THE STORY OF THE DOMINICAN UPRISING AND THE DIVISION IN THE AMERICAN PRESS

• Document Type: CREST
• Collection: General CIA Records
• Document Number (FOIA) /ESDN (CREST): CIA-RDP82R00025R000500260002-1
• Release Decision: RIFPUB
• Original Classification: K
• Document Page Count: 62
• Document Creation Date: December 16, 2016
• Document Release Date: January 6, 2005
• Sequence Number: 2
• Publication Date: August 23, 1965
• Content Type: OPEN

1U54
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CONGRESSIONAL RECORD - SENA`I;E August 23, 1965
t11 sums necessary would be more than $2
million higher under a license policy than
under a title policy. Since the original ap-
propriations for developing the PKU test are
estimated to be about $1 million, it can be
seen that,a failure to take title would result
in the taxpayers' being charged $21/s million
every year for something they had already
bought for $1 million.
The details of this story are more fully
set forth in appendix VII, attached, as I be-
lieve they are especially pertinent in view of
the members of the Judiciary Committee who
have taken an interest in this particular
matter.
I realize that S. 1809 contains a special ex-
ception for "fields which directly concern the
public health, welfare, and safety." But this
is a limited field, where less than 5 percent
of R & D funds are spent.
If it makes sense, to safeguard the tax-
payers' investment in this area, where his
.Government puts up an estimated 15 per-
cent of the research money, does not it make
even more sense in'scientIfic instruments,
where the taxpayer furnishes 57 percent, or
electronics and communications equipment,
where the taxpayers' share is' 67 percent, or
aircraft, where the share is 89 percent. (See
Federal Bar'News, November 1963, p. 357).
What about education? What about hous-
ing?
How many taxcuts could be paid for by
the sale or reservatiQn o4 royalties on some
of this extremely valuable patent property
areas? Far from assisting the taxpayer in
this respect, S. 1809 would prevent agencies
now sharing royalties to continue to do so.
(Letter to the chairman of the Judiciary
Committee by Federal Avaition Agency, June
5, 1965 (p. 2).
From the foregoing, it does not appear
that S. 1809 gives the taxpayer an even
break. I, therefore, urge the Subcommittee
to seek testimony from qualified fiscal ex-
perts the effects of a general sale or royalty
system.
CONTENT OF GENERAL PATEN'.{' LEGISLATION
Now, Mr. Chairman, let me comment fur-
ther as to the ppecifics of the legislation now
before the, cosrmittee. I have noted that
the Departents of Justice and Health, Edu-
catl.on, and Welfare, have both expressed the
opinion that further experience should be
aceyisnulated tncier . the, President's patent
'policy of 1963 before it Is embedded per-
manently in the form of statutory law, and
the, Atomic. Energy Commission opposes en-
actment of S. 1809. If the subcommittee
does report a bill, I believe that these res-
ervations and this lack. of experience and
-empirical data should be recognized by mak-
ing the legislation quite general and provid-
ing for collection of the needed informa-
tion. I believe that a bill on the subject
at this time should be governed by the fol-
lowing six principles:
1. A clear policy statement that Federal
research and development property is a na-
tural resource belonging to the people of the
United States, and must, therefore, be safe-
guarded accordingly.
2. Plain and.certain penalties for the give-
away or unauthorized disposition of Federal
R. & D. property.
3. Provision for preserving the many con-
gressional patent protections that have been
ordered into law over the past three decades.
4. Practical means for discouraging monop-
oly and concentration, and thus protecting
the intere is of small business and an "open
econotlic sp tem "-
-5.. Clear and unambiguous standards sepa-
rating and providing for private interests
and the public interest in the commercial
development of the, property.
6. A system whereby Federal It. & D. prop-
erty sought by private companies for com-
inertial development could be sold or licensed
to them for an amount equivalent to fair
market value, and the same property sought
by other public institutions for dedication
to public purposes 'could be sold or licensed
for half of the fair-market value, wherever
practicable.
The language of the policy declaration as
you are aware is taken from the October 10, -
1963, memorandum. In my judgment, it is
consistent with settled law and sound pub-
lic policy. A summary of the applicable law
is attached as appendix V. The absence of
such a declaration or the adoption by ex-
pression or Implication of a contrary policy,
would be, I believe, an historic failure by
the Congress.
PROCEDURAL SECTIONS ARE AS IMPORTANT AS
POLICY
Several of these provisions, pertain to mat-
ters of procedure and standards. These are
the vehicles by which any policy would be
carried into effect, and are fully as.important
as the policy sections.
S. 789 is a fine example for a procedural
trap. As stated by the Department of HEW,
"the entire thrust of the bill is thus to im-
pede the Governments taking and retaining
of ownership In inventions derived from fed-
erally financed research, by making this a
long aruous and exceedingly difficulty and
in many cases impossible task." As Dr. Horn-
ing stated: "In short, I think it leaves too
few rights to the Government." 4
As to an appropriate standard for waiver,
I would recommend the one put forward by
the 1947 Justice Department report, that.
there might be waiver under "emergency con-
ditions" where the head of the agency certi-
fied this was so. I believe that this standard
would cover the equities fo all contractors
adequately, but I would be willing to change
my view in the face of enough concrete
evidence that it would not.
There are several standards set forth in S.
1809, under which contractors would be able
to acquire exclusive rights. The principal
one of these is "exceptional circumstances."
The use of this phrase in connection with
patent administration by a Federal agency
has been specifically considered by a Mem-
ber of this body, the Senator from Connecti-
cut, Senator RreicoFF, when he was Secre-
tary of Health, Education, and Welfare. He
Warned of the dangerous ambiguities in the
use of this standard in the following terms:
"The phrase in 'exceptional circumstances'
is relatively vague and indefinite and in the
absence of any indicated criteria in the policy
itself would appear to leave considerable lati-
tude to each agency head to determine what
constitutes such circumstances. While this
does have the advantage of flexibility, it does
have the disadvantages of exposing agency
heads to the pressures of those contractors
who would urge that each circumstance of
hardship, however slight, represents an excep-
tional circumstances calling for more gen-
erous allocation of invention rights."
The phrase "special circumstances" in sec-
tion 4(c) of the bill is open to the same
criticism which I consider to be wholly
persuasive.
As a matter of fact, the report of the Patent
Advisory Panel upon which U. 1809 and S.
789 are based, admits, and I quote:
"The working experience of the subcom-
mittee has revealed that various agencies
have placed different interpretations on cer-
tain key phrases found throughout the policy
statement. It is believed that unless addi-
tional guidance is given, this problem of
proper interpretation would only become
exaggerated if left to the unguided judg-
ment of the hundreds of contracting officers
throughout the Government. The follow-
ing are examples: '? ' ' 3. The phrase 'ex-
ceptional circumstances.' "
Mr. Chairman, I believe this confession is
the best evidence the subcommittee can have
to establish two propositions:
1. That the disposition of these billions
of dollars worth of patent properties should
be placed by Congress, once and for all be-
yond the power and discretion of "hundreds
of contracting officers' throughout the Gov-
ernment"; and
2. That the phrase "exceptional circum-
stances" is not an appropriate standard to
be used in this legislation.
It is my strong feeling that the power of
disposition should be given into the ultimate
responsibility of the head of any agency
who is responsible to the President of the
United States. Every effort should be made
to preserve the actuality of responsibility
for the disposition of Federal patent prop-
erty, rather than perpetrating a misleading
appearance of responsibility.
In S. 2160, I have suggested additional pro-
visions for public licenses and royalties, and
procedures which would result in written
findings by the head of an agency as to both
public versus private interests and value of
patent interests. These proposals might be
helpful to the subcommittee in formulating
the necessary standards, and I commend
them to the subcommittee's consideration.
If I can further assist the subcommittee
during its deliberations, I would be glad to
do so.
The PRESIDING OFFICER. Is there
further morning business? If not, morn-
ing business is closed.
PUBLIC WORKS APPROPRIATIONS,
1966
Mr. INOUYE. Mr. President, I ask
unanimous consent to have Calendar No.
615, H.R. 9220 laid before the Senate.
The PRESIDING OFFICER. The
bill will be stated by title.
The LEGISLATIVE CLERK. A bill (H.R.
9220) making appropriations for certain
civil functions administered by the De-
partment of Defense, the Panama Canal,
certain agencies of the Department of
the Interior, the Atomic Energy Commis-
sion, the St. Lawrence Seaway Develop-
ment Corporation, the Tennessee Valley
Authority, and the Delaware River Basin
Commission, for the fiscal year ending
June 30, 1966, and for other purposes.
The PRESIDING OFFICER. Is there
objection to the request of the Senator
from Hawaii?
There being no objection, the Senate
proceeded to consider the bill, which had
been reported from the Committee on
k/H Dl?
UPRISING AND THE DIVISION IN
THE AMERICAN PRESS
Mr. DODD. Mr. President, 3 months
after the outbreak of the Dominican up-
rising, a debate still rages over the wis-
dom of President Johnson's decision in
sending in the U.S. Marines.
This debate has found a reflection in
the hearings that have recently been
conducted by the Senate Foreign Rela-
tions Committee.
In advance of these hearings, the For-
eign Relations Committee published a
brochure entitled "Background Informa-
tion Relating to the Dominican Repub-
lic," which was described as "a compila-
tion of material deemed useful in any
discussion dealing with the present situ-
ation in the Dominican Republic." In
addition to official documents and state-
ments dealing with the Dominican crisis
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A gust 23, 1965 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD - SENATE
Fabricated metal products-----------------
Mseiinery --- ------- -- --- ---
Electrfcai equipment and communication -_-
Communieation equipment and electronic 0mlanents ___
Othe electrical equipment _____---
Motor vehicles and other transportation equipment ___ _-_
,AIrcratt and missiles
Protesslonal and scientific instrument :-- __ -_
Scientific and eobanfcal measuring instruments -----------
Optical, surgical, photographic, and other instruments-
Other manufacturing industries _-__ ._ ________
-
Nonnianufactaring Industries --------------------------------
Not separately available.
I
As those Interested in this geld 1n6w,
there are enough forces in the economg'miii-
tating against growth of small and medfuln-
sized business without adding sledge-ham-
mer`blows from the disproportionate adman-
Iatratlon of Federal research and develop-
went funds In favor of the giants in each
industry.
LOW PERCENTAGE OF FEDERAL R. ti. 'Do-
AWARDED TO SMALL SiTsitf SS
Yet, we have the' spectale of about 86
percent of all Federal research and develop-
mentfunds being awarded, under the'aystem
of classification used by the National Science
Foundation, to large companies of more than
4,000 employees. Medium-aired companies
of from 1,000 to 5,000 employees receive about
9 percept, with small businesses haviug_less
than 3,000 employees receiving ' only about
6 percent of these enormous sums. (Most
recent figures from National Science FcaunCa
tion, 1962.)
Of course, the agency which has 'the
greatest effect upon these figures and trends
is the Department of Defense, which'spent
=orb ttfian 70' percent of "all `t ederal F% & Ii.
money in 1961 and still aperds more than
half. It is also'pertinent to note that3rfA:SA,
Whibh now spends close to 30 percent lies
".1hereasingly' adopted the Department of De-
Percent of It. & D. performance Percent of federally financed R. & D. performance
1st 20
companies
(1) 64
61
63
89
91
62
69
1
(1)
38
1st 20
companies
the top 16 companies received M 'Percent. field of technology directly related toan area
Furthermore, five of these contractors arson in which the contractor has an established
both lists. (Hearings, be. cit., Mar. 7, 1963, technical' competence and a non-govern-
p. 66-7.)
CONCENTRATION OF., PATENT ACQUISITIONS
Specifically as to patent acquisitions, a
Department of Justice study for the 5-year
period ending in 1956 found that, among
mental commercial position, the Policy State-
ment stipulates that the principal or exclu-
sive rights to resulting inventions should
normally remain in the contractor * ? * this
situation is perhaps best illustrated by the
artment of Defense contract
t
ical De
yp
p
defense contractors, the top 15 companies ac-
counted for 3,559 patents out of 6,788 as- which intended build upon a contrac-
counted fora total of 62 percent. (Hearings, tor's established technical to competence.
of
loe. cit., p. 122.) I would urge that the sub- what The has s been n happening e a Government patent
committee obtain the updated figures, and our economy under d ture
make a judgment as to the degree of corre- policy dominantly influenced by the Depart-
lation lation between R. & D. contract administra- ment of f Defense. These threaten fur-
fur-
tion and patent acquisition: t her concentration In the trends t economy If this
tion Chairman, I have recited these figures lr ctray
in considerable detail because they are rele- philosophy projected into the future.
want to tite question of who would receive the only small would
business mean
business and medium-sized tr for not
e
benefits' of a policy of granting exclusive om s nyd x t
nets, but all business i in this his country except
commercial rights to contractors. At a mint- the favored few corporate giants.
mum Federal IL. & D. policp in- the adminis- Enactment of such a lic b the Con-
tration of f contracts, as well'" In the alloca- po y y
tion of patent rights, should attempt to greas at this time of rapid technological
counteract trends toward' monopoly and con- change and scientific discovery would Cast a
centration, rather than reinforce them as pall on our system of free enterprise for gen-
these policies appear to have been doing. erations to come.
It would assure that the top companies get
POSITION OF SMALL HIISINESSES SHOULD BE bigger and more powerful, while smaller rivals
.PROTECTED would be under increasing pressure to merge,
TAR't BAtANC8
To illustrate the seriousness of'the concen
tration issue, particularly in the tsefense
Department, may I quote the testimony of
Dr. Robert L. Lanziilottt, chairman 'of the
Economics Department of 'Michigan' State
17r11versity,before the Senate Small Eusiness
Committee in 003, as follows:
"Tile tlogernment R. R. contracts, alp-
pear to be highly concentrated among the
very large firms. While small business
averages arO ihd 16 to 11 percent of Iiepart
,ment of Defense procurement, when itconies
to research and development small business
accounts for sop 2 to 8.8 percent. viii fiscal
year 1961, 20 corporations accounted for'r
n9arly 75 percent (of total military ft:'& ts.).
"Is it not inconsis ant-not to say danger-
ous=-for the Federal Govern"ir.ent torLurtt.Ire
such concentration in the tec inol~,0cally
most advanced gelds which eon be pre-
empted by the particular firms selected by
military ollicialsl ("Economic Aspects of
Patent Policies," hearings, Mar. 8, 1963, p.
121.)
The seriousness of? this matter of selection.
is Indicated by the fact that in fiscal year
1960, 97 percent of DOD research awards
were made 'on a nonprice, .noncomlietiiive
basis. (Iearings, testimony of b.-R. J.
'
, Southern Methodist '(1nfver0'ty law
Barber
school, p. 52.)
It should be further noted that i~or the
some ,year, 10 'firms received 5 percent of
DOD's total research looney: and for'NASA,
Yet, what do we find?
As, you know, S. 1809 has no such small
business provision. The President's Science
Adviser admits at page 26 of the transcript
that patent questions are "especially impor-
tant" to Small businesses. He admits at page
27 that the patent right problems of sub-
contractors, are unresolved.. Mr. Chairman,
in the name of the ,9Q .percent of American
firms which are sn;all business, and the
30Q,000 manufacturers which are small busi-
ness, we ought to give small business an even
break in any patent bill.
I am_not asking for preferential treatment
for small, business.. But when, year after
year, the 2 or 3 dozen largest companies in
sell, or be driven out of business. It also
means that many men of initiative would be
denied the rights of going into business, or
seeing their own businesses grow and flourish.
The philosophy of this proposal thus strikes
at the heart of our free enterprise system.
Accordingly, Mr. Chairman, I recommend
that there be a mechanism by which small
businesses Can gain access to public research
and development patents done by the giant
corporations with public funds. Retention
of title and a flexible system of licensing ac-
cording to the equities involved seems to me
an avenue that should be explored.
In S. 2160, a copy of which is attached as
appendix VI, one system of this kind is avail-
able for the subcommittee's inspection.
DOES s. 1809 PROTECT THE POSITION OF THE
TAXPAYER?
the research money, and take out a half or NOW, as ease, we cuuie UOWll au siee uiuiviu-
two-thirds of the patents, there is little flues- ual taxpayer. How can we demonstrate how
business. In the course of the "great debate," the
In the name of all we value-independence Senator from 'Louisiana [Mr. LONG] has
of business enterprise, of finances, of mind, raised the case of a test developed to detect
and of spirit-the Congress ought to take PSU, a cause of infant mental retardation.
the time and trouble to provide equitably for While title was in the Government, commer-
small business in any patent legislation. cial manufacturers were producing this test
S. 1809," which is the principal bill before for 11/z to 2 cents per baby, and making
this subcommittee, is'based very heavily upon a- profit. When a private firm claimed a
the language and philosophy of the Patent patent on this test, it was priced at 52 cents
Advisory Panel Progress Report'of June 1964, per baby.
On page 3'&f this report, we find the es- On August 12, 1965, two Senators intro-
sence of this philosophy. 'l'otii will recall the duced a bill (S. 2402) that would appropri-
Po g lg ate sums as may be necessary" to buy
"Where ana Government contractor is ex- a test for every newborn baby in the coun-
pected to build upon existing knowledge In atry. A little arithmetic demonstrates that
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 August 23, 1965 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD - SENATE
and the background to this crisis, the and more frequently quoted by Euro-
publication contained an extensive chro- peans than the rest of the American
nology of events. press put together.
Unfortunately, the chronology quoted The purpose of my remarks today is
exclusively from press sources that were not to denigrate the Times and Tribune
critical of administration policy-the and Post. I believe that these great
New York Times, the New York Herald newspapers richly merit the interna-
Tribune, the Washington Post, Le Monde 'tional recognition which they today
of Paris, the London Observer, the Lon- enjoy. Not only are they the first three
don Times, the oLndon Economist. All newspapers I read every day, but I
told, there were over 100 quotas from honestly believe that no Member of Con-
these sources. The chronology com- gress or community leader can pretend to
pletely ignored the hundreds of newspa- be adequately informed about events in
per articles by veteran correspondents our country and around the world unless
by columnists of national reputation he includes the Times and Tribune and
which, in general, substantiated the ad- Post in his daily reading material.
ministration's statement that it inter- However, the Times and Tribune and
vend only because law and order had Post, are not by themselves the press of
broken down completely and because the America. Nor, despite the great reputa-
Communists were on the verge of taking tions they enjoy, are their correspond-
over. ents any more experienced, any more
The chronological summary also ig- competent, any more deserving of credi-
nored the statements issued by the All- bility, than are the correspondents of
CIO and by Conatrol, the major Domini- our wire services and our news maga-
can labor federation, as well as by the zines and of the many other great Amer-
Inter-American Regional Organization ican newspapers, large and small.
of Workers. In a complex situation like the Do-
Even more serious is that fact that, minican Republic revolt, it was easy
in the documentation which it repro- enough for the man who reads only one
duced, the. committee's compilation of newspaper to have a firm opinion be-
"Background Information Relating to cause the one-newspaper reader, by and
the Dominican Republic" completely ig- large, is disposed to accept the informa-
nored the minutes of the 4th plenary tion printed in his daily paper as some-
sessioxl of the 10th meeting of consulta- thing akin to gospel.
Lion of the OAS, at which the Special If a reader was somewhat more as-
Committee on the Dominican Crisis sub- siduous and included the Times and
mitted its report. Tribune and Post in his daily newspaper
This was a document of the greatest fare, it was also easy to have a firm
importance, because it makes it abun- opinion on events in the Dominican Re-
dantly clear, in the words of the five public, because, except for minor points
Latin American diplomats who made up of difference, the accounts appearing in
the Special Committee, that they shared the Times and Tribune and Post agreed
the administration's evaluation of the with each other and supported each
degree of Communist control in the rebel other.
movement, and that, in general, they But those who try to follow the
felt that the _ administratio n had taken world's events by reading, as broadly as
the only possible course of action. possible in the national press and in their
Since this publication was put out in news magazines would have found it very
the first instance for` the information of difficult, indeed, to determine what was
Congress; f consider it most unfortunate really going on in the Dominican Re-
'thaathe references in the chronological public, because the version of events put
summary of events should have been so out by the correspondents of the Times
completely one-sided. and Tribune and Post was flatly contra-
In a sense, however, this one-sidedness dieted by the accounts cabled by an im-
is simply another manifestation of the portant and distinguished group of cor-
tvidespread impression, especially in the respondents writing for other media, and
Eastern part of our country,, that the by authoritative Dominican and Latin
American press corps in Santo Domingo American sources-as well as by the
was almost unanimously critical of Pres- State Department and the administra-
Ident Johnson's decision and skeptical tion.
of the reports put out by- the American The quality of this second group of
Embassy in Santo Domingo and by the correspondents may be gaged from the
Department of State. fact that it included two former Pulitzer
This impression stemmed more than Prize winners-Marguerite Higgins and
anything else from the bitterly critical Hal Hendrix-as well as the winners of
attitude of thlp correspondents .,assigned other journalistic awards, and that sev-
to cover the Dominican uprising by the eral members of this group had 10 to
three major metropolitan newspapers of 20 years' experience in Latin American
the Eastern area-the New York Times, affairs.
the New York . Herald Tribune, and the Among this group were: Paul Bethel,
Washington Post. Mutual Network; Jules DuBois, Chicago
43n g. our European allies the impres- Tribune Syndicate; Howard Handelman,
,on Was almost:unanimous that the ad- It .S. News & World Report; ,Daniel
ministration'had been completely repudi- James, Newhouse Papers; Jeremiah
ated by our own press corps in the Do- O'Leary, Washington Star; Virginia
minican Republic-and this for the Prewett, syndicated columnist, editor,
simple reason that the Times and Trib- Latin American Times; John T. Skelly,
une and Post are Conir ioijly'regai'ded as Latin American Times; the Latin Amer-
the most authoritative newspapers In our ican desk at Time magazine; . Eric Sev-
country and are more fr`equently` read areid, syndicated columnist; Rowland
No.`155-7
20505
Evans and Robert Novak, syndicated
columnists; and Dickey Chapelle, the
National Observer,
While some of these correspondents
and observers were more sympathetic to
the junta, some less sympathetic, and
while there were other differences be-
tween them, they were all essentially
agreed on one basic fact: That the Com-
munists had seized complete control of
the revolt at the point where President
Johnson decided to intervene, and that,
had the President delayed or attempted
to handle the situation otherwise, the re-
sult would have been another Castro re-
gime in the Americas.
In the remarks that follow, I intend to
say a few words by way of establishing
the credentials of the more prominent of
these correspondents, and quote briefly
from their writing on the Dominican Re-
public crisis.
In doing so I shall quote first from the
writings of the two Pulitzer Prize win-
ners, Miss Marguerite Higgins, and Mr.
Hal Hendrix.
MISS MARGUERITE
Miss Higgins, now a correspondent for
Newsday Syndicate, served as a Herald
Tribune foreign correspondent for more
than 20 years. She covered World War
II, the Korean war, and the war in Viet-
nam, and she served as Herald Tribune
bureau chief in Tokyo, Berlin, and Mos-
cow.
Among other things, Miss Higgins
wrote that:
The Bosch-Caamano argument (which be-
littled the Communist role) is in total con-
trast in both its parts to the portrait brought
back by the OAS Special Committee to Santo
Domingo.
According to Ambassador Ilmar Penns, Ma-
rinho, of Brazil, "The whole Committee (the
OAS Special Committee) agreed that the Ca-
amano movement could be rapidly converted
to a Communist insurrection that was sus-
ceptible of gaining the support of the Marx-
ist-Lenin powers."
As to conditions in Santo Domingo in May,
"It was a no man's land," said*the Brazilian
Ambassador. "There had been a complete
collapse of public authority. The Dominican
Republic had disappeared as a legal and polit-
ical entity-arms had been given to a disor-
iented nation of fanatics and adolescents who
were in a frenzied state egged on by subver-
sive broadcasts-anarchy reigned-any orga-
nized group that made a landing in the Do-
minican Republic could have dominated the
situation."
Miss Higgins quoted the Ambassador
of Colombia as stating at the OAS special
committee:
What were we to do when blood was run-
ning in the streets-what happens when a
state in this condition is so close to Cuba?
Are we to sit silently on balconies and watch
the end of the tragedy as if we were watch-
ing some sort of bullfight?
Miss Higgins said:
It is important that these judgments on
Communist penetration and chaos were
made by Latins, because Latins are tradition-
ally the most apprehensive about Yankee
intervention.
HAL HENDRIX
Mr. Hendrix, of the Miami News, won
the Pulitizer Prize for his coverage of the
Cuban missile crisis. He serves as Latin
American editor of the Miami News as
well as correspondent for Scripps-
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CONGRESSIONAL RECORD - SENATE August 23, 1965
Upward, This is what Mr. Hendrix
Wrote from Santo Domingo: _
The Communists .and pro-Castro dune if
movement leaders began to crawl out from
the woodwork and by Sunday rlghi;, _April
20, they had the rebellion going their way.
After Reid's Sunday, overthrow the real
scramble for power began.
By Tuesday it was over. The extremists
had gained control behind the 5cenee, using
Col. Francisco CaamanoDeno as rebel chief-
tain and new cover. Caamano_wias installed
as "co,i stitutionalist President."
The Communist design was to create chaos
and anarchy. Now using Caama.no's "con-
stitutionaiist" movement, as a s:91eld, they
engineered distribution of weapons to thou-
aands of Civilians--probably as many as
16,000 were armed in 1 day.
Communist and June 14 movement leaders
here continue to remain out or;,the lime-
light. But no one, including the special
OAS peace-seeking mission sent here to help
end the war, doubts that they stiL are active
inside the rebel-held section of the capital.
In addition to t#iese two Pulitzer Prize
winners, the groups of correspondents
whose dispatches from Santo, .Domingo
supported the adminstration'i versions
of events Included many other seasoned
correspondents with long experience in
h
nandez, a known international Copunu:aist.
They were driving through the streets of
dot 'ntown Santo Domingo where eight po-
licemen stationed at various points in the
city * * * reported to me that Ozuna had
a map on his lap and they could hear hire as
the car was halted at street corners tell
Oaamano where to emplace a .50 and .30
caliber machinegun and where barricades
should be erected.
,Mr. DuBois also reported that on
March 16, just 5 weeks before the April
24 revolt, the Dominican Communist
Party (PSP--D) issued a manifesto call-
ing for the "return of Prof. Juan Bosch
to legitimate control of the government."
The manifesto incited the people to vio-
lence to.restore Bosch in these words:
The entire population must fight in the
streets, in the squares, in the factories, in
the fields, for the return of Juan, Bosch as
the head of the constitutional government.
