CHINA AND VIETNAM

• Document Type: CREST
• Collection: General CIA Records
• Document Number (FOIA) /ESDN (CREST): CIA-RDP67B00446R000400100014-2
• Release Decision: RIFPUB
• Original Classification: K
• Document Page Count: 12
• Document Creation Date: December 16, 2016
• Document Release Date: June 21, 2005
• Sequence Number: 14
• Publication Date: August 12, 1966
• Content Type: OPEN

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August 1,2, 1966 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD - SENATE
of both capital investment and consumption
in the economy.
PRAYER AMENDMENT NOT NEEDED
Mr, TURT E. Mr. President, the
Subcommittee on Constitutional Amend-
ments, presided over by my junior col-
league from Indiana, has been holding
hearings this week and last on the Dirk-
sen resolution to send to the States for
ratification an amendment dealing with
school prayer.
It was my privilege to testify on that
resolution on Monday, at which time I
pointed out that in three successive Con-
gresses I have offered' a Senate resolu-
tion to clarify the misunderstanding sur-
rounding the Supreme Court ruling, and
to state that it is the sense of the Senate
that any public school system may pro-
vide time during the school day for
prayerful meditation, if no public official
prescribes or recites the prayer which is
offered.. To do so, I am convinced, is
perfectly proper, and it has so been held'
by a considerable number of constitu-
tional authorities, relying upon the views
Of the Supreme Court itself. I com-
mended to the subcommittee considera-
tion of my resolution, Senate Resolu-
tion 248, and stated, "I do not believe
there is a -necessity for an amendment
to the Constitution of the United States.
in order to permit `voluntary participa-
tion by students or others in prayer'" in
our schools.
The Evansville Courier, in its August 7
Issue, discussed the same question and
took the same point of view, heading its
editorial "Amendment Not Needed." Mr,
President, I ask unanimous consent that
this editorial and my testimony before
the Judiciary Committee may appear in
the CONGRESSIONAL RECORD.
There being no objection, the editorial
and statement were ordered to be printed
in the RECORD, as follows:
AMENDMENT NOT NEEDED
There is no need for an amendment to the
Constitution permitting voluntary prayers
in the public schools. On the contrary,
there are most persuative arguments against
thus meddling with the sound doctrine of
the separation of church and'state.
That doctrine has served the nation well.
It has safeguarded against both state in-
terference in religion and church interfer-
ence in the affairs of government. Religious
freedom has been assured by the provision
that "Congress shall make no law respecting
an establishment of religion, or 'prohibiting
the free exercise thereof."
Senator DIRKSEN's proposed amendment
would imperil this historic freedom by
weakening the First Amendment guarantee.
Specific authorization for prayer in the
schools would undermine the Supreme
Court's ruling on this subject, which upheld
the First Amendment guarantee by banning
use of state institutions and facilities-that
is, the schools-to foster religious worship.
This position is not tantamount to being
against worship, against religion. Not at all.
It is every American's constitutionally guar-
anteed right to worship as he pleases, and
not to worship if he pleases. He can pray at
home, in church, at his job, in the street-
in short, anywhere. But to authorize prayer
or other religious exercises as a part of the
public school routine would be to in ject,
the state, into this private matter of con-
science and belief,
No. 133--4
This is not to say that Senator BAYH'S
judiciary subcommittee should not hold its
scheduled hearings in August; of course it
should hold them, Those on both sides of
this issue should be given full opportunity to
be heard. It is hoped that, once this has
been done, the wisdom of preserving)the his-
toric doctrine of the separation of church
and state will be more widely appreciated.
STATEMENT BY SENATOR VANCE HARTKE BE-
FORE THE SENATE SUBCOMMITTEE ON CON-
STITUTIONAL AMENDMENTS, AUGUST 8, 1966
Mr. Chairman, I am happy to come before
this subcommittee, presided over by my col-
league from my own state of Indiana, in
order to speak briefly on the question of
prayer in the public schools.
I share with Senator DIRKSEN and with
most Americans not only our common Amer-
ican heritage of religious traditions but a
-personal religious faith. I believe in the
values of religion, and I believe those values
should be inculcated in the young. I also
believe in the wisdom of the framers of the
First Amendment, in the correctness of the
Supreme Court's interpretation of it in the
decisions which have inspired the Senate
Joint Resolution now before you, and in the
desirability of prayer, each in his own way.
The first of the so-called school prayer
decisions came during 'the 87th Congress.
Following it, I first introduced a Senate
Resolution, S. Res. 356, expressing the sense
of the Senate that the Supreme Court's de-
cision in no way interfered with the right of
public school systems to set aside a time dur-
ing the school day for prayerful mediation
so long as no public official prescribes or
recites a prayer which is offered.
In the succeeding 88th Congress, I again
offered substantially the same resolution, S.
Res. 164. Since no consideration was af-
forded it by the Judiciary Committee in
either case, I again presented it as S. Res.
248 of the 88th Congress. Thus I have
taken the same position on this matter con-
sistently and officially since 1962.
I realize that this resolution is not before
this subcommittee, since it is not a consti-
tutional amendment, but rather a simple
resolution expressing the sense of the Senate.
However, I note that after four years since
its original introduction an increasing num-
ber of persons, including witnesses before
this committee, have taken essentially the
same view. In particular, James V. Panoch,
who also happens to come from Indiana but
with whom I have not consulted on the mat-
ter, devoted a good deal of his testimony to
support of the principle that a period of med-
itation, such as my resolution speaks of, is
not only permissible under the Supreme
Court interpretation, but a desirable option
which avoids the pitfalls of the proposed
amendment.
Likewise, Professor Paul A. Freund, who
teaches constitutional law at Harvard Uni-
versity, testified here on August 1 directly
in line with the Senate Resolution which
has now been before the Judiciary Commit-
tee in three successive Congresses:
"But in any event, if a period of brief
prayer is wanted, there is a simple way to
have it: A moment of silent meditation, dur-
ing which each pupil may commune either
in prayer or other form of solemn thought,
as his upbringing and his spirit may prompt.
This would be a truer form of religious vol-
untarism than any schoolroom prayer in
unison."
Other distinguished lawyers, such as Dean
Willard Heckel of Rutgers Law School, in
the 1964 hearings before the House Judiciary
Committee, have held that a time for silent
prayer or meditation is not a violation of the
Constitution or_the Supreme Court's rulings.
At least threeg State Attorneys General have
eressed, themselves as in agreement with
the .positp V my, resolution sets forth. Robert
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Matthews, Kentucky, has found nothing ob-
jectionable in a student saying a prayer,
either silent or vocal, "during a period of
meditation." Pennsylvania's Attorney Gen-
eral Walter E. Alessandroni finds no restrain-
ing upon "unorganized, private, personal
prayer" in school, such as brief meditation
period would give a minute for doing. Mas-
sachusetts Attorney General Edward W.
Brooke found that there is no constitutional
bar to the law passed by the Massachusetts
state legislature earlier this year, under which
at the beginning of the school day every
Massachusetts teacher "shall announce that
a period of silence not to exceed one minute
in duration shall be observed for medita-
tion."
Mr. Chairman, I do not believe there is a
necessity for an amendment to the Constitu-
tion of the United States in order to permit,
in the language of the Dirksen resolution,
"voluntary participation by students or
others in prayer" In "any school, school sys-
tem, educational institution or other public
building," Rather, as others have pointed
out before this body, the wording of the
proposed amendment, and particularly the
words "providing for" such "voluntary par-
ticipation" on the part of school authorities,
may well cause confusion and violation of
the traditional separation of church and
state.
Consequently I commend to you as an al-
ternative recommendation by the Judiciary
Committee of S. Res. 248, whose text I would
like to have appear in the hearings at the
end of this statement.
CHINA AND VIETNAM
Mr. McGOVERN. Mr. President, the
istinguished scholar and author, Mr.
Edgar Snow, has written a significant
piece entitled "China and Vietnam"
which appears in the July 30, 1966, issue
of the New Republic: The article opens
with the arresting statement:
The United States is at war with China-
a proxy war now but perhaps a war of irre-
versible expansion.
I ask unanimous consent that Mr.
Snow's article be printed at this point in
the RECORD.
There being no objection, the article
7
was ordered to be printed in the RECORD,
as follows:
CHINA AND VIETNAM
(By Edgar Snow)
GENEVA.-The United States is at war with
China-a proxy war now but perhaps a war
of irreversible expansion.
I hope this view may be proved mistaken,
but it seems that history may date the onset
of a Sino-American war from President
Johnson's fateful decision, soon after his
inauguration in 1965, to reject a neutral
Saigon (then in the offing) and to forestall
it by an air invasion of North Vietnam, cov-
ering a large-scale U.S. occupation of Viet-
nam's hinterland.
Hanoi and Peking regard American leaders
as rational, though wrong, so they concluded
that the American objective was political
hegemony over Vietnam. It was logical for
them then to anticipate eventual bombing
of metropolitan Hanoi and Haiphong, which
events in June confirmed. The June bomb-
ings in turn have probably sealed off remain-
ing possibilities of intervention by nonin-
volved powers to bring about a cease-fire.
There is no known way to restore broken
eggs or remake history. With the crippling
of North Vietnam's main industrial bases,
Ho Chi Minh has little alternative other
than commitment to a protracted war of re-
sistance.
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CONGRESSIONAL RECORD - SENATE August 12, 1966
Increasingly, Ho must perforce integrate
his efforts with Chinese strategy, and China
itself now has no choice but to provide Ho
with support bases to compensate for con-
tinuing American attrition and devastation.
That means that the political and military
center of resistance is shifting to China, as
earlier it shifted from South Vietnam to the
North.
