REASONS FOR U.S. ACTION IN DOMINICAN REPUBLIC CRISIS

• Document Type: CREST
• Collection: General CIA Records
• Document Number (FOIA) /ESDN (CREST): CIA-RDP67B00446R000500120023-9
• Release Decision: RIPPUB
• Original Classification: K
• Document Page Count: 33
• Document Creation Date: December 16, 2016
• Document Release Date: April 29, 2005
• Sequence Number: 23
• Publication Date: May 20, 1965
• Content Type: OPEN

V V V
Approved For Release 2005/05/12 : CIA-RDP67600446R000500120023-9
10658 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD ? SENATE May sZO, 1965
ea this occasion will live forever in my mind
and heart:
I am deeply grateful for the boner yetkiin
me today. ' It will *erre as an iiiipbratron awe
an a source of .etrength-to ml. 40Will
challenge to me in the taskantate Re ahead.
May tufty that r:Laro greatly Impressed by
the Work and actittittes" which I hatrwhiteh
privileged' to fobserve durinE ode tOuP4thkr
afternoOn. ft' Is tretitersdateily=rea
encouraging: to Oa. siach 'a ? "
supported 6y' each dierotal
citizen*, making visible peogritize
inrand rehabilitation sal the tigorftnta
ohlidrin mideryout 10044 ea*,
The vtair yeti lattairduzie loirerlittlatteidgii
ham itelpedlalakethis; fien0Wei thW
more iewstiver the 'probitirre,ot'irsitirith
retarded and has provided Irina**
how to
th
eiedilio4u It
begre utstusla oh *W M& erierfoett
Sate' laA *OW sit askatince.to atati
tiallialinithat iatiallabrit Abentatatatiatiatail
. /
Mee important, the ludo/anon provides
that *Oolstitinal ',veliabilltation evaluation
*anima may extend to a maximum period of
le Menthe '411ring Width the ellirdornent
painted et ?enrstfeeted Individual may be
determined. Under preen* law, thme we;
ides oniutte tte :Orizaba-is disabled person
t*fll4NLt tarstdetetUu4 that the a...via*
will aotuaurprepare hint * till spaying job.
he .We klirrirj,Pirdatilatlf Au' the mdatelly
retataedi thtTIuimgsUtIhi.a hartilthiP;
the swerliberalteitiett edit permit More per.
ateF holm ind
viilretives.
Atitittit are giv.1
ilitlaseCaibiptithisy would
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sons to be pripleell4or
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oomfort to
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umantlarlital
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The President acted firmly Sunday in doing
what was necessary in the face or, anowating
Intelligence reports that Conuntukleta were
taking over the Dominican revoltit,eit. Re
made It Unmistakably clear tbatt.limfd-
sphere will 'not under any condi permit
another Cuba, and that there was ID *me
to lose in ordering American ferrate, Vtite
*bind to prevent a takeover and -
Men instirmala.
.. But then, the President epee,.
Latin Ainerican nations?and ;
the Members 14 the OSS--to this
country in performing what In r a
htmtaphiric - ditty. Re re . Strained
the fact that ?Moen* of SO f countries
in the Dothinican. Republic 9 enjoying
protection -o(- American troops ?0 hinted
strongly that it weethe duty of other
int-77,es well as that . et, United
lef...40
perticipitte in the' ng of
*it; ithinson oittainly was ?aw of the
criticism he risked by Undertaking t his.ori
gene/ riotion:Usul' the. tri Winn tang
lMcleillill. gills latita Wok by
Chiba. Commutdat China. and?in United
E: b
. ,. y the Soviet Moo. , *clam
=4iircual Was te Ile ted. the
Latin American ha un-
, y is e thing that is time oat in
"Prioldenta mind. ? ? -
esIlliori the um* part, the teactiatif other
- hkellheless* Sise0A8 has been Multrfeelhe.
late*beent criticism tronk. . Ulla
VI .i0.10 countries, but this is to be
tak AC the, danger posed 14,i, De:
04'.0,140?tittil is fully ductesed, ;'?,
.?Abbe"'?took apecird paitii-lareday
itagtittoWipla n that this countrif% Cady iii-
totes in Wei Dl loan Reptibli0' r 4 any:
wham el* In ?-lotin Amer 'M .Its :deter,.
Itilitioa the establielunebtrai an.
isCreitiMe and. to Perfficie the
with the opyrootanits? lo or-
itlef01;010 1104(Ankellic . ;
",the onisenert Wreak wad
Xiatin Amerlauf- nations
intaketed not only troth Clanimunist
/faders but also train corrupt ahd Wets*
tig that dewiest-Sheltie-
* anti, the resource, of %hair
ae this requires the. effort of
? .
an :Ann smart*"
ISO
seed 404
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the
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with ine
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Laos the reaheatioin that in breactit'OtIont
melthslit.rrdto_:___11_0",11 we not know the
west cet the Pr99toglit j 'in VIA rEn
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nude Pruitt*, olnO: let.?.#001.4.talts
have just tilted, we See ttos ,bstiekWers
is to be done, ricer' grebe the obantieW
the future. Inn
I am glad to tell 'Pei hire' Ililriffiy **Sal
have-- eonadenoi we will priiie!legisiation;
"Utah I have been privileged to tairedues; to
gnely expand the tacillUss of the. Voos-
liOnel
Rehabilitation adasinistratilen,
Vested with thefiespopeibility tor tihtt POW"
rem or this fine school, you will be Interested
to know that VMS hill "ituttstriami'grants to
pay part of the costs Of construetingotebw,
bilitation facilities and ghettoes* workshops,
as well se grants to help pay foe the initial
operating carte. It will prorkie training
grants, including stipends ? for trainees In
workshops, project grants for the improve-
meat or sheltered watt:shops, and technical
assistant* to wortehops. 4
With the &Balaton?, of ? National Polity
and Performance Counollorsaied under the
bill, the elates will be helped to expand and
*mend their vorononal milahUltaUon par-
grams, and their research and development
work.
-ralleMittlestIr
MOM,
'that
entingitoctm.a ,oFrijetif
corn& thettftnar4s10114,
(tett:Wan tuldesiltihirtAheo
tiottiterelreVeproteet
attbeequalt*tottlwart
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Went
.0.14 the May 4 editertat.
Tentiesseearipohibsd Out
f?tikeeirldior JOhniehlitihr
the fedi Ot oertalit rehires
inisunderiteedfte to
floinuhtedialaiwetitle ?
atibileand ,pitarentee spg
!fi:j004 deutootatte ite
.P.Thet,?Riehntond
May iv, ?Modal* that
, .
at,zirradd' hie '0.11 but impollisti 'for ' the
United /natal& Ottempt to lamas ell of the
poternial.:Itrtiuble rareee in .1.estit- Ansgrioa
atonswi.1.0renit thing., this would be elm-
*gladly unifine;perinitting the 'Conununists
to matter ourfamee while they increased the
, ? 1st Southeast Asia. or some other
.1 Tbo, it would create resentments that
: ot senate criticism and eddeeptead
Wanly intensify the unrrat.1
1.1ohnaon moved eourageovely in
to prevent all 'apparent
'unlit takeover in the Deadnisan sr
4 guarantee that nation a abeam
a demooratio government.
the Dominican future turns out
. a large talent upon the people
.thanueirer. nd upon the cooperative spin*
.01 the rest .'Yetlin America. The Tneeklent
. .
awed in an regency and he acted in the
Went* of all hemisphere. Matt la time
'foe the Oreardattion of American States to
twairairie tilt; prOtoetion or the -Issentsphen
is everybody ,bunintis. and get on with the
planning for nth erhereencies in the future.
It appears ti t there ;rmay be quite w few
Of them. , ?
1 ? ? ?
,
inain the litholitaid (Vw.) rillheePierateb?
111Ay 11.196111 .
,
etain) ny" 1
1;M has bash
, , LAME 4.11;:t0.4 MAT Lisa in
The "d '
ap-
plied to Mutherel.' Asia might end* hare bli-
come operatitel (or Latin Araitioi, If the
lhdted Matra had 'toad idly by. and,* the
kAmtrotionts WO, war the Dominican Re-
public. Once tin hods found that we would
wn mob. Proof-ally te stop them, they would
Johriswi's decisive
winds* certainly s
Mon in Latin Am
I ask unanim consent to hAVe
printed in the Rnm I these two edlibri
and also an etlitiot _ published inCheyenne, Wyel, Rale tt ut May T.
There being ho the editixiS
were ordered Go be;printed in the RICO
011 Iolketh:
(Prom the nathrine lirsineratenn. Mob 4.1.
0661. .
iseenents PIMA at414111 POINT% TM 11114T btial
OAR
The administration baa prverly laid eat-
plums upon the rob, ttak needs to he philad
by the Oreeninative of interims State* 011
dealing with the crisis, iii the Lkernatriv
Republic.
1: ? to the tt
the Redau4
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May 20, 1965
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CONGRESSIONAL RECORD ? SENATE
have stepped up their drive to seize the gov-
ernments of such countries as Venezuela,
Colombia, and Guatemala.
Special cadres from these and several other
Latin American countries are reported to
have been in Cuba for training in guerrilla
warfare and subversion at the very moment
when the disorders broke out last week in
Santo Domingo.
An attempt by Communists to assassinate
President Leoni, of Venezuela, was thwarted
last month. An Italian who was said to be
trying to smuggle in $330,000 from Soviet
Russia to finance the assassination and re-
volt, was arrested, An extensive Red con-
spiracy was uncovered.
Guerrillas in Colombia have been carrying
out kidnapings every few days?apparently
with a view to raising money to finance the
revolution there. One is reminded of the
bank robberies that Josef Stalin and the
other early Bolsheviks carried through in
Czarist Russia for a similar purpose.
As for Guatemala, the United States was
largely instrumental in 1954 in ousting the
Arbenz regime, which had been collaborating
closely with MOSCOW. For the past decade,
there has been undercover agitation in
Guatemala by Communist-led elements, and
these same elements have been trying to ex-
pand their beachhead.
These and all other Communist revolution-
aries in Latin America may well have been
slowed down by President Johnson's swift
action in recent days to prevent Reds trained
in Havana, MOSCOW, orPelping from grabbing
the Dominican Republic,
At the same time, it could be that Mr.
Johnson has pleased a great many Latin
Americans and increased respect for the
United States in the Caribbean and below
the Rio Grande.
After the Bay of Pigs fiasco, many Central
and South American leaders were much dis-
mayed. They wanted to see Washington
move forcefully to block the Communist
takeover in Cuba, and we muffed the chance.
Hence today, despite the cries that are be-
ing heard in certain quarters concerning our
unilateral intervention, and our so-called
imperialism, it may well be that the overall
effect in Latin America of our forceful action
has been good.
Even Walter Lippmann, who has been
arguing that we should pull out of Vietnam,
is strongly in favor of what President John-
son has done in the Caribbean. We have
moved, he says, to assert our rightful au-
thority within our sphere of influence.
And that, he declares, is exactly what we
should have done. He is right.
[Prom the Wyoming Eagle, May 7, 19651
IMPORTANT STEPS
The crisis in the Dominican Republic is by
no means ended.
Indeed, the crisis will not be ended until
the citizens of the revolt-torn Caribbean is-
land, through self-determination, have re-
established a firm government?a non-Com-
munist government.
But several important steps in the right
direction already have been accOmplished.
The first was when President Johnson act-
ed promptly and decisively to prevent a com-
munist takeover in the Dominican Republic.
Recognizing that what had begun as a
popular revolution, dedicated to democracy
and social justice, had been taken over "by
a band of Communist conspirators," the
President sent American troops to the island
to protect 13.5. citizens and to prevent the
establishment of another Communist regime
in the Western Hemisphere.
The next step was the establishment of a
cease-fire and "firm truce,"
Another very important step was taken
early yesterday when the Organization of
American States (0A5) voted to send an In-
ter-American peacekeeping force to police
the Dominican Republic.
The OAS voted 14 to 5, with Venezuela ab-
staining, to approve a U.S.-sponsored reso-
lution calling on member governments to
provide army, navy, air force or national po-
lice troops for the new force.
Chile, Mexico, Uruguay, Ecuador, and Peru
voted against the peace force resolution.
And Mexico's Ambassador said he did not be-
lieve his government would be able to spare
troops for the force.
On the other side of the picture, tiny Costa
Rica, which boasts it has no army, immedi-
ately offered to place its 3,500-man national
police force at the disposal of the OAS.
U.S. Ambassador, Ellsworth Bunker said he
was gratified by the vote, which was exactly
the two-thirds majority needed. And he in-
dicated that the Inter-American force might
become a permanent part of the OAS peace-
keeping machinery.
Under the resolution, the OAS will be in
complete control of the peacekeeping force,
which will be directed by a unified command
with power to determine when it is no longer
needed in the Dominican Republic.
It is to be hoped that all the nations, in-
cluding those which voted against the reso-
lution, will participate in the peacekeeping
force in the interest of hemispheric har-
mony and security, now and in the future.
In the meantime, it seems to us that Pres-
ident Johnson has given new meaning and
new life to the doctrine laid down by Presi-
dent James Monroe on December 2, 1823.
THE CALENDAR
Mr. HART. Mr. President, I ask
unanimous consent that the Senate pro-
ceed to the consideration of measures on
the calendar to which there is no objec-
tion, beginning with Calendar No. 183,
but excluding Nos. 188 and 189.
The ACTING PRESIDENT pro tern-
pore. Without objection, it is so ordered.
The clerk will proceed to state the
measures on the calendar, as requested.
REPRINT OF REPORT OF COMMIT-
TEE ON AGING ENTITLED
"FRAUDS AND DECEPTION AF-
FECTING THE ELDERLY; INVESTI-
GATIONS, FINDINGS, AND RECOM-
MENDATIONS"
The resolution (S. Res. 92) to permit
reprint of the Committee on Aging re-
port entitled "Frauds and Deception Af-
fecting the Elderly; Investigations, Find-
ings, and Recommendations," was con-
sidered and agreed to, as follows:
Resolved, That there be printed, for the
use of the Special Committee on Aging, six
thousand additional copies of its committee
print of the Eighty-ninth Congress, first ses-
sion, entitled "Frauds and Deceptions Af-
fecting the Elderly; Investigations, Findings,
and Recommendations, 1964", a report by the
Subcommittee on Frauds and Misrepresenta-
tions Affecting the Elderly.
REPRINTING AS SENATE DOCU-
MENT OF COMMITTEE PRINT
ENTITLED "PROPOSED FEDERAL
PROMOTION OF 'SHARED TIME'
EDUCATION (A DIGEST OF RELE-
VANT LITERATURE AND SUM-
MARY OF PRO AND CON ARGU-
MENTS) "
The resolution (S. Res. 98) to print
as a Senate document the proposed com-
mittee print entitled "Proposed Federal
Promotion of 'Shared Time' Education
(a Digest of Relevant Literature and
10659
Summary of Pro and Con Arguments)"
was considered and agreedto, as follows:
Resolved, That there be printed as a
Senate document the committee print en-
titled "Proposed Federal Promotion of
'Shared Time' Education (a Digest of Rele-
vant Literature and Summary of Pro and
Con Arguments)", prepared by the Legis-
lative Reference Service of the Library of
Congress at the request of Senator WAYNE
MORSE and issued by the Subcommittee on
Education of the Committee on Labor and
Public Welfare during the Eighty-eighth
Congress, first session; and that there be
printed one thousand additional copies of
such document for the use of that com-
mittee.
REPRINTING AS SENATE DOCU-
MENT OF COMMITTKE, PRINT
ENTITLED "STUDENT ASSIST-
ANCE HANDBOOK (GUIDE TO
FINANCIAL ASSISTANCE FOR EDU-
CATION BEYOND HIGH SCHOOL)"
The resolution (S. Res. 99) to print as
a Senate document the committee print
entitled "Student Assistance Handbook
(Guide to Financial Assistance for Edu-
cation Beyond High School)" was con-
sidered and agreed to, as follows:
Resolved, That there be printed as a Senate
document the committee print entitled
"Student Assistance Handbook (Guide to
Financial Assistance for Education Beyond
High School)", prepared by the Legislative
Reference Service of the Library of Congress
and issued by the Subcommittee on Educa-
tion of the Committee on Labor and Pub-
lic Welfare during the Eighty-eighth Con-
gress, second session; and that there be
printed four thousand additional copies of
such document for the use of that com-
mittee.
ADDITIONAL FUNDS FOR COMMIT-
TEE ON APPROPRIATIONS
The resolution (S. Res. 101) to pro-
vide additional funds for the Committee
on Appropriations was considered and
agreed to, as follows:
Resolved, That the Committee on Appro-
priations hereby is authorized to expend
from the contingent fund of the Senate, dur-
ing the Eighty-ninth Congress, $35,000, in
addition to the amounts, and for the same
purposes, specified in section 134(a) of the
Legislative Reorganization Act, approved Au-
gust 2, 1946,
PAYMENT OF GRATUITY TO CARRIE
WALTON
The resolution (S. Res. 108) to pay a
gratuity to Carrie Walton was considered
and agreed to, as follows:
_Resolved, That the Secretary of the Senate
hereby is authorized and directed to pay,
from the contingent fund of the Senate,
to Carrie Walton, widow of Barriteer L. H.
Walton, an employee of the Senate at the
time of his death, a sum equal to one year's
compensation at the time he was receiving
by law at the time of his death, said sum
to be considered inclusive of funeral ex-
penses and all other allowances.
PRINTING OF POCKET-SIZED EDI-
TION OF "THE CONSTITUTION OF
THE UNITED STATES OF AMER-
ICA" AS A HOUSE DOCUMENT
The resolution (H. Con. Res. 383) au-
thorizing the printing of a pocket-sized
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Approved For Release 2005/05/12 : CIA-RDP671300446R000500120023-9
10660 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD ? SENATE May 20, 15
edition of "The Constitution of the
United States of America" as a House
document, and for other purposes, was
considered and agreed to.
Mr. HART. Mr. President., that con-
cludes the call of the calendar.
I suggest the absence of a quorum.
The ACTING PRESIDENT pro tem-
pore. The clerk will call the roll.
The Chief Clerk proceeded to call the
roll.
Mr. HART. Mr. Presideni), I ask
unanimous consent that the- order for
the quorum call be rescinded.
The ACTING PRESIDENT pro tem-
pore. Without objection, it is so ordered.
PRESIDENT JOHNSON'S PATIENCE
FOR PEACE DRAMATIZED
Mr. PROXMIRE. Mr. President, the
recently ended lull in the bombing of
military installations in North Vietnam
lute demonstrated beyond reasonable
doubt President Johnson's willingness to
travel more than halfway down the road
toward negotiations to end the fighting
in that war-ravaged corner of southeast
Asia.
The temporary discontinuance of the
bombing raids represented further evi-
dence of American restraint in the face
of provocative Communist aggression.
While the 6-day lull was undoubtedly a
considerable sacrifice on the part of our
military operations there?particularly
in view of the fact that the monsoons
will soon close down our air operations--
it was ordered by the administration to
give every chance for a beginn;ng of ne-
gotiations to end the fighting.
The failure of the Communists to re-
spond to our invitation places the burden
of guilt for the continuation of the fight-
ing squarely on the shoulders of the re-
gimes in Hanoi arid Peiping.
This point is clearly and concisely made
In the lead editorial of the New York
Times for May20, 1965. ,
Another important point on the Viet-
nam situation was scored in an article
written by John Chamblerlain and pub-
lished in this morning's Washington Post.
Mr. Chamblerlain reports that Rajmohan
Gandhi, the grandson of Mahatma
Gandhi, believes that the presence of
American forces 'In Vietnam "lengthens
freedom's duration in India" and in the
other southeast Asian countries.
Gandhi's support of President John-
son and our military posture in Vietnam
is significant evidence that all Asiatic
Intellectuals are not opposed to our pol-
icy. In his weekly magazine, Himmat,
Gandhi pointed out with cold realism
the need to fight the determined Com-
munist program of forcing communism
on the countries of southeast Asia.
Gandhi obviously realizes that passive
resistance?employed by his grand-
father to free India from Great Brit-
ain?works only against a nation that is
fundamentally humane. The tactics of
passive resistance--peaceful marches,
demonstrations, and walks to the sea?
are futile against the ruthless and ter-
roristic militancy of Red China.
Mr. President, I ask unanimous con-
sent that the New York Times editorial
and the Washington Post article ?be
printed in the RECORD.
There being no objection, the article
and editorial were ordered to be printed
in the RECORD, as follows:
(From the Washington Post, May 20, 19651
Suppoar E'Rota INDIA
(By John Chamberlain)
We are constantly being told that there is
:L. "world opinion" to which we must defer
fl foreign policy moves. But the former
),Itate Department official who, in a scoffing
reply to a well-known commentator, re-
marked that the vast majority in Asia don't
even know where Vietnam is was probably
pretty close to the truth. In any event,
there is no single opinion, no consensus,
even among literates in Asia about the action
cf the United States in South Vietnam.
,The Indian intellectuals are supposedly
against what we are doing?or, at least, so
ve are asked to judge from the words of
D'ehru's successor, Prime Minister Shastri.
10th Nehru and Shastri can be truly repre-
suited as the heirs of Mahatma Gandhi.
Ent they are not the only heirs.
For Rajmohan. Gandhi, the grandson of
India's revered liberator, has come forward
with a new interpretation of his grand-
tether's doctrines that differs somewhat from
the Nehru-Shastri variety. In his own
weekly magazine. Himmat, young Gandhi
has chosen, in the name of peace and his
own Indian version of the Western idea of
"moral rearmament," to support what Lyn-
don Johnson has been doing in Vietnam.
'Since the Moral Re-Armament movement
in the West was identified in the 1930's with
pacifism, Rajmohan Gandhi may appear to
be 'a walking contradiction. But the young
min makes a good deal of basic sense. He
argues that there are two colliding realities
In- southeast Asia. The first reality Is that
Hanoi and Poking regimes will, "short of in-
vii nig serious damage upon themselves,"
ad )pt every means to force communism on
So ith Vietnam. The second reality is, that
by -fighting to prevent the communization
of South Vietnam, "America is stemming
communism in Asia as a whole."
I ike his grandfather, young Gandhi
do(sn't believe you can conquer ideas with
bu lets. But he is realist enough to know
thtt passive resistance only works against an
en( my who is himself fundamentally hu-
mane. Fighting the British, a nation with
a inng Christian and parliamentary tradi-
tion, by sit-down tactics and marches to the
sea as Mahatma Gandhi did, is one thing.
Butt fighting Communists by such tactics
ohlri. invites disaster.
B flowing the difference between enemies,
Rajmoban Gandhi says that "whether or not
we like the American manner of fighting in
Viefham, and whether or not we believe that
the Vietna.mase people want the American
military presence, this presence lengthens
freelom's duration in India. We need to be
grateful, therefore, for the American soldier
who leaves family and comfort and roughs
it (Mt in Vietnam at considerable risk.
Shand the Americans decide to pull out of
Vietaam, a pro-Communist or fully Commu-
nist government will soon be installed in
Salgm.
"Laos will then speedily succumb, and
Thailand will be In a precarious state. If
Thailand goes Communist, what remains of
Burr:la's freedom will disappear and Ran-
gon'E status will quite likely be reduced to
that of a provincial capital of China. Malay-
sia wffl be unable then to stay outside of Pei-
? control. China's grip on India will be-
come tighter and stranger and will not fail,
In filet, to crush us."
Go ng beyond his realpolitik, however,
young Gandhi picks up the main thread of
his giandfather's thinking. The "third real-
ity" ia South Vietnam, he says, is that "corn-
muni an is strong * * * and will not vanish
if mi Itary and financial aid from Peiping
and Hanoi were to end * * *. This basic
truth has got to be faced?you cannot kill an
idea with a bullet or a bomb. You can only
defeat it with a better idea."
It is at this point that young Gandhi of-
fers "Moral Re-Armament" as a superior idea.
[From' the New York Times, May 20, 19651
END OF THE PAUSE
The failure of the Communists to respond
favorably to the pause in the bombing of
North Vietnam is a tragedy for Vietnam and
for the world. It inevitably will lengthen
and intensify a war which serves the interest
of no people and already has gone on too
long.
That war, as President Johnson said last
week, has "no purely military solution in
sight for either side." It can only be ended
by negotiation and a political settlement.
The United States has made or agreed to
numerous proposals for negotiations ever
since the President on April 7 called for
"unconditional discussions." Yet the Com-
munists, at every turn, have given a negative
response.
North Vietnam and Communist China
have rejected not only all American proposals
but also the plea of 17 nonalined chiefs of
state for unconditional negotiations. They
have turned down the French suggestion of
a new Geneva conference without precondi-
tions, the Soviet endorsement of a Cam-
bodian Conference, the British effort to send
former Foreign Minister Gordon Walker to
consult them, Secretary General Thant's
offer to visit Hanoi and Peiping for explora-
tory talks, and India's proposal for a cease-
fire monitored by an Afro-Asian force.
Nevertheless, it WAS essential to make still
another demonstration both to American
opinion and to the world that Washington
was prepared to be flexible and reasonable.
Also it clarified whether the bombing of
North Vietnam was the chief block to nego-
tiations--as Soviet, French, Indian, and even
Canadian leaders had suggested.
There can be little doubt on this question
now. Hanoi asserts that the pause was ac-
companied privately by- a time limit and an
American demand that Vietcong attacks in
South Vietnam halt; these are points that
Washington would be wise to clarify. But
the remainder of the statement by the North
Vietnamese Foreign Ministry makes It clear
that a decision has been taken against nego-
tiations at this time.
In the end, Peiping's proximity has proved
the potent factor, and Hanoi has decided to
continue the war?at least through the mon-
soon offensive that now seems to be opening.
It is extraordinary, in these circumstances, to
find Prime. Minister Shastri, of India, joining
Moscow in calling for an immediate halt in
the bombing of North Vietnam?without any
reference to the halt that has just been tried.
The focus of attention now will turn to the
battlefields of Asia. ?The summer rains will
hamper American air support for Govern-
ment forces, but the basic military-political
balance in. Vietnam is unlikely to be altered
in the comae of the summer or afterward.
The negotiations rejected by the Commu-
nists now will have to be accepted by them
at some later date. When that date ap-
proaches, the precedent of a bombing pause
undoubtedly will be invoked again to help
bring about the negotiated settlement that
not only is desirable, but inevitable.
SOIL AND WATER CONSERVATION
SPEEDUP NEEDED
Mr. PROXMIRE. Mr. President, dur-
ing the past 3 months I have heard many
Senators voice their views in this Cham-
ber with regard to the importance of soil
and water conservation to the future of
America.
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of America
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Congressional Rcrord
PROCEEDINGS AND DEBATES OF THE 89th CONGRESS FIRST SESSION
Vol. 111
WASHINGTON, THURSDAY, MAY 20, 1965
No. 91
The Senate met at 12 o'clock meridian,
and was called to order by Hon. DONALD
RUSSELL, a Senator from the State of
South Carolina.
The Chaplain, Rev. Frederick Brown
Harris, D.D., offered the following
prayer:
God of our fathers, in the secret of
Thy pavilion, we would take refuge from
the strife of tongues. By tasks too diffi-
cult for us, we are driven unto Thee for
strength to endure and for wisdom to
rightly interpret the signs of these trying
times.
To Thy sustaining grace, in this dedi-
cated moment, we lift up the thronging
yearnings which haunt us day and night,
the grievous problems affecting Thy
children in all the world, for which our
human wisdom finds no answer.
Above the noise of crashing social
systems, hearing and heeding the voice
divine, may our devotion and compassion
help to heal the open sores of the world,
as we serve the present troubled age.
Through the lips that speak in this
forum of freedom, above all differences,
may there be heard by a listening world
the solemn summons to men of good
will, of all colors and all nations, to a
new commonwealth of all people, in
which power shall be administered as a
sacred trust, dedicated to the common
good.
In the Redeemer's name we ask it.
Amen.
DESIGNATION OF ACTING PRESI-
DENT PRO TEMPORE
The legislative clerk read the following
letter:
*U.S. SENATE,
PRESIDENT PRO TEMPORE,
Washington, D.C., May 20, 1965.
To the Senate:
Being temporarily absent from the Sen-
ate, I appoint Hon. DONALD RUSSELL, a Sen-
ator from the State of South Carolina, to
perform the duties of the Chair during my
absence.
CARL HAYDEN,
President pro tempore.
Mr. RUSSELL of South Carolina
thereupon took the chair as Acting
President pro tempore.
Senate
THE JOURNAL
On request of Mr. DIRKSEN, and by
unanimous consent, the reading of the
Journal of the proceedings of Wednes-
day, May 19, 1965, was dispensed with.
MESSAGE FROM THE HOUSE
A message from the House of Repre-
sentatives, by Mr. Hackney, one of its
reading clerks, informed the Senate that
pusuant to the provisions of section 1,
Public Law 86-42, the Speaker had ap-
pointed Mr. YATES as a member of the
U.S. delegation of the Canada-United
States Interparliamentary Group for the
meeting to be held in Ottawa, Canada,
from May 20 to May 23, 1965, vice Mr.
ST GERMAIN, excused.
The message announced that the
House had passed the bill (S. 327) to
provide assistance to the States of Ore-
gon, Washington, California, and Idaho
for the reconstruction of areas damaged
by recent floods and high waters, with
amendments, in which it requested the
concurrence of the Senate.
The message also announced that the
House had passed a joint resolution
(H.J. Res. 436) to amend section 316 of
the Agricultural Adjustment Act of 1938
to extend the time by which a lease
transferring a tobacco acreage allot-
ment may be filed, in which it requested
the concurrence of the Senate.
LIMITATION ON STATEMENTS DUR-
ING TRANSACTION OF ROUTINE
MORNING BUSINESS
On request of Mr. DIRKSEN, and by
unanimous consent, statements during
the transaction of routine morning busi-
ness were ordered limited to 3 minutes.
NOTICE OF BRIhaeiNG FOR SENA-
TORS ON FRIDAY ON SITUATION
IN DOMINICAN REPUBLIC
Mr. FULBRIGHT. Mr. President,
the Secretary of State will brief the
Committee on Foreign Relations in exec-
utive session at 10 o'clock tommorow
morning, Friday, May 21, in the corn-
mittee room, S-116, the Capitol, on the
situation in the Dominican Republic.
Any member of the Senate who is inter-
ested is inivited to attend.
REPORTS OF COMMITTEES
The following reports of committees
were submitted:
By Mr. RIBICOFF, from the Committee on
Government Operations, reported adversely
without amendment:
S. Res. 102. Resolution to disapprove Re-
organization Plan No. 1 (Rept. No. 203).
Mr. RIBICOFF subsequently said: Mr.
President, at its next printing, I ask
unanimous consent that the name of
the Senator from Alaska [Mr. GRUEN-
INS] be added as a cosponsor of Senate
Resolution 102.
The ACTING PRESIDENT pro tern-
pore. Without objection, it is so or-
dered.
By Mr. EASTLAND, from the Committee
on the Judiciary, without amendment:
S. 125. A bill for the relief of Armando S.
Arguilles (Rept. No. 207);
S. 133. A bill for the relief of Faustino G.
Dumaplin, Jr. (Rept. No. 208);
S. 402. A bill for the relief of Oh Wha Ja
(Penny Korleen Doughty) (Rept. No. 209);
S. 442. A bill for the relief of Carleen Coen
(Rept. No. 210);
S. 449. A bill for the relief of Stanislaw
Bialoglowski (Rept. No. 211);
S. 450. A bill for the relief of William John
Campbell McCaughey (Rept. No. 212);
S. 579. A bill for the relief of the State of
New Hampshire (Rept. No. 213);
S. 582. A bill for the relief of Aleksandr
Kaznacheev (Rept. No. 214);
S. 585. A bill for the relief of Santiago Woo
and Morjin Chee de Woo (Rept. No. 215);
S. 586. A bill for the relief of Maria Tsilis
(Rept. No. 216);
S. 1039. A bill for the relief of Andreina
Viselli (Rept. No. 217);
S. 1040. A bill for the relief of Giuseppa
Rafala Monarca (Rept. No. 218);
S. 1064. A bill for the relief of Mr. and Mrs.
Juan C. Jacobe, and their four children,
Angela Jacobe. Teresita Jacobe, Leo Jacobe,
and Ramon Jacobe (Rept. No. 219);
S. 1084. A bill for the relief of Shu Helen
Chang (Rept. No. 220);
S. 1103. A bill for the relief of Kathryn
Choi Ast (Rept. No. 221);
S.1104. A bill for the relief of Mirhan
Gazarian (Rept. No. 222);
10649
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CONCRESSIONAL RECORD ? SENATE May
By Mr. LONG of Missouri, from the Com-
m ttee on the Judiciary:
F. Russell Millin, of Missouri, to be U.S.
ataorney for the western district of Missouri;
Francis M. Wilson, of Missouri, to be U.S.
mitrahal for the western district of Missouri;
and
)lin N. Bell, of Missouri, to be U.S. mar-
shal for the eastern district of Missouri.
