NEO-NAZISM 20 YEARS AFTER HITLER

• Document Type: CREST
• Collection: General CIA Records
• Document Number (FOIA) /ESDN (CREST): CIA-RDP67B00446R000400170007-3
• Release Decision: RIFPUB
• Original Classification: K
• Document Page Count: 6
• Document Creation Date: December 16, 2016
• Document Release Date: June 28, 2005
• Sequence Number: 7
• Publication Date: September 13, 1965
• Content Type: NOTES

Approved For Release 2005/07/13 : CIA-RDP67600446R000400170007-3
September 13, 1965 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD ? SENATE 22623
authorized in connection with transfers to
foreign countries, and under sections 23 and
24 of this Act may be paid in whole or in
part by the department from which the
officer or employee is transferred or by the
department to which he is transferred, as
may be agreed upon by the heads of the de-
partments concerned.
"SEC. 27. Under such regulations as the
President may prescribe, a former officer or
employee separated by reason of reduction in
force or transfer of function who is reem-
ployed within six months of the date of such
separation by a nontemporary appointment
at a different geographical location from that
where such separation occurred may be al-
lowed and paid the expenses authorized by
section 1 of this Act, and may receive the
benefits authorized by sections 23 and 24 of
this Act, in the same manner as though he
had been transferred to the location of re-
employment from the location where sepa-
rated in the interest of the Government with-
out a break in service.
"SEC. 28. Notwithstanding the provisions
of subsections (a) and (b) of section 1, and
of sections 23, 24, 25, and 27 of this Act, the
travel and transportation expenses, includ-
ing storage of household goods and personal
effects, and other relocation allowances shall
not be allowed thereunder when a civilian
officer or employee is transferred within, the
? continental United States, excluding Alaska,
of the officer or employee and a member o unless and until such officer or employee
his immediate family, or in the name of a shall agree in writing to remain in the Gov-
member of his immediate family alone. ernment service for twelve months following
"SEC. 24. Under such regulations as the his transfer, unless separated for reasons be-
President may prescribe and to the extent yond his control and acceptable to the de-
deemed necessary and appropriate, as pro- partment or agency concerned. In case of
vided therein, and notwithstanding other re- violation of such agreement, any moneys ex-
-
this Act an pended by the 'United States under coldsec
reimbursement for subsistence expenses act-
us,111 incurred may not exceed an amount
determined from such average daily rates
per person as may be prescribed in such reg-
ulations, but not in excess of the maximum
per diem rates prescribed in or pursuant to
section 3 of the Travel Expense Act of 1949
(63 Stat. 166, as amended; 5 U.S.C. 836), for
the localities in which the temporary quart-
ers are located, for the first ten days of such
period, two-thirds of such rates for the sec-
ond ten days, and one-half for the balance
of such period, including the additional
thirty days.
"(4) The expenses of the sale of the resi-
dence (or the settlement of an unexpired
lease) of the officer or employee at the old
official station and purchase of a home at
the new official station required to be paid
by him when the old and new official stations
are located within the United States (includ-
ing the District of Columbia), its territories
and possessions, the Commonwealth of
Puerto Rico, and the Canal Zone, but reim-
bursement for brokerage fees on the sale of
the residence shall not exceed such fees as
are customarily charged in the locality where
the residence is located and no reimburse-
ment shall be made for losses on the sale of
the residence. This provision applies re-
gardless of whether the title to the residence
or the unexpired lease is in the name of the
officer or employee alone, in the joint names
hundreds of neo-Nazi parties and splin-
ter groups organized throughout Europe
in the late 1940's and early 1950's may
have lost members and strength during
the past decade but their racist ideas and
political views recently have been gain-
ing "currency and prestige."
The report describes two major anti-
Semitic campaigns carried on by these
groups?one undercover and one open.
The former, often in alliance with Arab
league groups, seeks to prevent adoption
by the Ecumenical Council of any dec-
laration making clear the opposition of
the Catholic Church to anti-Semitism
and repudiating charges of Jewish re-
sponsibility for the death of Jesus. The
open campaign is a constant drive to
establish that the Nazi murder of 6 mil-
lion Jews is only "a fable," and that the
casualties are exaggerated.
Mr. President, this report deserves
wide currency and careful reading by all
who love liberty and who understand
that its price is eternal vigilance?
against the forces of extremism, whether
of the left or of the right, that preach
hate instead of love, violence instead of
justice, fear instead of courage, and war
instead of peace. The American Jewish
Committee, its author, has pioneered in
the protection of Jewish and other rights
throughout the world and has done
Many other illuminating studies of hu-
man relations and extremism. I ask
unanimous consent that the report en-
officer or employee who is reimbursed under tions of this Act on account of such officer titled "Neo-Nazism Twenty Years After
en-
imbursement authorized
section 1(a) or section 23 of this Act shall, if or employee shall be recoverable from him as Hitler" be printed in the RECORD.
There being no objection, the report
amount equal to two weeks' basic compensa- SEC. 3. Regulations under this Act shall be
he has an immediate family, receive an a debt due the United States."
tion, or, if he does not have an immediate prescribed within ninety days following the was ordered to be printed in the RECORD,
family, an amount equal to one week's basic date of enactment but shall be retroactive to as follows:
compensation: Provided, That such amounts such date. Nm-NAzisss 20 YEARS AFTER HITLER
shall not exceed amounts determined from
the maximum rate of grade GS-13 in the Mr.
General Schedule of the Classification Act of yield 3
1949, as amended. - tinguishe
"SEC. 25. Under such regulations as the JAVITO.
President may prescribe?
"(a) Whenever any civilian officer or em
ployee (including any new appointee in ac-
cordance with section 7(b) of this Act,
amended) is assigned to a permanent ...+
Mr. President, I Twenty years after Hitler's suicide in a
the bill to the dis- Berlin bunker and Mussolini's ignoble end, a
York [Mr. spate of smallfry Fuehrers and would-be
New
Duces still strive to promote new European
orders patterned on the Nazi and Fascist
regimes.
In Austria and Germany, Belgium and
Scandinavia, Italy, France and Great Britain,
dozens of leaders avidly seek primacy among
the scores of neo-Nazi and neo-Fascist orga-
nizations, cultural societies, bunds, fronts,
and internationals that have sprung up,
splintered, merged, dissolved, disappeared and
reemerged in postwar Europe since World
War II. Some have achieved international
notoriety; others are virtually unknown.
Some brazenly sport brown shirts and swas-
tikas; others are more subtle. Some openly
spout their racist and totalitarian ideologies;
others seek the cover of respectability. Al-
most all prophesy disaster?tragedy for their
nation or ethnic group, or submergence of
the white race by black or yellow hordes?
unless their programs are adopted.
Perhaps their most significant accomplish-
ment has been the ability of these groups to
survive. Despite the revulsion against them
in once-occupied lands, the continuing
search for war criminals and bans on anti-
democratic organizations in Germany, Aus-
tria, and Italy, these elements have managed
to continue functioning and to develop ways
of cooperating with one another.