Finding the United States to be an aggres-
sor in Taiwan, in Vietnam, and in other
"neo-colonial" positions in Asia, Peking has
formally proclaimed a doctrine of moral and
legal rights of _ "counter-aggression". No
early dramatic swooping down into South-
east Asia of "hordes" of Chinese troops is
likely, however. Just as there has been no
single moment when the American people
understood that they had gone to, war against
Vietnam, the war against China may be with
us for months or perhaps years before direct
combat occurs between the two forces. For
the present China will probably concentrate
on improving logistical means: the develop-
ment of new feeder roads into Southeast
Asia, the supply and replenishment of food
and weapons, replacement and expansion of
technical personnel, and volunteer manpower
on demand. U.S. sanctuaries in Thialand,
Laos, Taiwan, Korea, Hongkong and perhaps
Japan, may all be faced with the new prob-
lems of a political or para-military character.
China will do what it can to demonstrate that
the American task is not simply to "seek,
find, and destroy" those who resist, but how
to reduce the mounting demands of an un-
ending occupation. Not how to get more
troops into Asia but how to limit the com-
mitment. And not how to win military vic-
tories but how to locate a center of political
decision to contain Asian history under
American control. The American problem
will be a great magnification of what is al-
ready is today: in brief, how to disengage.
Mao Tse-tung probably has no illustion that
effective "counter-aggression" may not, in
the end, result in an extension of Johnsonian
punishment to China Itself. China's partici-
pation in the war will therefore continue to
be cautious, with maximum effort withheld
until or unless Chinese territory comes under
direct American attack.
Above all, Ho and Mao probably count on
Practical Politics (much as Russia relied on
Old Man Winter against Hitler) as their best
ally in the long pull. The unpopular war is
costing, according to Secretary MacNamara's
understatement, a billion dollars a month, or
about $400 a second, yet 90 percent of South
Vietnam is still unoccupied by the Ameri-
cans. The North's human reserves have
scarcely been tapped; behind them lies a sea
of Chinese manpower.
Britian cannot-not even to save the
pound-go along much longer, Wilson having
been obliged to remove the "Anglo" sign be-
fore new American escalations. A swollen
U.S. war budget, accompanied by inflation, a
steady gold drain, and widespread public fear
of a dollar-pound devaluation, are paralleled
by political second thoughts in the homes of
unwilling draftees and a nervous down-trend
in Wall Street. Even if the war can be con-
fined to Vietnam during the next two or three
years, ever rising costs necessary to begin to
stabilize the occupation and keep the satel-
lite generals in nominal power in Saigon will
total somewhere between 50 and 100 billion
dollars-quite enough money to bring to a
standstill what remains of the Great Society
operation, just at the time Mr. Johnson must
once more appeal to the national electorate.
True, some wry satisfaction may be derived
from the ruins of North Vietnam's industrial
beginnings. But inherently well-intentioned
Americans must feel uneasy at the thought
that these "successful strikes" are achieved
in a gamble that at any moment could pro-
voke cataclysmic reprisals on American air-
craft carriers by Soviet bombers, than only
the absence of pressure on a button in Mos-
cow prevents that retaliation, and that, If it
came, no law exists to condemn such action
which has not by now been repeatedly vio-
lated by the United States.
Cruel as the punishment has become :for all
Vietnamese, bleak as the outlook is for any
early surcease of pain, illusory or distorted
as their analyses of Mr. Johnson's internal
difficulties may prove to be, they would. seem
to have not more to lose now by waiting for
time either to reveal an eventual American
repudiation of the whole disastrous adven-
ture by voting in a change of Administration,
or for the harassed President to fulfill his
threat to carry on a protracted war for years
rather than withdraw.
And yet, China would have had it other-
wise, As late as January, 1965, both Ho Chin
Minh and Mao Tse-tung probably still be-
lieved that a protracted war with the United
States could be avoided. In that month Mao
himself told me that he recognized the possi-
bility of convening an international confer-
ence to enforce terms of the Geneva Treaty
of 1954 without the prior withdrawal of
American personnel then in South Vietnam.
A neutral independent Saigon government
would then have been acceptable to Peking.
Mao's expectations were upset when the
United States transformed Vietnam's civil
war into international war. Since then the
Chinese Communist leadership has engaged
in a deep and bitter debate.
In December, 1964, Premier Chou En-lai
had promised the National Congress that
China's draft Third Five Year Plan would
be submitted for public examination early
in 1965. That plan was already being dis-
cussed among higher party echelons before
and after China tested her first nuclear de-
vice, and it was known that no great increase
in the defense sector was indicated. After
February, however, press references to the
Third Plan ceased to appear.
Apart from revamping the economy to de-
vote a major sector to defense industry, great
questions faced Peking's leadership. What
should be the character of China's military
strategy against the United States? If war
was unavoidable, would it not be prudent to
mend fences with Russia? China's own de-
fenses were not adequate to protect her urban
industrial bases against heavy American air
attack. What would be Russia's price for
providing an air defense umbrella? To sub-
mit to Moscow and revisionism was unthink-
able; to subject to American destruction the
results of nearly two decades of sacrifice to
modernize China was also unthinkable. Yet
both had to be thought through.
Acceptance of the Russian line would mean
a compromise in Vietnam which would leave
the United States firmly planted in Southeast
Asia. If Vietnam were surrendered, why not
Taiwan? And if Taiwan were abandoned,
why not concede American dominance In
general, accept a secondary role for China,
and seek alms from the United States, like
India? This reverse view of the dominoes,
collapsing inward on China, could lead to the
conclusion that capitulation to Russian. pres-
sure was synonymous with capitulation to
the United States abandonment of the revo-
lution as well as vital national interests-
and suicide for the Chinese party leadership.
Between such extremes, however there
exist various possibilities of limited Chinese
compromise with the Russians in order to
secure minimum guarantees of support
against the United States. Marshal Lin
Piao has emerged as the spokesman for the
dominant view, which simply invokes all the
experienceof the Chinese revolutionary wars
to prove Mao's old thesis, man is more im-
portant than weapons; the only kind of war
China could fight and win, alone, is a pro-
tracted war dependent essentially on man-
power, space, and resolute social revolution-
ary leadership based on unrevised Ma~rxist-
Lenninism. The presence of large American
armies in Asia makes Mao's kind of war pos-
sible, and the more Americans the better.
China would suffer, there could be no doubt
about that, but there could also be no doubt
(according to Lin) about the ultimate vic-
tory.
Today one sees in China a process called
"the great cultural revolution." Its aim is
completely to unify theory and mass prac-
tice based on the thought of Mao-Tse-tung.
Those who took up losing positions during
the critical debate concerning correct policy
toward the VS and Russia must now submit
to a remolding of their thinking. They em-
brace party members. How many? Not
more than five percent, according to the of-
ficial press, and yet already these include two
members of the Polithoro. The charge is
"revisionism." Used against veteran Corn-
munists long indoctrinated by Mao's teach-
ings, and with a lifetime of practice in the
politics of the Chinese revolution, "revision-
ism" can only be regarded as a euphemism to
describe an intra-party opposition defeated
on a major decision, which could have in-
volved a transfer of power.
An American victory in Vietnam for want
of aid from Russia and China would not only
impose a profound loss of prestige from
which the whole world socialist movement
might never recover, but conceivably it
could lead to wars between socialist national-
isms. China could blame Moscow for a de-
feat in Vietnam, but that could not alter Its
shattering effects not only on Mao's prestige
as a world revolutionary leader and doc-
trinaire, but also on the future of China as
a major power with vital national interests
at stake. That is why, even without Russia,
China probably cannot permit the United
States to decide the fate of East Asia by
intensified bombing of Vietnam-or, for that
matter, of China Itself. In the latter event
the war would Indeed "know no frontiers,"
as Ch'en Yi has said, and the Chinese under-
stand that in the end the Russian Commu-
nists themselves could not survive the de-
struction of China. The outcome of that
brutal dilemma could be world war.
Meanwhile, what of the many peace plans
advanced to prevent further "widening of the
war"? The trouble with them is that those
liked by President Johnson are conditioned.
by negotiations to be conducted while Ameri-
can troops occupy large areas of Vietnam,
while those liked by all Vietnamese leaders
in. the unoccupied areas require an uncon-
ditional guarantee of United States with-
drawal and respect for other terms of the
Geneva Treaty of 1954 violated by the Ameri-
can presence. For the Vietnamese to accept
Mr. Johnson's conditions would concede
legality to the American occupation, while
for Mr. Johnson to accept Vietnamese con-
ditions would mean abandonment of the
objectives of the intervention. That is why
the war goes on and will likely expand.
EDUCATIONAL TELEVISION
Mr. MAGNUSON. Mr. President, at
the close of last session, I submitted a
progress report on the development of
educational television in which I set forth
the problems and progress as well as the
facts and figures relating to educational
television.
The Educational Television Facilities
Act, which I sponsored and which was
enacted in 1962, has made possible direct
Federal support for educational televi-
sion stations. Grants have been made
on a matching basis with States for de-
veloping new stations and for expansion
of existing facilities, and almost 100 ap-
plications have been accepte since that
time.
I stated then that educational televi-
sion had passed through two important
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tlugusi 12, 1966 CONGESSIONAt'1tECOItt --SENATE
Their argument was, In part ? that it
would cost more than high schooltrain-
Ing for young men of high school age.
My reply then was the same as it is
tonight: "What 'do you think it costs
to keep a young man who is not rehabil-
itated in prison? How much do you
think it costs to take care of years of
public welfare? How much do you
think it costs as a result of the loss to
society of the economic contribution he
can make to our economy if he has de-
veloped into a sound, wage earning
citizen?"