:3y Mr. JAVITS, from the Committee on
th 3 Judiciary:
3dwin L. Weisl, Jr., of New York, to be an
assistant attorney general;
Joseph P. Hoey, of New York, to be U.S. at-
toiney for the eastern district of New York;
an
Justin J. Mahoney, of New York, to be U.S.
attorney for the northern district of New
York.
7Iy Mr. SMATHERS, from the Committee
on the Judiciary:
Bdward F. Boardman, of Florida, to be
U.II. attorney for the middle district of
Plc rida.
By Mr. KENNEDY of Massachusetts, from
the-Committee on the Judiciary:
W. Arthur Garrity, Jr., of Massachusetts,
to le U.S. attorney for the district of Massa-
chi tsetts.
Ity Mr. HART, from the Committee on the
Jue ticiary
rawrence Gubow, of Michigan, to be U.S.
attzney for the eastern district of Michigan;
anc
Earold D. Beaton, of Michigan, to be U.S.
att miney for the western district of Michigan.
Sy Mr. KASTLAND, from the Committee on
the Judiciary:
Eon J. Young, of Ohio, to be U.S. district
judge for the northern district of Ohio;
Junes E. Doyle, of Wisconsin, to be U.S.
district judge for the western district of
Wisconsin;
LaNern R. Dilweg, of Wisconsin, to be a
mei Ober of the Foreign Claims Settlement
Con mission;
Joseph P. Kinneary, of Ohio, to be U.S.
attcrney for the southern district of Ohio;
Newell A. George, of Kansas, to be U.S.
attcrney for the district of Kansas;
Emest W. Rivers, of Kentucky, to be U.S.
attcrney for the western district of Ken-
tucky;
Raymond J. Pettine, of Rhode Island, to be
U.S. attorney for the district of Rhode Island;
Mlles W. Lord, of Minnesota, to be U.S.
attorney for the district of Minnesota;
Lt?wrence M. Henry, of Colorado, to be
U.S, attorney for the district of Colorado;
William T. Thurman, of Utah, to be 'U.S.
attorney for the district of Utah;
John Terrill, of Wyoming, to be U.S. mar-
shal for the district of Wyoming;
George A. Bayer, of Alaska, to be U.S.
mart hal for the district of Alaska; and
Ccvell H. Meek, of Iowa, to be U.S. mar-
shal for the northern district of Iowa.
By Mr. TYDINGS, from the Committee on
the Judiciary:
Fred Moore Vinson, Jr., of Maryland, to be
an A asistant Attorney General.
S. 1138. A bill for the relief of Lt. Robert
C. Gibson (Rept. No. 223);
S. 1197. A bill for the relief of Angelina
Martino (Rept. No. 224);
5.1209. A bill for the relief of Sp. Manual
D. Racelis (Rept. No. 225) ;
8.1390. A bill for the relief of Rocky River
Co. and Macy Land Corp. (Rept. No. 226);
S. 1405. A bill for the relief of Jozsef Poz-
sonyi and his wife, Agnes Pozsonyi, and their
minor child, Ildiko Pozsonyi (Rept. No. 227);
S. 1468. A bill for the relief of Dorothy
Eyre (Rept. No. 228);
S.1498. A bill for the relief of Nikolai Ar-
tamonov (Kept. No. 229) ;
HR. 1153. An act for the relief of the Jef-
ferson Construction Co. (Rept. No. 230);
HR. 1870. An act for the relief of Edward
G. Morhauser (Rept. No. 231) ;.
HR. 2139. An act for the relief of Mrs.
Mauricia Reyes (Rept. No. 232);
HR. 2354. An act for the relief of William
L. Chatelain, U.S. Navy, retired (Rept. No.
233); and
H.R. 3995. An act to transfer certain func-
tions of the Secretary of the Treasury, and
for other purposes (Rept. No. 234).
By Mr. EASTLAND, from the Committee
on the Judiciary, with an amendment:
S. 409. A bill for the relief of Betty Tin-
Sang Chan Cho (Rept. No. 235);
S.469. A bill for the relief of Timoteo A.
Tuazon (Rept. No. 236) ;
S.616. A bill for the relief of Miss Choun
Seem Kim (Rept. No. 237) ;
8.826. .11. bill for the relief of Har Gobind
Khorana (Rept. No. 238);
S.1196. A bill for the relief of Wright G.
James (Rept. No. 239) ; and
S.1388. A bill for the relief of David Lee
Bogue (Rept. No. 240) .
By Mr, EASTLAND, from the Committee
on the Judiciary, with amendments:
S. 584. A bill for the relief of Ming Chup
Chaw (Rept. No. 241) .
By Mr. DIRKSEN, from the Committee on
the Judiciary, without amendment:
S.313. A bill relating to the appointment
of the Director of the Federal Bureau of In-
vestigation (Rept. No. 205).
By Mr. SMATHERS, from the Committee
on the Judiciary, without amendment:
S. 516. A bill to amend the joint resolution
entitled "Joint resolution to establigh the
Saint Augustine Quadricentennial Commis-
sion, and for other purposes," approved Au-
gust 14, 1962 (76 Stat. 386), to provide that
eight members of such Commission shall be
appointed by the President, to provide that
such Commission shall not terminate prior
to December 31, 1966, and to authorize ap-
propriations for carrying out the provisions
of such joint resolution (Rept. No. 206).
By Mr. ERVIN, from the Committee on the
Judiciary, with an amendment:
H.R. 821. An act for the relief of the town
of Kure Beach, N.C. (Rept. No. 204).
EXECUTIVE REPORTS OF
COMMITTEES
As in executive session,
The following favorable reports of
nominations were submitted:
By Mr. MONRONEY, from the Committee
on Post Office and Civil Service:
One hundred' and seventy-nine postmaster
nominations.
By Mr. ERVIN, from the Committee on the
Judiciary:
E. Herman Burrows, of North Carolina, to
be U.S. marshal for the middle district of
North Carolina; and
Paul D. Sossamon, of North Carolina, to be
U.S. marshal for the western district of
North Carolina.
By Mr, DIRKSEN, from the Committee on
the Judiciary:
Joseph N. Tierney, of Illinois, to be U.S.
marshal for the northern district of Illinois.
BILLS INTRODUCED
Bids were introduced, read the first
time and, by unanimous consent, the
second time, and referred as follows:
By Mr. RUSSELL of South Carolina:
S.:001. A bill to provide for the extension
of se iond-class mailing privileges to publi-
cations of State educational television agen-
cies; to the Committee on Post Office and
Civil Service.
(See the remarks of Mr. RUSSELL of South
Carol na when he introduced the above bill,
whist appear under a separate heading.)
By Mr. DIRKSEN:
S.2302. A bill to amend the Internal Reve-
nue Code of 1954 to allow an individual to
deduct from gross income the expenses, not
exceeding $300 a year, paid for transporta-
20, 1965
tion to and from his place of abode and his
place of business or employment; to the
Committee on Finance.
(See the remarks of Mr. Draxszx when he
introduced the above bill which appear un-
der a separate heading.)
By Mr. BREWSTER:
S. 2003, A bill for the relief of Elmer Royal
Fay, Sr.; and
S.2004. A bill for
Mallalieu: Smith; to
Judiciary.
the relief of Suzanne
the Committee on the
111.1i111=
SECOND-CLASS MAILING PRIVI-
LEGES FOR PUBLICATIONS OF
STATE EDUCATIONAL TELEVI-
SION AGENCIES
Mr. RUSSELL of South Carolina. Mr.
President, I introduce, for appropriate
reference, a bill to provide for the ex-
tension of second-class mailing privileges
to publications of State educational tel-
evision agencies. I ask unanimous con-
sent that the text of the bill be printed
in the RECORD at the conclusion of these
remarks.
The PRESIDING OFFICER (Mr.
YOUNG of Ohio in the chair) . The bill
will be received and appropriately re-
ferred; and, without objection, the bill
will be printed in the RECORD as re-
quested by the Senator from South
Carolina.
The bill (S. 2001) to provide for the
extension of second-class mailing privi-
leges to publications of State educational
television agencies, introduced by Mr.
RUSSELL of South Carolina, was re-
ceived, read twice by its title, and re-
ferred to the Committee on Post Office
and Civil Service.
Mr. RUSSELL of South Carolina.
South Carolina has pioneered in what
is generally recognized as the model edu,
cational television system in this Nation.
Through .this system, every school dis- ?
trict in our State is provided with both
basic and supplementary educational ma-
terial of outstanding quality. More than
that, this system has broadened its edu-
cational activities to include special pro-
grams in medicine, in nursing, in business
education, and in public affairs at the
adult level. It has been an educational
program to serve all segments of our pop-
ulation in the fullest possible way.
To aid in. its program, to make avail-
able to the public its various programs,
to provide essential background material,
and to acquaint the public to be served
with both the nature and the timing of
its various programs, our educational
television department publishes a news-
letter. This is an essential part of bring-
ing its activities to the attention of the
public and encouraging the full use of
educational television programs.
Such a newsletter is given general dis-
tribution. It represents a public serv-
ice made Without charge and has, ac-
cordingly, no paid subscription lists.
Under a ruling by the Postmaster Gen-
eral made under title 39, United States
Code, section 4355, this newsletter may
not be distributed as second-class matter
through the postal service. This section
extends this privilege to practically every
other educational newsletter. Because
the statute does not specifically identify
educational television, however, this priv-
ilege has been denied our educational
television department. This proposed
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lingo CONGRESSIONAL RECORD ? SENATE May 20, 1965
latures, as the only restricting power is
in the Constitution, itself.
In Butler against Thompson, affirmed
by the Supreme Court, 241 U.S. 937, the
Court had before it an act of Congress
which was subject to an interpretation
that it purported to prohibit the State of
Virginia from changing its constitution
with regard to certain aspects of its poll
tax. The Court, in rejecting such a con-
struction of the act, said:
This act does not attempt to place Virginia
In a straitjacket so far as the election laws
of Virginia are concerned. If the act made
that attempt, the act would be invalid.
S. 1564 does attempt to put selected
States in a straitjacket insofar as their
election laws are concerned, and is there-
fore invalid.
CONCLUSION
Mr. President, last week the Senate re-
jected an amendment on the grounds
that it would violate the Constitution.
In view of the manifold unconstitutional
aspects of the provisions remaining in
the bill, one can only conclude that the
Senate has resolved to strain at a gnat
and swallow the camel, Be assured,
however, if the Senate insists on follow-
ing this course that the indigestion
which results will be of a major magni-
tude.
THE DOi zyxJ CRISIS
Mr. MORSE. Mr. President, as chair-
man of the Subcommittee on American
Republics Affairs of the Committee on
Foreign Relations, I have withheld any
extensive comment on the Dominican Re-
public crisis until I felt that I had at least
been sufficiently briefed so that I had a
set of facts that would justify my making
some judgments.
The members of the subcommittee
have done their best to inform them-
selves in regard to developments in the
Dominican Republic since the President
of the United States sent in the 1st
Marines to evacuate American nationals.
We have asked for briefings, and we have
sought the facts; but I am not in a posi-
tion this afternoon to say that we are
fully apprised of the events that have
occurred in Latin America in respect to
American activities there. However, I
feel not only that I have analyzed a suffi-
cient body of information and evidence
to justify my presenting these observa-
tions this afternoon, but also that I have
a clear duty and trust to perform in so
doing as chairman of the subcommittee.
We are getting a great deal of infor-
mation from the press. And as is the
case so frequently in recent years, the
press accounts of what is going on in the
Dominican Republic are quite at vari-
ance with what we are told in the official
briefings.
I desire to have the Senate know that
whenever any facts can be presented to
me or to my subcommittee that would
warrant my forming other opinions and
expressing other views, I shall not hesi-
tate to do so.
At the present time, there is disturb-
ing news from the Dominican Republic,
as we read it in the press this morning,
under the headline, as the Washington
Post puts it, "U.S. Troops Aid Junta As
Rebels Lose Ground."
Mr. President, I ask unanimous con-
sent that the story published in the
Washington Post be printed in the
RECORD at the conclusion of my remarks.
The PRESIDING OFFICER (Mr. BAYH
in the chair) . Without objection, it is
so ordered.
(See exhibit No. 1.)
Mr. MORSE. Mr. President, the
American people, the Organization of
American States?and, indeed, the whole
hemisphere?have been repeatedly as-
sured that U.S. troops are not in the
Dominican Republic to impose our will,
but merely to maintain order until the
Dominicans themselves can construct a
government. However, the story pub-
lished in the press this morning is not
the first piece of evidence that U.S. troops
have been more neutral on the side of
the military junta.
The RECORD Will show that the day on
which the President of the United States
sent marines into the Dominican Re-
public I spoke on the floor of the Sen-
ate and pointed out that under our in-
ternational law the President had the
right?and, I believe, in view of the cir-
cumstances existing?the clear duty, to
send American troops into the Dominican
Republic for the limited purpose of evac-
uating American nationals and the na-
tionals of other countries who wished to
associate themselves with the evacua-
tion.
I made that statement because we are
already receiving criticism over the
wires?some of it bitter?from Latin-
American leaders in Chile, Colombia,
Venezuela, Argentina, Peru, and other
Latin-American countries protesting
what they call a return to the Marine
intervention policies of the United
States from times past when our for-
eign policy was branded derisively
throughout Latin America as gunboat
diplomacy.
I said on the floor of the Senate that
afternoon that I would like to assume
that the criticisms that were so soon
emanating from Latin America were
made by Latin American allies who had
not been informed, as the President had
been informed, by the military junta that
it could no longer give the assurance of
protection to American nationals and the
nationals of other countries. The criti-
cism that was coming over the wires
from Latin America used a fighting word
in Latin America, in which the criticism
of the United States is very often framed
and phrased?the word "intervention."
We all know the sensitivity of Latin
Americans in regard to U.S. in-
tervention. We have some black and
sorry and bloody chapters in American
history in regard to our policies in Latin
America. We have nothing to be proud
of concerning some of our so-called
legitimate interventions in Latin
America.
Mr. President, as I argued on the floor
of the Senate that Friday afternoon,
when the President sent our marines into
the Dominican Republic, intervention is
not the term to apply to a situation in
which the head of a state sends airplanes
or vessels and the necessary personnel to
take out American citizens whom the
Government cannot protect.
In that speech I completely supported
the President's right and, as I said, duty,
as the RECORD will show, to send marines
in to take out those American citizens.
However, after reading the criticisms
from our Latin American allies, I also, in
that speech, warned that we would be in
violation of international law, in viola-
tion of our commitments and obligations
under the Organization of American
States' Charter, which we signed, and in
violation of the Rio Pact if we remained
after U.S. nationals had been removed,
or if we took sides in the dispute, or if we
decided for ourselves what form of gov-
ernment should be established in the
Dominican Republic.
I am sorry to say that as of this hour,
in my judgment, the evidence is over-
whelmingly against the United States in
respect to our living up to our clear in-
ternational obligation not to intervene
by taking sides or aiding one side in a
revolution in Latin America.
As the result of the course of action
that President Johnson has followed in
the Dominican Republic, over and be-
yond exercising his right to evacuate
American citizens, we probably have set
back our relations in Latin America 25
years, so far as the good neighbor policy
and the Alliance for Progress objectives
are concerned. I am sad about that. It
is unnecessary, uncalled for, and unfor-
tunate.
It is to the credit of the President of
the United States that he immediately
called upon the Organization of Ameri-
can States and all the members thereof
to assume their obligations under the
charter and under the Rio Pact and
other agreements that have been signed
by members of the Organization of
American States.
I quite agree with the attitude of the
President of the United States, or my in-
terpretation of the attitude of the Pres-
ident of the United States, as I have
read his comments in the press, that the
Organization of American States did not
act with great dispatch. I go further
than that, speaking for myself, by say-
ing that I find myself very much in sym-
pathy with the observations made in edi-
torials in the New York Times which I
ask unanimous consent to have printed
in the RECORD at the conclusion of my
remarks, along with some observations
that have been made by several colum-
nists, including Arnold Toynbee and
others bearing upon this matter.
The PRESIDING OFFICER. With-
out objection, it is so ordered.
(See exhibit No. 2.)
Mr. MORSE. Mr. President, I am
sorry that the Organization of American
States did not act with greater dispatch
and, in my opinion, is still not acting
with adequate dispatch.
Our good allies to the south of us
must face up to the fact that it will
not be possible to maintain a desirable
stability in the Western Hemisphere,
that we shall not be able to prevent the
effectuation of serious threats to free-
dom of constitutional government in the
Western Hemisphere unless every signa-
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May 20, 1965 caNuttr,&,SiorsiAL RECORD ? SENATE 10729
certain of the States which fall within
certain prescribed statistical formulas
while feaving unimpaired the authority
of other States to impose such voting re-
quirements,
In the case of Coyle V. Smith, 221 US.
559, the Supreme Court stated:
This Union was and is a Union of States.
equal in power, dignity, and authority, each
competent to exert that residuum of sover-
eignty not delegated to the United States by
the Constitution itself.
To this we may add that the constitutional
equality of the States is essential to the
harmonious operation of the scheme upon
Which the Republic was organized. When
that equality disappears, we may remain a
free people, but the Union will not be the
Union of the Constitution.
Fifth, S. 1564 violat...s the provisions of
section 2, artcile IV, guaranteeing equal
privileges and immunities to the citizens
Of the several States by depriving the
citizens of certain statistically selected
States of the constitutional privilege of
setting qualifications for electors.
Section 2 of article IV of the Constitu-
tion provides:
The citizens of each State shall be entitled
to all privileges and immunities of citizens in
the several States.
By invalidating and nullifying the
privilege of the citizens of certain States
to set qualifications for electors, the bill
would deprive the citizens of certain
States of privileges protected by the
Constitution and which would remain in
force with regard to citizens of other
States.
Sixth, 8. 1564 constitutes a bill of at-
tainder in violation of clause 3, section 9,
article I, of the Constitution.
Article I, section 9, clause 3, of the
Consitution provides that:
No bill of attainder or ex post facto law
shall be passed.
The Supreme Court, in Cummings v.
Missouri, 71 U.S. 277, defined a bill of
attainder as follows:
A bill of attainder is a legislative act,
which inflicts punishment without a ju-
dicial trial. These bills * * ? may be
directed against * * * a whole class.
Punishment * * * embraces deprivation
or suspension of political or civil rights.
In describing bills of attainder, the
Court, in the same case said:
The legislative body in addition to its le-
gitimate function, exercises the power and
office of judge. * * * It pronounces the guilt
of the party, without any of the forms of
safeguards of trial; it determines the suf-
ficiency of the proof produced. ? ? ? It
fixes the degree of punishment in accordance
with its own notions of the enormity of the
offense.
The bill convicts the citizens of cer-
tain States of violations of the 15th
amendment to the Constitution without
a trial, or any of its safeguards.
The Congress would by this bill deter-
mine the sufficiency of proof of guilt by
the imposition of a statistical formula,
rather than by proof of actual fact.
The punishment imposed is the de-
privation from the selected States of the
political right to fix qualifications for
voters.
No. 91---11
Seventh, S. 1564 constitutes an ex post
facto Isw in violation of clause 3, section
9, article I, of the Constitution.
would impose a punishment--
deprive tion of the political right to fix
qualifications for electors--on the citi-
zens those States or political sub-
divisior,s in which less than 50 percent of
the voting age population registered or
voted ill November 1964.
Punilamient is inflicted for the failure
to vote, the set percentage. When the
act of not voting in sufficient numbers
was committed in November 1964, the
act cal not constitute a punishable
offense._
This bill, by making action committed
In November 1964 punishable, which was
not punishable when committed, consti-
tutes ail ex post facto law.
Eighth, S. 1564 violates the due process
require.nents of the fifth amendment as
well ai the privileges and immunities
provisions of article IV, section 2, by at-
tempting to establish a classification on
an irre3uttable presumption.
The till establishes an irrebuttable pre-
sumption that when less than 50 percent
of the roting age population either was
not reg Stered or did not vote in the No-
vember 1964 election, in States or sub-
divisiors in which more than 20 percent
of the population by the 1960 census was
nonwhite, that there have been and are
violations of the 15th amendment.
In M?Laughlin V. Florida, 13 L. Ed. 2d
675, ths Supreme Court stated:
Classilcation must always rest upon some
differenc? which bears a reasonable and just
relation to the act in respect to which the
classificition is proposed, and can never be
made arbitrarily and without any such basis
* * albitrary selection can never be justi-
fied by (ailing it classification.
In Hainer V. Donnan, 285 U.S. 312, the
Court 1: eld that a classification could not
be based upon conclusive presumption.
Ninth, S. 1564 violates the due process
provisions of the 15th amendment, with-
draws rights and privileges without af-
fording the right to a hearing.
Under section 3(a) of the bill, legally
imposed voting qualification require-
ments imposed by the citizens of certain
States would be invalidated and the
right of the citizens of those States to
fix voter qualifications withdrawn upon
specified certification of statistical in-
formation by the Attorney General and/
or the Director of Census. The States
and subdivisions affected, and the citi-
zens th3reof, would have no opportunity
for a hearing before the imposition of
the per alty.
In Garfield v. United States, 211 U.S.
219, the: Supreme Court stated:
The r ght to be heard before property is
taken CT rights or privileges withdrawn
which hive been previously awarded is of the
essence mi due process of law. It is unneces-
sary to recite the decisions in which this
prIncipli has been repeatedly recognized. It
Is enough to say that its binding obligation
has never been questioned in this Court.
Tenth:, S. 1564 violates the due proc-
ess provisions of the fifth amendment
because .it is lacking in the requisite pre-
cision iequired of statutes which affect
the haste freedoms.
Section 3(a) of the bill purports in
certain selected States and subdivisions
to invalidate and suspend powers re-
served to the citizens of the several
States; namely, the power to establish
voter cipalifications which do not dis-
criminate on account of race, color, or
sex.
The power to establish voter qualifica-
tions was Specifically reserved to the
States and- to the people of the States
by the 10th amendment, and a more
basic freedom is hard to imagine.
In Aptheker v. Secretary of State, 84
S. Ct. 1668, the Supreme Court held that
"precision must be the touchstone or leg-
islation so affecting basic freedoms."
Section 3(a) is so ambiguous as to
Completely fail this test.
This section purports to invalidate the
application of "tests or devices" only in
those States or political subdivisions in
which less than 50 percent of the persons
of voting age either were registered or
voted in the elections of November 1964.
The ambiguity is illustrated by the fol-
lowing question. In a State in which less
than 50 percent of the persons of voting
age voted in November 1964, and in
which the nonwhite population was more
than 20 percent of the total population
according to the 1960 census, would the
use and enforcement of literacy tests be
invalidated in a county within the State
In which less than 20 percent of the total
population was nonwhite and in which
county more than 50 percent of the per-
sons of voting age voted in. the presi-
dential election of 1964?
The ambiguity is apparently inten-
tional, for the consequences of precision
on this point would be fatal to the con-
stitutional issues of the bill.
Eleventh, S. 1564 violates the due
process provisions of the fifth amend-
ment in that it flouts the due process re-
quirement of presumption of innocence
until proven guilty.
One of the most fundamental elements
of due process is the presumption of in-
nocence until there is proof of guilt.
Under the bill, the people of those
States and political subdivisions which
fall within the selective formula of sec-
tion 3(a) would be presumed guilty of the
15th amendment violations until the ac-
cused initiate, an action in court to prove
their innocence.
To escape the punishment prescribed
by the act, States and subdivisions would
be required to initiate an action in which
they would have to carry the burden of
proof of their innocence.
Twelfth, S. 1564 violates the Constitu-
tion by imposing a prior restraint on a
prima facie lawful and constitutional act
of State legislatures.
The bill would impose a prior restraint
on the legislative act of selected States
which touched the field of voting quali-
fications or procedures,. The bill would
prohibit the enforcement of such State
legislative acts until the Attorney Gen-
eral or a specified court, in an action ini-
tiated by the State, held such acts to be
constitutional.
The Congress does net have the power
to restrict the authority of State legis-
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May 2O,.1965 10731
tory to the Organization of American
States Charter throws away the escape-
ism of "let George do it."
We are all in the same international
boat in the Western Hemisphere, we free
nations, and that is why I believe the
Organization of American States ought
to set up a peacekeeping corps, a hem-
ispheric police organization, so that no
nation, particularly the United States,
will be Put in the position where, if
threats to the peace are to be prevented,
it will have to fulfill the function of "let-
ting George do it."
But it is a deeper problem than that,
Mr. President. It is too bad that the Or-
ganization of American States has not
sent in an effective peacekeeping corps.
It is too bad the junta and rebel forces
have not given heed to the pleas of the
group given the assignment by the
Organization of American States to seek
a cease-fire.
For that matter, I think it is most un-
fortunate that the Organization of
American States has not given overt
demonstration of delight and satisfac-
tion in having the United Nations in-
terest itself in the threat to the peace
that has arisen in the Dominican Re-
public.
It is interesting to read some of the
newspaper editorials and correspondents'
stories based upon a false major premise
that the United Nations has no right to
go in so long as a regional body is not
deemd to have exhausted all its proce-
dures and influences.
The setting up of a regional organiza-
tion, be it the Organization of American
States, NATO, SEATO, or any other
regional group, does not supersede the
United Nations in its obligations. Quite
to the contrary. The United Nations has
a right?and I believe, on the basis of the
facts that have developed in most of the
threats to the peace in various parts of
the world, it has an obligation and
duty?to make itself immediately avail-
able to any regional organization to
strengthen the arm of that regional or-
ganization in taking the necessary steps
to maintain peace.
I was very much disappointed in Mr.
Adlai Stevenson, just as I have been dis-
appointed in him before, in the past 2
Years, as our Ambassador to the United
Nations. It was perfectly obvious in the
Security Council that he was arguing in
a manner that left him open to only one
interpretation, if the English language is
to mean anything?namely, that he was
representing the position of the United
States that the United Nations should
not interest itself so long as the Organi-
zation of American States was express-
ing some interest in the Dominican crisis.
The position of the Ambassador,
speaking for the United States in the
United Nations, should have been exactly
the opposite. Ambassador Stevenson
should have had instructions, and we
ought to have evidence that he made the
recommendation that the United Nations
should join the Organization of Ameri-
can States in using peacekeeping facil-
ities available in the United Nations to
try to resolve the threat to the peace in
the Dominican Republic by way of peace-
ful procedures rather than bullets.
But be that as it May, I have a great
deal of sympathy for the President of the
United States, if I correctly interpret the
newspaper accounts of his attitude that
the Organization of American States has
not been the most effective instrumen-
tality in trying to resolve the crisis in the
Dominican Republic. However, I will
not give up. I am a stanch supporter
of the objectives of the Organization of
American States. I want to see it
strengthened, not weakened.
I urge now that all the nations in the
Western Hemisphere that have signed
the Charter, including the United States,
resolve to do what they can to make up
for lost time in connection with the
Dominican Republic crisis, and urge the
United Nations to do everything it can
do and to be as effective as possible under
the circumstances that confront us in
this crisis.
We have troubles enough in the Domi-
nican Republic?and throughout Latin
America, for that matter?without com-
pounding them by confirming the wide-
spread Latin American suspicion that
we are really on the side of such un-
savory, reactionary characters as An-
tonio Imbert Barrera who indiscrimi-
nately brands all his opponents as Com-
munists.
One of the greatest mistakes we made
was more than a year ago when our
Government recognized diplomatically
the military junta in Latin America.
Once before I gave the Senate an ac-
count of that situation, but I repeat it
in abbreviated form today, because it
ought to be made a part of this speech
if my position on this matter is to be
understood by those who care to under-
stand it.
More than a year ago I attended a
briefing in the Cabinet Room in the
White House, attended by several other
Senators as well as by the Acting Secre-
tary of State, Mr. Ball, and the then
Acting Assistant Secretary of State for
Latin American Affairs, Mr. Edwin Mar-
tin. I can say this because the Informa-
tion as to the purpose of that meeting
was made very well known at the time,
or shortly after the meeting, by infor-
mation media that did not stem at all
from the Congress of the United States.
At that meeting the representatives
of the State Department recommended
Immediate recognition of the military
junta in the Dominican Republic, repre-
senting that another coup was about to
take place that would be bloody and anti-
American, and that one of the reasons
why the coup, to be conducted by the
military junta, was to take place was
that the United States had not rec-
ognized it.
I became lost in those semantics. I
could not see any thread of cause-to-
effect reasoning in such a proposal which
would justify my reaching the conclusion
that I should join in the recommenda-
tion that the military junta be recog-
nized. The argument, it seemed to me,
should have caused a warning flag to go
up in the thinking of the Participants in
the conference that we certainly are not
going to recognize de facto governments,
even if they are de facto, because they
seem to be out of sorts with us because
we have not recognized them prior
thereto.
The argument is always the argument
heard when the State Department wishes
to alibi and rationalize and seek to ex-
cuse its following an unsound course of
action in recognizing a military junta,
that the only way we can have stability
in a strife-torn Latin American coun-
try, or any other country in the world,
is to give our diplomatic support to mili-
tary dictators, which we have been doing
in Latin America for a long time past?
sometimes to our everlasting discredit
and national shame.
As I listened to the rationalizations of
the State Department, which for a long
time has followed the course of support-
ing strong men in uniform in instance
after instance in Latin America, I real-
ized that this was another example of a
proposal to repeat that costly mistake.
When the President called upon me for
my advice on the recommendation that
was made, I became the only Senator in
the group who strongly urged him not to
follow the advice.
I pointed out that in my opinion it
would play directly into the hands of
the Communists, that it would weaken
every free government in Latin America,
and that it would increase the danger
to every free government in Latin Amer-
ica from two sides; namely, the Com-
munists and the, military. I pointed out
that we should support constitutionalism
in the Dominican Republic, not military
tyranny, that we should be supporting
constitutionalism in the Dominican Re-
public, not a military dictatorship; and
that our policy should be one of saying
to the people of the Dominican Republic
and its military junta leaders that the
only government the United States will
recognize in the Dominican Republic
will be a constitutional government
when the country returns to constitu-
tionalism.
I pointed out further that I held no
brief for President Bosch, that I knew
nothing about the allegations as to his
philosophy or his inefficiency, but, nei-
ther had I heard of any proof offered
before my committee which sustained
the propaganda circulated in this coun-
try by supporters of the military junta,
that Bosch deserved to be overthrown.
I have had no proof since which would
Justify support of the proposition that
Bosch should have been overthrown. I
have studied rather carefully everything
which has been offered as so-called evi-
dence. I have yet to listen, to read, or
have submitted to me by way of exhibit,
one scintilla of evidence to show that
former President Bosch of the Domini-
can Republic is a Communist.
I further pointed out that Bosch was
out of the country, but that the Consti-
tution of the Dominican Republic is not
out of the country, and that the Consti-
tution of the Dominican Republic calls
for a succession to the vacancy which
has been created. The Congress of the
Dominican Republic did not flee the
Dominican Republic. It remained, and
Is still there.
I pointed out further in the Cabinet
meeting that, in my judgment, we should
not recognize the military junta headed
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1_072 U)DiVRESSIONAL RECORDSNATE May R.0, 1965
_ .
by Gen, Wessin y Wessin, au Amer-
ican-trained Dominican (neer who, in-
terestingly enough, is a man heavily
financed by American business interests
in the Dominican Republic which en-
abled him' to execute the military coup
when the Bosch regime was overthrown.
There is no clenying that in overthrow-
ing the Bosch regime, General Wessin y
Wessin and his military coconspirators
were motivated primarily because of the
fact that both President Bosch and the
overwhelming majority of the Congress
of the Dominican Republic were in favor
of applying the good American constitu-
tional principle; namely, that the mili-
tary should be brought under the control
and direction of the civilian government.
What is wrong with that?
We should have supported that great
principle. We, as a great democratic
Nation, lead the world as an example of
constitutional excellence in government,
so far, as our domestic policy is con-
cerned?and note my qualification, Mr.
President, so far as our domestic policy
Is concerned?but, unfortunately, we do
not have a clean record of supporting
cOnstitutionalism so far as our foreign
toolicy is concerned. There, we are a
"Jekyll and Hyde" as a nation in foreign
policy. Too frequently we support dic-
tatorships and military tyrants to over-
throw constitutionalism. We try to
excuse our actions on the ground that
we must bend the knee at the altar of in-
ternational political e ? xpediency Non-
sense.
I urged further that we make very
clear that we are not going to recog-
nize a military junta, but that we would
recognize a government in the Domini-
can Republic under which its people are
given the opportunity to restore their
congress to power and to restore their
constitution to effective operation.
