in Alabama. objection, the merits of the bill proposed, which
There being , the editorial I think is a good measure, and which I
was ordered to b be printed in the RECORD, hope will be passed practically intact by
as follows: the Senate later this week.
OFP ALABAMA
e close open Mr. MORSE. Mr. President, in insert-
Alast the came United cost to States open yesterday rebellion 'With ing the editorial in the RECORD and in as-
against
Governor Patterson's threat to have State satiating myself with the position, taken
authorities arrest the marshals sent to that by the Senator from Montana, I add only
State by the Department of Justice to help thha am very the entire glad that problem he of race dt the
curb mob violence. It seems improbable fact that
the Governor will carry out this threat, tions in the. South is one of the major
but the fact that he has made it heavily foreign-policy problems confront' ng our
underscores the gravity of the situation. Country.
Any such lawless interference on the part of
State officials with the right of the United As I said at the United Nations last
States to protect the movement of interstate fall, when, as a Senator, I was there as
commerce would necessarily have to be met one of the Senate's delegates of the
by force, with tragic consequences for Gov- United States, that question Croce there
error Patterson, the State of Alabama, and time and time again; and we must face it
b
ama - ?
The basic cause of the trouble In Ala
lies in the decision of hoodlums to resort to As I said this morning, at a committee in this Country who wants to seek to
violence to perpetuate racial segregation and hearing, I wish we had some scientific place himself above the Constitution of
in Governor Patterson's failure to maintain device by means of which we could meas- the United States, the Federal Govern-
order. The Governor looks upon the so- ure psychological effects. If we could do meat must deal with hi.m in accordance
called freedom riders as "rabble masers" who that, we would have some interesting ob- with the clear application of tho consti-
went to Alabama for the avowed purpose of the Federal Govern-
rights of
free racial incidents." But they are jective data in connection with what is tutional
free citizens of the United States. They happening in the world and in our own rne>t.
have a right to travel in Alabama singly or country in regard to this problem. I hope we will at least learn Out of
in an integrated group. This is a basic con- We need to keep in mind that millions the lessons being taught in connection
stitutional right which Alabama is obligated of colored people in the world have won with those very unhappy incidents which
to respect and uphold.
Since the riots of last week, the Depart- their political independence from. various have occurred recently that there never
d upon of Justice had repeatedly urged upon forms of colonialism-some paternalistic, was ;1 time in the last 100 years when
Alabama officials its concern for the safety some more kindly than others, some it wa>s more important that all sections
of the bus-riding students. Governot Pat- highly tyrannical that placed them of the country join and bind themselves
terson gave assurance that he had ample under subjugation. and exploitation. I together In a united determination to
men and equipment and that he was deter- think that fact has had a great psycho- see to it that mob' law is put down and
mined "to fully protect everyone in Ala- logical effect on the colored people of the that v onstit tional law prevail$ in this
bama." He declined Federal aid for this .
purpose. On the basis of this assurance the United States. land la ?
students boarded a bus in Birmingham fora We Americans have to face up to this /./~dlH,
d
. T,.n,ASICN FAIT.TITRE
-------` ------.' it
the '
--
un
er
CUB
W
Past experience gave every indication orug any longer. We have to recognize l~Zr Big Mr. President, I ask
violence at Montgomery when the bus ar- now that there are thousands and thou- urlc6iiinioitS consent that I may be per-
gome Moreover, uoritiethe s that the notified controversial Mont- sands of colored people in the United
gmery authorities mined to speak for not more than 4
group was coming and asked for r Its protec- States who have developed a sort of minutes. I am to speak on a very im-
tion. Yet no law-enforcement officials were Ghandi philosophy. I say, as a Chris- porta,nt subject, and I should like to
in evidence when the bus arrived. Hoodlums tian, that they also have developed an ortante bj statement woul t being
had ample time to beat the students, white attitude that, lnder their Christian interra.te m
and Negro alike, before the police arrived, principles, they have a moral duty to The PRESIDENT pro tempore. IS
and to assault numerous others who Merely future generations of colored boys and showed sympathy with the students. United States to make what- there objection?
Especially flagrant was the slugging of girls in the Mr. MANSFIELD. Mr. Pretident, in
John Seigenthaier, President Kennedy's rep- ever sacrifices are necessary in their gen-llowe resentative in seeking a peaceful solution, eration to bring to an end second-class view of the acttthat 3 IhaveebeI shall nod
when he tried to help a girl endangered by citizenship for the colored people. to l take the mob. The crass disregard for the safety
of individuals was further illustrated when I rise my voice in the Senate pleading pre tempore.
Mr. the street Seefor r was about 25 left m lying inutes-t es-thhe eoio oy for the South; calmness on the pleading part that of they the face people of this Wii The thout objection, PRESIDENT the pSenator;may pro-
m only
excuse being that all the "white" ambulances problem intellectually; pleading that ceed
in the city were broken down. they recognize that the time has come Mr. SUTLER. Mr. President, on
In the face of this willful failure of the when they have got to insist that there April 30, I proposed as congressional in-
Alabama authorities to protect interstate be substituted for mob law anywhere in ve:stigation of the Cuban Invasion failure
travel, the administration was fully justified the South where it raises its head, as it similar to that conducted taste year on
in taking bold measures to enforce the law.
It seeks to enjoin the Ku Klux Klan in Alabama recently, government by the U?-2 incident. Ad; that time, I sug-
other groups Isom interfering with interstate law and order; pleading today that they Bested, that the inquiry should be closed,
other and
travel. It has sent marshals to assist State recognize that the people have the right but that a daily trans,rript of the investi-
7931
to travel in interstate commerce as those
persons involved are traveling.
This does not mean that I advocate
what they are doing, but it does!; mean
that I recognize their constitutional
right to do what they are doing, under
the interstate commerce clause of the
Constitution. It is the clear duty,' of the
Federal Government to see to it that
their constitutional rights are protected
anywhere in the country, including some
very troubled spots in the North,l and I
say that because the question of racial
discrimination and denial of fir t-class
citizenship in this country is not limited
to the South.
My plea to all Amerca: is this morning,
as a member of the Foreign Relations
Committee of the Senate, is to re ? ognize
now that, this has become a foreign pol-
icy issue. The time has come for us all
to recognize now that the Constitution
has W have uniform application through-
out the length and breadth of this coun-
try.
I congratulate the President and the
Attorney General of the United States,
no matter how sad the experience, no
matter how they wish it could have been
avoided, for their coura?-e, for their dedi-
cation to their oaths, to see to it that
the Constitution is for the protection of
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7996 CONGRESSI NA O - May 22
moral responsibility to help obtain the
release of brave men who have been
captured.
Second. It would not be confined to an
exchange of men for bulldozers. The
Cuban people need many things in their
efforts to build a better life for them-
selves and their children. Among the
items which we could offer them are milk
for their children, school lunch programs
as well as a variety of health and tech-
nical assistance programs.
Third. It is not confined to prisoners
captured in the invasion. Reports from
Cuba indicate there are many thousands
of political prisoners held by the Castro
government. If they wish to leave the
country, my resolution would authorize
negotiations for their release.
The text of my resolution follows:
Whereas the United States and Cuba have
committed themselves under the Charter of
the Organization of American States to settle
their disputes by peaceful procedures, such
as "direct negotiation, good offices, media-
tion, investigation and conciliation, judicial
settlement and arbitration"; and
Whereas the expansion of Communist in-
fluence within Cuba has contributed to
greatly increased tensions between Cuba and
the United States and has resulted in an
armed invasion of Cuba by Cuban refugees
which has failed, with an unfortunate loss of
life and the capture of chore than 1.000
invaders by the Cuban Government, which
is now threatening to sentence them to hard
labor for an indeterminate period of time;
and
Whereas Premier Fidel Castro on May 1.7
is reported to have offered to exchange most
of these prisoners for 500 bulldozers; and
Whereas the United States in the past has
participated in arrangements whereby pris-
oners were exchanged for prisoners; and
Whereas it is reported that many thou-
sands of men and women in Cuba have been
arrested and are being held as political pris-
oners; and
Whereas the United States has a moral
responsibility to aid these military and
political prisoners: Now, therefore, be it
Resolved by the House of Representatives
(the Senate concurring), That it is the sense
of the Congress that the United States
should offer to explore the possibilities for
some exchange, through the United Nations
or the Organization of American States or
otherwise, which would result in the free-
ing of the captives and political prisoners,
and at the'same time show the Cuban people
in Cuba that the United States is willing to
supply them with nonmilitary equipment,
health or technical assistance programs,
school lunches or milk for children, or other
programs which will contribute to the well
being of the Cuban people as a whole.
(Mrs. GREEN of Oregon asked and
was given permission to extend her re-
marks at this point in the RECORD, and to
include extraneous matter.)
[Mrs. GREEN of Oregon's remarks
will appear hereafter in the Appendix.]
SUMMIT MEETINGS
The SPEAKER. Under previous or-
der of the House the gentleman from
Indiana [Mr. WILSON] is recognized for
10 minutes.
Mr. WILSON of Indiana. Mr.
Speaker, many Congressmen on both
sides of the aisle have noted with dis-
may and misgivings the news that once
again an American president is "going
to the summit" to meet Mr. Khrushchev,
of Russia.
Many of us have sat in this Chamber
and heard similar announcements about
the late Mr. Roosevelt, and about Mr.
Truman and Mr. Eisenhower.
We had our misgivings then and they
proved well founded. Down through the
years we have seen time and again that
it does not pay to deal in "summitry"
with the Russians. For some reason,
though, our Presidents seem obsessed
with the idea. None have been able to
resist its siren call.
Summitry will never replace a strong
and nationalistic foreign .policy, nor
should it be used to divert the attention
of the American people from what seems
to me to be the No. 1 foreign problem of
today. That problem is Cuba.
While the President prepares to go to
the summit at Vienna with the same man
whose character, as he rightly said, was
stamped forever on the bloody streets of
Budapest, Fidel Castro is preparing him-
self to become the Lenin of the "Western
Hemisphere.
Our previous experiences at the sum-
mit have proven the truth of an old mid-
western saying-man is the only animal
that can be skinned more than once.
We have been skinned at Teheran, Yalta,
Potsdam, Geneva, Camp David, and
other places; yet it seems that every time
Russia beckons, our chief executive is
ready to run to a meeting.
Nothing is really gained. Much has
been lost. You would think that by this
time President Kennedy would profit
from the mistakes of the late Mr. Roose-
velt, and from the errors of Mr. Truman
and Mr. Eisenhower.
It is apparent that is not the case. It
is also apparent that this latest summit
is a diversionary tactic to take the minds
of the American people off the problem
that sits 90 miles off our shores-the
problem of Cuba.
Cuba is going to continue to be our
No. 1 problem until this administration
stops vacillating and adopts a firm policy
designed to bring down Castro and his
henchmen.
It is my opinion and the opinion of
many military and foreign policy experts
that this administration should at once
clamp a tight air and sea blockade on
Cuba. This blockade should be designed
to prevent any military goods from Iron
Curtain countries from reaching Cuba.
Many gentlemen on this side of the
aisle have withheld criticism and advice
in a true attempt to create a bipartisan
air about our policy concerning Cuba.
Since it is now apparent we have no true
policy on Cuba, then perhaps it is our job,
as the opposition, to suggest one.
We must start now, and we must bring
down Castro now; otherwise, his military
position may, in the future, be de-
molished at a cost dear to this Nation.
Otherwise, we may see a Soviet missile
base 90 miles offshore.
This blockade does not require any
great change in foreign policy. It mere-
ly calls for implementation of the basic
principles of the Monroe Doctrine and
other past foreign policy edicts.
This House has already recognized the
threat of Cuba to this hemisphere's peace
and well being. Only last week, we
passed a resolution that demanded col-
lective action against the clear and pres-
ent danger of Cuba and communism in
our midst.
Unless we insist that the sense of this
resolution be followed up, unless we insist
on adoption of a hard and firm policy in
regard to Cuba, we are setting the stage
for Fidel Castro to build up an island
bastion of power. We are also allowing
the stage to be set for a Communist
springboard to Latin America.
We can expect Castro-agitated upris-
ings in other South American countries
and we will some day find our weak-
kneed ,policies in regard to Cuba have
cost us nation after nation in Latin
America.
Now, what are we actually doing?
Instead of concentrating on this hem-
isphere's "Communist cancer in Cuba"
we see an attempt to divert the atten-
tion of the American people to another
summit-which will see little or nothing
accomplished and which will see Russia
concede nothing and demand all.
When are we going to wake up to our
peril? When will we realize that this
Nation needs a positive, energetic, na-
tionalistic foreign policy?