I am not moved by the argument that
some of these job training centers to
rehabilitate young men to make them
useful citizens cost more in some in-
stances than it would cost if they did
not need rehabilitation and went to a
standard high school.
Mr. President, this happens to be a
serious social problem that confronts us.
I insist that it is a wise investment to put
these young men through the type of job
training centers, under the program
being developed, of which Sargent
Shriver is the head. Regardless of the
cost, it is an economic investment, and
it is one that we ' should be willing to
invest in.
My answer to these critics is that every
cent we invest in a worthwhile project
which gives true recognition to human
values and which prepares these young
people for useful roles in our society is
worth the cost even though it may be
higher than that which is computed in
educating young people who enjoy the
good fortune of not being afflicted with
poverty, and who have not lived in an
environment that has produced the prob-
lems that have been produced in these
young people we select to put through
these job training centers.
It is becoming more and more evident
that the Tongue Point Training Center,
although confronted by enormous prob-
lems at the outset, Is now beginning to
demonstrate its real value to our society.
In that connection, Mr. President, I was
pleased to read an article which appeared
in the July 26, 1966, issue of the Los An-
geles Times, entitled, "Hopes Look Up for
Job Corps Camp in Oregon." I com-
mend this article to the attention of my
colleagues because I think it points up
the importance of the fine work that is
being done at present at Tongue Point
and the extremely encouraging prospects
for even greater contributions from this
Job Training Center in the future.
In addition, I would riot wish to let this
occasion pass without paying tribute to
the fine staff of educators and admin-
istrators who are performing such dedi-
cated and outstanding work at the Job
Corps Training Center.
I ask unanimous consent to have the
article to which I have referred inserted
There being no objection, the article
was ordered to be, printed in the RECORD,
.a follows:
9k U FOR-JOB, CORPS CAMP IN
orES Lo
OIEGON-SECOND YEAR OF OPERATION FINDS
DECLINE , IN DROPOUTS, MORE QUALIFIED
(By Ed Meagher)
TONGUE POINT,OREG.-The first-year record
of the Job Corps 'Center here could hardly
have been worse-162 boys were graduated,
compared with 534 who quit or were thrown
out as too tough to handle.
Racial violence broke out at the center,
and in nearby Astoria, student brushes with
police were all too frequent.
But now, halfway into its second year, the
record is a little brighter. Costs, which in
the first year amounted to about $12,500 a
boy, are dropping, and the ratio of grad-
uates to dropouts is rising.
However, the center, one of eight estab-
ished by the Office of Economic Opportunity,
still has a long way to go before breaking
out of the experimental woods.
HARD-CORE UNEMPLOYABLES
Operated under government contract by
the University of Oregon and the Philco
Corp., the center was envisioned as a place
to provide school dropouts with basic educa-
tion and a vocation to move them out of the
ranks of hard-core unemployables into the
respectable mainstream.
The trouble is, thus far, fewer than a third
of the students have made the leap. Not
only that, critics say, but the center's costs
are out of line.
Douglas V. Olds, director of the Tongue
Point center, believes the program is worth-
while.
"We expect," he said, "soon to be grad-
uating from 75 to 100 students a month.
They will thereafter be off the welfare rolls,
with prospects good that their children will
not be on them later as adults.
"Usefully employed graduates will have an
estimated life expectane f $100,000 in earn-
ings. Some of this will be returned to society
in taxes."
MANY BUILT-IN PROBLEMS
Any program that could effect such a social
transition in a substantial way would seem
to be a bargain, regardless of cost.
But Tongue Point and the other Job Corps
centers, investigation indicates, have so many
built-in problems that critics believe they
should be returned to the drawing board or
scrapped entirely.
The Office of Economic Opportunity's de-
termination to bring about instant integra-
tion to the centers may be blamed for one
of the problems.
The Tongue Point center (and the others
as well) was established as an interracial, in-
tercultural and interregional melting pot.
Students come from all 50 States. Almost
half, 43%, are Negroes. Seven per cent com-
prise Mexican-Americans, Indians and Ha-
waiians.
FROM DIVISIVE BACKGROUNDS
They arrive from such divisive backgrounds
as city slums and the hills of Appalachia,
from small towns and isolated farms.
The only things they have in common-
poverty, ignorance and too often a festering
problem of Immaturity-are hardly the in-
gredients to promote togetherness.
Other built-in problems, in center director
Olds-' view, have to do with the roinimuxri
age of 16, which he believes is too low, and
the screening of applicants which, while im-
proving, still leaves much to be desired.
The screening is done at youth opportunity
centers and state employment offices
throughout the country.
"Screening seems to be improving gen-
erally." Olds said, "but recently we were
sent a youth on parole following his con-
viction on auto theft and assault charges.
Another came from a mental Institution."
Trainees are supposed to have had at least
a fifth grade education, but, according to
--Olds, a number of illiterates have been sent
to Tongue Point.
- SOCIAL OUTLETS
Still another problem inherent to this
center is the unavailability of social outlets
normal, to young men.
Astoria is a small town of less than 10,000.
Most residents are fishermen and their fam-
18435
flies are of Scandinavian and Finnish
descent,
No Negroes live within its boundaries.
Thus, out of necessity, social affairs for
the trainees are centered almost entirely in
Portland, about 100 miles away. Because
of the distance, students are restricted to one
weekend visit there a month.
Transportation and lodging at the YMCA
are provided by the government and dances
and other mixed social gatherings are ar-
ranged under auspices of the Portland Urban
League and other organizations.
However, center officials admit that oppor-
tunities for the students to make outside
contacts are too limited.
DRAWN FROM SCHOOLS
Olds was recruited by the university from
the Springfield (Ore.) School District, where
he was assistant superintendent. Most of his
staff were drawn from Oregon schools. Few
had experience with students such as those
who came to Tongue Point.
"Academic and vocational training of the
students is comparatively routine," Olds said.
"Trying to make responsible men out of some
of them is what takes most of our time and
understanding and patience."
"There is no doubt, however," he con-
tinued, "that most of these boys are well
worth saving.. It is tremendously satisfying
to see young men develop skills and exhibit
definite leadership qualities within a matter
of a few months."
Dale Owen, head of the center's art depart-
ment, agrees. One of his students, Paul Mc-
Caskill of Miami, is an inspired professional
painter, to be taken seriously right now, ac-
cording to Owen, The University of Oregon
invited McCaskill to exhibit his works at a
one-man show.
Neither Arthur S. Flemming, president of
the University of Oregon, nor Olds denies
that the first year's costs seem unreasonable.
But both have pointed out that substantial
amounts were needed to meet nonrecurring
expenses and predicted that expenses per boy
will be more than halved during this fiscal
year, to about $5,300, when enrollment
reaches capacity of 1,250 students this fall.
"Although this may seem too high," Olds
said, it must be remembered that we operate
the year around and pay all of the students'
expenses, including medical and dental."
But reducing the center's other problems
to a reasonable size remains to be accom-
plished.
The age minimum should be raised, Olds
recommends, and students should be as-
signed to centers in their own region.
Olds does not see Job Corps centers as the
ultimate answer to the problem of salvaging
school dropouts.
"In time," he said, "I think their function
should be turned over to the nation's public
schools. But, meanwhile, the centers are
building up a body of knowledge and expe-
rience that will be invaluable to any program
that follows.
"I believe they are worthwhile," Olds said, y
U
CAMBODIA AND THE WAR IN
VIETNAM
Mr. MORSE. Mr. President, last
week I received a. cablegram from the
head of the Cambodian Government,
Prince Sihanouk; and I ask unanimous
consent that the translation of his cable-
gram, together with my reply to him
under date of August 10, be printed in
the RECORD at this point.
There being no objection, the trans-
lation and reply were ordered to be
printed in the RECORD, as follows:
I would like to express, Mr. Senator, my
very sincere congratulations for the state-
ment full of commonsense, courage, and jus-
tice which you gave on the occasion of the
No. 133-13
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18436 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD - SENATE August 12, 1966
departure of the Americans Want to Know
Mission to Cambodia. I hope that thanks
to you and some of your colleagues who, like
you, have a clear view of the problems of
the Asian Continent, the great American
Nation, which was not so long ago in con-
flict with dolonialism and imperialism, will
return to its noble tradition. In the dark
times in which we live, your advice is com-
forting to hear.
With all my gratitude,
NORODOM SIHANOUK,
Chief of State of Cambodia.
HIS EXCELLENCY,
PRINCE SIHANOUK,
Phnotnpenh,
Cambodia.
DEAR SIR: Your cablegram commending
my statement of July 25 was deeply appreci-
ated. Be assured that I greatly admire your
efforts to maintain the sovereignty and dig-
nity of your country, and the safety of your
people, amid the trespasses and provocations
being committed against Cambodia.
It remains my hope that the nations of
the world still on the sidelines will step in
to stop the war in Vietnam before it engulfs
more people. The parties to the war seem
no longer to have the capacity either to stop
it or to limit its scope.
Respectfully yours,
WAYNE MORSE.
Mr. MORSE. Both documents speak
for themselves, but in view of the fact
that the head of the Cambodian Gov-
ernment referred to a public statement
that I made at a press conference, I ask
unanimous consent that there be printed
in the RECORD at this point a copy of the
press release which I issued on July 25,
when that group of American citizens
who call themselves "Americans Want
to Know" held a press conference before
they left for Cambodia.