I said further to the President of the
United States at that conference:
You have the wrong group here to advise
you. This is not the group from which you
Should be getting advice on this issue. You
Should at least get advice from another
group. 'rou should seek the advice of the
Presidents of Chile, Bolivia, Colombia, Peru,
Venezuela, and Costa Rica. You should seek
the advice of the former Governor of Puerto
Rico, Mufioz Marin, and the ex-President of
Costa Rica, Jose Figueres. I know that time
does not permit to get that advice, but you
can take judicial notice of what it would
be. For those democrats in Latin America,
those supporters of freedom in Latin Amer-
ica, those Latin Americans with a great exe-
cutive record of seeking to set up constitu-
tionalism in their countries, would, in my
opinion, unanimously, recommend against
the advice given to you in this conference by
the State Department and my Senate
colleagues.
I can hear them say: "You recognize
the military junta headed by this mili-
tary tyrant, Gen. Wessin y Wessin
and his coconspirators, and you will
let down freedom in Latin America. You
will demonstrate that when the chips
of freedom are down, the United States
cannot be counted upon to support free-
dom. You will play into the hands of
every potential military junta in every
country in Latin America?and there
are very few countries in which there
Is hot always the constant threat that
the military may still feel its power and
take over.
"You will play into the hands of the
Communists. You will weaken free gov-
ernments in Latin America, because you
will place them in greater danger, by
these examples, of being overthrown."
One of the most recent examples is
Honduras. At the very time when we
were meeting in the Cabinet room, there
was great concern as to what would be
the American diplomatic policy toward
Honduras. We made the same mistake
in regard to Honduras. We ended rec-
ognizing the military tyranny in the
Dominican Republic, and we followed it
by recognizing the military tyranny in
Honduras.
Let the RECORD show what the facta
were about our Siamese twin recognition
at that time, hitched together with the
Dominican Republic and Guatemala.
Ten days before the presidential elec-
tion in Honduras, when a popular can-
didate for the Presidency was known to
be far ahead in that election, and would
be swept into power by an overwhelming
vote in a free election?there was no
omestion about this being a free elec-
tion?the Honduran Government was
pverthrown by a military junta. Why?
The major reason, I am satisfied, was
that this candidate for the Presidency
Was running on a platform the major
Plank of which set forth the good Amen-
an constitutional constitutional principle, namely, that
-4lie military ought to be brought under
the control of the civilian government.
That is the last thing that the Hon-
turan military proposed to have happen.
"io they staged a revolution. They over-
shrew the government. The candidate
or the Presidency had to flee the coun-
lry. There has been no free election
,3ince.
The United States, in spite of that
black chapter of military tyranny in
.5onduras, shortly after it recognized the
Dominican military junta, recognized the
Inilitary junta in Honduras.
By "recognition," of course, we also
)nefin "aid." It is never enough for us to
recognize; we believe we have to finance
i,ny Junta we recognize. '
Senators should go with me into Latin-
American countries and listen te some
of the biting and bitter criticism of our
13-overnment on the part of our friends
In Latin America on the course of mis-
taken policy in Latin America that the
tohnson administration has followed
tince it came into office in respect to the
matter of recognizing military juntas.
Of course, It can be said it was done
by others, too. It was. That does not
justify this administration's doing it.
That happens to be some of the back-
pound of- the Dominican situation. I
Eln very sorry that the Johnson admin..
i3tration made those two inexcusable
ciplomatic mistakes. A part of the rea-
son for the problem in the Dominican
Republic today goes back to both of those
riistakes. We cannot follow a policy
cutside the Dominican Republic of play-
i ig "footsie" with military tyrants and
rot have it wash off onto us by way of
justifiable criticism in respect to our
olicies in the Dominican Republic.
I am not arguing that in the Domini-
man Republic we should support the reb-
els, either. I am arguing for a truly neu-
tral position. I am merely saying that
we should avoid taking sides in the
hatred and bitterness that prevail in the
Domiincan Republic.
I also point out that if maintaining
order was one of the reasons why we
went into the Dominican Republic, we
have been doing a rather poor job of it.
The course we seem to be pursuing in
the Dominican Republic threatens our
Position, not only in the Dominican Re-
public, but also throughout the hemi-
sphere. It threatens to undo the slow
and painful gains which have been made
through the Alliance For Progress. I
hope very Much that we shall reconsider
this course before it is toolate.
AMERICAN INVOLVE HEIST IN VIETNAM
The actions of the United States in
Vietnam and the Dominican Republic
are linked in a number of significant
ways.. Consider, for example, the inter-
national legal implications of American
involvement in both places.
The Department of State, at the re-
quest of the Committee on Foreign Rela-
tions, has prepared what purport to be
legal justifications for the use of Amer-
ican Armed Forces in Vietnam and in the
Dominican Republic.
I ask that these memorandums be in-
serted in the RECORD at this point.
There being no objection, the memo-
randums were ordered to be printed in
the Rscoaa, as follows;
LEGAL BASIS FOR UNITED STATES ACTIONS
AGAINST NORTH VIETNAM
I. THE ISSUE
This memorandum considers the question
whether United States-South Vietnamese
action. against 'military targets in North
Vietnam are justified in international law,
particularly in light of the United Nations
Charter and the 196t Geneva accords on
Vietnam. It concludes that. these actions
are fully justified.
IL. THE FACTS
On February 27, the Department of State
issued "Aggression From the North," a report
of North Vietnam's campaign to conquer
South Vietnam. That report establishes be-
yond question that North Vietnam is carry-
ing out a carefully conceived plan of aggres-
sion against the South.
The evidence shows that the hard core of
the Communist forces attacking South Viet-
nam were trained in the North and ordered
into the South by Hanoi. It shows that the
key leadership of the Vietcong, the officers
and much of the cadre, many of the tech-
nicians, political organizers, and propa-
gandists have come from the North and
operate under Hanoi's direction. It shows
that the training of essential military per-
sonnel and their infiltration Into the South
is directed by the military high command
in Hanoi. It shows that many of the weap-
ons and much of the ammunition and other
supplies Used by the Vietcong have been sent
into South Vietnam from the North. The
evidence plainly indicates that under Hanoi's
overall direction the Communists have estab-
lished an extensive machine, both political
and military, for carrying on the war against
South Vietnam.
The history of Hanoi's campaign to con-
quer South Vietnam is a long one. It was
documented earlier in a report entitled "A
Threat to the Peace" issued by the Depart-
ment of State In December 1961. In a spe-
cial report of June 1962, the International
Control Commission in Vietnam concluded
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May 20; 1965 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD ? SENATE 10733
that there was "sufficient evidence to show
beyond reasonable doubt" that North Viet-
nam was sending arras and men into South
Vietnam to carry out subversion with the
aim of overthrowing the legal government
there, in violation of the 1954 Geneva
accords.
To meet the threat created by these viola-
tions of the Geneva accords and by North
Vietnam's aggressive intervention contrary
to general international law, the Government
of the Republic of Vietnam requested U.S.
assistance. We had been providing Vietnam
- since 1950-51 with both economic and mili-
tary aid. This assistance was continued after
the conclusion of the 1954 Geneva accords,
within the limitations prescribed by those
agreements. It had become apparent, how-
ever, by 1961 that this limited assistance was
not sufficient to meet the growing Commu-
nist threat. Consequently, in 1961, the Gov-
ernment of the Republic of Vietnam re-
quested additional aid from the United
States. The United States responded with
increased supplies and with larger numbers
of training and advisory personnel to assist
the Vietnamese forces in prosecuting the wax
against the Vietcong. This response was pro-
portioned with the design of sustaining Viet-
nam in its defense against aggression with-
out extending the conflict beyond the borders
of the country.
The Communists, however, increased their
intervention without regard to obligations
under international law and international
agreements by. which they were bound. They
stepped up the assistance from the north and
increased the use of neighboring Laos as an
infiltration route, in violation of the freshly
concluded 1962 Geneva agreement for the
settlement of the Laotian question.
In more recent months North Vietnam has
sharply increased the infiltration of men and
equipment into the south, and virtually all
personnel are coming in are natives of North
Vietnam. Dramatically illustrative of Hanoi's
role is the discovery along the South Viet-
namese coast on February 16, 1965, of a huge
cargo of arms, ammunition, and other sup-
plies, delivered by ship from North Vietnam.
Major attacks by organized units are being
launched against government forces. The
North Vietnamese have even attacked U.S.
vessels in international waters in the Gulf Of
Tonkin.
Thus, what began as covert and indirect
aggression has become open armed aggres-
sion. This aggression has been carried out
across the internationally agreed demarca-
tion line of 1954 between North and South
Vietnam, and aeross international frontiers
between Vietnam and Laos.
III. INTERNATIONAL LAW?THE U.N. CHARTER
AS has been seen, North Vietnam is engaged
in a continuing armed aggression against
South Vietnam in violation of international
agreements and international law.
This being the case, what are the Republic
of Vietnam and the United States entitled to
do under international law by way of
response?
Under international law, the victim of
armed aggression is obviously permitted to
defend itself and to organize a collective self-
defense effort in which others who are will-
ing may join, This right is recognized in
article 51 of the United Nations Charter, Ar-
ticle 51 states:
"Nothing in the present charter shall
impair the inherent right of individual or
collective self-defense if an armed attack
occurs against a member of the United Na-
tions, until the Security Council has taken
the measures necessary to maintain inter-
national peace and security. Measures taken
by the members in the exercise of this right
of self-defense shall be inunediately re-
ported to the Security Council and shall not
in any way affect the authority' and respon-
sibility of the Security Council under the
present charter to take at any time such
actions as it deems necessary in order to
maintain or restore international peace and
security."
As has been seen above, the whole course
of conduct of North Vietnam, particularly
as it has evolved in recent months, adds up
to open armed attack within the meaning
of article 51. Indeed it is more than a single
armed attack: it is a continuing program
of armed aggression carried on across inter-
national frontiers and established demarca-
tion lines. In these circumstances, South
Vietnam has requested and received assist-
ance from the United States and other na-
tions in a collective defense effort.
Article 2, paragraph 4, of the charter is
also relevant to the Vietnam situation. Ar-
ticle 2, paragraph 4 provides that "All mem-
bers shall refrain in their international re-
lations from the threat or use of force
against the territorial integrity or political
independence of any state, or in any other
manner inconsistent with the purposes of
the United Nations."
In the first place, it is plain that the use
of force against territorial integrity and polit-
ical independence has been initiated by
North Vietnam and not by anyone else.
Second, paragraph 4 of article 2 of the
charter does not place an absolute pro-
hibition on the use of force. It permits
the use of force in a manner consistent with
the purposes and principles of the charter,
Moreover, the charter itself specifically pro-
vides for the use of force in certain circum-
stances?action through the United Nations
itself, action through regional arrangements
and action in self-defense. The actions of
the United States and the 'Republic of Viet-
nam, being defensive in character and de-
signed to resist armed aggression, are wholly
consistent with the purposes and principles
of the charter and specifically with article
2, paragraph 4.
It was as a measure of self-defense under
article 51 that the United States responded
in August 1961 to the North Vietnamese
attack on our vessels in the Gulf of Tonkin.
Those measures were immediately reported
to the Security Council in accordance with
article 51. The Security Council did not
see fit to take any action to maintain or re-
store international peace and security in
the area. Indeed, North Vietnam refused
to participate in the deliberations of the
Security Council and explicity denied the
right of the Council to examine this ques-
tion.
The attacks against South Vietnam have
mounted in intensity since August. In
these circumstances, it has been mutually
agreed between the Government of South
Vietnam and the U.S. Government that fnr-
ther means of providing for the collective
defense of South Vietnam are required.
Prompt defensive action has been decided
upon, and airstrikes have been made against
military installations and facilities in North
Vietnam which support the aggression
against the South. The actions taken con-
stitute a limited and measured response, fit-
ted to the situation that called for it.
Again, these measures have been reported to
the Security Council in accordance with ar-
ticle 51 of the United Nations Charter. As
yet, the Council has taken no action to main-
tain an effective peace in the area. Until the
regime in Hanoi decides to cease its aggres-
sive intervention in South Vietnam, or until
effective steps are taken to maintain inter-
national peace and security in the area, the
Governments of the United States and the
Republic of South Vietnam have every right
to continue their individual and collective
self-defense against the Communist armed
aggression coming from North Vietnam.
IV. THE GENEVA ACCORDS
It has been demonstrated that the North
Vietnamese have repeatedly violated the 1954
Geneva accords in a most serious and flagrant
manner. In so doing, of course, North Viet-
nam is ignoring an international agreernent
which it signed and by Which it is bound.
In addition, by the continued presence in
neighboring Laos of North Vietnamese forces
and their use of Laotian territory for infil-
tration into South Vietnam, North Vietnam
is violating solemn commitments which it
undertook in the 1962 Geneva agreements
to refrain from such activities.
In these circumstances, international law
recognizes the principle that a material
breach of a treaty by one party entitles other
parties at least to withhold compliance with
an equivalent, corresponding or related pro-
vision until the other party is prepared to
observe its obligations.
The actions of the Republic of Vietnam
and the United States are fully consistent
with this principle. North Vietnamese viola-
tione of the Geneva agreements have created
an immediate danger to the continued inde-
pendence and integrity of the Republic of
Vietnam. The response of South Vietnam
and the United States is designed to meet
this threat created by North Vietnam's dis-
regard of the accords. The extensive North
Vietnamese violations certainly justify South
Vietnam at least to withhold compliance
with those provisions of the accords which
limit its ability to protect its very existence.
Both South Vietnam and the United States
have made clear that the actions which they
have taken will no longer be necessary if
North Vietnam would comply with the ac-
cords.
LEGAL BASIS FOB U.S. ACTIONS IN THE
DOMINICAN REPUBLIC
U.S. action in the Dominican Republic
was emergency action taken to protect lives
and to give the Inter-American system a
chance to deal with a situation within its
competence.
The United States initially landed troops
In the Dominican Republic under conditions
in which immediate action was essential to
preserve the lives of foreign nationals?na-
tionals of the United States and of many
other countries. This kind of action is justi-
fied both on humanitarian and legal grounds.
The United States continued its presence in
the Dominican Republic for the additional
purpose of preserving the capacity of the
OAS to function, in the manner intended by
its charter?to achieve peace and justice by
securing a cease-fire and by reestablishing
orderly processes within which Dominicans
can choose their own government, free from
outside interference. With the adoption by
the OAS Meeting of Foreign Ministers of a
resolution providing for the establishment of
an inter-American armed force, the U.S.
military elements in the Dominican Republic
will be included in that force.
The primary purposes for which the
American States established the OAS, set
forth in article 1 of its charter, are "to
achieve an order of peace and justice, to pro-
mote their solidarity, to strengthen their col-
laboration, and to defend their sovereignty,
their territorial integrity and their inde-
pendence." The OAS thus exists to assist
the American States to maintain their rights
to defend their integrity and to provide for
their preservation and prosperity. The ac-
tion of the United States has given the
organs of the OAS the essential time in
which to consider the situation in the Domin-
ican Republic and to determine means of
preserving the rights that country has under
the Inter-American system. The propriety
of a regional agency "dealing with such mat-
ters relating to the maintenance of interna-
tional peace and security as are appropriate
for regional actidn" is expressly recognized
by article 52 of the Charter of the United
Nations.
II
The initial landing of U.S. Marine forces
during the night of April 28-29 was ordered
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10734 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD ? SENATE May 2-0, 1965
by the President of the United States to
protect the lives of U.S. nationals and those
of Other countries. The action was taken
after the United States had been officially
notified by Dominican authorities that they
were nO longer able to preserve order. The
factual circumstances of the breakdown of
order in the Dominigan Republican were
such that the landing could not have been
.delayed beyond the tirne it actually took
place without needless sacrifice of many
:more lives?both foreign nationals and
Dominican citizens?entailing serious danger
to the peace and security of the hemisphere.
After U.S, forces arrived in the Donlivrican
Republic, it became apparent that the struc-
tine of goverrunent had broken down to a
point where there was not only no authority
capable of preserving order but also no
Mechanism by which the Dominican people
could freely choose their own government.
The same evening when U.S. forces were
initially dispatched to Santo Domingo, the
'United States requested an urgent meeting
of the Council of the OAS. A meeting of the
Council was held on the morning of April 29,
and organs of the OAS proceeded to meet in
Gontinuing session thereafter on the Domin-
ican situation.
The United States refused to observe
merely the form of legalistic procedures to
the detriment of fundamental rights of a
nation under the OAS Charter. On April 28
the military junta in Santo Domingo, which
had proclaimed itself to be the government,
addressed a request to the United States to
send In Armed Forces and crush the rebels.
The United States couldha.ve recognized this,
group as the government of the Dominican
Republic, and could have responded to their
request. The United Statee dedlined to fol-
low this course because it would have
amounted to taking sides in the internal
struggle and would, therefore, have resulted
in aetuali Interference with the freedom. of
the Dominican people to choose their own
government. Such a course of, action would
have been inconsistent with the principles
that govern the Inter-American system.
The obligations of nonintervention con-
tained in articles 15 and ,17 of the OAS Char-
-ter did not preclude the United States plac-
ing Armed Forces in the Dominican Repub-
lic for the humanitarian purpose of saving
/Ives. Nor, did those obligations require the
United States to withdraw its forces in the
days immediately after their landing, when
it was entirely apparent that there was no
local means of keeping order and providing
essential public services in Santo Domingo.
In fact, it would hare been irresponsible for
the ;United, States to withdraw its forces
when such a course would have endangered
seriously the lives of foreign nationals not
yet evacuated and would haveled to a full-
scale resnmption of bloody civil war among
the contending Dominican factions.
The United States, in maintaining elements
of its Armed Forces in the Dominican Repub-
lic, aeted to preserve the situation so that
the organs of the Inter-American system
could carry out their intended responsibil-
ities under inter-American treaties and
assist the people of the Dominican Republic
In reestablishing democratic government
under conditions of public order.
The actions of the United States were
designed to help give effect to the resolu-
tions adopted by the OAS. These resolutions
(1) called for a cease-fire; (2) appealed for
the establishment of an international neu-
tral _zone of refuge; (3) dispatched a five-
member commission to the Dominican Re-
public; and (.I), called upon member govern-
ments to supply food and medicine to the
people of the Dominican 5(0-labile. Without
continued action by the United States, the
OAS machinery could not have become
effective.
Acting upon the recommendation of the
five-man commission, the meeting of Foreign
? Ministers resolved on May 8 to request the
-establishment of an Inter-American armed
-force. This resolution recognized that the
formation of the force would "signify ipso
facto the transformation of the forces pres-
ently in Dominican territory into a force
which will not be that of one state or group
..of states but that of the OAS, which Organi-
zation is charged with the responsibility of
interpreting the democratic will of its mem-
bers."
The meeting of Foreign Ministers is now
considering other reports and recommenda-
tions from the five-Member commission on
the preservation of public order and the for-
mation of a new Dominican Government.
All of these efforts would have been frus-
trated if the United States had withdrawn
Its forces and thus invited a renewal of
Anarchy.
us
There is a further consideration which
supports the action taken by the 'United
States. Available information has suggested
that what began as a democratic revolution
fell into the hands of a band of Communist
conspirators. If a movement under such
control had succeeded in establishing itself
as the government of the Dominican Re-
public, the seizure of power by a totalitarian
regime would in all likelihood have been
irreversible. The OAS would have been de-
prived of any realistic possibility of assisting
the Dominican people to determine freely
bheir own political future. Rather than let
such a risk materialize, the United States
acted to preserve the situation pending con-
sideration by the OAS and the taking of such
steps as the OAS might recommend.
Participation in the Inter-American sys-
tem, to be meaningful, must take into ac-
sount the modern day reality that an
ittempt by a conspiratorial group Inspired
from the outside to seize control by force
esin be an assault upon the Independence
and integrity of a state. The rights and ob-
Agations of all members of the OAS must
'ea viewed in light of this reality.
"The American States have formally recog-
iiized the dangers of international com-
munism to the inter-American system. The
3voreign Ministers of the American Repub-
/Ica, meeting at Punta del Este in January
3382 declared: "The principles of com-
munism are incompatible with the principles
Cf the inter-American system" and "adher-
(nee by any member of the Organization of
/merle= States to Marxism-Leninism is in-
compatible with the inter-American system
end the alinement of such a government
^dth the Communist bloc breaks the unity
and solidarity of the hemisphere." This
fleeting of Foreign Ministers therefore
^ rged "the member states to take those steps
that they may consider appropriate for their
ticlividual or collective self-defense, and to
esoperate, as may be necessary or desirable,
t) strengthen their capacity to counteract
tareats or acts of aggression, subversion, or
obher dangers to peace and security resulting
Mark the continued intervention in this
heinisphere of Sino-Soviet powers, in ac-
cYrclance with the obligations established in
titaties and agreements such as the Charter
o? the Organization of American States and
tlie Inter-American Treaty of Reciprocal
Assistance."
iv
The United States continues to support
Hi cOranaitmerit to the preservation of the
ritht of all free peoples in this hemisphere
to choose their own course, without falling
wey to international conspiracy from any
q- mrter.
The United States continues to support
ti e OAS as the institution through which
this right can be realized when outside inter-
ference Makes collective assistance to a sis-
ter republic necessary.
United States forces are not occupying the
Dominican Republic. They are not assert-
ing authority to govern any part of the
country. They are not taking sides in the
civil conflict. 17.5, action has been taken
In order to help preserve for the people of
the Dominican Republic their right to
choose their government free from outside
interference.
Experience has shown. that If a group led
by .communist conspirators and inspired by
an outside power is permitted to seize con-
trol of a country by force, any further con-
sideration of the right of the peopleof that
country to choose their own course is an
empty gesture.
U.S.. forces continue to be present in the
Dominican Republic only in support of OAS
efforts to organize effective measures to pre-
vent such a denial of freedom and further
loss of life: As President Johnson has
stated: "The moment that the Organization
of American States can present a plan that
will hiring peace on the island and give us
the opportunity to evacuate our people and
give some hope of stability of government,
we'll be the first to come back home."
Mr: MORSE. Mr. President, I hope
that these two memoranda will provide
some 'grist for the law review mills of
this Nation. These memoranda can be
torn to pieces?and they should be.
If these memoranda constitute a fair
evaluation of the international law field
of the U.S. State Department, one of
the greatest needs in the State Depart-
ment is to hire a few competent inter-
national _lawyers, because these memo-
rands. would not receive a passing grade
In any international law course in any
law school in the United States.
I do' not blame the lawyers of the De-
partment of State for the weaknesses of
these_ memoranda. They had an impos-
sible task?their job was as tough as
that Of the court-appointed law firm
designated to defend a man accused of
murder whose plea is "not guilty" even
though there were a dozen eyewitnesses
to the. crime.
This is an ignominious position for
ally legal officer?to be called upon to
provide legal justification for acts which
on their face are ultra vires. The United
States should never get itself in a posi-
tion of ex post facto justification. If
we expect to promote an orderly inter-
national community we must, above all
things, live within the law of that
community.
Mr. President, the United States has
been living completely outside the law
in Vietnam for 11 years, since 1954. We
have been an outlaw nation in southeast
Asia for 11 years. The Communists
have, tOo. North Vietnam has, too. So
has South Vietnam. So have 'the Viet-
cong. But what argument is it, because
others engage in outlawry, that we
should engage in outlawry, rather than
go to the courts to seek the enforcement
of existing law?
That is what we should have been
doing. . It is a' sad thing that Adlai
Stevenson, the Ambassador of the United
States at the United Nations, has not
insisted' on it, or resigned his position
as Ambassador to the United Nations..
Mr. President, so far as our legal justi-
fication- for ignoring the United Nations
Charter In Vietnam and our unilateral
stretching of the SEATO treaty to im-
pose an obligation on the United States
to send :troops to Vietnam to engage in
an undeclared war, I refer to a chapter
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May 20, 1965 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD ? SENATE 10735
in a remarkable booklet prepared by
Don R. Larson and Arthur Larson en-
titled "Vietnam and Beyond." In chan-
ter 2 these eminent scholars state un-
equivocally:
The true fact is that the United States has
had no obligation to South Vietnam or any-
one else under the SEATO treaty to use its
own armed forces in the defense of South
Vietnam.
I wonder if Dean Rusk, Secretary of
State, will now say that those eminent
international law scholars are gullible
academic men.
Some days ago I paid my disrespects
to Dean Rusk for the shocking, disgrace-
ful, uncalled for and insulting speech
that he made attacking the academic
men and women of this country because
they do not agree with him on Vietnam.
In that speech I did what I would have
to be moved very deeply before offering
to do. I challenged mr. Rusk to join
me in a public discussion of American
policies in Vietnam on any campus or
any number of campuses he wishes to
name, and let him present to those cam-
puses any justification within the frame-
work of international law, or any justi-
fication on the basis of any other
premise, for America's course of action
in Vietnam. But I warned him that in
that debate or those debates I would
not protect him with any executive privi-
lege, because if he desires to participate
in that public discussion, the bars are
down as far as telling the American peo-
ple what the State Department, the
White House, and the Pentagon should
have been telling them for a long time
past?the facts about America's policies
in Asia and her plans in Asia. The
American people are entitled to an open
government that practices a precious
safeguard of freedom; namely, full pub-
lic disclosure of the public's business.
They are not getting it, and they have
n6t got it for a long time in Asia.
Short of a declaration of war, the
American people are entitled to know
about the war plans of their Government
in Asia, for the American people will do
the dying by the many millions if the
administration continues to lead our
country and mankind into a massive war
in Asia.
Mr. President, if my country can fol-
low the policy it is now following and
have a great many military victories?
military victories that will make it look
as though our escalating of the war is
paying off?none of those military vic-
tories will produce peace, for all those
military victories will only intensify for
many decades and generations, an in-
tense hatred of the Asiatics for the peo-
ple of the United States. We the people
will suffer because of this inexcusable,
uncalled for, unconstitutional, unjusti-
fied American war in Asia.
The Senate knows that only a few days
ago I stood with only two other Senators
In voting against the bill that was in-
troduced, not because the President
needed the $700 million, because his own
lips told us that he did not need it?he
had the authority to use funds without
passage of the bill?but as a vehicle to
obtain another commitment from the
Congress of the United States in sup-
port of his policy in Asia.
At the time I said, and repeat today,
that it was interesting to listen to the
reservationists in the Senate, for Senator
after Senator, as a reservationist, rose
and said, "This does not commit me.
This does not mean I am giving him a
blank check. This does not mean that I
do not expect to be consulted when more
troops are sent over or when there is a
proposal made really to expand the war."
My reply to them, as the CONGRES-
SIONAL RECORD Will show, was, "Whom
do you think you are kidding? No one
but yourselves. You are being consulted
right now. You vote the President the
vote of confidence that he is asking for,
and that is the end of the consultation."
Events since that time have already
proved how right I was, because already
a good many thousands more have been
sent over.
I should like to hear the Senator who
was consulted.
Mr. President, what the Senate did
was what it cannot do constitutionally.
It sought and attempted to delegate to
the President of the United States a
warmaking power, and that cannot be
done under the Constitution. We can-
not make war legally without a declara-
tion of war. That is why in my speech
In opposition to the bill, in opposition to
a vote of confidence in the President's
Asian policy, I referred to an attempt on
the part of the Congress to approve an
undeclared war in Asia. In that speech
I suggested?and repeat today in my
speech?that there is a great deal of dif-
ference in all the international legal con-
sequencies between acting under a de-
clared war and acting in violation of our
international obligations as we are doing
in Vietnam, for if there should be a rec-
ommendation for a declared war, and if
Congress should vote it on the basis of
the present facts, the senior Senator
from Oregon would still vote against the
declaration, for I know of no justifica-
tion for declaring war in Asia. Judging
from whom we are fighting, the only
country that such a declaration of war
could refer to would be North Vietnam.
But a declaration of war against North
Vietnam, or a proposal for one, would
force an interesting debate, not only in
the Congress, but at the grassroots of
America. We would find an entirely dif-
ferent attitude on the part of millions of
fellow Americans if it were proposed that
we should go all the way and formally
declare war?although we are making
war, and it is our war. The South Viet-
namese are now in a secondary position.
The South Vietnamese are doing what
the United States tells them to do and
only what the United States tells them
to do in conducting this war. But a dec-
laration of war would greatly change our
International law relationships with all
the world. It would be interesting if we
declared war against North Vietnam and
Great Britain continued to send her sup-
ply ships into North Vietnam, as she is
doing now.
It is interesting, is it not, that we get
words of praise from the Prime Min-
ister of Great Britain about our activi-
ties in South Vietnam? But I ask him
from the floor of the Senate this after-
noon: "Mr. Prime Minister, when are
you going to stop all your trade with
North Vietnam?" We could ask that
question of other so-called allies, too.
If there had been a declaration of war,
there would have been a great change in
International law relationships with the
rest of the world. I have no doubt in
my mind that that is a factor that is
considered in connection with the course
of action we are following in South
Vietnam.
So far as the obligation of the United
States to act under the terms of the
United Nations Charter is concerned,
these authors state:
There is one obligation in Vietnam * *
that when other means of dealing with a
threat to the peace have failed, the matter
"shall" be referred to the Security Council.
That is not permissive; that is not
optional; that is mandatory language, as
we lawyers say. The sad fact is that
the United States had no intention of
? doing it in the past and shows no in-
tention of doing it in the future. I have
yet to hear even a whisper that Adlai
Stevenson has ever recommended it.
We have failed in our obligation to this
principle.
So far as the opinion of the Legal Ad-
viser of the State Department, entitled
"Legal Basis for U.S. Actions in the Do-
minican Republic," is concerned, I note
only that it does not have the audacity
to quote articles 15 and 17 of the Char-
ter of the OAS: I do not wish to imply
that legal counsel for the State Depart-
ment has never found those articles in
the charter. I do not wish to imply that
legal counsel for the State Department
did such a poor job of legal research that
he did not even discover the articles. I
only wish to imply that he found it con-
venient to omit any consideration of
them from his legal memorandum.
What do those articles provide?
I read as follows:
ARTICLE 15
No state or group of states has the right
to intervene, directly or indirectly, for any
reason whatever, in the internal or external
affairs of any other state. The foregoing
principle prohibits not only armed force but
also any other form of interference or at-
tempted threat against the personality of
the state or against its political, economic,
and cultural elements.
Note, Mr. President, that article 15
uses the word "intervene." It is that
word that some of our Latin American
critics have seized upon in protesting
even the sending of American troops
into the Dominican Republic to bring
out American citizens at the request and
invitation of the Government that we
had recognized. Bad as that Govern-
ment was, our recognition of it, of
course, established diplomatic relations
with it and placed upon us the responsi-
bility of fulfilling obligations in relation
to that diplomatic recognition.
Thus, as I said earlier in my speech,
the use of this language in the Charter of
the Organization of American States
does not prohibit the President from
going into a country and bringing out
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10736 CONO1 USIONAL RhCORTi ? 'SENATE May 20, 19-c5
citizens of our country when a govern-
ment we have recognized informs us that
it cannot protect their lives. That is not
Intervention in terms of the artistic
meaning of the word in international
law. "Intervention" is a word of art. To
apply it to the fact situation in which our
Government responded to an invitation
of the Government of the Dominican Re-
public to come to a lifesaving rescue
mission does not justify our being
charged with intervention.
Article 1.7 of the Charter of the Orga-
nization of American States reads as fol-
lows:
ARTICLE 17
The territory of a state is inviolable; it
snap not be the object, even temporarily, of
military occupation or of other measures of
force taken by another state, directly or in-
directly, on any grounds whatever.
I digress to say that when we have
standing offshore an American ship,
when we have American airplanes land-
ing on an airbase, for the limited purpose
of putting passengers aboard and taking
them out of a country, we are not en-
gaging, even temporarily, in occupation,
Also, when we are dealing with the
term "military occupation," we are deal-
ing with words of art in international
law. A country does not militarily oc-
cupy unless it enters a conntry, and en-
gages In a form of territorial seizure;
unless it enters to engage in a process of
moving out the existing government and
interfering with its rights of sovereignty,
If the United States had limited its ac-
tivities in the Dominican Republic to
rescue Operations, merely sending in
troops to bring out our citizens, it would
not in any way have interfered, even to
the slightest extent, with rights of sover-
eignty.
Article 17 continues to read:
No territorial acquisitions or special ad-
vantages obtained either by force or by other
means of coercion shall be recognized.
We did not intervene, we did not oc-
cupy, during that period of time, which,
I am sad to report, did not last very long,
a period in which we sought merely to
rescue only American lives. The evi-
dence Is perfectly clear that atter a short
period of time the United States changed
Its objective in the Dominican Republic.
The information I have received from
reliable sources is that there was a slow-
ing up of the evacuation until it finally
came to a complete halt and we desisted
from evacuating. We dng in and soon
found ourselves in a position in which
we were not evacuating, but were oppos-
ing. We were engaging in combat.
When we started that operation, we
moved outside the framework of the
Charter of the Organization of American
States. That is why we shall find that
this action on our part has cost us dearly
in prestige throughout Latin America.