THE NEO-NAZI wow) SURVIVES
In West Germany, according to a Govern-
ment report, there were 119 Nazi-like organi-
zations at the end of 1964.1 In Austria, over
40 such groups were formed in the late
Mr. JAVITS.
station at an isolated location in the con
tinental United States, excluding Alaska, to have now passe ? since Hitler's suicide
which he cannot take or at which he is un- and Mussolini's sordid end. Yet their
able to use his household goods and personal ghosts continue to roam the world and
effects bemuse of the absence of residence even haunt us in the flesh in the persons
quarters at such location, nontemporary of literally hundreds of neo-Nazi and
storage expenses or storage at Government other extremist groups whose racist
expense in Government-owned facilities (in- ideas and political themes recurrently
eluding related transportation and other ex-
penses), whichever is more economical, may gain currency and apparent respectabil-
be allowed such officer or employee under ity. A whole new generation has grown
regulations issued by the head of the Execu- up since the end of World War Il?a
tive Department or agency concerned. In no generation which never knew Hitler and
instance shall the weight of the property has no personal experience of the horror
stored under this subsection, together with and holocaust that Nazi ideas brought
the weight transported under" section 1 or to Europe and the world. And if, as has
sebtion '1(b) of this Act, exceed the total
been said, each generation must win its
maximum weight the officer or employee
would be entitled to have moved, and the freedom anew, then it is not untimely to
period of nontemporary storage shall not ex- remind this new generation?as well as
ceed three years. the old, again that those who claim
,, "(b.) This section does not authorize re- the tragic tradition of the murder of
iniburseineht to officers and employees liberty and of freemen are still abroad in
trayeung wider orders issued more than the world and are still circulating their
Sixty days prior to the effective date of this po.sons of hate and fear and violence
section.. . - with strong determination and some-
"Sm. 26. Under such regulations as the times widening acceptability in many
President may prescribe and notwithstanding areas of the world.
the provisions of the fourth proviso of sec- Mr. President, the American Jewish
departments for reasons of reduction in force Committee has just published an ex- ,-Erfahrungen aus der Beobachtung used 1(a) of this Act, in transfers between ,,..,
dr transfer of function, expenses authorized tensive report on neo-Nazi activities in Abviehr rechtsradikaler und antisemitischer
under section 1, subsections (a) and (b) and Europe on the 20th anniversary of the Tendenzen im Jahre 1964. Der Bundesmin-
- Subsections (e) and (f) other than expenses end of Hitlerism. It concludes that the later des Innern, Bonn, February 1965.
,
20 YEARS Al. hrt
ITLER
r. President, 20 years
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Approved For Release 2005/07/13 : CIA-RDP671300446R000400170007-3
September 13, 1965 CONGRESSIONAL 11ECO1D ? SENATE 22623
hundreds Of neo-14aZI 'paities and splin-
ter groups organized throughout Europe
in the late 1940's and early 1950's may
have lost members and strength during
the past decade but their racist ideas and
political views recently have been gain-
ing "currency and prestige."
The report describes two major anti-
Semitic campaigns carried on by these
groups?one undercover and one open.
The former, often in alliance with Arab
league groups, seeks to prevent adoption
by the Ecumenical Council of any dec-
laration making clear the opposition of
the Catholic Church to anti-Semitism
and repudiating charges of Jewish re-
sponsibility for the death of Jesus. The
open campaign is a constant drive to
establish that the Nazi murder of 6 mil-
lion Jews is only "a fable," and that the
casualties are exaggerated.
Mr. President, this report deserves
wide currency and careful reading by all
who love liberty and who understand
that its price is eternal vigilance?
against the forces of extremism, whether
of the left or of the right, that preach
hate instead of love, violence instead of
justice, fear instead of courage, and war
instead of peace. The American Jewish
Committee, its author, has pioneered in
the protection of Jewish and other rights
throughout the world and has done
many other illuminating studies of hu-
man relations and extremism. I ask
unanimous consent that the report en-
titled "Neo-Nazism Twenty Years After
Hitler" be printed in the RECORD.
There being no objection, the report
was ordered to be printed in the RECORD,
as follows:
/imp-NAZISM 20 YEARS AFTER HITLER
reimbursement for subsistence expenses act- authorized in connection with transfers to
uellit incurred May 'not exceed an amount foreign countries, and under sections 23 and
determined from such average daily rates 24 of this Act may be paid in whole or in
per person as 'rrlay 'Be prescribed in such reg- part by the department from which the
uls,tions, but not in excess'of the maximum officer or employee is transferred or by the
per diem rates prescribed in or pursuant to department to which he is transferred, as
section a of the Travel Expense Act of 1949 may be agreed upon by the heads of the de-
(63 Stat. 166, as amended; 5 U.S.C. 836), for partments concerned.
the localities in which the temporary quart- "SEc. 27. Under such regulations as the
era are Iodated, for the first ten days of such President may prescribe, a former officer or
period, two-thirds of such rates for the sec- employee separated by reason of reduction in
acid ten days, and one-half for the balance force or transfer of function who is reem-
of such .period, including the additional ployed within six months of the date of such
thirty ,days. separation by a nontemporary appointment
"(4) The expenses of the sale of the resi- at a different geographical location from that
dence (or the settlement of an unexpired where such separation occurred may be al-
lease) of the officer or employee at the old lowed and paid the expenses authorized by
official station and purchase of a home at section 1 of this Act, and may receive the
the new 'official station required to be paid benefits authorized by sections 23 and 24 of
by him When the old and new official stations this Act, in the same manner as though he
are located within the United States (includ- had been transferred to the location of re-
Mg the matilet Of Columbia), its territories employment from the location where sepa-
SAd possessions, the Commonwealth of rated in the interest of the Government with-
Puerto Bic?, and the Canal Zone, but reim- out a break in service.
burseinent for brokerage Tees on the sale of "SEc. 28. Notwithstanding the provisions
the residence shall not exceed such fees as of subsections (a) and (b) of section 1, and
are customarily charged in the locality where of sections 23, 24, 25, and 27 of this Act, the
the residence is located and no reimburse- travel and transportation expenses, includ-
Ment shall be made for losses on the sale of
the residence. This provision applies re-
gardless of whether the title to the residence
- or the unexpired lease is in the name of the
officer or employee alone, in the joint names
of the officer, or employee and a member of
Ws immediate family, or in the name of a
member of his immediate family alone.
?t6Ec. 24. Under such regulations as the
President May prescribe and to the extent
deemed necessary and appropriate, as pro-
vided therein, and notwithstanding other re-
imbursement authorized under this Act, an
? ?Meer or employee Who is reimbursed under
section 1(a) or section 23 of this Act shall, if
he has an immediate family, receive an
amount equal to two Weeks' basic compensa-
tion, or, if he does not have an immediate
family, an aiiitaint equal to one week's basic
compensation: Provided, That such amounts
shall not exceed amounts determined from
the mail/num' rate of grade G5-.13 in the
General Schedule of theClassification Act of
1949, as amended?. ? ? '
"Sso. 95. Under such regulations as the
President may prescribe=
? "(a) Whenever 'al 'civilian officer or em-
ployee (Including any new appointee in ac
cot-dance with section 7(b) of this Act,
amended) is assigned to a. permanent dut
station at an isolated location in the con
tinental United States, excluding Alaska, to
Which he cannot tako or at Which he is un-
able to use his household goods and personal
effect's because of the absence of residence
quarters at such location, nontemporary
storage expenses or storage at Government
expense in Government-oWned facilities (in-
cluding related transportation and other ex-
penses), whichever is more economical, may
be allowed such officer or employee under
regulations issued by the head of the Execu-
tive Department Or agency concerned. In no
instance shall the weight of the property
stored under this subsection, together with
the weight transported 'under section 1 or
seetion 7(b) of this Act, exceed the total
maximum weight the officer or employee
would be entitled to have moved, and the
period of nontemporary storage shall not ex-
ceed three years':
N. this section dOes not authorize re-
t& officers and employees
avenng -11111.61----6-Refs issued mere than
days_ Prior to the effective date of this
'"-.'