There being no objection, the press re-
lease was ordered to be printed in the
RECPRD, as follows:
STATEMENT BY ,SENATOR MORSE ON "AMERI-
CANS WANT To KNOW" TRIP TO CAMBODIA
"Americans Want to Know" are to be com-
mended for undertaking a fact-finding mis-
sion to Cambodia to determine whether the
war is spreading to that country, and if so,
at whose instigation.
We have the tragic picture in Southeast
Asia of American financial and military
power being brought in in massive quanti-
ties on the ground that the United States
must stop Chinese aggressiod on the borders
of China. 'How many millions of people and
how many nations are to be made party to
this endeavor is a question no American out-
side the inner councils of the Administration
can really answer.
We hear daily rumors of intrusions into
Cambodia by the Vietcong and by American
forces in pursuit of them. We already know
that Thailand is for all practical purposes
swallowed up in the American encirclement
of China. We know that the 1962 Accord on
Laos is a thing of the past, observed only in
diplomatic lip service.
The tragedy of Belgium, which twice was
trampled in contests between great powers,
is being repeated in Southeast Asia. Fortu-
nately, there are still some Americans who
believe that the many countries who rank
below the great power level are entitled to
exist without serving as steppingstones for
great powers.
The record of the last five years demoll-
strates, that far from preserving the right
of these Asians to live their own lives and
run their own countries, we are competing
with the Communists in trying to take them
over before the other does. We and the Com-
munists have dragged Laos into the war;
we and the Communists are dragging Thai-
land into the war; we and the Communists
are endangering the Philippines over the
war; and we and the Communists apparently
are determined that Cambodia will not fall to
the other if her sovereignty and soil have to
be destroyed to prevent it.
The pious cloak of humanitarianism with
which the Administration seeks to disguise
our nationalist aims in Southeast Asia is
belied by the facts. The facts are that we
are not bringing any Great Society to Asia;
we are destroying the societies of Asia, great
and small, that existed long before our own.
A nation that has not yet created a Great
Society at home, nor produced progress by
alliance in Latin America, is hardly the coun-
try that is going to remake Asia except
through air power and artillery.
Many of as hope that Cambodia can yet
be saved from the fate of South Vietnam,
North Vietnam, Laos, and Thailand. I com-
mend these Americans for their effort to
preserve the truth in a welter of nationalism,
jingoism, and flag-waving. I congratulate
them and I wish them well in their journey.
Mr. MORSE. I await with great in-
terest the official report of this group of
American citizens upon their return to
the United States. I have been reading
the newspaper stories about their visit
to Cambodia, and what some of them
have said, or allegedly have said, in var-
ious interviews in Japan and elsewhere
But I shall await their official statements
upon their return to the United States
with great interest. Apparently their
visit to Cambodia was approved by the
head of the Cambodian Government, and
I judge that they were given complete
access to take trips wherever they wished
within that country while they were
there.
THE AIRLINE STRIKE
Mr. MORSE. Mr. President, :1 ask
unanimous consent to have printed in
the RECORD an editorial entitled "Still
No Planes," published in the New York
Times of 2 days ago, and an article en-
titled "Are Mechanics Overpaid?" writ-
ten by Stanley Levey, and printed in the
Washington Daily News of Thursday,
August 11, 1966.
There being no objection, the articles
were ordered to be printed in the RECORD,
as follows:
STILL No PLANES
The chance that strikebound airliners
might get back aloft on the wings of a volun-
tary arbitration agreement seems to have
been shot down even before the union rank
and file is asked to pass on it. Strike lead-
ers, still staggering under the membership's
overwhelming rejection of the wage agree-
ment they joined President Johnson in en-
dorsing, obviously have no appetite for going
back to the strikers now with the arbitration
proposal made by Chairman Staggers of the
House Commerce Committee and accepted at
once by the employers.
Putting the disputed wage issues up to
an impartial board for review represents the
soundest road now open for resolving a con-
flict in which layer after layer of governmen-
tal intervention has effectively eliminated
any possibility of return to "free collective
bargaining." The union has already turned
down a Presidential emergency board's rec-
ommendation of increases that exceeded the
old anti-inflation guideposts. It has spurned
a pact calling for much higher increases ne-
gotiated at the White House. In turning its
back on arbitration, it plainly counts on the
Administration to use its influence with the
tightly regulated airlines to go higher still-
no matter how much of a shambles it makes
of the whole stabilization program.
The only defense against the success of
this tactic lies in passage of the back-to-
work bill now awaiting action in the House.
Acceptance of voluntary arbitration would
have averted the need for another step to-
ward compulsion in labor relations, but the
union preferred economic muscle to reason.
[From the Washington (D.C.) Daily News,
Aug. 11, 19661
IT'S NOT A NUMBERS GAME TO AIRLINE
STRIKERS: ARE MECHANICS OVERPAID?
(By Stanley Levey)
The current rage here is playing the num-
bers game with wage rates. Depending on
your point of view, you can prove that strik-
ing airlines mechanics are overpaid, under-
paid, or paid just right.
But to members of the International Asso-
ciation of Machinists it's not a, game. And
because they rejected the White House set-
tlement 2 weeks ago and will service the
planes when they fly again, their sentiments
carry clout, in the Washington idiom.
Airlines mechanics believe they are under-
paid-not in general, not on the average, and
not statistically. Specifically, they feel they
are getting less money in cities where they
are concentrated than workers with compa-
rable- or lesser skills and responsibilities.
Of the 35,000 striking workers, 19.000 are
mechanics. Of the latter 12,000 are licensed
by the Federal Aviation Agency and must sign
out (or certify) the engines, electrical equip-
ment, and frames of planes they repair.
FIGURES CITED
These employees-the most vocal and mili-
tant in the union and in short supply-cite
the following figures to prove they are under-
paid at the present rate of $3.52 an hour, or
would be under the rejected White House
settlement which would have raised their
hourly rate to $4.08 by mid-1968.
In New York City, garbage truck mechanics
for the Sanitation Department receive $4.53
an hour. In Denver the rate for city auto and
truck mechanics is $4.05; in San Francisco
it is $3.91. Greyhound mechanics in the
West now get $4.61, and in 1968 will get $5.09.
Greyhound machinists rates will go to $5.21
in 1968 from the current $4.74.
San Francisco auto and truck mechanics
are paid $4.33 an hour. Electric utility main-
tenance mechanics in Chicago earn $4.10.
The same clagses of workers receive $4 in
New York, $4.14 in Detroit and $4.10 in St.
Louis.
UNION FEELING
The union contends there has been a sharp
rise in wages for construction workers in
major population centers where its members
perform comparable duties at generally lower
rates. In Denver, for example, the current
hourly rates for seven unionized building
crafts, not including employer-paid fringe
benefits, are: -
Bricklayers, $4.70; carpenters, $4.41; elec-
tricians, $4.77; painters, $3.97; plasterers,
$4.55; plumbers, $4.51; laborers, $3.02. In
other cities, such as Chicago, Los Angeles,
Miami, Minneapolis, New York, San Fran-
cisco and Washington these rates are even
higher.
Sen. WAYNE MORSE (D., Ore.), chairman of
a presidential Emergency Board which rec-
ommended other settlement terms in the air-
lines dispute that were rejected by the union,
recently had printed in the CONGRESSIONAL
RECORD a memorandum comparing airline
rates with those of comparable industries.
The report sought to counter IAM claims
that airlines workers are underpaid.
LOWER FIGURES
Noting new high rates for Greyhound me-
chanics in the West, the memorandum -cited
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 11 August 10, 1966 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD -SENATE
lower figures, ranging from $3.32 to $3.39, for
members of Lens u.niuii aliu iiiatl a SV -
faith collective bargaining agreement
will be entered into that will make it un-
necessary to pass legislation.
My last sentence in this regard, in
reply to the wires I am receiving from
labor leaders in my State, as to where I
stand on this legislation is: "I stand for
its early passage next week, unless you
people in labor carry out your responsi-
bility to the public by agreeing to the
type of a fair settlement that the labor
leaders for this union agreed to with the
carriers and with the Secretary of Labor
and the Assistant Secretary of Labor
ton Baltimore, New York, Boston, Atlanta, 180-day period. Not only do the best wage issue as far as the hourly rate is
Pittsburgh and Minn'eapoof western bus It me- interests of the public call for that course concerned. This union never asked far
nhaed the small number of tbssn - of action on the part of the union, but more than $4.04 for its highest paid em-
The assigned to top-rated jobs.
The Same memorandum noted that under the best interests of labor call for it also. ployees. They got $4.08 the other night.
the Emergency Board recommendations (for Of course, we have labor leaders who I know it is said that they want cer-
an 18-cent increase for mechanics this year) seem to feel they must encourage their tain fringe benefits such as an escalator
these workers would have been "far ahead of union members to stay out on the picket clause. Again, I want to say that we are
the majority of their colleagues working in line until they break the will of both the in the midst of a war, with increasing
truck repair around the United States."
The figures painted a similar picture (ex- carriers and the public. In my judg- numbers of American boys dying in Asia,
cept for the West Coast, a high-wage area) ment, that is not labor statesmanship. and it is well known, as my remarks on
for wages paid truck mechanics under IAM In my judgment, those labor leaders who another subject will show momentarily,
contracts: are following that course of action and that I have not supported our getting
In Albuquerque, the present rate is $3.33, not only giving that advice to the mem- involved in this war.