This, Mr. Speaker, is now the duty
and responsibility of this administration,
which, in just 4 short months, has
plunged our prestige to its lowest ebb in
history. I say it is the responsibility of
this administration-it promised sweep-
ing changes in our national prestige, but
it certainly missed the call on the direc-
tion.
Since it has plunged us into the depths,
it now becodies its responsibility to get
us out. I want to state here and now
that I will join in any attempt to get
that job done and will back any strong
stand on Cuba.
T will support any policy formed to get
rid of communism in Cuba in particular
and thwart the spread of communism
in general.
I cannot support our present policy.
It is, at its best, poorly conceived, poorly
thought out, poorly administered, and its
returns have been anything but encour-
aging.
Many of my constituents believe we
are seeing an administration that is
weak-kneed on foreign policy and civil
rights legislation, and that really has
only two accomplishments about which
to talk.
These are the rough, tough political
pressures on the home front and the di-
arrhea of words later weakened by utter
inactivity.
This administration is willing to act
tough and be tough with Congressmen.
The President recognized that last week
when he penned a short note on a photo-
graph attesting to the ability of the ad-
ministration to have its way in this'
House.
Yes, the administration is willing to
get tough to get its deficit spending, wel-
fare state schemes through the Congress.
Why doesn't it shift this toughness to
the foreign scene, where it is really need-
ed? And why does it not back up all
those words with action?
Those of us who have served in Con-
gress through World War II, the Korean
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CONGRESSIONAL RECORD-'HOUSE 7995
pact the proposed merger will have on
the railroad workers and their welfare
must be kept in mind when considera-
tion is given to the possibility of a merg-
er. If the merger isnot realized, what
security can the financially weak B. & O.
offer its employees, if any at all? If the
C. & O. and the B. & O. do merge and
the B. & O. is thereby strengthened, will
this stronger financial position offer more
job security to the railroad workers?
It must be borne in mind, also, that
the railroad plant' is too essential to this
Nation for mergers on a hit-and-miss
or piecemeal basis. They should be
planned carefully so that the result will
not be to have all -the strong roads
merged on one side, with the weak roads
left out in the cold, so to speak. This
would do irreparable damage to the com-
munities served by the latter roads.
I would hope that the appropriate Fed-
eral regulatory and policy officials will,
therefore, consider this merger within
the context of the overriding public
interest.
SPACE CONQUEST
(Mr. DEROUNIAN asked and was
given permission to extend his remarks
at this point in the RECORD and to in-
clude extraneous matter.)
Mr. DEROUNIAN. Mr. Speaker, now
that our Nation has successfully demon-
strated the ability to put a man into outer
space and return him safely, we can be-
gin to think constructively about the
next stages of such exploration.
Recently I attended the formal dedica-
tion of a space-orientated facility which
increases my optimism that we have the
resources and ability to translate tomor-
row into today. Republic Aviation Corp.,
which for three decades has produced
fighter aircraft which have been a back-
bone of our defense, publicly opened its
new Paul Moore Research and Develop-
ment Center. This $14 million facility
has since been described by reporters as
"the most diversified privately owned f a-
cility of its type in existence." The work
to be carried on within its walls is best
reflected by the names of the seven re-
search laboratories around which it is
built. They are: Space Environment
and Life Sciences, Re-Entry Simulation;
Electronics, Materials Development;
Fluids, Guidance and Control Systems,
and Nuclear Radiation. In addition it is
supported by three wind tunnels which,
coupled with other units, gives the com-
pany the unique capability of testing
spacecraft models at speeds ranging from
400 miles per hour to over 19,500 miles
per hour, which is orbital velocity.
Mundy I. Peale, president of Republic,
and my constituent, pointed out that the
technical transformation of the com-
pany from its original role as an air-
plane company had been going on for
several years. Since 1958 alone, he said,
the company had ventured into 29 new
technological areas and had enlarged its
research and scientific staff three times.
I would like now to quote some ex-
cerpts from the remarks of Mr. Peale
during the luncheon address at the cere-
monies because I feel they are especially
timely and reflect the kind of clear
thinking which will stand this Nation in
good stead during the days ahead.
Mr. Peale said, in part:
The laboratories you will see in this Cen-
ter have been bought and paid for by the
past work of scientists, engineers, produc-
tion workers, and office employees. They
have been paid for, also, by the men and
women who invested their earnings and
their savings in this country. Looking back
on my own 2:3 years with Republic, it some-
times seems that our stockholders were the
bravest of us all.
A Russian major has orbited the earth and
returned. It is a fine achievement. But
even if we try to apply the traditional and
sincere philosophy of American sportsman-
ship and say "Well done, Russia," the rest
of the world will no longer let us get by with
it. Laotians and Cubans and Congolese,
and undoubtedly many others, accept the
feat as proof of Soviet superirolty In all
things-diplomatic, scientific, military,
mental and muscular.
Congressman WALTER June, of Minnesota,
expressed his doubts over the profitability
of negotiating with the Communists on dis-
armament by making this point: "The dif-
ference between us is that we simply want
to end the struggle-the Soviets want to win
it.
In his inaugural address President Ken-
nedy reminded us that we should not "ask
what our country can do for us, but what we
can do f or our country."
This was intended and, I'm sure, accepted
as an exhortation to the individual Ameri-
can. I would like to remind you all that
this also applies to the American corpora-
tion which, under our laws, is a citizen of
the United States.
There is no mystery as to what the corpo-
ration can be for our country. Its greatest
contribution. can be the utilization of capi-
tal to make possible the doing of worthwhile
work, to provide employment, to increase
our standard of living, and to give some-
thing to the enlargement of human values.
We are inclined to forget that progress is
Our greatest need and our greatest oppor-
tunity is to interpret the new momentum
of science so as to make it directly im-
portant and valuable to millions of Ameri-
cans.
This can be done. Our facilities for com-
municating knowledge and ideas are highly
developed. How long ago was It thi sup-
posedly, only 10 people in the world under-
stood the theory of Einstein? Today a
scientist must not only know it, he must
have 20 different ways of applying it, to get
a job.
From there we must be careful to remind
ourselves that there is no assurance of suc-
sess in any single line of discovery. We must
pursue broad parallel lines of development.
Dur assurance then is this: That the support
of scientific thinking with physical facilities
administered by dynamic and creal,lve in-
dustrial management- will increase ;he op-
:portunities where people can be put to work
;gainfully In large numbers to create new
wealth.
Science affects people through people--the
o oncern for humanity :is the endless respon.si-
'Dility of living men and women. This re-
sponsibility can never be delegated to the
machine. Some might assume that the key-
:aote of this dedication is a sense of awe at
he rapidly expanding scientific world and
the new tools it regldres.
But that is not the keynote. The key-
note is our rene:waU of the solemn pledge to
make human life here-and everywhere-
more meaningful. This requires a mighty
effort at communication, keeping the family
circle unbroken, with scientist linked to as-
sembly line worker, executive to farmer, edu-
cator to investor, and clerical worker to min-
ister.
Finally, we re.ust use our best talents in
the greater enterprise of discovery-seeking
and making truly understood the elements
of human progress that are embedded in this
onrush of technical accomplishment.
-This is the challenge to all of ue -reso-
lutely to give and to receive clear and help-
ful interpretations of all that we are doing,
so that we strengthen our faith and inspire
no longer measured in what we can do with
our hands alone. It is also measured by , - -
'
what we can create in capital facilities that 'r x
G. ANGE CUBAN PRISONERS
ings was that America's frontiers had closed
and that this was what had caused the
stagnation of the thirties. A famous survey
made at the University of Notre Dame con-
cluded that during the 1930's not $1 had
been added to the capital equipment of the
United States.
Now, with a suddenness that we still can
hardly grasp, the frontiers have opened in a
way that no frontier ever opened before: to
include the space and the universe.
This is the most dramatic aspect. Prob-
ably the more practical one is the flowering
of dozens of sciences that make accomplish-
ment possible in a hundred directions-not
merely in outer space, but in the molecules
of metals and the composition of the human
body, to mention just a few.
It is important we see this revolution in
accurate perspective:
Space, after all, Is only a new and unex-
plored part of that universe we have been
studying since Copernicus. The achieve-
ments of only the last 7 years impress
upon us that the pace of discovery is more
breathtaking than anyone would have dared
prophesy. But- still, what we are doing is
simply wrenching truths about matter from
the unknown and finding applications for
this new knowledge.
Unless we convert this knowledge into
progress for people it isn't worth anything.
point in the RECORD, and to include ex-
l;raneous matter.)
Mr. KOWA SKI. Mr. Speaker, I
;nave today introduced a resolution to
urge the U.S. Government to explore an
exchange of Cuban military and political
prisoners for U.S. nonmilitary assistance
1;o the Cuban people, including milk for
Cuban children or school lunch pro-
grams.
It is unfortunate that Premier Fidel
Castro should take the cynical and ma-
;erialistic view that human lives can be
itraded for 500 bulldozers. But his offer
of May 17 now opens up the possibility
:for releasing the Cubans who partici-
pated in the abortive invasion effort in
April.
I feel sure all Americans welcome the
formation of .e, group, organized to seek
the release of the captives by private
subscription.
. My resolution goes beyond that worthy
effort in three important respects.---
First. It would establish the principle
that the U.S,. Government as well as
private citizens should share in the cost.
Our Government shared some re:!,ponsi-
bility for that '.invasion and now shares a
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tion, the Legislature of Hawaii appro- and privileges of all citizens-regardless those senators wishing to appear before
priated an additional $50,000. This of race, creed, or national origin-can our subcommittee can arrange to do so.
leaves $200,000 still needed. be fully exercised and protected. Also, there are many private groups
Recently
the Legislature of Wiscon-
,
sin adopted a joint resolution urging the
appropriation of the remaining $200,000
for completion of the memorial.
In recognition of the sacrifices of the
men of the U.S.S. Arizona-of the tre-
mendous efforts already made for this
shrine-and the deep concern of the
State legislature and of patriots every-
where for its completion, I bring this
resolution to the attention of my col-
leagues and ask unanimous consent that
it be printed at this point in the RECORD.
There being no objection, the joint
resolution was ordered to be printed in
the RECORD, as follows:
JOINT RESOLUTION 49
Joint resolution memorializing the Congress
to appropriate the necessary funds so that
the memorial over the U.S.S. Arizona may
be completed as a national shrine for the
men killed at Peard Harbor on December
7, 1941
Whereas the project to build a permanent
memorial over the hull of the U.S.S. Arizona,
sunk In the December 7, 1941, attack on
Pearl Harbor and still containing the bodies
of 1,102 servicemen entombed within it, is
slowing because of lack of funds although
the project is nearing completion; and
Whereas the Navy Club of the United
States of America, one of the originators
of the plan to enshrine the Arizona and its
gallant dead as a memorial to all who died
at Pearl Harbor on the "day of infamy" in
1941, has been responsible together with the
Pacific War Memorial Commission for rais-
ing $250,000 privately toward the $500,000
needed; and
Whereas the Hawaii Legislature has ap-
propriated an additional $50,000 toward the
memorial leaving an additional $200,000 still
needed; and
Whereas the completion of this memorial.
is in the interest of the Nation as a whole
as a shrine to the men who gave their lives
and as a symbol for future eternal vigilance:
Now, therefore, be it
Resolved by the senate, the assembly con-
curring, That the Congress is memorialized
by the Legislature of the State of Wisconsin
to appropriate the necessary $200,000 in addi-
tional funds so that the ,memorial over the
U.S.S. Arizona may be completed at an early
date as a national shrine for the men killed
at Pearl Harbor on December 7, 1941, and
that suitable copies of this resolution be
forwarded by the secretary of state to the
_President of the United States and the Mem-
bers of Congress from this State.
W. P. KNOWLES,
President of the Senate.
LAURENCE R. LARSEN,
Chief Clerk of the Senate.
DAVID J. BLANCHARD,
Speaker of the Assembly.
ROBERT 0. MAROTZ,
Chief Clerk of the Assembly.
[NEEDED: A GREATER SENSE OF RE-
SPONSIBILITY BY LAW ENFORCE-
MENT AGENCIES AND "FREEDOM
RIDERS" IN RIOTS IN ALABAMA
Mr. WILEY. Mr. President, as a U.S.
Senator, as a citizen, and as a human
being, I, along with my fellow Ameri-
3ans deplore, and am saddened by, the
'ace riots in Alabama.
As Americans, we believe in perpetua-
-ion of a climate in which the rights
interrelationships have a long, turbulent
history.
In our efforts to resolve the inherent
problems, there is always the need for
the exercise, by all sides, of human un-
derstanding and good judgment.
Fundamentally, there is a need to pre-
serve the legal rights- of all citizens.
This includes the right to travel, to be
protected from mob violence, and the full
exercise of other legitimate privileges.