? Under such regulations as the
ilreeident May prescribe and notwithstanding
the provisions of the Mirth proviso of sec-
tion 104 of this Act, in transfers between
? departmenta for reaSonS of reduction in force
? or transfer orfunction, expenses authorized
under Section I, "stibsections (a) and(b) and
? subsections (e) and (f) other than expenses
ing storage of household goods and personal
effects, and other relocation allowances shall
not be allowed thereunder when a civilian
officer or employee is transferred within, the
continental United States, excluding Alaska,
unless and until such officer or employee
shall agree in writing to remain in the Gov-
ernment service for twelve months following
his transfer, unless separated for reasons be-
yond his control and acceptable to the de-
partment or agency concerned. In case of
violation of such agreement, any moneys ex-
pended by the United States under said sec-
tions of this Act on account of such officer
or employee shall be recoverable from him as
a debt due the United States."
SEC. 3. Regulations under this Act shall be
prescribed within ninety days following the
date of enactment but shall be retroactive to
such date.
Mr.
yield 3
tinguishe
JAvr4.1.
NS.b Ibt
utes
Se
e
Mr. President, I Twenty years after Hitler's suicide in a
the bill to the dis- Berlin bunker and Mussolini's ignoble end, a
New York [Mr. spate of smallfry Fuehrers and would-be
Duces still strive to promote new European
orders patterned on the Nazi and Fascist
regimes.
211 YEARS At. i Lit In Austria and Germany, Belgium and
TLER Scandinavia, Italy, France and Great Britain,
, dozens of leaders avidly seek primacy among
Mr. JAVITS. r. President, 20 years the scores of neo-Nazi and neo-Fascist orga-
have now passe since Hitler's suicide nizations, cultural societies, bunds, fronts,
and Mussolini's sordid end. Yet their and internationals that have sprung up,
ghosts continue to roam the world and splintered, merged, dissolved, disappeared and
reemerged in postwar Europe since World
even haunt us in the flesh in the persons rWar II. Some have achieved international
of literally hundreds of neo-Nazi and notoriety; others are virtually unknown.
other extremist groups whose racist Some brazenly sport brown shirts and swas-
ideas and political themes recurrently tikas; others are more subtle. Some openly
gain currency and apparent respectabil- spout their racist and totalitarian ideologies;
ity. A whole new generation has grown others seek the cover of respectability. Al-
up since the end of World War Il?a most all prophesy disaster?tragedy for their
nation or ethnic group, or submergence of
generation which never knew Hitler and the white race by black or yellow hordes?
has no personal experience of the horror unless their programs are adopted.
and holocaust that Nazi ideas brought Perhaps their most significant accomplish-
to Europe and the world. And if, as has ment has been the ability of these groups to
been said, each generation must win its survive. Despite the revulsion against them
freedom anew, then it is not untimely to in once-occupied lands, the continuing
remind this new generation?as well as search for war criminals and bans on anti-
the old, again that those who claim democratic organizations in Germany, Aus-
the tragic tradition of the murder of tria, and Italy, these elements have managed
to continue functioning and to develop ways
liberty and of freemen are still abroad in of cooperating with one another.
the world and are still circulating their
po'sons of hate and fear and violence THE NEO -NAZI WORLD SURVIVES
with strong determination and some- In West Germany, according to a Govern-
ment report, there were 119 Nazi-like organi-
zations at the end of 1964.1 In Austria, over
areas of the world. 40 such groups were formed in the late
Mr. President, the American Jewish
Committee has just published an ex- 1 Erfahrungen aus der Beobachtung und
tensive report on neo-Nazi activities in Abwehr rechtsradikaler und antisemitischer
Europe on the 20th anniversary of the Tendenzen im Jahre 1964. Der Bundesmin-
end of Hitlerism. It concludes that the ister des Innern, Bonn, February 1965.
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Approved For Release 2005/07113:.CIA-RDP67B00440R0004001-70007-3
September 13, 1965 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD ? SENATE
22625
end Israel. trim) also reports that Gerhard European businessmen are being asked to tion Europa,- published by 'former SS Gen.
. ,
Frey, editor of g, was promised financial use their influence against the declaration, Arthur Ehrhardt in Coburg, West Germany,
help from Nasser when they met in 1964; and on the ground that it would hamper trade and Defense de l'Occident, the French
that Wilhelm Landi:
g editor of the anti- with the Arab world, monthly of Maurice Bardeche.
Semitic Kuropa Korresponderiz In Austria, THE INTERNATIONALS The other camp sneers at appeals to the
..., . -
also receives suppOrt from Nasser. - masses and favors the creation of an elite
Although informal Cooperation goes on
Is 1962, British' papers 'reported an agree- ? which can take advantage of revolutionary
among right-radical groups in different
.1nent between an Egyptian military attache situations. It considers street incidents,
countries, personal
jealousies,' overweening swastika smearings, and raids more effective
in London, Colonel Shazly, and British Nazis,
egos, and differences about strategy and tac-
Colin Jordan and John Tyndall, to distribute tics have thwarted all endeavors to create a
EMU 15,000 pounds wortb of anti-Semitic
materials.
Single international. Thus, while American
? ' neo-Nazi George Rockwell and British neo-
In May 1965, Swedish authorities cracked Nazi Conn Jordan may lay claim to the title
down on an antigovernment group conduct- of "fuehrer" of a World Union of National
lag an espionage network to supply the Unit- Socialists, there is no evidence that Eng-
ed Arab Republic with information about the land's Oswald Mosley, Jean Thiriart of Bel-
Israel Embassy and Swedish Jewish organize- guim's Jenne Europe, Sweden's neo-Nazi
tions and personalities. The newspaper, theoretician Per Engdahl or others of their
Expressen, whose revelations led to govern- ilk pay any attention to these claims.
meat action, carried a transcript of a tapee first move to set up an international
recording between the so-called fuehrer of Mk
place in May 1951, at Malmo, Sweden,
' ?the neo-Nazi group, Bjoern ?Amdahl, and a following a preliminary 1950 gathering in
representative at the -United Arab Republic, Roma m
Rome, where es
ere the Duce's oldest daughter,
'together with a photostat of Limdahl's mem- A la Mussolini, was a featured
bership card in the Ku Klux Klan. speaker, Initiator of the 1951 meeting was
' TWO eilrx-::StsirrX OsirATONS , ` Per Engdahl, e. 20-year Veteran of totalitar-
, During the lait few years, iiirbpe's neo- 'fan-oriented movements, and head of the
Nazis have concentrated ?? two Major propa-
New Movement of the Swedish Opposition.