ROWLAND EVANS AND ROBERT NOVAK
Rowland Evans and Robert Novak, the
distinguished columnists for the Herald
Tribune syndicate, were among the
many who did not arrive at the se.me
conclusions as Bernard Collier, the
Herald Tribune correspondent in Santo
Domingo; Tad Szulc, the New York
t e area. JWYL sL'rHEL -Times correspondent; and Dan Kurznian
of the Washington Post.
-Mr., Bethel is a veteran. of 2i) years in In one of their reports, Evans and
'thQ, Allreriean Foreign Service including Novak warned:
a period, as press, attache in the U.S, Adventurers are running the rebel com-
Embassy in Havana at the time of the wand, but they maintain only tenuous con-
Castro takeover. He is the autlIQr Qf two trol, over all their forces. Rebel strong-
books on Latin America, and he covered points, particularly in the southeast section
the Dominican situation for the Mutual of Santo Domingo, are manned by Comrau-
8roadcastilig network acid for t: ie United nits with only token allegiance to Caamano.
the United? Features Syndicate, HOWARD HANDELMAN
In a serialized account syndicated by Mr. Handelman of U.S. News & World
United Features, Mr. Bethel wrote: Report, has covered Cuban and Carrib-
group assssa o n. April y9 Be nett told a bean news,since 1960. After weeks of
that the PRD careful investigation under the direction
(Bosch's party) and the Commlinis,s had of Mr. Handelman, U.S. News & World
been collaborating. He said: The Com Report had this to say about the role of
mu'nists worked with 'Bosch's PRD for
to$ Reid's (civilian junta chief) overthrow." Cuba, It la-clear,' was a major staging area
That was the significance of the March for supplying men and weapons for the
16 Communist m5riffesto. It wos the blue uprising.
print for the events th,:tt took, place on The article said that Cuba assembled
April 24 and thereafter. a quarter of a ton of small arms and
I also learned from an unimpeachable
source that Bosch met with two members of
the Castro-Communist "14th of J Ire Move-
ment" in San Juan in,, early March, The
two-Victorianq Felix and: Rafael ,Taveras-
got Bosch's'agreement to cooperate. Taveras
is a member of the central commi'+tee of the
party
I wish to add here that Mr Bethel`s
account has'since been confirmed by the DANIEL JAMES
State Department. Daniel James, who covered the Domin-
JtII Es DU BOIS ican crisis for the. Newhouse papers, has
Mr. Du oi, , correspondent, for,..,the, written five books on Latin America over
Chicago i'ibune Syndicate; has been a the.past 12 years, and has also contrib-
recognlzed authority and prize-winning uted articles dealing with Latin-Ameni-
correspondent on Latin America for over 'Saturday problems to Readers Digest, Fortune,
,two decades, and Is one of the best known Saturday Evening Post, and many other
officers of the Inter-American Press periodicals. He wrote many articles di-
Association. rested against the Trujillo regime, in-
Writing from Santo Domingo, Mr. Du-
Bois repotted that rebel lee.der Col.
Francisco Caamano was taking orders
from the Communists from the day of
view with the former commander of "you' ority the
OZalna Fortress, he quoted the COm- A majority of the persons this reporter has
talked with agree that the Communists had
minder as .saying: begun surfacing within 24 hours after the
I know, that on the night of April 24-25, revolt had started on April 24, and that with-
oaamano was with f)l Daniel Ozuna-Her- in''79 hours were acquiring control over iii.
As of mid-May, Caamano was still in con-
tact with the Dominican Reds, according to
reliable informants. Hard evidence that
prominent Communists continued to play a
leading role in the rebel military command
up until the third week in May, is the fact
that four of them were killed. at that time in
the heavy fighting around the national pal-
ace.
How many Communists there were, or still
are in Caamano ranks, is relatively unimpor-
tant. A "numbers game," unfortunately
started by the State Department when it is-
sued a hastily prepared list of 58 Reds con-
spicuous in the revolt's early days, is being
played by `ignorant or dubious writers who
are thus obscuring the real significance of
the Communist role.
First of all, many of the leading Commu-
nist participants have been trained in Cuba
and/or Russia. The State Department named
18. Sources here put the total at nearer 50.
That is more than enough to seize the leader-
ship of a surging mass with little or no mili-
tary experience and no knowledge whatso-
ever of the strategy and tactics of. revolu-
tions.
JEREMIAH A. O'LEARY
Mr. O'Leary, of the Washington Star,
won the first prize of the Washington
News Guild for his report on President
Kennedy's assassination. After his re-
turn from Santo Domingo, Mr. O'Leary
wrote the following:
There are no Communists in the rebel high
command, officials believe, nor is Caamano
himself a Communist.
As one official put it: "What is the use of
being minister of interior or foreign minister
in a government that only controls a few
acres of a poorer section of Santo Domingo?
Those with the real power are the Com-
munists who control the armed civilians, the
roughly disciplined youths who owe alle-
giance to the three main Communist groups.
"These groups are the PSPD, or othrodox
Moscow line party; the MPD, which adheres
to the philosophy of Peiping, and the Ha-
vana-line APCJ or June 14 movement."
MISS VIRGINIA PREWETT
Miss Prewett has for many years been
an expert on Latin American affairs.
She is a syndicated columnist, the edi-
torial director of the Latin American
Times, and the author of several stand-
ard works on Latin America. Among
other things Miss Prewett"s coverage of
Latin American affairs have been cited
for excellence by the Overseas Press Club,
and she has several times served as the
Press Club's chairman for inter-Ameri-
can affairs.
Miss Prewett wrote:
If Mr. Johnson had taken the consultation
gamble and lost it, the American people
would never have forgotten that Americans
were massacred and the Caribbean fell to
communism while their President talked to
the OAS over the phone.
JOHN T. SKELLY
Mr. Skelly is associate editor of the
Latin American Times. He reported for
UPI in Havana until January of 1959.
He knew Castro as a boy, and because of
his strong anti-Batista convictions,
served without pay as press coordinator
for the so-called revolutionary govern-
ment of Cuba, set up by Castro in
January-February of 1959.
In a recent article published by the
Latin American Times, Mr., Skelly wrote
from Santo Domingo that Colonel Caa-
mano's so-called consitutional govern-
Mont now has an indoctrination sec-
tion-the G-5. Courses are given every
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about 300,000 rounds of ammunition to
support"Cuban-trained Dominican guer-
rillas. Those guerrillas reinfiltrated
their-homelandin late 1964 as Dominican
agents for Cuba's General Directorates of
strike, fQx power when the revolt broke
eluding an investigation of the assassi-
nation and kidnaping of the anti-Trujillo
scholar, Dr. Jesus De Galindez,
Writing from Santo Domingo on June
 August 23,19 Oproved FoE~s AM10,V.E , P8? ~,? 8000500260002-1
night at rebel command posts; and the
substance of those courses are, Marxist.
Mr. Skelly writes: ;
Qrle s?f tiie ,principal courses offerer to the
youths is the history of Marxism and the
ways of colninunism collaboration
between deposed President Bosch's'"PRD
Party and Communist elements, discovered
at the outset of _the revolt,. continues. 'Con-
alder for a. moment that theindoctrination
section of Colonel Caamano's rebels is com-
prised of the PRD, representatives from the
military, and .the Marxist-Leninist-Fidelista
faction.,
TIME, MAOAL''INE
This is what the Latin-American team
at. Time magazine had to say about the
Dominican revolution:
What had happened, in its baldest terms,
was an. attempt by highly trained Castro-
Communist agitators and their followers to
turn an abortive comeback by a deposed
Dominican. l'regident into a "war of national
liberation."
ERIC SEVAREID:
Mr. Sevareid is internationally recog-
nized as one of our most distinguished
columnists and commentators.. Indeed,
I think it is no exaggeration to say ,that
there are very few commentators who
command such broad respect in all sec-
tors of the, political community.
This is what Mr. Sevareid wrote;
For me it is impossible to believe that the
Communist threat was a myth, impossible
to believe that a democratic pnd stable gov-
ernment could have been formed, by the
impassioned people, a vast number of them
'youngsters. It is hard for me to believe that
we could not have prevented the -tragic fight-
ing in the northern part of the city, easy to
believe that we did prevent an even more
awful bloodletting in the congested down-
town region.
DICREY CIIAPELLE
Miss Dickey Chapelle has for many
years now been a frequent contributor
to. Reader's Digest, the National Geo-
graphic magazine, and other leading
American periodicals. She has covered
virtually every important conflict since
World.'War 11-the I oreall,, V5J'A, the land-
ing of the marines in Lebanon, the Hun-
garian Resolution, the Castro takeover in
Cuba, the war in Laos, the Chinese inva-
sion of India, the Vietnam war, and more
recently the Dominican uprising, which
she covered for the weekly newspaper, the
National Observer.
,Miss Chapelle is a'- front yline. cprre-
spondent rather than a rear echelon,cgr-
respondent. Because she believes iu see-
ing things with her own eyes, she has
made frequent parachute jumps with the
Vietnamese and Laotian forces, and she
has been ' exposed to fire countless times.
In one of lrer artiples, Miss, Chapelle
told a very revealing story.. She had
heard that an old-time,Castro, stalwart,
Ramon Pichirilo. Mejia, a man whom she
had met in Cuba during the Castro take-
over, was active in the Dominican revolt.
She, decided that she would try to find
him. Entering the rebel quarter, she re-
ceived permission to iive with the rebels
or period of seygral days. And_ it
tur out tit the rgtlel ,conunandante
in her district was,thevery man she was
looking for. Let me quote_ from.'Miss
Chaplie's account of her encounter with
the conlmandapte
For the first time in the brightening morn-
ing light, I looked squarely into his face.
Was it truly familiar, or was my judgment
suspect after the night's misadvantures?
Standing amid the nibbled slum, I drew a
deep breath.
."Were you in Cuba then? I mean, were
you Castro's boatman?"
The eyes narrowed and the answer came
by reflex-proudly.
"I was the commander of Fidel's Gramma
and later, in the mountains, where you were,
Americana, a leader of a battalion for him."
"Are you Pichirilo?"
"My name is Ramon Pichirilo Mejia."
"Did you remember who I was?"
Ile looked pitingly at me, "Si si, Ameri-
cana," he grinned and spoke slowly as if the
words tasted good.
"Are you then well after what happened to
you in Cuba?"
"Well enough to have led people against
their oppressors In Bolivia and Colombia and
Venezuela and Costa Rica and Guatemala
since last I saw you," he nodded.
He posed. I shot fast. He raised his hand.
"Now do not say I am a Communist, Ameri-
cana. If I were truly a Red, I could have a
good life staying in Cuba. But you see I am
here instead, where I was born."
Because I have endeavored to limit
myself to the best known correspondents
I have quoted from only a partial list of
those who reported in a manner which,
despite minor differences, generally au-
thenticated and endorsed the basic deci-
sion to intervene in the Dominican crisis.
THE ATTITUDE OF THE A.Z-C10 AND OF LATIN
AMERICAN UNIONISTS
Finally, I wish to point out that the
statements of the AFL-CIO Executive
Council which was missing from the
chronological summary, welcomed "the
prompt and energetic measures taken by
the President to prevent the Communist
attempt to seize control of the Dominican
democratic revolutionary movement and
to foist a Castro-type dictatorship on
Santo Domingo."
The Inter-American Regional Orga-
nization of Workers-ORIT-an orga-
nization which embraces most of the im-
portant labor unions in the hemisphere,
adopted a resolution, couched in similar
terms, supporting American interven-
tion :
We must point out that the unilateral
action of the U.S. Armed Forces in this grave
Dominican conflict has, on the one hand,
served to save thousands of lives and, at the
same time, under the guidance of the OAS
Commission, has been able to contribute
toward making the horrors of civil war less
cruel.
THE REPORT OF THE OAS SPECIAL COMMITTEE
I have already referred to the report
of the OAS Special Committee. The
minutes of the meeting at which the Spe-
cial Committee reported to the fourth
plenary session is a document of such
importance that I hope all of my col-
leagues will find the time to read the
complete text. Let me quote two state-
ments that were made at this meeting.
Ambassador Carrizosa, the special
delegate of Colombia, told the meeting:
With regard to the sector led. by Colonel
Francisco C.aaAaapo,_ many diplomats ac-
credited in the Dominican Republic, and I
cah-friclude my country's diplomatic repre
sefitative, feel that, if not Colonel Francisco
Caamano, whom I do not know to be per-
sonally a Communist, there are indeed
numerous persons on his side that, If they
are not members of the Communist Party,
are actively in favor of Fidel Castro's system
of government or political purposes. There
20507
is such a tendency in the opinion of many
diplomats I spoke to, and I do not mention
other countries in order not to commit coun-
tries represented here. They are firmly con-
vinced that on that side there are many per-
sons, I do not say members registered in an
officially organized Communist party, but
persons who do have leanings toward a well-
known trend which is prevalent in Cuba.
Mr. Carrizosa's remarks were corrob-
orated by the other members of the
Special Committee. Summarizing the
views of the Committee, Ambassador
Yodice of Paraguay made this state-
ment:
The Government of Paraguay, as I stated
clearly when approval was given to the es-
tablishment of the collective inter-American
force, believed from the beginning that con-
tinental security was at stake. The replies
by the Ambassadors composing the Commit-
tee reporting today on certain questions re-
garding these delicate aspects of the Domin-
ican situation have been categorical. My
government was right. Continental security
is threatened. The danger existed, and still
exists, that chaos and anarchy will permit
international communism to transform the
Dominican Republic into another Cuba.
With his customary clarity, courage, and
energy, the Ambassador of Colombia, Mr.
Alfredo Vazquez Carrizosa, has categorically
mentioned the highly political nature of the
problem we are facing. In reply to a ques-
tion of the Ambassador of Uruguay, he has
rightly said that the peace of America is
threatened, that the security of the hemi-
sphere is threatened, and that there is a pos-
sibility that another Cuba, another Com-
munist government in the hemisphere will
arise out of the chaos and anarchy in the
Dominican Republic.
OTHER LATIN AMERICAN VIEWS
There were also many other Latin
Americans of stature who made com-
ments supporting the action taken by the
administration. For example, the Balti-
more Sun on June 9 carried a statement
by Dr. Rupo Lopez-Fresquat, first sec-
retary of the treasury in the revolution-
ary regime set up by Castro after he came
to power. Let me quote from the inter-
view with Dr. Lopez:
The Organization of American States has
stated that communism is incompatible with
the democratic principles of Latin America.
The United States has a right to intervene
against the Communists-the enemy.
Dr. Lopez believes that Communists were
involved in the Dominican disorders.
"They are everywhere," he says, "and they
are trained to infiltrate popular movements."
"Their number is immaterial," he says,
"for ' 53 trained Communists working with
an armed civilian militia would be plenty
under the chaotic conditions that prevailed
early in the revolt."
In the light of all these statements,
Mr. President, I think it is clear beyond
challenge that the American press was
not unanimously critical of the admin-
istration's policy in the Dominican Re-
public, that the President's decision was,
in fact, supported by a very substantial
section of the press corps as well as by
independent authorities, both Latin and
American.
Mr. President, I ask unanimous con-
sent to insert into the. RECORD some of
the writings of the American correspon-
dents to whom I have referred, in the
order in which I have mentioned them.
I think it is also clear beyond challenge
that the administration's decision en-
joyed. the endorsement of responsible
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 20508
Approved For F1VAL' URU?RgfflW0050026000%ust 23, 1965
?
greatest importance that 11ey looked. I am convinced through my own
Latin American diplomats who were on it of the
the spot or who made anon-the-spot in- be brought together in one place for the work that our hemispheric problems rate
vestigatlon, as well as "of" other Latin Information of Members of Congress who equal attention with the problems in-
Americans of liberal reputation whose might conceivably have been misled by volved in south and southeast Asia.
personal background qualified them to the unfortunately one-sided prese:nta- I welcome contributions by our col-
speak with `some authority on the prob- tion in the study published by the Sen- leagues upon these problems. I hope to
lem of Ooqunun4st' subversion, ate Foreign Relations Committee during make one of my own soon.
In this connection I ask unanimous the month of July. I am pleased that the " Senator from
consent to insert into the FF;ECCRII the I earnestly hope that the staff of the onnecticut, who has a reputation in the
minutes of he4,tli plenary session of the Foreign Relations Committee will be in- enate for thoroughness and courage,
10th meeting of consultation of the OAS; structed, in preparing such future ould have analyzed the matter in this
the interview with Dr. I34u: o " Lopez- studies, to bring together all pertinent way. I shall read everything the Senator
Fresquat in the Baltimore Sim for documents and not merely selected docu- has to say on the problem with the
September 9; and 'the full text of"the ments, and to select their press quota- greatest of interest.
statement of the Inter-American Re= tions in a manner that presents 'both Mr. DODD. I thank the Senator from
gional Organization of Workers. viewpoints, or all viewpoints, rather than New York.
Mr. President, one of the great advan- just one viewpoint. There being no objection, the material
tages of a free press is that Ili any con- it is also my hope that some of those was ordered to be printed in the RECORD,
troverstal situation if will is who assured us that as follows:
up with reports' scatteedgthrough vari- Caamano and his immediate entourage [From the Newsday, May 12,.1.965]
ous newspapers, that .reflect dill sides of are not Communists and that all the MARGUERITE HIGGINS "ON THE SPOT"
the controversy. talk about Communist infiltration was (By Marguerite Higgins)
In attempting to make up our minds therefore vastly exaggerated, will find WASHINGTON.-There is a dramatic and
in any such situation, 1Vlemliers of f`on- the time to take a hard look at the ominous contrast in what Dominican rebel
gress are confronted with the pr0'bfen1 of situation today in the rebel controlled leader Col. Franciso Caamano has been tell-
weighiiig conflicting press accounts area of Santa Domingo. mg the world press about Communist infil-
against each other, of assessing each All the accounts that I have read in tration of his movement and what he con-
aeeoti t in the light of their own exile= recent weeks indicate that the Commu- fides to the special five man ambassadorial
rienCe or knowledge, of suplenneriting nists and pro-Communists are not committee of the Organization of American
States.
these reports wherever possible from Merely in complete control of the rebel This was brought out in question and
their own sources of Information, and' of quarter, but that they are controlling answer sessions of the five Latin American
then making'tfieir Own decision. It more or less openly. Ambassadors held privately with their col-
iMe fact that a majority of the Amer- It has been reported that the only leagues of the OAS after their return' to
ican correspondents in any given situa- visible political activity in the rebel quar- Washington last weekend. Since the five
tion sponsor a version of events which is ter is that carried on by the three Com- L Latin
gAmerican o with a Amskeptical, as ory sh-me owwent totS uanto se,
Ccritradicted by a minority, ie no clue at ftlunist parties. They are responsible for their vivideyewitness account of the Domin-
. 10 the `real truth--becau.i@ in more most of the literature published in the ican tragedy has special significance. For
than one situation it has be-'h demon- area. They set the tenor of radio broad- one thing, what one Latin American tells
strated ,that the. majority of the press "'casts. " They flaunt their pro-Castro another is likely to have more impact on the
cM'iis'bai `be wrong and the minority can 'arid anti-American slogans openly. But OAS as a whole than any number of state
be right in their evaluation. 'even more serious is the fact that they Department releases.
In the case of the "1Sominica:} situation, "are using their hold on the business and In reply to a question from the Mexican
it was Unquestionably true that an banking heart of the Dominican Repub- Ambassador on the Communist role in the
arithmetical .majority of the '1611"-man "lic to strangle the economic life of the fighting, Argentine Ambassador Ricardo M.
American press corps , were 'critical of nation, while they place one obstacle Colombo gave this illuminating account of
conversations at headquarters of the rebels
administration policy. But, by the na- after another in the way of a peaceful who started the revolution in the name of the
tore of things, I think there's ould"be no settlement. return to constitutionality and support for
di Qculty in establishing that most of It is almost as though the Communists former President Juan Bosch.
these 160 American reporters had had no were permitted to seize control of Wall "we spoke to a variety of persons in the
major experience ihlitin' Arnericanaf- Street and then hold it for 4 months or Caamano group," said the Argentine Ambas-
fairs, that "the great majority of them longer while we sought to negotiate a sailor. "They recognized the possibility of
nists being taken over by the Commu-
were riot. seasoned foreign c ornespoild- political settlement with them. control Commu-
* * * this was one of their problems.
ens or correspondents of national rep- Writing about this situation from San- in fact Colonel Caamano confirmed this per-
itatiOn for the simple reasonJ'that-there 'to Domingo on August 17, Scripps-How- sonally to me. Colonel Caamano labeled
are not enough of these to` go around, and Correspondent Hal Hendrix said: many of the snipers as belonging to a group
that few of them spoke aS&panis,h, and that ' Z;ominunlet and 'ot1ief extreme Iefthts in that did not want a Dominican solution."
a number of them were relative Cubs on the rebel movement are blocking adoption of This account of what the rebel colonel told
their first or second:foreign i signment. an OAS peace formula. Informed scurces the Argentine Ambassador is of particular
feel t at the ea at ii'ment* here are convinced the front office rebel significance since both Caamano in Santo
I I4 'of leaders, headed by Colonel Caiman are cap- Domingo and Bosch in Puerto Rico have be-
tance and signifiCance that tlae group of Lives of the extremists in their camp '' * * littled the whole Communist aspect of the
correspondents andY COiumnists I have sources here believe that extremist elements revolution, and indeed have been quoted as
quoted were all people of national rep- weeks ago concluded that each day that 'believing that presence of American troops
utation and that mot Ot1y ~athOn had -spe- passes without a settlement is another clay of was not even necessary to restore order and
American "bictory for them. The delay affords them save lives. This line of course is bei ng echoed
cializet for years L n
affairs and either spoke Spanish fluently additional ithtime for e seeds brainwashing efforts and by
rarange nging of fromo President the Gaulle
they doctrine wide
or had a working knowledge .of it. l en have planted. of France to Fidel Castro to Mao Tse-tung.
though they may 'leave coi,S itllted a The Bosch-Caamano argument is in total
minty, I believe that the exceptional It is high time that the OAS moved to contrast in both its parts to the portrait
quell y Of this group Of COTI'eSpondents put an end to this intolerable situation. brought back by the OAS Special Committee
makes it necessary to accord a very high Mr. JAVITS. Mr. President, will the to Sato Domingo.
specific gravity to th::eir version Of'the Senator yield? According to Ambassador Ilmar Penns,
events in thef.)o Rican Re ublic. Mr. DODD. I yield. Marinho of Brazil, "The whole committee
P Mr. JAVITS. Mr. President, I shall agreed that the Caamano movement could
T1 re arliabk Co', _,a within the
American press corps iri Sail to I)oiningo read the speech of the Senator and the be rapidly converted to a Communist insur-
was`the al}bject of an article in the press 'material which he had printed in the rection support of that the was Marxist- susceptible Leninist of powers. gaining the
"
sectiQz 0 Time. magazine fDr :Vtay 2i#, ' ~`OXGRESSIONAI RECORD with the greatest As to conditions in Santo Domingo on
4060, which falso asked unanimous con- Of interest, May a, "It was a no man's land," said the
661W O insert into the I~,ECOR:D Ybe'lf'eve that in the struggle over Viet- Brazilian Ambassador. "There had been a
Mr.' lsresiderlt; the Inser'tions't "Have nam, the problem we 'l'ave in the Dommin- complete collapse of public authority. The
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 August 23, 1966pproved F (?"gfNkl/2ii gDP (R4&5R000500260002-1
legal and political entity. Arms had been that the United States was backing General
given to a disoriented ngtign qj; fanatjicp.and Imbkrt's junta regime.
adolescents w4 q were,,ip.,a frenzed sj+ate The claim _ to fame of this newest junta
egged on by subversive broadcast. ,,A,4"ohy leader is that.he helped to assassinate Die-
reigned. Any organized group that made a tator Trujillo. General Imbert (the title is
landing in the Dominican Republic could honorary) is at least a dedicated anti-Com-
have 4owjpated, the 01>k QU ' munist and this is one comfort to the United
In an even 1pQre4Dpassioned outl2urst of States which feels. awkward about having to
oratory, the Ambasador of Colgmbia sai? in depend on a one-time assassin as its best
defen_dixig the American intervention., `What slope for leading this country back out of
.P.
were we to do, w fen. G CA `3' ;llllping in the this wild anarchy.
streets? What happens when a state in_this In ;urging a bridge between Caamano and
condition, (anarchy) is so close to Cuba? Imbert, the United States hopes that some-
Are we simply to sit silently on balconies how in the process the rebel colonel can be
and watchthe_entlsf >he.tragedy as If we separated from his, more militant advisers.
Were watching some sort of bull fight?" This remains a very Iffy question. On our
Nobody in the OAS Mission"to Santo Do- interview today it seemed to me that Colonel
mingo judged that ' Caamano Caamano was as Wtorested.in impressing his
himself was aCon=nistoll t lthere, was aid, the militant jigotpr jAristy, with his
deep concern that his flirtations with the defiance as he was In conveying this to me.
Communists still might mean even now that Aristy who has the title of minister of gov-
the entire cease-are might at any time blow ernment was, the rebel leader wlio allegedly
up and the Reds choose the moment to sur prevented Caa,Inanq from even meeting with
face in full strength, the rival General Imbert._ It is the con-
It is important that these Ludgments on elusion therefore of . most Latin American
Communist penetration and chaos were dipibmats that Caamano is the prisoner of
made by Latins because -Latins are tradi= the militants around him.
tionally (and with reason) the ' most 'appre- "There is ,no question of meeting with
hensie aim u ,*p interven ion,, General Imbert," said, Colonel Caamano.
The, OAS.Z4101Qn t, Panto omingo con "He fs an Imposter." Asked if he was ask-
eluded, in effect, that the American inter- ing the junta government, to sus;ender. to
vention was not gun'?oat diplomacy but pre his rebel authority, Colonel Caamano claimed
ventive diplomacy. As Cro ombian Am as- that "General Imbert represents nobody."
sador Alfred Vagquez Carrioza said: "rt is "If the United States would leave," Caa-
clear. now that the world of communlstTs no mano said, "the troops now with Imbert
longer separated from this hemisphere by would flood over to our side. We would not
the great oceans. Communism-is a clear and avenge ourselves on those who have been
frightening presence." loyal to the junta. We would only try the
And if I,,6tin Americans grasp the merit of criminals such as General Wessin."
preventive diplomacy, sliotildnft it be pos- General Wessin, one of the few incorrupt-
sible to get the point across also to American able generals of the Dominican Republic is
intellectuals? credited with ,having intervened against the
Caamano led rebeil,iop when 1t,became .ev-
[From Newsday, May 13 10651 .. ident that Communist elements were close
- MARGUERITE, HIGGINs "ON THE SPOT" to taking over control. The United States
-(Si Marguerite Higgins) Intervened on April 28 when law and order
disintegrated. Its purposes at the time were
SANTO DoMINGO.-Minutes before junta to save lives and prevent another Cuba. Its
planes silenced his hate-spewing Santo purpose now is to prevent a new blood bath
Domingo radio, Rebel Colonel Francisco and find some kind, of formula that will re-
Caamano in an exclusive interview defiantly store order and get this country on the path
rejected ail compromise by way of a meeting to some kind of democratic solution. The
or a coalition with the rival Junta regime. cease fire has been a mockery from the start.
such a compromise had, been urged regime. This correspondent has been caught in three
the previous day by anxious delegates of the successive fire fights in 3 successive days, and
Organization of American States ae a way of ' the . side that, . started shooting was the
preventing more bloodshed. rebels-not our Marines or our 82d Airborne.