To assure a climate in which this can
be accomplished, our law enforcement
agencies-local, State and Federal-have
a basic responsibility. If violations oc-
cur, then whatever force is necessary
should be deployed to guard against
such violations,
However, Our citizens-individually,
and by association-also have a great
responsibility for the exercise of good
judgment in such circumstances.
Today, our free system is engaged-
militarily, sociologically, economically,
politically, ideologically-in a life-and-
death struggle with totalitarian com-
munism.
Previously, the riots in Little Rock
gave our Nation a "black eye"-a blow
to our national prestige. ,
Undoubtedly the tragic events in Ala-
bama also will be "ballooned" globally,
to distort the image of the United States.
In the larger world-as well as the
legal, social, interracial-view, then,
there is a need to ask: Are the law en-
forcement agencies, as well as the so-
called "Freedom Riders" exercising the
kind of judgment that will, first, further,
not retard, their separate causes; and
second, reflect favorably, not unfavor-
ably, upon the Nation of which they-
regardless of this specific cause-are,
and should be, responsible citizens.
There is, then, a national call to rise
above the prejudices, hates, blind ac-
tion-whatever motivations are the un-
derlying factors in these tragic events-
and to remember that we serve ourselves
best if we, first, best serve our country.
NOTICE OF HEARINGS ON LEGISLA-
TION TO CREATE A DEPARTMENT
OF URBAN AFFAIRS AND HOUSING
Mr. HUMPHREY. Mr. President, I
wish to announce to the Senate that
hearings have been scheduled on the
legislation which provides for the crea-
tion of a new Department of Urban
Affairs and Housing. These bills in-
clude S. 289, S. 375, S. 609 and S. 1633.
The latter bill was submitted to the Con-
gress by the President as a part of the
administration's program. These hear-
ings will be held before the Reorganiza-
tion Subcommittee of the Senate Com-
mittee on Government Operations in
room 3302, New Senate Office Building,
on Wednesday and Thursday, June 21
and 22.
A number of Senators have expressed
interest in this proposed legislation, and
I am making this announcement well
in advance of the hearing dates so that
desire to testify on this bill.
I would suggest that anyone wishing
to appear as a witness or who wishes to
file a statement on the bill to create a
Department of Urban Affairs and Hous-
ing, should communicate with the Gov-
ernment Operations Committee, room
3304, New Senate Office Building. Tele-
phone CA 4-3121, or Government code
180, extension 4753 at the Capitol. We
wish to give the opportunity to testify
to all who, are interested in this impor-
tant legislation.
The PRESIDING OFFICER. Is there
further morning business?
Mrs. NEUBERGER. Mr. President, I
suggest the absence of a quorum.
The PRESIDING OFFICER. The
clerk will call the roll.
The Chief Clerk proceeded to call the
roll.
Mr. MORSE. Mr. President, I ask
unanimous consent that the order for
the quorum call be rescinded.
The PRESIDING OFFICER. With-
out objection, it is so ordered.
FUNERAL OF SENATOR GEORGE W.
MALONE. OF NEVADA
Mr. MORSE. Mr. President, as all
Senators know, today we are sad be-
cause of the death of our former col-
league, Senator Malone of Nevada.
Many in the Senate wish to pay their
tributes to his memory by attending his
funeral at 1 o'clock. Therefore, I shall
request that the Senate stand in recess
until 1 o'clock. Let me say that I have
cleared this matter with the majority
leader.
So, Mr. President, in order to enable
the Senate to proceed at 1 o'clock with
debate on the Bush amendment, and
also in order to allow ample time for
Senators to attend the funeral of the
late Senator Malone, of Nevada, and
thereafter to return to the Senate in time
to vote on the Bush amendment, I shall
either move or shall ask unanimous con-
sent that the Senate take a recess until
1 o'clock.
The PRESIDING OFFICER. Is there
objection?
Mr. BUSH. Mr. President, reserving
the right to object, although I may not
object, let me say that Senators have
come to the Chamber to transact morn-
ing business. Therefore, will the Sena-
tor from Oregon modify his request, so
as to make it possible for Senators to
transact morning business and for the
reassembly, following the recess, to occur
1 hour after the conclusion of the trans-
action of morning business?
Mr. MORSE. Yes. Mr. President, I
modify my request accordingly, with the
understanding that the 1-hour recess will
begin at the conclusion of the trans-
action of morning business.
The PRESIDING OFFICER. Is there
objection to the modified request of the
Senator from Oregon? The Chair hears
none; and it is so ordered.
Morning business is now in order.
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Ton A0 CONGRESSIONAL RECOR,
STANDING COMMITTEE ON VET-
ERANS' AFFAIRS-ADDITIONAL
COSPONSOR OF RESOLUTION
Mr. CANNON. Mr. President, on
May 3, on behalf of myself and 32 other
Senators, I submitted a resolution (S.
Res. 134) to amend the standing rules
of the Senate to create a standing Com-
mittee on Veterans' Affairs. The Sen-
ator from Iowa [Mr. MILLExa has since
requested that his name be added as a
cosponsor. I ask unanimous consent
that at the next printing of the resolu-
tion the name of the Senator from
Iowa be added.
The PRESIDING OFFICER. With-
out objection, it is so ordered.
further morning business?' If not,
morning business is closed; and, in ac-
cordance with the unanimous-consent
agreement, the Senate will now stand in
recess for 1 hour.
Thereupon (at 12 o'clock and 4 min-
utes p.m.) the Senate took a recess until
1 o'clock and 4 minutes P.M. At the conclusion of the recess, the
Senate reassembled, and was called to
order by the Presiding Officer (Mr.
METCALF In the chair).
feel about it?" I said, "I was flabber-
gasted," and started to say why I was
flabbergasted.
- Just then General Lemnitaer came out
of the door, and the reporter turned to
find out what General Le]nnitzer had
to say in comment on an earlier state-
ment by another Senator that he
thought there should be a shakeup.
Subsequently, or as soon as I could,
I turned to see if there was any reporter
interested in having me finish the sen-
tence. They were interested in what
General Lemnitzer was saying. Later,
reporters from the Associated Press and
CBS asked me, and I finished the sen-
tence for them. Apparently the com-
pletion of the sentence never reached
the editor of the Washington Star or the
Washington Daily News. The Washing-
ton Daily News, in its editorial of today
says:
All the public knows is that one Senator,
having heard the testimony, thinks a shake-
up is essential. Another Senator-CASE of
South Dakota--says he was "flabbergasted"
by what he heard.
In yesterday's Washington Sunday
Star, an editorial reads:
It is true that Senator GoaE, except pos-
sibly for some implied support from Senator
CASE of South Dakota, stands alone. Senator
MORSE, chairman of the investigating sub-
committee, has expressed his confidence in
the Joint Chiefs:
ATTEMPTED INVASION OF say~to those who listened to the comple-
CUBA tion of the sentence, was that I was
During consideration of H.R. 1021, Mr. flabbergasted that the military reputa-
MoxsE obtained the floor. tion of the United States could be laid
Mr. CASE of South Dakota. Mr. on the line by persons who are not in
President, will the Senator yield? the Military Establishment or under
Mr. MORSE. I yield to the Senator their control-which puts a different
from South Dakota. meaning on it. I started to say I thought
Mr. CASE of South Dakota. The there were aspects of the matter that
other day the distinguished Senator ought to be reviewed by the Armed Serv-
from Oregon held some hearings before ices Committee. I was a member of that
a subcommittee of the Foreign Relations committee. We had in the hearings
Committee in his capacity as chairman testimony by the Joint Chiefs of Staff
of the Subcommittee on Latin American and some of their associates. It was
Affairs. He invited other Senators to be only natural that I should say certain
present. I was one of the Senators who aspects of the matter should be reviewed
was present part of the time. I should by the Armed Services Committee.
like, with the Senator's indulgence, to I was flabbergasted-I am still flab-
take a moment or two to clarify some bergasted-that the military reputation
interpretation placed on the remarks at- of the United States could be laid on the
tributed to me following the hearing, line by persons who are not under the
MORSE. I am glad to yield. control of the Military Establishment of
Mr
.
Mr. President, may we have the under- the United States. field of Latin American affairs.
standing that this interruption will ap- Mr. MORSE. Mr. President, I wish to
us to or fallowing dis- thank the Senator from South Dakota +-
i
h
o
er prev
pear eit
cussion of the education bill'? for coming to the hearing of the com.?- SCHOOL ASSL`STANCE, ACT OF 196:
The PRESIDING OFFICER. With- mittee the other day. The questions he The PRESITY.[NG OFFICER. Unde
out objection, it is so ordered'. asked and the contributions he made by the unanimous-consent agreement, th,
Mr. CASE of South Dakota. The other way of his suggestions and statements Chair now lays before the, Senate the un
day, during the hearings being conduct- were very helpful to the record we are finished business, which, will be states
ed by the Senator from Oregon with making. I did not hear what transpired by title.
respect to the Cuban matter, one of the outside the committee room, but I am The LEGISLAI IVE CLERK. A bill (:
Senators leaving the room made a state- sure no confidence is violated when I say '1021) to authorize a program of Federa
ment which implied some criticism of that the Senator from South Dakota did financial assistai;nce for education.
the Joint Chiefs of Staff. Later on, at say in the committee room, practically The PRESIDING OFFICER. Th
the conclusion of that hearing, I left verbatim, just what he said on the floor The
to the amend
the room and was asked by some re- of the Senate. In fairness to the Sen- question the on Senator Ggreerog
porters by the door what I' thought. I ator from South Dakota, the public rec- quest Mr. of is of the fgot the amend Connecticu.
r
said, "Well, I thought there were certain ord should show that. Beyond that, I MMORSE. Mr. Presideomnt nt, I u undde aspects of it that should be reviewed do not intend to involve myself in. any stand d wishes that the
modify Sehis nator amendment, nt, an
by the Armed Services Committee,"' of controversy which the Senator from
wllich I am a member. Another re- South Dakota may be involved in with that is perfectly acceptable to me.
porter made some further interrogatory. anybody else; but I do want to say that The PRESIDING OFFICER. The a He said, "Well, how do you personally what he has said on the floor of the Sen- . thor of the amendment has that right.
May 22
ate be said, in meaning, in the commit-
tee itself.
Mr. CASE of South Ipakota. Mr.
President, in response to w#at the Sen-
ator from Oregon, as chairman of the
Subcommittee on Latin American Af-
fairs of the Committee on Foreign Rela-
tions, has said, I should also like to
say, if I may, and I hope I an not violat-
ing any confidence. of the subcommittee,
that a question was asked, and I think
some emphasis was placed' on it by the
distinguished Seaoator from Oregon
which would have shed some light on
the whole situation, and which would
have been helpful to merklbers of the
committee who were obliged to leave
before the hearing was concluded. I
think the Senator from Oregon recalls
the question which he asked, or the mat-
ter to which he directed ttention, and
said that was a very significant com-
ment; that if that had beon brought to
the attention to the Senators present,
there would perhaps have been a dif-
ferent feeling about some of the issues
involved.
Mr. MORSE. As the Senator knows,
I propose to make the recommendation
to the full Foreign Relations Committee,
if the subcommittee approves, the full
Foreign Relations Committee give ap-
proval to the subcommittee to advise the
President that we think the contents of
the transcript should be made known to
the President, and particularly the piece
of information that the Senator alludes
to, which bore upon the question I asked.
The press representatives asked me
afterward, "Do you mein to imply,
Senator, that the President does not
know all these things?" y reply was,
"I simply want to make sure he knows.
I think we owe it to him to give him the
opportunity to make absolutely certain
he knows the condition ofjthe transcript
and also, if it meets with his pleasure,
that he have whatever benefit, if any
would come from a brief consultation
with the members of the; committee in
respect to some of our observations and
interpretations as to the significance of
what the transcript indicates."
He might obtain benefit from review-
ing some of the problems; which I think
confront the President Of the Unitec
States in respect to the whole matter of
our procedures and our policies in thf
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CONGRESSIONAL RECORD -SENATE May 22
PURR WORDS AND SLUR WORDS:
HURDLES IN THOUGHT TRANS-
MISSION
Mrs. NEUBERGER. Mr. President,
much of our time on the floor of the
Senate is spent.in dissecting the mean-
ing of words. Indeed, the bulk of ma-
terial in the RECORD in which this ap-
pears deals in some degree with this
process because the same word evokes
different responses in different individ-
uals. At the same time our language of-
fers a broad spectrum for description of
abstract ideas. For instance, "chronic
complainer" and "perfectionist" are
terms that might be used to describe the
same individual, but the meanings are
poles apart.