,ond, -aai.hpaign-6, ob.--e 6iiej,,, the othei.--coi,?ert. - - Both the time and the place seemed pro-
The first drive :seeks to minimize the num- Pitious. Since Sweden had never been
ber a Jews murdered by the Hitler regime occupied by the Germans it had no legisla-
tion barring neo-Nazi activities. Nor was
by ,insisting that the figure?Of. 6 million Jew-
there any intense revulsion against those
isle dead is only a fable. Jewish losses for all
reasons, it is argued in 'numerous articles and who had espoused the Nazi cause. The 30-
leaflets totaled just over 1 million. "By
odd neo-Nazis from 14 lands meeting in the
, '
pleasant little city across the strait from
CeaSeleasly invoking this figure of 6 million
. of Victims," declares France's Rivarol, "they Copenhagen were also encouraged by signs
[the Jews] Strive to Maintain a gullt Complex of a fairly strong, well-directed neo-Nazi
party emerging in West Germany, the signifi-
Po
among Germans, so as to profit financially."
cr scientific proof, neo-Nazis depend cant number of votes polled by Italy's
Movimento Sociale Italiano (MSI) and the
mainly on the writings of Paul Ressinier, a
former Socialist deputy later expelled from
fact that Petainists in France were reassert-
the party, Himself a camp internee, "Bassi-
lug themselves.
nier is the author of HenriCodton, a "Ulysses Betrayed by Out of the Malmo Conference came the
Ills Own," published --bY'
, European &fetal Movement, with plans for
'
nortorious French anti-Semite.a secretariat in Trieste, a press service and
youth affiliates. But some participants soon
" Besides the ca,z0eigii to biOt out the Je*-
decided that the new organization was not
'isb dead 'ili).r more insidious drive has been
? _ - sufficiently anti-Semitic or activist, and the
waged 'to prevent the EcumeniCal Council of
ESM was split. In 1952 the European LIM--
the Catholic Church from adopting a pro-
son Office was launched in Lausanne by Gas-
old deicide Canard 'against the Jews. ton Amaudruz of Switzerland and Charles
? In 1962,_ during the Council's first session Luca Luca of France.
each a the 2,30 artirch-fathiri-dirernbled in In 1953, in an attempt to heal the rift, the
European People's Movement was founded in
Rome i otind in his personal- box ii:- privately
Paris to unite all forces fighting to save
printed, 764-Page " Italian book entitled
"complotto Contra' la 'Chiesa" ("The Plot Christian civilization from Judaism, commu-
Against the Church"), by Maurice Piney, a nism and freemasonry. This effort also
pseUdon failed. In Austria in 1957, another merger
yin. A ' lengthy rehash of the anti- was launched under the aegis of the Social
Semitic" 1,1z3414 in the so-called Protocols of
Organic Movement of Europe (Sorbe), but
the EldersOf tiOn,:this was a clumaY at- Austrian authorities clamped down, and the
tempt -to devehiP reiiitiiice to aniCounoit more extreme elements founded still another
statement coneerning jevis.-- Though its very group, the European New Order?actually
crtideneis lesdened it i effectiveness, the vol- the European Liaison Office under another
time wfi,s'privately''reirinted in Spain in the name.
German langua0; aPISaleictIV" without gov-
' ernm6nt authorization, 'and seht to Austria More recently, new competition has en-
arid Germany. The distribution' evoked' a tered the field. In Scotland a Northern
Bonn Croverinnent protest to 'Madrid. League was formed in 1958 to preserve the
, Three -rnore arioriYinout - 'finti-,Jewish ethnic and cultural heritage of the Niokratoh!
pamphlets have appeared European peoples. In Belgium, the
appeared slnce - the 'first
Council 'session, one claiming justification in Fascist Jeune Nation sought international
theology for the deicida charge, the others
asserting that Cardinal Bea, chief of the
secretariat for Christian unity, is of Jewish
, origin; and that the entire secretariat has
been infiltrated, by Jews.
?A its last session, the Ecumenical Council
adopted in -Principle a &era-ration rejeeting
,.1:4 4 plAe adensa-gen apinst Seim past and
:prega j and enjoining tea-CherS and PreaCh- Since the Malmo meeting' two major ap- most prominent are in the former homelands
Was-that Might foster hostility proaches have been evident among neo-Nazi of. totalitarianism?Italy. Germany, and
? einst 3 eNii. -e-then; intensive Meet- ideologists. One group considers it essen- Austria.
,gs Of 'rightis't
groups have taken place on tial to play the parliamentary game and not Italy: The major political voice of Italy's
this Ini, Neet in -Italy, France, Spain, and frighten the public. Its leaders argue that rightist forces is the Movimento Sociale
. Ger*t
iri_Y. - tfluroubte-dlyT new propaganda they must first attract a following under Italiano (MSI).
? pieces arill be-liatfecriri the Months ahead, cover of vague general nationalist slogans In December 1964, when Guiseppe Saragat
- illzq Az-41z ...?-s--i7i-e-allit' the "Nasser govern- arid later ,propose concrete rightist programs. was finally chosen President of Italy after
fiThe exaertin---t - - ? Ile Th
. . g s rong po - e philosophical and scientific bases of its 20 inconclusive parliamentary ballots, the
oat pres414-44 toPrevent the declartion's final ultranationalist ideology are advanced in MSI interrupted the voting with catcalls and
adoption'. There are also reports that intellectual terms, in magazines such as Na- boos. Its members sat on their hands dur-
than polite parliamentary maneuverings and
stresses a strong racist approach. Vitriolic
articles in Belgium's Revolution Europeene
and Gored Oredsson's Nordisk Kamp in
Sweden, and leaflets outlining techniques for
street fighting and revolutionary takeover ex-
press this element's philosophy.
The European social movement with its
relatively moderate outlook has managed to
survive all splits and probably remains the
most important of the "internationals," with
sections or contacts in a dozen countries.
But it represents an older neo-Nazi genera-
tion. Per Engdahl is now 55 and nearly
blind. Maurice Bardeche, at 63, is ever busy
and looked up to by other authoritarians and
right radicals, but he is adviser rather than
leader.
The initiative today lies increasingly with
younger men, such as Colin Jordan and
Europe Action's Dominique Venner. Having
no defeat to live down, they reject what they
call an artificially created guilt complex about
war crimes and seek to capitalize on what
they view as youth's tendency to boredom and
nihilism.
Attacks on the United States have been a
constant component of neo-Nazi literature:
"All mistakes since 1945 are due to the
pseudodemocratic policies of Roosevelt and
his advisers, who drove their country into a
war that had nothing to do with U.S. inter-
ests." Rightists also scored the Yalta settle-
ment as the division of Europe by non-Euro-
pean powers. A brief break in this persistent
anti-Americanism came with the nomination
of Barry Goldwater for President by the U.S.
Republican Party. Even after Goldwater's
defeat, Europe's rightwing felt deeply encour-
aged by what was construed as an impressive
display of American rightist strength.
Rightwing ideologies seem to have a spe-
cial appeal for one vital and vocal group?
the university students. The tendency is
strongest in Austria. The Ring Freiheit-
licher Studenten, associated with the right-
wing Freedom Party, had polled as much as
one-third of the vote in student-government
elections. In March 1985, rightwing stu-
dents clashed in the streets with those dem-
onstrating for the dismissal of a Viennese
professor, Tares Borodajkewycz, who boasted
of his prewar Nazi Party membership and
made anti-Semitic statements.
In the last university student elections in
Rome, groups affiliated with the neo-Fascist
MSI Party won 13 seats of a total of 59. Tra-
ditional rightwing student organizations,
some quite militant, also continue to exist
in France.
THE RIGHT-RADICAL POLITICAL PARTIES
Although the ultimate goal of the inter-
nationals is to develop a solid base for po-
status and established itself as Jenne Europe. litical operation, they have thus far failed to
The Rockwell-Jordan combination, the World involve the major rightist parties of Europe
Union of International Socialists, first in any direct affiliation, despite cross-mem-
emerged in 1962. The latest body with in- bership of individuals and attempts at amal-
ternational pretensions is Paris-based Europe gamation.
Action, which operates primarily as an in- Where are these rightist parties to be
formation and ideological clearinghouse, found, and how have they fared in the past
TACTICS AND IDEOLOGIES two decades? As might be expected, the
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CONGRESSIONAL RECO111) ? SENATE
0 Mr. Saragat's acceptance speech. This
arit behavior stemmed less from the
0 rage at the election of a candidate of
e 'center-left thall from realization that
O. failed to transform Itself into a re-
table political party.