"How can one compromise with mur- Today, the junta planes attacked and si-
derers?" asked Caamano, speaking of the lenced, (at least temporarily) the Santo Do-
ruling junta. This comment came as a blow mango rebel radio station-and thus ruptured
to the OAS which had, thougl`i't ' fora few the cease fire in their turn,
bright minutes that Caamano would at least The fact that Anerican Ambassador Ben-
talk to `General 'rpa)?6rt, pears nett hit the deck and crawled under his desk
Caamano did agree for a few moments but during the junta air attack would appear
then his more mutant advisers ve#ed the to bear; out the claipl, that 1t came as some-
idea. But in the Dominican . Republic thing of a surprise to the Embassy. It was
nothing is ever final. And the OAS is still a surprise to our, troops who shot at the
attempting -Co start a palaver between the attacking planes-and missed.
opposing side whose standoff hostility has Tile mystery of whether Colonel Caamano
left the city divided and paralyzed with the is a free agent was not pierced by his answer
U.S. fgrces.ln between, to my questions as to why his wife and two
At his Rebel headquarters filled with rifle- children had taken asylum in the Argentine
toting civilians, Caamano was in a cooky Embassy in the zone controlled by the rival
mood, He was so. cocky that he even ruled junta.
out any official place in his future govern- "Our house burned down," said Colonel
?ment for Juai],.Bogch, the fornrer,Dominican Caamano.
President in exile,, in whose name the re- _ "But that was 3 weeks ago," I interposed.
bellion was started, the U.S, claims that,' the
Caamano rebellion, has becpme, heavily Com- "Why doesn't she join you now?"
munist infiltrated but the iebes pooh-pooh "There may be bloodshed," said Colonel
the charge. Caamano. "I do not want to think,.a..bout
In Speaking of Bosch, Colonel Caamano my wife and children. I want to think about
said 11e was '= g c14se spirituia adviser but?he my country."
cannot be a&gi~,~,ggned any formal position in In...this volatlle.land, rebel intransigeance
my ' oVeiiiifie3it' Prior to the plane- attack may well fade in the wake of the display of
olIolonel.,Camano=yex}zded'con- diexyation in the form of aerial strafing
fidence t.h rebels would win the entlag Qf the rebel radio which had had a great role
count?Y? _ in inciting citizens to shoot at American
Propaganda over the silenced rebel, radio troops and otherwise harass us. But at the
has caile? everyone from President Joi rison moment the feeling is that things are going
to Amnl assac[or Bennett li an$ hMYikll,e ed to get worse before they get better.
20509
[From Newsday, May 13, 19651
MARGUERITE HIGGINS "ON THE SPOT"
(By Marguerite Higgins)
SANTO DOMINGO.-The authoritative rattle
of automatic weapons was mixed with the
occasional ping of a light rifle and the rebels
kept firing on the U.S. marine company for
a subborn hour and 20 minutes. The firing
came from a block away and the rebel snipers
stretched about two-thirds of a mile along
the demarcation line between their zone and
the international area held by. U.S. forces.
The marines kept their heads down-behind
sandbags, stone walls, fences, cars-and re-
turned fire on the infrequent occasions when
they could get a decent look at their rag-
tag enemies. Finally, the firing stopped, as
inexplicably as it had started and the long
lines of cars started moving through the
marine checkpoints at the intersections, ap-
parently unconcerned that the road they
were traveling had been a no man's land a
few minutes before.
And that's how it is with the crazy cease
fire that is supposed to be prevailing around
here.
But there is one good thing about it ac-
cording to U.S. Marine Capt. Charles Barstow,
of Dunellen, N.J.
"Those, rebels fire high and wild," said
Captain Barstow, grinning reassuringly as
another round pinged in somewhere down
the block.
And in this case, he was right. For
Barstow's marine company has not sustained
any injuries despite what the marine cap-
tain-a practitioner of the art of understate-
ment-describes laconically as rather inten-
sive fire.
So the fracas would not even have been
reported on the incident sheet and his ma-
rine -company's luck-and remarkable re-
straint in the face of provocation-would
have gone unsung if this reporter and Howard
Handleman of U.S. News & World Report had
not happened to stumble into the tail end of
the fire fight while trying to make our way
to rebel headquarters in the sniper zone.
Was there any pattern or purpose in these
rebel sniper attacks? I asked Captain
Barstow.
"Militarily there is no sense to it," said the
young captain. "They never try to rush us.
They hide up there on the roofs or sometimes
dart in the middle of an intersection to fire
and run. What I think they are really doing
is trying to get some martyrs. And we are
doing our best not to give them any martyrs.
We only fire back when a sniper is getting
awfully close to target and awfully aggres-
sive."
We were standing in the front yard of a
home which had a stone wall in front. The
wall gave good cover against incoming fire
and so several marines had their pup tents
in it. A couple more were on the porch of
the house itself which was heavily sand-
bagged.
Catching my glance, the marine said rue-
fully: "Of course we are a nuisance to those
people. But so help me we try to make it up
to them by courtesy and gifts of coffee and
such. It's bothersome to be in a fire light.
But it is a whole lot more bothersome to
have tommygun-toting rebels setting fire to
your house and looting as was happening
around here when we came. And these peo-
ple have been absolutely wonderful to us.
I heard that some of the press say they hate
us. If so, these are some of the best actors
I have ever seen."
Later, over In the rebel zone, we could see
closeup the scary results of the indiscrimi-
nate distribution of guns after they had been
looted from police and military armories by
the rebelling mobs. It seemed for several
blocks as if no man was without a rifle or
automatic weapons slung over his shoulder.
Few were in uniform. A great many simply
had, on open white shirts and slacks.
I -
Approved For Release 2005/03/24: CIA-RDP82R00025R000500260002-1.
 2,010 Approved For 1U~ 82 ?5 0005002600 ~ust 23, 1965
Was it youngsters like this, I wondered, The priority task for Ambassador Bennett After having a relatively free run of the
who had been firing on Captain'Barstow' s has been to work with the broadened coati- range during the government of leftist Presi-
company? were they :rider any orders? tion government of junta leader Caen. dent Juan Bosch, toppled by a bloodless mil-
government
the sniping be turned off? Antonio Imbert Barreras to bring about itary coup in September 1963, Communists
Over in front of retie" headquarters we whatever concessions possible in the Amerl- and Castroites here were forced to carry on
found the so-called commander of the rebel ekn-inspired attempt to build a bridge be- clandestinely.
forces, Col. Monte Arrache. 'He was In a tween the junta and the pro-Bosch rtunp Quietly and carefully they sought a ve-
camoufage uniform sitting in a-' jeep with regime of Colonel Caamano. hicle on which they could move in, piggy-
an aide talking to some of the gun-toting The irony of the rebel abuse heaped on back fashion. When Reid began to crack
rebels. Bennett is that the U.S. Marines would not down on corrupt high-ranking military of-
"Colonel," I asked, "do you helve control be in Santo Domingo today if it were not for firers, including a clique known here as the
course I do," from your zo .e?" the judgments of John Bartlow Martin as San Cristobal group, early last year the ex-
of the people firing
"Of said the rebel. _colonel. made when he was whisked down here in the tremists found their vehicle.
-,They why don't you turn off the firing?" early days of chaos. The dissident San Cristobal officers, at this
I asked. When L.S.S. telephoned John Bartlow Mar- stage believed to be unaware of their silent
: ~'Biut it is not the 'rebels who are" firing." tin at Wesleyan College to ask him to go to Red allies, made a deal with representatives
said the colonel. "It is really soldiers 'who Santo Domingo, the former Ambassador told of Bosch's Dominican Revolutionary Party
represent the junta (the new pro?isional the President: "The United States is bacsing (PRD) on overthrowing the Reid govern-
governnent of General Imbert) who disguise the wrong side. We should back the Bosch ment.
"themselves as rebels. 'he sneak into our (constitutionalist) movement." The officers had only in mind establishing
Sane and fire at the American'tr s to try Once on the scene in Santo Domingo, Sohn a military junta, with them in charge. They
and provoke an American attack on our Bartlow Martin quickly changed his mind. didn't want to bring Bosch back to run the
headquarters." Interceptilig him for an instant the other show.
$t was all nonsense, of course, but that is day as he reported in briefly to the Embassy One major stumbling block for the plotters
the way this off-again on-again reset Are is. In between his 18 to 20 hours a day of "be was the huge 27th of February arsenal and
And in this crazy mixed-up situation any- reasonable" conference with Dominican poli- ammunition dump across the Ozama River
tiling can still happen--including a blood ticians, Ambassador Martin explained: "The from downtown Santo Domingo.
bath revolution did not start out as Communist With this key installation on the eastern
developed in that direction." side of the river and within control of Brig.
i brit uickl
y
)1"rom Newsday, May 17, lag -. -- pricea" bT66 ath begins, all the factions Gen. Elias Wessin y Wessin's headquarters
ether so what used at the San Isidro Air Base, the conspirators
it t
i
f it
n
og
are
guilty o
Ml1Raunrrz FIIGGINa ON TI374 Sr OT _ to be diferenceei are wiped out. When you feared they were highly vulnerable. So it
#y Marguerite go to extremes, the old niceties of philosophic was decided that the ammunition base had
Sarno Do I co The role heir. 1ayedin and 1de6lc rrcaT dirferexices disappear. By ex- to be eliminated and its replacement put on
tl ,Sul oxxi ii o crisis by John Bar'tlow i remes I me m beheading, sending people ""to the west side of the river.
Iu artlx> er, d Tomat, and a darling' of the wall,'Irilling of children, torture. In this On the night of last June 11, a series of
the liberals,, is to ex"tracirdinar as to defy bloodlust, all factions (pro-Castro, pro-Mao, mysterious blasts destroyed four of five
all the knPwn rules in tin. ract ce of forel n ~ro-Soviet, and tLose pro-Bosch who partici- ammo dumps at the camp, along with tons
p.."
policy angwliere; angtYxne-=ever. pa?ed in the "bloodlust) tend to be melted of military hardware. The blasts, Which
effect, the United States has two Am- together. rocked Santo Domingo, killed 14, injured
aseadors here. But wait this is :, use it was ohn`Bartlow Martin's warnings about 140 and caused $30 million damage.
f r any wringing of"hands 'pox' they work that convinced President Johnson that there The Reid government announced the ex-
ell In tandem, have a 11 complete 'me tang of was a possible Cuba in the making in, the plosions Were caused by sabotage. Suspects
,4, rids on the .nt htmarrsh realities of the Dominican Republic. If even an ardent lib- were arrested and questioned, but there was
tlx tlgn and have no reason to eoint+ete for oral had come to' this - conclusion, L.B.J. never a complete explanation.
file &vprs o I; nilon amines JiAHson, 'They reasoned then he could not afford to take Six weeks later a special Organization of
are alreaii Both to s in I is favo'r'. _ __ t .. ,
y p the e political criance of iriactign, let alone American States (OAS) investigative com-
",John artlow; Martin"a'as Ambassador here permit thousands of lives to be lost as the mission reported it had found indications of
LL ..
,during the epoch oY"th , foiiK& resident of T Hued States stood idly by. Communist infiltration in the Dominican
the'b6min,~,ican i eptibilc, Juan-liosch. The The atmosphere around here even today is armed forces and that the explosion was a
progressive dealisn of``gosch `was -betrayed a kind of wild west magnified a thousand result of this penetration.
by his poet's dreams and his Inability to see times and with a severe shortage of good guys The report and its implied warning went
that the Communists, in his"-government to pit against the had guys. So there Is no generally unheeded here and elsewhere in the
termined, by diftnitlon e:nd? ideolog- doubt in this observer's mind that an orgy hemisphere.
1041or compulsion, pulsion, to work for his " uncToing of killing was in the cards--and still might As the military plotters here had hoped,
r fo advance their own 'bhances of the replacement base was constructed on the
ea zing power So Bosoh was overthrown by The frail, ulcer-ridden Martin, with his west side of the Ozama River. It was built
?ti-ommunIet generals who were alarmed gauntcheeks and chain smoking habits, re- northwest of downtown Santo Domingo, and
his permissive a?titnade to "tfie militant ports directly to President Johnson on a sit- called the 16th of August camp-an impor-
leftists, nation that despite his gargantuan efforts- tant base in events of last month.
Icfo,netheless, both cfi ring hie`y presidency and those of Bennett and others -seems The plotting continued between the dis-
B1i1d yond, Martin was close ph:iosop' iTcallq strangled by hate and feuds. sident officers and PRD representatives here
and personalll 'to the democratically-elected But he is still trying, sometimes in Santo and in San Juan, where Bosch is living and
'So anal been ors of his ssadoznent. Domingo, sometimes in long futile efforts to agitating in exile.
So io has boon forstW.im assador atate itin a persuade exiled Juan Bosch in Puerto Rico, The PRD knew of the Red infiltration in
task to seep to persuats the
their mider pro- cease giving killers and fanatics political their scheme, but figured it could control the
Bosch elelnents to turn 'back['t on the respectability. Communists when the time came.
vef ltu ' t `militants vrho sought to fake
o 1
vet .t current rAei` revolt ancr coopierate Black as it looks, Martin keeps going be- Reid learned of the plot against him early
in some sort of, governnient""of natronaf union cause in the Dominican Republic, black can in April. The military conspirators found
that can guide, this nation back to constitu- often be an optical illusion and thinis are out that he knew of theirplans and decided
tionality and whatever measure 'of democ- seldom what they seem. to advance their timetable. They still were
1ia.Cy fie' possible in a nation that Is largely -- thinking in terms of setting up only a milt-
illiterate and still in political swaddling AMaUNrTxON DUMP ExPLOSION tart' junta to rule the country.
elotlxee, The plot unfolded April 24. The PRD
(By Hal Hendrix) quickly moved to proclaim it a movement to
Amp, sea ofnk ., r 14i ruin as been t;se gm asst' s SANTO DOMINGO, May 12.-A tremendous restore Bosch to the Presidency. The chief
principa nabel m Francisco ammunition dump explosion here in June military plotters began to see their plans
Qaamano the 'head haead d of the ruump re constitu- 1964 was the initial stage of a Communist- getting out of control.
tiona'C regime And contrary ?o press re= backed military lot to dun the triumvirate
ports, these links have been lie1-1 very much p p The Communists and pro-Castro June 14
alive-when the militant rebels would con- regime of Donald Reid Cabral, a highly movement leaders began to crawl. out from
descend to coo eratb. Y placed diplomatic source disclosed here the woodwork and by Sunday night, April
o. io ea . #oday 25, they had the rebellion going their way.
Amb or W. 'I's.pas be
ies'i in nett Reconstruction of events leading to last After Reid's Sunday overthrow the real
b , , r to the
overall con
In~ of the situation an d recognizes that month's eruption helps explain President scramble for power began. .
oh low+j~r,~~artin Ails an Invaluable gap, "Johnson's decision to land U.S. forces: here By Tuesday it was over. The extremists
quickly to safeguard Americans and prevent had gained control behind the, scenes, u
or he etelsihave made AmTiasasdor Ilen- ' sing
Nett the _ enemy No "I. Tt w&i1d7 be unfit- a power grab by Communist strategists Col. Francisco Caamano Deno as rebel chief-
lrtg 9nd iiexnsaning certainly 1 or ",~mliasea alined with Castro's Cuba. lain and new cover. Caamano was installed
or ennett to seek to deal t nth a group This is an authoritative account of how as "Constitutionalist President."
lsliose Ta~ ib untI1 it wens silenc(id) described the current disaster took shape here during The Communist design was to create chaos
him as a !far, murderei and sucks, the past year: and anarchy. Now using Caamano's "con-
Approved for Release 2005 1031,4 d A=RDP82100025R0b6506260002-1
 atitutionalist" movement as a shield; they quick y to the rebel forces, expressed bit
engineered distribution of weapons to thou- terness ` that the United States had flown
sands of eiviliani- robably as many as Guzman secretly to Washington for consul-
, T
16,000 were `armed in 1 day." tation.
Most of the weapons came"from' the 16th "What kind of business is this the North
of August arsenal and ammunition dump American government is doing?" asked Im-
that the original military plotters- figured bert, sitting with his junta and military
would be in their control 'chiefs.
When raKtag' rebeYS began appearing'on "This still is a free and sovereign country,
television brandishing "their newly acquired so why does a Dominican citizen have to
weapons, the San Cristobal clique knew they be taken to Washington for approval before
had been duped. being named President of the Dominican
So;ne of these officers scurried 'back to San Republic?"
Isidro base to join' in what they considered The military also put the U.S. represent-
to be an; anti-Communist 'fight. Others atives on the spot by declaring:
sought sanctuary in einbass`fes`here. "If you want to turn this country over
To diplomats and other observers the arm- to communism you will have to guarantee
ing of civilians, under an admitted block-by- safe evacuation of all the anti-Communist
block plan, clearly reveals the insurgent Dominican armed forces and their families
movement for what it is now. and also all democratic Dominican citizens
Communist sympathies but now is consider-
ed captive of the extremists, and his chief
adviser, lfector Aristy readily admit the
weapons were` distributed according t6 plan.
But both heatedly deny that the Commu-
nist elements control,., the constitutionalist
movement, . ,.
Communist and June 14 movement Tead-
era here continue to remain out of the lime-
light. But no one,. including' the special
OAS peaceseekinggmission sent here to help
end the war, doubts that they still are active
Inside the rebel-held section of the capital.
As for the original' military 'plotters who
dreamed of establishing aIriilitary junta, all
were separated from the Dominican arilied
forces last Sunday by decree of Gen. Antonio
Imbert Barrera, president of the US.-backed
civilian-military junta.
DOMINICAN MILITARY LEADERS 1SEJECT
S. H.O.xP04AL
(By Hal Hendrix)
SANTO DOMINGO, May 19.-To Dominican
military leaders supporting the civilian-
military junta government created by the
United States only 10 days ago have turned
down flat a U.S. proposal 'to replace it with
another provisional government ' '
The White House and State Department
officials sent here Sunday bypassed 'Geis.
Antonio Imbert Berrera, the junta president,
and his four associates to meet with the ntili-
tary leaders. ..,
Some of these members of the military
hierarchy were the very same` officers -*ho
20 months ago overthrew the leftist govern-
ment of President Juan Bosch alter conclud-
ing he was "soft" on communism in the
Dominican Republic and was an incompetent
administrator-an opinion then shared by
Washington.
Yet yesterday the U.S. diplomats asked the
Domin1cai Army, Navy and Air Porce Brass to
withdraw support from the stanchly anti=
Communist Imbert-led ' ~ unto an
themselves, with ' Washin ton-suggested
pro-Bosch provisional coalition government.
The n}iiitary hierarchy refused to'buokle
under thp pressure' and countered with a
proposal that consideration be given to for-
mation of a government "of "national har-
mony," composed of all di'.ino6ratie parties
in the country and includini the Imbert
junta.
The Dominican officers, rejected as totally
unacceptable the Washington-drafted scheme
for a government to be headed by' Antonio
Guzman, who was "flown by the U.S. _ Air
Force to Washington for secret conferences
' jast,ric4y and apparently was approved by
fife. ~
State . }epartmen`t 'spoke'sman l cha'ra I.
Phillips' confirmed that Guzman, a close
friend of.Bosoh and,minister of,agriculture
in his cabinet, had been flown to Washington.
But he declined to say with whom Guzman
met.
.smbert. and trig Dominican -r,!
noting that Guzman was acceptable
Armed Forces Secretary, said after the meet-
ing the military establishment solidly sup-
ports the Imbert junta. He said he wasn't
certain of the names of the American offi-
cials at the conference.
The Washington task force includes Mc-
George Bundy, ' Special Assistant to Presi-
d'6h _Johnson on' National Security Affairs,
Under Secretary of State Thomas C. Mann,
Deputy Secretary of Defense Cyrus R. Vance,
and Jack Hood Vaughn, Assistant Secretary
of State for Inter-American Affairs. Mann
flew back-to Washington yesterday.
"I don't understand why the Americans
came to talk with us about this instead of
discussing it with the President of the Na-
tional Reconstruction Government," Rivera
Caminero commented. "We do have a Presi-
dent.now, you know, General Imbert."
Imbert and` his junta associates said their
goverritnent rejects any attempt by the
United States to pressure `acceptance of
"persons of Communist affiliation or sympa-
thizers." He said he supported the idea of
a national harmony government composed of
"all capable and honest Dominicans- regard-
less of their political affiliation-except for
the Communists, of course."
The military leaders and Imbert also sug-
gested to the American representatives that
it would be helpful for the Organization of
American States to maintain a peacekeeping
force here for at least 2 months after hostili-
ties end and supervise a referendum so Do-
minicans can decide by ballots whether they
want to live under the 1963 or 1962 con-
stitution.
The rebel or constitutionalist forces led
by Col. Francisco Caamano Deno have been
clamoring for return to the 1963 constitution,
prepared by the Bosch government.
In opposing Guzman as a provisional pres-
ident, Imbert and the military refer to him
as a puppet of Bosch. "When the National
Reconstruction Government was being
formed," Imbert said, "we called Guzman
and asked him to be a member. He declined,
saying he was in ill health and added that
since he was a close friend of Professor Bosch
he would have to consult with him."
Other members of the U.S. proposed coali-
tion government are reported to be Milton
Messina, currently an economist for the
Inter-American Development Bank in Wash-
ington and a former ambassador to Canada
during the Trujillo dictatorship, Hector
Garcia Godoy, Bosch's foreign minister, Dr.
Alejandro Grullon, a bank president, and
Marcos Cabral, a Santiago businessman.
Guzman, Garcia Godoy, and Cabral are
said to be members of' Bosch's Dominican
Revolutionary Party.
VANCE DENIES U.S. TROOPS ASSISTING
DOMINICANS
(By Hal Hendrix)
SANTO DOMINGO, May 21.-UU.S. Deputy De-
fense Secretary Cyrus R. Vance, has cate-
gorically denied allegations that American
20511
troops are assisting either of the two battling
forces in the bitter Dominican civil war.
He said such allegations are "not correct."
"President Johnson's instructions are for
the U.S. forces here to observe strict im-
partiality and these instructions are being
carried out," he said at a news conference
here.
In reply to a question about reports that
troops of the civilian-military junta govern-
ment of national reconstruction are prepar-
ing to strike at the heart of the Communist-
infiltrated rebel resistance . in downtown
Santo Domingo, Vance said:
"What happens in the future will be gov-
erned by events and circumstances at the
time."
Presumably, if such an attack is launched
by the loyalist forces they would either have
to cross the U.S.-controlled east-west security
corridor across the city or land fighting unite
from the sea.
Presently, as emphasized by Vance, the pol-
icy of the American troops is to prohibit
crossing of the corridor by any armed Domin-
ican forces, rebel or loyalist. Also, U.S. nava'
vessels are patrolling the Santo Domingo arer
from close offshore.
Earlier, Gen. Antonio Imbert Barreras
junta president, said the loyalist forces wil
"very soon" launch a cleanup offensive
again the downtown rebel stronghold.
Vance said some armed members of the
Dominican police force, loyal to the Imberl
government, have been permitted in the
corridor to help maintain law and order.
Some of the police wear army uniforms
since men in police uniforms were targets of
the rioting rebel extremists early in th(
conflict here. Vance said the police now ar(
changing back to the regular attire,
He also denied published reports that the
U.S. forces were supplying arms to the junto.
`troops.
Vance acknowledged that two small U.S
military radio units had been with the troop:
in the northside battle and at the nationa
palace to help prevent the loyalist gunner;
from firing into American installations in-
side the corridor when shooting at the rebe
forces..
He also said the United States provided n(
helicopter assistance to the junta forces, al-
though two U.S. helicopters were used tc
transport some civil officials of the junta of
a survey trip outside the Santo Domingo area
Vance said published reports of Americar
troops firing without provocation from th(
corridor into the rebel zones are not true
"American troops have returned fire when
fired upon," he said.
Asked why U.S. forces referred to the rebelr
as "unfriendlier," Vance replied:
"Well, there have been 426 violations (retie"
fire into the U.S. corridor or safe zone) of the
cease-fire agreement since it was made anc
to the best of my knowledge the (junta)
forces have not fired into the U.S. line of
communication."
Vance could have added that rebel sniper:
have killed 19 American soldiers and Ma-
rines and wounded more than 100.
He added that "U.S. trucks are interpose(
in front of the (junta) air force planes a'
San Isidro (air force base about 20 miles easi.
of the capital) and they are not taking off.
The trucks were placed near the planer
after five of them last week strafed Radice
Santo Domingo, then held by the rebels
The station now is occupied by loyalist
troops.
Gen. Bruce Palmer, commander of the
U.S. military forces here, said all necessary
steps would be taken to prevent any bom-
bardnient by air or sea of downtown Sant(
Domingo.
Imbert and Armed Forces Secretary Com-
modore Francisco J. Rivera Caminero said
they expected to finish the battle against re-
bel forces north of the U.S. corridor by this
week end.
Approved For, Release 2005/03/24: CIA-RDP82R00025R000500260002-1
 20512
Inibert said a permanent cease-fire , as
Called for by the Organization of American
States . and the TJuit rrd axis saw P4exsin union ,,.,,,They glowered at us fiercely, and pointed backgrounds inthe Dominican Republic are.
Approved For Release 2005103124.: CIA-RDP82R00025RO00500260002-1
shooting at U.S. Marines, not the rebels. He gear, roared around the corner, and out of
pointed down Into deep rebel-held Santo sight. Andy and I took a deep breath. I
Domingo: "There are two bodies of Wessin looked at the leader and said: "Wessin y
y Wessin soldiers there," Andy and I looked Wessin's troops, eh?" He shrugged and
at one another. I replied in Spanish that laughed.
we were_Aot idiots, and turned to leave.. The only way we could get out of the zone
"No he said, in Spanish. "Don't go." and back to my car was to walk about a
Another, 10 toughs ;.ppeared, making a hundred yards with our backs to rebel snip-
calque. All insisted that the Wessin y Wessin ers. Thus far, there had been more noise
troops were trying to get rebels and U.S. than actual fighting. But just then, rebel
soldiers fight ng teach wo bodies of They kept re- snipers winged a burst into the wall just over
pea g at e the Wessin y our heads, and we heard the screeching sound
Wessin troops Were there., "now. do you know of the ricochet.
that they are troops of Wessin y Wessin?" I "That was for us," Andy said. "Let's get
asked. out of here."