Mr. Stuart Chase, a word craftsman
of some precision, has delved into the
language barrier between reasonable
men in an article which appears in the
spring 1961, issue of the Lamp. A little
reflection on the article, entitled "What
Are We Talking About?" makes me won-
der whether work of the Congress would
be facilitated by creating a Joint Com-
mittee on Definitions, thus providing
more definite boundaries within which
we could pursue our discussions. It
might be advantageous to set forth the
meaning of such phrases as "the public
interest," a condition frequently alluded
to here,
But the task of defining is not with-
out peril. How would members of the
Joint Committee on Definitions react
when dealing with words such as "Demo-
crat" and "Republican"?
I ask consent to include with my re-
marks portions of an article by Stuart
Chase from the attractive and enlight-
ened house organ of one of the Nation's
largest corporations, the Standard Oil
Co. of New Jersey.
There being no objection, the excerpts
from the article were ordered to be print-
ed in the RECORD, as follows:
EXCERPTS FROM ARTICLE ENTITLED "WHAT ARE
WE TALxixo ADour"
(By Stuart Chase j
What is free enterprise? In a recent sur-
vey of public opinion, a scientific sample of
adult Americans were asked to define this
familiar phrase. Only 80 percent of them
had a passable answer; many thought it
meant something given away free at a sale.
Surveys conducted by Opinion Research
Corp. show that most Americans have
only the foggiest notion of such terms as
"capitalism," "socialism,,, "communism,"
"productivity," "depletion." Even the word
"dividends" baffles some citizens.
Fogginess about economic terms is not con-
fined to the rank and file. Discussion and
dispute rage in academic, congressional,
journalistic, and executive circles about the
political, economic, and social issues of the
day, in words that shed little light, although
they often generate heat.
? M M ?
Beware, the semanticists say, of "slur"
words and "purr" words, terms which have a
built-in emotional bias. They raise the blood
pressure and fog the vision. They can trans-
form reasonable men into unreasonable table
pounders. "Profiteer" is a slur word, and so
is "spender," while "budget balancer" is a
purr term, along with "home" and "mother."
Campaign oratory normally contains a gener-
ous larding of slurs and purrs; indeed it is
often intended to stir the emotions and con- choosing what resources shall be developed
fuse. next and what goods placed upon the market.
?. s r r They must abjure monopoly and keep the
Let us compare briefly our present econ- market free. They hire and fire at their dis-
omy with the language currently used to de- cretion, unimpeded by social legislation and
scribe it. The United States has developed trade union rules. There is reason to believe
a series of economic habits and arrangements that Britayin in the 1840's and America in the
which produce a fantastic output of goods, 1870's were not too far from such per-
together with a somewhat uneven balance formance.
between private and public expenditures. A hard look at the American economy
Automobiles are in oversupply and places to today reveals that it corresponds about as
park them in undersupply. A television set little to "Capitalism," as defined above, as it
is in nearly every home, while the country is does to the accredited definition of "social-
gravely short of school classrooms. Average Ism." Discussion based on these terms is
family income-more than $7,000-is the likely to be stale and unprofitable, as well as
highest ever known on earth; the poor are overemotional. Remedial action based on
getting richer, and the rich disgorge in in- these terms is likely to be confused. There
come taxes up to 91 percent of their annual is simply no such animal out there in the
take. Hours of labor have declined so dra- real world.
matically over the years that the use of Take "free enterprise" and its sister terms,
leisure has become a serious problem. The "free competition" and "the free market."
stockholders of large corporations, in many Plenty of lively competition goes on in Main
cases and for various reasons, no longer exert Street, but over the years the free market, as
management control; control is in the hands the Washington Post points out, has been
of a continuing group of professional man- drastically modified. Protective tariffs; sub-
agers who may hold only a minority stock sidies of many kinds; "fair trade" laws, where
interest. The Federal Government admin- manufacturers set the price at which retail-
Isters a social security system with more than era can resell; "oligopoly," where a handful
100 million Americans on its rolls. Farmers of firms more or less control a market; Gov-
now constitute less than 10 percent of the ernment regulation of utilities and the air-
gainfully employed, with the ratio shrinking waves-all these practices modify, if they do
year by year, yet they still produce tremen- not contradict, free competition. In brief,
dous surpluses. Factory workers are declin- "our free enterprise system" is a wild mis-
ing relative to white collar workers, automa- nomer for what is actually going on. But
tion speeding the process. "our monopolistic system" is almost equally
OLD WORDS FOR NEW REALITIES wild. The system varies from the airtight
The Washington Post in a recent editorial
summed up the current economic pattern:
We live in a mixed economy, with tariffs,
subsidies, tax privileges, credit arrangements,
and direct and indirect governmental regu-
lation. In total this is neither socialism nor
capitalism, but a composite adjustment of a
practical people to the realities of day-to-day
affairs, We live in private houses which we
can afford because of governmental control
of the mortgage market.
One might go on to give unlimited ex-
amples of the way private affairs are en-
tangled with those of government on its
three levels. They are interwoven too with
nonprofit institutions like universities and
foundations, and with cooperative enter-
prises. The reality just will not fit into neat,
exclusive categories. This mixed economic
pattern is spreading throughout the so-called
free world.
Here then is the objective reality, the
mixed economy which is steadily raising liv-
ing standards but at the same time creat-
ing new problems of imbalance, some badly in
need of correction. Responsible citizens are
concerned with these problems; they are also
concerned with the rapidly expanding Rus-
sian economy and the competition it offers
to our system.
s * + s ?
"Socialism" has long been explicitly de-
fined by scholars as the public ownership
and operation of the principal means of pro-
duction. Webster will corroborate this one.
It follows that there is very little socialism
in the United States. Public utilities are the
only important exception, and these in many
cases have been operated by the community
ever since the first water and sewage works,
a century and more ago, Regulation, to be
sure, is gaining. Federal, State, and local
monopoly of the Atomic Energy Commission
to the unhampered competition of roadside
vegetable vendors.
Take the national debt, which looms in
many minds as an arching tidal wave, about
to engulf us all. A neighbor told me recently
that he was more afraid of this "crushing
burden" than he was of nuclear war. Most
of us think of the national debt as similar
to a mortgage on one's house. Speaking as a
CPA, I know that the analogy is weirdly
inaccurate.
The Federal debt is little greater now than
it was in 1946-about $290 billion as against
$279 billion-while the gross national prod-
uct has almost doubled and population has
soared. The "crushing burden" thus grows
relatively less. The debt furthermore is prac-
tically all internal, and interest received by
citizens is subject to taxation; we are on both
sides of the equation. It is utterly impos-
sible for the United States to "go bankrupt"
under these conditions. The real difficulty
with the debt is its unequal distribution
among groups inside the country-banks,
trustees, insurance companies, corporations,
individuals, and other bondholders. The
debt could be better managed, doubtless, but
such action will be difficult as long as the
words are so far from the facts.
Take "balanced budget," a term closely al-
lied in our minds to the debt. It is a purr
term, while "unbalance" is a slur. Prac-
tically every candidate for President in my
memory has promised to balance the
budget. It is a battle of words, not of
facts. Fiscal prudence over the years is
certainly mandatory, but there is no occa-
sion for a scrupulous balance every year.
A deficit is sound procedure in a recession
year, and in prosperous years a surplus
should be planned for, to retire some of
governments are moving in to regulate motor the debt. Few citizens, furthermore, ever
traffic, the airwaves, water and air pollu- stop to define "the budget." Shall it be
tion; they are stepping up social security on a cash basis or on an accrued basis?
laws. This is welfare legislation, but it is Shall social security fund transactions be
not socialism or communism. Included or excluded? Shall earning as-
"Capitalism" can be defined as a system sets, like the TVA, be capitalized as in a
where the private owners of capital decide business balance sheet, or treated as running
and direct the flow of investment, and so expenses?
control the nation's economy, within certain This brings us to the powerful slur word
overall rules laid down by the Constitution "spending." Spending for what? Is it bet-
and the state. Capitalists freely vie in ter for the community to have money spent
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CONGRESSIONAL RECORD -- SENATE
There being no objection, the resolu-
tion was ordered to be printed in the
RECORD, as follows:
RESOLUTION ADOPTED BY THE WEST CENTRAL
CONFERENCE OF THE ATTOUSTANA EVANGELI-
CAL LUTHERAN CHURCH APRIL 22, 1961
Whereas the National Lutheran Council
has made a statement in regard to the issue
of governmental aid to nonpublic elementary
and secondary schools, as follows:
"The National Lutheran Council views
with concern the proposal made in connec-
tion with legislation currently before Con-
gress which would authorise loans to non-
public elementary and secondary schools for
the construction of school buildings, on the
bases that:
"(a) Such Government aid previously
given to colleges and universities operated
by religious groups has been considered by
many a borderline practice in proper rela-
tion between church and state, but Govern-
ment aid for the construction of church-
operated schools at the elementary and sec-
ondary level is clearly a form of tax support
for sectarian instruction; and, -
"(b) The availability of such aid to non-
public schools would facilitate with public
funds the establishment of racially segre-
gated private schools as an alternative to
integration in the public schools"; Therefore
be it
Resolved, That-
1. The West Central Conference of the
Augustana Evangelical. Lutheran Church re-
cord its opposition to the granting of gov-
ernmental aid to nonpublic elementary and
secondary schools;
2. We urge members of Conference congre-
gations to write their congressional repre-
sentatives giving expression of their convic-
tions on the subject of governmental aid to
nonpublic elementary and secondary schools;
and,
S. The Secretary of the Conference be in-
structed to forward copies of this resolu-
tion to the Members of the congressional
delegation from each of the States repre-
sented in.our Conference.
60"" C ASSIFIED INFORMATION
I Mr. LAUSCHE. Mr. President, sev-
eral weeks ago in the Committee on
Foreign Relations I stated that practical-
ly nothing that is discussed in the com-
mittee, regardless of how highly sensi-
tive it may be from a classified infor-
mation standpoint, remains within the
walls of the committee rooms. The ex-
perience of every day fortifies me in that
conviction. There is no information di-
vulged in that committee room sensitive
and dangerous to the country, and hence
classified through it may be, that does
not ultimately, by direct or indirect ex-
pression, become knowledge for the
world.
From my own standpoint I have be-
come deeply apprehensive that, while
trying to abide by that understanding
about confidential, sensitive, and classi-
fied information, I have subsequently
found that by direct quotation or in-
direct statements everything that occurs
becomes public information.
I cannot associate myself with the
efforts to condemn the Central Intelli-
gence Agency or the Joint Chiefs of
Staff on the basis of what happened in
Cuba. The failure to keep classified in-
formation inviolate is one of the reasons
why we are in the rather delicate posi-
tion we occupy today.
Whatever happened in Cuba was
wrong, in my opinion, because the in-
vasion, or whatever it may be called,
was tolerated and then allowed to be-
come a failure after it had started. If
invasion was the decision, nothing
should have been left undone to make it
a success. I think that it was a debacle,
of course.
We have suffered unduly in the world
on account of that event, and the suffer-
ing has not yet come to an end. We do
not know what will happen in Laos,
South Vietnam, Thailand, Cambodia,
and other places.
My principal reason for addressing the
Senate today is to state that I do not
condone the statement condemning our
Chiefs of Staff that was made following
last Friday morning's meeting of the
committee. I have implicit confidence
in the Chiefs of Staff. They have done
great work, and the interest of our coun-
try is not served by these "interhouse ac-
cusations." It would be far better if
we would point out the weaknesses of
the Soviet and their depradations. Not
one word is spoken about them. But in
the Chamber today I have heard nothing
but criticism of my Government.
The PRESIDING OFFICER (Mr. MET-
CALF in the chair). The time of the Sen..
ator has expired.
Mr. BUTLER. Mr. President, I ask
unanimous consent for additional time
so that I may be allowed to ask a ques-
tion of the Senator from Ohio.
The PRESIDING OFFICER. Is there
objection? Without objection, it is so
ordered.
Mr. BUTLER. Does not the Senator
believe that this question, which I am
sure is not clear to the public or, indeed
to the Senators, should be reserved until
such time as an impartial investigation,
such as was made of the U-2 incident, is
made of the invasion and a full report is
made by the committee entrusted to
make the investigation?
Mr. LAUSCHE. I opposed the U-2
inquiry. No good purpose that would
benefit our country could be served
through such an investigation. Nothing
of a constructive nature could follow.
Mr. BUTLER. At least, did not the
people learn the truth concerning the
U-2 incident? Does not the Senator
from Ohio believe that the people of
America are entitled to know who made
the decisions and why they were made?
Mr. LAUSCHE. I concur in the ap-
praisal of the Senator from Maryland
with respect to the subject, but I do not
concur in the idea that we should con-
duct an investigation. The investigation
of the U-2 Incident served the Com-
mulaists and not our country. I cannot
see what good would be served our coun-
try by a general open and public dis-
cussion.