0 the end of World liar II, two major
have collimated each other in Italy.
le, Italian 003113a114niat Party, more intent-
eat end less dogmatic than most, Is inde-
lidera of the Itrenalin and thus able to
nt
itself as a homebred Italian phe-
en01:1, 'The governing Christian Demo-
'Party Contains many disparate tend-
Oies drawn together by fear of Commu-
rt gains. The MST hoped to use its own
-talent ..anticammunism and its ability to
ripply crucial votes during parliamentary
IPS, to force Its Way into a governing
VntiI 1960, whenever parliamentary bal.:.
?as close, one Italian premier after
Other declared that he would resign rather
ala seek Ildt. votes to stay in office or win
ssage of disputed bills. But in July 1960,
if44er /*Maud.? Tainbroni, a Christian
mocrat, indicated he was ready to do bust-
ass with the VI,51. The marriage of con-
'aience might have taken place, initiating
new trend in Italian political life, had not
overconfident 1/01a decided to hold its
aa141 PaMgesa that year in ,Genoa?a
!aright:0 of the Italian resistance move-
art? whose population had suffered greatly
the wax. Outraged public opinion and
ist17/481 demonstrations forced
cancalla-
Ionf the congress and toppled Tambroni
tra Of office. ?-
rat,. actual numbers, the MSI has been Stag-
%bin; for the past decade. To win 1,600,000
Mes (about 5 percent of the electorate) and
9 parliamentary seats in the 1963 general
lect;ions was a resounding achievement; to
.1 1,560,000 votes and 27 seats?10 years later
s, in effect, a defeat. In 1951, the MSI
balked outstanding gains in Sicily, a
liantonomous region. Its 11 strategic
ta made it the thira largest party on the
land. today it holds seven seats and ranks
fib, among Sicilian, parties.
lag Ideology is a chaotic catchall with at
three diAerent, views an how extreme
a party should he. In the early years, con-
ol was vested IA Mens,like Giorgio Almi-
te, editor of the Mussolini-xegime paper,
&feriae of the Race, and Prince Valeria
orrese, commander of Mussolini's 10th
on and a aupporter of the Salo Republic,
puppet slate formed at Ilitler's lustiga-
0:o after Italy's surrender to the Allies.
0. party's founders adopted as guidelines
hatthey called the revolutionary socialist-
rim of 19
alPtimr group, led by 111,9I's present Secre-
ry General, Arturo afiehellnt believed that
Sif Aocialism, even of a Fascist kind,
41 hurt the party. Today the MSI con-
ntratee on taiti-Bolshevisra and appeals to
triotism. It attacks even the Christian
macrata as Marxist% and criticizes all gov-
Merit attempts at social reform. At first
e tdS sought to , get into the Church's
od graCes; later it criticized Pope John
failing to wage a crusade against
,
Th e party also iarbors out-and-out ex-
irrists who take their inspiration from such
en at junta EvOla?, author of Mussolini's
r Tz wing includes the activi,st
o ga.n Ordine 'guava ,and the Glovane Italia
lident 14.1.011.P., both of which boast of being
od tfazis and Pascists.
Besides its failure to gain leverage in the
'lament, the 1Y/ST is pow eetwrpute4 with
est Chellengea--an italianstyle
Gaulle is cited by the Italian right as a
a authority who lmoiva how tq main-
in. order. The nep,Taacistmagazine, Bor-
th al'
of state who has rebelled against the Ens-
11-American, atomic dictatorship."
One would-be De Gaulle _in ItalY is Ran-
(folio Pacciardi, a former resistance fighter
who broke with tneItalian Republican Party.
Re ).9 now getting support from the FUAN,
and Secolo XX, two of the most activist
rightwing groups, as well as from former
Republican colleagues and big-business air-
Italy.
Germany: Whatever its weaknesses, the
A181 is at least a viable party. The most
'Prominent German Ago-Nazi Party. the
DelDeutsche.Reichspartei (DRP), polled less
than 1 percent of the vote in the 1961 na-
,tionsa elections and has continued to slip
? back in naunicipal and state contests.
In the early postwar years. Germany's neo-
Nazis seemed to be making a significant po-
litical impact. The Deutsche Reichspartei
began in 1946 as a splinter group seeking to
build on small, traditional Lower Saxony po-
litical forces such 11/1 the century-old Ger-
man Farmer's and People's Party. In 1949,
three men with well-known Nazi records?
Dr. Fritz Dori% then a Bundestag deputy, Dr.
Gerhard. If.ruger, and Count Wolf von Wes-
tarp?broke away to create the Socialist
Reich Party, whose star spokesman and
rabble-rouser was Hitler's Maj. Gen. Otto
Ernst Reiner. Boasting an imitation storm
troop unit called the Reichsfront and a
Reichsjugend organized on the lines of Hitler
youth, the SRP sponsored Nazi-style rallies,
appealing to farmers, civil servants, and other
middle-class groups whose privileged social
positions had vanished.
The climate in West Germany in the early
1960's seemed to augur further gains. SRP's
Membership consisted primarily of younger
war veterans; its avowed goal was to organize
the front generation, a potential of 3 mil-
lion. At the same time, older veterans'
groups were beginning to reform, in spite of
laws prohibiting their existence, determined
to recover their considerable prewar finan-
cial assets and to secure the rehabilitation
of SS units. The 11 million German refu-
gees from the east, though they had their
own political party, the Bund der Heimatver-
triebenen und Entrechteten (BEE), also
seemed open to ultranationalist persuasion.
In the past decade, however, many politi-
cal forces which loomed so large in the 1950's
have been absorbed or circumscribed. In
1952, after some hemming and hawing, fed-
eral authorities outlawed the SRP as uncon-
stitutional. The economic boom in Ger-
many, coupled with government-sponsored
benefits, brought about the rapid absorption
of the refugees, and veteran groups such as
the SS HIAG have proven circumspect, seek-
ing personal benefits rather than political
objectives.
? West Germany has been moving steadily
toward a tivo-party system. The require-
ment that a party must poll at least 5 per-
sent of the 'popular vote to be represented
in the Parliament has hampered not only
such outright neo-Nazi parties as the DRP
but all smaller parties, including the ref-
ugees' BHE and the ultraconservative
Deutsche Partei. In 1957 these two groups
merged to form the Gesamtdeutache Block,
partybut the new polled less than 3 per-
cent in 1061 (compared with a combined
total of 9.1 percent in the 1953 elections)
and will present no candidates in 1965.
The merger of several neo-Nazi parties
last November into a new National Demo-
cratic German Party (NDP), with 798 of-
ficially registered members, underscores the
weakness of all these groups. Head of the
M--)P is a 49-year-old Bremen cement raanu-
facturer, Fritz 'Meilen of the Deutsche
Panel, who Managed to squeeze into the
Bremen State Diet with 5 percent of the
v,ote. Vine chairman are BEE member Wil-
September 13, i)65that his party would not fuse with the
others but would only provide DRP tech-
nical facilities?and former Free Democratic
deputy Heinrich Fassbender, whose Deutsch-
nationale Volkpartei supported Hitler.
The NDP propaganda line stresses order,
the return of the lands in which Germans
have grown up for centuries, and the need
to protect peasants, workers and the middle
class against foreign interests. Peace in
Europe and the world, it is emphasized,
depends on German unity. Though these
sentiments are shared by wide segments of
the population, nobody seriously expects the
NDP to make an effective showing in the
_forthcoming national elections.