"Because they wear the insignia," the lead- We walked the hundred yards slowly and
er replied. nonchalently, our spines tingling
After an
.
They did not know that Andy and I had eternity we rounded the corner and gave a
just come from the palace., They did not sigh of relief.
know that we knew where the lines,, were. We walked along the relatively safe area
And they kept insisting, to the point of where next to U.S. troops. We talked to the people
the leader, said the bodies of the allegel Wes- in the houses. They were tired of having
sin y Wessin soldiers "had been there for 8 their houses turned into snipers' nests. They
days." were afraid of the turbas and the law of the
Andy looked at the organizer and mumbled streets. They were leaving the rebel zones in
to me: "And just why, Paul, do you think droves.
they should be left there for 3 days, eh?" Two civilians of pleasant mien attached
The answer was phony evidence to be themselves to us. Andy is Hungarian, with
shown to unsuspecting people-OAS and re- the accent. Our two companions asked who
porters. With the battle going on at this mo- we were. Andy replied in Spanish that we
ment, we couldn't go to the bodies. I were Brazilian. "Good," they said, and urged
again told, the leader, that we weren't Idiots, Andy to tell the story of how Yankees were
that insignia could be .planted. He thought killing Dominicans.
fora moment, and said nothing. Suddenly, The next day around noon, Andy rushed
his face lighted up. "I, want you to see the into my rooms. "This is Havana, 1959," he
houses blown down by Yankee fire." exclaimed. "There are bearded guys, and the
Andy saw the opportunity for some good whole smell of the place is exactly like it was
_photos, so we moved out. of our sanctuary in 1959 in Cuba."
and edged our way along the line of Inter- Andy had gone into the center of the city.
mittent fire. He had an appointment with rebel leader
We almost didn't make it. A mortar shell Francisco Caamano and photographed him.
exploded in an alleyway about 50 yards away. "But guess what," Andy said to me, "Re-
All of us, the turbas .included, dived for member the two fellows from yesterday?
safety. We looked up to see smoke and dust Well, I was walking Into the Caamano head-
billowing out of the alley. We also saw__a quarters, and someone said: 'Hello Brazilian.'
woman dash out of a house nearby, holding I asked him how he knew I was Brazilian and
her bleeding head in a towel. it turns out that he was one of the two we
The cry went up, from the turbas: "Yan- saw yesterday. The two of them in Caama-
kees are killing Dominicans. Yankees are no's headquarters, armed and guarding the
killing Dominicans, Each street corner, came place. 11
alive with well-organized groups of, between I later learned from the loyalist G-2 that
6 and 10 persons, all shouting: Yankees are arms were cached In strong points in the
killing Dominicans. Out with the Yankee rebel-held part of the city. Actually, strong
dogs." One variation was: "Out with the points were few. No one was permitted to
white Yankee dogs.". It was a ticklish situa- take arms from one strong point to another,
tion even though personnel were rotated frequent-
T`he organizer of the group we were with ly for intelligence-gathering purposes. Un-
yelled to the woman to cross over. He saw armed, and on the street, the rebels were just
the opportunty for Andy to take shots of the ordinary citizens.
bleeding 'creature. I Said, nothing. Both Mobs were organized and controlled In the
Andy and f knew from the trajectory that the classic manner. What was going on In rebel
mortar shell had come from loyalists at territory was a carbon copy of Cuba's mobs
the palace. We knew tl}at the,turbat ,knew of neighborhood informers-viligance com-
The woman, now helped by a man, was
afraid to cross over the street in the line
of fire. 'The two of them ran down another
alleyway, lateral to the sniper fire hammer-
ing at 'U.S. Spositions We met them, on the
next cornet also in the line ,,of .lire.. The
Romani "was blee ing but was able to run like
hell. A Red Cross ambulance, a Volkswagen
station wagon, roared up. The mobs on the
corner shouted: "Yankees are killing Damin-
-icans." She collapsed gracefully into the
arms of the crowd. They put her into the
-ambulance. Andy took shots, furiously.
As the ambulance rounded the corner, I
saw her sitting between two men in the
back, chattering away excitedly.
The crowds on the corners shouted ' Yan-
kees are killing Dominicans." Then a
Swedish car, a Saab, came roaring at us from
the rebel lines. It was crowded with rebels,
in motley dress, carrying submachine guns
 August 23, 1965Approved FLe0%1W,,g~ "A0L3/ a WDP?M0S5R000500260002-1 20517
Martinez Arana. The three are dedicated question the motives of the originators of had influenced President Johnson's staff. He
anti-Communists. They are welded together the Bosch constitution. referred to McGeorge Bundy.
in sense of purpose. Convinced of the Communist makeup of Asked why the United States was pressur-
The Imbert junta Is not a military junta. the rebels, the Imbert junta rejected Mach's tag the junta to step down, an official from
Discounting Imbert's status' as a general, proposal. They liked Mann, however, de- Washington said that Imbert had `failed to
there Is only one military man represented- scribing him as a sensitive and intelligent
Air Force Colonel Pedro ]3artolome Benoit. diplomat.
The others are a lawyer, a liusine ssma'n, and a They did not like Cyrus Vance.
quasi-intellectual. Imbert's . junta does, "Monday," said the Army Chief of Staff,
however, enjoy the confidence- of the Do- "Mr. Cyrus Vance came to see us. He acted
minican armed forces, like a Hitler, a real dictator. He took out a
Installed by us on May 12, the GNR was notebook and briskfy ticked off the points
having the rug pulled from under it by the
United States on May 18. The rug-puling
act was done by Presidential Security Ad-
viserMcGeorge Bundy and Depilty Secretary
of Defense Cyrus Vance. Apqt7 arently'alarried
at press reporting from Sant6 ITomingo that
the GN1 Was militarist: and rightwing,
Bundy and Vance sought to replace it with
what was described fir $un.dyese as a con-
sensus government.
Pressures put upon the junta to resign are
related l? an Indignant chief of staff, Gen.
Jacintg r tinez Arana
The general is short and stocky, eiierge ic.
He has had 36 years of military service. 1e
dogsli't drink. He told me on May 19 that
he could 1?e retired but wor ds t sit idly by
and watph the country taken over by coin-
The general was enraged ai the anticsi of
the Washington mission composed of -'(Tn-
der Secrete~~~y Thomas Mann, 'Bundy, and
Vance. Leci:by Bundy, the mission was there
to create a consensus g4overnineht.
1y t the 11911 does the mean?" l ar-
tinez Arana asked: rhetorically, pounding he
deli[ with his open palm. `1#e answered:"It
meantu'rning the country over to the Conn-
munists."
Little by little the story poured Out.
,,On Sunday, may 15, Mr. Mann met With
us at junta headquarters. All "of the mili-
tary chiefs were there. Mr. Mann said that
we shoed accept Antonio Guzman as presi-
dent, and later, in a few months hold elec-
tioAs under the 1963 constitution." The
general paused, rolled his eyes, spread ' his
hands. "Well," he continued, "Mr. Guzman
is a nice man. He is intelligent. But jie is
not a person of firm purpose." Mr. Mar=
tines "Arana again spread Is hands, leaned
over his desk and punched it with his in-
dex finger in rhythm with "And "he is a
friend, a close friend, of Juan Bosch." Guz-
man served in Bosch's cabinet and has been
charged with inefficiency and corruption In
that position.
Gen. Martinez Arana continued: "He
could never , Me the ' Cc>nununists, ,And
the, 1963 consttttut)on." . He uttered an g6th.
"It is made ,f'or a dictator,"
He had a point there. A Bosch constitu-
tion, rammed through by an `incompetent
and largely illiterate group of Congressmen
swept in with Bosch In elections In late 1962,
It is. a blank check. Its provisions are so
vague that a President can do anything. he
wants under it. "The 1963. constitution is
delibegat$ly and dangerously vague. It is
a resentful document, the product of resent-
ful men.
In section 4, on property, there are pro-
visions like these:
"Expropriation may take place In"the
general interest." Article 28 says that:'"It
is declared that only Dominican nationals
have the right to acquire land. But Con-
gress may authorize the acquisition of land
in urbanareas by foreigners, when this Is
in the.national interest ' -
`Hxcgssive holding of land Is' outlawed.'
But?t c titllyipn, does not s Y,what is
e~ceeye, .ag .even it u~, to Congress to
determine, st;b9Qiwt t , oil, and rain-
erals is declared (as in Cuba)to be the prop-
erty of the state. Other provisions of the
1963 Constitution are .of deep concern to
Dominican businessmen,, Nor 14, tbATe uny
mention of .God, causing religious people to
eral uttered a midly dirty word. "He said we
would have to agree to the Guzman govern-
nient and nd to the 1963 Constitution.
"We consulted an4 said we would accept
Guzman but not the 1963 Constitution. We
wanted the 1962 Constitution, which is ex-
plicit and understandable. Well, this Mr.
Vance said that we couldn't have it. We
asked why. And he said because the rebels
demanded the 1963 Constitution. Of course
they demanded the 1963 Constitution. It is
an open door for the Communists to walk
In.,,
"We blew up," Gen. Martinez Arana con-
tinued. "Just who are the rebels, anyway?
They control only a part-and only a tiny
part-of the city of Santo Domingo. Every-
where else in the nation people are working.
Stores are open. There are no disturbances.
What the hell does this man want, this Mr.
The general paused, then continued: "So
we ask him, just who are the rebels? Why
are they so important to you when they are
your enemies, and American Marines are
being shot by them everyday?
"Then do you know what he said? He
.said we coul.4 take A 4r leave it. And, , he
also said that if we leave it, the United
States would be forced to make a deal with
the rebels. Then he left. Day before yes-
terday we met with another American of-
ficial. I won't tell you who It was (it prob-
ably was McGeorge Bundy), but he was im-
portant. We told him that if the United
States insisted' on Guzman and the 1963
Constitution, we would accept on certain
conditions. The, United States must trans-
port out of this country all of our fighting
men and their families. The Communists
would slaughter them. The United States
must also transport out of the country all
Dominican families ? who want to leave.
Where would pe obpdy left."
Saturday, May 22, Bundy held an un-
attributed background press conference for
a select few journalists "personally known
to him," as a spokesman later revealed. He
told them that he w.ps rather optimistic that
a "spilutipn" .would? be found to install a
"consensus government."
Ha implied that Oaamano had agreed to
step down in favor of Guzman and rather
believed that Imbert would do the same.
Later, a high U.S. Official in Santo Domingo
said that the United States was prepared to
exert economic pressures against Imbert to
force him out.
. The story of the Bundy conference leaked
out. Reporters who had not been invited
were not bound to the no-attribution rule.
Newspapers reported that Imbert was on his
way out.
Imbert was furious. The next day, Sun-
day, he blasted "malintentioned" reports
(meaning certain reporters whom he felt
were representing him and his junta as a
rightist threat). He said that the people
of the Dominican Republic knew that he was
no dictator. They knew he had risked his
life to rid the country of the Trujillo
dictatorship.
ihbert Barreras and his staff were also
incensed at efforts by reporters of thr-ie
Influential U.S:`dellies`to prove that no Com-
munist menace existed in the country. He
said privately 'that these reports apparently
quickly enough." The official continued:
"We were gambling-hoping that Imbert
could form a government that could win
public approval quickly."
When queried regarding that statement, a
junta member angrily replied: "You seem to
want instant democracy. How can a junta
which was installed by you 10 days ago expect
in that period of time to win a wave of
popular support?"
He went on: "Don't your negotiators from
Washington know that there are no news-
papers being published, no mass media com-
muhications we can resort to, to explain our
position and develop public understanding
of the issues?"
My Washington source also said that even
if Imbert managed to defy the United States
and remain in power, the result would be
civil war. Arms would be cached, plots
hatched, and the revolt would spread.
An officer of the Dominican counterinsur-
geney force said that Cuban arms had been
cached over a period of several years. He also
said that in the sweep by Imbert forces across
the northern part of the city, "tons of cached
arms had been found." He continued: "If
our forces had not made the sweep, those
arms would never have been found" The
counterinsurgency officer was trained In the
United States.
Regarding the lack of real support for
Imbert, I asked my Washington source:
"What about the fact that the 130,000-mem-
ber National Confederation of Free Workers
(CONTRAL) is supporting Imbert?" Here
he got a little vague, and fell back on his
earlier statement that Imbert did not win
popularity fast enough.
The inescapable conclusion is that Presi-
dent Johnson's advisers are sensitively at-
tuned to "world opinion." They were in-
fluenced by initial press reports which dog-
gedly refused to recognize the Communist
menace and tended to romanticize rebel
leader Lt: Col. Francisco Caamano Deno.
Thus influenced, Johnson's advisers went
looking for compromise rather than solution.
As of this writing, the rebels still control
the center of Santo Domingo and have
launched a potent propaganda campaign
from their festering pocket of resistance.
What started out as a vigorous and just
action by President Johnson has bogged
down in a mire of International and na-
tional bureaucrats. It could end in a dip-
lomatic defeat as disasterous as our failure
to follow through at the Bay of Pigs 4 years
ago. For the lesson of the Dominican Re-
public to Latin American Communists and
leftists is this: seize territory, no matter how
much, and force the United States and the
OAS to negotiate.
[From the Chicago (Ill.) Tribune,
Apr. 30, 1965]
SEVENTEEN HUNDRED MARINES IN DOMINGO-
2,500 PARATROOPERS ALSO FLOWN IN-INSUR-
GENTS ATTACK U.S. EMBASSY-5 DIE-5-DAY
REVOLT BY LEF'risTs TAKES 400 LIVES
(By Jules Dubois)
SANTO DOMINGO, DOMINICAN REPUBLIC,
April 29.-A band of rebels dressed in civilian
clothes fired on the U.S. Embassy today.
American marines fired back and repelled the
attackers in a 30-minute fight.
At least two of the attackers and possibly
four were killed by the marines. There were
no casualties on the U.S. side. Three other
attackers were killed by Dominican Army
troops as the leftists fled marine gunfire.
Later,.other leftist bands that have been
roaming the city fired sporadically at the
Embassy but the attacks ended as night fell.
Approved For Release 2005/03/24': CIA-RDP82R00025R000500260002-1
 =518
An Embassy spokesme:xi said afterward that
the 100 marines statjone4 at the Embassy
twill be reinforced,
Marine reinforceme r s, as a)-:petted, were
=1snded tonight, from the Wocd d ounty, a
landing ship. A tank company of the 10th
Marines rolled ashore on the beach west`oi
the Hotel Embasador. They were followed by
I company of the 6th Marines. The rein-
forcements joined 656 marines "landed` last
,night
T#t Washington, the State`Departrcent said
CYi the Iii . $alvadpr Eni'basi. in ' Santo
)omingo had also been a tacke1 but that it
Approved For R ~Q RO 500260002
:.. 3,~. .lugust 23t 1965
i41]ip?-_.e_capita,L
'there is no electric power. Many tele-=
:phone lines are out. There is no water in
the Hotel Ambassador except in the swim-
wing pool `where I took my bath today, with-
out soap. To provide drinking water the
hotel earlier took water out of the swimming
pool and poured the water into-clean trash
cans, ' It is" hoped that' water will be back
`before it is used.
The hotel faces the loss of $45,000 worth of
rroten foods, because it has been unable to
obtain gasoline for an auxiliary generator.
This has not only blacked out the hotel but
it also has stopped the elevator.
..
!Me incident at he CTS mkpss3 was the communlcations operation in the eighth floor
v:1rst exchange of fire' involving 4uierican penthouse. The men who are operating that
nlArixleS who were la fed tit- p-roCedt and help installation must climb eight flights of stairs
Inerlcane caught in the D6n1inlian civi1 war in order to reach their radios.
l [From the Chicago (Ill.) Tribune,
T-4,0 5-4g-old leftis re volutian ids taken Apr. 30, 1965
]
jives and :resulted 'in' inju lea to r X00 TELLS ROLE OF REDS IN DOMINICAN REVOLT
sersons: I#ospitals are :gl'ed'vviiih casualties.
-Moppixigg up operations orderedTry the mili- (By Jules Dubois)
tary junta failed to dislodge- Leftists from SANTO DOMINGO, DOMINICAN REPUBLIC,
ns in 'tFxe center othe't -Theta April 29.-The inside story of how this couu-
t
b, it s tikes and som heavy round$ gg'ht- try came within 12 hours of a Communist
o
34 is morning and morning {c $ htfng takeover last Monday was related today by
#Irohout the night the principal actor in that drama.
vas anafternoon lull mitt thenthe Qsn. Elias Wessin y Wessin, the Dominican
Yomt)afc arm} resumed ctiona Mere was Government's anti-Communist military
o Hdel~ie firing In the city aiia mortars -le?tder_at the ilne, said in an exclusive inter-
fisnt were being 'used view that had he failed to convince the re-
'we le ists liolcI fs buildings fn shat they ,luotant air force and army chiefs to attack
call ,the free` territory of sanCo TYomCrrgo. the Communists at 6 a.m. Monday, the
i Reds
~pixe majo holdr street, which is tTie Coinminalst would have been in power that night.
8 p ' is called tiro: 20th of Oa tober to of REDS
~
lrrrxi 'te a Communist demonstration
cci
eeee 1 years ago.
R11717;4AII. ` ?
Tl1e strafing attack by lire a#i 'force failed
^to ct lodge the rebefs"many at wham are
dresarc@d fn olive drab-'dil!orma similar to
z
"those used by Cuban Pi-emfer `Pgdel Castrb's
rebel ar"m : 'Tiers ire In civilian clothes.
tielicopters'which hid: brought'in the ma-
Itres evaptia," 850 aiore Ireiicans and
other uationalsto t7ie`aircraft carrier Boxer.
Among the `evacviedS v7We t t ' dhristlan
Brothers *ho l ad beeii" expellell from Cuba
by Castro Thebrot?heri said the revolthere
lot'lowed the same .pat erh Thet had been
urix}g the dommuiiiist Ea"keover Iii- Cuba.
she G'ilristiai Brothers left Txe tau e leftist
station,
later captured a Itonia'n CaTo'fo school and
were f I as a posi$ion for" adfpers.
hb at x iifuliced- Yt had ordered two
" sfix p ` s at Fort de France, Marti rique to
sib lie bbbiinioan Thet ibTic to evacuate
c n tlonals if necessary Brii afn said
Tqn
t a as ed 'tfie YJ"n"P't'e'd Mate616' evacuate
p)Ty of ..'641M 13ritons therelf they requested
it Canad'a asked the Irtarines to protect its
oft -
ipioxixatic carps met with Msgr.
Enxanuelle Clarizio the,apostofiii'delegate to
seek ways'- to halt the war whic'3x is raging
only n the capital. American Ambassador
W Tapley Bennett attended the meeting
SX
eiInte oiisignor at zfo'Ilew
to the an Islciowar base where he broad-
cast another apnea] to'bod&5" to halt the
filhti ig
%feiVidw&d Monsignor Clarizio and he
said t e-iftuationiIn the City wa 3 "v ry sad."
: resident of he unia,`
aol, l:'e r }~enoi~t p
pp
Spoke -over the radio for the first time since
b , [xwdr. fie announced that - the
tln e tea haiCurged an end to the?fl lit-
Yitg a ld tad offered i o send in medicines and
food. Axx~ericai naval planes sail helicopters
landed at .t re airbase with m6& 'cal. supplies
BaI ft a d ' fr e electipies a quid be
bela i i as osa e, "with all political
I interviewed the tired general-who had
.not'elept or eaten a solid meal since Satur-
day night and wore a stubble beard-in his
office at the army training center several
miles from the San Isidro air base. Wessin's
telephone lines had been cut by the Com-
munists and he had to use the air force head-
quarters as a command post.
-Wessin is no longer the strong man of the
-military here, but he remains the most out-
spoken anti-Communist. He was s:aoved
into the background because he refuses to
compromise with the leftists.
He told me that he hoped to resign from
the army soon, at the age of 41, and become
a farmer. Wessin was educated at the mili-
tary academy In Venezuela and at the Los
Chorrillos Military School in Lima, Peru,
when Gen. Nicholas Lindley was comman-
dant. In 1962, General Lindley headed the
military junta in Peru.
Wessin blamed deposed President Donald
J. Reid-Cabral for ignoring reports that an
Army 'conspiracy was brewing against his rule.
"The conspiracy was`very big," Wessin: said.
"We saved the country by only a hairpin.
There were conspirators even here at the
training center.
"The great majority of the people here did
not know what was really happening.
"I had reported the conspiracy to President
for .I.5 or 2P eo ut Ave days," Wessin
11 but he did " not pay any attention'to'
me rr
Wessin had bitter words about Gen Marco
Rivera-Cueata,' at the time array chief -of
staff. Wessin said Rivera also was lax about
the conspiracy. The rebels captured Rivera
last Saturday and" held hint hostage at the
16th of August fortress, 18 miles from here.
The air force blasted that fortress into use-
lessness, Wessin said.
TELLS THEIR AIM
"This conspiracy was not an isolated one,
nor was it exclusively military," Wessin said.
"The conspirators were in league with the
tron'r}muniat$ from the beginning. As part
plantation. he fires there, alone caused $7
million damage."
Wessin said the primary objective of rebel
officers was to restore former President Juan
Bosch to power.
"I consider this conspiracy was directed
by him from Puerto Rico and that Fidel
Castro [Communist premier of Cuba] also
participated in it. Both have caused so much
damage. The Dominican people must now
have come to realize that," Wessin said.
While I visited diplomatic friends at the
Argentine Embassy today, where eight rebel
officers had received asylum, four of them
asked permission to leave the Embassy. Em-
bassy officials told me the officers wanted
to return to rebel command - posts. They
were allowed to leave the Embassy.
CONFIDENT OF VICTORY
''1e Argentine, diplomats said that the
rebel officers, who were dressed in civilian
clothes, were confident that their side would
ultimately win in the capital because the
junta had up to now been unable to wipe
them out. They want to be on the winning
side.
"Wessin charged that Fidel Castro is in-
volved In the revolution. He said the armed
forces intercepted a call to Castro that was
made from the presidential palace after the
Communists took possession Sunday after-
noon.
Wessin said leaders of the Communists
entered the palace Sunday afternoon with
Bosch's candidate for the interim presidency,
Jose Rafael-Molina-Morina. Among the
leaders were Dato Pagan, who was one of the
prisoners released from La Victoria by the
military rebels, and the Ducoudray-Juan and
Felix Servio, old guard members of the Com-
munist party.
I asked Wessin why he did not attack on
Sunday morning as ordered by President
Reid.
"The navy started in this with us," Wessin
said, "and then-decided to be neutral. The
same happened with the air force. Then a
group of the officers of the air force were
ready to surrender and accept the conditions
of the rebels."
[From the Chicago (Ill.) Tribune, May 2,
1965]
GI ToLL RISES IN DOMINGO-4 AMERICANS
DIE, 36 HURT IN RED ATTACKS-REBELS
IGNORE CEASE-FIRE
(By Jules Dubois)
SANTO DOMINGO, DOMINICAN REPUBLIC, May
1.-Four and possibly five American soldiers
have been killed in action, and 36 wounded
in attacks by Communists in this war-
stricken city.
An 82d Airborne Division soldier was killed
today. He was shot in the back as his patrol
vehicle passed a building, An armed civilian
emerged, and the patrol immediately shot
and killed him.
Meanwhile, the airborne division an-
nounced that it has captured 33 armed
Communist militia and turned them over to
the Dominican army
POW REPORT IS FIRST -
This is the first report of the capture of
prisoners of war by our forces. The Domini-
can. army i? conducting the interrogation.
A paratroop patrol advanced into the city
to meet a patrol from the U.S. Marines.
Aft -a brreP linkup loth withdrew to their
. 11 respective positions. The paratroop patrol
returned to the key bridge on the Ozama
River, which the troops secured yesterday.
The Marines returned to a point about 6
blocks west of the American embassy.
The airborne division elements yesterday
relieved 200 Dominican soldiers on the east
bank of the river.
TWENTY MARINES WOUNDED
In the at tack against the pea atroopars to-
day, there was automatic weapons fire and
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 August 23,' 1965 Approved I gI 3 2 d RDF 5R000500260002-1
eight soldiers were wounded. The Marines" tliern Organization of American States a new
suffered two men killed in action, and- the violation of the cease-fire in Santo Domingo
82d airborne has lost two Ion.' One' o tiie by the rebel forces of Col. Francisco A.
men seriously woun ed yesterday died. aamano against American troops.
Of the wounded 20 are marches and I6 A separate note also protested the vitriolic
are troopers. attacks on the Dominican and United States
The fringe area patroled' today is alniost Governments by the rebel radio.
2 miles from the heart of the rebel-held AxOT-UBR MARINE KILLED
territory in the business district ofy Sarz"'l:o American Ambassador W. Tapley Bennett,
Domingo.
Communist militia action, Jr., sent a note to Ambassador Frank Morrice,
against Amer-
icon troops declined this aternoon; Some Jr., of Panama, the senior OAS representative
here. Morrice received the note at the Hotel
shots were fired but no further casualties Ambassador where he has his headquarters.
were reported. The, note was drafted after another marine
C54 E- I$E'IGNO)mD was killed today by rebel infiltraters at the
The cease fire which was agreed to yester- port of llama, 12 miles south of here. This
day has not been respected by the Commit- casualty boosted the grand total of American
nists. The rebel's commander has no con- dead from rebel bullets to 12. A sailor who
trol over the Communists. fell overboard from his ship was the 13th
Col. Francisco Caamano Deno, rebel mill- death.
tary chief, added his signature today to `tTie Of' these dead there have been
cease-fire agreement signed by the new mils- marines, five soldiers, and one sailor.
tary junta and two rebel leaders, Including REBELS' MORE HOSTILE
Caamano's, brother Fausto. " Col. Caamano's The protest letter was sent after attempts
decision to sign raised hopes for a halt in the by Jose Antonio Mora, Secretary General of
,fighting. the OAS, to talk with Caamano and get him
There was fighting all night. The marine to agree to end hostilities and lay down his
who was shot in the chest and killed this arms, failed.
morning was hit in the perimeter of defenses It is understood that the Caamano camp
set up by the marines for the American Em- was more hostile to Mora today than it has
bassy. The wounded marine was shot In the been before and the rebel "constitutional
arm. president" could at no time talk with More.