Mr. BUTLER. Then I believe it be-
hooves Senators to remain silent about
the whole matter and make accusations
against innocent people who have served
their country well and who are unable to
make answer.
Mr. LAUSCHE. If I were: to express
myself, I would suggest that we do not
become slaves, of the microphone and
the television lens. when it is in the cor-
ridor outside the room of the'Conlmittee
on Foreign Relations. Let us not run up
to it with great avidity to tell the world
what happened in the Committee on
Foreign Relations, which has been dis-
cussing sensitive and classified material.
Mr. BUTLER. Such information does
nothing but degrade the Military Estab-
lishment of this great country.
Mr. LAUSCHE.. I commend the Sena-
tor from. Maryland for makhag that
statement.
Mr. KEATING. Mr. President, it is a
sad day for American when a group of
young white and Negro citizens cannot)
safely travel through any of our States.'!:
The Communists already are making they
most of this incident in the world press..
Firm action is needed to restore law
and order and constitutional protection'
to the vistirms of the mob in Alabama. Imust be mule clear that such depriva
tions do not go unremedied in our great
democracy..
Our integrity as a nation of law is at
stake as well as our standing in the inter-
national community. We cannot permit
the proud inheritance of freedom which)
we all enjoy as Americans to be be-
smirched and stained by hoodlums, ra~-
ists, and demogogues.
I commend Attorney General Kennedy
for his bold response to this 'ugly situa-
tion. No other course was open to him
but to invoke whatever Federal author-
ity existed to cope with this situation.
This is not an. invasion of States' righs.
There is a national responsibility to up-
hold the Constitution and to safegua#-d
travel by interstate facilities. We would
be a Union of States in name only if the
Federal Government had no authority to
restore law and order under circui i-
stances such as exist in Alabama.
It must be assumed that the Attorney
General is acting with the approval and,
encouragement of the President. How-
ever, it would be very desirable for the
President to give the full legal and moral
support of his office to the Attorney
General's efforts. A strong public state-
ment by the President would prevent; any
misconceptions as to where the oster-
whelming majority of Americans stand
on this issue.
Mr. President, I believe strongly inthe
need for new civil rights legislation and
this incident in Alabama emphasizes! the
great gap which still exists between our
constitutional principles and their en-
joyment by all Americans. But cer-
tainly no new laws are needed forj the
Federal Government to deal with such
conditions as exist in Alabama. The
present laws are fully adegaaate to enable
the Department of Justice to take a tion
in this situation. Obviously we ne not
and should not wait for additional 1 `is-
lation to meet the clear responsib' ities
of the Federal Government to protect the
freedom riders.
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 7936
Approvee&Rftggf91 /M ROA=346R000200160028-7Uay 22
Miami County townships plays a major
role in keeping top teachers in these
areas.
Charles L. Stalcup, president of the
Bloomfield school board said that-
it would mean that our local property taxes
would have to be raised 20 cents [per $1001
to get the amount now contributed by the
Federal Government.
2. Was the Federal grant contributed to
the general fund of the school district or
was it allocated for specific expenses?
Most of the school districts replied
that the Federal grants are used for
general school expenses and particularly
for teachers' salaries. Use of the money
to meet capital expenses or to retire
capital debt is, of course, prohibited by
the law.
3. Did the acceptance of the Federal grant
result in any Federal regulation, specific or
implied, with regard to school curriculum,
personnel, or administration?
Response to this important question
has been a consistent and emphatic
"no." Not a single instance of Federal
control or regulation- was reported.
Typical of the comments on this ques-
tion was the statement of Leo J. Cos-
tello, superintendent of the Loogootee
public schools, who said:
I hope that you will do all in your power
to get us more Federal help because the fear,
that so many have, of Federal control has
not materialized.
4. Is the administration of the program
satisfactory?
The comments generally indicated
that the program was being adminis-
tered satisfactorily, although some criti-
cized the amount of paperwork involved
and the timing of the grants.
5. Do you favor continuation of this Fed-
eral aid program?
Without dissent, every- one of the re-
spondents voiced their anxious hope
that the program would be continued.
Glenn D. Barkes, superintendent of the
I-hope that those who seriously slues- school board members whose districts' being
to the association revealed that board mem-
imposed Federal aid bers want Federal aid and are not particular
re education without t pTof
Federal whether it comes for teachers salaries or for
regulation will be enlightened by the re- school construction*
suits of this survey. I hope that the A short questionnaire was sent to members
fears of Federal controls resulting from of boards with membership in the associa-
Federal assistance will be quieted. tion. Replies were received from 328 people?
r all of the five
we
n
t
NATIONAL FREEDOMS FOUNDATION
CLASSROOM TEACHER MEDAL
AND CITATION TO DONALD R.
TERRY
Mr. LAUSCHE. Mr. President, I am
pleased to join with the many friends
and associates of Mr. Donald R. Terry,
director of the Speech Department of
Louisville High School, Louisville, Ohio,
in congratulating him upon the occasion
of having been chosen to receive a Na-
tional Freedoms Foundation Classroom
Teacher Medal and citation, in recog-
nition of his outstanding contributions.
This will be the third time that Mr.
Terry has been so highly honored by
this Foundation.
First in 1951, he received a George
Washington Medal in recognition for
his literary contributions.
In 1956, the school newspaper in War-
saw Inrlia.na., the Hi-Times, which Mr.
however,
i
on.
award and in 1961 the Classroom Teach- quest
Comments registered with question re-
sponses Award, for significant contributions sponses could be summarized as follows:
to the American Way of Life in teach- (1) Some are violently opposed to and
ing America's youth our American her- some are wholeheartedly in favor of Federal
itage. This most recent award will be help for public education.
presented by Mr. Russell A. Strausser, (2) Federal help should come only after a
support
Executive Head of Louisville High , State has established tIts iability ability.
School. at the commencement program and support do abase based better job b the State
to be held May 23, 1961. Mr. Strausser (3) better Kansas should
can organization.
will be acting in behalf of Dr. Wells, level (4) with Kansas accepts Federal aid- now and
president of the Foundation. additional aid would help.
Ohio t proud that t one of its citizens
(5) Available Federal moneys should be
in the teaching profession is again to handled through the State department, and
be so highly honored. districts should qualify for such help.
New Albany-Floyd County Consolidated Mr. CARLSON. Mr. President, the
School Corporation said: Kansas Association of School Boards has
since our experience has been exception-
ally good, we favor this program without just conducted a poll of the school board
reservation. members in our State concerning Federal
6. Further comments- aid to education. This questionnaire
Most of the comments offered reem- was sent to 1,200 members of the Kansas
phasized the general acceptability of the Association of School Boards and replies
program and favored further Federal were received from 328.
assistance. Not uncommon was this In response to this questionnaire, it
comment by Vance B. Collins, superin- was interesting to note that 58 percent
tendent of the Clarksville School Town: favored Federal aid to education in any
"I would like to urge that very serious form and 40 percent were opposed. Of
consideration be given to the education those replying 58 percent wanted help
bills of the present administration. I with both salaries and construction,
feel that Federal funds can be utilized while 35 percent felt it should go for con-
efficiently in the field of education. it struction only.
seems to mp- that is the only source of The response to this questionnaire is
funds left open to take care of increased most interesting, in view of the present
enrollment, increased and intensified debate in the Senate and I ask unani-
curriculum and increased demands be- mous consent that a news release analyz-
ing made by the public in general." ing the replies be printed as part of my
From the replies, I have concluded: remarks.
First. That the programs of Public There being no objection, the article
Law 274 and Public Law 815 are vital to was ordered to be printed in the RECORD,
many communities and should be contin- as follows:
ued. KANSANS AND FEDERAL AID TO EDUCATION
Second. That Federal aid to education School board members who fight the battle
can be free of Federal control and regu- of budget and pressures to improve public
tion in
d
uca
lation and still be effective, if we in Con- schools favor Federal aid to e
gress insist that that local 'school autonomy Ksome form. A recent ansas Association of study
be preserved. School Boards among
b
s
a
Some replies did no
questions but the answers indicated the fol-
lowing:
1. Fifty-eight percent favored Federal aid
to education in any form. Only 40 percent
were opposed to Federal aid in any form.
2. Preference as to type of aid showed 58
percent wanted help with both salaries and
construction, 95 percent felt it should go for
construction only, while 5 percent wanted it
for salaries only.
3. Fifty-one percent thought that Federal
money should be distributed and adminis-
tered through the State department of public
instruction while 39 percent felt it should be
allocated directly to the local district. Ten
percent did not react to this question.
4. A majority, 51 percent of those respond-
ing felt that, if available, Federal aid money
should be distributed in relation to a dis-
trict's overall need. Forty percent preferred
distribution on a student population basis
while 8 percent did not respond to the query.
5. Among the group responding 63 percent
said they would work to qualify for Federal
funds, if and when enacted. Only 5 percent
would not work to qualify for such help,
32 percent did not react to this
Mr. CARLSON. Mr. President, at a
meeting of the 91st annual convention
of the West Central Conference of the
Augustana Lutheran Church, held in
Denver, Colo., April 19-23, 1961, a reso-
lution was adopted opposing the pro-
posed legislation of financial aid to the
nonpublic schools of the elementary and
secondary levels.
The Augustana Lutheran Church, of
which the West Central Conference is a
part, is a Minnesota corporation, with
congregations in 34 States and the Dis-
trict of Columbia. The church consists
of 1,242 congregations and numbers
592,000 members. Its president is the
Reverend Dr. Malvin H. Lundeed, whose
office is at 2445 Park Avenue, Minneap-
olis, Minn.
The West Central Conference is a
Kansas corporation, witIr congregations
in Colorado, Kansas, Missouri and Wyo-
ming. The Conference consists of 63
congregations and numbers 23,592 mem-
bers. Its president is the Reverend Dr.
N. Everett Hedeen, whose office is at
Salina, Kans.
I ask unanimous consent that the
resolution be printed as a part of these
'All percents were calculated using the
total response of 328.
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 1961._. Approved For Relea"ftjgft-IIPB034~ 0160028-7
Chiefs of Staff and in the interest of the
millions of Americans who want to know
and who are entitled to know what hap-
pened, I must ask that the full role of the
Joint Chiefs of Staff be made available
to this body. Did they participate, or did
they not? If they did, to what extent?
Were there some who were not consulted
while others were; and, if so, who were
they, and why were the others excluded?
The President is to be commended for
his willingness to assume full responsi-
bility in this matter, and I know the
American people are proud of him for
that assumption. They are not looking
for scapegoats. They are only asking
why, and I am sure that when they
know the whys they will stand behind
the President in his actions in this mat-
ter, but they will not condone aGcusa-
tions against General Lemnitzer, an
American of unquestionable loyalty
proven time and again in the service of
his country, which cannot be backed up Mr. THURMOND. Mr. Pees".dent, on
by proof. Friday, May 19, 1961, Dr. John Temple
Mr. GOLDWATER. Mr. President, I Graves-a great American patriot, an
have heard with a great deal of mutual outstanding newspaperman, and one of
concern the :feeling expressed this morn- the South's most eloquent 'spokesmen-
ing about what has been taking place in passed away while making an address
Alabama. I heard the majority leader before the Mobile (Ala.) Bar Association.
justly ask, "What must other people be Long a spokesman. for States rights, Dr.
thinking, of us?" Graves was calling for observance of the
I wonder at the same time, Mr. Presi- Constitution when he was apparently
dent, while we are worrying about what stricken by it heart attack.
the world thinks of us in relation to the Dr. Graves rendered valuable service
South, what the world and our own peo- to the cause of constitutional govern-
ple are thinking of us in relation to Cuba. xxient over his long and brilliant news-
Mr. President, what should we do when paper career, which began on the New
Castro attempts to blackmail us by of- York Journal and ended on the Birming-
fering 1,000 lives for 500 tractors and by, ham Post-Herald. On the Post.-Herald
throwing in what he calls "the Fascist he wrote a news column which was pub-
priests" for free? What is the answer lished in 24 other newspapers across the
when we ask what will happen if we Southland, which he loved so dearly.
do not succumb to this blackmail? I In addition to the laurels and respect
think these are questions we should be he earned as a newspaperman, Dr.
meditating this morning, instead of ask- Graves was the author of three books-
ing the people of America to put up with "The Shaft in the Sky," "The Book of
blackmail from a Communist country 90 Alabama," and "The Fighting South"-
miles off our shores. and he was a much sought-after public
I think the people of the world will speaker not only in the South but
judge us as strongly by what we do or throughout the country.
do not do in, the case of Castro as they I knew Dr. Graves very well as a good
will judge us by what we do or do not friend and a noble gentleman of sterling
do in relation to what is happening in character. He will be missed by many
the South, friends and in many ways, but he has
I do not think we can abandon our left a great mark-in his writings, his
moral responsibility to the Cubans we speeches, his courage, and his personal
placed on the shores of Cuba in the hope integrity-and he made many valuable
that they would help get rid of conimu- contributions toward making this coun-
nism there. We have a deep moral re- try and the world a better place in which
sponsibility-I think a deeper moral to live.
responsibility to those people than we In tribute to this great newsman, I ask
have ever had in the history of this unanimous consent, Mr. President, to
country. If we ignore this and succumb have printed in the RECORD, at this point
to the Communist blackmail with which in my remarks, an editorial written to his
Castro is threatening us today, I think memory in the May 21, 1961, issue of the
we will slide down further in the opinion Charleston News and Courier, one of the
of the people of the world. newspapers which used his column for
Mr. GORE. Mr. President, for the so many years.
benefit of Senators who may have had There being no objection, the editorial
neither the opportunity to hear the testi- was ordered to be printed in the RECORD,
mony nor the opportunity to read the as follows:
7935
papers for which he wrote, among them
The News and Courier. We counted him not
only as a respected member of our editorial
staff, but as a warm personal friend.