Articles XV and XVII speak for them-
selves, I do not believe that the dis-
patch of more than 20,000 American
troops to the Dominican Republic after
foreign nationals, including Americans,
had been substantially evacuated, or
given the opportunity to evacuate from
the Dominican Republic, can be fitted
into the language of the Charter of the
Organization of American States.
'The President's effort to seek an OAS
cloak for our forces in the Dominican
Republic is having the most dubious suc-
ces,t in Latin America. The damage has
been done. Once again our actions have
spoken louder than our words.
3 r. President, I am as conscious as
arnpne of the dangers implicit in the
expansion of communism in Latin Amer-
ica or anywhere else in the world and
the record will show that I was one of
the first Members of this body to oppose
Cal tro.
'e RECORD will show that I was the
first to oppose Castro, and I was the first
to impose him for some days. It did not
take me very long to see that all that we
had done was to substitute a totalitarian
dic ;ator with at least some Communist
leanings. M I said in one of my first
speeches, "I do not know whether he is
a Clommunist or not. However, I know
he Ls following the Communist line and
Is lidopting the Communist procedure."
All we did was substitute one type of to-
talitarian for a Fascist totalitarian
Bai &sta.
Mr. President, that is the sorry record
against us in Latin America. And we
are not going to be allowed to forget it.
labile the Eisenhower administration
WaiE seeking by its aid programs to buy
the affections of the Cuban Communist,
I I ;as protesting his wholesale execu-
tions and reading into his disregard of
the rule of fair trial and law, a sure indi-
cation of the direction of his develop-
me it.
I e that as it may, I am deeply appre-
hersive that the actions of the United
States in recent months in both Viet-
nam and the Dominican Republic are
encouraging Communism, rather than
discouraging it.
The very presence of 20,000 American
troops in the Dominican Republic, and
their aid to the junta, has given a shot
in ihe arm to anti-American sentiment
in ill the hemisphere. After 30 years
of Effort to remove our imperialist image
in natin America we have by one stroke
of policy destroyed the good neighbor
ediitce which we and our neighbors had
so laboriously built.
We speak of encouraging the holding
of 'tree elections" in the Dominican Re-
putlic. I think we can safely predict
tha; the only kind of candidate who could
now-win a free election in the Dominican
Republic would be a candidate running
on anti-American platform. This is
whOre our policy has led us, not only in
the Dominican Republic but in much of
the rest of Latin America.
'I he American Nation is on the verge
of reaping a harvest of hatred for our
act] ns in Vietnam and the Dominican
RePublic. Our hypocrisy has been ex-
pos:id. We have talked of the law, of
the __United Nations Charter, of the Or-
ganization of American States, in tones
of sanctimonious morality. But our
deeis have not filled our words.
I am afraid that we must pay a costly
price.
I close by saying that I hope that in
the het-too-distant future, as the chair-
mar k of the subcommittee on Latin Amer-
ican, Affairs, I may be able to give a
happier report than, I am satisfied, the
facts have compelled me to give today in
regard te: the most unfortunate and mis-
taken whey which we have come to
practice in the Dominican Republic.
Would that we had taken our nationals
out and then gotten out ourselves.
Mr. ?resident, I yield the Boor.
?
[From the Washington Post, May 20, 1965]
U.S. TROOPS AID JUNTA AS REBELS LOSE
GROUND.?DIBERT'S GAINS ARE PROTECTED
BY AMERICANS
(By Barnard L. Collier, Herald Tribune news
service)
SANTO POMING0,, May 19.?U.S. Marines and
paratroopers gave both direct and indirect
help to the forces of Gen. Antonio Imbert
Barrera today as Imbert's junta troops cap-
tured the rebel-held Radio Santo Domingo
and conducted a house-by-house cleanup of
rebels in the northern sections of the city.
United States officials still denied that U.S.
forces were aiding the Imbert junta, but
officers on the U.S.-controlled perimeters said
they were under orderr to shoot any rebel
who tried to stop the junta forces.
American troops were seen several times
firing into rebel positions facing the junta
corridor" across the city.
Late this afternoon, the American forces
moved a mile north along the corridor, se-
curing territory won 'by the junta.
At the Same time, they moved 2 blocks
south all along the corridor into the main
rebel stronghold, the Ciudad Nueva water-
front district. .
U.S. troops at three checkpoints, leading
into Ciudad Nueva stopped all trucks car-
rying food, from entering today. American
officers at the scene said the intention was
to starve the rebels into submission if they
put up too much resistance to junta troops.
[In Washington, Ellsworth Bunker, U.S.
Ambassador to the Organization of American
States, told an OAS meeting that he is "not
prepared to commit troops of the United
States to slaughter Dominicans."
[Bunker's remark came as he. opposed a
Venezuelan resolution calling on the Inter-
American peace force in Santo Domingo to
intervene in the fighting there and bring
about a cease-fire. Since almost all the out-
side troops there belong to 'U.S. forces that
President Johnson has promised to commit
to the peace force, the Venezuelan request,
in effect, called on the United States to stop
the fighting.
[The resolution was withdrawn by the
Venezuelan delegation after it became appar-
ent that the United States would not agree
to it. The OAS then unanimously adopted
a substitute Argentine resolution calling on
both sides in Santo Domingo to submit to -a
new cease-fired
IMBERT E:ARS TALKS
Earlier in the day, Imbert insisted that he
was "going to win this war against the Com-
munists" within a day or two. He refused to
listen to any talk of a cease-fire or negotia-
tions with Col. Francisco Ca,amano Deno,
leader of the rebels who overthrew a mili-
tary-backed civilian junta on April 25 in an
effort to bring back exiled constitutional
President Juan Bosch. Imbert said he would
talk with Ottoman? only to discuss surrender
terms.
Imbert had been under heavy American
pressure until today to call off his military
drive again the Caamano forces and step
down in favor of a coalition government.
He now 'appears to have won this clash.
The U.S. Embassy continued to say Wednes-
day it was displeased with the junta's ac-
tions. But American forces appear to be
helping the junta troops in any way they
can, short of directly fighting their way into
rebel territory.
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CLAIM U.S. HELP
The junta-held radio station broadcast
Wednesday that the 24,000 U.S. troops here
were helping them, to win the battle "against
international communism" and that the as-
sumption of power by any man allied in any
way with Bosch was out of the question.
This appeared to rule out any chance of
Antonio Suzman, a wealthy pro-Boschist,
from taking power. Suzman was said to have
been approved by both the United States and
Caamano's forces as an acceptable compro-
mise leader in this crisis.
REPORTS FROM somrz
News dispatches from Santo Domingo re-
ported:
A spokesman for the U.N. mission here said
both the junta and the rebels have agreed
in principle to a 12-hour cease-fire Friday
so that the Red Cross can evacuate dead and
wounded from. the battle area in northern
Santo Domingo. This truce was requested
by the U.N. Security Council today.
At a rally after the capture of Radio Santo
Domingo, Imbert told 1,000 followers, "We
have absolute control of the Dominican
Republic."
Dan Kurzman of the Washington Post
reported, however, that four newsmen who
toured the country this week were unan-
imous in finding overwhelming popular sup-
port for the Caainano forces.
The junta forces' main advance was a 10-
block drive eastward from the radio station.
Commodore Francisco J. Rivera Caminero,
armed forces secretary and Imbert supporter,
told reporters that rebel fire from the run-
down houses in the area, strong early in
the week, had nearly ceased Tuesday after-
noon.
REBELS MAKE CLAIMS
A rebel spokesman claimed the junta ad-
vance had been halted roughly at the middle
of the northern sector. The spokesman pre-
dicted junta troops would pull back during
the night under rebel counterattack.
Rebel forces claimed to have captured a
U.S. marine. U.S. authorities acknowledged
a Marine was missing from his post but de-
clined details.
A. U.S. official said efforts to form. a coali-
tion government of national reconciliation?
presumably under Guzman?had failed, at
least for the moment. "There must be a re-
appraisal," he said. "There has to be when
something doesn't materialize."
The death toll from the battle was not
known, although hospitals reported 30 dead.
Some estimates said there were more than
100 dead, including civilians.
A junta spokesman said 800 rebel prisoners
had been taken. The rebels issued no fig-
ures,
MANY HOMES DAMAGED
Newsmen driving through the battle area
said many homes were damaged by machine-
gun and tank cannon fire. Junta troops en-
tered nearly every house and searched for
arms, according to refugees fleeing the area
during the fighting.
Many of those at Imbert's side during the
rally had served in the government of Donald
Reid Cabral, ouSted by the rebels 26 days
ago in the coup that led to the civil war.
In a bid to gain support for the junta,
Imbert's aides announced after the rally that
two of Reid's unpopular austerity measures
had been canceled.
CANCELED MEASURES
One was a $30 tax on any Dominican leav-
ing the country. The other required an im-
porter to deposit for 6 months 40 percent of
the value of all imports. Both measures
were designed to adjust an unfavorable bal-
ance of payments and prevent a devaluation
of the peso.
Imbert said that $10 million deposited
with the Central Bank under the 40-percent
No. 91-12
law would be returned this week. Commer-
cial banks in the capital are closed and there
has been a shortage of currency.
Junta sources said that U.S. Under Secre-
tary of State Thomas C. Mann talked with
Imbert Tuesday night before returning to
Washington with another special American
presidential envoy, former Ambassador John
Bartlow Martin.
The sources said that Mann discussed re-
newal of economic aid with Imbert but did
not mention the idea of a coalition govern-
ment. The meeting could not be confirmed
with U.S. officials here.
Exinsrr 2
[From the New York Times, May 4, 1965]
DOMINICAN SEQUEL
The cold war is getting hot again. Local
wars and civil wars are confined with diffi-
culty to one country, as Vietnam and now the
Dominican Republic are proving. The world
Is getting more dangerous as the United
States actively shows its determination to
stop Communist subversion in other coun-
tries, or even, as in the Dominican Republic,
the threat of communism.
In the Caribbean, U.S. intervention has
undoubtedly resulted in a grave setback to
the inter-American system. Decades were
spent in creating a policy of noninterven-
tion in the internal affairs of hemispheric
nations and in a collective system of security
based on the Rio Treaty and the Bogota,
Charter. These documents stand; but they
are fractured, and time will be needed to heal
the wounds.
The Organization of American States is re-
luctantly but wisely moving in?as the
United States has urged?to do what it can
to take the issue from its unilateral North
American phase into a collective heinispheric
mediation. President Johnson Is trying to
repair the breach with other American states
by sending special envoys to the various capi-
tals and by stressing the OAS role at the
present stage.
Under the United Nations Charter, regional
organizations such as the OAS are given the
task of settling regional affairs if they can.
The significance of yesterday's Security
Council meeting was merely to provide a
forum to attack the United States and for
the United States to defend itself. Ambas-
sador Stevenson, as always, was as eloquent
and effective a spokesman as possible, but
since the American case was put so recently
and so fully by President Johnson there was
nothing new that he could say.
The overwhelming strength of the Ameri-
can forces in Santo Domingo should bring
an uneasy peace fairly soon. What will never
end is argument about the 'U.S. contention
that it is saving the Dominican Republic
from a Castro-type revolution. President
Johnson concedes that the uprising began
as "a popular democratic revolution." The
former Ambassador to Santo Domingo, John
Bartiow Martin, who talked to the rebel lead-
ers, was quoted afterward as saying that the
movement became "Communist dominated"
only in the last 3 or 4 days.
It is therefore arguable that 'U.S. inter-
vention was what brought the Communists
to the forefront. This is what ex-President
Juan Bosch believes. He claims that his
liberal and democratic followers had victory
in their grasp when the United States inter-
vened and turned the tables. Ideas of this
sort are going to plague hemispheric rela-
tions for some years to come.
[From the New York Times, May 12, 19651
THE DOMINICAN MORASS
The United States is getting more and more
deeply involved inside the Dominican Re-
public, politically as well as military. What
began as an uprising has become a civil war
in a state of suspended animation. Whether
10737
there was or was not a genuine threat of a
Communist coup?and U.S. correspondents
are emphatic in casting doubt on Washing-
ton's assertions that there was?it is clear
that Dominican and Latin American com-
munism has been strengthened in reaction
against the American intervention.
What may have seemed to the American
public to be a simple operation when Presi-
dent Johnson first sent in marines on April
28 has become a complicated, confused, and
potentially explosive act of force majeure,
with profound effects on the whole Inter-
American System. Some of the United States'
best friends in Latin America are included
among the anti-Communist governments
and peoples whom American intervention
has alienated. The man in whose name the
rebellion was started, the strongly anti-
Communist Juan Bosch, may yet prove cor-
rect in his bitter comment that the United
States, by its intervention, will create far
more Communist sympathizers in the Do-
minican Republic and Latin America than
were on hand?whatever their number?
when the revolt began.
The Dominican situation is proving that
the best intentions mean little or nothing
In the face of contrary realities. No one
could doubt the sincerity of Under Secretary
Mann when he stated in an interview with
the Times that the United States does not
want to dictate the kind of government the
Dominicans choose. But the fact is that
the U.S. intervention bolstered a right-
wing military group against a movement
that, while it had some Communists within
it, was for the most part democratic in spirit
and intention. The idea of supporting the
Bosch elements against the Communist mi-
nority in the rebel ranks was apparently
never even entertained.
When it became clear that the military
junta's first leader, Gen Wessin y Wessin,
was adamantly opposed in the Dominican
Republic and throughout Latin America,
Washington came up with another?but
equally unpopular and rightwing?protege.
American correspondents on the spot agree
that General Imbert, now head of the junta,
was chosen, groomed, and put in by the
Americans and is being kept in power by
Americans.
U.S. representatives refused even to talk
with the rebel group headed by Lieutenant
Colonel Casznatio until yesterday although
Colonel Caamafio clearly has a considerable
following throughout the Dominican Re-
public. In his enclave in Santo Domingo,
surrounded by American _troops, he has
thousands of fanatically dedicated and well-
armed followers.
In present circumstances the stalemate
can be broken in only two ways. One is a
cleanup by the American troops of the rebel
enclave in Santo Domingo, with inevitable
slaughter and destruction. The other is
continued negotiation with the Caamafio-
Bosch group. Of the two methods, it is a
peaceful settlement that holds the best
hope?we believe the only hope?of control-
ling ultimately the Dominican Communists.
In the long run, even if the marines once
again stay on for years, it is the Dominicans
and not the Americans who are going to
decide the fate of the Dominican Republic.
[From the St. Louis Post-Dispatch, May 6,
1965]
A LITTLE Too VEHEMENT -
The vehemence of President Johnson's ef-
forts to defend his military intervention in
the Dominican Republic suggests an inner
uncertainty that does not quite square with
the clenched fist and the bellicose front he
presents to the public. Sympathetic Ameri-
cans will be inclined to overlook some of his
excesses?such as the rocking-chair remark
which was widely interpreted as a subcon-
,
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107U CONGRESSIONA-L RECORD ? SENATE May-20,
sCious thrust at the late President Kennedy?
in view of the strain lie has experienced.
But bald distortion of the truth cannot and
should not be ignored.
At his walking news conference Tuesday,
the President represented himself as having
decided to send troops to Santo Domingo
after the Organization of American States
"met and talked and talked and debated
and then adjourned" without a decision.
Thus he sought to convey the impression
that he took unilateral action?which is
clearly prehibited by the OAS Charter?only
after failing to obtain collective action under
the treaty.
? This is a serious misstatement of fact. Mr.
Johnson ordered the Marines into the Do-
minican Republic on Wednesday night, April
28, and did not lay the question before the
OAS until the following day. It is true that
the OAS could not agree on immediate ac-
tion, but one of the reasons may have been
that it then faced an accomplished fact of
American intervention. By the time Or-
ganization met on the United States call,
Marines and troops were pouring into Santo
Domingo by the thousands. The plain truth
is that the President simply kicked the treaty
procedures of hemispheric consultation and
collective decision into the ashcan when he
decided to use American armed power.
Mr. Johnson contends he had to act
quickly in order to save the lives of Ameri-
cans in a deteriorating situation. Perhaps
history will prove him right in that respect.
But evacuating Americans is clearly not the
mission of our troops now. The main ques-
tion at the moment is pot why the troops
went in, but what purpose they are going to
serve by staying there, and for how long.
One week after American intervention the
OAS has voted to send an international force
to Santo Domingo. That should help. But
there is a warning in the fact that such im-
portant countries as Mexico, Chile, and Vene-
zuela refused to support the move. Unless
American influence is promptly thrown be-
hind a political settlement that will permit
our occupation to be ended, the President's
hasty adventure bids fair to poison inter-
American relations for years to come.
[From the New York Times, May 20, 1965]
WAR CHANGES SANTO DOMINGO INTO CITY OF
THREE HOSTILE WORLDS
(By Tad SZU1C)
SANTO DOMINGO, DOMINICAN REPUBLIC, May
10.?It is nearly 4 weeks since war?and war
is the word to describe what is happening
here?has come to shatter the life of Santo
Domingo.
In 25 blood-spattered days, the 300,000 in-
habitants of this Caribbean capital have
learned how to live under a rain of missiles
and bullets in a city slashed by war into three
hostile, miniature worlds separated by mili-
tary lines.
First, there is the shrinking world of the
rebels of Col. Francisco Caamafio Dena. It
is the passionate, often hungry, but defiant
world of the constitutionalist revolution. Its
brain is the great Copello Building on nar-
row Conde Street downtown where the rebels
have their headquarters.
Its heart?and its defenses?are in the
narrow streets and ancient houses of the
rebel zone. There, armed soldiers and civil-
ians, including women and teenagers, kept
their vigil as the junta forces pounded the
rebels in the north, on the far side of the
security corridor manned by US. troops.
The rebel zone downtown is sealed off
from the outside by the security corridor in
the north, the Caribbean in the south, and
Ozama River in the east and the interna-
tional safety zone in the west.
? From the international zone, rebel terri-
tory can be entered only through one check-
point where U.S. marines and junta police-
men behind tanks, barbed wire and sand-
lkam carefully funnel through long lines of
traffic during the day. At night, the check-
points are the outposts of a no man's land.
From the security corridor, the rebel world
can be entered through checkpoints held by
paratroopers of the 82d Airborne Division,
who search all passersby for weapons.
The only economic activity in the down-
town rebel territory is in an occasional bar,
lOodstore or barber shop.
'Food is not yet in short supply. But the
ebels say that 'U.S. troops have stopped the
now of food from the countryside.
The rebels try to keep their area orderly.
There has been virtually no looting along
(Sande Street, the city's main shopping area,
end sanitation employees and rebel fighters
dear away the rubbish.
The Caamano regime has tried to function
s a government, but its "ministers" cannot
g ay its employees and their control of the
city's activities is bounded by the limits of
the rebel zone.
The rebels control the telephone exchange
and the US: military commanders and the
Ilnabassy communicate with Washington
through two direct lines.
The second world of Santo Domingo is
the territory held by the junta. It is, how-
ever, spread all over the city's area.
The headquarters of Brig. Gen. Antonio
Ienbert Barreras, head of the junta, is on the
grounds of the international fair in the
vrestern section of the city, behind the U.S.-
controlled international safety zone.
The junta world then reappears on the
east bank of the Ozama River, which is also
controlled by U.S. forces.
There, the center of the junta's activities
in San Isidro Air Force Base, where the junta
1: as its military headquarters and its aircraft.
Part of the junta world is also in the
r orthern area, following the last 5 days of
f ghting. But that area is still a battlefield.
This is the world of the cannon, the ba-
zooka, the recoilless rifle, and the machine-
g on.
DIPLOMATS AND SNIPERS
The third world of Santo Domingo is the
iternational safety zone.
Two U.S. Embassy and U.S. military head-
q Garters are at its eastern fringe, the Marine
e Cpeditionary brigade is in the Hispaniola
rote' and the international diplomatic cen-
tor is in the Hotel Embajador.
This world is perhaps the most frantic of
t: ie three.
Diplomats of the United States, the United
Nations, and the Organization of American
States rush from place to place in cars.
At night there is sniping, and yesterday
t] ie zone was shelled for the first time by
antitank weapons fired from an undeter-
mined spot.
The lobby of the Hotel Embajador is filled
with Marine patrols, airborne rangers, Chi-
n3se farmers awaiting evacuation, newsmen
a! 11 nationalities, agents for the junta and
for Colonel Caamafio, moneychangers, carpet-
b Iggers, and children who play games with
the soldiers.
[From the Los Angeles Times, May 9( 1965]
h U.S. GOLIATH OR ST. GEORGE 2?AMER/CA
IS MAKING ITSELF HEIR OF COLONIAL/SM,
TOYNBEE WARNS
(By Arnold Toynbee)
LONDON.?For the past 20 years the Govern-
ment and people of the United States have
been acting on the belief that communism
is on the march for the conquest of the world
and that it is the manifest destiny of the
Uaited States to save the world from this
fate.
According to this view, America has not
oily been saving the world; she has been
ea ring it with the world's grateful, and in-
deed enthusiastic, support. This is why
Americans have been puzzled and angered at
1965
demonstrations of anti-American feeling in
Asian, African, and Latin American countries.
These facts are incompatible with the Amer-
lean picture.
This picture is not founded on facts. The
current picture resembles the medieval Chris-
tian picture of the Church's struggle with
heretics, and the Roman picture of the
Roman Empire's struggle with the Christian
church. In each of these cases the adver-
sary who had to be defeated had been iden-
tified with the, powers of evil and had been
credited with superhuman wickedness and
potency. He had not been studied objec-
tively, to find out what he was really like.
COMMUNIST OBJECTIVE
Whether or not "history is bunk" and
whether or not it was Henry Ford who said
that, the American picture of current his-
tory is "bunk" unquestionably. It is true
that the conversion of all mankind is one
of the official objectives of the Communist
faith. Communism has taken over this ob-
jective from its parent, Christianity. It is
also true that communism, like both Chris-
tianity and Islam, has not propagated itself
solely by preaching, but has sometimes re-
sorted to force.
Yet, during the 20 centuries of the Chris-
tian era up to date, Christianity has not
come near to achieving its objective of con-
verting the whole of mankind and, in the
second century a the Communist era, the
prospects for communism do not look any
more promising. Moreover, communism has
never been the paramount ideology of any
government that has subscribed to the Com-
munist faith.
SAME IDEOLOGY
The predominant ideology of the govern-
ments--and the peoples?of the Communisi
countries is, in fact, the same as the Amer-
ican Government's and people's predominani
Ideology. All over the world today, the pre-
dominant ideology is neither communism
nor free enterprise: it is nationalism.
Today, the nationalism of the non-West.
ern peoples is pitted against the national.
ism of the Western peoples. The revolt o:
the "native" majority of mankind against
the domination of the Western minority?
this, and not the defense of freedom agains-
communism by the leading Western country
the United States, is the real major issue ix
the world today.
The American people have not yet recog.
nized this.
The mirage of communism is still veil.
ing the truth from their eyes. The preset]:
American misreading_ of the facts is periloul
for America and for the world.
Is the United States St: George fightim
the dragon? Or is She Goliath fightim
David? The question is important, becaus
St. George was a winner but Goliath was not
RING OF SINCERITY
While there is an unmistakable ring o
sincerity and of genuine desire for peace
President Johnson's two, recent public de
clarations, his assumption is that the Unite(
States is St. George, whereas she may ii
truth be the Goliath that the Vietnames(
and the Chinese and the Russians see in her
"There is no human power capable of fore-
Ing us from Vietnam," the President has said
An ancient Greek would have shuddered te
hear his leader thus provoking the envy GI
the gods.
Twice within one lifetime, Germany's min
-
tau power has appeared to be irresistible
and, each time, Germany has crashed. Go-
liath has succumbed to David, and this ha:
been the usual fate of Goliaths in the past
America, without realizing what she ha;
been doing, has made herself the heir o
British, French, Dutch, and Japanese coloni
alism, and consequently has drawn upon her
self all the odium that the European an
Japanese .colonialists formerly excited.
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UNTENABLE POSITION
The United States leaped into France's
forcibly vacated place in Vietnam at the mo-
ment when France's debacle in Vietnam had
demonstrated that colonialism had ceased
to be practicable. In assuming this anach-
ronistic role America was lending herself in
an untenable position.
Today, President Johnson is willing to
negotiate without making it a condition that
America's opponents in Vietnam shall first
stop fighting. He has, however, made it a
condition that South Vietnam shall remain
separate from North Vietnam, whatever the
wishes of the Vietnamese people may be.
The United States also insists that South
Korea shall remain separate from North
Korea, and Taiwan from continental China;
and, in all these three cases, the United
States in enforcing her flat by military
action.
Now the imposition of the fiats of West-
ern governments by force is the humiliation
that has been inflicted on the non-Western
peoples during the last 200 years.
ABSOLUTE EQUALITY
When they had got rid of the European
and Japanese imperialists, they thought, for
a moment, that they had recovered their
freedom. But now the Americans have
jumped in and are dictating, in their turn,
to the Asians what the Asians may or may
not do, and this is infuriating them.
The only practical basis for coexistence
between the non-Western majority and the
Western minority of mankind is a relation
of absolute equality. All Western powers,
Including the puissant United States, as
well as feeble Portugal, will have to accept
equality in the long run. The sooner they
accept it the smaller the price that they
will have to pay.
If only America could see through her
mirage of communism, perhaps the truth
might move her to make an agonizing re-
appraisal of her present unrealistic policy.
ADJOURNMENT
Mr. HART. Mr. President, if there
is no further business, I move, under the
order of May 19, 1965, that the Senate
stand in adjournment until tomorrow at
12 o'clock noon.
The motion was agreed to; and (at
5 o'clock and 25 minutes p.m.) the Senate
adjourned, under the order of May 19,
1965, until Friday, May 21, 1965, at 12
o'clock meridian.
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I .
The Rouse net at 12 o'clock noon.
Rabbi Ezra M. Finkelstein Town and
Village Synagogue, New York City, of-
fered the following prayer:
Then Daniel praised the God of the
heavens. Daniel spoke, saying: Praise,
be the name of God from everlasting to
everlasting, for wisdom and might are
His; He changes the seasons and times r
He removes kings and He sets up kings.
He gives wisdom to the wise and knowl-
edge to those who are endowed with un-
derstanding; He reveals things deep anc:
secret; He knows what is in darkness
and with Him dwells the light.
Elohenu V-elohe Avotenu,
Our God and God of our fathers, 10?1
upon us with mercy, and graciously grant,
our petitions, spoken before Thee in the
words of our teachers the Rabbis Elazar
and Ray.
May it be Thy will, 0 Lord, our God, to
cause to abide in our fortune love, broth-
erliness, peace, and friendship; to en--
rich our boundaries with students; to
prosper our goal with hope and with fu-
ture; to set us a share in paradise; to
cause us to obtain good companions ant
good impulse in Thy world, that we may
rise in the morning and And our heari
longing to hear Thy name.
May it be Thy will, 0 Lord, our God, tc
grant us long life, a life of peace, of good;
a life of blessing, of sustenance, of bodily
vigor; a life in which there is fear oi
sin; a life free from shame and disgrace;
a life of prosperity and honor; a life in
which we may have the love of Thy
teachings and a fear of heaven; a life in
which Thou shalt fulfill all the wisheE
of our hearts for good. Amen.
THE JOURNAL
The Journal of the proceedings of yes-
terday was read and approved.
MESSAGE FROM THE SENATE
A message from the Senate by Mr. Ar-
rington, one of its clerks, announced that
the Senate had passed a bill of the fol-,
lowing title, in which the concurrence of
the House is requested:
8. 1734. An act to conserve and protect
domestic fishery resources.
LEGISLATIVE PROGRAM FOR THE
BALANCE OF THIS WEEK AND
NEXT 'WEEK
(Mr. GERALD R. FORD asked and was
given permission to address the Rouse for
1 minute.)
Mx. GERALD R. FORD. Mr. Speaker,
I take this time for the purpose of de-
10740
THURSDAY, MAY 20, 1965
termining the program for the rest of
this week, and next week.
Mr. BOGGS. Mr. Speaker, as the gen-
tleman knows, we will consider, if the
rule is adopted, the atomic energy au-
thorization today. I would hope we
would complete consideration of it to-
day. If we do, at the end of the day we
hope to go over until Monday.
The program for next week is as fol-
lows:
Monday is District Day, but there are
no bills from the committee.
We will call up on Monday and con-
sider on Monday and Tuesday, H.R. 7'750,
the Foreign Assistance Act of 1965.
For Wednesday and the balance of the
week we will call up the agricultural ap-
propriation bill, followed by R.R. 5883,
bonding provisions of Federal labor laws.
This will come up under an open rule
with 1 hour of general debate.
Then H.R. 3584, the Federal Coal Mine
Safety Act amendments. This is under
an open rule providing 2 hours of gen-
eral debate.
Then H.R. 5241, amending section 20a
(12) of the Interstate Commerce Act re-
garding interlocking- directorates. This
will be called up under an open rule with
1 hour of general debate.
Mr. GERALD It. FJORD. The last
three bills mentioned would follow the
appropriation bill for the Department of
Agriculture?
Mr. BOGGS. Exactly. We will take
them up in that order after the appro-
priation bill is acted on.
Of course, conference reports may be
brought up at any time.
Mr. GERALD R. FORD. Can the
gentleman from Louisiana give us any
guideline as to what the legislative pro-
gram might be or might not be on Me-
morial Day weekend?
Mr. BOGGS. That is week after next.
Memorial Day comes on Sunday. Mon-
day is an official holiday. So / presume
there will be no legislative business on
that day, but I think we will have a full
week thereafter.
SUBCOMMITTEE ON INTERNA-
TIONAL TRADE OF THE COMMIT-
TEE ON BANKING AND CURRENCY
Mr. BOGGS. Mr. Speaker, I ask
unanimous consent that the Subcommit-
tee on International Trade of the Com-
mittee on Banking and Currency may be
permitted to sit during general debate
today.
The SPEAKER. Is there objection to
the request of the gentleman from
Louisiana?
There was no objection.
'SUBCOMMITTEE ON IRRIGATION OF
THE COMMITTEE ON INTERIOR
AND INSULAR AFFAIRS
Mr. B000S. Mr. Speaker, I ask
unanimous consent that the Subcommit-
tee on Irrigation of the Committee on
Interior and Insular Affairs be permitted
to Sit today during general debate.
The SPEAKER. Is there objection to
the request of the gentleman from
Colorado?
There was no objection.
E:ANIKSU NATIONAL FOREST,
IDAHO
Mr. ASPINALL. Mr. Speaker, I
ask unanimous consent for the immedi-
ate consideration of the bill (H.R. 5798)
to extend the boundaries of the Kaniksu
National Forest hi the State of Idaho,
and for other purposes.
The Clerk read the title of the bill.
The SPEAKER. Is there objection to
the request of the gentleman from Col-
? orado?
There being no objection, the Clerk
read the bill, as follows:
HR. 5798
/3e it enacted by the Senate and House
of Representatives of the United States of
America in Congress assembled, That, for the
purpose of authorizing appropriations from
the land and water conservation fund estab-
lished by section 2 of the Land and Water
Conservation Fund Act of 1965 for the ac-
quisition of lands adjacent to national for-
est? as authorized by section 6 of such Act,
the Secretary of Agriculture is authorized to
acquire by exchange, purchase, or otherwise,
the real property described in section 3 of
this Act. Upon such acquisition the bound-
aries of the Kaniksu National Forest are
extended to include such real property.
Sec. 2. In the acquisition of the real prop-
erty described in section 3, the Secretary of
Agriculture shall be guided by the following
- (1) He should make every reasonable ef-
fort to acquire the property by exchange or
negotiated purchase.
(2) The property should be appraised by
the Secretary of Agriculture before the ini-
tiation of negotiations, and the owner or
his designated representative should be
given an opportunity to accompany the ap-
praiser during his inspection of the property.
(3) Before the initiation of negotiations
for the property, the Secretary of Agriculture
should establish a price which he believes to
be a fair and reasonable consideration there-
for and should make a prompt offer to ac-
quire the property for the full amount so
established. In no event should such price
be less than the appraised fair value of
such property, as determined by the Secre-
tary.
Sec. 3. The real property authorized to be
acquired under authority of this Act is more
particularly described as follows:
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May 2?,1965 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD ? HOUSE
Township 63 north, ,range 4 west, Boise
meridian:
Section 18, southeast quarter southeast
quarter; section 19, northeast quarter north-
east quarter, lot 3 (southeast quarter north-
east quarter); section 20, southwest quarter
northwest quarter; section 33, lot 1 (north-
east quarter northwest quarter), lot 2
(southeast quarter northwest quarter), lot
3 (northeast quarter southeast quarter), lot
6 (southeast quarter southwest quarter),
west half southwest quarter northeast quar-
ter, west half northwest quarter southeast
quarter, southwest quarter southeast quar-
ter.