Among thousands of well-armed young alone. He was always surrounded by men
men entrenched in?the downtop n,area v.e're who blocked the efforts of Mora to talk alone
young officers who began the revolt a week with Caamano.
ago. Radio Santo Domingo, which went silent
"We are. ;riende of the Npytah Americans," at 2:15 p.m., returned at 5 p.m. on the regu-
one soldier said.' `We do not, want to ;fight lar frequency of the powerful transmitter
your, marines, but we have to defend our- that is in rebel hands, instead of the special
selves." one it was using.
DENIES COIV4MUNI?T ACTIV{JC' Y The radio Increased the intensity of its
They denied that Communists had been attacks, against the United States and against
active among the rebels. Gen. Antonio.,Tm1nrt-Barrera, head of the
Snipers,' who tried all night to infiltrate five-Dian military junta formed to oppose the
the defensive positions around the Motel rebels,
AmbassadQr, were repelled by the fire of `the 9'he foreign minister of Caamano's "con-
platoon of the 3d battalion, 6th marines. stitutio_nal government," Jottin Curry, sent
This platoon was reinforced last night bya a strong protest to Ambassador Morrice
platoon from the 82d Airborne Division. against the international security zone
"We were fired at by the snipers almost which is manned py U.S. troops with token
all night," Pvt. Ben Palomar Contreras, 24, forces of Dominican police in army uniforms.
whose parents; Mr. and Mrs. Amadore Palo-
mar, live at 5040 E. Southdale itreet, Chi- RAPS SECURITY ZONE
cago'heights, Ill., told me. Contreras is in Curry complained that the security zone
is there solely to confront the Caamano
the ooh squad of the 81st millimeter mortar
platoon. forces with opposing forces and to harbor the
"Our outer line repelled 'the snipers with Imbert government, which has its seat in-
rifle fire, Contreras said. side the zone.
Contreras was cleaning his' rifle when'I in- No mention was made by Curry of the fact
terviewed him beside his foxhole neaF he that the headquarters of Bosch's Dominican
polo field here early this morning. He said Revolutionary Party (PRD) are also inside
he had not slept for 3 nights. the security zone and are open for business. - 11 FORMER X.-U. PROFFES$69 T'fIERE , Imbert was not inactive today. He met
with all provincial governors and mayors of
A former professor of military science at provincial capitals. With the exception of
Northwestern University, who was In Charge the national district of Santo.Domingo they
of the Naval Reserve Officers Tr.4ining corps reported the entire country is calm.
there from 1960 to 1963, is playing' an inn- -
portant role in the defense of Santo Domin- [From the Chicago (Ill.) Tribune, May 9,
go. He Is Mal. Joe Gambardello, New E,o- 1965]
chelle, N.Y., executive officers of the 6th Ma- HIGH GI SPIRIT IN DOMINICAN FIGHTING
tine headquarters. TOLD-TRIBUNE WRITER, SON MEET
Major Gambardello had as his bodyguard
Corp'ioward Hummell, 24, of Easton, Pa. (By Jules Dubois)
who served in Vietnam from April 1 to June SANTO DOMINGO, DOMINICAN REPUBLIC,
15 last year.' The major calls Rummell his May 8.-A Roman Catholic chaplain from
"shotgun." Chicago finds the morale of the men of the
Jose Antonio Mora, secretary general of the 82d Airborne Division very high.
Organization of American States, arrivedto- The chaplain, Capt. Edward Kita, whose
day from Washington to attempt to gnd the mother, Mrs. Victoria Kita, 'lives at 3845
civil war, It is not believed he will aucc ed South ?flbpny Avenue, had returned from 13
unless he can get the military to control the months in Korea last November when he was
Communists, assigned to the 82d Airborne Division.
I t9ti g,a,,f ,qtr r, jljGagoans here to-
the Chicogo (I11,) Tribune,
l day Land also by coincidence, my son, who
jv7a J, 1986] _.
is in the, Air F4rcej.
UNITED STATFL& P$OTESTS T3OMINGO REBEL MIET$ ILLINOIS OFFICER
TRUCE yIOLATipN-FIOLD& EA&nE,FIitE. T}RO- -Maj. Robert Kingsbury, 41, whose
E{EN' Six 7`rME&-MARINE ILLED parents,
J4ee and Alice Kingsbury, live in St. Charles,
(13y Jules Duliais) Ill., is information officer at the 82d Air-
SANTO DOMINGO, DOMINICAN REPUBLIC, lay borne headquarters here. He *as in the
8.-The United States tonight protested to Panama Canal Zone during the flag riots
20519
last year as director of the Armed Forces tele-
vision station at Fort Clayton.
"I am very proud to be a member of the
same army as these people," Major Kings-
bury said. "They've done a heck of a good
job."
Pfc. James R. Wall, 23, who lived in Chi-
cago before his family moved to Marion, Ill.,
has been subjected to sniper fire along the
neutral zone. A bullet missed his vehicle
by only a foot.
LOYAL SOLDIER TORTURED
His patrol saw the tortured and burned
body of a loyal army soldier. The man was
presumed to have been caught by rebels and
brutally tortured before they y killed him and
set his body afire.
I rode through the corridor and across
Duarte Bridge over the Ozama River with
Major Kingsbury ancT Pfc. Allan Prestergard,
son of Mr. and Mrs. Ole Prestergard, of Owa-
tonna, Minn., and Pfc. David Creathbaum,
son of Mr. and Mrs. Jess D. Creathbaum, of
Liberal, Kans.
While interviewing Maj. Gen. Marvin L.
McNickle, commander of the air task force,
5th logistic command at San Isidro Air Base,
after visiting the airborne units, I was in-
formed that my oldest son, 1st Lt. Jules Ed-
ward Dubois, 25, had just arrived.
General McNickle ordered an aide to escort
me to the officer's tents, where I found my
son being assigned his bunk while his fellow
officers were taking their first bath in a wel-
come rain. (There is no water at the base
where the airborne and Air Force headquar-
ters are located.)
My son told me he had received his orders
yesterday afternoon and was shipped out
immediately. He arrived early this after-
noon, leaving behind at Shaw Air Force Base,
Sumter, S.C., his wife, Ann, and their new-
born son, Shawn Mitchell, my first grandson.
[From the Chicago (I11.) Tribune, May
10, 1965]
PURGES DOMINGO MILITARY-JUNTA OUSTS
Top BRASS IN PEACE EFFORT-SEEKS SUR-
RENDER OF REBEL CHIEF
(By Jules Dubois)
SANTO DOMINGO, DOMINICAN REPUBLIC, May
9.-The government of national reconstruc-
tion, headed by Brig. Gen. Antonio Imbert
Barrera today purged the military forces of
ranking officers. It indicated that it will
exhaust every peaceful effort to get the rebel
forces of Col. Francisco A. Caamano to capit-
ulate before trying to blast them out of the
10 percent of this city which they hold.
That 10 percent is almost the entire busi-
ness district. Imbert emphasized that his
government controls the rest of the country's
27 provinces.
Imbert held a press conference with the
four other members of the government. He
announced that six of the officers purged al-
ready have been shipped out of the country
in the best interests of the nation.
NAMES OF OFFICERS
They were: Belisario Peguero-Guerrero,
former chief of police; Salvador Augusto
Montas-Guerrero, former army chief of staff
and commander of the Operation Cleanup
that never materialized here; Miguel Atila
Luna-Perez, former chief of staff of the air
force; Marcos River-Cuesta, former chief of
staff, of the army; and Felix Hermida, Jr.,
former director of intelligence. All were
brigadier generals.
Also shipped out was Commodore Julio
Rib"Santamaria, former chief of staff of the
navy.
Two army brigadier generals were purged
aud, gllowed to remain here-ll a it el Maria
Garcia-Urbaez and Renato Hungria-Morell.
OAS ENVOY CONFIRMED
Imbert announced that Ambassador Jose
Antonio Bonilla-Atilles has been reconfirmed
in his post as envoy to the Organization of
American States. He has bgen acting in a
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 20520
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dual capacity as Ambassador to the White went of national reconstruction. Benoit had
House. As the United. States :does not yet signed the pact for the former military junta.
zebognize the Imbert regime, nc-mention was -
made of that post. [From the Chicago (M.) Tribune, May 10,
The new Foreign Minister, Iicracfo Vicioso- U D SznTEa.Flx1965]
Soto, was `Introduced to the pros by tinbert. BIGGEST Ar.a LIFT
Vicioso said lie had cabled all D mi:aican em- Strici 1948,,CiPEaAxzgx TO BERLIN--FIAT
hassles abroad and instructed he ambassa- TTRE Is ONLY .MLSrsAP. DURING. 1.792 TRIPS
dors,to notify the respective go'vernunente of (By Jules DuBois)
the new regime and request sec nation.
Imbert announced that Cp i .odpre Fran- SANTO DOMINGO, DOMINICAN REPUBLIC, May
Cisco Javier Ityera-Camtaero,4s,aeS`ecretary 9 -The biggest airlift since that of Berlin in
of the .arnl}ed forces and police and as such is 1948 was completed here with only 1 mishap.
overall Commander of the fqr ? y ale 'ISO That was a flat tire on a C-130 after it
ainndu'hted the three chi s dt s a+i' as Brig. waded at the San Isidro Airbase with the
gran who directed the operation from Pope
a ie plaappo'in dentm"eat ps Santijs e, n. ~'asac 1 nairto lufarforce- , Air Force Base near Fort Bragg, N.C.
a ree`ri~;. t` e
tines-Arena, army, a new ax' of Itee, and ' He is Maj. Gen. Marvin L. McNickle, a
Commodore Emilio Jipa.enez, nev lieacl: veteran of 29 years of service in the U.S. Air
3mbert said the Lei h of icors who were Force. Today he commands the 5th logistics
purged and shipped out today stcce3e'd to liis command, which is the air task force here.
persciifial 'request in Behalf of Its partners'' V=9 13,412 tAooPs
ft the iiew civilian-txrlljtary junta From, the time the deployment period
't put as a condition that it was necessary started on April 30, until it ended last'Phurs-
for the country that they Ieavee t11 ranks of day, the 0-130 and C-124 transports made
our armed forces," Irnbi said' ``"fie thot ght 1,702 trips from the United States, an aver-
ee food step to
get tine unity and age of 243 a day.
4rat'it was a -good
this country" The_planes carried 18,412 troops and 20,-
OAS is s tons of cargo.
Asked about Brig , Gen Elias Wessin y The ~ outstanding feature of the lift was
11, t xe offleer mostsr{reare4 by the Corn- -the fact that the planes were turned around
Imbert said Wessin 4' A r the C in here in record time. The average ground
cis ,post as commander of the injpg ten- time was only 19 minutes for the G-130 and
~~ & th t he Wi nDl aUoW -the C-124 in 59 minutes. The latter took
A ose t e purge of i'essin as a ex minutes more than the former, McNickle
preion or the rebel leadcc to lay down explained, because of the more obsolete un-
his arms. loading facilities and the type of cargo, such
-as graders and mixers.
t ;IveD't asked hips po- res(gD end we do
riAt iutep to?ak 144 to resign," Inbertsaid. .?,.. NrSTHrN4` To COMPARE
,p
ertstressedt at hg,4nti,f,}ls?1olleagues "There'has never been anything to com-
will not wait indenitely for Caamano to pare with it in a span of time;' McNickle
.mare up his mind to oapitulai?e. The deci- answered wben asked, for a comparison with
lliclz( to act will, not, by :e liv,Imbertalone the Berlin airlift. "I
have never. seen any-
IYUt Will Ile a result o unaaiauity with his thing like it in my 29,years of experience."
y,r'partners,' as he calls th1Da. The airlift here failed to surpass the daily
Th'iiert reiterated what, he .kiss In his in-, record of .the Berlin airlft.in, cargo tonnage
augllsal address on iday t {at the rebels ? but if the aggregate oftropps flown in were
~bvill ?be o$ere4 all ,guarantees .for 'hee-tr per- added it most cer_taiq_ did outdo it.
tsttitel aety'and safeconductii they sur- The record for the Berlin airlift was 1,432
render. .lle ihdic. led that diplomatic ei- tons of cargo delivered in 1 day. Here the
forts are being made to persuade Caa.mano record was 1,403 tons of cargo, only 79 tons
to capitulate, although the latter and his less.
lokesmen have stated the contrary, VAMPIRE , IS DAMAGED
iaamadro, apd lalysilf have been
The entire Dominican Combat Air Force,
fi. years good, good friend Imbert mostly F-51 Mustang fighters, is at the San
0 are 4044 all that w.ea 1 to agoid Jsidro Airbase, with the exception of a dam-
`action' aged British Vampire jet which is at the
is I, Q5 fnm, hoyvitz) ig were,piaced in front Santiago de los Cabelleros Airbase, 7& miles
.of the Hotel zt}baesailcr e,txer,b}}lldo grspre- Wirth-northeast of here.
p>ire their sites ,,guns hF ye it range of "We asked the Dominican Air Force to
'1 > d e,pointed at the? city, toward bring them all in from outlying bases," Mc-
tlie >[~ttnghold. Tanks reinforced Nickle said, "and they have been most
eve a br am VOW 11ak~ert lives in cooperative "
tfrp cafes oy ~e$e refoforcementesr
Y+~ PUIS roll CONDITION
LY:, ~TM
The F-51'6 are lined up in formation on a
'Iwo Seabees and a sailor,44f94 2 days ramp to the left of McNickle's headquarters.
by the rebels were released };d, through The headquarters are in the Dominican Air
the 0A$. '2ligy were Allard Liana, Virginia Force operations building, where a joint
8eaC1, "Ca., and Donald Mal'tia, , Wichita, weather station-in which Dominicans and
it an$vseybees, and 112iH;e 1vIonk a sailor fronn Americans work side by side--is in operation.
.&t Qtlaer American marine was wounded
today by sniper fire at Checktpoinr, Chip on
"fhe,ngiftie3n ianlc,ol tldesecurfy zron. This
brings the total number qf marines wounded
'in 24,> nd?the total woup ,ed tl 72, in addi-
tion to 2 American correspondents.
Col. Pedro B. Benoit, No. 2 man of the
government, reported that a regular army
McNickle had high praise for the opera-
tional conditions of the more than 30 Mus-
tangs.
"They are in perfect operational shape,"
he said. "I have on my staff here former
World War II fighter pilots who have ad-
mired them and say they would just love
to fly them."
M
Ni
kl
t k
i
b
c
c
e may no
now
t
ut his state-
m or who had defected
to
180 aj tbde Mals With meat is a tribute to a Florida newspaper
army cadets atSatz Pedro de rebels
a publisher. He Is David B. Lindsay, Jr., pub-
sugal'portto ie east,_asked,a,Ftoman, Cath- ..fisher of the Sarasota Heald-Trib
A
r
une an
a1le priest titre to arri age his return tg the
Journal and president of the American News-
loyal flues. 't'his was clone yesterday and he paper Publishers Association Foundation.
voiuntarjly became a prisoner,at police head-
afters. 1r EPS UP REPAIRS
(
'T`ile IQ a;Rry cadets, also laird down their Lindsay, also a pilot, has for several years,
arms. llenoft said. Most of t:aem were al- with the approval of the State Department,
lowed to return to their home. been nondu+rtinv all the repair and n,atnte-
Approved ForRelease 2005/03/24
McNickle met his wife, the former Betty
O'Byrne, of Champaign, IIl., while he was
on duty at Chanute Field,' antoul, Ill.' She
worked for the auditing firm of Haskins &
Sells in Chicago when he met her.
[From the Chicago (III.) Tribune, May 12,
1965)
WON'T RESIGN DOMINGO JOB, GENERAL SAYS--
Vows To CONTINUE FIGHTING REDS
(By Jules Dubois)
SANTO DOMINGO, DOMINICAN REPUBLIC, May
11.-This country's leading anti-Communist
military commander will not resign from the
service until the Reds are wiped out.
This is the determined and uncompromis-
ing position of Brig. Gen. Elias Wessin y Wes-
sin, commander of the army training center.
He so told me today in an exclusive interview
at his headquarters outside the perimeter
of the San Isidro Air Base.
The U.S. Embassy had announced yester-
day that Wessin had resigned in a move to
bring peace to this embattled Republic but
said earlier today that he had changed his
mind.
---' - - - STILL IN COMMAND
"Wessin was in command at the base and
his morale and that of his officers and men
were high.
"I have not resigned," he said. "I do not
intend to resign, and nobody is going to pres-
sure me into resigning."
Wessin said that both American Ambassa-
dor W. Tapley Bennett, Jr., and Lt. Gen.
Bruce Palmer, Jr., commanding all U.S.
forces In the Dominican Republic, were very
courteous to him yesterday. But, he added,
he resisted pressure by them to quit and to
leave the country.
"I did give Ambassador Bennett, at his
request, a letter in which I certified that I
would be willing to resign as soon as peace
was restored to the country and the new
government was on its road to reconstruc-
tion," Wessin said.
- -Wessin said that he has not been asked to
resign by Brig. Gen. Antonio Imbert Barrera,
President of the Government of national re-
construction.
WOULD HELP REDS
"The. morale of my troops was at a low ebb
yesterday," Wessin said. "My resignation, or
my enforced retirement, would not only be
a major victory for the rebels but would in-
vite the disintegration of the army."
Wessin said that he was certain that his
troops here at the army training center, who
total about 2,000, and those in garrisons in
the provinces, would, on learning of his
resignation from the army, immediately lay
down their arms and go home.
"There would be no fight left in them," he
added.
"It would be the delivery of the country to
the Communists on a golden platter."
TIED UP BY TRUCE
Wessin said that his troops are ready to
clean up the rebel city but that the hands
of the loyalist forces are tied by the truce of
the Organization of American States.
"While the rebels freely attack American
troops along the corridor and the entire in-
ternational security zone," Wessin said, "we
are not even allowed to move."
President Imbert said today that he has
received no resignation from Wessin, but that
he would be "glad to accept one."
Imbert was reluctant to issue a decree
yesterday that would have sent Wessin into
enforced retirement. He does not plan to do
that unless he gets a signed resignation from
Wessin. Neither does he plan, at this time,
to ask Wessin for his resignation.
The move to force out Wessin was intended
by the Embassay to placate rebels led by Col.
Francisco A. Caamano, who calls himself the
cgn$titutional president.
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20521
Meanwhile, the United States made ' the [knife swingers' as well as arnfy troops. elections on September 1 but the Commu-
flrst direct "contact with Caa"mano, rebel The machetemen slashed the wrists of cap- nists would not wait and neither would
chieftain. It was made by ex=Ambassador tured invaders and the brutal treatment of Bosch.
John' Bartlo* hfai in -and_Warry Schlaude- the prisoners made the frustrated invasion In March and April this year, the 14th of
mall, chief of the Dominican desk of the and its date an attractive slogan for the ad- June brought back into the country more
State Department. versaries of the tyrant. than 40 of its partisans who had undergone
- An Embassy spokesman -described the visit Between 1959 and June, 1960, the 14th of activist and guerrilla training in Red China
to Caamano as `exploratory:" He would not June movement was organized in the under- and Cuba.
go into any details. ground. Its original declaration of principles The movement began to take a distinct
The Wessin situation captured the spot- and platform appeared attractive to a con- three-way split. There was a pro-Chinese
light from the 15 incidents of skirmishing siderable segment of the Dominican people. faction led by Fidelo Despradel-Roque, son
and sniper fire yesterday at the 82d Airborne The man who organized the movement of Trujillo's ex-foreign minister Arturo De-
Division sector along the corridor. was Dr. Tavares, a brilliant young lawyer. spradel. There was a PSP oriented group
One paratrooper was killed and seven were Many Dominicans rallied around him. In which advocated following the Soviet line.
wounded by the rebels when they were at- June, 1960, when Trujillo's security police And there was a group that desired to main-
tacked in a crossfire 'from -the -north and arrested Tavares' wife, two sisters-in-law, tain the Socialist party.
Th 14th of June movement ained as-
s e g
In Washington, the 'Pentagon identified an
Army paratrooper lieutenant and a Marine
corporal fatally shot here.
Second Lieutenant Charles T. Hutchinson,
of Kittanning, Pa., died of gunshot wounds
yesterday, the Army said. Marine Cpl. David
W. Allen, of Gardiner, Maine, died of acci-
dental gunshot wounds May 9.
[From the Chicago (Ill.) Tribune, May 27,
19651
FIDEL FOILED IN DOMINGO--REDS REMAIN
DUBOIs TELLS OF MOVEMENT
(By Jules Dubois)
SANTO DOMINGO, DOMINICAN REPUBLIC.-
Fidel Castro had plans to be welcomed
here as a conquering hero of a second Cuba
on June 14, it was learned today. Those
plans have been dashed, but the Communist
predominant Communist command of Col.
Francisco A. Caamano's forces, had planned
to have Castro present to help them celebrate
another victory for the master planner's of
Moscow and Peking.
Castro was to arrive on June 10, by which
time the 14th of June ' movemen t (known
here as the A.P.C.J.) hoped. to be ruling the
country. They were going to dump both
Caamano,and ex-President Juan Bosch.
TWENTY IN ACTIVE ROLES
Twenty of the top leaders of the 14th of
June movement played active roles in the
near takeover, a month ago. ? All of them
were trained in the Soviet tTnfon, Red China,
and Cuba. One of them, Juan Miguel Ro-
plan-Diaz, was killed last week in a com-
mando assault on the presidential palace.
Another casualty in the same attack' and
from the same party was Rafael Mejfa-Llu-
beres, who was gravely wounded.
The 14th of June movement has what the
members call its "Joan of Arc" ' She is Emma
Tavares-Justo, 25, sister of Manuel`Tavares-
Justo, who led the Communist guerrillas into
the hills in November 1963 to fight "for the
return of constitutional government." Ta-
vares was killed in a battle with the army.
TO MARK' ANNIVERSARY
The Communist plans called for a great
rally on the 14th of June to commemorate
the sixth anniversary of the Castro-mounted
invasion that was dispatched from Cuba to
overthrow the late dictator, Rafael Leonidas
Trujillo.
1959, that Castro au-
It was on June 14
,
thorized a Venezuelan DC-3 aircraft to take gain D tnern `g` Washington. This is in a virtual no man's
off from Cuba for La Constanza, it mountain During the e same period, the 14th of June land.
resort ' north of here, with Capt. Enrique accelerated its efforts to solidify liaison with "
Moya, a Dominican exile who fought beside the Partido Revolucionario Social Christiana re a had r and thought
secure the meeting s would
place,"
him In the Sierra Maestra, as commander of [PRSC or Christian Social Revolution party]
theexiieditionar force. and the PRD of Boston and infiltrated the Caamano said. "And the Americans thought
Y latter to such a point that a lot of people that we would do that. Nobody had a key so
did
- -
--- ------ ..
north coast.' Those beaches Were Playa i"-_----- -
Marmon ins because he wanted to take his views back
aril Estero iiondci. 14th of June or PRD.
Last hew leaders of the infiltrated to Washington with him today to report to
CRRTIfHED INVASION PRSC flew to San Juan to sign' a pact with President Johnson. He said the talks were
T~ jillo crushed the invasion, using his Bosch' for the restoration of constitutional satisfactory. Vance remained behind for.
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and five other organizers, many more person
rallied to his movement. cendancy in the so-called "constitutionalist
ORDERS SISTERS EXECUTED revolt" on the night of April 25-26. Emma
November 15, 1980, Trujillo ordered sion Tavares-Justo appeared April 25 on televi-
rise to
On three Novesisters executed without trial. They support and radio eCommunist utional rulethe. Then phto she took
were Minerva Mirabel de Tavares, Maria over one constitutional
of the
Teresa Mirabal de Guzman, and Patria Mira- What originally th had bcommands. as ands.
begun an ol
W
Dal de Gonzalez, wife of Pedro Gonzalez- fashioned
merican military coup by
by
Latin tin American
Crus. disgruntled officers, who were purged, and
This Trujillo brutality added to the indig- whose excesses of corruption and other privi-
nation of the people and enabled Tavares to leges were whittled down by Donald J. Reid-
build a broad basis of support for his move- Cabral, who they deposed as president on the
ment, which was not necessarily Communist morning of April 25, quickly became the
at the outset. "constitutionalist revolt."
it was considered liberal, democratic, and They installed Jose Rafael Molina-Urena,
patriotic and Tavares was the single most speaker of the dissolved house, as "constitu-
popular figure of the group. Many of the tional president," while the three Commu-
original affiliates left the movement because nist parties, together with the Communist-
of its swing toward Castro communism, as infiltrated Partido Revolucionario Social
enunciated in statements by Tavares pub- Cristiano [PRSC or Christian Social Revolu-
lished in the clandestine paper Claridad in a tionary party], demanded arms.
July 26, 1962, special edition.
Although both the 14th of June movement [From the Chicago (I11.) Tribune, May 27,
and the Partido Socialista Popular publicly 1965]
ordered its partisans to abstain from voting
in the December, 1962, elections [so as not to FIRST 650 U.S. MARINES LEAVE SANTO
taint Bosch's candidacy], the rank and file DOMINGO DUTY-RED REBELS DIG TRENCHES
were secretly ordered to vote for Bosch. IN CAPITAL
Still to cover a secret alliance with Bosch,. (By Jules Dubois)
Tavares on June 14, 1963, delivered a Com- SANTO DoMINGo, DOMINICAN REPUBLIC,
munist-line speech in which he attacked the May 26.-Communist rebels began digging
pro-U.S. policy of Bosch. Three months trenches today in their stronghold of Ciudad
later Bosch was overthrown and '1'a- Neuva in downtown Santo Domingo for a
vanes denounced the destruction of con- last ditch -stand against loyalist forces as 650
stitutional rule. U.S. marines were shipped home.
After Tavares was killed by the army, the The marines, who were the first here, were
14th of June formed a united front with the airlifted by helicopter to the carrier Boxer.
other Communist parties. Some of the This withdrawal should raise no hopes
guerrillas had been captured and were jailed. among parents and relatives that the 32,000
'Although the party gave, permission to the servicemen who are still here will be leav-
imprisoned guerrillas to accept the alterna- ing soon.
tive of voluntary exile instead of trial, ACTS AFTER PARLEY
Leandro Guzman, now the top 14th of June Col. Francisco A. Caamano ordered the
leader after the death of his brother-in-law, trenches dug after he had conferred for
refused and remained in jail. 4 hours yesterday with McGeorge Bundy,
GO INTO RED EXILE special assistant to President Johnson; Un-
The strategy was to agitate for an immedi- der Secretary of Defense Cyrus It. Vance;
ate trial and rally public opinion around the Jose Antonio Mora, Secretary General of the
guerrillas. Organization of American States and Dr.
.. But many 14th of June guerrillas went into Jaime Benitez, chancellor of the University
exile to undergo training in the Soviet Union, of Puerto Rico.