In Cincinnati $3.55, in Cleveland, $3.37; in bers of this union, but seeking to induce I think it has been a great mistake,
Columbus, $3.37; In El Paso, $3.68, increasing members of other unions to put the po- but we are in it and as long as we are,
"I to $3.82 next May, and in Pittsburgh, $3.52. litical heat on Members of Congress in then let me say here on the homefront,
amsurprised as I read thenewspapers, "
said Sen. MORSE, "to read the impression cre- an endeavor to block the passage of legis- where we are perfectly safe and secure,
ated by some of these articles that the work- lation, are only injuring the best inter- for we do not run any risk of getting
ers in this industry are an underpaid group. ests of labor and tarnishing its image. shot in a jungle, we at least have the
"They are not underpaid workers in com- For I say to the labor leaders of Amer- public obligation of seeing to it that we
parison with wages prevailing in comparable ica: We are at war. We are at war, and do not tear asunder the economic fabric
industry generally. This does not mean they increasing numbers of American boys are of this Republic.
are not entitled to a wage increase. I have always in Asia. In my judgment, no union Any proposal to use naked, economic
much are." It is a question of how
h said they they are entitled to." has a right, in the midst of that war, to power on the part of any union in a
Mr. ORSE. Mr. President, the ticker strike against the public interest in a regulated industry to have its will forced
regulated industry, when there are plenty upon the public because it has the eco-
carries the information this afternoon of peaceful procedures available to the nomic muscle is not a public service, to
that the House committee, by a vote of union leaders and the members of that put it by way of understatement. So,
nd the lights
k
th
e wee
e
17 to 13, has reported to the floor of the union to carry out the precious right of I hope that over
House a resolution which, if the ticker is collective bargaining. of industrials statesmanship will return
- - - -- - - L1-- ---~-- a ..~ ire
are some differences in details, but the lected by the union members to represent
House resolution appears to have sup- them in a collective bargaining session,
ported, as did that of the Senate, the agreed on a collective bargaining agree-
principle that under the interstate com- ment. I wish to say that the members
?merce clause, it is the duty of Congress of no union can justify, after such an
to regulate interstate commerce, and not agreement, in time of war, engaging in
the President; and that in fact the Presi- a strike against the public interest.
dent does not have the authority to regu- Oh, I know. I was called off the floor
late interstate commerce, but only Con- of the Senate yesterday by a couple of
gress. labor leaders who were incensed at my
I hope, Mr. President, that one of two position.
things will occur by the first of the week: "Why," they said, "we have supported
Either that the House will pass the legis- you in every election, the four times that
lation, and the two Houses will reach a you have run for Congress."
common agreement in regard to the final My reply to them was:
form of the legislation in Congress, so Do you think you bought me? You can
that there will not be any need for any tell the leaders of your unions that they
newspaper to write an editorial such as have declared political war on me and that
the one I have just put in the RECORD I accepted the declaration. I intend to put
under the heading "Still No Planes"; or the public interest first. When I think you
that the end of this strike against the fellows are wrong, I shall vote against you,
public interest, to which the American as I have voted against you for 32 years in
public is entitled, will be forthcoming. my involvement in major labor disputes in
It is a strike, now, against the public this country, and I shall continue to vote
interest and not against the carriers; for you when I think you are right. That is
the only thing you have a right to receive
that feature Is only secondary. It is a from me.
strike by a union working in a regulated I represent all the people of my State, and
industry, and in that industry the public not just the members of organized labor.
interest is paramount. It calls for legis- In this instance, I think you are dead wrong,
t d t break a ati'ike in and I hope you will recognize, before it is
no
h
ti
VIETNAM
~/v
Mr. MORSE. Mr. President, I ask
unanimous consent that an article en-
titled "Services Feud Over Vietnam
News," written by William Tuohy, and
published in the Washington Post on
yesterday, be printed at this point in the
RECORD.
There being no objection, the article
was ordered to be printed in the RECORD,
as follows:
[From the Washington (D.C.) Post Aug. 11,
,
e oes
on t
la
spite of all the propaganda of the unions, too late, that you have a responsibility of SERVICES
this strike
t
19661
FEUD OVER VIET WAR NEWS
o sop (By William Tuohy)
and T am surprised at the politicians who citizen statesmanship
seem to fear if they vote for an extension against the public interest.
of the Railway Labor Act for x number of SAIGON, August lis The long simmering
Mr. President, there is no other alter- feud between the U.S. Military Command and
days-and our resolution would make it native to the passage of legislation the Air Force over military information policy
180 days, if that becomes necessary-they which, in my opinion, the Members of in Vietnam broke into the open today.
are voting to break a strike. Congress have a clear duty to pass early The intramural quarrel between jealous
That is utter nonsense. The Railway next week, unless this union returns to services, in the view of many observers here,
Labor Act provides that men cannot the collective bargaining table and set- involves the deeper question of the degree
strike for 60 days when the act is applied tles on the basis of a fair and reasonable to which the Pentagon is practicing "news
to them. Do my fellow Members of Con- adjustment. The agreement that their management" in releasing information about
war.
gress think that when that act is applied, negotiators agreed to just a few nights the The controversy surfaced when it was
we are parties to breaking a strike? ago was such an agreement. learned that the highly regarded Air Force
More nonsense say. This union would change its image information chief, Col. William J. McGinty
'Foe resolution which we passed in the and role in the minds and eyes of mil- is being summarily transferred from Saigon
Senate simply says to the employees, "Go 'lions of Americans if it reconsiders its to a non-information post in Washington.
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18438 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD - SENATE August 12, 1966
His information policy ran afoul of the times during the last 3 years about this article entitled, "Pentagon Readies More
Military High Command information office war in southeast Asia. U.S. Troops for War in Vietnam," pub-
in Saigon, where frankness and efficiency are The American people are getting man- lished in the Washington Post of
in chronic short supply.
In Vietnam, the marines have been as help- aged news. They are getting censored August 11.
ful as the Air Force in providing correspon- news. They are getting slanted news. There being no objection, the article
dents access to information. The Navy has That is why, if we want to know what is was ordered to be printed in the Recoas,
been woefully erratic and inept, and the happening in southeast Asia, we cannot as follows:
Army, excellent in the field, defers to the get it from the American press. We PENTAGON READIES MORE U.S. TROOPS FOR
Saigon command-whose top information have to read the foreign press. We have WAR IN VIETNAM
officers in the past 18 months have been to read the French press, the Canadian
Army General Staff officers. (By John G. Norris)
Currently, the chief information officer I. press, the Great Britain press and the Several additional American divisions, still
Vietnam is Army Col. Rodger R. Bank-son, press of the Low Lands of Scandanavia. in training but rapidly nearing combat readi-
who came to the job from the Pentagon office We have to read the press of the non- ness, will be sent to Vietnam under tenta-
of Arthur Sylvester, Assistant Secretary of combatant countries that have corre- tive plans that are virtually certain to re-
Defense for Public Affairs. spondents in Asia. It is quite a different ceive top level approval.
Bankson's office is charged with holding thing. For example, that press leaves no Authoritative Pentagon sources forecast
the daily military briefing for correspond- room for doubt as to whether we are this action after Gen. William C. Westmore-
ents, which, in the view of many reporters, land told newsmen yesterday during a visit to
are often inaccurate, misleading, and value- killing civilians.
g' U.S. Pacific Headquarters at Pearl Harbor
less. It is a shocking thing that this adinin- that more troops will be needed in Viet-
e is a widespread feeling that the re- istration continues to misrepresent to the nam.
sponsibility lies not so much with Bankson as American people that our bombing in Westmoreland, the U.S. commander in
with his boss, Sylvester, or with Sylvester's the Hanoi area within 3 miles of the cen- Vietnam, made the statement when asked
boss Defense Secretor Robert S M N
c
I .
amara. ter of the city is not killing civilians. about reports of mounting North Vietnamese
Sylvester has said he favors government The foreign press tells us quite to the troop infiltrations into the south and recent
"news management," including lying to the
nam, he declared the press ought to be, the press also depicts the tragedy which is WON'T GUESS ON NEEDS
"handmaiden" of the Government, as far as shocking and should be shocking to moral Westmoreland declined to speculate on the
reporting the war went. men and women. We cannot do' what we number of additional troops that ultimately
It is generally believed here that the De- are doing in the bombing in the Hanoi may be needed. He said that U.S. troop re-
fense Department tries to call all the shots and Haiphong area and claim that we quirements depend upon enemy action, but
from Washington. Information officers pri- are moral, for our actions spell out stressed that there is "no magic ratio" that
vately complain they spend so much time immorality. All Asia knows it. All would tell how many American troops are
trying to determine sources of unfavorable needed to offset any given number of Com-?
stories that they haven't time to do their job Europe knows it. Criticism falls upon munist troops.
of assembling and disseminating a coherent us from Africa, Latin America, and all "It is difficult to compare power by relating
account of military activities, over the world. people, because we have the firepower and.
The Command Information Office invari- Mr. President, I raise my voice once the mobility that the Communist troops do
ably gives "military security" as the reason again to make this plea to the adminis- not have," said the General. "I believe more
for its reluctance to give out information, tration: "You tell the American people troops will be needed. We have increments
but many veteran correspondents suspect the truth and all the truth about the arriving almost every month, such as ele-
that much of the information is given or ments of the 4th Division last month."
withheld not for security reasons but for course that we are following in prose- There now are about 290,000 American
domestic political gain. outing the war in southeast Asia." servicemen in Vietnam, plus about 60,000
In Operation Double Eagle earlier this I want them to know the truth also in the U.S. Seventh Fleet offshore and 25,000
year, the U.S. Marines landed the largest concerning the shocking brutality and or more in Thailand and elsewhere taking
number of troops in an amphibious opera- cruelty and atrocity of the enemy, but part in the war. It is understood that an-
tion since Korea. Even after two days the that does not justify our immorality., other 20,000 to 30,000 troops are under orders
region commander refused to release the it does justify that, before it is too to move to Vietnam, including the remainder
news, although the Marines had no objection, late, we make perfectly clear to the other of the 4th Infantry Division.