John Graves was a gentleman by birth and
upbringing. He was also a gentle than in the
best sense of both words. His instincts were
noble. He had a keen respect fojr the feel-
ings or. others. by 10 means did these
sensitive qualities detract from the courage
or the frankness of his Journalistic approach.
In his writings he was a stanch de-
fender of States rights and Southern
philosophies. Through his college years at
Prinetori, his service with The New York
Journal and his journeys up and down the
land, he had a thorough understanding of
other parts of the United States. But he
never lost his southern accent.
FEDEIe,AL CONTROLS OVER SCHOOL
CURRi_CULUM PERSONNEL, OR
ADMINISTRATION'
Mr. HARTKE. Mr. Presidel4,it, many
people have written me concerning Fed-
eral controls or regulittions over school
curriculum, personnelaor administration
which :might follow Federal financialas-
sistance to elementary and secondary
schools,
We have had Federal aid to; elemen-
tary and secondary i chools for many
years under the Provisions of Public Law
815 and Public Law 874. These pro-
grams oilier financial assistance directly
to school districts affected by unusual
Federal governmental activity in the
district, such as the looation of ;military
bases or other Federal installations
within or near the school district
boundaries.
Under these laws the Federal aid is
directly given to the local school'; author-
ity. In. this sense, the danger I of Fed-
eral control or Federal regulation would
seem more real to those who conscien-
tiously fear control than in the Federal
aid to education bill the are now con-
sidering, which, of course, allocates
funds to the States for distribution to
local school districts.
To :find out whether any Federal con-
trol, over local school autonomy'over its
school curriculum, personnel or admin-
istration, either specific or implied,
might have resulted from the adminis-
tration of these programs, I recently
wrote to the executives of all' of the
school districts in Indiana which had re-
ceived such assistance in recent years.
To date, I have received replies from
nearly half of those contacted. I would
quiriies I made of them
1. What percentage of the total school
district budget was derived from Federal as-
sistance tinder Public Law 574?
Respondents indicated that the Fed-
eral assistance was generally constituted
a small Percentage of their total budget,
but they emphasized its importance in
no uncertain terms.
transcript of the investigation which the JOHN TEMPLE GRAVES Ray Geyer, superintendent of'I Miami
distinguished senior Senator from Ore- The South lost one of its ablest spokes- t ou nsh l;aublic school wthterea-for irL one
gon, as chairman of the subcommittee, men when John Temple Graves died in the Pupils the Pupils where nearly children of of
has been conducting, I advise, that the Alabama. A faithful trouper, he was in are el n ase
clerk of the Senate Committee on For- action till the end. A fatal heart attack tinned at Bunker Hir Hill Air r Force ce f3ase,
,
c r of theoe has ommmed me sr- struck him on a lecture platform at Mobile, the Federal assistance is of major im-
His eloquence had brought speaking invita- porta.nce to the education of the pupil
transcripts of the verbatim record have tions from every State. His fame went far in this area. He further states that
been made and are available to any beyond the dirculation areas of the news- Public Law 874 assistance to four other
Member of the Senate who will make
the effort to walk down one flight of steps
to the Foreign Relations Committee
room, No. F53, to read them.
It is true that President Kennedy has
assumed and accepted full responsibility
for the Cuban affair. Like the distin-
guished junior Senator from Arizona, I
applaud him for doing so.
Other participants, others charged
with official responsibility, si:iould be
held responsible for the part they
played, for the recommendations sub-
mitted, for the advice given. Ours is
it Government of responsibility.
Answers to the questions raised this
morning-to many of them, at least-
are available already in the RECORD, if
Senators will take the time to read the
RECORD, which is very nearby.
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 Approved a5 n%?Ml0/ C6 DP kgk46R000200160028-7
1961 7933
entitled "The Faith of the Fathers," at
the North Carolina State Service, Wash-
ington Memorial Chapel, Valley Forge,
Pa. This speech contains some sound
advice for all of us, and it ought to be
made available to all Members of the
Congress. For this reason I ask unani-
mous consent to have it printed in the
RECORD at this point.
There being no objection, the speech
was ordered to be printed in the RECORD,
as follows:
THE FAITH OF THE FATHERS
(Address by Edwin Gill, state Treasurer, at
the North Carolina State Service, Wash-
ington Memorial Chapel, Valley Forge, Pa.
I count it a great privilege to speak to you
today in this beautiful chapel erected by
partlotic citizens and dedicated to the wor-
ship of God. Near this sacred spot, the men
of Valley Forge suffered great hardships. Un-
der the leadership of the great Washington,
they carried on a valiant fight for all the
rights and privileges that we hold dear. As
we sit here together in this spiritual retreat,
our minds naturally turn to that portion of
the Bill of Rights that guarantees to all of
us the right to worship God as we please.
All of us owe a debt of gratitude to the
Founding Fathers who had the foresight to
declare in our fundamental law for religious
as well as political liberty.
The Founding Fathers had a highly de-
veloped sense of history. They were aware
of the long struggle of mankind for freedom.
They knew of the trials and errors of the
past. They were well informed as to the rise
and fall of republics, and they knew of the
first stirrings of self-government-faint and
feeble though they had been-both on the
European continent and in England. And
they were determined, as far as possible, not
to repeat the mistakes and errors of the
past.
In their minds, one of the greatest blun-
ders of history was the centuries-old alli-
ance between church and state. For a thou-
sand years, this mixture of politics and re-
ligion had bred intolerance as dogmas were
enforced through the rack, the wheel, the
faggot, the hangman's noose and the block.
They knew from experience that it was un-
wise to trust any church with political
power. Although Washington and his as-
sociates were deeply religious men and be-
lieved that civil society could best endure if
undergirded by religion and morality, they
were determined that here in America the
state would protect all religions but prefer
none. This policy they fervently believed
would prevent the intolerance and fanati-
cism that had scarred and defaced the story
of civilization.
It has been said that it was fortunate for
the United States of America that it came
into being in the 18th cenutry; that the
Founding Fathers, breathing the tolerant air
of the age of enlightenment, were prepared
to conduct a successful experiment in human
freedom that would have been difficult, if not
impossible, to accomplish at an earlier time.
For instance, it is extremely doubtful that
our Nation could have been conceived in
freedom during the 16th century, which was
generally a period dark with intolerance,
during which mankind was afflicted with the
cruel blight of religious wars. -
During this century mankind was divided
more by religion than by either race or
politics. During a civil war that ravaged
France, a well informed observer, declared:
"It was folly to hope for peace between
persons of different religions. A Frenchman
and an Englishman who are of the same re-
ligion have more affection for one another
1 Michel L'Hopital, French jurist and
statesman (1507-73).
than citizens of the same city, or vassals of
the same lord, who hold to different creeds."
In all this dark era of intolerance and per-
secution, there were, of course, bright spots
such as the tolerance of William the Silent
who led the Low Countries in their war for
independence against Spain, and the expedi-
ent moderation of King Henry of Navarre,
who sought without much success to estab-
lish a truce betwen Catholics and Huguenots.
Yes, it was fortunate that the Founding
Fathers were permitted to work in the more
tolerant atmosphere of the 18th century, but
it was also fortunate that they had fresh in
their memories%the appalling record of in-
tolerance, fanaticism, and persecution that
had desecrated the centuries that preceded
it.
Sir Edward Newenham wrote to George
Washington In 1792 telling him of the de-
plorable condition of affairs in Ireland due
to religious conflicts and received in reply
from Washington a letter, from which I
quote the following excerpt:
"Of all the animosities which have existed
among mankind, those which are caused by
a difference of sentiments in religion appear
to be the most inveterate and distressing,
and ought most to be deprecated. I was in
hopes that the enlightened and liberal pol-
icy, which has marked the present age,
would at least have reconciled Christians
of every denomination so far that we should
never again see their religious disputes car-
ried to such a pitch as to endanger the peace
of society."
As an example of the consciousness of the
Founding Fathers of the tragedy of mixing
politics and religion, we find James Madison
writing to Robert Walsh on March 2, 1819:
"It was the universal opinion of the cen-
tury preceding the -last, that civil govern-
ment could not stand without the prop of
a religious establishment, and that the
Christian religion itself, would perish if not
supported by a legal provision for its clergy.
The experience of Virginia conspicuously cor-
roborates the disproof of both opinions. The
civil government, though bereft of every-
thing like an associated hierarchy, pos-
sesses the requisite stability and performs
its functions with complete success; whilst
the number, the industry, and the morality
of the priesthood, and the devotion of the
people have been manifestly increased by the
total separation of the church from the
state."
There are, of course, some who contend
that the Founding Fathers were against the
recognition of any church in our Constitu-
tion for the simple reason that they were in-
different to religion itself; that most of them
were formal Christians who merely gave lip-
service to the church.
Now, there is no denying the fact that
during the 18th century there was a great
deal of skepticism and indifference to re-
ligion, and that many intellectuals favored
an approach which ignored the individual
creeds of all churches and that in the proc-
ess the Christian faith, whether Protestant
or Catholic, was diluted by a 'sort of pagan
viewpoint. Typical of this attitude is a
verse from the universal prayer written in
1738 by Alexander Pope, which said.
Father of all! In every age,
In every clime adored;
By saint, by savage, and by sage,
Jehovah, Jove, or Lord!
However, I do not agree with those who
think that the religion of the Founding
Fathers was cold and formal, and that they
worshiped only with lip service. No one can
read the letters and papers and the con-
temporary testimony without feeling that
Washington and his associates gave serious
and solemn allegiance to God, and that they
were unanimous in contending that His
worship should include working for the
welfare of all men.
As Norman Cousins points out in his ex-
cellent book, "In God We Trust," 7 the found-
ers' "view of man had a deeply religious
foundation: rights were 'God-given'; man
was endowed by his 'Creator'; there were
'natural laws'; and 'natural rights'; freedom
was related to the 'sacredness' of man;
* * ?
On the other hand, I think the Founding
Fathers, although men of faith and of deep
religious conviction, did take advantage, if
you please, of the latitudinarian atmosphere
of the 18th century, as expressed by Pope,
which was congenial to widely divergent
opinions in matters of religion, to imbed in
our Constitution the fundamental rights of
man, which, of course, included freedom of
religion.
It is true that Washington never spoke or
wrote with particularity about his creed. In
fact, he was extremely reticent not only
about his Individual religious faith, but also
about his theories of government. It was a
part of the nature of the man to say little,
to refrain as far as possible from useless con-
troversy, and to make deep and abiding com-
mitments only when great issues were at
stake. More than any of the Founding Fa-
thers, Washington reserved the intimate de-
tails of his faith for the inner ' recesses of
his own heart. And yet it is clear not only
that he believed in a benign providence, but
that he felt the need of the comfort and
powerful support of the Christian religion
for himself, for his soldiers, and for his
country. You are familiar, of course, with
his celebrated statement to his soldiers here
at Valley Forge in which he said:
"While we are zealously performing the
duties of good citizens and soldiers, we cer-
tainly ought not to be inattentive to the
higher duties of religion. To the distin-
guished character of patriot it should be our
highest glory to add the more distinguished
character of Christian."
It is true that John Jay, the first chief
justice of the United States, opposed the
selection of a chaplain for the national
House of Representatives (because he feared
it would be in conflict with the principle of
separation of church and state), and yet Jay
was a fervent and devout Christian, serving.
as president of the American Bible Society.
If you will read the papers of Jefferson,
you will find that he was deeply absorbed in
the philosophy of Jesus, and went to the
trouble to prepare, as he called it, his own
bible, including in it quotations from the
lips of the Master. Certainly few men in
America believed more in the good life as
advocated and as practiced by Jesus. Speak-
ing of this book in which he had collected
the. sayings of Jesus, Jefferson said: "It (the
book) is a document in proof that I am a
real Christian."