Red China, and Cuba. The party also used Benitez, who was brought here by Bundy
underground` channels to send others abroad as an adviser, is an intimate friend of ex-
for training in Cuba. President Juan Bosch.
The 14th of June had gained control of the IN THROUGH WINDOW
Dominican Federation of University Students At a press conference, Caamano praised in- ternational students' union in
and used the lateen's contact through the help Bundy and said with amusement that he had
Prague to heelp met with him and other U.S. officials in the
 20522
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C G Sro,N L RECORA ~~ENATE August .23, 1965
BOOSTS G. trZMAN Peel=
tlg that any solution of the civil
Benitez asserted that the oflly solution war s1i uid be based on the constitution of
for the country is a compromise government 1963 and the congress elected December 20,
headed by Sylvestre Antonio Guzman, it mem- 1962, to be guaranteed by "persons of recog-
ber of the Old Bosch cabinet. iliaed democratic and constltutionalls tra-
"Why I have more Communist's in the jectory, r the PSP added:
University of Puerto Rico than there are "The achievement of a compromise with
eia, Benitez said. "Guzman is the solution oferi enemy, on the basis of Big emoca is constitutionalist tp those objectives
because it it will bring a eoastitutfonaa Inove-
that allows
Caamano said that be told J up.dy there the strengthening of the revolutionary :forces
would? be no compromise on certain specific and the preparation of the working class and
points. These include: the people in order to continue fighting for
i. The constitution of 1968 must be higher objectives."
restored. w - WILLING TO COMPROMISE
2. ,The legal position of all go1'ermnent in- In simpler language, the Communists ad-
stitutionsunder the 1963 constitution must vocate a compromise solution that will enable
be recognized, especially the congress, the them to make this a second Cuba. This
senate and that of other high officials. His switch in policy is due to the fact the mili-
OtYn position as constitutional, president , tary-political strategists of the party are con-
is negotiable. winced that the Imbert forces, with their
3. All military officers serving under him morale high and flushed with victory after
will have to be retained in their posts. the northern sweep, are now fully ca able of
4, 'All interventionist forces,'a-including crushing the insurgents led by Col. Francisco
the inter-American peace force cf the OAS- A. Caamano.
must be withdrawn. It is based on_the Marxist-~.eninist policy
MILTrAJ Y IS FRESSURE o two steps forward and one step back,
Asked If much pressure was liut on him Thin step back is not an about face. On the
by Bundy, Vance, and Mora at the tslks contrary, the PSP does not discard the ]IOSSi-
Oaamano replied: bility of a return of ex-President Juan Bosch.
"The Americans have intervengG 4ere, mili- TRICKLE. TO rSOVINCES
tartly. That Is the heaviest pressure that a As part of the new strategy, Communist
government can be put under.'... leaders have been trickling out of the rebel
An c -sy spokesman an- zone since May 25 and going to the provinces
nouns t i ncBelVlara, and Ambassador to organize and command guerrilla bands.
. Yapley ennett, 1r,, met witi Brig. Gen. These bands rided loyalist police stations
Antonio Zmbertalxera, and military posts five times in the last week.
Imk]ert, president of the government of The leader of an attack at San Juan de Ia
national reconstruction, again flatly rejected Maguana, 125 miles west of here, was one
ceaseless efforts to dump him. "Neither the of Cuban Premier Fidel Castro's men. He
United States, the OAS, or any organization was Arsenio Ortiz de Ferrand, grandson of
IS going to impose any government on our Arsenio Ortiz, who was known as the "Jackal
people," he said. of Oriente Provixlce'.,. allrlug the dictator-
` SAGES RAp t1NI'rED sTA?ES Sllip of Gerardo Machado J n Cuba in. the
Tate 1026' s. The randson was killed
Caa ano's 'bSenate wild house" assaile g ysster-
the United States today in cablegrams sent "day while trying to escape from prison at San
to the ,United Nations. security council and Juan.
the O.AS. y hey charged that. A terrorist plot to sabotage an anti-Com-
1? Throu the employment of dilatory, monist rally in Moca City, 80 miles north-
coercive, and blocking tactics, the United west of Santo Domingo, was foiled today.
States is pressuring personalities and respon- 11 A homemade bomb exploded in a house
sible organizations in Santo Domingo and near the corner of Caceres Park-the main
ilbroatl;to pose soiutiona contrary to the plaza of the city of about 15,000 in:tabi-
delrioc'atic nterests of the Doi :linican peo- tants-and a crowd of several thousand
pie, especially to dump the 1943 constitu- threatened to lynch a suspect after a roof-
ton. top chase. He was rescued.by thepolice and
2. The United. States Is making a new at- 'ta en to jail with his wife for questioning.
tempt to strangle the right of_ self-
deter-mination of the Dominicans. [Prom the Chicago (Ili.) Tribune,
3. The parliaments of the world are urged June 9, 1965]
to make themselves heard "for 3 million men EX-PRESIDENT ASSAILS U.S. POLICY IN Do-
who only, wish to find a better, free, and MINGO-GIVE SUPPORT TO IMBERT, REID'S
who democratic detiny." SOLUTION
Jung 6.,-T e . C,olnt tupicata have prclgrecl a_ 'Con nos stalemated.
Change in re e1 strategy in ? he ci ril war here. In an interview, Reid, who was overthrown
The Q 4'r', we,p fsstlell sfiygr t1 Y, ucQessfpl on -April 25, expressed concern and bewilder-
sweep by lxie army of the government of ment over the t1. policy:
national reconstruction In e northern eec ' "I cannot understand the Americans," he
tor of, Sango Domingo an the unofficial said. "I. doii'tknow what, objective they are
arniisti'Fe that prolonged the cerse-tire last pursuing, but I can see' that they are con-
month. _, a {, ?. tributing only to the continued paralysis
The switch ar spelled out in another the life of our country."
manifesto ~i su by the secretariat of the SHOULD DECIDE QUICKLY
central c it o e 1'artids.ocialista 'The United States should quickly decide
Popular () `date blay 25. This was 4 whether itwants to ruin the country perma-
days y after frig. Gen. Antonio t robs rt Bar- neatly and turn it over to the Communists,
rera's a}'niyf routed the doinnuliists in the, or end the Communist menace which is
northern 9ke for and the cgpse f: e, 7was ,located in the business district of the city,"
posed to produce a military stalemate.
k . q a 4a added..
TO CoTIN E FIGHT passes and Col. Francisco A.
The o , f s ,`. each:f}aY
mmunis
$s made a reasWssinent of Caamanodeuo tthe rebel leader) remains
the situation in the rna:nifesto 'Whi'ch they protected by the,United States in the forti-
headed, "To combat until victory," fied zone," Reid went on, "it is another psy-
[Prom the Chicago (I11.) Tribun
I -I . ~,1vne 7 1eRAI
said today that the United States should
support. President Antonio Zmbert-Barrera
cholQgical victory for the Communists. Be-
sides, the United States Is giving food to the
rebels but Caamano makes political capital
out of it by making the distribution. There
is no like treatment for the Imbert govern-
ment."
Reid emphasized that there must be a defi-
nite military solution here before there can
be a visible political solution.
German Emilio Ornes, editor and publisher
of the newspaper El Caribe, and who is un-
able to publish because his plant is in the
rebel zone, asks:
"What the hell is the United States trying
to do to us? It will now take us at least 20
years for our economy to recover and each
day that goes by without a solution here adds
another year to our troubles. Our economy
is paralyzed."
THREE SOLDIERS CAPTURED
Ornes conveyed his thoughts in a brief
talk with Ambassador Bunker, U.S. member
of the Organization of American States mis-
sion. The mission was in Santiago de los
Caballeros today to pulse the situation there.
Three American soldiers in a jeep wandered
into rebel territory today and were captured.
They said they got last.
An hour after the capture, arrangements
were made to hold them overnight and then
turn them over to the OAS.
"We were looking for a house and we went
too far," said Sp. 4c Alton P. Blakely, 21,
of Richmond, Calif.
The two others identified themselves as
Lt. Henry Cephus LeForce, 24, a communica-
tions expert from Nash, Okla., and Pfc. Nelson
Belengeri, 21, of Lima, Peru.
Belengeri told a reporter he went to the
United States to study English and joined
the U.S. Army "because it offered me a ca-
reer." He had lived with an uncle in Belle-
ville, Ill.
The rebels kept the jeep and three rifles
carried by the soldiers.
[From the Chicago (Ill.) Tribune,
June 14, 19651
COMMUNISTS HAD ROLES OF LEADERS FROM
START OF DOMINICAN REVOLT, HERO
CHARGES
(By Jules Dubois)
SANTO DOMINGO, DOMINICAN REPUBLIC, June
13.-The myth has been shattered that the
Communists jumped on the bandwagon and
took over after a revolt erupted here last
April 24. At least a dozen Reds were identi-
"fled in leadership roles from the start.
This has been documented in an interview
with Col. Manuel'D-espradel, commander of
the 16th century Ozama fortress the day the
revolt began and hero of its siege before the
rebels captured it at noon April 30.
'WALL, ISB EACHED:
Despradel lost the fort when a 75-mm. gun
fired from a French tank which rebel Col.
Francisco A. Caamano had captured from the
troops of Brig. Gen. Elias Wessin y Wessin
--breached the wall of the fortress and allowed
the rebel militia to pour into the courtyard
and subdue the demoralized, starved
defenders.
Despradel has been recovering from wounds
at the San Isidro air base hospital. Per-
mission for the interview was obtained from
Commodore Francisco J. Rivera-Caminero,
secretary of the armed forces. Colonel
Despradel's story follows:
"I know that on the night of April 24-25,
Caamano was with. Dr. Daniel Ozuna-
Hernandez, a known international Commu-
nist. My police reported to me that they
saw Caamano driving his car with his uncle,
Capt. Deno Suero, seated beside him. In the
rear seat behind Caamano was Ozuna,
FREED BY CAAMANO
"Next to Ozuna was ex-Lt. Col. Jorge Ger-
ardo, Marte-Hernandez of the police force.
Marts was one of the common criminals
freed from La Victoria prison by order of
Caamano. Marte had been sentenced to 6
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 Approved F
Qr R}~ e se 22SA RE ~5/ 3124 ClA RDP82Rn~~25R000500260002-1
August 233, 1965" GQCDIVRSSICORD -SENATE 20523
years imprisonment for homicide by a court- "I replied bluntly that all those circum- Largest of the three organizations is the
martial on March 10, 1964, and stripped of stances mentioned by him made it impera- Fourteenth of June Political Group (APCJ),
his rank. tine that I remain loyal to my brother as which is known to have connections with the
"My patrols on El Conde, which totaled 18, chief of police and loyal to my command be- Russian, Cuban, and Chinese Communist
2 for ea ch of the 9 street corners, were cause I knew for a fact that since April 24 regimes.
redilced to 8 when 10 of them defected. he had been with Ozuna, an internationally AT START-A- COUP
Of the loyal eight, all reported to me that known Communist, that I am anti-Commu- The story of the Dominican revolt, as told
Ozuna had a map on his lap and they could nist and moreover, by order of Colonel Ca- by U.S, officials, begins as far back as 1963,
hear him as the car was h~ alted at street amano, who calls me 'compadre' (blood soon after the former Dominican President,
corners tell Caamano where` to empplace .50 brother) the supposed great and good friend, Juan Bosch, was overthrown by a coup.
and .30 caliber machine guns and where my house has been sacked and destroyed and After that coup, the Fourteenth of June
barricades should be erected. my wife and children were being hunted group and the Dominican Popular Movement
POn the morning of April 25 Gaamanoleft down as hostages to force me to surrender the launched an open campaign of guerrilla war-
the; American embassy, which he had visited fortress." fare in the country's hinterland. Some
while Ozuna remained in the car, and both DECLINED TO SURRENDER Dominicans known to have received training
were recognized by Maj. Jose Lopez-Benitz of "They didn't stop there, but Caamano, in Castro's Cuba took part in that campaign.
the national police force. Oaamano told Col. Hernandez Ramirez and Lt. Claudio After the guerrilla campaign failed, the
Lopez: 'I have taken the government and I Oaamano-Grullon, a cousin of the rebel chief, bulk-of the captured rebels were deported,
am going to be the president. Tell Despradel called me on different occasions from Tuesday in May 1964, and most of them became exiles
that.' 11 1 1 - an to surrender the fort. Whenever, they in France. From France, many traveled to
ORGANIZE Fob{ GUERRILLAS Galled, I gave them the same answer: I will Communist countries, including Cuba and
Ozuna, who apparently was Caamano's not surrender the fort to a man who had as- Red China.
tactician, organized the Communist guer- sociated with the Communists from the Beginning late in 1964, the exiled APCJ
rillas of the 14th of June patriotic move- start: " and MPD leaders began to infiltrate back
ment, known here as A.C.J.P., who fought the Despradel has saved Caamano's life at Pal- Into the Dominican Republic, some secretly.
army in the hills in 1963. Manuel Tavarez- ma Sola in 1982 when the police were sent They rejoined their political groups and be-
Justo, head of the movement, was killed in there to capture a voodoo priest named Lib- gan to prepare them to take advantage of
that fighting. orior. The fanatical population attacked the any opportunity that presented itself. The
Ozuna had been shipped out of the police with machettes and clubs. opportunity came on April 24, when a small
country by the council of state in 1962 for ~-- group of Dominican Army officers attempted
Communist subversion. He was captured [From U.S. News & World Report, May 17, to overthrow the Government of President
with the guerrillas in 1963, Imprisoned and 1965] Donald Reid Cabral.
shipped out to Lisbon, Portgual, on May 8, OFFICIAL RECORD: How REDS CAPTURED THE U.S. officials say that the officers' revolt
1964. He returned clandestinely to the DOMINICAN REVOLT was inspired by the Dominican Revolutionary
country, presumably early this year. The Communists who took over a revolu- Party (PRD), the party of former President
Bosch.
Despradel returned to his story: tion-it's quite a cast of characters turned
"Before dawn on April 26, officers in the na- Communists, however, moved into it quick-
"Before by Uck intelligence officials. Names, ly. Within an hour or two after the first
tional palace informed me that among those places, background-that's the U.S, docu- move in the revolt, members of the Castorite
giving orders inside the palace were the fol- mentation on the plotters. Many were in
lowing Communist leaders: ? action in Santo Domingo. Official files show s June movement were busy the
"Fidelio Arturo Despradel-Roque, son of why the President moved to block what streets s of Santo Domingo calling on the e
sch.
former Foreign Minister Arturo Despradel, amounted to a Communist offensive in the pie to come out and demonstrate for Bosch.
trained in Cuba, who fought with the 14h of Caribbean. ARMS FOR REDS
June guerrillas, being a member of the move- This. is the official story of how Commu- The rebelling officers seized a Govern-
ment, was captured, imprisoned, and shipped nists took over the revolution in the Domini- ment stock of arms and ammunition. A siz-
to Lisbon v tth Ozuna and other Communists: can Republic. able quantity of those arms fell into the
He returned clandestinely from Cuba with The story comes from U.S. Government hands of the orthodox Communist leaders
Arsenio Rafael-Ortiz de Ferrand, a Cuban sources and is based upon information gath- of the PSPD.
leader of the 14th of_ June movement. ered,by 1 tell e agencies. Members of that Red party were quickly
OTHERS ARE NAMED It names 58 know_n_mmunists and Cas- formed into paramilitary teams which fanned
"Antonio Isa-Conde, member of the Par- troites who played leading roles in fomenting, out in the downtown and slum areas, tak-
tido Socialista Popular and the Fragua, Com- organizing and directing the Dominican re- beg control of military targets and organiz-
munist university student movement , who bellion. ing the populace.
was trained in Cuba. Among them are 18 persons who are known Among the known Communists named
?Narciso Iso-Conde, brother of Antonio, or reliably reported to have been trained in by U.S. officials as particularly active in
,
member of the same party and of the Fra- subversive and paramilitary tactics by the organizing the paramilitary teams were
gua, who was trained in Moscow, Prague, and Cuban intelligence service or other Cuban or- these:
Cuba. ganizations. Fidelio Despradel Roques, who got guerrilla
;Juan Ducoudray-Mansfield, and his broth- Several had training in Soviet Russia or in training in Cuba in 1963.
er Felix Servio, both leaders of the Partido Red-ruled Czechoslovakia. Jaime Duran Herndo, who reecived para-
Socialista Popular and both trained in Mos- Nearly all are members of three Commu- military training in Cuba in 1962.
cow-and Cuba. Dist political organizations known to have Juan Ducoudray Mansfield, a long-time
"Asdrubal Dominguez-Guerrero, a member been involved in the revolt. leader of the Dominican Communist Party
of the Movimiento Popular Dominicano, the Their strategy was to move in on what with etxensive contacts among Communists
P.S.P. and Fragua, who was trained in Mos- started out as a military coup d'etat and turn outside the Dominican Republic. He is de-
It into a Communist take-over of the Domin- scribed as a link with Cuba in suplying
mow' lean Government. Dominican Communists with weapons.
anon "Delta leader and a Communist top figure women's in the 14th he o of f ._ It was on the basis of this documented in- TRAINING FOR REDS
June movement, formation that President Johnson sent in To show the links of Dominican rebels with
"Freddy Beras-Goico, who virtually de- U.S. marines on April 28 to save the Domini- Communist regimes in other countries, U.S.
Glared himself a Communist on television, can Republic from going the way of Cuba officials cited some of their records. Some
He is a nephew of Archbishop Thomas Bdras, and providing communism another Carib- examples:
Hitler Fatale-Chain and his twin brother bean base. Jose Rodriguez Acosta took guerrilla train-
Mussolini Fatule-Chain, members of the 14th RED MILITARY sons ing in Cuba, he also been in 'Czechoslovakia
of JJune. ose Francisco Named as a key man in directing the and the Soviet Union.
? Pena-Gomez of the ex- Dominican rebel forces is Manuel Gonzalez Cayetano Rodriguez del Prado was trained
treme left wing of the Partido Revolucionario Gonzalez. U.S. 'officials describe him as an in Cuba. Europe and Communist China.
Dominicano of Juan Bosch, and Luis Arman- experienced Spanish Communist Party activ- He was involved in a Cuban intelligence oper-
do Asunision of thq same faction." ist who has been working with the Dominf- ation in 1963 to sneak into the Dominican
"At noon Tuesday (April 27) Caamano can Communist Party "for at least the last 2 Republic accompanied by two companions
called ,me on the, phone," Despradel con- years. He is known to have a knowledge of and carrying arms and ammunition.
tinued, "and in a very friendly manner, in- military tactics and is reported to be an Nicolas Quirico Valdez Conde has lived
viing our revious friendship, asked me to agent for Cuban military intelligence. in Moscow and speaks Russian so fluently
sillre~der zanf and "fain his faction be- One of the three Communist political or- he was Russian interpreter for Fidel Castro
catls'e he realized this would be a very` favor- ganizations involved in the plot is the Domin- in Cuba.
able ,psychological blow for him. This `was `ican Popular Socialist Party (PSPD), an or- Jaime Capell Bello traveled in Cuba, the
bee use, I was well known throughout the thodox Communist group which follows Soviet Union and Czechoslovakia.
C(ltl?lt1y, he said, and commander of the `Moscow's direction. Rafael de Is, Oltagracia Mejfa Lluberes-
d) which Another is the Dominican Popular Move- nicknamed "Baby' -was involved in a 1963
~acos broncos' (the shock" briga e
was.,, the best-rained "police force, and also ment (MPD), which follows the" Chinese attempt to overthrow Venezuelan President
s. l tIler of the chief of police. - Communist ideological line. Betancourt. He was trained in Cuba.
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 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD ;SENATE August 23, 1965
lived in the Soviet Uniori and in Cuba. He is
believed to be a leader In the Dominican
Communist Party.
Silvano Lora Vicente had training in Cuba
and In 1964 traveled to Moscow and Algeria.
Franklin Franco Pichardo trained in the
Soviet Union and made a recent trip to Mos-
cow and Prague.
Antonio lasa Conde trained in" Cuba, then
went to Russia and Prague.
Pedro Julio Istir Valention is reputed to be
a close friend of Castro's. His travels to
Communist countries go as far back as 1947.
With such well-trained Comniurl),ists head-.
ing the way, the Dominican rebels quickly set
up a Military headquarters and armed strong
points.
AN EDITOR Ik: KILLED
They overran a police station, captured and
shot policemen, seized police wgapons., An
anti-Communist newspaper editor was ma-
chinegunned to death.
They stormed the Kates of the National
Palace. Newspaper buildings were sacked
and their equipment' was used to put out
propaganda leaflets. Banks were looted.
Rebels took over the goternmen 's radio and
television stations.
U.S. officials describe the operations of the
rebel leaders as being in "ty'?ical Castro
style. The rebels paraded captured loyalists
before TV cameras. They haraniued'tV and
radio and ences witl} Communist. slogans and
denunclatons "oi the bourgeois reaction-
aries" and "Imperialists."
Violence spread, and; American officials say,
the character of the revolution changed.
Co.ntinixhtsts and their extrenie leftist al-
lies soon made up a significant pDrtion of the
rebel forces. The Communists were also
decisively Influencing the political leadership
of the"rebellion, which in the beginning had
bean fun the hands of the boschparty leaders.
. OBS COMMUNISTS COVET
The' provisional government that had been
set up by the rebels were induced to appoint
several persons whose Communist sympathies
and associations have .been wellestallished. 11 The positions they got were ones which are
Important to Communists-such as attorney
general and director of investigations.
The original leaders of the revolt soon
realized, th t their movement hehd beeii Cap-
tured by L"ommunists. So they gave up the
fight and sought asylum.
No important civilian leaders of that orig-
inal group now remain with the rebels, ac-
cording to U.S. officials. Martinez Francisco,
PRD secretary general, summed up ' the sit-
uation in a radio address to the nation on
April 28: He said:
`I beg all to lay down their arms, because
this is. no longer a fight between political
parties."
It was on that date, April $tii that U.S.
marines moved in. A political revoH? in just
4 days, had been turned into a Communist
takeover.
The story of those 4 days, now revealed by
U.S. officials, is what caused President John-
son to act.
[From U.S. News & World E.eport,
_ "May 17, 19651
AFTER THE BATTLE IN THE CA:IDD.EAN
(It will be an uneasy peace, at best, for a
long time in the Dominican Republic. U.S.
troops who rushed in won't rush out so fast.
Howard HandleTrian,of the stair of U, $S. flews
& World tepoi'{, 'tells why in taiIs.3lspateli
from the scene.
SANTO DOMINfo.-very sign here is that
Americans will be saddled with, a ` policing
job in this republic for a long time to come.
A new government, when one can be estab-
lished, will need time to prove :Itself. Ten-
aions are oo deep-seated for a conglomerate
force of, stir-American military -.snits to
provide t' he stabilizing element needed.
As many as 20,000 civilians now carry
arms. Many arms will be hidden away. It is
not going to be easy, either, to track down
and immobilize the Copn unist ,leaders-a
good many of them trained in Cuba or in
Eastern Europe.
WHAT VIOLENCE PROVED
Some conclusions seem clear to one who
knows the island and who has gone through
the recent days of violence.
The first is that there is no real base on
which political Stability can rest in a country
with a rapidly rising population and an
economy depending for the most part on
sugar, the price of which is severely de-
pressed.
The United States is probably going to be
forced to make a sharp increase in aid.
Another point being made is that there is
no room for a "dreamer" at the head of any
new government. When Juan Bosch was
President, people got the idea that there
was pie in the sky, when actually the out-
look without sizable U.S._ help would seem to
be hopeless.
A firm, conclusion is that U.S. military
intervention was unavoidable if slaugh-`,er of
foreigners was to be prevented. It is re-
garded as a good thing that U.S. power was
adequate to deal with heavily armed, Com-
munist-organized mobs. If action had not
been fast and in force, loss of life would have
been much heavier, and a takeover, by Reds
an accomplished fact.
With slower action, experts say, there read-
ily could have been another Castro-type base
for Reds in the Caribbean.
When US. troops had been on Dominican
soil, days, President Johnson, on May 3,
officially stated that the role of those troops
was to prevent a Communist takeover as.
well as to save lives. In a speech, Mr.'Johnson said:
"The American nations cannot, must not,
and will not permit the establishment of an-
other Communist Government in the West-
ern Hemisphere."
The President with those words reaffirmed
U.S. policy justifying intervention in Com-
munist revolutions anywhere In Latin
America the United States chooses to Move.
That policy was not in effect in January 1959,
when Fidel Castro came to power in Cuba.
FOR U.S. TROOPS, NO ENEMIES
The performance of U.S. military services
In Santo Domingo was a model of restraint.
Marines of the Second Division and soldiers
of the 82d Airborne Division have not been
permitted to shoot unless shot at first. On
the night of 1Vfay 4, troops were ordered to
end combat patrols outside their lines. This
was Considered a risky restraint in the midst
of heavily armed guerrillas. Idea was to keep
U.S. troops from appearing aggressive.
Rebels have not been referred to as the
enemy. 'An airborne division spokesmen, to
avoid using the word enemy, even went so far
as to describe snipers who machinegtinned
U.S. paratroopers as people who are anti-
82d Division.
Americans have big guns and tanks but
have not been permitted to use them.
Troops were cautioned, also, to avoid a nor-
mal practice of'blowing up' houses filled with
snipers. Officers said that marines and para-
troopers were limited to hand-held weapons
In the fighting.
A. few rounds from. 106-millimeter recoil-
less rifles and from antitank bazookas were
fired against boats that sailed into the mouth
of the Ozama River carrying snipers. Each
of the boats was knocked out, one a large
vessel apparently filled with ammunition for
the rebels. 'The ships had come presumably
from Cuba.
By May 6, the number of American service-
men here, either ashore or afloat, was more
than 30,000. ' The Army had 14,345 ppara-
troopers on the Island; the Marine (`lorps,
6,924; the Navy, 8,814, and the Air l:force, 626.
Many will' be incorporated into any peace-'
Approved For Release 2005/03/24
keeping force set up by the Organization of
American States. Others will be replaced by
Latin-American troops.
U.S. DEATH TOLL
Casualties among U.S. forces between April
28, when first marines came ashore, and May
6 included 13 dead, more than 60 wounded.
That tall was mounting despite a so-called
firm cease-fire. On May 6, four marines were
killed when their patrol made a wrong turn
into the rebel-held zone of Santo Domingo.
Rebel machineguns cut themdown without
warning.
Refusal of the rebels to observe the cease-
fire was taken as new evidence of Commu-
nists' taking over what started out as a popu-
lar revolt against the military junta that had
been in power.