Township 63 north, ,range 5 west, Boise
meridian:
Section 24, northeast quarter northeast
quarter, east half northwest quarter north-
east quarter, northeast quarter northeast
quarter southwest quarter northeast quarter,
northwest quarter southeast quarter north-
east quarter, lot 2 (northeast quarter south-
east quarter northeast quarter), lot 3
(northeast quarter southeast quarter south-
east quarter northeast quarter),
With the following committee amend-
ments:
Page 1, lines 3 to 7 inclusive, strike out "for
the purpose of authorizing appropriations
from the land and water conservation fund
established by section 2 of the Land and
Water Conservation Fund Act of 1965 for
the acquisition of lands adjacent to national
forests as authorized by section 6 of such
Act,".
Page 2, line 5, strike out "exchange or".
Page 2, line 7, after "appraised" insert "at
its fair market value".
Page 2, line 11, strike out "his" and insert
"an".
Page 2, lines 12 to 19 inclusive, strike out
allot paragraph (3).
The committee amendments were
agreed to.
The bill was ordered to be engrossed
and read a third time, was read the third
time, and passed, and a motion to recon-
sider was laid on the table.
Mr. ASPINALL. Mr. Speaker, I ask
unanimous consent for the immediate
consideration of the bill (S. 435) to ex-
tend the boundaries of the Kaniksu
National Forest in the State of Idaho,
and for other purposes.
The Clerk read the title of the Senate
bill.
The SPEAKER. Is there objection to
the request of the gentleman from Colo-
rado?
There being no objection, the Clerk
read the Senate bill, as follows:
S. 435
Be it enacted by the Senate and House of
Representatives of the United States of
America in Congress assembled, That, to pro-
mote protection and conservation of the out-
standing scenic values and natural environ-
ment of Upper Priest Lake in Idaho and
lands adjacent thereto for public use and
enjoyment, the boundaries of the Kaniksu
National Forest are hereby extended to in-
clude those of the lands hereinafter de-
scribed which are not now within such
boundaries. In Order that they may be man-
aged under the principles of multiple use
and sustained yield, the Secretary of Agricul-
ture is hereby authorized to acquire the
following lands at their fair market value:
Township 63 north, range 4 west, Boise
meridian:
section 18, southeast quarter southeast
quarter;
section 19, northeast quarter northeast
quarter, lot 3 (southeast quarter northeast
quarter);
section 20, southwest quarter northwest
quarter;
section 33, lot 1 (northeast quarter north-
west quarter), lot 2 (southeast quarter north-
west quarter) , lot 3 (northeast quarter south-
east quarter), lot 6 (southeast quarter south-
West quarter) , west half southwest quarter
northeast quarter, west half northwest
quarter southeast quarter, southwest quarter
southeast quarter.
Township 63 north, range 5 west, Boise
meridian:
section 24, northeast quarter northeast
quarter, east half northwest quarter north-
east quarter, northeast quarter northeast
quarter southwest quarter northeast quarter,
northwest quarter southeast quarter north-
east quarter, lot 2 (northeast quarter south-
east quarter northeast quarter), lot 3
(northeast quarter southeast quarter south-
east quarter northeast quarter) .
SEC. 2. There are hereby authorized to be
appropriated not to exceed 8500,000 to carry
out the purposes of this Act.
AMENDMENT BY MR. ASPINALL
Mr. ASPINALL. Mr. Speaker, I offer
an amendment.
The Clerk read as follows:
Amendment offered by Mr. ASPINALL :
Strike out all after the enacting clause, and
insert the provisions of H.R. 5798, as passed
by the House.
The amendment was agreed to.
The bill was ordered to be read a third
time, was read the third time and passed.
A similar House bill (H.R. 5798) was
laid on the table.
A motion to reconsider was laid on the
table.
(Mr. WHITE of Idaho (at the request.
of Mr. ASPINALL) was granted permission
to extend his remarks at this point in
the RECORD.)
Mr. WHITE of Idaho. Mr. Speaker,
I speak today on behalf of the preserva-
tion of Upper Priest Lake in Bonner
County, Idaho, unquestionably one of the
most remote and beautiful bodies of
water in the Nation. And there is
urgency in my message.
H.R. 5798, a bill that would seal off
the lake from private development and
protect this scenic gem in its unspoiled
forest setting, must become law before
this month ends, or the lake's shoreline
will be subject to subdivision and com-
mercial development.
In its present state, Upper Priest Lake
can be reached only by boat and is sur-
rounded by State and federally owned
land, including the Kaniksu National
Forest. I believe it is in the public in-
terest that the 417 acres of private land
involved be made a part of the national
forest through negotiated purchases, as
provided in H.R. 5798.
It has ,been only through the interven-
tion of a national omniscient& organi-
zation, Nature Conservancy, that sub-
division of a 140-acre parcel of private
land for cabin sites has been delayed.
This organization provided a loan to the
owners to buy a year's time in which to
save the lake. This period of grace is
nearly over, and because of this, Mr.
Speaker, I request that the membership
be allowed to pass H.R. 5798 by unani-
mous consent.
COMITTEE ON BANKING AND
CURRENCY
Mr. PATMAN. Mr. Speaker, on yes-
terday I asked unanimous consent that
the Committee on Banking and Currency
10741
may have until midnight on Saturday to
file a report on H.R. 9874, the housing
bill. The bill number I used in this re-
quest was an error. Therefore I renew
the request and ask unanimous consent
that the Committee on Banking and
Currency may have until midnight Sat-
urday to file a report on the bill H.R.
7984, the Housing and Redevelopment
Act of 1965.
The SPEAKER. Is there objection to
the request of the gentleman from
Texas?
There was no objection.
CALL OF THE HOUSE
Mr. HALL. Mr. Speaker, I make the
point of order that a quorum is not
present.
The SPEAKER. The gentleman from
Missouri makes the point of order that
a quorum is not present. Evidently, a
quorum is not present.
Mr. BOGGS. Mr. Speaker, I move a
call of the House.
A call of the House was ordered.
The Clerk called the roll, and the fol-
lowing Members failed to answer to their
names:
[Roll No. 103]
Adams Grabowski Nix
Andrews, Griffin Pelly
George W. Halleck Powell
Andrews, Hansen, Iowa Price
N. Dak. Hansen, Wash. Race
Baring Harvey, Ind. Resnick
Battn Harvey, Mich. Roberts
Blatnik Hebert Ronan
Bonner Holland Boncalio
Brown, Ohio Jacobs Schmidhauser
Callan Johnson, Calif. Belden
Callaway Kluczynski Shipley
Clark Landrum Sickles
Clausen, Lindsay Smith, N.Y.
Don H. Long, Md. Stafford
Culver McMillan Teague, Tex.
Curtis Mackay Thomson, Wis.
Diggs Martin, Ala. Todd
Dole Martin, Mass. Toll
Flood Martin, Nebr. Tupper
Fogarty Mathias Watkins
Foley Morrison Willis
Fraser Morton Yates
On this rollcall 368 Members have
answered to their names, a quorum.
By unanimous consent, further pro-
ceedings under the call were dispensed
with.
FOREIGN ASSISTANCE ACT OF 1961
Mr. YOUNG. Mr. Speaker, on behalf
of Mr. MADDEN of the Committee on
Rules, reported the following privileged
resolution (H. Res. 395, Report 359)
which was referred to the House Calen-
dar and ordered to be printed:
H. RES. 395
Resolved, That upon the adoption of this
resolution it shall be in order to move that
the House resolve itself into the Committee
of the Whole House on the State of the Union
for the consideration of the bill (H.R. 7750)
to amend further the Foreign Assistance
Act of 1961, as amended, and for other pur-
poses, and all points of order against said
bill are hereby waived. After general debate,
which shall be confined to the bill and con-
tinue not to exceed four hours, to be equally
divided and controlled by the chairman and
ranking minority member of the Committee
on Foreign Affairs, the bill shall be read for
amendment under the five-minute rule. At
the conclusion of the consideration of the
bill for amendment, the Committee shall rise
and report the bill to the House with such
amendments as may have been adopted, and
the previous question shall be considered as
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10742 CONtRESSIONAL RECORD -- HOUSE May ,e(1.; 1965
ordered on the bill and amendments thereto
tc? Anal passage without intervening motion
except one motion to recommit.
?
AtIrl'HORIZINCr APPROPRIATIONS
FOR THE Nromic Ei4Ettair CO1v1-
MIS,SION FOR FISCAL 'YEAR 1966
Mr. YOUNG. Mr. Speaker, by direc-
tion of the Committee on Rules, I call up
the resolution, House Resolution 394, and
atk for its immediate Consideration.
The Clerk read the resolution, as
follows: '
H. ass. 394
Resolved, That upon the adoption of this
resolution it shall be in order to move that
the House resolve itself into the Committee
of the Whole House on the State of the
Hilton for the'dOnsideration of the bill (MR.
3122) to authorize appropriations to the
Atomic Energy COMMISSion in accordance
With section 261 of the Atomic Energy Act of
1954, as amended, and for other purposes,
And an points or order against said bill are
hereby waived. After general debate, which
,Shall be confined to the bill and continue
not to exceed two hours, to be equally divided
and controlled by the chairman and ranking
Minority member of the Joint Committee on
Atomic Energy', the bill shall be read for
amendment under the eve-minute rule. At
the conclusion of the consideration of the
bill for amendment, the Committee shall rise
and report the bill to the House with such
amendments as :may have been adopted and
the previous question shall be considered as
'ordered on the bill and amendments thereto
to final passage without intervening motion
except one motion to recommit.
Mr. YOUNG. Mr. Speaker, I yield 30
miraltes to the gentleman from Tennes-
see, and pending that, I
yield myself such time as I may consume.
(Mr. YOUNG asked and was given per-
mtssion to , revise and extend his f?e-
marks.)
Mr. YOUNG. Mr. Sneaker, House Res-
olution 394 provides for consideration of
H.R. 8122, a bill to authorize appropria-
tions to the Atomic Energy Commission
a.ccordanee with section 261 of the
Atomic Energy Act of 1954, as amended,
and, for other ,purposes. The resolution
proVides.an,oPen rule, waiving points of
Order, with 2 hours of general debate.
As originally submitted to Congress,
the Atomic EnergY Commission't request
called for a total authorization 'of $2,592,-
035,000 for fiscal year 1966.
HA. 8122 authorizes a total of $2,555,-
5,21,000?$2,266,776,00 for operating ex-
pentes and $294,745,600 for plant and
eanital equipment?for, the Ccanmission
for figcal year ,1966?a difference of $36,-
514,000. '
In addition, the bill would authorize
the 0.c, to enter into two new coopera-
tive _arrangements with organizations
Outside the Federal Government for con-
struction and operation of nuclear power-
plants,embodying advanced concepts.
Included- Within the total amount,' this
bill would authorize te be appropriated to
the AEC is the sum of $132,363,000, which
the AEC could Utilize for these coopera-
tive arrangernents. 'the bill wont& also
authorize AEC' to waive use charges on
leased speCial nuclear Material for one
Project in an amount estimated to be
$6,443;000, and to purchase uranium en-
Yichcd in ths isotope 233 produced, under
the arrangement.
-There is a provision in the bill rescind-
ing prior year authorizations for five
Projects amounting to $60,955,000, ex-
Ousive of waiver of use charges. No
additional funding is provided for these
projects unless justification is subse-
quently resubmitted to Congress and new
authorization provided.
Mr. Speaker, I urge the adoption of
House Resolution 394.
Mr. QUILLEN. Mr. Speaker, I yield
riyself such time as I may consume.
(Mr. QUILLEN asked and was given
permission to revise and extend his re-
x aarks) .
Mr. QUILLEN. Mr. Speaker, we are
considering HoUse Resolution 394, which
will permit consideration of H.R. 8122,
to authorize appropriations to the
Atomic Energy Commission. A 2-hour
()pen rule is requested, waiving points
Of order. I am in support of the rule.
H.R. 8122 authorizes appropriations
I or the Atomic Energy Commission for
the fiscal 1966 of $2,555,521,000.
- It also authorizes the AEC to begin
Iwo civilian cooperative power reactor
projects which are to utilize a so-far-
unused source of energy.
- Of the authorization, $2,260,776,000
Is for operating expenses and $294,745,-
000 is for the plant and capital equip-
nent expenditures.
Great progress is being made by the
AEC in harnessing atomic power for
'ieareful uses.
Under section 106 of the bill, authort,
tion is given to the Commission to
,mter into a cooperative project with a
13tate, its departments and agencies, or
With privately, publicly, or cooperatively
owned utilities or industrial organiza-
;ions, for participation in the research
and development, design, construction
arid operation of a thorium seed-blanket
nuclear power plant.
Section 107 of the bill would give au-
thorization to the Commission to con-
tract with a utility or group of utilities
and an equipment manufacturer or
other industrial organization for partici-
3ation in the research and development,
design, construction and operation of a
Etigh-temperature gas-cooled nuclear
powerplant.
? Under this section-107?the Public
Service Co. of Colorado plans such a
plant in its system. I am advised by the
sommittee that this electric utility sys-
tem would spend approximately $45 mil-
lion, which will purchase the power fac-
tor from the AEC manufacturing unit.
' The Government authorization is $47,-
306,000 making a total estimated cost
tor this project of some $92,306,000.
Under section 106, an agreement is un-
der consideration for construction by the
State of California to supply power to
Pump water for the State's water supply
project. I am advised that the State of
California's estimated participation is
$80 million, of which $40 million will go
toward reactor costs and the remainder
toward normal plant construction. The
Government authorization is $91.5 mil-
lion, 'for 'a total of $171.5 million.
I _What payments or other charges are
Contemplated in the future by companies
Which then desire to obtain the patent
Information "derived from these coopera-
;-.
tive programs? The answer, as I under-
stand it, is that no payments are to be
made. The Government owns the pat-
ent rights to all patents developed under
the cooperative program, even those
traceable to the private participant.
The Government policy is to make all
such information available free of charge
to other companies. Once the process is
developed, the patents are available to
all interested parties.
In Tennessee we are fortunate to have
the oak Ridge project of the Atomic
Energy Commission. It has meant
much to the State of Tennessee. Al-
though it is not in my district, it is in the
district of my good friend and colleague,
the gentleman from the second district
of Tennessee, JOHN J. DumAN. It per-
forms a very worthwhile service, as
am sure the other agencies and opera-
tions of this commission do throughout
the United States.
Mr. Speaker, I urge the adoption of
the rule. Reserving the remainder of
my time, I have no further requests for
time.
Mr. HALL. Mr. Speaker, will the gen-
tleman yield?
Mr. QuruJEN. I am glad to yield to
the gentleman from Missouri.
Mr. HALL. I wonder if the gentleman
on the Rules Committee or the gentle-
man who brought the rule to the floor
of the House today will explain for the
benefit of the House, why all points of
order are to be waived under this rule,
House Resolution 394.
Mr. QUILLEN. Mr. Speaker, I will be
glad to explain to the gentleman. As I
understand, the restrictive language in
section 103, on page 7 of the bill, makes
the waiver necessary. It reads as fol-
lows:
(1) such construction project has been in-
cluded? in a proposed authorization bill
transmitted to the Congress by the Commis-
Sion and (2) the Commission determines
that the project is of such urgency that
construction of the project should be initi-
ated promptly upon enactment of legislation
appropriating funds for its construction.
As I understand it, the waiving of the
points of order was necessary in a time
of national crisis and urgency for the
Commission to commence construction
of a necessary project immediately, with-
out authorization by the Congress.
Mr. HALL. In other words, the gen-
tleman is saying that this is an authori-
zation for an immediate start on this
particular construction because of a na-
tional emergency?
Mr. QU'll.t.RN. Crisis or urgency.
Yes.
Mr. HALL. I thank the gentleman.
Mr. YOUNG. Mr. Speaker, I move the
previous question.
The previous question was ordered.
The resolution was agreed to.
AUTHORIZING APPROPRIATIONS
FOR THE AEC 1966
Mr. HOLIFIELD. Mr. Speaker, I
move that the House resolve itself into
the Committee of the Whole House on
the State of the Union for the considera-
tion of the bill (H.R. 8122) to authorize
appropriations to the Atomic Energy
Commission in accordance with section
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CONGRESSIONAL RECORD ? HOUSE 10791
In other cities which have managed to re-
new themselves, some strong, high-spirited
knight has entered the stage at this point?
a determined, courageous mayor, like Rich-
ard Lee in New Haven; a brilliant planner,
like Ed Bacon in Philadelphia; or a skillful
urban renewer, like Ed Logue in Boston or
Justin Herman in San Francisco.
In Fresno, the "knight" was the collective
effort of three groups?Downtown Asso-
ciation of Merchants and Property Owners;
the city government, which adopted the
council-manager system in 1958; and the
urban renewal agency. Each had strong lead-
ers, but it is a measure of the solid political
ground under the Fresno Mall that all three
groups closed their ranks tighter after,
strangely and tragically, their three leaders
died within a year.
By that time, says a Fresno official, "Victor
Gruen's plan had captured us and kept us
together."
It also helped that the three groups shared
equally in the cost of preparing the plan.
Even the chamber of commerce accepted the
untried idea with enthusiasm?perhaps be-
came Fresno's businessmen, for the most
part, are young.
"Maybe that also makes us more daring
and broadminded," said one. "At any rate,"
he added, "we decided right from the start
that if we did anything at all, we'd do it
right."
Fresno chose architect-planner Victor
Gruen because it liked his famous Fort Worth
plan. It called for closing off the entire cen-
tral business district of the Texas city to
automobile traffic. The streets and squares
were to be converted into pleasant outdoor
spaces where people could roam at will. To
make this possible, a freeway lined with
parking garages would loop around the pe-
destrian haven. From the garages, people
would either walk, or ride on little electric
trains or moving sidewalks. The buildings
would be serviced by underground track pas-
sages leading right into them.
Fort Worth, for various reasons, never
carried out the plan. But it works extremely
well in the heart of rebuilt Coventry, the
center of England's car industry, and several
other European cities.
In this country, the idea of separating peo-
ple and cars has, of course, proven itself in
several suburban shopping centers. And
some 50 cities from Miami Beach to Kala-
mazoo, have attempted to cure downtown
automotive paralysis by closing a block or
two to motor traffic.
But Bruen warns that a well-functioning
urban heart is not just a matter of paving
a street and putting up a few potted trees.
You can't just simply subtract automobiles,
he says. You must also add new dynamism
and variety.
In Fresno, the first to apply the idea ex-
tensively as part of a comprehensive redesign
of an existing American city, it took 5 years
of planning and building before the mall was
constructed, And the mall is just the be-
ginning. Both functionally and esthetically
it is carefully related to a whole new down-
town, including a new courthouse, conven-
tion hall, and civic center which are now
under construction,
"Our aim," says Gruen's partner in charge
of the Fresno project, Edgard() Contini, "is
to eke out as much beauty and urban design
of the existing grid system and the existing,
still serviceable buildings as possflole with-
out destroying either."
The planners began by getting, the high-
way people to change the location of their
proposal for new freeways so that they would
effectively serve and define a downtown area
large enough to be viable and leave room for
expansion. It was probably the first time
in America that planners got ahead of high-
way engineers and that both collaborated
fruitfully for the benefit of a city.
The next step was to create the necessary
parking spaces to make the pedestrian mail
possible and to rearrange the traffic 1304-tern.
The mall, covering six long continuous blocks
as well as a block each of three cross streets,
was completed last September at a cost of $1.5
million?a good bit of which disappeared un-
derground for the re-laying of utility lines
and building new drainage systems.
Designed by landscape architects Eckbo,
Dean, Austin & Williams, it is sheer and sus-
tained delight. The artistic sophistication of
the patterned pavement, the fountains,
sculptured waterways, light fixtures, trash
bins, planter boxes, and islands of trees and
greenery matches that of the best sculpture
courts in our modern art museums. The
almost overly rich variety of forms, colors,
ideas, and surprises is only matched by the
Inventive thoughtfulness with which it
serves the comfort of people.
The pavement is easy to walk on and softly
ebbing and flowing so rain water won't col-
lect. The fountains, cascades, pools, and
jets, all different and fascinating designs, are
automatically geared to the wind velocity so
people won't get wet. In some, the water
gushes along stylized brooks that splash over
richly colored and patterned blazed adobe
sculptures. Some you can cross on little
bridges; others tempt you to run along them,
dragging your hand in the water. All of
them help to cool the mail in the hot Fresno
sun.
For the grownups, there are places to sit
in the sun amidst greenery, in the shade
under arbors or protected from the wind
behind handsome mosaic walls.
For the children, there are marvelous
little playgrounds, some donated by mer-
chants, with enchanting, modern play
equipment.
There is, of course, a sidewalk cafe and
another to come. There is the almost obli-
gatory clock tower, a little reminiscent Of
Naum Gabo's famous street sculpture in Rot-
terdam and a little skimpy and skinny.
But there are also eight excellent sculp-
tures, some commissioned from young un-
knowns, others by famous sculptors. The
"piece de resistance" is a cast of Auguste
Renoir's "La Grande Laveuse," handsomely
displayed under some chaste planting in a
quiet corner of the mall.
These sculptures were donated by local
businessmen. Such was their enthusiasm
that their art committee collected $200,000.
It would accept only a $5,000 minimum and
no interference with its professionally
guided selection and placement of the art
works. Yet, even the car dealers pitched in.
The fact that these sculptures are placed,
not in a serene museum atmosphere, but
amidst the bustle of a lively marketplace,
gives them a new, exhilarating quality.
This is still a typical, rather jazzy Ameri-
can main street. A few of the stores, to be
sure, have been handsomely remodeled. One
rather rundown block will be replaced. But
the rest is still a jumble of high and low,
passable and ugly business buildings and
store fronts. There is still, despite hopes
for some esthetic control, the usual, often
vulgar array of advertising signs. In time,
greater consistency and some restraint may
still assert itself. But even as is, the strong
design of the mall itself seems to drown
out the visual noise on the sidelines. For
once good design beats bad design.
And between all these wonders, shaded by
169 trees, wind noiseless and slow-moving
little electric trains, driven by attractive
girls who will collect a dime from you and
let you on or off wherever you wish.
It is not surprising that business along the
Fresno Mall has already improved by more
than 20 percent. It draws people from afar,
not only to shop but also because It is simply
a nice place to be.
The new sense of belonging and cohesion
the mall has given Fresno and its more than
60 ethnic groups, is most tangibly expressed
in the art festival it inspired, It started with
the mall's opening festivities last fall but is
to become an annual affair held in May.
Devoted to dance, drama, literature, music,
and painting, the festival presents some
serious offerings by out-of-town guests at
places other than the mall and under roof.
This any city might do.
What makes the festival Fresnian and
unique are the high school band concerts,
the Japanese and Armenian folk dancing, the
Buddhist choir,- the children's gymnastic
performances, the puppet shows, the ama-
teur art exhibits.
This is the city where William Saroyan was
born and lives, and its new mall is where
Saroyan's America comes to life?as you
watch the little Japanese, Mexican, Cauca-
sian, or Negro faces become enraptured as
they listen to a pretty young Fresno actress
telling them about Cinderella.
Around the corner from the story teller
and the clown kneels Renoir's strong, yet
graceful, bronze nude. She holds her
cleansed laundry with almost surprised in-
credulity. She, too, seems astonished to find
herself in a small California city, a symbol
of what may herald the renaissance of urban
life in America; a new merging of art and
life.
JOHN uN NU- NSENSE DIPLO-
MACY SETS BACK MARXISTS IN
CARIBBEAN
(Mr. HATHAWAY (at the request of
Mr. FARNSLEY) was granted permission
to extend his remarks at this point in the
RECORD and to include extraneous mat-
ter.)
Mr. HATHAWAY. Mr. Speaker, I was
happy to see the Portland Press-Herald
endorse the President's policy in the Do-
minican Republic. The President well
deserves the assurance contained in the
paper's editorial of May 3, which follows:
JOHNSON'S NO-NONSENSE DIPLOMACY SETS
BACK MARXISTS IN CARIBBEAN
The dust has not yet settled in Santo
Domingo?or to use a euphemism, the Do-
minican Republic?but the fog is clearing a
bit, and it is beginning to appear that the
prompt intervention by this country pre-
vented 'the Reds from turning the country
into another Cuba.
The revolt was touched off a week ago
Saturday by young army officers seeking re-
turn of constitutional rule and reinstalla-
tion of Juan Bosch as president. They
failed to win a quick victory and, discour-
aged, began dickering with metnbers of the
ruling civilian junta, then supported by most
of the navy and air force elements. During
this lull in the fighting the leftists moved in
to take advantage of the breakdown in au-
thority, and by Tuesday morning thousands
of civilians had somehow been armed by
the rebels and the fighting in Santo Do-
mingo became so fierce that Washington be-
gan offering to rescue Americans and other
nonresidents. By Thursday night President
Johnson had decided to send in Marines and
Army personnel, and despite the criticism
of other Latin nations it seems to have been
a wise precaution.
Fidel Castro's sister is being quoted as
saying that the Cuban dictator has been
slipping men and arms into the Dominican
Republic ever since the 1963 expulsion of
Bosch. The Allen-Scott column this morn-
ing declares that after the Bosch overthrow
the Republic's new envoy to the Organiza-
tion of American States submitted shocking
evidence of Red infiltration both to the OAS
and to the Senate Armed Services Prepared-
ness Subcommittee.
With the CIA also busy there, it may be
that the administration was not taken by
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Complete surprise when the rebellion was
taken over?as it appears now?by M.arxistc,
But for Johnson's hard diplomacy, the Carib ?
bean might well be witnessing an extenslo:
of Castro's rule, and we hope the OAS wEl
be sufficiently impressed as to take collective
secitrity measures of its own.
OTJR RESPONSIBILITIES IN VIET-
NAM AND THE WORLD
(Mr. HULL (at the request of Me.
FARNSLEY) was granted permission to eX-
tend his remarks at this point in the
RECORD and to include extraneous mat-
ter.)
Mr. HULL. Mr. Speaker, in his hi$.-
torte speech at the Johns Hopkins TJni -
versity on April 7, President Johnson said
this about the situation in Vietnam and
abou4 our respOnSibilities elsewhere in
the world:
'9Ve fight because we must if we are to lb e
in a world where every country can shape I
own destiny. And only in such a world will
our own freedom be finally secura.
We must deal with the world as it is, Lf
it is ever to be as we wish.
In the long history of the world, den-
potism has become a venerable insti-
tution?but freedom is still young. [1
We are to see liberty succeed and prevail
in the world, I believe we must be pre-
pared for many a long and bitter strug-
gle in its defense.
I have no illusions about the difficul ,y
of those struggles. But the knowledge
of our President's resolute and resourc3-
ful actions in matters of foreign poliey
has given me confidence recently. For-
tunately many other Americans?news-
paper editors among them?agree; todi
I would like to offer for the RECORD en
editorial from the St. Joseph, Mo., Gi-
zette of April 28:
L.B.J.'s MESSAGE
Once again, at his news conference yester-
day, President Lyndon B. Johnson set forth
in easily understandable terms the purpoc es
Which guide his decisions regarding south-
east Asia and the conflict in South vietna z.
The primary intent, one which has been
voiced by this country for all the years sir cc
the end of World War IT, is to block the
swallowing-up of free and independent coun-
tries by communism through subversion fed
and financed by their Communist neighbors.
Overthrow of free governments by terror-
ism in the streets, across the countryside in
hamlets and farming areas, hit-and-run tec-
tics of guerrilla gangs is the Commun9st
idea of "wars of liberation." Communt an
has openly pledged to support such wars as
a means or subverting the entire world to
that ideology.
It was Cctstro's tactic. Indonesia practiced
it to gain control of independent areas in
that Pacific region. And, although Sukarno
disclaims communism, he is associated w th
Russia and Red China and continues to send
his guerrilla bands into areas of Malaysia
in an effort to further subvert free people.
The same tactic disrupts many governmeats
of Latin and South America.
By refusing to bow to terroristic talleoier
of a nation this country pledged to supp3rt
as a neutral product of the 1954 agreeme its
on Indochina, President Johnson is tellng
the world?and Communism specificall;f?
that Communist inspired "wars of liberatloh"
will not be condoned. He is telling he
world that such armed assault on a neight Or,
fed by convoys along back roads and by
shadowy ships which slink at night along he
shore, is just as much aggression as attack
He is telling the world that the 'United
States will no longer be *ken in by the
term "wars of liberation."
ABOLITION OF RESIDENCE IN AID
TO THE BLIND BELL
The SPEAKER pro tempore (Mr. MAT-
suwaoA) . Under previous order of the
House, the gentleman from California
[Mr. KING] is recognized for 10 minutes.
Mr. ZING of California. Mr. Speaker,
today I have introduced a bill to 'elimi-
nate residence as an eligibility require-
ment to receive aid to the blind in the
federally supported State programs of
aid to the blind.
My bill does not embody a novel con-
cept, nor does it represent a departure
from our accepted practices and estab-
lished legal provisions. Rather, it is
completely consistent with our American
traditions and constitutional precepts
that an American is a citizen of the en-
tire land, not just of a boundaried part;
that the whole Nation is his domain;
that he may travel from State to State
without restriction or restraint, seeking
his fortune where he will, abandoning an
old life of frustration and failure for a
new life of promise and challenging hope.
By tradition and by legal concept and
provision, an American is a citizen of
all America, and all America is his home-
land, he may establish his home in any
Part of America.
The greatness of America has come, in
no small measure, from the free move-
ment of its people?from East to Mid-
west, from Midwest to Far West?from
farms to factories?from centers of static
society, stagnant economy, to the very
edge of the wilderness, where life?fluid
and unfixed?offered opportunity for all
who dreamed and hoped for the one new
and better chance, and found it waiting
for them.
Yes, Mr. Speaker, America has grown
to greatness because its people held full
rights of citizenship throughout the
whole Nation, asnd they were free to
go wherever fortune beckoned them from
the life they knew?a life of failure or
success; a life low or high in station?
to the challenge of new lands and new
industries, new hopes fulfilled, new
dreams transformed into reality, a life
that put renewed vitality into old and
weary aspirations.
The full width and length of America
should always be?must always be?the
open and unrestricted domain of all
Americans if we are to continue to grow
and develop as a nation?and this should
be so, must be so, whether a man is in
need of public help or is prosperous;
whether he is rich or poor; highly trained
and skilled in a trade, business, or pro-
fession, or without any training or skill
at all, but still is desirous of trying once
more in a new place to find his place; to
build his life in a new locality, in a dif-
ferent field of economic endeavor.
Mr. Speaker, I have long been an op-
ponent of residence laws in programs of
publie welfare, for they freeze a man in
his place; deny to him the right to go
somewhere else, to try again in spite of
ill fortune or adversity, to seek again for
the realization of his shattered hopes and
scattered dreams in a fresh assault on
May 20, 71965
gers?a strange land to him, but never-
theless a part of vast America?strangers
to him, but still his fellow Americans.
It is my belief that all Americans must
possess the right to move freely where
their dreams lead them in America;
where -opportunity invites them in
America.
This right to move freely throughout
America should riot be denied to men in
need who have their sight; it certainly
should not be denied to men in need who
are without their sight.
Mr. Speaker, I am opposed to a require-
ment in all Federal-State public welfare
programs that, to qualify for aid, a per-
son must live in a State for a specified
length of time.
I am particularly opposed to such a
residence requirement in the federally
supported aid to the blind programs pro-
vided for under title X of the Social
Security Act.
Over the years, Congress has en-
deavored to make the Federal-State aid
to the blind programs a means by which
needy blind persons might be helped to
achieve rehabilitation?might ultimately
free themselves through their own efforts
from a lifetime of dependency upon pub-
lic assistance; might free the community
of the obligation of providing support for
them the remaining years of their lives.
'Abolition of residence requirements in
the Federal-State aid to the blind pro-
grams would be another forward step in
making these programs truly programs
offering a means of achieving full re-
habilitation to normal, productive lives.
The bill I have introduced would
abolish residence requirements in aid to
the blind programs in the States.
It would restore to men and women
who are blind and dependent upon such
programs a basic right of their American
citizenship: the right to move anywhere
in the country without loss or hazard,
without forfeiture or restraint.
A man who has lost his sight still pos-
sesses an almost limitless capacity for
profitable productivity, but because of
the nature of the economic environment
in which he resides he may be unable to
find employment; because he is needy
and dependent upon public sources for
support, he cannot leave his home com-
munity or State, devoid of job oppor-
tunities for him, to reestablish himself
in a more advantageous area of the Na-
tion, because public assistance would not
be available to him in the new State--
since he would lack the years of residence
in the new State to qualify him for such
aid.
So, Mr. Speaker, this man remains in
his barren community?barren for
him?barren of employment opportuni-
ties for a man who is blind. And, be-
cause he dare not venture toward new
horizons that offer him hope and a better
future, but also offer only starvation
until he can find work, until he can earn
again?he remains where he happens to
live and continues to live?not too well--
but continues to live for the rest of his
life as a public charge, a permanent re-
cipient of public assistance.