A brand of Gaullist-style nationalism in
West Germany revolves around one of the
country's colorful political figures, Franz
Josef Strauss, leader of the Bavarian Chris-
tian Social Union. One-time Defense Min-
ister and outstanding challenger to Ludwig
Erhard for the Chancellorship, Strauss has
more than once shown disregard for the
democratic process while in office?most not-
ably, his highhandedness in the so-called
Spiegel affair @ which forced his resignation
from the Cabinet in 1962.
A leading advocate of West German oo-
operation with General de Gaulle at the ex-
pense of Great Britain and the United States,
Strauss has taken ultranationalist positions
hitherto avoided by responsible Bonn politi-
cal figures. In the conflict with Nasser over
military aid to Israel, however, Strauss took
a vigorous pro-Israel position.
Strauss' main strength lies in the fact that
CSU support is vital to the government to
overcome the challenge of the Socialist Dem-
ocratic Party. His present appeals to the
right may be primarily an election gambit
but could nevertheless lend respectability to
its cause.
Austria: In Austria, the Freedom Party
(formely the League of Independents) man-
ages to stay within the law, but its neo-
Nazi inclinations are clearly evident. The
party was founded by Anton Reinthaller, a
Nazi as far back as 1923 and a Minister in
the wartime Seyss-Inquart quisling regime.
Its present head is Friedrich Peter, former
Oberstunnfuehrer of the infamous Waffen
SS.
The Freedom Party's newspapers describe
Austria as part of the German cultural and
language group. When Adolf Eichmann was
caught, these papers at first avoided all men-
tion of the incident; later they complained
that his trial was a new scheme to blacken
Germany's name while non-German war
criminals went unpunished. Nazi war crimes
are shrugged off as aberrations, which Aus-
trian Nazis knew nothing about.
Like the MSI in Italy, the League of Inde-
pendents and the Freedom Party have
dreamed of playing a balance-of-power role
in the Austrian Parliament. But the Peo-
ple's Party and the Socialists, which run
neck-and-neck in elections, have found it
more profitable to rule the country in coali-
tion. Both major parties have consistently
ignored Austria's role during the Hitler pe-
riod. Since, out of a population of 7 million,
537,000 Austrians were registered Nazis and
700,000 boys and girls belonged to Hitler
youth movements, former Nazis became re-
'When the editors of Germany's gadfly
weekly Der Spiegel wrote that military
maneuvers had proven-the armed forces un-
ready for combat. Strauss ordered them
arrested for treason. Without informing
the Minister of Justice be requested the
Spanish police to pick up one editor vaca-
tioning there. These tactics, so reminiscent
of Nazi days, aroused a storm of protest.
Strauss at first denied his actions, later
admitted them To quiet criticism Chan-
u , von den of the cellor Adenauer dropped Strauss from the
e5e
e,4 as "the political creed of the only chief ; 0; the e
DEP?who made t clear ts t Cabinet.
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$eytember 13 1965 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD ?SENATE
,sPectabie again by iii1?a1 consent within
a few years after the war--; consequently, they
have felt little need for their own party.
/A 19$9 the. Independents tOo?1-12 'percent
of the popular voteniifl-16' seats in the Par-
liament; this success Ea-heifer been matched
by the Freedom Party, which polled 315,000
- votes, and gairied-8 seats in the 1962 national
plecons. In Vienna, in October 1964, the
party received fewer than 60,000 Of the mil-
lion votes cast.
Other countries: Outside? of Germany,
;Anstria? and 'flt-hergRaii parties; what-
ever their riatiOnal,pOtiticat PreterisiOns, are
- .
seldom able to _elect canclida es. England's
Union of British tag-fits Oswald Mosley's
party) , for instance,* had to candidates in
the latest ',widen municipal elections, in
.the, fliotricts mOs-tplagned by racial troubles.
They failed to win a 'single seat. After a
saitioni experience some yearts ago, Scan-
', dinavlau rEe9-N4i Parties stopPed. present-
ing candidates: Holland, V" has no group
Wortl.i'nientioning.
, _
- Belgium's neo-Nazis are also Witheiut elec-
toral ,strength, but wartime collaborators
have found a home in the Vollumnie, a
Flemish Nationalist Party hostile to the pres-
ent :kmifled national' regime and its institu-
t1? Volksime preaches greater federal-
. ism, calls for amnesty for collaborators, and
seeks wmcerhate -the Split between. the
French-speakingWallbOna and the Flemish
_segment of the country. During the 'war,
the Germans treated the Flemish more fa-
Yorahly than the French-speaking Belgians,
-and.fthe ,rnajOrity of Belgian Collaboration-
late were Ptemish. In1949, the Flemish Eta-
' ,tionalists reorganized under the name of the
Vlstainse Concentratie, which film:Lazed to
' garner 103,000, or 2 percent, of the national
Belgian vote. In 1954, this grow; Changed
its name to the ,Volkaunie and won a seat in
the parliament, T.A. 1961, it polled 182,000
votes, electing 5 In
arid -2 senators; and
in May 1965, Volksunie more than doubled
Its 1961 vote, electing 13 deputies and 4
senators. .
A new' nationalist party may be in the
offing in France; the candidate is already at
hand. Jean-Louis Tixier-Vignancourt is a
57-year-old, branze;foic-e-d. lawyer whose
background hold's attractions for several
rightist groups. He appeals to the "Iretain-
ists because he Yees an Assistant 1),Bnister in
Petain's Vichy government; to OAS elements
Tor his legal defense of leaders such as Gen.
Raoul Wan; and to the former colons of
north Africa and the French repatriates
from Algiers, Oran, Tunis, and 'Casablanca
- for having defended their cause. He la also
. acceptable to oldtime French Ultras and
anti-Semites?the Royalists, Action Fran-
caise, and the anti-Dreyfusards--and is
favored by the "activist" neo-Fascist groups.
arazgimo mcnTurmo xutAs
. . . ,
While the organized right has been shrink-
and fumbling about for new formula-
tions, the circulation of rightWing news-
papers, Magazines, and books has been grow-
ing.
A recent register of neo-Nazi militarist and
nationalist literature in West Germany ana-
lyzes some 80 publishers, periodicals, and
book clubs dealiiig in the works of former
Nazis, ex-generals, and right radicals; Among
?the featured scull:lore are, the WKOssr 94. Joa-
chim von Ptibbentrop, -Panzer SS 'Gen.
Xurt .*eyerOttOSiorzeny, and -Oswald "Mos-
' -1 tftWilers'Of ilie-Onblishing houses include
elinnt Sqen,clermarin, a 'former Goebbels
deputy and head of the prolific Druffel Verlag
_pnblishing house, and pr. Herbert Grabert,
a7titOt., .7.Yrisr9.110,? - a book
? `c?.-111490,
116-i:illy quoted by the right-
ist' propagandists is an Arrieriaim 'historian,
\ Dr. David Beggar', who taught atSan Fran-
cisco State College and was a research fellow
at the Hoover Institute. His 898-page book,
"The Enforced War," casts the British as the
villains who caused World War II, and Hit-
ler as their victim. Despite a price of $12 per
copy, his book reached the national nonfic-
tion bestseller list in Germany, where it is
now in its fifth printing. It is also sched-
uled for publication in France.
The top right-radical weekly paper in Ger-
many is the Deutsche National Zeitung und
Soldaten. Zeitung (NZ) , published by 32-year-
old Gerhard Frey, who shows great imagina-
-tion in handling hackneyed Nazi themes.
With emotional appeal, racy language, and
innuendo, NZ addresses itself to latent Ger-
man frustrations and resentments. It calls
for return of Germany's lost lands, labels the
'wartime bombings of Dresden and Hiroshima
-as Allied war crimes, and repeats lloggan's
thesis of British war responsibility.