Saigon claimed release would violate Secu- nations of the world, through some inter- PREDICTION BY STENNIS
rity even though every Vietcong within ten
miles of the beach head could tell by the national body, preferably the United Sen. JOHN C. STENNIS, Democrat of Missis-
number of ships, planes, and helicopters Nations, that we are ready to have them sippi, chairman of the Senate Preparedness
what was going on. The Saigon Command, take over. We are ready to have them Subcommittee and a member of the Senate
say the Marines, was waiting for a favorable declare a cease-fire. We are ready to Armed Services Committee, said yesterday
kill count to go with the news of the land- that
an 500,000 eventual to 600,000 men will
have them declare that they will carry be needed to win in n Viet Vietnam.
ing. out their obligations to enforce the peace.
In any event, the Air Force's free-wheeling
policies of giving out as much information That continues to be my answer to the troop Last strength January, might STENNIS reach 400,predicted000 0 b by U.S.
the
as possible ran head-on into the Saigon repeated misrepresentation of this ad- end of 1966. Pentagon sources indicate that
Command's reluctance to disclose facts, ministration that those of us who criti- if pending plans-expected to be approved-
Col. McGinty refuses to comment on the cize the policy have no alternative to go through, the total by the end of Decem-
situation, but it seems clear that he is tak- offer. We have been offering the alter- ber will be between 360,000 and 380,000 men.
ing the rap for a "maximum" Air Force dis- natives in detail for 3 years. Where will the troops come from? The
closure policy at odds with the establish- Army divisions at home that were converted
ment's rule of "minimum disclosure." We have been offering the alternative temporarily into training divisions for Viet-
In Saigon, Air Force information special- of a General Ridgway, a General Gavin, nam replacements last summer have ceased
ists feel their whole effqrt to give fast news a George Kennan, and the others who taking recruits and should be combat-ready
to the public has been jeopardized by Mc- are warning us and have been warning this fall.
Ginty's sudden transfer. us that we cannot escalate this war, as That will make available the 5th Mecha-
But in the view of many observers here, we are escalating it, and not end up in a nized Infantry Division at Ft. Carson, Colo.,
in and out of. Government, the real victims massive war that undoubtedly will en- along with the new 9th Infantry Division at
are the Johnson Administration and the gender the beginning of the third world Ft. Riley, Kan., sizeable portions of the 82d
public itself. war. and 101st Airborne Divisions not now
The Pentagon, these observers say, has so committed, as well as three new brigades-a
often mismanaged the news that the Ad- Oh, Mr. President, I want to say to the division equivalent-and one or two older
ministration's credibility on the whole sub- American people: "If you want to know brigades.
ject of the Vietnam war has suffered. And it what your Government is doing in south- Mr. MORSE. Mr. President, this is
often seems, they add, that the American east Asia, you had better start subserib- another trial balloon following the most
people are entitled to more accurate informa- ing to the foreign press." recent ascent of our trial balloonists in
tion about a complex, crucial war than the Mr. President, I ask unanimous con- South Vietnam. To keep this little ty-
Pentagon is prepared to, give them. sent to have printed at this point in the rant military dictator Ky in power, we
Mr. MORSE. Mr. President, this arti- RECORD, relating to what I have just said are killing American boys. What a
cle bears out what I have said so many on another facet of the problem, an shocking page of American history that
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 August 12, 1966 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD - SENATE 18439
a single American boy is being sacrificed we recognize that the jungle law of mili- aggravates dumping sludge derived from
to keep that little tyrant in power. tary might cannot produce a peace. It the Calumet and Chicago Rivers, which
A few days ago-in fact, the very day may produce a surrender; but it will only has been continuous from 1955. Esti-
after Ky sent up that trial balloon-and cause millions and millions of Asians, mates of as high as 2.5 million cubic
I have been heard to say for many who hate us already with an intensity of yards of filth have been dumped from
months past that if one wishes to know fury, to continue to hate us as we main- dredging by the corps.
what the Pentagon is up to, he should tain hundreds of thousands of troops in In the course of these dredging activi-
keep his ears and eyes open for what Asia for half a century, if necessary, be- ties the corps is harvesting materials
Ky says-when Ky made that statement fore they finally throw us out. which sanitation experts call "nutri-
in South Vietnam, in Saigon, including So, Mr. President, I wish to raise my ents"-sludge which has a high level of
his interview with the correspondents voice in opposition to what I am satisfied nitrogen and phosphates, even after
for U.S. News & World Report, and urged is at the present time a covert plan to treatment. The nutrient-sludge feeds
the sending of troops into North Viet- get enough American troops into Asia so aquatic life, such as algae, and continue
nam., he was talking about American that we can give a rationalization to the to do so when moved to another environ-
A.,,o,.;-? --In by xxTAv of nrana.e'anda. mint finch as Lake Michigan.
troops.
The interesting thing is that the
American troops have replaced South
Vietnam troops to a striking degree.
The South Vietnam troops have been too
busy quarreling among themselves. But
he is talking about our sending Ameri-
can troops into North Vietnam.
There was a press conference some
days ago with Mr. Dean Rusk. Again I
say that if one wishes to know what Rusk
says in a press conference, one should
pay more attention to what is between
the lines than what is on the lines, for
one always has to be ready for double-
talk. In that press conference the Sec-
retary of State refused to exclude the
possibility of sending American troops
into North Vietnam.
May I say to the American people that
that is the beginning of this administra-
tion's propagandizing you to get ready
to put American ground troops into
North Vietnam.
If we do, Mr. President, we increase
the danger of an all-out war in Asia. I
do not intend to support it. It is not jus-
tified. It is immoral, obviously illegal.
Mr. President, we have to get back to
the framework of international law. We
cannot follow this unilateral aggressive
course of action. When I say unilateral
and aggressive, I mean with respect to
the ___at powers of the world who .are
for marching into North Vietnam.
I hope that the leaders of my Govern-
ment will recognize that, after all, we
ought to place our professings about re-
ligious principles above the immoral
course of conduct that, as a nation, we
are following in Asia.
(At this point Mr. MORSE assumed the
chair as Presiding Officer.)
LAKE MICHIGAN POLLUTION MUST
BE HALTED
Mr. HARTKE. Mr. President, during
the last few days, a matter of serious
concern has been brought to me as the
Senator from Indiana; a matter of con-
cern to the people of my State; and
certainly to all the people of the Great
Lake States. The Army Corps of Engi-
neers is dumping at least 75,000 yards
and perhaps as much as 160,000 cubic
yards of polluted filth into a 70,000 acre
area of Lake Michigan. This recent
"sludge" has been dredged from the
North Branch of the Chicago River. The
corps, for navigation purposes, is remov-
ing it to increase the depth of the chan-
nel from 9 to 12 feet in some areas
and 21 feet in others.
The dumping of this "sludge," some
13 miles off the shoreline into Lake
Michigan further increases the pollution
in
tin
l
i
a
so
g
more and more
- with this war. We cannot follow this health and welfare of millions of people
unilateral course of action, we cannot in the Chicago area and endangering
send American troops into North Viet- Gary, Hammond, and East Chicago, all
nam, without getting ourselves involved in Indiana-and neighboring Wiscon-
in a war with China and Russia. If that sin and Michigan communities. This
happens, then history will record that the dumping may lead to further contami-
nation responsible for the beginning of nation of water supply and closing of
the third world war was the United beaches. It can plunge us, who are try-
States. I do not wish to leave that heri- ing to work out -ways to clean up the
tage to future generations of American lakes, into a situation so catastrophic
ire billions of dollars to
ill
requ
boys and girls. that it w
Bible for the public welfare as they oper-
Read between the lines of that article- remedy. ate from the public funds and conse-
our that is an official reporting of The reason for dredging is under-
our Government. Read between its lines. standable. Several years ago the city of quently in the public interest. The Con-
a
It is an article that seeks to get the Chicago reversed the flow of the Chicago gress
section called ucorps pon with eateea
American people ready for a great in- River, in order to provide flow for special se engineers. I would
w t support
crease in American troops into southeast treated sewage. The Chicago treatment sanitation
legislation, although tExecutive
Asia. In my judgment, when they get plants operate on the so-called 90 per- su 11o issued the November 19ve
those troops over there, the 17th parallel cent basis, which represents a high Order gi should hNo. ave been sufficient to charge the
will become meaningless. We will be degree of treatment, for the removal of sco with this responsibility.
marching across it, and I believe we will BOD-the biochemical oxygen demand. corps The Cespoo SDistrict
nsible hicag Sanitary
be on our way to world war III. However, over the years the sediment Second.
called upon
Again I wish to say that it never makes has built up on the bottom of the river aond ores respoo with more efficien disposal
me happy to express these differences of and must be removed to accommodate up of
opinion with my Government on foreign barge traffic. The systematic pollution . waste mater they sderivedldfrom the vast
policy; but in the absence of a declara- of the vast fresh water supply that is poThird. The Federal agencies responsi-
that of war. I shall continue to plead Lake Michigan is tragic.
that we stop this butchery in Asia, that It is tragic because this latest incident ble for the public welfare must move
The release of nutrients causes use
algae to grow so rapidly that the growth
is similar to an explosion-creating what
ecologists call algae bloom. These algae
die, sink, and form more sludge which in
turn regenerates the cycle. Thus, we
have a self-generating unit of pollution.
Any given body of water can, under these
circumstances, quickly come to be de-
scribed as "pea soup" or what people
from the area describe as "the lake is
greening."