'thus, this man who is blind, denied
freedom of movement because he is
needy and because of the restrictiveness
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by marchin
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A2516 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD ? APPENDIX
nickname that probably accounts for the use
of more parentheses than any other moniker
in the public print.
The name, sometimes causes confusion.
Witness Perle Mesta, the hostess with the
mostest, writing in McCall's magazine about
one of her galas in connection with the last
Democratic National Convention at Atlantic
City. Among the guests, she gushed, was her
"good friend from Alaska, Senator ED. BART-
LETT."
Alaskans wouldn't make such a social
blunder about our Senator E. L. (BOB) BART-
LETT, being honored here this weekend for
a distinguished career which now spans 20
years in Congress.
Who is this man among 99 others who sits
in the highest legislative body of the land,
and represents Alaska with pride and honor
CII the national and international scene?
Well, don't look here for an analysis of his
contributions to the territory, the State, and
the Nation. But here is an inside glimpse
at Bartlett-behind-the-headlines, the Sena-
tor who enjoys grapes for breakfast, nibbled
while shaving with a cordless electric razor
While he studies the latest news from every
newspaper published in Alaska.
This is an Alaskan who lives on 49th Street
in the Nation's Capital, and zips to his office
(a 12-minute drive if he hits the traffic
right) in a Volkswagen bearing Alaska li-
cense plate No. 49. The Senator from the
49th State arrives at work in the Old Senate
Office Building each day with a fresh rose in
his lapel. He carries two other roses with
him--one of which is given daily to Senator
MARGARET CHASE Smarn of Maine. The other
Is a spare, in case the steamy heat of Wash-
ington wilts the one in his buttonhole.
The roses are cut each morning by
BARTLETT from among the many in his back-
yard?a garden tended with great skill by the
Senator's wife, Vide. But the brilliant array
of roses must share space in the yard with
an old-fashioned grinding wheel, at which
BARTLETT occasionally sits, pedaling away at
a knife-sharpening chore.
He works at a desk pileti high with a col-
lection of papers reflecting the ebb and flow
of the affairs of state, using two spindles
rising from the clusters of reports and docu-
ments on which to spear important memos,
reminders, and messages. His work at sena-
torial duties occupies him from early morn-
ing to late in the ?evening, and the Bartletts
shun all but the most important of the
countless social functions which sap the
strength of many in the Washington whirl.
There's a 7-foot toten pole in his office
and an Alaskan bearskin rug on the floor
of his den at home and the only television set
in the house is on the blink, unrepaired be-
cause he reads so much that he doesn't have
time to which it anyway. Like all of us, he
worries about his weight?but has given up
on such things as a grapefruit diet to beat
the bulge.
He's one of the most popular men in the
Senate, a friend of the President, a friend to
every displaced Alaskan in the Nation's
Capital, He has an unabashed love affair for
Alaska, a deep respect for his office and for
the U.S. Senate. The Senate, he once said,
is "the very highest goal one can attain, un-
less you consider the Vice Presidency or the
Presidency."
Who's this fellow BARTLE'TT? He's a man
Who keeps a king-size sack of dog biscuits
Inside the kitchen door so he can feed the
neighbor's hound every morning. He's an
ex-gold miner. He's an ex-newspaperman.
And he's rated by the veterans of the Senate
Press Gallery as one of the top dozen Members
of the Senate. That's who Senator E. L.
(BOB) BARTLETT Is.
Proliferation of Obscene Literature
EXTENSION OF REMARKS
OP
HON. JAMES M. HANLEY
OF NEW YORK
IN THE HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES
Thursday, May 20, 1965
Mr. HANLEY. Mr. Speaker, through-
out the Nation communities are being
made aware of the grave dangers created
by the proliferation of obscene literature.
It is well known that the purveyors of
pornography have concentrated their
efforts to get their wares into the hands
and the minds of the young. There can
be no doubt that this situation has cre-
ated a national problem of great and
growing proportions.
On April 5 of this year, the House of
Representatives passed a bill, H.R. 980,
the purpose of which was to establish
the principle that a parent, as a patron
of the postal service, has the right to be
Protected from receiving through the
U.S. mails unsolicited mail matter which,
in his opinion, is obscene.
I believe that all of us agree that the
most effective way for citizens to combat
the spread of pornographic literature is
to wage a community campaign on the
local level. Such a campaign has been
undertaken in the city of Syracuse. The
local news media and many civic organi-
zations have joined in an effort to make
parents aware of what is being pushed
upon their children by the sellers of por-
nography, to arouse their concern and
sense of outrage, and to plan an effort
to put an end to the sale of indecent
literature to children. I should like to
Include here a portion of a speech by Mr.
Thomas Higgins, who is president of the
Merchants National Bank and Trust Co.,
of Syracuse, in which he mentioned this
effort. The occasion of the speech was
the annual Tipperary Hill, Post 1361,
American Legion award dinner.
The speech follows:
A PORT/ON OF A SPEECH BY MR. THOMAS HIG-
GINS AT THE ANNUAL TIPPERARY HILL, POST
1361, AMERICAN LEGION AWARD DINNER
The Tipp Hill Past is to be commended on
another score. It has always embraced the
principle that we tell all America not just
what is pleasing to hear, but what is true
and good and right to hear. Furthermore,
that we tell all America not only what we
have done in the past, but what we are re-
solved to do in the future.
I think the greatest thing that the Tipp
Hill post has done in the past year has been
to join forces with our two local newspapers;
and with all decent thinking people in wag-
ing a war on smut literature which gradu-
ally is poisoning the minds of our youth.
You may be interested to know that this
smut industry is now a $2 billion a year busi-
ness. Just think of it?$2 billion of dirt
and the sad part of it all is that '75 percent
of this obscene, foul, and filthy literature
finds its way into the hands of youngsters
Under 18 years of age. The other day I was
discussing this smut literature with a friend
of mine and he made a statement which
really shook me, and I have thought about
it many times since. He said:
May 20, 1965
"Tom, I would rather have a nand dog loose
In my backyard with my children than to
have this smut literature in their hands."
Tomorrow and for a lot of tomorrows, let
us all think of that statement by my friend.
May I suggest to all of you good people
that you do one of two things, preferably
both. Either join the Citizens for Decent
Literature Committee which is active in On-
ondaga County under the chairmanship of
Judge Leo Yehle or at least write to the
Reader's Digest and ask for a reprint of an
article entitled, "Poison in Print and How
to Get Rid of It."
We all owe it to our children, our grand-
children, to ourselves and our community to
do everything in our power to help eradicate
this vicious disease which is eating away at
the minds and souls of our youth.
Please don't be apathetic about this threat
to our children. Don't let anyone tell you
this is censorship. I abhor censorship as
much as anyone else but believe me this is
not censorship iriS any form whatsoever.
I would like to see all of the clergy of
Onondaga County unite in a march against
smut literature. We all want America to be
the greatest country in the world. Let's
make certain that she does not become the
pornographic capital of the world.
U.S. Acted in Santo Domingo as OAS
Should Have Done STAT
NSION OF REMARKS
OF
HON. WINFIELD K. DENTON
OF INDIANA
IN THE HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES
Thursday, May 20, 1965
Mr. DENTON. Mr. Speaker, under
leave to extend my remarks in the
RECORD, I include the following article
from the Evansville, Ind., Courier of
May 2, 1965:
COURAGE OF COMMONSENSE: UNITED STATES
ACTED IN SANTO DOMINGO AS OAS SHOULD
HAVE DONE
Sending U.S. forces to the neighboring
Dominican Republic was an act of necessity.
We may deplore the necessity, but we can-
not deplore the action. President Johnson's
prompt decision illustrated the courage of
commonsense. The action had to be swift,
or not at all.
There are signs that some members of the
Organization of American States are unhappy
with this action. But the United States
merely did what the OAS should have done,
had it been equipped. If the action had
awaited time for the OAS to go through its
usual mumbo jumbo, it would have been
too late.
The urgent issue was the rescue of Ameri-
cans whose lives were in danger. That is a
first duty of the American Government in
any situation. Rescue of other nationals
who wanted to leave, including even some
Dominicians, could be nothing more than
an act of mercy.
At the time of this writing, it still was un-
clear whether the disorder was being pushed
primarily by Communist elements, or
whether a few simply had followed the usual
Communist practice of joining any disturb-
ance. The presence of some known Com-
munist agitators was enough to indicate the
possibilities.
The Western Hemisphere cannot tolerate
any more Castros in its middle. Whatever
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CONGRESSIONAL RECORD ? APPENDIX
this time. We switch you now to "The Man
from 'UNCLE!'
MYNA lanin and BYE-BYE BIRDIE (rushing
to the set). Hot-ziggety. Whoo-pee. At last.
EL= (glowering) . Birdie Bird, whyrat you
take those kiddies out and show theni how
to plant flowers on the freeway? (puzzled).
But how come they cut me off like that?
BIRDIE BIRD (consolingly). It's because you
aren't on regular, Elbie. Just odd hours,
night and day.
ELS/E. You're right, Birdie Bird. I'm go-
ing to get me a regular peace program-7 to
9 nightly, all three networks. And I even got
a title: "My Day and Why I Did It,"
Will Elbie explain things? Will he ever
stop? Be sure to tune in to our next epi-
sode, folks. And meantime, as you mosey
on down the trail of life, remember what
Elbie's ol' granddaddy always used to say:
"Talk is cheap. And there's a lot of other
good things to be said for it, too."
Labor's Reward
EXTENSION OF REMARKS
OF
HON. E. Y. BERRY
OF SOUTTI DAKOTA
IN THE HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES
Thursday, May 20, 1965
Mr. BERRY. Mr. Speaker, we are ex-
periencing a new philosophy in this drive
for Central Government control?the
drive is for a $2 minimum wage. Of
course, we can expect few employers to
provide jobs for the young and unskilled
at $2 an hour, but the Great Society is
going to take care of that by having the
unskilled trained in some Government-
financed school. Instead of using the
minimum wage as a floor below which no
one is permitted to fall, the plan is to
establish the level as a bed upon which
all can rest.
It can only mean deterioration of the
presently bad system which keeps young
people from finding jobs and puts them
on the street to spawn crime.
The Washington Evening Star carried
an editorial in the May 19, 1965, issue
which is worth serious consideration of
-every Member of Congress before they
consider selling their vote for a mess of
AFL-CIO pottage. The editorial is as
follows:
LABOR'S REWARD
President Johnson bas called upon Con-
gress to give labor a very large slice of the
Great Society pie.
This follows the election returns of 1964,
in which labor contributed much to the
President's victory and to the Democratic
sweep of Congress. Political debts of this
sort have to be paid, or at least an attempt
must be made to pay them.
Clearly, however, the President recognizes
the dangers which lurk behind some of the
AFL-CIO demands. This is especially evi-
dent in his comments on his recommenda-
tion to broaden and presumably to increase
(no amount was specified in the labor mes-
sage) the minimum wage. Congress, Mr.
Johnson said, should consider carefully the
effect of higher minimum wage rates on the
incomes of those employed, and also on costs
and prices, and on job opportunities?"par-
ticularly fer the flood of teenagers now en-
tering our labor force." This is another way
of saying that if Congress goes to extremes
In this area, it will not only be inviting in-
flation, an unduly high minimum wage will
collide head on with the administration's ef-
fort to proviie jobs for those who are both
young and unskilled. The AFL-CIO has
urged an hourly minimum of $2. This is
more than many employers could or would
pay for the services of the unskilled, yet
these constit tate the bulk of the unemployed,
The Presidela and Congress cannot have it
both ways. Little or no progress will be
made in red icing this segment of unemploy-
ment if the lost to prospective employers be-
comes prohibitive.
Another absurdity in the message is the
proposal to spread employment by imposing
double, or penalty rates, for excessive over-
time. It may be that some employers would
rather pay aline and a half overtime than to
increase th.iir labor force, with accompany-
ing fringe-aenefit costs, But this does not
take into ascount those industries in which
intermittent peak workloads call for occa-
sional over time. Why should the Govern-
ment be trying to force these employers to
hire permanent additional workers whose
services might be needed only 3 or 4 months
in the year?
There ale numerous other economic rec-
ommendat.ons in the message, and no esti-
mate of costs. The costs, however, will be
high.
The proposal with the highest emotional
content concerns repeal of section 14(b) of
the 1947 Taft-Hartley Act?which permits
States wia ch wish to do so to ban the union
shop. Under the union shop, employees must
join a union, usually within 30 to 60 days
after taking a job. It is our view that, as
a matter of principle, no man should be
compelled to join a union in order to hold
his job. This will be a close fight and a bit-
ter one. If Congress finally repeals section
14(b) , however, then at least a provision
should he written into the law to prevent
unions from denying membership to Negroes
and thereby depriving them of job oppor-
tunities. Roy Wilkins, NAACP executive sec-
retary, h is just made an interesting speech
to the International Ladies Garment Work-
ers in which he said that "deeply ingrained
patterns of discrimination" in labor unions
have not been broken. This speech should
be read by every Member of Congress who
may be inclined to vote for repeal of sec-
tion 14 (b) , and then call it a day.
A Salu e to Senator E. L. (Bob) Bartlett
of Alaska
EXTENSION OF REMARKS
OF
HON. RALPH J. RIVERS
OF ALASKA
IN TiE HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES
Thursday, May 20, 1965
Mr. RIVERS of Alaska. Mr. Speaker,
I have just returned from a trip to my
home State of Alaska, where I joined
with eountless other Alaskans in honor-
ing Alaska's senior Senator E. L. (BOB)
BARTLETT, through the medium of a
testinionial dinner, recognizing his 20
years of dedicated service to Alaska in
Waslington, D.C.?first, for 14 years as
Alaska's lone territorial delegate; then,
for the last 6 years as U.S. Senator.
On the day of the Bartlett dinner,
Alasla's Anchorage Times printed two
excellent tributes to this outstanding
citizEn of the 49th State. In order that
my colleagues may be aware of the ap-
42515
predation which we Alaskans feel to-
ward our senior Senator, I insert those
editorials here:
[From the Anchorage Daily Times, May 15,-
1966]
WHY ALL THE FUSS ABOITT SENATOR BARTLETT?
Why all the fuss about Senator BARTLETT?
Because he has done so much for Alaska
during 20 years as a Member of Congress,
that's why.
Alaskans are swarming around to take part
In a festive tribute to him tonight. Every-
body wants in the act.
They ought to want in. 'The celebration
is more than an opportunity to show proper
gratitude for extraordinary service rendered
by an extraordinary public servant.
It is also an opportunity to be associated
with a man who will loom high in the his..
tory of Alaska. A man who inspires good
and noble qualities in all of us. A man who
has reached the heights of achievement with-
out losing the original quality- a humility
that makes him a true friend and neigh-
bor.
When the Alaskans are seated for dinner
tonight with the Senator in the position of
honor, a great moment will have arrived.
Here will be a group of Alaskans who
are grateful to their leader. They will be
representative of thousands of more who
would be present if they were able.
At the same time, the guest of honor will
be able to see that good work is not in
vain. That constituents are not all greed,
selfishness and demanding. That public life
is not all tension, anxiety and strife.
Only a great man could have come through
20 years of public service with a record like
Senator BARTLETT'S. He was tutored on the
ways of Washington in the territorial days
when a Delegate to Congress was hardly
more than a dignified beggar. 'He went hat
in hand to committees and agencies trying
to get them to do him the favor of provid-
ing something good for Alaska.
BARTLETT's training stood him in such good
stead that he has grown into a position of
influence as a full-fledged Member of the up-
per House. While Alaska made the transi-
tion from Territory to State. BARTLETT made
it from Delegate to Senator. And that is
no simple taski for it meant sharing the re-
sponsibility for the Nation and much of the
world in addition to the problems pertain-
ing to the baby State.
Historians will tell of the benefits that
accrued to Alaska from BARTLETT'S hand. The
list will be long.
And no historian can make such a list
without emphasizing the work of Senator
BARTLETT in winning statehood for Alaska.
For 13 long years it was BARTLETT, then
serving as Delegate, . who worked with the
committees of Congress to win favorable ac-
tion on statehood legislation. It was BART-
LETT who worked with the numerous Federal
agencies to win their support.
It Was BARTLETT IO Whom Most Members of
Congress and the other Federal agencies
looked for their impressions and .observa-
tions that could either help or hinder state-
hood legislation.
Alaskans take personal pride in BARTLETT.
Each one considers him "my man." Each
feels he has a proprietary right to a part of
him. And why not? His successes are our
sucesses, and he has enriched us by pro-
viding so many.
[From the Anchorage 'Times, May 15, 19651
VIGNETTES AND VIEWS, SATURDAY SUNDRY
(By William J. Tobin)
His real name is EDWARD LEWIS BARTLETT,
but if you call him anything but Boa most
people won't know who you're talking about,
But everybody knows Bos?a childhood
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May 20, 1965 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD ?APPENDIX
is necessary to prevent a Communist take-
over in any American country, big or little,
ought to be undertaken in self-protection
for the whole area, especially the countries
of Central and South America.
If any of our Latin American friends feel
unhappy about this regretful necessity, they
need only ask themselves: Which would they
rather have? A temporary U.S. rescue mis-
sion? Or another Communist dictatorship
to be used as a base for new infiltrations in
Venezuela or Peru, or some other free
American country?
The United States already has announced
It is prepared to "transfer its responsibility
to the OAS at the earliest possible moment."
The sooner our forces can leave the better
Americans will like it. But we will not
leave U.S. citizens, or other innocent vic-
tims, to the mercies of mob rule, whether
inspired by local ruffians or more sinister
elements.
Until then, the whole hemisphere should
have but a single, prayerful hope: That some
leader in the Dominican Republic can estab-
.11sh a stable, non-Communist government,
capable of keeping order?and quickly.
Student Opposes United Nations
China, killed just to stay in power?only 49
million (13 million people alone in 1962).
The U.N. said nothing.
When the United Nations was established
in 1945, communism controlled only 200 mil-
lion people, in and around the Soviet Union.
Today, communism strikes terror in some 900
million people in Europe and Asia. Roughly
almost one-third of the world's population
Is living under Communist influence and
control. Is this the peace guaranteed by the
United Nations?
By all means let's give Communist China
a seat in the United Nations?our seat. And
since we do not want the Red Chinese coming
to New York, let's ask them to move the U.N.
headquarters to Peiping or Moscow where it
really belongs.
If mere survival has become more impor-
tant to Americans than freedom, then the
men who sacrificed their lives for us in bat-
tles of the past have been asked to fight, to
bleed, and to die in vain.
BILLY MCILHANY
U.S. Forces in the Dominican Republic
EXTENSION OF REMARKS
OF
HON. JAMES B. UTT
OF CALIFORNIA
IN THE HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES
Thursday, May 20, 1965
Mr. UTT. Mr. Speaker, under unani-
mous consent to extend my remarks in
the Appendix of the RECORD I include a
letter written by Billy McIlhany, an
eighth-grade student from Roanoke, Va.,
, High School which appeared in the Roa-
noke World News on Tuesday, April 20,
1965.
It is gratifying to find so many young
students in America who do a little think-
ing for themselves and recognize the dan-
gers which can come to this country by
way of a world government.
The letter follows:
[From the Roanoke (Va.) World News,
Apr. 20, 19651
STUDENT OPPOSES UNITED NATIONS
Congratulations to the United Nations and
their friends everywhere. Another great suc-
cess for peace has been accomplished. This
is of course in the light of news reports stat-
ing that legislation will soon give Alcatraz
Island to the San Francisco chapter of the
United Nations Association, which will con-
vert it into an international peace symbol,
flying the United Nations symbolic flag. And
of course most of these good but misguided
people do not realize that the peace sought by
the United Nations, and to be symbolized by
their island, is the Communist peace, which
means literally and simply, a situation or
condition, in any country or for any people,
in which all resistance to communism has
been completely destroyed.
For certainly that is exactly where the
United Nations flag belongs?over a maxi-
mum security prison, or an island which
will be remembered in the public mind as a
maximum security prison. The action seems
to me quite symbolic, as a maximum security
prison is exactly what the whole world will
become if the United Nations is successful.
Less than 1 month ago a report said how
many people the Red Chinese under Mao
Tse-tung have murdered since 1949. These
were just anti-Communists, citizens in
XTENSION OF REMARKS
OF
HON. CLAUDE PEPPER
OF FLORIDA
IN THE HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES
Thursday, May 20, 1965
Mr. PEPPER. Mr. Speaker, I submit
for insertion in the RECORD three highly
interesting editorials from recent news-
papers: one from the Miami Herald of
April 30; one from the Miami News of
the same date; and a third from the
Herald of April 29.
In the midst of increasing public con-
fusion, these articles enunciate quite
simply the reasons for our dispatching
U.S. forces recently to the Dominican
Republic: to protect American lives; to
prevent another Cuban-style Communist
takeover in our hemisphere, and to pre-
vent the kind of anarchy which would
make impossible any international
peacekeeping and stabilizing action.
I strongly recommend these informa-
tive articles to my colleagues:
[From the Miami (Fla.) News, Apr. 30, 19651
DOMINICAN REPUBLIC: PRESIDENT JOHNSON'S
SW/FT RESPONSE
President Johnson's reply to the informa-
tion that some 2,000 American lives were en-
dangered by the Dominican revolt was swift
and effective.
His sending of the Marines may raise some
hackles among Latin Americans who recall
the "gunboat diplomacy" of earlier years, but
those feelings can be soothed later.
The President's immediate responsibility
was to respond to a notice that no one could
guarantee the safety of U.S. nationals in the
Dominican Republic. This is entirely believ-
able, considering that one of the first acts of
the rebels was to put guns in the hands of a
few thousand unorganized civilians.
U.S. spokesmen have been careful to state
that the Marines are there only to protect
Americans and other foreign nationals who
request aid. Nevertheless, the presence of
American forces could, or should, impose
some restraint on the Santo Domingo rebels.
We shall see.
The U.S. suggestion that the Organization
of American States put its peacemaking
machinery to work at once was a wise one.
The chaos in the Dominican Republic en-
A2517
dangers more than the safety of 2,000 Ameri-
can civilians.
It is a threat to the security of the entire
hemisphere. The situation is made to order
for Fidel Castro and his well-organized sub-
versives in the Caribbean.
[From the Miami (Fla.) Herald, Apr. 30, 1965)
MARINES FOR A DOUBLE PURPOSE
The landing of Marines to protect Ameri-
cans in the Dominican Republic should also
serve a larger purpose. This is to preclude
a Communist takeover along the lines of
Fidel Castro's conquest of Cuba for the Reds.
President Johnson acted forthrightly in
sending the Marines ashore. He did so with
approval from congressional leaders of both
political parties, and we believe they rep-
resented the views of their constituents in
supporting the President's action.
Mr. Johnson also saw to it that full in-
formation on developments was supplied to
the council of the Organization of American
States. The OAS, representing all the free
nations of the new world, is properly as con-
cerned as the United States to prevent an-
other Cuba.
No government in the hemisphere is safe
if Communist agents can foment insurrec-
tion?whatever the pretext?in order to seize
power. Members of the OAS might well send
token forces to Santo Domingo to help snuff
out the threat to peace there. Such steps
are clearly authorized by OAS pacts, and were
invoked during the Cuban missile crisis.
? Squeals of outrage over the use of Marines
already are being heard from the Commu-
nist bloc, and may be expected to grow louder.
These merely underscore the truth about the
bloody doings in Santo Domingo.
President Johnson is proceeding with meas-
ured prurience. The lives of the 2,000 Ameri-
cans in the Dominican Republic certainly
must be safeguarded so long as teenage hood-
lums with machineguns are allowed to spray
bullets where they please.
[From the Miami (Fla.) Herald,
Apr. 29, 1965)
THE MARINES HAVE LANDED
Yesterday this newspaper pleaded:
"Let's have no second Cuba in the Domini-
can Republic."
Today it makes no difference whether we
said this or whether someone else did. The
pertinent fact is that President Johnson has
acted swiftly to prevent just such a catas-
trophe. He has sent a powerful Marine unit
ashore fen' the ostensible purpose of protect-
ing American nationals in the hotted-up civil
war. One faction in that conflict would
return Juan Bosch to power with the help
of undisguised cadres of Communists.
It is all very well to argue that we have
no real business in Santo Domingo. The
same argument was made?much to our
woe?in that vacillating venture known as
the Bay of Pigs, which has cost the United
States worldwide prestige and a Red foothold
one jump from the U.S. mainland.
We think that Mr. Johnson moved wisely
last night.
He was careful to consult the friendly
council of the Organization of American
States.
He conferred with and responded to the
Dominican Government in power (though
beleaguered) which reqnested our help.
He brought in the congressional leader-
ship.
It is clear, however, that the marines are
there to stay a bit, for their "assistance will
be available to the nationals of other coun-
tries."
Well, let them stabilize the situation, not
in the selfish name of any entrenched and
selfish colonialism but to protect the na-
tional interests of two proud peoples in po-
litical freedom in the Caribbean.
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A2518
Aid to Higher Education
wk." ENSION OF' REMARKS?
OP
HON. JOHN V. TUNNEY
CONGRESSIONAL RECORD ? APPENDIX May 20, 1965
OF CALIFORNIA
IN ME HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES
Thursday, May 20, 1965
TUNNEY. Mr. Speaker, I would
like to place in the REcosn a series of
three editorials by the Riverside, Calif.,
Press-Enterprise.
H.R. 3220, a bill to strengthen the edu-
cational resources of our colleges and
universities and to provide financial as-
sistance for students in postsecondary
and higher education, will soon be before
the Kouse.
This proposed legislation would pro-
vide approximately $1,450,000 to the
State of California. a large portion of
which would be allocated to the Uni-
versity of California Extension Service
which plays an active role in programs
relating to community problems such as
housing, poverty, government, recreation,
employment, youth opportunities, trans-
portation, health, and land use.
I believe that the University of Cali-
fornia Extension Service has done a re-
markable job for the educational system
of California as well as for the people of
the various communities which it serves.
? The following editorials are historically
important as few newspapers in this
country have become really informed
about the possibilities for using the uni-
versity extension service in nonagricul-
tural areas:
[From the Riverside (Calif.) Press, Apr. 6,
, 1964]
EXTENSION: UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA AT
RIVERSIDE, CHANCELLOR BACES Am PLAN
Chancellor Herman T. Spieth of the Uni-
versity of California at Riverside, today pub-
licly annriunced his support Of a proposed
Federal plan to finance additional university
extension programs.
The bill, introduced in Congress by Rep-
resentative CLEVELAND BAILEY, Democrat,
of W. Va., would make it possible for the
university to inerease its education services
to business, industrial, and professional
groups and to the general public.
A publicly supported program of general
extension as provided by Congressman
BAILEY'S bill (H.R. 4386), to be operated by
State universities and land-grant colleges
would stimulate these institutions to bring
nevS research and other knowledge to indi-
vidual and groups in communities through
programs of adult education, Chancellor
Spieth said.
The bill provides for a yearly appropria-
tion of $20 million to each State and an ad-
ditional $8 million to be divided among the
States on the basis of population. Each State
would have to provide its own matching
funds to share in the $8 million fund.
Under the proposed program, each college
or University could use the money to offer
adult education courses in any field of study
taught at the school or in which the school
conducts research.
However, duplication of instruction offered
by the cooperative agricultural or home
economics programs or by federally financed
vocational education-progrann would not be
allowed.
[Fron, the Riverside (Calif.) Press, Apr, 6,
1961]
EXTENDING EXTENSION
Whilo the program for aid to education
which he President is urging on Congress
may mem comprehensive, it neglects one
import pit phase of education: adult educa-
tion.
In an effort to fill this loophole, Congress-
man Cleveland Bailey, Democrat, of Ohio,
has introduced a bill providing a modest plan
of sup:sort f Or the adult extension programs
of Stale universities and land-grant colleges.
The plan does not include agricultural
instru(tion. Agricultural instruction is al-
ready Substantially supported by the Fed-
eral Governrilent arid has been for many
years.
Indeed the record of success in the joint
Peden I-State program of agricultural exten-
sion his undoubtedly contributed in a major
way to the unique character of this coun-
try's farm problem. We refer, of course, to
Ameriia's farm surpluses as compared with
the s aortages which plague most of the
world.
Extonsion of Federal aid to other areas of
adult education promises similar benefits.
The increasing complexity of modern in-
du,strr demands greater knowledge and great-
er ski Is. And the task of helping people find
this ltnowledge and skill can't be accom-
plished entirely during the normal school
years. Part of it is the problem of adult edu-
cation t,
Tho same can be said for the greater de-
mands Of citizenship in a shrunken, terrify-
ing world. Here, too, part of the educational
task, and an important part, is with adults.
Th 3 need for Federal encouragement is in-
d1catd by the great disparity in what various
States are attempting. Some universities
(Sou ;hem Illinois University is a notable ex-
empt s) have extension programs which have
a constructive influence on almost every
phaso of community life. In other States
noth ng at all is being done.
Cosgressrnan Bailey's bill would provide a
mocitzt push?a $9 million one?toward a
natic nal program. It deserveswide support.
1From the Riverside (Calif.) Press,
June 1, 1964]
13SEATEST EDUCATIONAL INsTr1UixON
Te Nation has just passed the 50th anni-
versbry of the act of Congress which estab-
lished the Agricultural Extension Service ad-
mm by the land-grant colleges.
This prog,rarn was a sort of internal point
IV jrogram. Herbert Hoover once called it
"the, world's greatest educational institu-
tion" Certainly, it has been of great mo-
ment to California?now producer of the
larg)st value of agricultural cash crops in
the Ration. It has been of prime importance
to Eiverside, with the remarkable contribu-
tions of the University of California's Citrus
Expsriment Station, now known officially as
the Citrus Research Center and Agricultural
Expsriment Station.
Nit only has Agricultural Extension been
tecl.nical adviser to the Nation's farmers as
the'r reduced the ratio of manpower required
to feed the Nation from 1 farmer for every
7 consumers to 1 for every 27. But it has
enr .ched the whole context a rural life with
Its home demonstration programs, its net-
work of 4-H clubs and other youth activities,
and, more recently, its nonpolitical and social
pro blems.
nly more recently have the Nation's uni-
vet fities begun to cultivate a field now far
mo le crowded and just as much in need of
hel ? as the rural districts of the Nation.
Bin; in the last decade Or so they have been
coming alive in a variety of ministrations
to urban and suburban populations.
University Extension, almost since the
founding of the liberal arts college at Uni-
versity of California at Riverside, has been
offering a wide variety of adult education
courses, seminars, and institutes. In the last
2 years they have come under such subject
groupings as "The Executive Profile," "Gov-
ernment in Action," "Value of the Arts,"
"The Southern California City," "Race,
Property, and Government," and "Develop-
ment of Creative Abilities in Children." To
extend its reach the division has spotted its
offerings not only in Riverside but also in
San Bernardino, Ontario, Barstow, and Palm
Springs.
The extension efforts of the university, a
fledgling in a limited field a half century ago,
now begins to approach saturation coverage
of areas which touch the Lives of almost
every Californian who harbors a desire? for
knowledge and self-improvement, or an urge
to make an informed and effective contri-
bution to his community.
The President Makes Some More Good
Appointments
EXTENSION OF REMARKS
OF
HON. FERNAND J. ST GERMAIN
? OF RHODE ISLA ND
IN THE HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES
Thursday, May 20, 1965
Mr. ST GERMAIN. Mr. Speaker, on
Saturday, May 1, an editorial appeared in
the Providence Journal, which voices ?
strong approval of many of President
Johnson's recent appointments.
I heartily concur and place the edi-
torial as part of my remarks:
[From the Providence (EL) Journal, May
1, 1965]
THE PRESIDENT MAKES SOME MORE GOOD
APPOINTMENTS
Several of the Federal appointees just
named by President Johnson will find ticklish
or controversial problems awaiting them as
they step into their new positions. Their
approach to the problems is expected to re-
flect any changes in direction or emphasis
that the administration may have decided
upon in these various areas.
One area. is antitrust activity. Specula-
tion has been heard for dome time that the
Johnson administration prefers a more cau-
tious and less vigorous prosecution of the
antitrust laws. The administration has made
great efforts to win the support and respect
of the business community, but these efforts
have been handicapped from time to time
by the energy and zeal of William H. Orrick,
Jr., Assistant Attorney General in charge of
the Antitrust Division.
Mr. Orrick now is stepping down to re-
turn to his law practice in California. He
will be replaced by Dr. Donald F. Turner,
an authority on antitrust legislation and a
member of the faculty at Harvard Law
School. It remains to be seen whether the
change in the leadership of the Antitrust
Division van mean any change in the divi-
sion's policy, emphasis or scale of activity.
Three of' the presidential appointments lie
in the field of transportation,
Alan S. Boyd, Chairman of the Civil Aero-
nautics Board, has been named Under Secre-
tary of Commerce for Transportation. Mr.