And we cannot summarize the religious
convictions of Alexander Hamilton better
than to quote words that he sent in a mes-
sage to his wife upon the eve of his duel
with Aaron Burr, which was to end in Ham-
ilton's untimely, death. Speaking from his
heart and with the realization that he might
soon face his Maker, Hamilton said:
"The consolations of religion, my beloved,
can alone support you; and these you have a
right to enjoy. Fly to the bosom of your
God and be comforted. With my last idea
I shall cherish the sweet hope of meeting
you in a better world. Adieu, best of wives--
best of women. Embrace all my darling chil-
dren for me."
And the brusque and crusty master of
Braintree, John Adams, who was perhaps
more conservative in his views than most
of the Founding Fathers, summarized his
religion neatly by saying it was embraced
in the Ten Commandments and the Sermon
on the Mount.
2 In God We Trust, by Norman Cousins,
Harper & Bros., 1958.
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Benjamin Franklin, associate of intel-
lectuals both in Europe and America and
undoubtedly a man of unconventional be-
liefs, sought to state his faith in language
broad enough to constitute a common de-
nominator for all men of good will and of
spiritual conviction. Here Is Franklin's
credo. He believed:
"That there is one God, who made all
things.
"That He governs; the world by his provi-
dence.
"That he ought to be worshiped by adora-
"But that the most acceptable service of
God is doing good to man.
"That the soul is immortal.
"And that God will certainly reward virtue
and punish vice, either he or hereafter."
Of course, there are those who would deny
to Thomas Paine a place among the Found-
ing Fathers. However, Washington and the
other Founding Fathers valued Paine's serv-
ice to the revolution, particularly his pam-
phlet called "Common Sense," which 'was
used to stimulate the morale of our soldiers
during the War of the Revolution. There
are many who are willing to accord Paine
a high place In the struggle for freedom,' but
who are disturbed by his attitude toward re-
ligion, which was highly irregular and some-
thing of a scandal following the publica-
tion of his book-"The Age of Reason." In
this connection, it is interesting to quote
from Paine's own statement as to his beliefs.
Here it is:
"I believe in one God, and no more; and
I hope for happiness beyond this life.
"I believe in the equality of man; and I
believe that religious duties consist in doing
justice, loving mercy, and endeavoring to
make our fellow creatures happy."
So, I submit that generally speaking the
Founding Fathers were men of faith, Al-
though they differed individually in matters
of creed and in degrees of conformity, there
is no doubt that they believed firmly in a
Divine Creator and were convinced that in
worshipping Him they must work fore the
welfare of mankind, and with the excep-
tion of Paine, who in his language was often
intemperate and Incendiary, the Founding
Fathers approached the issues of the day
with amazing moderation and restraint. I
have the feeling that they frequently leaned
over backwards declining to engage in theo-
logical discussion not because of any lack
of interest in religion, but because of their
deep conviction that religion could flourish
best where each individual was free to ap-
proach the throne of grace along the path
that seemed best to him.
Typical of the Founding Fathers' attitude
in the following excerpt from a letter writ-
ten in 1814 by Jefferson to Miles King, from
which I quote in part:
"Our particular principles of religion are
a subject of accountability to our God alone.
I inquire after no man's, and trouble none
with mine; nor is it given to us in this life
to know whether yours or mine, our friends
or our foes, are exactly the right. Nay, we
have heard it said that there is not a Quaker
or a Baptist, a Presbyterian or an Episco-
palian, a Catholic or a Protestant in heaven:
that on entering the gate, we leave those
badges of schism behind, and find ourselves
united in those principles only in which God
has united us all. Let us not be uneasy
then about the different roads we may pur-
sue, as believing them the shortest, to that
our last abode; but, following the guidance
of a good conscience, let us be happy in the
hope that by these different paths we shall
all meet .in the end. And that you and I
may there meet and embrace, is my earnest
prayer. And with this assurance I salute
you with brotherly esteem and respect."
Just because the Founding Fathers did
not talk, as a rule, in terms of dogmas and
creeds does not mean that they were indif-
ferent to religion, or that they were not men
of spiritual conviction. They did not think
any nation could prosper or long endure
whose people were not deeply religicus and
moral. They insisted, however, that religion
was a matter of individual experien.,e, and
that the specific creed involved war, of no
concern to the State. The truth of the mat-
ter is that the Founding Fathers sought to
emphasize the ideas that united all men
of faith, thus they hoped that religion would
cease to be a matter of discord and that the
worship of God would have a unifying ef-
fect, bringing all men together as spiritual
brothers. This view coincided not only with
their religious beliefs, but was also in har-
mony with the overriding concern of the
Founding Fathers -for the unity of the new
Nation.
Jews, Protestants, anal Catholics today have
complete freedom of conscience, and are able
to worship God as they please because these
great men had the courage and the wisdom
to eliminate creed from the domain of gov-
ernment.
Of course, the adoption of our Bill of
Rights did not overnnight remove from the
constitutions of the States all remnants of
religious intolerance that had been brought
to our shores by our forefathers. 1'iogress
in purging such provisions from the funda-
mental law of. the States was to take time.
If you will pardon me, I would like to give
you an incident from the history of lny own
State.
In 1833, our legislature prevailed'on Wil-
liam Gaston, a Roman Catholic, to accept
election to our State supreme court. The
action of the legislature In offering this
position to Gaston was taken in spite of
article 32 of our constitution which provided,
among other things, that no person should be
capable of holding any office or place of trust
or profit who denied "the truth of the Prot-
estant religion." After much soul searching
and after conferring with some of the fore-
most legal authorities of the day, Gaston
came to the opinion that this provision did
not bar him and consequently accepted elec-
tion to the supreme court. Later, In a con-
stitutional convention held at Raleigh In
1835, this provision, which cast doubt on the
right of Catholics to hold office, was re-
moved from' the constitution after an elo-
quent plea by Gaston, who was a member
of the convention. Thus the cause of re-
ligious freedom was advanced in North
Carolina because of the growing spirit of tol-
erance among our people and because of the
outstanding character and ability of Wil-
liam Gaston.
I wish to observe that the recent election
of John F. Kennedy, a Roman Catholic, to
the Presidency of the United States sym-
bolizes_ the fact that our people have reached
a very high plane in this matter of religious
tolerance. It is true that we had had
judges and Governors and Senators who
were of the Catholic faith, but not until
Mr. Kennedy was elected had the people
demonstrated that adherence to the Catho-
lic faith was 'not of itself a bar to holding
the highest office within the gift of the
people.
In this connection I wish to echo the plea
of President Kennedy in the current debate
about Federal aid for education, which has
involved parochial schools, that our people
speak with moderation and restraint, keep-
ing in mind at all times that we who engage
in this discussion are, after all, Americans
and that we are the heirs of the Founding
Fathers who found a way in a great crisis to
settle their sharp differences wisely in a
spirit of moderation and with mutual re-
spect for each other.
We are all aware of the fact that the de-
bates of 1787 and 1791 were often sharp,
threatening againand again to disrupt the
plans of those who desired a Constitution
with a Bill of Rights, and yet somehow
the Founding Fathers, regardless of their
differences, managed to preserve a, broad,
basic understanding that gave room' for co-
operation. It is to be hoped that t'lre cur-
rent debate about Federal aid to our; schools
can reflect this spirit of harmony that per-
vaded the minds of the Pounding Fathers.
Is it too much to hope that this impor-
tant discussion can be carried on with the
dignity of Washington, the candor of John
Adams, the broad philosophic approach of
Jefferson, the courage' and sound judgment
of Hamilton, and last but not lest. the
homespun wit and wisdom of Franklin?
This question probes deeply into thj minds
and :icarts of all of us and is onel of the
challenges of our day.
Let me say by way of summary, that the
faith of the Fathers was art affirmative force
in the building of this Nation. Their faith
in Gal, was associated with their faith in
man. After all, in their opinion, than was
created by God and was endowed with cer-
tain inalienable rights arhd abilities. So,
in their judgment, man had the right, the
duty and the potential to govern himself.
It was upon this grand assumption that our
Republic was founded, and which encour-
aged Washington and his associate to be-
lieve that it had a chance to end re, So
here is one Nation that refused to r cognize
any particular religion as being superior to
another, and which in fact took it neutral
position toward all creeds, and yet ctwes its
existence and its hope of survival to a
deeply held religious convicttion that all men
are brothers subject to the governance of
Divine Providence. So it ia: entirely 114r keep=
ing with our concept of religious freedom to
continue to sa': .In God We Trust."
TT11E CUBAN SITIJATIONI
Joint Chiefs of Staff by one of our col-
leagues is a serious affair which cannot
be lightly brushed aside. Public con-
ference in the State Department and in
the CIA has been severely shaken; by the
events in Cuba, and,I might add yiustifi-
ably so because of their close confection
with the episode. But to add the Joint
Chiefs of Staff, upon only the word of one
Senator, has implications which need
explaining. The entire Congress, has, I
believe, acted with propriety in this mat-
ter, refraining from accusations of a
partisan nature. We have been waiting
for the story to unfold, a,:i unfold it must,
but now it seems that one in this body
has information the re it of us o not
have, and questions arise whit must
in fairness to a group of dedicated
Americans, the Joint Chiefs of Staff, be
answered.
For example, my unde:'standingi at the
time of the invasion was to the; effect
that the Joint Chiefs of Staff had been
consulted, Since that tine I have won-
dered at the lack of meni ion of the pres-
ence at any such meeting or meetings of
the Chief of the Air Force or of the
Marines. I have, in addition, heard
statements to the effect that none 'of the
Joint? Chiefs of Staff had been consulted
immediately prior to the attempted in-
vasion. I have withheld questions on
both of these points, feeling that after
due investigation a report; would b made
to the President and subt:equently to the
Congress, but after reading the accusa-
tions made by our colleague last ,week-
end, I feel that, in defense of the good
names of those who constitute our Joint
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extortion, and intimidation throughout
the world?
How, by all this, do we strengthen the
hand and the position of the President
of the United States in his impending
conversations with Sovigt Premier Khru-
shchev?
I earnestly hope that we will recover
from our current emotional binge, and
that our national leadership will regain
its voice, before we are too badly burned.
LEAVE OF ABSENCE
By unanimous consent, leave of ab-
sence was granted to Mr. TOLL (at the
request of Mr. ALBERT) for today, on ac-
count of a death in the family.
SPECIAL ORDERS GRANTED
By unanimous consent, permission to
address the House, following the legis-
lative program and any special orders
heretofore entered, was granted to:
Mr. WILSON of Indiana for 10 minutes,
today.
- Mr. JONAS for 15 minutes, today.
Mr. HALPERN (at the request of Mr.
GOODELL), for 10 minutes, today.
Mr. MOORE (at the request of Mr.
GOODELL), for 5 minutes, today.
Mr. DENT (at the request of Mr.
STEED), for 30 minutes, tomorrow.
Mr. DENT (at the request of Mr.
STEED), for 30 minutes on Wednesday
next. -
Mr. GEORGE P. MILLER, for 20 minutes
on Thursday, May 25.
EXTENSION OF REMARKS
By unanimous consent, permission to
extend remarks in the Appendix of the
RECORD, or to revise and extend remarks,
was granted to:
Mr. AsPXNALL and to include extraneous
matter.
Mr. SIKES in four Instances and to in-
elude extraneous matter.
Mr. LANKFORD in five instances and to
include extraneous matter.
Mr. ROGERS of Colorado and to include
extraneous matter.
Mr. HALEY and to include extraneous
matter.
Mr. MASON and to include extraneous
matter.
Mr. DEROUNIAN in two instances and to
include extraneous matter.
Mr. WILSON of California in two in-
stances, in one to include extraneous
matter, notwithstanding the fact it ex-
ceeds the limit and is estimated by the
Public Printer to cost $216. .
Mr. AucHrxcLOSs and to include ex-
traneous matter.
Mr. MURRAY and to include an article.
Mr. GIAIMO.
Mr. STEED to revise and extend his re-
marks on the bill H.R. 7208, and to in-
clude certain tabular material.
Mr. HARRIS and to include t speech by
the Secretary of Health, Education, and
Welfare at the James E. West Boy Scouts
annual meeting.
Mr. MACK and to include extraneous
material.
Mr. MADDEN and to Include extraneous
matter.
Mr. AsHBROOK and to include extrane-
ous matter.
Mr. MCCORMACK (at the request of Mr.
STEED) and to include extraneous mat-
ter, notwithstanding it exceeds two pages
of the RECORD and is estimated by the
Public Printer to cost $351.
Mr. MARTIN of Massachusetts and to
include an editorial.
(The following Members (at the re-
quest of Mr. GOODELL) and to include
extraneous matter:)
Mr. MOOREHEAD Of Ohio.