The situation is so grave that we must
take immediate action to reverse the
course of pollution. We have all lagged
behind in this duty. No one element is
specifically responsible for our total prob-
lem of pollution. However, we can move
quickly to stop this one situation. I call
upon Chicago to do so.
As to the total problem of water pollu-
tion, since we are all responsible-the
Federal agencies will have to gear-up to
move faster. The Department of In-
terior, with its new responsibility, is mov-
ing slowly. The Enforcement Division of
the Federal Pollution Control Agency is
possibly undermanned. We have no ef-
fective regional commission of the Great
Lakes States, which would make certain
that situations such as the dumping from
the Chicago River into Lake Michigan
could not occur. Separate State agen-
cies seem reluctant to cooperate even
when faced with such a serious problem.
I urge that we work swiftly toward
formation of long-range plans for the
Great Lakes pollution reclamation, but
I call for the following steps to be taken
immediately:
First. That the Army Corps of Engi-
neers immediately cease dumping in
Lake Michigan and the, corps no longer
concern themselves only with navigation
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CONGRESSIONAL RECORD -- SENATE August 12, 1966
faster in this area. Significant research
in this complicated field must be under-
taken to determine new methods of sew-
age treatment and water reclamation.
If we are not to be short of usable water
by 1980, if we are to insure the recreation
of the public and the safety of our
beaches-and I Include our Indiana
dunes which I support--and if we are to
insure the future :prosperity of the Mid-
west, then we must stop pollution of Lake
Michigan and augment current abate-
ment and reclamation work.
Mr. HARTKE. Mr. President. 1 move
that the Senate adjourn until 12 o'clock
noon on Monday next.
The motion was agreed to; and (at 5
o'clock and 11 minutes p.m.) the Senate
adjourned until Monday, August 15,
1966, at 12 o'clock meridian.
NOMINATIONS
Executive nominations received by the
Senate August 12, 1966:
FEDERAL COAL MINE SAFETY BOARD OF REVIEW
The following-named persons to be mem-
bers of the Federal Coal Mine Safety Board
of Review:
For the term expiring July 15, 1969:
Edgar F. Talbott, Sr., of Virginia.
position.)
For the term expiring July 15, 1970:
Harry R. Pauley,'of West Virginia.
position.).
For the term expiring July 15, 1971:
Charles R. Ferguson, of Pennsylvania.
(Reappointment.)
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Dismal Swamp Plays Vietnam Role
EXTENSION OF REMARKS
of
HON. HARRY F: BYRD, JR.
OF VIRGINIA
IN THE SENATE OF THE UNITED STATES
Friday, August 12, 1966
Mr. BYRD of Virginia. Mr. President,
I ask unanimous consent to have printed
in the Appendix of the RECORD a news
article published in the Baltimore News
American on Friday, July 29, 1966, en-
titled "Dismal Swamp Plays Vietnam
Role." This article was written by Ruth
Montgomery of the Hearst Headline
Service.
There being no objection, the article
was ordered to be printed in the RECORD,
as follows:
DISMAL SWAMP PLAYS VIETNAM ROLE
(By Ruth Montgomery)
GREAT DISMAL SWAMP, VA., July 29.-In this
primeval jungle once partly owned by George
Washington, paratroopers are now being
trained in survival techniques before tackling
the similarly swampy terrain of Vietnam.
This 750-square-mile swamp, consisting of
dense forests, an eeirie mirror-lake and
feeder canals, is unique on the North Amer-
ican continent. Within its mysterious con-
fines, some of it so impenetrable that it has
never been explored by men, are ancient trees
which were probably alive at the time of
Christ.
The, cypress and juniper trees which
abound in the swamp and even grow in Lake
Drummond itself make the waters too acid
for bacterial growth to develop. Thus the
dismal swamp is one of the few still-develop-
ing peat bogs in the nation.
Among the more curious aspects of this
wilderness is the huge lake, which is like a
round dimple in the earth's crust. Higher
than the surrounding land on three sides,
and totally isolated from the fashionable
tidewater area by dense jungles, it was prob-
ably formed 6,000 years ago when the eastern
continental shelf sank beneath the sea for
the last time.
Its water is the color of dark topaz but so
pure that in the days before refrigeration sea-
men filled their casks from the lake because
the water remained fresh for months at sea.
Reached by boat from the Intercoastal
Waterway, through a tree-shaded canal sur-
veyed by George Washington, Lake Drum-
mond is no more than three feet deep at any
point. Its water is said to have such thera-
peutic qualities that during early Virginia
history serious thought was given to develop-
ment of, the swamp as a health resort.
In 1763 Washington and five partners
formed a company called "Adventures for
Draining the Dismal Swamp," and acquired
40,000 acres of the best land.
Credit for digging an access canal goes to
Patrick Henry who, as governor of Virginia,
persuaded the assembly to finance the build-
ing of the waterway, with locks to lift boats
to the higher-lying lake.
Today, as then, Great Dismal teems with
black bears, deer, foxes, bobcats, opossums,
rattlesnakes, cottonmouth moccasins, bats,
heron, other wild birds of every description,
and grey moss. It is a hunters' paradise-
and a veritable Garden of Eden for ornothol-
ogists who gather each spring and fall to ob-
serve the bird migrations.
As is inevitable in today's world, the serene
wilderness is threatened with despoilment by
avaricious man. A company which bought a
four-square-mile portion of the swamp has
recently stripped it bare, felling all the
juniper trees to make fence posts-and de-
stroying the cover for wild life.
Sportsmen and bird watchers are fighting
a commercial attempt to build a track and
grandstand for stock-car racing. Business
interests are hungrily probing Great Dismal
Swamp with an eye to potential industrial
development, and some land companies are
draining and developing acreage for farming,
recreation and housing projects.
Such encroachment by spectator sports-
men, industrialists, hot dog operators and
litterbugs would endanger one of our few
remaining unspoiled areas which has inL
spired many romantic legends and lyrical
writings by Henry Wadsworth Longfellow,
Harriet Beecher Stowe and Sir Thomas
Moore.
Among the hardy conservationists, who
hope to save the virgin wilderness is Mary
Tayloe Gwathmey of Virginia Beach, a direct
descendant of the distinguished Tayloe fam-
ily which built Octagon House, the historic
mansion occupied by President James (and
Dolly) Madison after the British burned the
White House.
The rescue of Great Dismal Swamp from
the developers would be a worthy project
for Lady Bird Johnson, whose laudable
beautification program is trying to restore
beauty already debased by men.
Surely it would be even better to rescue
a natural wilderness before it is despoiled.
No. 1 Efficiency Rating Awarded to VA
Office, Waco, Tex., Jack Coker,
Manager
SPEECH
OF
HON. WRIGHT PATMAN.
OF TEXAS
IN THE HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES
Tuesday, August 2, 1966
Mr. PATMAN. Mr. Speaker, seldom
do our public officials receive the recogni-
tion they deserve. For that reason, I was
delighted that one of the best, Mr. Jack
Coffer, manager of the VA Regional Of-
fice at Waco, Tex., and his outstanding
staff, who serve over 700,000 veterans,
were recently awarded the No. 1 effi-
ciency rating for achieving the highest
productivity rate of any VA office in the
United States. The fine work that tie
Waco office performs daily in behalf of
veterans is well known to me and other
Members served by this regional office,
and we have long been grateful for the
services of Mr. Coker and his excellent
team.
The Waco Tribune-Herald of July 31
took note of this award-winning per-
formance, and.under leave to extend my
remarks, I include the article at this
point:
WACO VA OFFICE MOST EFFICIENT
WASHINGTON.-The Waco Regional Office
of the Veterans Administration has achieved
the highest productivity rate of any VA of-
fice in the United States, it was revealed to-
day by Congressman OLIN E. TEAGUE.
The top productivity rating, which means
greatest efficiency in operation, was for the
fiscal year which ended June 30.
Representative TEAGUE, chairman of the
House Veterans Affairs Committee, wired his
congratulations to Waco VA Manager, Jack
Coker.
"Your efficient and effective management
of matters pertaining to benefits to veterans,
their dependents and war orphans, is to be
highly commended," TEAGUE's message to
Coker said.
"This achievement is all the more sig-
nificant because of the unique and difficult
problems the Waco office has faced in the
past several years, not the least of which
were a major consolidation and a move to
new quarters.
"Your effectiveness in better serving the
veterans of Texas at less administrative cost
to the taxpayers is especially appreciated by
your elected representatives who must answer
to the people for the efficiency of their gov-
ernment. You have established an outstand-
ing example of efficiency and economy for all
in government to follow. Please extend my
personal congratulations to every employe
of your operation in making the Waco VA
Regional Office the outstanding office in the
country," TEAGUE'S telegram said.
The congressman added: "I have always
harbored a belief that Texans can do almost
any job better, and your outstanding per-
formance despite major handicaps, strength-
ens that conviction. Keep up the good
work."
Congressman W. R. POAGE of Waco wired
Coker:
"The Waco VA office long has had a fine
record of productivity. I was not therefore
surprised to learn that your office was
selected as the outstanding office in the
United States having the highest productiv-
ity rating in the nation. I congratulate you
and I look forward to the establishment of
even greater records. Please extend my con-
gratulations and best wishes to all your
employes . . .
The productivity rating of VA offices is
based on the amount of work turned out in
every phase of operation, from top manage-
ment to messenger service.
The Waco Regional Office, which covers one
of the largest land areas (two-thirds of
Texas) and administers one of the heaviest
loads of benefits (over 700,000 veterans) of
any VA office, is ranked No. 1 in competition
with all VA offices in the United States.
William J. Driver, administrator of -vet-
erans affairs in Washington, announced the
top rating earned by the Waco VA Regional
Office. "The result of efficiency of operations
is better service to the veterans of this na-
tion, who so ably served their country in
time of need," Driver said.