Boyd has demonstrated exceptional admin-
istrative skill while heading the CAB. In his
new positio:n, he will asstune broader respon-
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May 20, 1965 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD ? APPENDIX
materials, and counseling?consistent with
the effective use of the assistance to reach
sound, agreed-upon objectives. The em-
phasis is upon self-help and a growing sense
of community and individual responsibility.
One result of this principle in operation is
an unusual economy in rendering assistance;
it also runs counter to the concepts of "for-
eign aid" held by many of its practitioners.
15. There is a maximum use of indigenous
resources; always there are resources avail-
able to a community, some nearly always
unknown to the people.
16. The professional counselors are citi-
zens of the country. The philosophy, pol-
icies, and methods of Futures can be, and
are, learned. Indigenous men and women
of the highest quality, intelligent, sensitive,
devoted, and otherwise well equipped to serve
the less fortunate, can be found.
17. A modest Futures' loan or grant is
essential for some projects. Nominal grants
sometimes have great morale value. Loans
are made when there is to be an economic
return, and always there must be a direct,
significant benefit for the children.
18. The Futures program operates success-
fully in rural areas and in the slum out-
skirts of urban centers. These are the areas,
throughout the world, where underprivilege
is most prevalent, with a vast population
movement from the former to the latter.
19. Important to an extension of the work
is the inevitable "chain reaction" as com-
munities learn from the achievements of
other communities.
20. Futures cooperates with institutions
and other organizations, foreign, interna-
tional, and indigenous, which have con-
sonant aims and programs.
21. Futures believes that a nationwide pro-
gram of improvement is most likely, to suc-
ceed as the result of collaboration between
government and indigenous private orga-
nizations developed for this purpose. Such
collaboration is already underway success-
fully on a local and state basis in Antioquia,
Colombia, through Futures' counterpart or-
ganization, Futuro Para la Ninez. Govern-
ment can contribute material resources and
trained personnel on a nationwide basis
while Futuro, with more adequate financing,
can furnish professional leadership in the
areas of policy formulation, personnel train-
ing and inservice development, program
demonstration and experimentation, and op-
erational research. In such an arrangement,
the private and governmental sectors of so-
ciety each makes its distinctive and in-
Valr ble contribution to the common good.
Sun Valley Receives International
Publicity
SPEECH
OF
HON. GEORGE HANSEN
OF IDAHO
IN THE HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES
Thursday, May 13, 1965
Mr. HANSEN of Idaho. Mr. Speaker,
world famous Sun Valley, in my con-
gressional district, is mentioned in an
advertisement being used this spring in
47 leading national newspapers and
magazines in England, France, Germany,
Mexico, and Australia/New Zealand by
the U.S. Travel Service, Department of
Commerce.
I believe, Mr. Speaker, that the U.S.
Travel Service has done well to include
this rare and beautiful spot in its cam-
paign of "see America." However, I
commend Sun Valley to all Americans,
as well as to Europeans and those others
to whom the ads are directed.
In addition to the recreation and
pleasures to be had at Sun Valley, it is
just a short distance from Craters of the
Moon, unique among all national monu-
ments. It is also a "jumping off" place
for the rugged Sawtooth Mountains and
Idaho's primitive area.
Mr. Speaker, it is with pleasure that I
place this advertisement in the RECORD.
It is also with pleasure that I extend an
invitation to all of you to visit with us
in Idaho. I know you will like us.
The advertisement follows:
BRONCO-BUSTERS AND BACH?THIS YEAR EN-
JOY THE ROCKIES AND NORTHWEST: START
AT SEATTLE, WASH., AND DISCOVER THE SPEC-
TACULAR UNITED STATES?GLACIERS, TOWER-
ING PEAKS AND DUDE RANCHES
Dine in the revolving restaurant atop Seat-
tle's 60-story Space Needle, golf at the hill-
top Jefferson Park course, cruise beautiful
Puget Sound. Plan to be there between June
and mid-August during the Seattle Sea-
fair?boat races, water shows and gay
parades are all part of the festivities.
At Mount Rainier, drive up through the
clouds to walk on a "live glacier"; 5,000 wild
elk are an attraction at nearby Olympic Na-
tional Park. So are the lush "rain forests."
Ideal growing conditions produce magnificent
flowers and trees--spruce up to 51 feet
around.
AMERICA'S LAST FRONTIER?ALASKA
The largest State in the Nation?and still
not completely explored. Today, dynamic
Anchorage is only a 3-hour side trip from
Seattle by air. You'll see Mount McKinley,
highest peak in North America. Turn south
to the State capital, Juneau. Then enjoy
Alaska's spectacular scenery by riding the
car-carrying ferries along the Inside Passage
to Skagway. You'll be fascinated by the
city's reenactment of Alaska's gold rush
days?complete with can-can girls, gambling
halls, and gun duels.
FLY TO THE CITY OF ROSES
One-way air fare from Seattle to beautiful
Portland, Oreg., is ?4.13s.2d. If you arrive
in June, the famous weeklong Rose Festival
(June 1-13) will be a highlight of your
Northwest tour.
Rent a car and drive to snowcapped
Mount Hood, only 60 miles to the east. An-
other day, see famous Crater Lake, a giant
blue jewel set in the heart of an ancient
volcano.
COWBOYS AS TOUGH AS SADDLE LEATHER
Sun Valley, the international sports center
In Idaho, should be one of your stops in the
Rockies. Then on, higher and higher, to
Montana's Glacier National Park?nature's
dazzling display of jagged peaks, valleys,
lakes, and waterfalls?with 1,000 miles of
horse and foot trails.
Now you're in the Big Sky country, where
a man can breathe deep and free. Stay at a
"dude ranch" and have steak and potatoes
for breakfast before riding the range with
broncobusting cowboys. Dance under starry
western skies. Fish trout-packed waters.
And stop at colorful, historic Virginia City,
Mont., an authentic old mining town.
Yellowstone National Park in Wyoming is
a sightseer's paradise. There are over 200
geysers, and you'll like meeting the huge
black bears (from inside your car). And
the border of another national park, Grand
Teton, is only 10 miles away. A 22.28.11d.
car fee entitles you to tour and camp in all
32 great national parks. Then drive on to
join the riproaring fun at Cheyenne's "Fron-
tier Days" (July 27 to August 1)?one of the
country's most famous rodeos.
BACH IN THE ROCKIES
Drive south to Colorado and take a day's
excursion on the cliff-hugging railroad be-
tween Durango and Silverton. It will trans-
port you back to the days of the great silver
strikes. Nearby, at Aspen, extensive pro-
grams (June 28 to August 30) of classical
and modern music, lectures, and forums at-
tract international visitors every year.
A2529---
With One Eye Toward Beauty?And An-
other on the Dump
EXTENSION OF REMARKS
OF
HON. JAMES ROOSEVELT
OF CALIFORNIA
IN THE HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES
Wednesday, April 28, 1965
Mr. ROOSEVELT. Mr. Speaker,
Compost Science is published quarterly,
and is sent to about 10,000 municipal
and industrial officials throughout the
country who are responsible for the
treatment of organic wast materials. Its
editorial policy has been to stress the im-
portance of utilization of such wastes '
and report on research and experiences
of waste utilization throughout the
world. Mr. Jerome Olds, the editor of
Compost Science, has brought to my at-
tention the editorial in the current issue.
I believe my colleagues, particularly
those from large urban areas, will find
this editorial of particular interest, and
it follows:
WITH ONE EYE TOWARD BEAUTY?AND
ANOTHER ON THE DLTMP
American research is truly fantastic.
We've been reading about Early Bird?the
first "product" of COMSAT and what it will
mean to the communications field. We've
been reading about Houston's Astrodome?
the Eighth Wonder of the World (as long as
baseball games are played at night there).
And bridges, and antibiotics, and jets. One
accomplishment after another. Chalk them
up to research.
But one field has been continually plagued
by lack of research?the solid wastes dis-
posal field. Somehow when the R. & D. proj-
ects were being assigned, this one got left
by the wayside. And the result of this
no research are showing?stinking and pol-
luting, in fact.
Warned President Johnson earlier this
year:
"Modern technology, which has added
much to our lives, can also have a darker
side. The air we breathe, our water, our
soil, and wildlife are being blighted by
poisons and chemicals which are the by-
products of technology and industry. The
same society which receives the rewards of
technology must, as a cooperating whole,
take responsibility for control."
In his message on natural beauty, Presi-
dent Johnson had this to say about solid
wastes:
"Continuing technological progress and
improvement in methods of manufacture,
packaging, and marketing of consumer prod-
ucts has resulted in an ever-mounting in-
crease of discarded material. We need to
seek better solutions to the disposal of these
wastes. I recommend legislation to?
"Assist the States in developing compre-
hensive programs for some forms of solid
waste disposal;
"Provide for research and demonstration
projects leading to more effective methods
for disposing of or salvaging solid wastes;
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A2530 CONGRE5SIONAL RECORD? APPENDIX May
"Launch a concentrated attack on the
accutnulation of junk cars by increasing re-
search in the Department of the Interior
leading to use of metal from scrap cars where
promising leads already exist."
A START IN LEGISLATION
The legislation recommended by the Presi-
dent has been introduced in the past few
months into the House of Representatives.
Nine identical bills--whose purpose is to
launch a national research program for
improved solid waste handling?have been
sponsored by the following Congressmen:
ROOSEVELT, ROYSAL, HAWKINS, VAN DEERLIN,
CORIVIAN, and BROWN, of California; KLIJCZYN -
SKI of Illinois; CELLER of New York; and
DINGELL of Michigan. The bill, known as
the "Solid Waste Disposal Act," would pro-
vide the funds necessary to carry out the
program.
Composting would specifically benefit from
the proposed legislation, which would also
provide for research into sanitary landfills,
incineration, grinding and disposal to sewers.
The grants would be used to demonstrate
the "reliability, engineering, operating, agri-
cultural, horticultural, and economic poten-
tials of the processes under study."
In order to assist States to inventory exist-
ing practices of 'solid waste handling and
disposal and "develop State programs for
the improvement of such practices in the
interests of protection of the health and
safety of all the people," the Surgeon Gen-
eral would be authorized to appropriate
$2 million for each of 3 ancceeding fiscal
years. To provide for the construction of
demonstration plants, up to $7,500,000 would
be available. An additional $7 million would
be authorized to carry out the other pro-
visions of the act.
The act itself would be administered by
the Surgeon General under the supervision
and direction of the Secretary of Health,
Education and Welfare. The Surgeon Gen-
eral may appoint a Solid Waste Advisory
Committee to advise and assist in the for-
mulation of programs authorized by this
act. The Committee shall also advise on
the establishment of a program for the dis-
position of grant-in- aid and project grant
funds to carry out the expressed intent of
the act.
NEED FOR. ACTION
There can be no question of the need for
this national research program into the
solid waste disposal field. The problems are
nationwide?rapidly expanding urban areas
- unable to cope satisfactorily with solid
wastes exist throughout the United States.
Pollution, health hazards and just plain
ugliness have become all-too-common char-
acteristics of our metropolitan areas.
Without doubt, it is time for an intensive
national effort to come up with the needed
solution.
Sweet Reason Prevails in Big Steel Talks
EXTENSION OF REMARKS
OF
HON. JOHN E. MOSS
OF CAL EFORNIA
IN THE HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES
Wednesday, May 19, 1965
Mr. MOSS. Mr. Speaker, President
Johnson's persuasive influence in help-
ing avert a nationwide steel strike is
known to most of us. The President's
brilliant success in getting men of op-
posing views to sit down and reason
together is interestingly described in
an editorial of May 3, 1965, edition of the
Sacramento (Calif.) Bee.
Tie-editorial f ollows
SWELT REASON PREVAILS IN BIG STEEL TALKS
A :iew dimension in labor-management re-
sponsibility was written in Pittsburg by the
United Steelworkers Union and big steel
When-they agreed to a 4-month interim con-
tract .pending final settlement of their dis-
pute?thereby averting a strike which could
have depressed, even crippled, a booming,
healthy economy.
Up to now steelworkers slavishly had fol-
lowed that old, old union battlecry, "no con-
tract, no work," and lacking a contract,
would strike. By agreeing this time to ac-
cept an interim 11.5 cent hourly pay hike
whilo negotiating outstanding differences,
the stetlworkers displayed a mature, respon-
sible attitude which does labor proud.
No should it be overlooked either that
President Lyndon B. Johnson's influence had
a pal t in bringing about this interim agree-
ment. Again his persuasive hand is felt at
a critical moment; again men sat down at
his trging, and as Johnson fondly likes to
put t, "reasoned together."
The interim contract may have a new in-
fluen ze upon labor-mangament relations. If
this represents a precedent, hallelujah. If
the example may help avert other strikes?
halle .ujah.
Few realize how disastrous a steel strike
coulc have been to the economy. At the
moment the Nation is experiencing a pros-
perit 7 which has triggered expansion, expan-
sion, expansion at a time when expansion,
expansion, expansion is crucial to the na-
tional fortune.
The strike called, the long battle begun?
all of the gains, or a great part of the gains,
coulc be lost.
Never has the steel industry gone into a
strike, but that shock waves ricocheted
thronghout the entire industrial base, pro-
ducing retrenchment, withdrawal.
P01 example, the 116-day steel strike in
1959 idled more than 500,000 directly asso-
ciated with producing steel and 250,000 in
induaries directly dependent upon steel.
Dwindling stockpiles produced black market
sales. Foreign steel, taking advantage of
the i ile furnaces here, rushed in to service
markets the American steel industry never
has regained fully.
The direct cost to workers was estimated
at $1 billion in wages alone. On top of this,
the companies lost more than $1 billion in
profits, never to be recouped; railroads lost
more than $175 million in freight revenues
and the Government lost more than $1.2 bil-
lion ; n taxes.
This time commonsense prevailed. Men
reasoned, and the furnaces remain lit. Now
the pressure is off of negotiators as they
proce Ki toward a solution of their differences.
The Dominic
Republic; Why We Are
ere
EXTENSION OF REMARKS
Os'
HON. JACOB H. GILBERT
OF NEW YORK
IN HE HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES
Thursday, May 20, 1965
Mr GILBERT. Mr. Speaker, I do not
know what the outcome will be of the
tense drama now in progress in the
Domi zican Republic. But I do know
that this grave crisis has given all Amer-
icans a telling glimpse of the quality of
President Lyndon B. Johnson.
He has shown boldness and decisive-
20, 1965
ness in the face of great danger; resolu-
tion in pursuing a difficult and lonely
task; dedication and purpose in search-
ing for stability in a highly threatening
situation.
Mr. Speaker, I have been particularly
impressed by two recent editorials, one
in the May 4 edition of Newsday, and the
other in the Richmond, Va., Times-Dis-
patch of May 7. They comment quite
effectively:. I believe, on affairs in the
Dominican Republic and on the Presi-
dent's conduct, and I submit them now
for entry in the RECORD:
[From Newsday, May 4, 1965j
THE DOMINICAN REPUBLIC, AND WHY WE ARE
T
President Johnson, as of noon yesterday,
was sticking to his explanation that Marines
and paratroopers are in the Dominican Re-
public purely to protect Americans still there
and to assist in their evacuation. That is
the diplomatic explanation. If by chance
it happens-.that the presence of U.S. forces
and tanks cuts off a left-wing-cum Castro
Communist uprising at the roots, that is so
much gravy.
In fact, the United States has every reason
to prevent a takeover either by Communists
or by those willing to work with them. A
little reflection on what happened to Cuba
upon Fidel Castro's accession to power will
elucidate the reasons. We cannot risk an-
other focus of infection in the Western Hemi-
sphere. If the heads of most Latin Ameri-
can countries could at this moment speak
frankly, they would express great relief
that we acted as resolutely as we did. The
difficulty is that just about every Latin
American country has a powerful left-wing
component, along with a lesser number of
Communists willing to fish in troubled wa-
ters. That accounts for the public expres-
sions of shook and dismay by such delicately
balanced heads of state as Eduardo Frei, of
Chile.
We
wouldl not now have Castro in Cuba if
-
we had moved with more toughness at the
time of the Bay of Pigs. We cannot afford
to have ,a government in the Dominican Re-
public that is susceptible to Fidel's influ-
ence, infiltration, and possible future take-
over.
The Monroe Doctrine was written to deal
with foreign infiltration. Communism is the
ideology of a foreign power. Perhaps we had
better recast the Monroe Doctrine to cover
infiltration as well as actual invasion. The
events in the Dominican Republic urgently
suggest that such a reconsideration is in
order.
[From the Richmond (Va.) Times-Dispatch,
May 7, 19651
HISTORIC STEP BY THE OAS
The Organization of American States took
an historic step yesterday when 14 of its 20
members voted to send military forces to
keep order i:a the presently chaotic Domini-
can Republic. True, it was a close decision,
since 14 was the minimum number required
for action, but the vote could have great
significance for the future.
Details remain to be spelled out, and the
OAS will doubtless creak into action with
vast heavings, but a far-reaching step has
been taken. It may ultimately provide a so-
lution for the urgent Dominican problem.
Some such solution is sorely needed.
Various Latin American countries which
have dragged their feet when asked to do
something effective against Castro's Cuba,
opposed the proposed Dominican operation.
Those voting "no" were Mexico, Chile, Peru,
Uruguay, and Ecuador, with Venezuela (sur-
prisingly) abstaining. Since Venezuela is
probably next on the Communist agenda of
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ay 20, 1965 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD ? APPENDIX
Infiltration and conquest, one would have
supposed that its government would be anx-
ious to cauterize the festering Red sore
In the Dominican Republic by joint action.
The percentage of Communists who are
In leadership positions in and around Santo
Domingo is a subject of dispute. The John-
son administration has been emphatic in
declaring that the Reds have been running
the show. Even if that is not quite correct,
they undoubtedly are in important leader-
ship positions. Let us not forget that in the
early stages of the Cuban revolt, few Com-
munists were involved, and Castro loudly de-
nied any connection with communism.
The Christian Science Monitor's corre-
spondent in Santo Domingo lists the prin-
cipal OAS objectives as follows:
"To bring in at least token elements from
a variety of Latin American lands.
"To set up OAS diplomatic machinery to
support whatever Dominican Government
emerges from the current uncertainty.
"To target in on a date for removal of all
foreign troops and hold to that date."
If the foregoing, or most of it, can be
achieved, it will be cause for congratulations
all around. It is to be presumed and hoped,
however, that the OAS would not support
just any government that happened to get
the upper hand?such as one dominated and
controlled by Communists.
Meanwhile conditions in the Dominican
Republic, and especially in the capital,
Santo Domingo, are indescribably bad.
Bodies litter the streets, the smell of death
hangs over the city, garbage is uncollected
and there is general chaos. Food, medicine,
and public order are sorely needed.
Much remains to be done before the situ-
ation in the Dominican Republic can be
stabilized. It appears, however, that events
are moving in the right direction,
The New Jersey Investigation Into the
War on Poverty
SPEECH
OF
HON. WILLIAM B. WIDNALL
OF NEW JERSEY
IN THE HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES
Thursday, May 13, 1965
Mr. VVIDNALL Mr. Speaker, the con-
troversy over the conduct of the war on
poverty has resulted in considerable at-
tention to the details of the battle in
my home State of New Jersey. Since
the appropriate committees of Congress
appear too preoccupied to carry out the
full study of the program nationally, as
suggested by Members from both sides
of the aisle, it is encouraging to know
that the New Jersey State Legislature
will be acting in this area.
Under the chairmanship of State Sen-
ator Nelson Stamler, of Union CountY,
a bipartisan committee of three assem-
blymen and three senators has been
created to examine the workings of the
poverty program within the State. The
justifiable criticism of the high salaries
being paid poverty war officials is only
one phase of the investigation. Although
some partisan outcry has been heard
over the study, I think that most New
Jersey citizens, and most Americans, will
agree with the editorial appearing in the
April 30, 1965, edition of the Herald-
News of Passaic, N.J. The editorial
points out that there has been no dif-
ficulty in recruiting workers for the
Peace Corps, where no salary complaints
have been heard, and that the bureau-
crats running the poverty program have
as yet to test themselves against the late
President Kennedy's admonition to ask
not what their country could do for them,
but to ask what they could do for their
country.
As the editorial concludes, "Let the
investigation proceed," at all levels of
government.
The editorial follows:
[From the Herald-News, Apr. 30, 1965)
PROBING THE POVERTY WAR
The decision of the Republican-controlled
legislature to investigate the administration
of the war on poverty in New Jersey may be
politically inspired, as the Democrats claim,
but no one can deny that there is need for
turning the spotlight on the program.
The investigating committee of three as-
semblymen and three senators is headed by
Union County's Senator Stemler, who will
be remembered for his gambling investiga-
tions in Passaic and Bergen Counties when
he was in the State attorney general's em-
ploy. Properly conducted the investigation
should be much more than the "witch hunt"
which Democrats have branded it in an at-
tempt to discredit it before It starts. The
high salaries which are being paid to top
officials in the poverty war have been widely
publicized, not only in New Jersey but
throughout the Nation. Criticism of what
appear to be exorbitant salaries has been
defended by Sargent Shriver, national di-
rector of the Johnson administration's pov-
erty program. Mr. Shriver has said that the
high salaries are necessary to attract the
best qualified people.
But comparison has been made between
the war on poverty and the Peace Corps,
which is also directed by Mr. Shriver. The
dedicated men and women who make up the
Peace Corps have not been accused of being
overpaid and yet they are among the Nation's
most valued servants.
In his inaugural address the late President
Kennedy admonished Americans to ask not
what their country could do for them, but
to ask what they could do for their country.
The men and women who are running the
war on poverty at all levels apparently have
not tested themselves along the lines sug-
gested by the late President.
Let the investigation proceed.
Lawson B. Knott, Jr.: The Logical Man
To Head General Services Administration
EXTENSION OF REMARKS
OF
HON. L. MENDEL RIVERS
OF SOUTH CAROLINA
IN THE HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES
?
Thursday, May 20, 1965
Mr. RIVERS of South Carolina. Mr.
Speaker, President Johnson made an ex-
cellent choice in selecting Lawson B.
Knott, Jr., to head the General Services
Administration.
Mr. Knott is a 30-year veteran of Gov-
ernment service. He is a dedicated civil
servant, extremely capable, and at 53
has an excellent record of faithful serv-
ice to our Government.
I personally do not think the President
could have selected a more capable ex-
ecutive. Under Mr. Knott's able leader-
A2531
ship, I am confident that GSA will con-
tinue to render the high quality of
service it has provided in past years.
Born in Wendell, N.C., Mr. Knott grad-
uated from Duke University at Durham,
and later from the National University
Law School here in Washington. He be-
gan his Government career with the Re-
settlement Administration in 1935, and
continued his employment when it
merged with the Department of Agricul-
ture. In 1942 he joined the Corps of
Engineers, and after World War II,
served in a legal and administrative ca-
pacity until he transferred to GSA in
1956.
His rise in GSA was rapid and within
only 3 years his abilities moved him up-
ward to the position of Deputy Commis-
sioner of General Services Administra-
tion's Public Building Service. Here he
served until November 28, 1961, when he
was appointed Deputy Administrator of
GSA. He is married to the former Miss
Marion Lunt, of Cedar City, Utah, and
they have two children, Mrs. Neil E.
Churchill, of Atlanta, and Gregory, a
college student.
Mr. Speaker, Mr. Knott's record
serves as a splendid example for young
people entering Government service to
follow. The purpose of my remarks here
today is to warmly congratulate him be-
fore Members of the Congress.
Bonneville Power Authority Still Attempt-
ing To Invade Area
EXTENSION OF REMARKS
OF
HON. LAURENCE J. BURTON
OF 'UTAH
IN THE HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES
Thursday, May 20, 1965
Mr t BURTON of Utah. Mr. Speaker,
the following editorial appeared in the
Salt Lake Tribune on Sunday, May 16,
1965. It cogently sets forth reasons why
the request of the Bonneville Power Au-
thority for $1 million for planning of
transmission lines to southeastern Idaho
should be denied.
I commend it to my colleagues for
their consideration:
BPA STILL ATTEMPTING To INVADE AREA
Defeated last year in an attempt to get a
"foot in the door" appropriation for a Fed-
eral transmission line to southern Idaho, the
Bonneville Power Administration is trying
again. The request is the same as it was in
1964?$1 million to design the proposed line.
But the ultimate cost to the taxpayers has
been raised to $80 million from the original
$73 million because of the change in routing.
The figures, however, are estimates which
have a habit of falling short of reality.
Moreover, the cost of the 1964 proposal, if
related customer facilities were included,
would have been $130 million?not $73
million.
But the huge price tag is not nearly as
objectionable as the idea behind the proposal.
BPA wants to carry federally subsidized
power long distances over a federally subsi-
dized transmission line. And this despite the
fact that southern Idaho, served by two pri-
vate utilities (Utah Power & Light and Idaho
Power) has ample electric power available.
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A2532 CONGRE5 RONAL RECORD ? APPENDIX May 20, 19t)
SUGGESTS JOINT EFFORT
During an appearance before a Senate Pub-
lic Works Subcommittee, Charles P. Luce of
EPA suggested that the Federal Government
and private companies might agree on joint
construction of the proposed line. This was
done on the Pacific Northwest-Pacific South-
west intertie.
His suggestion would be more impressive,
however, if EPA had been more successful
In carrying out congressional instructions to
negotiate with private companies for the
wheelino of Bonneville power to southern
Idaho.
wheeling
Luce blamed one private com-
pany for the so-called deadlock and explained
that as a result BPA is now asking for funds
to plan for its own transmission line.
Could it be that EPA hopes to use talk
of a Federal transmission line as a lever in
negotiations over wheeling?
SELLS AT LOW RATES
EPA sells power at amazingly low rates,
now averaging about 2.35 cents per kilowatt-
hour, although the agency operates in the
red some years. This point was raised dur-
ing the Senate subcommittee hearing, with
Mr. Luce defending bookkeeping methods
which, according to the General Accounting
Office, enable the agency to hide some costs
of power generation.
Mr. Luce explained that GAO accounting
metho& would not reflect congressional
policy requiring Federal investments in Co-
lumbia River plants to be repaid in 50 years.
Yet he also said BPA is considering a rate
raise which would increase power revenues
by about 4 Pereent. Perhaps widespread
Criticism of EPA's low rates and deficit oper-
ation is finally being heeded.
UDALL OPENED WAY
EPA began operating in Southern Idaho in
1963 when Secretary of the Interior Udall
placed that territory in the agency's market-
ing area and gave it the marketing function
for ,power generated at southern Idaho rec-
lamation projects. Now BPA hopes to add
to its power empire by getting congressional
aA>rovai of a Federal transmission line.
We opposed EPA's request for planning
funds a year ago. We oppose the latest re-
quest. And the million dollars for planning
is only a first step. BPA appears determined
to enter an area where ample electric power
is already available, taking advantage of Fed-
eral subsidies for the cost of both generation
and transmission. Congress said "no" last
year. It should do so again.
Bridges Versus People
EXTENSION OF REMARKS
OF
HON. WILLIAM S. IVIOORHEAD
OF PENNSYLVANIA
IN THE 1101.TSE OF REPRESENTATIVES
Wednesday, April 28, 1965
Mr. MOORHEAD. mr. Speaker, the
Pittsburgh, Pa., Press recently carried
an editorial entitled, "Bridges Versus
People," in which the newspaper ex-
pressed its puzzlement over critics of
America's policies in Vietnam.
I, too, share the bewilderment of the
newspaper. I cannot understand why
citizens criticize American and South
Vietnamese bombing of Communist
bridges, depots, and supply lines in which
few if any humans are killed and at the
same time overlook Vietcong bombings
of the American Embassy and terrorism
of villages and hamlets in which many
lives are lost and numerous injuries are
suffe :ed.
The United States is not in Vietnam by
choice. We are not there to gain con-
quest;. We are not there to destroy prop-
erty and people. Our sole purpose in
Vietnam is to protect freedom in this
vital area of the world.
If we withdraw from Vietnam. now, we
breal our commitments to these freedom
lovirg people. Then the cause of de-
moo:acy will be damaged beyond repair.
The people of Thailand, the people of
the Philippines, the people throughout
southeast Asia are looking to the United
States to see if we will adhere to our
agreements and if we will fight to protect
free tom. We must not let them down.
We must keep our word. The President
is doing this.
Si) I am proud of President Johnson's
leadership. I am proud of the manner in
whith he is conducting our efforts in
Vietnam. I think recent events have al-
ready proven that his policies are paying
off Nith victory and I am sure that vic-
tory will be ours.
At this time I include in its entirety the
Apill 28, Pittsburgh Press editorial:
BRIDGES VERSUS PEOPLE
P Tsident Johnson at his press conference
yesterday expressed wonderment that peo-
ple who are disturbed by our bombing of
bric.ges in North Vietnam never seem to be
US at by such events as the Communist
bombing of our embassy in Saigon nor by
Vie ipong murders of women and children.
lhat will puzzle others, too.
'I-here can be many arguments against war
as :in institution. But to condemn the use
of :nrce on one side, while condoning it on
the other, must be either ridiculous or coldly
cyr ical.
b'evertheless, a good many Americans?not
a raajority, to be sure?seem to have been
cat ght up in this frenzy.
fact is that the Communists are count-
in R on just such a reaction in this country
to help them achieve their goal. They be-
lie,re our natural disclination toward the use
of force eventually will cause us to give in
rather than fight to the finish in Vietnam.
is the President made clear, however, the
Viotnam war is not going to conclude that
way. We did not make the war, but we are
there to stay. We are, in Mr. Johnson's
wcrd.s, not about to "tuck our tails and run
home."
Meanwhile, it will be good for the Amer-
ief al people to remember that, as the Presi-
dent indicated, it is more useful in war to
blow up a cold steel bridge than to murder
S. 2hild.
No Compromise for Veterans
EXTENSION OF REMARKS
OF
HON. WM. J. RANDALL
OF MISSOURI
IN THE HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES
Tuesday, May 11, 1965
Mr. RANDALL. Mr. Speaker, there
a:e many rumors floating around about
tile content of the report of the Special
Commission appointed by the President
to review the closing of 32 Veterans' Ad-
ministration installations. About a week
ot so ago our body of the Congress added
hi the appropriation for independent of-
fees the $23 million necessary to operate
these particular facilities for fiscal year
1966. Our action was a direct response
to the strange and peculiar circumstance
that the Appropriations Committee had
provided no money in the bill for these
32 facilities, apparently proceeding upon
the premise that the Commission would
order all the facilities to remain closed.
It was my understanding the report of
findings would not be submitted to the
President until on or about June 1. But
there must have been some premature
leak last week, because the story is going
the rounds that 5 of the 11 hospitals, 2
of the domiciliary homes, and 8 Of the
regional offices would be retained.
May I comment that if there are any
who feel this sort of a compromise is
victory over the Veterans' Adrninistra
tion, I do not want to be included withii,
their number. If one single hospital o ?
one single regional office is allowed to
closed, it will be a loss through impair
ment of services to the veterans of our
Nation.
I want to make it very plain here and
now that --I will continue opposition to all
the closings with all the strength I can
muster.
I am sure other Members will keep up
this fight and it will not be confined
simply to those who have districts that
have directly felt the detrimental effects
of this order. Every Congressman
should realize that what can happen to
one district can happen very soon to an-
other and that unless there is a deter-
mination to fight now the closing order
of last Jaatudry can be just one step that
will be followed by others over the years.
Since last January I have voted
against several money bills which, if they
had been defeated, would have provided
the money to replace the alleged $23 mil-
lion savings many times over. Before
this session of the Congress is over I will
vote against other authorizations and
appropriations in an amount greater
than the amount of $23 million which
the Bureau of the Budget has said it
must save, or should I say take away
from our deserving veterans.
Compromise is not enough. The fight
must continue for out and out revocation
of the closing directive of January 13.
In conclusion, I wish to commend to my
colleagues an editorial on the proposed
compromise which appeared in this
week's issue of the Stars 8i Stripes and
which reads as follows:
[From the Stars Sc Stripes, May 20, 19651
VA HOSPITAL REPORT
When the President . appointed a special
commission to review the closing of some
32 VA installations it was ordered to report
its findings to him by May 31.
Apparently some decision has been made
by the Commission and what appears to
be a premature release was announced last
week. It is now reported that the Com-
mission hat agreed that 5 of the 11 hospitals
cited in the VA order should be retained.
Two of the four domiciliary homes would
also remain open. It was also reported that
at least one regional office in each State
should be retained.
Whether this compromise is politically
motivated is difficult to say at this time.
Some observers feel that the ultimate de-
cision it a victory for the opposition to the
VA direetive.
However, there seems to be a strong under-
current of opposition to this particular line
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May 20, 1965 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD ? APPENDIX
country over the apathy and lassitude
of college students. Public issues?even
crises and conflicts?failed to move our
students from their lethargy, and they
were dubbed "the silent generation."