?
A GROWING CHORUS
? . _
?
In France, as _in Germany, the rightwing's
most notakle aphievernen.t has been, the
growth of its press and publications. In
March 1964, several French ultra groups?
Poujade's Fraterite Francaise, Colonel Trin-
quier's Association for Study of Reform of
the State, Europe Action, and the Center of
Social Studies?attempted to Set up a liai-
son office. The effort failed because the only
point of unity was mutual hatred of De
Gaulle. An extreme rightist literary group,
the Society of the Friends of Edouard Dru-
mond, formed late in 1963, seems destined
for greater durability. The group includes
virtually every important ultra-nationalist
French writer, among them Maurice Bar-
deche; Xavier Vallat, former Commissioner
for Jewish Affairs under the Vichy regime and
editor of Aspects de la France; editor Do-
minique Venner of Europe Action; Pierre
Dominique of Rivarol; and publisher Henri
Gaston.
France has no outstanding rightwing
Weekly, such as the NZ in Germany, and the
veteran -Rivarol and Aspects de is France
have dropped slightly in circulation, with a
current1....derehip of about 42,000 and 23,000
respectively. But two new and successful
publications have appeared since 1983: Eu-
rope Action, a monthly magazine with a cir-
culation of about 25,000 in France and Ger-
many which, in addition to its regular pub-
lication, issues weekly newsletters and spe-
cial booklets; and Cahiers Universitaires, a
'university-student publication of profes-
sional caliber. The 3-year-old popular week-
ly, Minute, with a circulation of about 160,-
000, often voices rightwing themes.
Rightwing heroes are getting a greater
play than at any time during the past two
decades. With the 50th anniversary of the
start of World War I in 1964, articles about
Marshal Retain, hero of Verdun and later
head of the Nazi-controlled Vichy Govern-
ment, sprouted everywhere. The campaign
to transfer his remains to the French mili-
tary cemetery at Drouamont gained new in-
tensity, and his portrait was featured on the
covers of record albums and the front pages
of many major weeklies.
An impressive number of rightwing books
were published in France in 1963 and 1964,
including the notebooks of Charles Maurras,
intellectual mentor for many rightists. More
than. a. dozen current record albums glorify
French collaborators, the OAS, Salan, and
Celine, and revive the songs of the Spanish
Faarigists and the old German and Nazi
armies. One record, quite popular among
students, interlards excerpts from speeches
by Hitler, Goering, and other Nazi spokesmen
sanong Nazi and German war songs; the
blurb on the jacket stresses the fact that
Hitler came to. power through democratic
election. 'Jean Marie de Pen, a. former pou-
jade aide, and two Vichy regime collaborators
control a lucrative record company that pro-
duces these novelty items. The Librairie de
22627
L Amitie ( iendship Library) in Paris is a
busy distribution center for such material.
This renewed interest in World Wars I
and II is warmly welcomed by all the right-
radical groups, for it offers them another op-
portunity to impress the youth and to argue
for a rewriting of history.
CONCLUSION
On the surface, the status of neonazism
two decades after Hitler's defeat seems to
offer its adherents scent encouragement.
The number of activists appears to be tie-
creasing, the seasoned leaders are fading. and
no unified international movement is in
On the other hand, the themes, slogans,
and pseudoscientific arguments of the radi-
cal right seem to exert a potent attraction
for young people, especially the intellectuals.
The rising popularity of publications and re-
cordings ennobling Nazis and nazism could
indicate a growing receptivity to their basic
idealogy.
' A new and serious element is the Arab
League's secret aid to various groupings of
neo-Nazis. Arab resources may well deter-
mine the future of many now-obscure con-
spirators?and their intended victims.
Some observers believe that the neo-Nazis
and right radicals are currently in a period
of hibernation from which they will one day
emerge in force. Others doubt that great
numbers of supporters can ever again be
rallied to such a cause. There is general
agreement, however, that if the relatively
stable climate of presentday Europe should
be disturbed by social, economic, or political
crisis, extremist groups would gain consider-
ably in strength and influence..
Mr. MANSFIELD. Mr. President, I
yield, under the bill, such time as the
Senator from Rhode Island EMr. PELL]
may require.
SUPERVISION OVER CENTRAL IN-
TELLIGENCE AGENCY
Mr. PRIEJ, Mr. President, I have al-
ways been of the belief that some sort
of closer supervision should be exercised
over the Central Intelligence Agency
than is presently the ease. For this rea-
son I have cosponsored bills calling for
so-called congressional "watchdog" corn-
mittees.
I well recall during the Bay of Pigs the
acceptance of the generally held belief
that those individuals and activities con-
nected with intelligence estimates should
be separated from those who plan and
execute operations. This would mean
that intelligence estimates will not be
cut to the cloth of those who would like
to engage in operations. To the best of
my knowledge this has not been done.
While I recognize that the Central-In-
telligence Agency cannot announce its
triumps, I do believe that from the nega-
tive viewpoint the article by Mr. Stanley
Karnow in the Providence Journal of
September 7, 1965, might be of interest
to my colleagues. It outlines various
abortive projects of the CIA in the Far
East, apparently often the result of the
nonseparation of intelligence analysis
from the execution of operations. And
I believe that the reading of it will em-
phasize the need for tighter controls.
I ask unanimous consent that the arti-
cle by Mr. Karnow be printed in the
RECORD.
There being no objection, the article
Was ordered to be printed in the RECORD,
as follows:
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628
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RECORD .8ENATE
CONGRESSIONAL, September 13, 1V65
S. NA= Duussrurs rritory,
S? ^Um' PLACES el; P?rth?g ch-rb" else NationalistsNationalists on theirF:URNISI111?1:GcoOmsrraF ARMIEsS TO FOREICINT
coal) PP' the Burmese renounced Amen
my Stanley Karnow)
ci
rx(vrort.?In a petulant mood one
? ,
week, Prime Minister Lee Xuan 'Few
ayidre, unfolded an intriguing glimpse
ry; Late in 1960, he'disclosed, a Oen-
tellLgency Agency operative had of -
1 hlin,_a I8 mi.111ort bribe to condeal a
gfed American espionage attempt. The
Lowy affair involved girls, too?or, as
141.*ter, /4e put it, "Like James Bond,
ly not so good."
Bowe imboommitt,ee on foreign affairs
by Claixtzbrr ZABLOCRI, Wisconsin Demo--
t Ia scheduled to begin a 'Closed inquiry
tc what'happened in Singapore tomorrow.
1?".4,WhAt ,happened in Singapore, though
emparrasstrig; was relatively ID-DMU-
S COUPIged to a clumsier ? assortment of
er covert American efforts In southeast
Is over the years. For example:
In Burma, more than a decade ago, U.S.
et agents striving to influence Burmese
utical leanings were somehow sidetracked
the More rewarding pursuit of opium
hag.
rEL Oambollik U.S, secret agents were in-
ectly involved in an abortive coup d'etat
ntrived to overthrow Prince Sihanouk's
vernmerit.
Zn IndonesK U.S. secret agents backed a
&tory rebellion aimed at undermining
klent Sukarn,o.
-1400, 17S. secret agents' operations
ed from stuffing ballot boxes to bulwark-
s full-scale military offensive by 4nsur-
g tits itgainst the country capital.
None of the operations succeeded in any
si ificant long-range sense. Some served to
ify local leaders' doubts or -hostility to-
rd the 'United Stites and nearly -every-
w ere in Southeast A'aia, though supposedly
el ? destine, American covert activities were
w dely known.
xikraziarons PLAN IS rAn.tras
is first of these earnest efforts back in
e 1950's, was focused on the tangled
des of northwest Burma. Defeated by
CRTI*ItIDISte IN China, band's of Chinese
tionaliat tOopa had retreated Into this
,'ea, *here they became brisk opium traders.
was considered, however, that they might
/*form a nobler purpose.