A semblance of order was restored here
only after U.S. troops established an Im-
penetrable cordon around rebel-held terri-
tory in the heart of downtown Santo
Domingo. In effect, American servicemen
bottled up the rebels.
Until that cordon was established, danger
was great that the capital would fall to the
insurgents. More than 1,000 citizens lay
dead in the streets. Rebels had broken the
back of Government resistance and captured
the police stronghold of La Fortaleza Ozana
after a 4-day siege. Large quantities of guns
and ammunition were captured.
When the truce was signed, rebels held an
area of about 2 square miles in the teeming
heart of this city of 400,000. U.S. marines
had carved out and are holding an Interna-
tional refugee zone to the west of the rebels,
and are linked by a 3-mile corridor to U.S.
paratroopers to the east of the rebels and at
San Isidro Air Base.
RICE IN THE CORRIDOR
This 3-mile corridor is a busy place now.
A large part of it includes the gay quarters
of the town, and as long as American soldiers
stay clear of diehard rebels they do not seem
to be unwelcome to Dominicans. Stores are
open, and the troops are making purchases
and many are making friends.
On an average day, at 10 points along the
"armed corridor," U.S. troops handed out
20 tons of rice to civilians-all comers, no
questions asked-as well as tons of beans and
powdered milk.
In U.S.-held areas, Dominicans seem to
respond warmly to the idea that U.S. civil-
ians, as well as they, are stopped at check-
points for identification.
American troops are trying to overcome
Initial fear and resentment. They are seek-
ing to leave a good impression with local
citizens.
At first there was fear the Americans would
charge into the city to wipe out the rebels.
In that case, thousands upon thousands
could have been slaughtered.
Instead, U.S. troops went swiftly about the
job of evacuating more than 4,000 foreign
civilians, including 2,694 Americans and
1,373 from 41 other nations. Anyone who
wanted to leave got a hand from the United
States.
,RELIEF: WILL IT BE REAL?
American officers have been waiting for
the first Latin American military contin-
gents to start showing up in force, after an
OAS vote of May 6 to pitch in with truce-
keeping chores.
There was skepticism, however, about any
idea that the United States would be able
to cut back in its own commitment substan-
tially, in any case.
Some Latin American states voted against
the peacekeeping idea altogether, and some
big countries-Mexico, for one--indicated
they Wouldn't send any troops. Intense
jealousies and rivalries among Latin Ameri-
cans raised further doubts in the minds of
some U.S. officials about the ability of many
OAS members to pull their weight. For now,
Americans here agree, It will be the United
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CON R ~SS~ION L O SEN
August 23, 1965
States that will continue to bear the bur-
den-military as well as economic-of keep-
ing the country from going down the drain.
What Latin limericanpeacekeepers will
find is a, situation that U.S. diplomats de-
scribe as "an unholy mess."
The republic Is drifting without a leader-
and two sides claiming power.
The United. States Is officially neutral but
has granted a sort of "working recognition"
to a military junta backed by Brig. Gen.
Elias Wessin y Wessin. It was General Wes-
sin y Wessin who kept the rebels from power
until U.S. forces arrived.
Rebels are led by Col. Francisco Caamafio
Deflo, who was Inaugurated as "provisional
President" by his supporters on May 4. Be-
hind Colonel Caamafio and 400 other mili-
tary rebels are between 10,000 and 20,000
armed civilians who now appear to be under
the control of foreign-trained Communists,
intent on keeping the revolt going at any
cost.
Colonel Caamano, ,although a U.S.=trained
career officer, does not stand high with the
United States. He is not known to be a
Communist, but U.S. officials say Caamafio
"seems to be moving closer to the Commu-
nists." One of his chief advisers is Commu-
nist leader Fidelio Despradel, a Castroite.
U.S. officials here report that Caamafio
conferred with Despradel and. other Red lead-
ers who asked for jobs in his government if
he ? won power, and that he assure their es-
cape from the country if he lost. Caamafio
was said to have agreed to this in return
for Red backing.
CONTINUING THREAT
Danger of a Communist takeover still ex-
ists.. American officials here sad they have
,,no doubt of that. The whole rebellion is
said to At into a blueprint for subversion
that'was drawn up in Havana last November
at a secret meeting of '22 Latin American
Communist parties.
> As U.S. officials reconstruct the revolution
here, the Castro-Communist influence stands
out in a striking way.
When 18 rebels took over the government
television station on April 24, to start things,
the two announcers who were used were
chosen because they were easily recognized
as Communists.
The whole Communist organization here
was geared to move on short notice, and the
three main Red groups, previously split,
united to move together.
Known Communists stood on trucks and
passed out guns and ammunition to any
Dominicans who wanted them. At the Na-
tional Palace, 16 well-known Communist
leaders were deliberately conspicuous in the
way they gave orders' to rebel elements. On
television, in those first days, Reds wore
Castro-type fatigue caps' to give a Castro
flavor to the revolt.
American officials believe the Reds did all
this to make the point that this was "their
revolution."
WHAT UNITED STATES WANTS
Trouble with the Communists, piled on
top of the country's natural problems, adds
up to a formidable chore for-the United States
in the period ahead. Getting the OAS to
sllare peacekeeping tasks--even in token
form-is the first step toward a solution.
What the United States would like to see, be-
yond a durable armed truce, is ' a political
compromise that would bring a moderate
provisional regime to power until free elec-
tions, can be held-preferably under. OAS
auspices.
The big U.S. problem is to find a politician
capable of running the Dominican Republic
wi ix, a firm hand-even an iron hand, if
necgSgary=and enable the United "States to
withdraw its troops soon.
Assurance of any lasting `political settle-
meat ip regaided as dim. Fighting, it is
felt, has solved"nothing, merely deepened old
resentments:
Now, with Reds committed to action,
there's prospect of prolonged guerrilla-style
war in the countryside.
U.S. occupation of the Dominican Repub-
lic once before was undertaken with hopes -
of getting out quickly. That occupation,
started in 1916, lasted for 8 years.
Once again, the United States is finding
that getting in is a lot easier than getting
out.
[From U.S. News & World Report,
May 17, 19631
WHO WILL RULE Now IN DOMINICAN
REPUBLIC?
(Next big job: finding the man who can
put the Dominican Republic back together
again and still keep Communists at bay.
United States wants no part of present rebel
leader or former President Juan Bosch.
Both have been tainted by the Reds.)
SANTO DOMINGO.-American offlicals here
are convinced beyond any possible doubt
that the man who rose to the top of the
Dominican rebellion-Col. Francisco Caam-
afio Defio-is only a front for the real con-
spirators, the Communists behind his move-
ment.
Colonel Caamafio was sworn in by the
rebels as "provisional President" of the
Dominican Republic on May 4.
To reach that point, according to evidence
in U.S. hands, the colonel was forced to
make a marriage of convenience with the
Communists. And now an old-line Commu-
nist, Fidelio Despradel Roques, is his key
PROMISE TO REDS
This, say U.S. investigators, is what hap-
pened:
Early in the second week of the rebellion,
Caamano met with half a dozen of the top
Communist leaders in Santo Domingo. They
were men who represented the three Com-
munist parties on this island-followers of
the Chinese Reds, the Kremlin Communists,
and Fidel Castro's Cubans.
Caamafio made a deal:
If the revolution succeeds, the Commu-
nists will have key positions in his Govern-
ment.
If the revolution fails, Caamano has agreed
to insist that the Organization of American
States guarantee safe passage for the Red
leaders so they can get out of the country.
. Despite Caamafio's claims and activities,
the United States says there is no effective
government in the Dominican Republic.
Americans here are determined, as one puts
it, "to help the Dominicans find a democrat-
ic solution to their problems." But finding
it is going to be difficult, indeed.
The United States is opposed to accepting
either Caamafio or former President Juan
Bosch as the political leader of this troubled
country. While neither is considered a Com-
munist, each owes big political debts to the
Reds. Of Bosch, one American said, "He
has done things that favored the Commu-
Dominicans not involved in the
Thoughtful
current disorder are casting about now for
a man who can lead their nation back to
order.
Former President Joaquin Balaguer, pres-
ently in exile in New York, is sometimes
mentioned as a possibility. He has been
keeping his political image alive here through
taped broadcasts for a year or more. He is
believed to retain a good deal of popularity.
Ggn, ,A,l}toni,Q njiZert?one of the two_sur-
viving members of the group that assassi-
nated former dictator Rafael Trujillo, also is
being mentioned. He too is considered po-
litically popular.
THE REAL VILLAIN
There is no easy solution to today's chaos.
The more you hear about what's been
going on in the Dominican Republic, the
more you come to this conclusion: The real
20525
villain is dictator Trujillo, even though he
is 4 years dead. Every line you follow seems
to lead, in the end, to the old dictator. Under
Trujillo, graft became a privilege of the gen-
erals. One reason for the downfall of Presi-
dent Donald Reid Cabral 1s that he tried to
take this privilege away. He got rid of
two generals and fired the powerful chief of
the national police. But it was enemies
within the armed forces who toppled him
from office.
Among the things Reid Cabral wanted to
eliminate was a contracts racket operated
by top military men. Until Reid Cabral took
office, military contracting officers had a free
hand in buying supplies from abroad. The
standard practice was to buy only from sales-
men who would give the contracting officer a
kickback of 10 or 12 percent.
This is but one example of the kind of
widespread corruption that has riddled the
country in recent years. The Dominican Re-
public had no foreign debts at the time
Trujillo was assassinated. Four years later,
its debts totaled almost half a billion dollars.
As President, Reid Cabral ended the con-
tracts racket, but the fact he did so helped
bring him down.
SON OF "THE BUTCHER"
The Trujillo era even casts a shadow
over the new rebel leader, Colonel Caamano.
He is the son of the late Gen. Fausto
Caamano, known to Dominicans as El Car-
nicero-"The Butcher"-In the days of Tru-
jillo. Like most professional Army men in
the Dominican Republic, Colonel Caamafio
has a Trujillo background-one he has tried
to Qbscure-and he has powerful enemies.
You don't have to be on this island long
to sense the conflicts and bitterness that
permeate the place.
These conflicts ousted Bosch in 1963. They
brought the downfall of Reid Cabral at the
start of the current rebellion, even before the
Communist elements came to the surface.
They persist now, leaving many powerful Do-
minicans hating each other.
That is why it will be a long, long time
before a stable government can be set up, to
guide this troubled country.
[From U.S. News & World Report, May 31,
1965]
CARIBBEAN RIDDLE: How To LET Go
SANTO DOMINGO.-Communists remain a
very real threat to the Dominican Republic,
4 weeks after the U.S. Marines moved in to
block a Red takeover here.
Known Communists are commanding an
estimated 80 to 90 percent of the rebel posts,
even though they are not always the men
who appear publicly to be in charge.
There is some danger-presently calculated
as slight-that the Communists will move
out into the countryside and try to spread
the revolt, even if it is choked off here in
the capital.
What heightens the Communists' oppor-
tunities for troublemaking is the almost im-
possible job of putting together a broad-
based coalition government. Several times
in recent days negotiators have been on the
brink of getting a cabinet organized, only to
have everything collapse because of prema-
ture publicity.
Under the circumstances, it is clear now
that it probably will be a long time before
the bulk of the 30,000 U.S. troops on the
scene can go home.
U.S. officials were heartened by the decision
of Brazil on May 21 to send a substantial
force-probably as many as 1,250 men-to
join a Latin American peacekeeping mission
here. By that date, only token forces were
on the ground, and they had not been orga-
nized.
Even when the U.S. goal of a broad-based
coalition government is attained, Dominican
problems remaining will seem insurmount-
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 -20526
able, fiatreds.run deep. So do international
complications.
LQ* at this tangle of events:
The. United Rations moved trato the Do-
minican itepublic-Its first intervention in
this ifen jsphere-to try to achieve a cease-
fire.
The U.N; move aroused the anger of the
Organization oil American States, which had
pledged itself to restore order but actually
accomplished nothing.
S. officials, many of them d.sgueted with
OAS delays, were deterr.:iined to get up some
coinbination of 15omincans tcovern the
count,yy
a.ese- iat Johnson. ruched a top -level team
#roxx3 GVashington-McGeorge Bunc.y, White
He use adviser, on foreign policy; tinder Sec-
retary of State -Thomas Mann; ~eputySecre-
tary of Defense Cyrus Vance, and .lack Hood
Vaughn, Assistant Secretary of State of.In-
tetr-Asher can Affairs. The m1.siorL:, to, get
Shot ng stopped and set up a provisional
regime acceptable to both sides.
The United States has encountered trouble In Santo Domingo's northern suburbs,
in ,Ending people who might run a govern- armed bands have disrupted crowded indus-
merit of, national unity. trial areas. Major plants have been forced
WE HAVE SOME LEVERAGE to close, idling thousands of workers. Food-
In spite of the difficulties, the United States distribution trucks have been hijacked.
remained determined to help set up a
coalition government. One U.S. official said:
"We think we have some leverage in this
situation. By keeping a strong force of
marines and soldiers we are making it clear
that we have no intention of tossing in the
sponge. We are here until a solution is
reached.
"The basic plan remains. We want a
broad-based regime respresenting the widest
possible spectrum of leadership. That
means professional men as well as politicians
drawn from several parties. The broader
the better. We don't put as much stock in
getting one man-'the' man-as in getting
a representative group that will have broad
appeal."
WISAT BOSCB LACKED
DOMSNICAa a DAPLT plvapED An opinion expressed` by some Americans
Tlae high-ranking troubleshooters found here is that 1v tr. Bosch-once thought the
that the Dominicans themselves seemed al idol of the rebels-ruined his chances for a
most hopelessly divided. comeback by not returning immediately from
said or}e worried diplomat: "Everybody's exile in Puerto Rico when the revolt began
playing in this ball game-and there are too on April 24. One comment: "When Bosch
many Ytfrisiree." didn't show up, people said he lacked the
lomatc maneuver- guts to do so. And if there's one thing that
Tile fr
strations of di
p
g
i ing, in which the United States, the U.N., the
OA$, and rival Dominican factions were ln.=
vdldgdstowed what the United a was
up, a'ains inryin 'to put the Dominican
Rep i Tic back` toge her.
Early in'the revolution, the United states
tried wituiout success ,to get rid of the rebel
leader, C'ol. Francisco Caamafio :t)efio. Then,
to placate the rebels, futile attempts were
made to persuade Gen. Elias VVessin y Wes-
sin, military chief of'the loyalist junta, to
quit. ,
IIakEEItTSTANDS PAT-----
,the fourth {weelk of the conflict, the
%I%
United Sates turned 1t g pressure on Gen.
Antonfp mb rt l atrerasthe man it had
persuade Ito take on the presidency of the
junta just '10 days before. But`Generai'Im
bert resisted all suggestions that he step
aside.
On May 20, General Imbert, at a news
Conference, denied that the Bundy mission
had asked. him to resign. H.s associates,
however, told p different story. Said one of
the juntas top military men, who attended
negotiating sessions:
"lvir. Vance told us that we had to accept
An,tgni,o .Guzman, a friend of Juan Bosch, as
in era esi nt arasl tkaga havel,ee' gns,in
60, days un r the constitution of 1963,
adopted before Bosch was deposed as
Presjden
"We a 'd
we chid not objecto Guzman
but that we could not accept fide :1963 con-
stitution Mr, Vance s, id, we Iiad to accept
the constitution because acceptance was the
"Then we got mad. We asked, 'Who are
the ` rebels? What do they c:ont:loll" e
pointed out that they controlled' or ly "down-
town $aI},to Dop Ingo.,
"And we controlled all the, rest Qf the
'country."
Geller .l Imbert argued that, if the United
States put Mr. Guzman in th Presidency,
-the Con munists would take over.
No claim is made tlaaat Mr. e~t4.'aii.~iis.a ganization fateful for U.S. zelations in `the`hemiipliere occupation by extra-continental forces."
`the report andfatal to the"Organization of American Reid Cabral said that he did not think "it
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August ,23, 1965 , CONGRESSIONAL RECORD - SENATE 20541
too soon after the installation of a 'provi- "4: The OAS and its functions as a Ministry The Social Christians explain their posi-
tional government." of colonial Affairs of the United States. tion by saying:
In a question and answer period, he said "5. Why the United States is an empire. "We know that the Russians are worse in
that many of 'the Communists in the revolu- "6. Latin American integration. that they deny all freedoms while in the
tion ? entered the Dominican Republic by "7. Human Rights. The U.N. Declaration United States. you have basic freedoms. But
boats from Cuba. He said that the only way of Human Rights. your freedoms are for your own people. Your
to get rid of Castro and Communist infiltra- "8. Makeup of the family, the state, and foreign policy denies other people freedom.
tion in other Latin American countries was society. "We cannot afford at this time to attack
by a complete isolation of Cuba. IT. The Dominican Republic revolution. the Communists. We. have to let the people
- Asked to supply some specific names of the "10. The structure of the constitutionalist see that we are on their side in this fight
hard-core Communists who control the rev- government." against the Americans. Maybe someday we
olution in the Dominican Republic, he an- Each command post in the rebel zone is will say something nice about the Ameri-
pwered that it was difficult since most of them represented by members of all political par- cans."
keep out of sight. ties, as well as thousands of independents The Dominican Social Christians are di-
"They don't show their faces," he said, who before the uprising did not belong to vided, not in numbers but in leadership.
"However, one of the leaders is Pedro Mir." any organized party. The number of exact One of the founders of the party, Guido
(Pedro Julio Mir Valentin is listed on the command posts and members in each unit is D'Allesandro, was put out early this year be-
U.S. Embassy's list of 53 and has traveled to a military secret. cause he followed the "lines suave"-soft
Cuba and the Soviet Union.) In some posts, members are all armed and line-as opposed the the "linea dura"-hard
In answer to a question he explained that estimated at anywhere from 25 to 160-200, line-of the present leadership of the party.
there is much fear in the Dominican Repub- The Social Christians have one such post Those who follow the soft line favored
lie now and under these circumstances "only located on one of the corners of Plaza Inds- closer relations with the U.S. Embassy, like
the extreme left can win." pendencfa. Their office occupies the top floor attending embassy functions and receptions,
"How can a free and honest election be of a two-story building. or trying to get along with the Triumvirate.
held in this poisoned and fear-ridden atmos- They are the only command post in the The hard line advocates, such as President
phere?" he asked. "An election in such a zone made up entirely of armed men from Antonio Rosario, believe it unwise to be
climate would be a mockery, and only the one party. Communist groups have leaders friendly with the U.S. Embassy.
extreme left could emerge victorious," he distributed throughout the various com- The PRSC, founded in 1981, forms part of
said. mand posts. In five or six posts they are in ODCA (Organizations Democrats Christina de
Reid Cabral said that the deposed Presi- charge of the commandos. America), the hemisphere-wide organization
dent Juan Bosch introduced racial and class Almost all weapons in the command posts of Christian Democrat parties. For this rea-
hatred to the country for the first time in have been registered with the military offi- son, both President Frei of Chile and Rafael
its history. Asked if he would serve in a cers who operate their own little armed Caldera of Venezuela have denounced the
coalition, government with Bosch, he said at forces. The Caamano officers conduct their U.S. landings in the Dominican Republic.
this moment in history every responsible own court martials. Those found guilty of The fact that President Frei, first Christian
Dominican should work for the good of the violations of any of the constitutionalist Democrat to be elected chief of state of a
country. government's rules and regulations are Latin American country, has endorsed the
packed off to jail in the Ozama Fortress where Constitutionalist government of President
INDOCTRINATION COURSE REVEALS AIMS OF they are separated from prisoners of the Caamano has given the Dominican PRSC's
RESEI other side. stock new value in the eyes of the masses.
(By John T. Skelly) The Social Christians who lecture to the The PRSC's slogan in the revolution is
SANTO. DOMINGO.-G-5, indoctrination commandos are all well versed in social "green light for the poor of the Americas."
branch of the constitutional government Christian ideology. They are university They have thousands of posters all over. the
heeded, by Col. Francisco Caamano Deno is graduates, many who have studied in their rebel zone. The man who operates their
controlled by the Social Christians. How- own colleges, as well as universities in the headquarters in the absence of Dr. Antonio
ever, represenatives from the PRD, the largest United States and Latin America. Rosario in exile in New York, is Andres
political party in the rebel zone, are also They have all passed through IFEDEC (In- Lockward.
stituto de Formacion Democrats Cristiana-
from, the armed forces as well as from the Lockward, a public accountant by proles-
Institute for the Formation of Christian sfon, studied the cooperative movement at
Marxist-Lenninist-Fidelista group.' They lec- Democracy( in Caracas, the hemisphere in- p
tore at every command post or commando in the University of Wisconsin for a year. He
Ciudad Nueva every night. docrination center for all young Christian sits behind a plain wooden desk, machine-
The It is conducted by professors gun by his side, and directs both the military
The e two non-'Marxist parties with the
most influence in the zone are the PRSC from Latin America and Europe and main- and political operation. He frequently smiles
tamed by contributions of Christian Demo- and appears to have the right temperament
(Social Christians) and PRD-Partido eratic Parties in Europe and Latin Amerca.
RevoluclonariO Dominfcano--the party of d dee_ - for the frustrations and confusions that go
posed President Juan Bosch, now in exile in One of the principal courses offered to on cpntinuously in the constitutional
Puerto Rico. These two parties joined in ' the youths is the history of Marxism and the government.
January 1965, in the pact of Rio Piedra, ways of communism. Thus the Dominican The PRSC, Lockward says, will not partici-
Puerto Rico, to return the Dominican Re- Social Christians who lecture to command pate in the Provisional Government. It is,
public to government under the constitu- posts-as well as the Social Christians and however, fully behind the Caamano govern-
tion of 1963, that was in effect when Presi- other rebels who are occasionally exposed to ment. The probable President of the Pro-
dent Juan Bosch was overthrown in Septem- Marxist theories-are well aware of the Com- visional Government, Hector Garcia Godoy,
her of that year. monist line. conferred with Lockward and his top advisers
who were not part of the Rio Piedra Pact, ernment courses have sworn to be as objec-
but who were in the conspiracy to 'over- tive as possible in their presentation of mate-
throw the triumvirate headed by Donald Reid rial. They must not present material from a
Cabral, were Col. Francisco Caamano Deno, strict party line, whether it be PRD, PRSC, or
last week for about an hour.
Backing up Lockward in the high com-
mand is an attractive mother of eight
children, nonpracticing physician, Dra. Jose-
fina Padilla. Two of her oldest boys, 18 and
Col. Miguel Hernandez Ramirez, and Col. Marxist. 19, participated in the fighting and are now
Rafael Fernandez, the leader of the_ military. One of the PRSC lecturers says that on part of the yellow helmets MP's of the
He was the liaison man with the PRD and some subjects-like family life, the state and constitutionalist.
the Social Christians. According to persons society in general-each side presents the The PRSC's got 60,000 votes in the last free
who signed the Rio Piedra document, the material according to its beliefs. The audf- elections in 1962. Lockward points out that
PSI), the 14th of June, knew about the con- once asks_questions. they had at least 150,000 but that many vot-
iracy but at no time were an active part Many of the armed rebels-ranging in age ed for Bosch, because they knew that the
of
o 21 are Sons of laborers and
___-__
Thus, as soon as the Caamano government prom ~6
was installed the key jobs like indoctrina- ors. They invariably show eagerness to form say how many armed followers they have in
a workers party as the nucleus of the revo- the rebel zone. They point out, however,
tion courses were controlled by the PRD and
PRSC lution. that in addition to the party militant, they
The following is a list of topics that are One point that the PRSC lecturers have have the Christian workers with them
discussed nightly at rebel- indoctrination trouble with is American and Russian im- (CASC).
couts s. " ''' y perialism. Everytime they bring up the sub- Furthermore, they point out, the leaders
- "1. The Constitutionalist uprising, ! its ject of Russian imperialism, there are heated and members of most Catholic groups in the
meaning and objectives-e precedent in the debates from the Marxists. Dominican Republic have joined them. in the
Dominican Republic and Latin America. "We try to tell them that the Russians are fight to restore the constitution. These
"2. Constitutionalism in ' Latin 'America- imperialist as well as Americans, but they re- groups include BRUC (the Christian bloc at
past and present situation. ject this argument. They always counter- the university), JRC, Young Christian Revo-
`'a. Imperialism in history. American in- argue by pointing out that American troops lutionaries, and FEDELAC (the agrarian
tervention. - (a) US. imperialism, (b) Rus are occuping our country, not Russian Christian leagues), that are spread through-
Sian imperial sm. troops," the lecturer said. out the country.
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The P1SC's, mostly young, are enthusias- surely as violent, and certainly more pro- ordered the. Secretary of Defense to put the
tic. However, there are many -Sympathizers longed than the VU_of Pigs invasion by necessary American ? troops ashore In order
to'their cause who raise seriouscioui,?.ts aboutCuban exiles..against stro.. to give protection to hundreds of Americans
their ability to organize and their ability to No one had an accurate count of the cas- who are still in the Dominican Republic and
meet thee Communists hegd on, ualties as frenzied knots-of soldiers and civil- to escort them safely back, to this country.
This a1sp appears to be the U.S. view to- Tana roamed the streets, shooting, looting and This same assistance will be available to the
ward the PRSC in the Dominican Republic herding people to their execution witiz cries nationals of other countries, some of whom
as Well as the other Christian. ZwMoorat..par- of "Pared4n.. Paredbn." (To the wall. To have already asked for our help."
ties 14 the hemisphere. the wall.) Some, reports put the dead at The Soviets, Red Chinese and Cubans re-
Friends of the Dominican Social Clirlstians around 2,000, with the- wounded perhaps 5 acted with howls about imperialist aggres-
phint out that the Communis:;s are always times that. The Dominican Red Cress was sion. In a shrill May Day speech, Castro
well organized and disciplined, follow a die- burying people where they lay. In the hos- called the U.S. landing "one of the most
"tatorial line, and will eventually xr,ake fools pitals, harried doctors. were operating by criminal and humiliating 'actions of this
4 the social Christians. Thew,sources be- flashlight and without anesthetics, Santo century." The comment from the rest of
lievegtth the PRS~'s are too %ema,gogic in Domingo was a city without power, without Latin America was surprisingly mild. Few
p%eir. tt$c s on the. United States, water, without food,, without any semblance of the expected mobs materialized to hurl
ward and the otherPRS('e. Laugh this of san y
it. he rebels executed at,least 110 rocks at U.S. Embassies. Chile's President,
Off. e point out that the Communist opponents, hacked the head off a police of- Eduardo Frei and Venezuela's Raxii Leoni
roll s- fPD, E'SP, and '14th June move- goer and carried it about as a trophy. Issued public statements deploring the U.S.