? Today, however, if we worry about our
students it is not for their lack but for
their occasional excess of zeal. It is,
Perhaps, a sign of the growing maturity
of our collegians that where once spring
was heralded by panty raids we now
have the teach-in.
I welcome the institution of the teach-
in. It offers, I think, an opportunity for
free discussion and debate which is en-
tirely in keeping with our best traditions.
But I am disturbed by the prospect that
these events may, if seized by the imma-
ture and the irresponsible, become mere
demonstrations rather than genuine
debates.
At Cornell University recently, for in-
stance, Mr. Averell Harriman, our dis-
tinguished ambassador at large, was
prevented from explaining this Nation's
policy in Vietnam by an unruly and hos-
tile mob.
Mr. Speaker, the search for truth can
only be carried out in an atmosphere
of open-mindedness and between men
of good will. The purpose of any teach-
in, as I see it, should be to produce
clarity?not chaos; perspective?not
propaganda.
In this connection, I submit two excel-
lent editorials from the Pittsburgh Press
of May 7 and May 13 for insertion in the
RECORD Appendix:
[From the Pittsburgh Press, May 13, 19651
THE LOADED TEACH-INS
Few Pittsburghers were surprised when it
'was announced that a teach-in would be held
on Saturday at the University of Pittsburgh
and Carnegie Institute of Technology to de-
bate U.S. policy on Vietnam. Teach-ins are
fashionable on American campuses these days
and it was to be expected that the fad would
spread here eventually.
It's not surprising, either, that the chief
organizer of the so-called debate here is Dr.
Robert G. Colodny, associate professor of his-
tory at Pitt who was affiliated with the pro-
Castro Fair Play for Cuba Committee.
A national Vietnam debate will be broad-
cast by telephone from Washington to the
Student Union Lounge at Pitt and Porter Hall
at Carnegie Tech, McGeorge Bundy, special
assistant to President Johnson, will defend
the U.S. position and he will be opposed by
George Kahin, professor of Asian studies at
Cornell University.
More than 40 faculty members from 5
local colleges will speak at an 8 p.m. session
at Pitt. Perhaps it's too much to hope that
a reasonable number of these professors will
take the "pro" side of the discussion of
American foreign policy. Previous teach-ins
throughout the country have been loaded in
favor of opponents of Washington's policies.
Even when the Johnson administration's
views have been defended, the audiences
have tended to be hostile, preferring to ignore
some of the frustrating dilemmas of inter-
national issues and favoring, instead, simple
solutions to complex problems.
For example, at a Cornell lecture this week,
W. Averell Harriman, U. S. Ambassador at
Large, was interrupted repeatedly by unruly
students when he tried to explain American
policies in Vietnam and the Dominican Re-
public. He was unable to conduct a question
and answer period and was forced to leave.
The boisterous students didn't want to hear
the U.S. side of the story.
Properly condlicted, the so-called teach-in
at Pitt could be an aid to understanding of
the U.S. Government's policies in the trouble-
spots of the world. But the course of such
demonstrations in other colleges and univer-
sities does not support such a hope; most
of them have given rise to the idea that
their organizers were more interested in pro-
paganda than in fact.
[From the Pittsburgh Press, May 7, 19651
BASED ON ERROR: CRITICS IGNORE VIET FACTS?
INTELLECTUALS NEED THINK-INS
(By Bruce Biossat)
WASHINGTON?America's intellectual com-
munity is under the heaviest fire it has felt
in many years. It is worth inquiring why
this is so.
The attacks, of course, represent a response
to the sweeping criticisms many intellec-
tuals (and a lot of others) have levied against
U.S. policy in Vietnam. In rebuttal, some of
these are now complaining that President
Johnson and his supporters appear to want
to muzzle them.
Even if the President would like to quiet
his critics, he knows he cannot. And many
who are assailing the intellectuals among
them have no thought of that.
Their real complaint is that they are not
being intellectual enough.
The charge is that their critical comment
has far too often been founded on the quick-
sand of factual error, has been painfully im-
precise, and has lacked the hard bite of
well-thought-out judgments.
The critics' rejoinder has been to fault the
President for not giving them the facts.
But much vital information is a matter of
open record.
WHOLESALE KILLING
Their high-pitched complaints against U.S.
bombing of North Vietnam as dangerous,
unnecessary, and above all inhumane, seem
very close to being hypocritical.
Despite some protests to the contrary, they
have not exhibited similar verbal compassion
for the many thousands of South Vietnamese
killed by the Vietcong since they began
their murderous depredations back in 1957.
Nor have the North Vietnamese escaped
Hanoi's brutality. Pursuing land reform,
the Reds executed 50,000 civilians and jailed
another 100,000.
Stripped of obscuring language, the case
some intellectuals are making consists of
categorical assertions?repeated with a kind
of visceral stubborness.
They say bombing is both bad and use-
less, that the great danger is escalation to-
ward general war, that a proper neutrality
can and should be achieved for Vietnam
and all of southeast Asia, that America is
overextended and has no business in Asia.
PROPAGANDA, NOT FACT
The role of bombing in any war deserves
fair debate. In this instance, the complain-
ing intellectuals have, somewhat arrogantly,
made their own determination of its pur-
pose and prejudged its effect.
In the nuclear age the prospect of escala-
tion can never be dismissed lightly. But
John P. Roche, a Brandeis University pro-
fessor who is one of the intellectuals' own,
is just one among many thoughtful men who
can argue plausibly that escalation bringing
Moscow and Peiping into the war is an un-
likely thing.
What can be levied against some intellec-
tuals, then, is that they have not been liv-
ing up to the best of their own breed.
They have been making propaganda, not
reasoned argument rooted in fact.
?They have made their case in a rash of
teach-ins around the country. From their
performance to date, their greater need would
seem to be for a long round of read-ins and
think -ins .
A2535
Financial Situation in the Nation's
Capital
SPEECH
Os,
HON. ALVIN E. O'KONSKI
Or WISCONSIN
IN THE HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES
Tuesday, May 18, 1965
(Mr. O'KONSKI asked and was given
permission to address the House for 5
minutes.)
Mr. O'KONSKI. The Nation's Capital
Is like the weather. We all generally
talk about it but very few of us do any-
thing about it. I am referring to the
financial situation here in the District
of Columbia. It is no different from
that of any other growing city. The
District of Columbia needs more schools.
The people here need more policemen.
They need more firemen. They need
better streets and they need more of
everything and anything that any mod-
ern growing city needs. Yet through-
out the years the District of Columbia
has been strapped financially because
somehow or other the Congress of the
United States has not provided enough
money for them to do the job that needs
to be done.
This year I decided to do something
about it. So I have taken a deep per-
sonal interest in this matter and have
made a very thorough study of the tax
structure and the revenue structure here
in the District of Columbia. I am today
introducing a bill which I think will help
to solve the financial problems of the
Nation's Capital. I was amazed to learn,
for instance, that the tax burden borne
by the people within the Nation's Capi-
tal is not fair?I should really say it is
small compared to the tax burden that
we bear in other parts of the country.
I might well say that this is sort of a
taxpayers' heaven compared to the rest
of the country.
I am glad to observe that the citizens
of the District of Columbia realize this
is true and are willing to assume a more
fair share of the tax burden.
Let me use a few illustrations to show
what I mean.
The tax on a package of cigarettes in
the District of Columbia is only 2 cents
a package. Across the line, in the State
of Maryland, the tax on a similar pack-
age of cigarettes is 6 cents. How can
we justify a 2-cent tax, a small tax, in
the District of Columbia, which needs
revenue, as compared to the tax in the
State of Maryland of 6 cents?
Let us consider the matter of gasoline.
The District of Columbia tax on a gallon
of gasoline is 6 cents. Across the line in
Maryland it is 7 cents. Across the line in
Virginia it is 7 cents. How can we justify
such a low tax in the District of Colum-
bia, when there is a higher tax in areas
surrounding the District? In my own
State, incidentally, the tax is also 7 cents
a gallon.
Let us consider the matter of beer.
The tax on a barrel of beer, across the
line in the State of Virginia, is either
$7 or $7.50 a barrel. The tax on a similar
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A2536 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD APPENDIX May 20, 1965
barrel of beer in the District of Columbia
is only $1.50.
Let us consider the matter of real
estate taxes. I own a home here in the
District of Columbia, for which I paid
$43,500, and it is only five blocks from
the Capitol. The taxes on that piece of
property are $530. I also own a home in
my hometown in Wisconsin for which the
market value is $26,000. I pay $870 in
property taxes on that home, or almost
twice as much.
That gives -an idea of the fact that
the residents of the District of Columbia
are not bearing their fair share of the
burden of the tax load.
I have introduced today a bill to raise
the real estate taxes by 40 cents per
hundred; to raise the individual income
taxes, which are "out of this world" com-
pared to income taxes in many States
and many localities; to increase the
cigarette tax by 1 cent per pack; and to
increase the beer tax to $3.50 a barrel,
which will still be $4 less than in the
State of Virginia.
If we pass this tax bill which I have
introduced and give the city the $50 mil-
lion which is already authorized by law
as a Federal payment, then for the first
time in the 23 years I have been in Con-
gress the District of Columbia finally
will have enough revenue to do the job
which needs to be done.
I hope that the Members of Congress
will take a look at this bill and examine
the tax structure and support my pro-
posal.
President Johnson's Policies in Vietnam
Have the Support of the American
Public
EXTENSION OF REMARKS
OF
HON. JACK BROOKS
OF TEXAS
IN THE HOUSE 01, REPRESENTATIVES
Thursday, May 20, 1965
Mr. BROOKS. Mr. Speaker, President
Johnson has made it clear to the world
that we will not be defeated in Vietnam
but that we are willing to enter into dis-
cussion with our enemies in southeast
Asia if they will do so in good faith. He
has shown that we are ready to defend
the freedom of Vietnam and we will take
whatever steps are necessary to do so.
In this determination, our President
has the support and backing of the
American people. An editorial in the
Beaumont Journal, an outstanding news-
paper published in southeast Texas, ex-
presses this support. The editorial which
was printed April 26, 1965, follows:
[From the Beaumont (Tex.) Journal,
Apr. 26, 1965]
IT'S DP TO THEM
Communist China's rejection of a British
proposal to reconsider its refusal to allow
Patrick Gordon Walker, former British for-
eign secretary, to visit Peiping for talks on
Vietnam is not surprising. Red Chinese
leaders had rather fight than talk, probably
because they know they couldn't find words
to justify their actions in southeast Asia.
But they waste a lot of words in refusing
entry to Walker, touring southeast Asia as a
special envoy on the Vietnam problem for
Prime klinister Harold Wilson. Here's what
they say in Hsinhua, the official Chinese
press tgency, about Britain's attitude on
Vietnan and Walker's proposed visit:
"It [the British attitude] inflates the ar-
roganc3 of the U.S. aggressors." For that
reason the agency explains, the request to al-
low Walker to visit Peiping "cannot be given
consid3ration."
The refusal dashes the faint hope that if
the Cl inese were ready to consider President
Johnson's offer of unconditional discussions,
the pi esence of Walker would give them a
good opportunity to pass the word to the
waiting world.
What the Communist Chinese 'leaders fail
to see, or refuse to consider, is the Presi-
dent's determination to hold our ground in
South Vietnam. Yet, in a recent ringing
speech that echoed around the world, the
President made it clear to everyone that "we
will not be defeated."
The fact is that the United States is pre-
pared to pursue either of two courses: To
step up the shooting in Vietnam or stop it
comp etely. We will escalate the war if the
Comnmnists continue their aggression. We
will stop the shooting if they shaw a will-
ingness to talk peace in good faith and on
sensible and acceptable terms.
The choice is theirs, not ours. It is up to
them to decide whether to widen the war or
narrcw it; whether to fire the guns or
silence them.
The Dominican Revolt
EXTENSION OF REMARKS
OF
HON. CLAIR CALLAN
OF NEErRASKA
IN THE HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES
Thursday, May 20, 1965
Mr. CALLAN. Mr. Speaker, few Amer-
icans want to Commit our boys to fight
on foreign lands. But in many cases
this action is a necessity. When such
necessities arise, every American wants
his president to act decisively.
I an proud that President Johnson
had not flinched, but has exerted power-
ful and positive leadership. This was
nev3r more true than when the Presi-
dent's mettle was tested in the Domini-
can Republic.
"lhe necessity for American interven-
tion was evident. The actions of Pres-
ide:it Johnson were truly those of a great
sta ;esman, and a great leader.
resident Johnson made it clear about
our purposes in sending marines into the
Dominican Republic. America supports
neither side in the Dominican dispute,
only the side of freedom and democracy.
WE support self-determination without
tha subversive influence of international
cox amunism.
am proud of the decisiveness which
Pnsident Johnson displayed and I am
sure his actions paved the way for prog-
ress and peace in that small but im-
po-tant nation.
kt this time, with permission, I include
in the RECORD, two editorials which com-
ma-it on America's actions in the Domin-
ican crisis. They are the April 29 edi-
torial from the Chicago American, and
May 6 editorial from the Omaha
W )rld-Herald.
[From the Chicago (Ill.) American,
Apr. 29, 19651
THE DOMINICAN REVOLT
President Johnson displayed good sense
and firmness in ordering a Navy task force
and 400 Martnes to the Dominican Republic
to protect and evacuate Americans. Not only
were more than 1,000 U.S. nationals rescued,
but the presence of the fleet, including the
carrier Boxer., undoubtedly helped to stabil-
ize the confused Dominican situation,
In the past, a similar demonstration by
American ships helped to quell another
Dominican revolt, that time against the
junta which had ousted Dictator Rafael Tru-
jillo. Whatever may be the criticism of our
foreign policy elsewhere in the world, it seems
we do know how to deal with the Dominican
situations. ,
The present uprising demonstrates that
the Dominican Republic has not quite come
of age politically. But -there are signs that
this land, the cradle of Spanish civilization
in the New World, may yet attain the stability
that Venezuela, for example, has been dem-
onstrating in recent years. Caracas, too, has
had some recent violence, but on the whole,
there has been a continuum of government
that in Latin America amounts to stability.
The latest assault on the Dominican Gov-
ernment seems to have occurred because the
army commanders were dissatisfied with the
economy 'edicts of the junta leader, Donald
Reid-Cabral, who represents the ruling fami-
lies of the island. They were opposed by
the air force commander, Brig. Gen. Elias
Wessin y Wessin. General Wessin led the
coup that ousted Dr. Juan Bosch September
25, 1963, making way for President Reid.
The navy also supported the government.
President Bosch had been accused of pro-
communism, although his closest friends are
such stanch anti-Communists as ex-Gov.
Luis MufloZ Marin, of Puerto Rico, and ex-
President Itomulo Betancourt, of Venezuela.
In the present uprising, in any event, three
Communist parties in the Dominican Repub-
lic joined the army leaders in favoring the re-
call of Dr. Bosch.
Under the circumstances, the United
States was forced to favor pro tempore Presi-
dent Reid, who was persona non grata with
the United States immediately after the oust-
er of Dr. Bosch. Reid has been proving since
that he wants to restore the economy of the
Dominican. Republic, and that he ultimately
favors popular elections. -
Also, he definitely will not let Fidel Cas-
tro's Communists get a foothold in the Re-
public. Reid at the moment is not in the
new junta but he doubtless will be shortly.
The Communists, for their part, couldn't
care less who was causing the upheaval.
They supported Dr. Bosch as they support
anyone who will destroy the existing order
to make way for instability and ultimate
communisin. The prompt American action,
and the support of the Government by the
Dominican Air Force and Navy, may have
given the ruling junta another chance to
work for progress and peace.
[From the Omaha (Nebr.) Evening World-
Herald, May 6, 19651
A VICTORY FOR. AMERICA
This has been a week of soul sereaching in
America.
Columnists, commentators, editors, and
barroom experts (the latter sometimes more
realistic than their more learned brethren)
have been examining and weighing Lyndon
Johnson's blunt and brave words of last Sun-
day evening. They have been trying to deter-
mine whether this reaffirmation of the
Monroe Doctrine in terms of the 20th cen-
tury has enhanced or degraded the quality
of America's leadership among the decent
nations of the earth.
Naturally the conclusions vary as widely
as the prejudices of those who draw them.
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May 20, 1965 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD ? APPENDIX
Some writers and speakers of a generally
liberal persuasion are shocked and apprehen-
sive.
They see the President's stand as a revival
of dollar diplomacy and colonialism. They
fear it will alienate the smaller nations.
They sense a return of McCarthyism. They
are convinced that Communist hands played
no important part in the Dominican rebel-
lion, but that, rather, this was a classical
case of the downtrodden rising up against
their oppressors.
Those who support the President, and hap-
pily (in our view) they are in a majority,
see the Dominican affairs as a continuation
of the Communist attempt to take over the
unstable nations of Latin America.
These Americans hold that the evidence
of Communist plotting in the island?not
only the evidence supplied by Government
sources, but also that which has come from
experienced reporters?is overwhelming.
They are convinced that if the United States
had not taken a stand, promptly and vigor-
ously, the Dominican Republic soon would
have gone the way of Cuba, and the Com-
munist takeover of tottering regimes in the
Caribbean and Central and South America
would have taken a tremendous stride for-
ward.
This newspaper has no more knowledge
of the events that took place in the Domini-
can Republic than our readers have had
access to.
We could not prove that Juan Bosch or
any of the other revolutionary leaders were
Communist stooges.
But over the years we have seen an al-
most uninterrupted succession of Commu-
nist victories in diplomatic and military af-
fairs.
We have seen the Baltic States and Mid-
dle Europe taken over by the Soviets.
We have seen China seized by "agrarian
reformers" who turned out to be violent
Communists.
We have seen Cuba occupied by the Com-
munists.
We have seen Communist spies infiltrate
the State Department in Washington, we
have seen them steal out atomic secrets and
deliver them to Moscow.
And through these American defeats, and
many more, we have heard from our home-
bred ultraliberals the endless refrain: Old
Joe is a good fellow; Mao is just a reform-
er; Castro is a man of the people; Alger
Hiss was a tragic victim of McCarthyism.
And so on and on, ad infinitum.
Now in the Dominican Republic, as well
as Vietnam, is heard the same sobbing ad-
monition: We Americans must back down.
Revolution, whether Communist or other-
wise, must be given a free hand to burn and
murder and seize the reins of power.
Quietly but very firmly, Lyndon Johnson
said America would not permit such suicidal
nonsense.
Instead of calling a committee meeting
and consulting interminably with the emerg-
ing and the uncommitted, he sent the Ma-
rines.
If he stands firm, if he continues reso-
lutely to protect America's interests as he
said on Sunday night he would do, we think
the Dominician rebellion is already over, and
has ended in victory for America.
And for that we say Hallelujah!
Some American liberals will quiver and
quaver. Propagandists in the United Nations
will thunder and threaten.
But responsible people the world over ad-
mire to see a powerful man take a strong
position in defense of his own just inter-
ests. And as we see it, that is precisely
the position Lyndon Johnson has taken on
behalf of this Republic.
A Tired American Gets Angry
EXTENSION OF REMARKS
OF
HON. ANCHER NELSEN
OF MINNESOTA
IN THE HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES
Thursday, May, 20, 1965
Mr. NELSEN. Mr. Speaker, as a vivid,
expressive writer, Minnesota's own Al
McIntosh, editor of the Rock County
Star-Herald, Luverne, Minn., takes a
backseat to none. We are pleased to in-
clude in today's RECORD one of Mr. Mc-
Intosh's latest editorials which, obvious-
ly, speaks for many of us in our country
today:
A TIRED AMERICAN GETS ANGRY
I am a tired American.
I'm tired of being called the ugly American.
I'm tired of having the world panhandlers
use my country as a whipping boy 365 days
a year.
I am a tired American?weary of having
American embassies and information centers
stoned, burned, and sacked by mobs operat-
ing under orders from dictators who preach
peace and breed conflict.
I am a tired American?weary of being
lectured by General DeGaulle (who never won
a battle) who poses as a second Jehovah in
righteousness and wisdom.
I am a tired American?weary of Nasser
and all the other blood sucking leeches who
bleed Uncle Sam white and who kick him on
the shins and yank his beard if the cash flow
falters.
I sin a tired American?choked up to here
on this business of trying to intimidate our
Government by placard, picket line, and sit
in by the hordes of the dirty unwashed who
rush to man the barricades against the forces
of law, order, and decency.
I am a tired American?weary of the beat-
niks who say they should have the right to
determine what laws of the land they are
willing to obey.
I am a tired American?fed up with the
mobs of scabby faced, long-haired youths
and short-haired girls who claim they repre-
sent the "new wave" of America and who
sneer at the old-fashioned virtues of honesty,
integrity, morality on which America grew to
greatness.
I am a tired American?weary unto death
of having my tax dollars go to dictators who
play both sides against the middle with
threats of what will happen if we cut off the
golden stream of dollars.
I am a tired American?nauseated by the
lazy-do-nothings who wouldn't take a job if
you drove them to and from work in a Rolls
Royce.
I am a tired American?who is tired of
supporting families who haven't known any
other source of income other than Govern-
ment relief checks for three generations.
I am a tired American?who is getting
madder by the minute at the filth peddlers
who have launched America in an obscenity
race?who try to foist on us the belief that
filth is an integral part of culture?in the
arts, the movies, literature, the stage, and
the mobs who see Lenny Bruce as brightly
amusing and Norman Mailer as compelling.
I'm tired of these artists who scavenge in
the cesspools for inspiration and who refuse
to look up at the stars.
I am a tired American?weary of the
bearded bums who tramp the picket lines?
and the sit-ins?who prefer Chinese commu-
nism to capitaliam?who see no evil in Castro
A2537
but sneer at President Johnson as a threat
to peace.
I am a tired American?who has lost all
patience with that civil rights group which
is showing propaganda movies on college
campuses from coast to coast. Movies de-
nouncing the United States. Movies made in
Communist China.
I am a tired American?who is angered by
the self-righteous breastbeater critics of
America, at home and abroad, who set im-
possible yardsticks for the United States
but never apply the same standards to the
French, the British, the Russians, the
Chinese.
I am a tired American?who resents the
pimply faced beatniks who try to represent
Americans as the "bad guys on the black
horses."
I am a tired American who is weary of
some Negro leaders who, for shock purposes,
scream four-letter words in church meetings.
I am a tired American?sickened by the
slack-jawed bigots who wrap themselves in
bedsheets in the dead of night and roam the
countryside looking for innocent victims.
I am a tired American who dislikes clergy-
men who have made a career out of integra-
tion causes yet send their own children to
private schools.
I am a tired American who resents those
who try to peddle the belief in schools and
colleges that capitalism is a dirty word and
that free enterprise and privtae initiative
are only synonyms for greed.
They say they hate capitalism but they are
always right at the head of the line demand-
ing their share of the American way of life.
I am a tired American who get more than
a little bit weary of the claque in our State
Department who choose to regard a policy
of timidity as prudent?the same group who
subscribe to a "no win" policy in Vietnam.
I am a tired American?real tired of those
who are trying to sell me the belief that
America is not the greatest nation in all the
world?a generous hearted nation?a nation
dedicated to the policy of trying to help the
"have note achieve some of the good things
that our system of free enterprise brought
about.
I am an American who gets a lump in his
throat when he hears the "Star Spangled
Banner" and who holds back tears when he
hears those chilling high notes of the brassy
trumpets when Old Glory reaches the top of
the flag pole.
I am a tired American?who wants to start
snapping at those phoney "high priests" who
want us to bow down and worship their false
idols and who seek to destroy the belief that
America is the land of the free and the home
of the brave.
I am a tired American who thanks a mer-
ciful Lord that he was so lucky to be born
an American citizen?a nation, under God,
with truly mercy and justice fOr all.
Amazing Boy, Amazing Race
EXTENSION OF REMARKS
OF
HON. GARNER E. SHRIVER
OF KANSAS
IN THE HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES
Monday, May 17, 1965
Mr. SHRIVER. Mr. Speaker, Kansans
are proud of the outstanding achieve-
ment recorded on Saturday, May 15,
1965, by Mr. Jim Ryun, a senior at Wichi-
ta East High School. Jim became the
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A2538 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD ? APPENDIX May 20, 1965
first high school track athlete in the
Nation to crack the 4-minute mark in
the mile run in strictly high school com-
petition. He established a national high
school record of 3 minutes 58.3 seconds
in the mile run during the 1965 Kansas
State High School Track Meet held at
Wichita State University.
We place great emphasis today upon
physical fitness for all Americans. Jim
Ryun's accomplishments in track ex-
emplify the results of personal sacri-
fice, training, and good coaching. His
achievements are a source of pride and
honor for his school, the city of Wichita,
Kans., and our Nation.
Under the leave to extend my remarks
in the RECORD, I include the following
?
editorial from the Wichita Eagle:
AMAZING BOY, AMAZING RACE
Wichita's Jim Ryun is an amazing boy,
Who ran an amazing race here Saturday,
breaking all high school records for the mile
With his time, 3 minutes, 58.3 seconds.
Ryun, with his usual modesty, turned the
spotlight right back on his teammates and
coaches, praising them for their part in help-
ing him set the record.
It does take teamwork to accomplish great
things, and it takes nothing away from
Ryu14's feat to agree with him that he owes
much to others. It took great coaching to
help him get where he is. Fermer Wichitan
Bob Timmons, who as east high coach was
the first to notice Ryun's ability, particularly
deserves credit for his patient and intelligent
coaching of this great young runner. It's
good that KU has won Timmons back as head
track coach, and that Ryun will be running
for KU next year. The whole State is proud
of this boy, and happy that he will continue
to run under Kansas colors.
Despite the help, however, Ryun of course
owes most to himself. Others could coach
and inspire, but nobody could give him the
great courage and tenacity to keep working
hour after grinding hour to turn himself
from a good runner to the best. Nobody else
could make him continue simultaneously to
work hard to do well in his studies, either.
Nor could anyone but himself make him con-
tinue to be modest and high-principled in
the heady atmosphere of fame.
Kansas is accustomed to turning out great
runners. But as the famed Olenn Cunning-
ham said last year, nyun is potentially the
greatest of them all.
We're very proud of him.
The Teachers and the Taught in the
U.S.S.R.
EXTENSION OF REMARKS
OF
HON. BERNARD F. GRABOWSKI
OF CONNECTICUT
IN THE HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES
? Monday, May 17, 1965
Mr. GRABOWSKI. Mr. Speaker, the
race for supremacy of the world has
boiled down to the race for supremacy
over men's minds.
This is reflected in the classrooms of
nations all over the world, and particu-
larly in the classrooms of the Soviet
Union. Mr. William Benton's article,
"A Personal Report: The Teachers and
the Taught in the U.S.S.R.," reflects this
thinking on the part of the Soviets, as
well likS anything which I have read on
the s'fbject.
The use of television by the masters of
Russia gives a good idea of their manner
of thinking in the area of education. Mr.
Benton explains this in chapter VI of his
articl3.
Ch tpter VI follows:
CHAPI ER VI: THE T IN SOVIET TV MEANS
TEACH
(A personal report: "The Teachers and
the Tnught in the U.S.S.R.," by William Ben-
ton, f >rmer Assistant Secretary of State and
U.S. lenator from Connecticut; presently
U.S. A rnbassador to UNESCO and U.S. mem-
ber of its executive board; publisher and
chain aan, Encyclopedia Britannica.)
CHAPTER VI. THE T IN SOVIET TV MEANS TEACH
To _Moscow's television chiefs, Minister
Yelut.n, SS chief of higher education, is a
close, welcome, and respected collaborator.
That is because in the Soviet view the prime
purpcse of television is not to entertain but
to enlighten. This, of course, means pri-
marily Communist propaganda. But it also
mean( culture and education. And Minister
Yelutn stands for higher education.
Responsibility for all broadcasting in the
U.S.S.R. is placed on the State Committee
for Radio and Television. This functions
as a ministry. At the time of my visit the
chairman of that committee was Mikhail
KhaX amov, a handsome and self-assured
younger man who had served as. Chairman
Khrushchev's press officer at the Vienna
sumnrit conference, when Khrushchev
talked with President John F. Kennedy.
Khirlamov was removed from his chair-
manship when Khrushchev was ousted in
Octoler 1964. Alexei Adzhubei Khrushchev's
son-ii-law, was removed as editor of Izvestia
at th same time. One may assume perhaps
that 00th were removed partly because they
were personally so close to Khrushchev, but
partly because the Communist Party and the
Soviet Government have always been so
acutely sensitive about the control of com-
munications. The new Government wanted
its own men in the key posts.
However, the views Kharlamov expressed
to ma seem so thoroughly representative of
the Boviet social process, and so likely to
carry over into any new TV regime?and
thus to remain valid?that I shall not hesi-
tate ';o quote them here as representative of
Soviet policy and goals.
Kb arlamov was wholly confident about the
forthcoming rapid development of Soviet
educational television. He was almost ex-
uberliat about it, and his enthusiasm was
conticgious. He was convinced that most
peop:e underestimate the potential of this-
visiomi for education, and I agree.
"Tie U.S.S.R.'s forthcoming development
Of ed Ucational TV is the most important ven-
ture in the history of television," he declared
with absolute assurance.
A [obit council for educational television,
with representatives from the broadcasting
miniitry and from the major fields of edu-
caticn, is being established. The council
will work with a group called the Television
Autt ority in developing and directing edu-
cational programs. Many top educators are
to be inducted as consultants. Kharlamov
seemed regretful that "the educators don't
wani_ to take the authority and the respon-
sibility; it's easier for them to sit around
and criticize!" He thus proposed to draft
them. He proposed to use them to help
him learn better how to use TV to speed up
the :earning process. Why should students,
he anked, spend 10 years in the schools when
muci less time is needed? TV is part of the
answer to the speeding up of education.
"Students now get so much redundant
knowledge in the classroom," Kharlamov
said. "Why study the history of mankind
from Adam and Eve to the present? I don't
object to students knowing history, but
can't they learn it outside of school? Fur-
ther, why shouldn't we introduce all kinds
of teaching machines (e.g., programed
learning) to help them instruct themselves?
These new teaching methods will free a
great deal of time for students. The teach-
ing machines make it much easier for the
students to cover all of mathematics through
algebra, geometry, and calculus. Of course,
some of these new _techniques are experi-
mental. We shall have to await the results
of the experimentation. But we want to
use not only TV but all modern techniques."
Charles Benton, Milan Herzog, and Ralph
Buchsbauni,I who followed up, my Moscow
visit in September, spoke with another key
figure in Soviet television, Vyachesla.v Cher-
nishov, minister of television for the Rus-
sian Soviet Federated Socialist Republic.
He described to them?as Kharlamov had
described to me?the plan for increasing
Moscow's present two TV channels to five or
six. But whereas I was told that one of
the new channels was to be reserved ex-
clusively for educational TV, they were ad-
vised that present planning called for the
programing of educational material on all
channels "interchangeably, so that there will
be 24-hour educational television." I sus-
pect both things are planned.
Said Minister Chernishov: "The aim of
Soviet television is not to entertain but to
elevate." At the prese]at time the TV sched-
ule is so laid out that the very early hours
of the morning are devoted to preschool
children's programs, with puppets, cartoons,
fairy tales, etc. Then come the elementary
school programs, and these usually consist
of films, with actors, addressed to the 7-to-9-
year-old audience. These programs are de-
signed to sharpen the child's ability for ob-
servation and perception. They are planned
not for the classroom but for the home, and
the hours are so set that the children will
be at home and able to see them. The cur-
rent philosophy in television programing
for youngsters professes that children get
enough curriculum activity in school, and
therefore can afford to see at home a broad-
ening rather than a teaching program. A
program later in the day called "Outside
the School Books"?aimed at the equivalent
of our junior and senior high school stu-
dents?consists of features designed to
broaden knowledge. There are contests in
geometry, chemistry, physics, etc. The pro-
grams have a game spirit?but with the
purpose of enlightenment.
Many programs are aimed. at the 30- to 40-
year age group, especially persons who have
not finished high school and are trying to
complete their education with the help of
television and correspondence courses. Spe-
cial programs are also offered for professionals
in various lines of national life; a program
period may be directed on one day to the
medical profession, the next to biologists, the
next to pharmacologists, and so on.
Asked about pure entertainment, Minister
Chernishov said, "We have one ,program
called 'The Blue Light.' It is a Saturday
evening spectactilar and lasts several hours.
These Blue Light programs have become so
popular that people in the villages dress UI
on Saturday evening as if they were going
out and go to the community television
rooms to watch the programs." He made
"The Blue Light" sound like an amateur
hour version of the "Ed Sullivan Show."
our Britannica Films people felt that the
Moscow programers- are slightly chagrined at
the fact that Leningrad has mbved ahead of
them on educational programing; a new
third channel in Leningrad, devoted entirely
to education, opened in the autumn of 1964.
This channel is integrated entirely with the
curriculums of the higher educational in-
stitutions. It went on the air for the first
time with courses in higher mathematics,
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