Mr. CEDERBERG.
Mr. WHARTON.
Mr. HoEVEN.
Mr. RoUssELOT.
Mr. SHORT.
Mrs. ST. GEORGE.
Mr. DEVINE.
Mr. ELLSWORTH in three instances.
Mr. GOODLING.
Mr. HosMER in five instances.
Mr. BECKER.
Mr. DERWINSKI in two instances.
Mr. AVERY in two instances.
Mr. MACGREGOR in three instances.
Mr. CURTIS of Massachusetts.
Mr. BYRNES of Wisconsin.
Mr. ALGER in five instances.
Mr. SCHWENGEL in two instances.
(The following Members (at the re-
quest of Mr. STEED) and to include ex-
traneous matter:)
Mrs. GRIFFITHS.
Mr. CooK in two instances.
Mr. MCDOWELL in two instances.
Mr. RABAUT in six instances.
Mr. FLOOD in two instances.
Mr. CELLER.
Mr. CASEY.
Mr. REUSS.
Mr. FRIEDEL in two instances.
Mr. JENSEN.
ENROLLED BILLS SIGNED
Mr. BURLESON, from the Committee
on House Administration, reported that
that committee had examined and found
truly enrolled bills of the House of the
following titles, which were thereupon
signed by the Speaker:
H.R. 5571. An act to provide for the addi-
tion. or additions of certain lands to the
Effigy Mounds National Monument in the
State of Iowa, and for other purposes.
H.R. 6100. An act to amend title VI of the
Merchant Marine Act. 1936, to authorize' the
payment of operating-differential subsidy for
cruises.
SENATE ENROLLED JOINT RESOLU-
TION SIGNED
The SPEAKER announced his signa-
ture to an enrolled joint resolution of
the Senate of the following title:
S.J. Res. 89. Joint resolution to amend sec-
tion 217 of the National Housing Act to pro-
vide an interim increase in the authoriza-
tion for insurance of mortgages by the Fed-
eral Housing Administration.
BILL PRESENTED TO THE
PRESIDENT
Mr. BURLESON, from the Committee
on House Administration, reported that
that committee did on May 18, 1961, pre-
sent to the President, for his approval,
a bill of the House of the following title:
H.R.7030. An act to amend the Agricul-
tural Adjustment Act of 1938, as amended.
. ADJOURNMENT
Mr. GEORGE P. MILLER. Mr. Speak-
er, I move that the House do now
adjourn.
The motion was agreed to; accordingly
(at 1 o'clock and 30 minutes p.m.), the
House adjourned until tomorrow, Tues-
day, May 23, 1961, at 12 o'clock noon.
EXECUTIVE COMMUNICATIONS, ETC.
Under clause 21 of rule XXIV, execu-
tive communications were taken from
the Speaker's table and referred as fol-
lows :
9?Q. A letter from the Acting Director, Bu-
reau of the Budget, Executive Office of the
President, relative to plans for works of im-
provement relating to the following water-
sheds: Crowdabout Creek-Powell Creek, Ala.,
Grady-Gould, Ark., Napa River, Calif., Hog
River-Pig Creek, Ill., Beasha Creek, Miss.,
Panther Creek, Mo., Haikey Creek, Okla.,
Cane Creek, Tenn., Blue Creek-Howell, Utah,
and Polk Creek-Saltlick Creek, W. Va., pur-
suant to the Watershed Protection and Flood
Prevention Act, as amended (16 U.S.C. 1005),
and Executive Order No. 10654 of January
20, 1956; to the Committee on Agriculture.
931. A letter from the Acting Director, Bu-
reau of the Budget, Executive Office of the
President, relative to plans for works of im-
provement relating to the following water-
sheds: Magma, Ariz, Muddy Fork of Illinois
River, Ark., Bull Creek, Ga., Seven Mile
Creek, Ill., Fall River, Kans., Bayou Rapides,
La., and Camp Rice Arroyo Lower Plum
Creek, Tex., pursuant to the Watershed Pro-
tection and Flood Prevention Act, as amend-
ed (16 U.S.C. 1005), and Executive Order No.
10654 of January 20, 1956; to the Committee
on Public Works.
02. A communication from the President
of the United States, transmitting a draft
of a proposed bill entitled "'A bill to amend
the Welfare and Pension Plans Disclosure
Act with respect to the method of enforce-
ment and to provide certain additional sanc-
tions, and for other purpose"; to the Conn
mittee on Education and Labor.
933. A letter from the Chairman, Federal
Communications Commission, transmitting
a copy of the report on backlog of pending
applications and hearing cases in the Fed-
eral Communications Commission as of
March 31, 1961, pursuant to Public Law 554,
82d Congress; to the Committee on Inter-
state and Foreign Commerce.
934.. A letter from the Administrator, Gen-
eral Services Administration, transmitting a
report of an overobligation which occurred
early in calendar year 1960 under the ap-
propriation "Construction, public buildings
projects," pursuant to title 31, United States
Code, section 665; to the Committee on Ap-
propriations.
935. A letter from the Director, Office of
Civil and Defense Mobilization, Executive Of-
fice of the President, transmitting the 40th
report on property acquisitions for the Office
of Civil and Defense Mobilization for the
period ending March 31, 1961, pursuant to
the Federal Civil Defense Act of 1950; to the
Committee on Armed Services,
936. A letter from the Assistant Segretary
of the Interior, transmitting one copy each
of certain laws enacted by the Fifth Guam
Legislature, 1960, pursuant to the Organic
Act of Guam; to the Committee on Interior
and Insular Affairs.
937. A letter from the Assistant Secretary
of the Interior, transmitting a copy of Sen-
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1961 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD -HOUSE 8001
were a coxxrlotteriesmon or similar probleilatm t hrou hrou scheme
(Mr. MOORE asked and was given 37 million tons a year-a decline of a]- These of
These
permission to revise and extend his most 40 million tons.
remarks.) I realize, Mr. Speaker, that the deci.- out the United States in the I &70's. For
Mr. MOORE. Mr. Speaker, recently, Sion to bar or limit imports of coal from example, inCom?m. v. Emerson? 165 Mass.
a major British steel producing company 'the United States was largely a matter 146, 42 N .E. 559, the purpose of a similar law in announced that it had requested per- of poli6y in each of the nations jr.- "to one ofahe States off es w of bated as
mission from the Board of Trade to im- volved. But I am sure our' Government being appeal rev en
gambling iargains
port U.S. coal. can take steps to ease the situation for which and induce appeal people the buy what they do
Despite the fact that the steel com- American coal without infringing upon not want by the promise of a gift or a
parry is located in the heart of the Welsh the sovereignty of our allies or interfer- prize, the precise nature of which is not
coalfields-among the largest in Bri- ing in their internal affairs. moment of which not
tain-it told the Government it can buy Mr. Speaker, an increase of 40 million known at ret the king the
coal from the United States at about tons a year in coal exports would go a uown wn a under The control, but gambling making to-
$2.24 atop less than it can from domestic long way 'toward alleviating conditions day is out-of-date law remains on the books.
nationalized mines. of significant and persistent unempIo;V- h there has never been a jtr-
I am sure, Mr. Speaker, that the fact ment which exists in almost all of the Although
dicial Alt decision construing has the District's
that U.S. coal can be produced in our great coal producing regions of the Na-
e
mines by men enjoying one of the highest tion. Men would be put back to work "gift ente piz se" laso t pr v premium ring toe
wage scales in industry, moved by rail in the mines, the coal carrying rail-usual ano of
to the Atlantic coast and then shipped to roads would undoubtedly have to put on gift-with-purchase merchandising car-
Europe and be sold for less than British more men to handle the increased coal ried an throughout the 50 States, the
produced coal will come as a surprise to traffic and business generally through- District's Corporation Counsel has so in-
many people. But to persons familiar out the coal areas of the Nation would terpreted the law because oa' its rather
with the technological revolution which receive a shot in the arm. broad and specific language.
has occurred in the American coal In-' The Government is now pursuing pol- As a result, residents of the District
dustry in the past 10 years the fact that icies which are detrimental to the coal are being; deprived of the opportunity to
American coal is competitive with for- industry. For example, the Government make bargain. purchases, and the District
eign produced coal in just about every. is permitting an increasing amount of is losing tax revenue, at a time when it
coal market of the world is one more bit foreign residual fuel oil, which can be is badly needed. Legitimate business is
of proof of the efficiency and produc- priced to undersell coal along the east being unnecessarily interfered with Un-
tivity of our coal industry. coast, to be imparted and it also is do- der the Present law.
The U.S. coal industry is without a ing nothing to discourage the sale of The Federal Trade Commission ?e-
doubt the most productive and efficient natural gas at dump prices in coal mar- viewed this matter carefully in 1953 acrd
kets. issued a trade practice rule on the use of
in . do worlal Today, the avm more pro- Imported residual fuel oil and dump the word "free" in advertising and other
diction of all coal mines is more than gas are seriously affecting efforts of the commercial offers. I believe it will be, in
13 tons per man per day-more rate and coal industry to put the domestic coal the public. interest, in the interest of
double the 1947 production rate and industry on a sound and expanding residents of the District, and in the I In??
about 10 times greater than individual basis. If these domestic policies are terest of business in the District to
production in most Western European. continued and nothing is done to reopen amend the present law and incorporate
mines. world markets to American coal-if this the substance of the Federal Trade Corn-
In a period of strong inflationary pres combination of adverse marketing con- mission rule. This will permit the same
sures, the average mine price of com- ditions continue, then I say, Mr. Speaker, pattern of merchandising in, the District
mercial coal has actually declined dur- that the coal industry faces an impos- of Columbia as prevails In 1 the attre:r
ing the past 12 years. As newer and Bible task and all of the modernization States and territories. I am. introducing
1
1-
"'" ` "'V - -
happened in other domestic fuels mars- American coal miner has given ample
(Mr. JOB:ANSEN (at the request of
tries
l
d
more
uce coa
. evidence that it can pro
Unfortunately, Mr. Speaker, the coal efficiently and cheaper than any other Mr. GOODELL) was granted permission to
industry has not been able to use its coal industry in the world. I trust the extend hisremarks at this point in the
great efficiency and productivity to win Government will do everything it can to RECORD and to include extraneous mat-
new export markets for American coal. see that the coal industry has the op- ter.)
The truth of the matter is that because portunity, both at home and abroad, to Mr. JOIH2.ANSEN. Mr. Speaker, at the
our coal mines are so efficient and pro- put this efficiency and productivity to moment, do-it-yourself diplomacy and
ductive foreign government has resorted work in free, competitive markets. do-gooder sentimentality threaten to
to tariffs, quotas, and a variety of other compound and complete the disaster of
trade barriers to keep out American coal. the Cuban invasion fiasco,
If American coal was a high priced - GIFT ENTERPRISE LAW I am appalled at the apparent eager-
product, produced in an old, deterio- (Mr. MATHIAS (at the request of Mr. ness of many Americans to accept the
rating plant, and unable to compete GOODELL) was granted permission to ex- principle of extortion and comply with
abroad without an export subsidy or tend his remarks at 'this point in the the ransom. terms laid down by Com-
some other form of government assist- RECORD and to include extraneous munist stooge Fidel Castro.
ante, the decline in coal exports would matter.) By what standards of responsible gov-
be understandable. But the truth s Mr. MATHIAS. Mr. Speaker, the ernrnental leadership is the authority to
that American coal is being frozen out District of Columbia has been at a dis- negotiate: with a ruthless foreign regime
of many markets through Government advantage in recent years because of its transferred to, or assumed by, Solidar-
edict. American coal is the victim of antiquated "gift enterprise" law. This ity House and a private citizens on1-
the rankest kind of trade discrimination law--title 22-3401, District of Columbia mittee?
in many world markets, particularly in Code 1951-was passed in 1871 by the By what standards of common human-
Western Europe. then legislative assembly of the District ity do we deliberately hand Castro an
It seems to me, Mr. Speaker, that the as a tax revenue law. Proprietors of gift enormous propaganda victory, tighten
Federal Government has an obligation to enterprises were required to pay a the grip of a ruthless, dictatorial, K 'ern-
the American coal industry to do every- $1,000 annual license fee. After 2 years, lin-dominated regime over millions of
thing it possibly can, through negotia- Congress, on February 17, 1873, repealed Cuban people and, give incalculable aid
tions and other means at its disposal, to the license clause of the enactment, and to the Soviet campaign of subversion
open once more European markets to prohibited gift enterprises under a in this hemisphere?
American coal. In 1957, we exported 76 penalty. By what standards of elemental pru-
million tons of coal. At the present The historical purpose underlying the dente do we forge and sharpen the tools
exports are running at the rate of about District's gift enterprise law was the pre- and weapons of Communist blackmail,
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