2xxsnt-are small and lack leadi;Tsh tp. They l'n the narrow sense, U.S. troops were there landings. But privately, many Latin Amer-
t rink _th t the Co;nm1anista ?:4ould be, al- merely to protect some 2,400 terrified U.S. lean statesmen admitted the necessity for
Iowetp participate in elections as they did citizens and other foreign nationals after quick U.S. action. Some even went on record
n a ntix#Ie, the PRSO's Continue, U.S. Ambassador William Tapley Bennett, about it. Mexico's Foreign Ministry said
itigi}g with the other rebels to chant, "quis- Jr. had informed Washington that, Domini- that it regretted a move "which evokes such
gurus si-Yankees no."' can authorities wanted U.help, tha, they painful memories," but recognized the hu-
~..- Oo11'd no., lorxger guarantee the safety of manitarian reasons and hoped the marines
[From the Latin American dsak at Time American lives. In a much larger sense, the stay "will be as brief as posible." Added
s. -Magazine[ troops were there quite simply to prevent Argentina's Foreign Minister Miguel Angel
? another Cuba in the Caribbean. What had
OAUNICAN JMPUBLro: 'L'SE 001n TaAT Zavala Ortiz: "Sometimes those who appear
Bst ter EcAMi t V62 h'tem by apppet ed h nits tra need Castro-was Fai iat- t- as intervening actually are only reacting
x,ed bq tanks with 90 uxdllimeter cannon and agitators and their followers to turn an against a hidden intervention."
arffioi ed xxoop carriers, the 2d Battalion of abortive comeback by a deposed Dominican The Argentine was talking directly to Fidel
the 1 arlnes rolled across the red President into a "war of national iibera. Castro. The 1962 missile confrontation may
Q ~. iri. po o field ory,the western tion." have taken Russian IRBM's out of Cuba--
il is ofz>nq pox ngo anc. moved -eau- The fighting started as a revolt bq a group or so the United States believes--but it did
tipuaf into" the was torn capital of the of junior officers In favor of ousted President nothing to halt Castro's campaign of sub-
Dpxnlnice$x, Republiiic. As tae' , columns Juan Bosch, currently in exile in Puerto Rico. version around the hemisphere. According
ch}n]bdlgwx; vezda Independencla, past Within 3 days, that military revolve fizzled. to U.S. intelligence, Cuba training schools
the eriipiy side streets, people, suddenly apt But not before vast stocks of arms had been turn out more than 1,500 American graduates
peared in windows and doorways. Some passed out to pro-Bosch civilians and their each year as guerrilla cadres. Venezuela's
waved. Others stared. a few spoke. "I wish Castroite allies, who succeeded in transaorm- Army has been chasing them through the
the Americans would take us ove:r," muttered lug the attempted coup into a full-scale civil interior without notable success. Colombia's
a Wotr> i~.' A roan nearby sighed and nodded. , was even more expert army no sooner cleaned out
% 7co,thty are here, we had better take ad- FLANK SPEED AHEAD the country's bandits than a pair of Castro-
- 0 ~t. . " The Dominican most responsible for the style guerrilla bands cropped up inp the
kin counterpoint to those desperate words same Andean hills. There have been re orts
of welcome, the rattle pad b] r of rebel U.S. military presence was Elias Wessin y of Communist guerrillas in Guatemala, Hon-
, a tough little brigadier genera:L who
]Tie, echoed from the smoking. city center commands the country's most powerful mill- duras, Peru, Argentina, Brazil-and of course
barely a mile up the road. Down the street the Dominican Republic, for which Castro
Lary base and at the time the marines landed Wexit the marines, most 691-hem green, all of has a special affinity. Way back in , was
scared, grimly c_utching Mk4 rifles, the key force for law and order. Twice ber 1947 Fidel himself, then a student, was
before, General Wessin Wessin, 40, had
11260 mace hineguns and 3.5-inch bazookas, y involved in unsu on forc force e f from an to
m
Dort tY1e ring grew in intensity, and rebel died on his planes and tank-equipped sup- launch a 1,100-man invs nvasi on
bullets .W fined past the IIB. troops. Near porting troops to settle political disputes in Cuba.
t#ie 17xbaOsy; two marines caught the the Dominican Republic. He was the man Considering the Island's ugly history, it Is a
#uIl Mast xom a hid ten macbtaegun nest who deposed Juan Bosch in 1963, after a wonder that the Dominican Republic's left
In an atnfinisl>ed building a short distance series of angry confrontations over mom- ists did not make their move lon before.
i`viat the more, were wounded before. bat munist infiltration in the government. Now g
he was fighting again, as he saw it, to re- The tinder for revolution has been building
i:di a men came up to blast the nest to pre- for generations, and in the unstable years
$med6? r vent a political struggle from becoming a after dictator Rafael Leonidas Trujillo, the
At approximately the same trffie, a bat-Communist takeover. And for help this Dominican military has been the strongest
time, he called on the United States. Said
talion of the U.S. 824.1 iborpe Division rolled plressin y Wessin: "We saved the country by anti Communist uni person t i o$Wnce. y Wessin. Most often it
Outi of San Isidro ft-Ir- are, 14 miles away on only a hair. The conspiracy was very big.
the. other side of. the city. Linking up with The majority of people did not even know was The son of poor Lebanese immigrants, Wes-
loyal t omigican troops, the GI's drove up to what was going on." sin is a rare bird among the fine-feathered
the bridge spanning the Ozama-Bever- tea d Tye U.S. decision to go in involved well- Dominican officers. He prefers fatigues or
into auo.er ,votiey of rebel, suntans to fancy uniforms, scorns the usual
hours passed and the casualty toll mounted known risks. Memories of previous U.S. in- y fruit terventions are still very decorations, and no one has ever
to 20, wounded before the U.S. ;Corers could Y much alive in Latin accused he words "Yankee imperialism"
him of growing rich on graft. He
trooper, their objectives, secured; t1ker pars- America; Aerial. lives in a modest $12,000 concrete house with
troopers to clear the approaches ?to the ,Du- are a rallying cry for leftists everywhere. his wife and two sons, enjoys cockfighting
arse rid, e into Santp Pcaingo the ma- President Johnson weighed the possible and baseball. He is painfully shy among
l'f nes ca^ce a 3.5-square-mile inter aai ional damage to U.S. -prestige and to the Alliance strangers, speaks only Spanish, and seldom
20ne' t { th,a y as a refuge for U.S. na- for Progress, huddling with Secretary of says much. But he is a devout Catholic in
tiona;,j,?a, anyone else, who hoped to re- State Dean Rusk, Defense Secretary Robert a part of the world where males pay little
znafli',allvS in acity gone beraerk in the McNamara, j IA Boss William Raborn. As attention to their religion, and he regards
bloodiest ,givil war in recent Latch American the situation giew'S or arming Dye fiour communism with a bleak, uncompromising
history., ,, he, snapped I will not have another Cuba hatred. As commander of the military train-
TO es TvALL in the Caribbean." At_ls,st orders went. out inn establishment at San Isidro airbase, he
it wad the first role that U.S. troops had to Task Force 124, centered on the aircraft Instituted mandatory Sunday Mass for re-
gone asho a on ,business in the, Caribbean carrier Boxer and -with 1,800 combat-ready crults, taught courses In how to spot Com-
m marines, to make-
eiri&e .t$1 ? the first, time giupe 192'7, when
ake flank speed for Santo munists. He also has at his disposal a siz-
arJfaes. lap,ed ln. 3iQaiagua, thalforces Domingo. Another set of orders started the able chunk of the Dominican Republic's fire-
1u4, intervened? in any Latin American: na- 82d Airborne at Fort Bragg, N.C., toward its
-124 and C-130 transports. 8 F-51 propeller-driven fighters, , 8
#64, 'Yet if eYer a,flTR3 ]nand was needed 0 Porm? Vampire jets, a company of 23 tanks, and 2
to keep order, last week was the, time and On TV, Johnson explained his decision to infantry battalions totaling 1,700 men.
the ,l:?1aI111 x a axr
dor of Costa Rica and also with :respect to threatens the peace of the hemispher.. Af-
a c,iestion that was asked before, that in ter knowing the facts, this is the only Justi-
Doeunient 17 Add, 3,' in which the fourth iication this body has for having taken the
radio-telephone message of the Secretary steps that it has. I do not propose thatthis
General Hof the (AS,, . ? ctor rose A. Mora, problem be dealt with or discussed tonight
reports-you tall have the document before because it seems to me that- we are all suf-
you--that the Military Junta, has already ficiently tired, morally and physically, so
traveled to Santo Domingo and is Installed _as to be unable to face this problem immedi-
in the National Congress, it states, Center ately; but I do urge the Tenth Meeting of
of the Heroes, then= Consultation as soon a possible to make
The. PRESIDENT, Of the MtTitary Junta emphatically this decision, so that the fire
that traveled to Santo Domingo? The fifth will not be extinguished, not only in the
or the Western femiaphere but in all, political quay-
Mr. G4ac?A DAUEa. Yes, the lihilitary Junta sets of the world. I have nothing More to
that was In San Isidro, It dossn"C say here say.
whether it was the five-man Junta or the Mr. PuNNA h+MAexwno. Mr. President, before
three,-man ,I~unta, because I don't know if it ending this session and to a certain extent
was done before the live-man one was es- supplementing the report of the special tom-
tabilshed, and then, In today's May 7 docu- mutes, which has just been submitted. by its
relent, it says: ' as to what is happening Chairman, Ambassador Ricardo Colombo,
here, the situation continues to be veiy allow me to mention one point that ought
delicate, since the cease-fire agreement is to be brought to the attention of this Meet-
being enforced with great diiHcuity. It is mg of Consultation. I wish to refer to the
particularly affected by radio broadcasts magnificent activities of Monsignor Em-
that confuse and` excite the population. Manuel Clarizio, the Papal Nuncio in Santo
Every effort is being made to stop the Santo Domingo. He is an exceptional figure, a ver-
Domingo station from issuing 'messages that tiable Don Camilo on a grand scale, with free
excite the people. If this is achieved it entree into all political areas of Santo Do-
Would prevent a state of violence. The mingo. With astonishing ease, he leaves the
same "is true with respect to the San Isidro headquarters of Colonel Caamafio to go to
Radio. Yesterday I went'to the two broad- the Government Junta and from there to
Casting stations and transmitted a message the American Embassy. He is a respected
Intended to calm feelings, andcaltinyQ upon friend of Caamafio, as he is of Benoit and
the Dominican people to comply with the of Ambassador Bennett. They all like him
agreelnehts in' the Act of i;a;ato' Domingo. and they all have the same high regard for
Nevertheless, Radio Santo Dorzdngo and Ra- him. It is due to his thorough understand-
dio San. Isidro continue , senG.),pg messages ing of things, to his moving spirit of human
that aid in inflaming spirits and maintain- solidarity and to his profound love for the
Dominican people, that the drama in that
same document mentions the asylees who country did not assume more terrible propor-
have left and gives up-to-tbe-minute in- tions. I know that the Meeting of Consulta-
tant formatio{i regarding them. Dili is hat we tion has already paid just tribute to Mon-
in relation to the question that we Signor Emmanuel Clarizio, but it never will
Were asked previously.
be too much to point out, for the eternal
The ,PsF?srasr T. Thank you very much. is
Ambassador Facio satisfied? gratitude of America, the admirable labor of
this extra
rdin
ry
l
t
i
l
b
o
a
pre
a
e
n
eha
f of peace
Mr. Fecro. Thank you very Much.
The PRESIDENT. The Representative - of and tranquillity in the troubled Dominican
Ambassador Midence. n.cpuunc:. inc i,eiegatiion or nrazu, express-
HonduMt. arass, , Ambassador My delegation ?wrshes to join ing sentiments that I know are those of all
,in the congratulations extended to the Corn- of the Special Committee of the Tenth Meet-ing mittee for Its magnificent work under such of Consultation, manifests its deep ap-
difficult circumstances, My Delegation feels preciation and above all its admiration for
sure that the., report that has been presented the continuous and tireless collaboration
today will be of immense value to this Tenth 'rendered by Monsignor Emmanuel C'.:arizio,
Meeting of Consultation of Ministers of For- Papal Nuncio in Santo Domingo, to the
eign Affairs. Thank you very much. Special Committee of the Tenth Meeting of
Tl%e P'E~smgreT. Ambassador J$ Ella Atiles, Consultation during its stay in the Domint-
Special Delegate of the Dominican Republic. can Republic. Thank you very much.
Mi'. BoNrr,zA ATI ES. Mr. incident, Dele- The PRESIDENT. Ambassador Ricardo Co-
gates: I think that of all the delegates pres- lombo has the floor.
Mr. COLOMBO. Mr. President, with deep
feeling the Delegation of Argentina wishes
to add to the words of the Ambassador of
Brazil concerning the outstanding -work of
the Dean of the Diplomatic Corps, that mes-
senger of peace in the Dominican Republic.
The only tribute-because everything has
already been said-that I can pay under the
circumstances, is to repeat here, Mr. Chair-
man, before the entire meeting, his. final
words of good-bye to us: Take--he said to
me-my blessing to the Meeting of Foreign
Ministers that they may achieve the high
objectives of peace; the peace that, at all
costs, must be preserved in this Republic
where I hold this apostleship. Nothing more,
Mr, President.
The PRESIDENT. Ambassador Vazquez Car-
rizosa, Special Delegate of Colombia, has the
about the future of the Dominican Republic
without speaking of him who so perfectly
represents the ideal of Pope John XXIII con-
cerning the coexistence of men of good will.
But I have asked for the floor to speak on a
point which may not be appropriate at this
time but would be at another. Our report
ends with several recommendations, which I
.do not propose to discuss at this session, but
I do want to point them out, to the Chair
so that at the time and in the way provided
for in the regulations or when it is consld-
ered opportune, they may be submitted to
the Tenth Meeting of Consultation for dis-
cussion, because they do not deal with po-
litical questions, such as those we have dis-
cussed intensely, but specific points on the
future organization of activities in the Do-
minican Republic. They are specific points
of the greatest urgency, such as supervision
of the cease-fire, the appointment of a group
qualified to organize the relief measures for
the Dominican people and evaluate their
needs, the study and planning of an Inter-
American Force and the coordination of all
its services. Detailed, careful, and. immediate
consideration of these points seems to me
absolutely necessary. Thank you very much.
The PRESIDENT. The Special Delegate of
Guatemala, member of the Committee, has
the floor.
Mr. GAScfA BAUER. At this time I only wish
to refer to the tribute that my colleagues,
the members of the Committee, have Already
paid to the Papal Nuncio and Dean of the
Diplomatic Corps in Santo Domingo, Monsig-
nor Emmanuel Clarizio, for the great work
that he has performed since this grave con-
flict began in the Dominican Republic. The
Papal Nuncio was exceptionally kind to the
Committee, offering it every facility within
his power, and it was through his great serv-
ices that the Committee was able to accom-
plish what it did. He was present, tirelessly,
at our interviews with Colonel Caamafio's
-command and with the Military Junta and,
because the confidence both parties have in
him, the Act of Santo Domingo was signed.
He always used persuasion to the effect that
the purposes for which the Organization of
American States was in Dominican territory
should be borne in mind. As the Ambassa-
dor of Brazil has said, the Papal Nuncio was
respected in every area, regardless of which
authority was in power. He is a person who
has the confidence of the different parties
and through his good offices, because of the
great collaboration he rendered, the Commit-
tee was able to accomplish its task. Hence
the Committee was moved and felt that its
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August' 23, 1965 CONGR1SSIONAL RECORD - SENATE 20561
own wishes were fulfilled when, at the Papal fore, I second the Ambassador of Bolivia's style. I ask you to take note of that time
Nunciate in Santo"Domingo, we delivered to proposal but would like to point out that period so that the Secretariat can speed up
the Dean of the Diplomatic Corps the mes- we had intended to submit this matter during the final edition of the minutes of the plenary
sage from the President of the entlf Meet- the session. session.
ink" Mr. Sevilla: Sacasa, notifying him of the The PRESIDENT. The Ambassador of Bolivia Mr. COLOMBO. Mr. President, I should like
action of this Meeting some days ago con- and the Committee have interpreted the you to repeat the last part as to the time and
eerning Monsignor Clarizio's work. - feelings and thoughts of the Chair and of all place, according to the Chair's plan, as was
' The ]?RESIDENT. Ambassador Colombo, Spe- our colleagues very well. Ambassador Tejera suggested. Please do me the great favor of
eial felegate of`Argentina has the floor. Paris, Special Delegate of Venezuela has the repeating it.
Mr. QOLMso. I only wish to add one re- floor. The PRESIDENT. Yes, sir. We are going to
mark that_ seems to be strictly justifiable. In Mr. TEJERA PARfs. The Delegate of Bolivia adjourn the session and meet again in a few
order ,t0 be able to act with the urgency that anticipated what I was thinking and what is hours, let's say, perhaps this afternoon. It
the ease requires, the five-member Commit- certainly the thought of all of us here. My will be a plenary session of. the Tenth Meet-
tee had to, move lip its return so that the intention was I now confirm it, to ask the ing, public, for the purpose of considering the
Tenth Meeting could be as thoroughly In- chair to ask this Tenth Meeting of Consulta- report of the Special Committee. To consider
formed as possible with all available data, but tion to give to the Committee, to the Secre- it, analyze it, discuss it, and decide on the
we were deeply concerned. that before our de- tary General, and to the members of the Gen- recommendations and conclusions reached by
parture the fundamental problem of the faith eral Secretariat a vote of applause for the the Committee. It is assumed that this ses-
in the system as stated by the two sides in work they have done. The test that the sion should be public. The next plenary ses-
the struggle would not have been resolved, Committee has passed has been hard both sion will not be closed like this one; it will
and the Odmmitteewas the link, at the scene there and here, and I believe that since this be public, so that public opinion of the
of action, during-the emergency, relbaining Is a problem that affects the whole security hemisphere will be informed, but not just of
in order to be able to carry out the powers of the hemisphere, these colleagues deserve what is in the report of the Special Commit-
accepted by. both parties. It was for this not only our thanks but the thanks of our tee, because I am hereby suggesting that the
reason that the Delegate of Panama, in an governments and of their peoples, and, at report should be made public, unless for
act that honors him, and which I cannot this moment, enthusiastic applause which I some reason the members of the Committee
ignore, re ained at the center of action, rep- am sure the President will be the first to indicate to the Chair that it should not be
resenting our mission. In this way, accord- begin. [Applause.] made public but that we ought to wait until
ing to the conversations we held with the The PRESIDENT. All of us join in the praise tomorrow's session.
parties, it would be as though the Committee and tribute the Special Committee has given Mr. COLOMBO. Absolutely, Mr. President.
were present and together with military ad- to the prelate Emmanuel Clarizio, Papal The PRESIDENT. Therefore, gentlemen, as
visers and the civilian personnel he could Nuncio In the Dominican Republic and Dean of now the report of the Special Committee
undertake to solve w-Ratever it might be pos- of the Diplomatic Corps in Santo Domingo. Is public. Consequently, it can be turned
sible to solve, to the extent that we are We share in this with real appreciation, with over to the press and sent to anyone wishing
able-to solve the difficulties arising from affection, as our common duty. His services it. Naturally, if at tomorrow's meeting we
the events that have taken place and that are for the peace of the Americas, his vows and reach Conclusions on the suggestions made
taking place in the Dominican Republic. I his blessings we applaud with emotion; with by the Committee, we shall feel highly grati-
want, this' generous act of the Delegate of emotion, I say, which corresponds to the emo- fied. In any case I think that the time has
Panama, from a country `that has so many tion that he experienced when he received come for the Meeting of Consultation to make
reasons, for counting on the tradition of our expression of deep gratitude for his mag- concrete statements on the chaotic situation
brotherliness in solving basic prob?lefns; to be nificent labor for the peace of the Ameri- that seems to grow worse every hour. There-
recognized at this session. Panama is with cas and for that people that we all love so fore, within 5 or 6 hours, possibly for 4 or 5
us on the `Committee, represented by its die- well: the Dominican Republic. This closed o'clock this afternoon, I am going to convoke
tinguishea. Delegate. Ambassador Calamari plenary session has been highly important. the fifth plenary session of the Tenth Meet-
also wantgd to be here, physically, with the We have heard the interesting report of the ing of Consultation to meet in this same place
Committee but was not able to "do so. I want Special Committee. We have posed broad and take up the report of the Committee.
to stress this act of the Delegate of Panama questions; we have obtained splendid and The Representative of Venezuela.
because it is eminently fair to do so-to take very clear replies, from which we can ap- Mr. TEJERA PARIS. Mr. President, only to
note of one who has firmly carried the banner predate even more the extraordinary task ask if you would be good enough to include
of the inter-American system into the midst accomplished by the Committee. Our re- in the order of business two specific points
of the fight. Nothing more. peated applause and eulogy for it and its that I believe are relevant to the announce-
The PRESIDENT. We are sure that our col members, all of whom we are honored to call ment you have just made: first would be
league, Ambassador Calamari, must be grati- our colleagues and friends. Unless you think consideration of whether or not the present
fied by the eulogy given by his compatriot otherwise a plenary session of the Tenth situation in the Dominican Republic affects
and our dear colleague, Ambassador Frank Meeting of Consultation should be indicated the security of the hemisphere; second, es-
Morrice. [Sic] to consider the report in the aspects noted by tablishment and implementation of measures
Ambassador Dies de Medina, Special Dele- the Committee, so that the meeting may act to help the Dominican people return to full
gate of Bolivia, has asked for the floor; and on that report. We have asked questions constitutional democracy.
then Ambassador Tejera Paris, Special Dele- and have obtained answers; now comes the The PRESIDENT. Very well; it seems to me
gate of Venezuela. job of considering the report and analyzing there is no objection to discussing these two
Mr. DrEZ DE MEDINA. Mr. Chairman, I have the action to be taken by the Tenth Meeting points in the public session we shall hold
not asked for the floor to pose any question: of Consultation on the recommendations pro- shortly-the one suggested by the distin-
I have no questions to ask. I have only words posed by the Special committee and the con- guished Representative of Uruguay and sup-
of praise--of warm praise and oongratula- clusions that it reached. ported by the Representative of Venezuela,
Lions-for the distinguished members of the I ask you only whether tomorrow's plenary and the other just mentioned by the dis-
Sppecial Committee of the Tenth Meeting of session should be open-I understand that tinguished Ambassador Tejera Paris. I rec-
Ctonsultation, for the intelligent and devoted, it should be. It should be open so that the ognize the Representative of the Dominican
manner in 'which they cari:fed out the deli- public will know everything that we have Republic.
cate mission entrusted to the Committee. I said, both with respect to the work of the Mr. BONILLA ATILES. Mr. President, I shall
only wish, Mr. President, to add my wish Commitee and to the contents of its inter- wait until tomorrow to formally present a
that the minutes of this plenary session estiug report. I would call another closed draft resolution on my proposal that the
should also include words of congratulation meeting, if the Committee so wishes, but the Organ of Consultation declare the situation
and appreciation for the task being so sue- meeting I am going to convoke for a little in the Dominican Republic to be a threat to
cessfully performed in the Dominican Repub- later today, should be public and its pur- the peace of the hemisphere.
11c by Dr. Jose Antonio Mora, Secretary Gen- pose will be to consider the report of the The PRESIDENT. Very well. The Repre-
eral of the Organization of American States. Special Committee, discuss it and propose de- sentative of Paraguay has requested the floor.
Thank you very much. visions concerning the recommendations it Mr. Y6DICE. I only wish to ask two ques-
The PRESIDENT. Very well, we shall do so. makes. The delegates have already seen and tions, Mr. President. I understand, or rather,
Ambassador Colombo, the Special Delegate of have in your briefcases for later reading the I actually heard you mention a decision on
Argentina has the floor. fourth radio-telephone message from our Sec- the request of the Delegate of the United
[r, COLOMBO. The Ambassador of Bolivia retary General, Dr. Mora? It is not necessary States that the minutes of today's session be
is.,qulte rightly proj)osing formal iecognitlon to have the Secretary read it, since I am sure made public. This request was seconded by
o tGhe fact that the Committee was able to all of you have read it. With respect to the the distinguished Representative of Uruguay.
fulfill its mission because of the' brilliant minutes of this plenary session, I ask you to From this I assume, that is, I hope, because
efforts that were begun by Dr. Jose A. Mora take note that you have 24 hours in which the suggestion is also mine, that it will be
before our arrival in the Dominican Republic. to give the Secretariat your corrections of agreed to make public the minutes of this
reciation should also be expressed to the session.
5ecr.
Secretariat, which, although few in number The complete text of the fourth message The PRESIDENT. The chair has so resolved.
gave much in efforts and efficiently oontrib- of the Secretary General Is published as Mr. YODIcE. I beg your pardon. Thank
uteri to the success of our actions. There- Document 17 add. 3. you.
No.155-14
Approved For Release 2005/03/24: CIA-RDP82R00025R000500260002-1
 20562
The PRESIDENT. That's quite alright. ague of,53, Dr. Lopez is serving as an economic "Why should the United States name
Mr, YODxcE._ Now, I have another question advisor to the Puerto Rican Treasury De- them?" he asks, "The United States was
to ask of ;the distinguished Representative of partment. not on trial."
Costa Rica, arising from an earlier statement Or, Lopez believes the Dominican affair is . Castro, ever under the scrutiny of Dr.
by the Ambassador of Venezuela because it the latest, but certainly not the last, mani- L6pez, "played it cool" in the Dominican
refers 'to the matter of, coneideFing,ineasures feetation? of a_ social revolution underway affair. Had the marines not landed, he says,
to bring democratic normality to the Do- throughout Latin America. This movement, Castro's troops would have.
minican Republic, and during this Tenth fie says, is. sparked, not. by the masses as President Johnson's quick move fore-
Meeting of Consultation, I don't :recall having _ might_ be superficially assumed, but by an stalled action by the Cuban leader, In the
heard, any informal proposal `b1' the distill- emerging middle class that. is opposed to opinion of Dr. Lopez, because Castro feared
guished Ambassador Faclo regarding,, the both the present,aristocratic oligarch, and that an open confrontation in the Domini-
establishment, as the distinguished Ambas- communism. The masses seek a bet it lot. c5n. Republic would lay him open to attack
sador of Guatemala said of a coiWttee of wherever it may be.found. on his home grounds.
etaj e$Meil~ or something similar. Therefore The middle Class revolutlopists are, he says, "We had hoped that he would make this
wo~t'4 i e to ask if Ambas?adpr `agio did lib
or did notjcmake such an infprn .ai_ ~xoposal, It oral demacrat? who Want no more .$al,istas, mistake," he says, "but he didn't."
x ujillos or Perons and would greatly prefer The present situation in the Dominican
because I .Would not want'tq, is l fo ini orm economic nlliaiice with. tile, United Sta _the