As It does now, BUrina in those days
tiered to a neutralist line. But neutral-
insisted the then Secretary of State
ii Foster Dulles, was not only Immoral,
t shortsighted. Thus a clever scheme
elaborated to help the Burmese see the
ht. - -
The renizar,t Chinese Nationalists would
inspired to provoke C 'onimunist China
attacking Burma, thereby forcing the
nese to seek salvation in the Western
p. Ingenious as it was, the plan worked
a. one 'thing, the Americans assigned to
PPlY the 'Nationalists with 'weaparts and
ld 'enlisted the alct of Gen.'Phao Sriyanod,
e police chief of neighboring thatiand.
t obie.Ph0,0, a leading 'narcotics dealer,
d little about international politics. He
ily wanted to' latch on to the National -
And under his aegis, an operation origi-
ly dedicated to saving Burmese souls soon
enerated into a lucrative narcotics traf-
. AirCraft mobilized, to supply the Na-
nalists were employed mostly to transport
6 itm, and several American agents unable
to resist temptation, eagerly joined in the
ugging; Finally, in 1953, Gen.
l'jf tz.a. Anbasiador, effectively to clean
The mess.
cu HP4.4014 ,17.14eXTERRED
,whole maapi4vg,,clubipi4s1,y conceived
d artlessly executed, had inevitable reper-
ssions. -Blaming the United States for
N
11
ci
1" ouovan went out to Bangkok, 'Osten-
d and eax:ae close to quitting the United
Nations. For other motives as well, Burma
has since found an accommodation to Com-
munist China more advantageous.
The abortive Burmese experience did not
deter further convert efforts, however. In
1958, a socaewlia.t different sort of tactic
was Initiated against another uncooperative
leader, Cambodia's Prince Norodom Sihanouk.
Financed by U.S. funds and equipment,
a team of South Vietnamese operatives
joined Cambodian rebels in attempting to
overthrow Prince Sihanouk and replace him
with Dap Chuon, then the Cambodian Min-
ister of Security. The plot fell apart when
loyal Cambodian troops invaded the rebel
headquarters, killed Dap Chuon, and dis-
covered among the insurgents a U.S. Infor-
mation Agency employee.
Only a month before, Prince Sihanouk had
publicly praised U.S. aid and denied any
intention of flirting with communism.
After the plot against him, he promptly
recognized Red China and rejected a new
offer of American assistance, terming it
"auspicious."
About the same time, U.S. operatives began
to cast an eye toward Indonesia, where local
army commanders scattered across the far-
flung archipelago were rumbling against
President Sukarno's government. Some ob-
jected to growing Communist strength,
others had regional grievances.
As rebellions spread through Sumatra,
Bast Java, and other outlying areas, Secretary
of State Dulles intruded with the opinion
that the United States wished for Indonesia
a regime that "reflects the real interests and
desires of the people." Against the opposi-
tion of American diplomats in Jakarta, covert
U.S. support for the rebels started to flow
south from bases in Formosa and the Phil-
ippines. One American pilot, Allan Lawrence
Pope, was shot down while on a bombing
mission over Indonesia.
TI7R20E100 POINT roa sonantio?
Undercover United States help to the Indo-
nesian rebels was never extensive, it seems.
It was enough, however, to reinforce Su-
karno's distrust of the United States. Some
analysts believe it was a turning point, after
which Indonesian-American relations have
steadily slid downhill.
By contrast, CIA operatives fanned out
through primitive Laos with the authority
of game wardens in a national park. They
selected and subsidized local political leaders
and actuated uprisings. They so rigged the
April 1960, elections that all the contested
seats were won by right wingers.
In one constituency their chosen candidate
received 18,000 votes, while his pro-Commu-
nist opponent polled only 4.
Later in 1960, while a State Department
spokesman warned that civil war would only
help the Communists, a team of covert
American advisers engineered General
Phoumi Nosavan's drive against Vientiane,
the seat of the neutralist government headed
by Prince Souvanna Phouma. One effect of
the turmoil was to open the way for Soviet
Intervention in Laos.
After the Bay of Pigs disaster, President
Kennedy fortified a watchdog committee to
supervise CIA activities, and the day of
romantic undercover operations waned, but
there is still talk in Washington of putting
the CIA under some kind of firm surveillance.
And as Prime Minister Lee Kuan Yew re-
flected in his Singapore charge, the notion
still persists that U.S. policy in southeast
Asia is planned and activated by characters
out of Ian Fleming novels?only not so good.
In the popular image, these characters topple
governments, subvert leaders and seduce
dragon ladies.
But wlaether the image is always true or
sometimes exaggerated, U.S. policy is often a
victim of Its image.
Mr. PFT,1",. Mr. President, those of us
who have been concerned with the giving
of arms to neighboring countries who are
hostile to each other, such as India and
Pakistan, Greece and Turkey, have the
wisdom of our concern confirmed by
the present war between India and Pak-
istan.
While I fully believe in the importance
of educational and economic develop-
ment of the underdeveloped nations of
the world, I continue to believe that our
encouragement of the military develop-
ment of these nations is a self-defeating
policy on our part. In Latin America we
find the military assistance often used as
a means of perpetuating the oligarchies,
or providing the means for military or
nondemocratic groups to perpetuate
coups overturning popularly elected gov-
ernments.
A list of the nations south of the Rio
Grande where this has occurred is very
long indeed in this regard.
In order to emphasize the importance
of exercising restraint when it comes to
giving military aid to the underdeveloped
nations of the world or to neighboring
hostile pairs of nations, I ask unanimous
consent to insert into the RECORD at this
point a table from this week's Newsweek,
showing who give what arms to India
and Pakistan, and an article by Mr. Stan-
ley Kamow that appeared in this morn-
ing's Washington Post.
There being no objection, the table and
article were ordered to be printed in the
RECORD, as follows:
Arms: Who supplied what
[From Newsweek, Sept. 20, 19651
India
Pakistan
United States:
F-86 Sabre jets
F-104 Starfighters
B-57 attack bombers
0-130 transports
0-119 transports
Patton tanks
Sherman tanks
Great Britain:
Ilunter jet fighters
Vampire bombers
Gnat jet fighters
Canberra bombers
Canberra photo planes
Viscount transports
Centurion tanks
Stuart tanks
Soviet Union:
Mig 21 jet fighters
Ilyushin transports
Anonov transports
France:
Mystere IV jet fighters
AMX 13 tanks
25
0
30
150
100
100
80
8
5
210
80
2
24
100
40
100
50
30
4
200
0
50
0
[From the Washington Post, Sept. 13, 1965]
A CATALOG OP PAST EMBARRASAIENTS?
KASHMIR CLASH POINTS UP DILEMMA IN-
VOLVING U.S. WEAPONS Am ABROAD
(By Stanley Raznow)
The angry shots being fired across the
Kashmir lowlands and the hot Punjab plains
are causing anguished echoes in Washington.
For the warring Indians and Pakistanis are
both armed with U.S. equipment originally
intended not to aggravate old antagonisms,
but as protection against Soviet or Chinese
Communist aggression.
Thus, the clash cwrently shaking South
Asia indirectly dramatizes an American di-
lemma?whether the United States can effec-
tively supervise its foreign military aid.
Approved For Release 2005/07/13 CIA-RDF'67B00446R000400170007-3