Waco Manager Jack Coker said that "I am
extremely proud of our employes and their
achievements and the top productivity
rating.
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A4274 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD - APPENDIX August 12, 1966
"This record resulted from the dedication
of every employe in the organization to do a
better job. They have a great capacity for
excellence and recognition."
Since 1963 the Waco VA office has con-
solidated regional offices formerly located at
Dallas and Lubbock, both of which were
larger than the original Waco VA office.
The Waco VA office only this year moved
into new quarters on Valley Mills Drive, a
building which was dedicated formally by
Administrator Driver.
The man-hours of work required by con-
solidation and moving were not subtracted
in the efficiency calculations, Driver said, but
were included in computing the rating,
which makes the achievement even more
outstanding.
The Waco VA Regional Office administers
to 164 Texas counties, extending from
border to border. VA offices in Dallas, Lub-
bock, El Paso and Midland are supervised
by the Waco staff. Contact offices at Vet-
erans Hospitals in Waco, Dallas, Amarillo,
Big Spring, Marlin, Temple and Bonham also
are under Waco regional office supervision.
More than 500 employes staff the regional
office, according to Ray Todd, assistant man-
ager. Be said the new GI Bill, adding Viet
Nam and those who served after Korea, has
increased the workload which is being
handled by the existing Waco work force.
David Goodwin, management analysis offi-
cer, said many new management techniques
instituted by the Waco VA office have helped
to increase productivity.
John R. McCarroll, chief, administrative
division, said that there are more than
675,000 veterans' files utilized in the work
of the Waco office.
Coker said copies of Congressman TEAGUE's
telegram will be forwarded to all VA offices
In the region.
Glyndon Hague, former manager of the
Waco office and now special assistant to the
chief benefits director, praised Manager
Coker and the employes of the Waco office.
There is no doubt about it," Hague said,
"Jack Coker is one of the outstanding execu-
tives in the federal government and the em-
ployees of Waco VA have virtually performed
miracles during the past four years. If
every government office did its job as well as
Waco VARO the administrative problems in
government would all but disappear. These
people are tremendous."
EXTENSION OF REMARKS
OF
HON. STROM THURMOND
OF s6trru CAROLINA
IN THE SENATE OF THE UNITED STATES
Friday, August 12, 1966
Mr. THURMOND. Mr. President,
there appeared in the Saturday, Au-
gust 6, 1966, issue of the Charleston
News and Courier an editorial entitled
"Firearms Control." In view of the in-
creased public interest in this area, I
wanted to call attention to this editorial,
as it strikes at the heart of this issue in
a brief and concise way. This is a sub-
ject which concerns all of us, ancc I can-
not help but feel that these comments by
News and Courier editor, Thomas R.
Waring, are worthy of consideration by
all Members of the Congress, as well as
the American public. Therefore, I ask
unanimous consent to have this editorial
printed in the Appendix of the RECORD.
There being no objection, the editorial
was ordered to be printed in the RECORD,
as follows:
FIREARMS CONTROL
Gov. John Connally has very sensibly, in
our view, declined to add his voice to those
demanding a control law on firearms,
No sooner had the massacre occurred at
the University of Texas campus than advo-
cates began to plead their cause. But Gov.
Connally, whg was seriously wounded by Lee
Harvey Oswald when President Kennedy was
assassinated, said that none of the laws Con-
gress is considering would have kept Charles
J. Whitman from getting the weapons he
used In his rampage.
Had a firearms registration law been in
effect in Texas, Charles J. Whitman would
have qualified for the purchase and posses-
sion of weapons. He was a good short, hav-
ing been trained in the Marine Corps. He
was instructing Boy Scouts in the use of a
rifle. He was a university student with a
good record.
If supporters of a firearms control law
could demonstrate that legislation would
keep weapons out of the hands of psycho-
paths, they would be heeded. The slaughter
in Austin does not buttress their ease. Like
prohibitionists who insist that sin is in the
bottle, these advocates blame the gun in-
stead of the finger on the trigger.
Constructive Peace Suggestion
EXTENSION OF REMARKS
OF
HON. DONALD RUMSFELD
OF ILLINOIS
IN THE HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES
Monday, August 1, 1966
Mr. RUMSFELD. Mr. Speaker, a
suggestion for exploring the possibilities
of peace in Vietnam was made some 6
weeks ago by Mr. Charles H. Percy of
Illinois.
On July 2, 1966, Mr. Percy stated in
part :
America's escalation of the war in Vietnam
in ? recent days makes it imperative that we
now quicken and intensify our efforts to
seek a just peace ... If we must accelerate
the war-as the Administration believes we
must--then let us also accelerate the pur-
suit of peace.
As we all know, the enemy has indicated
that he Is not prepared to negotiate directly
with the United States. Therefore, I urge
a new approach to end this tragic war.
I earnestly suggest that a conference of all
Asian nations be called to work toward a
settlement of the Vietnam war. I further
suggest that such a conference could be
called by U Thant, Secretary-General of the
United Nations. Himself an Asian, U Thant
enjoys the confidence of both East and. West,
and would exert an influence clearly free of
national self-interest.
No one could guarantee the success of such
a conference, but it is an approach worth
trying,.
Mr. Speaker, the concept of Mr,?.Per
cy's suggestion has since gained the sup-
port of former President Dwight D.
Eisenhower, Senate Majority Leader
MIKE MANSFIELD of Montana, Foreign
Minister Thanat of Thailand, Senator
THRUSTON B. MORTON of Kentucky, and
various other leading Americans and
foreign diplomats.
I offer for the RECORD comment on the
Percy peace proposal by Columnist
Charles Bartlett as follows:
[From the Washington Evening Star, Aug. 11,
19661
SEPARATING STATECRAFT, POLITICS
(By Charles Bartlett)
The outsider's predicament in separating
statecraft from politics and gimmickry from
diplomacy in the public dialogue on Viet
Nam will become acute before the 1966 con-
gressional campaign grows much older.
The problem is illustrated by events that
have flowed from a July 2 statement by
Charles Percy, the Republican candidate for
the Senate in Illinois. Percy gave voice
that day to an idea developed by him and his
staff. He proposed a conference of Asian na-
tions to work towards a solution in Viet
Nam.
"No one could guarantee the success of
such a conference," Percy declared, "but it is
an approach worth trying. Perhaps an Asian
conference would be only a beginning. But
let us begin.
The Percy proposal did not create any im-
mediate stir. His opponent, Sen. PAUL DouG-
LAS, brushed it off as "half-baked." But on
July 8 Dwight Eisenhower, contacted by in-
termediaries, wrote Percy a short letter in
which he praised his idea as "worthy of seri-
ous consideration."
At the last minute on July 12, President
Johnson expanded a scheduled speech to the
American Alumni Council in West Virginia
into a national telecast. He talked at length
of building political and economic strength
among the Asian Rations and declared that
these nations "must pull together in the
same broad sweep of history."
On July 20, Sen. THRUSTON MORTON,
persistently concerned with the fortunes of
Republican candidates, put Percy's proposal
in the CONGRESSIONAL RECORD with the com-
ment that an Asian initiative towards peace
might bring Hanoi to the negotiation table.
On Aug. 3, Thanat Khoman, the foreign
minister of Thailand, called on the Asians
"to take our destiny into our own hands" and
to convene a conference, in Asia not in Ge-
neva, to thrash out a settlement of the war.
This will be the first time in history, Thanat
said, that the Asians have taken "full charge
and responsibility for their affairs."
On Aug. 6 Secretary of State Dean Rusk
described Thanat's proposal as a "construc-
tive suggestion" whose development the
United States will follow with interest. On
Aug. 8, the Democratic leader in the Senate,
MIKE MANSFIELD, said the idea was "ad-
mirable."
On the same day the Percy camp released
Eisenhower's letter and the Republicans
moved toward making the Percy proposal a
party position.
It is impossible to assert flatly that the ad-
ministration persuaded Thanat to take this
initiative in order to blunt the political ef-
fectiveness of Percy's proposal. One point can
be made, however. Nothing like this has
ever come out of Bangkok before. The Thais
are deeply committed to a thesis that the
only way to win the war is to wage it.
The Percy-Thanat proposal was put for-
ward at a time when there has been abso-
lutely no hint from Hanoi of a readiness to
negotiate. The uselessness of convening a
conference at this stage has been implicit in
the response to Thanat's invitation by most
of the Asian nation's, especially North Viet
Nam and Communist China, who rejected it
flatly.
Percy's timing had obvious motivations.
His statement coincided with the intensifica-
tion of his political campaign and the accele-
ration of the bombing in North Viet Nam.
Thanat's timing did not seem to concur with
any particular? developments In Asia. OE-
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August ] ~, 1966Approved CO
ADDRESSES, EDITORIALS, ARTI- produced only more war. The more together in an effort to find an accept-
CLES, ETC., PRINTED IN THE brutal and destructive the war becomes, able settlement. Certainly no one's in-
APPENDIX the more concern increases as to just terest in ending the war exceeds that of
what will be left of Vietnam when the the Asians themselves. On August 3
On request, and by unanimous con- fighting stops. The larger the war be- Thailand's Foreign Minister Thanat
sent, addresses, editorials, articles, etc., comes, one wonders what, if any, limits Khoman proposed an Asian-sponsored
were ordered to be printed in the AP- there are to escalation. peace conference to be held in Asia. A
`.
pendix, as :foil'ows Last January a group of Senators led similar proposal for a conference of
By Mr. THURMOND: by Senator MANSFIELD and Senator Asian nations was made last month by
Editorial entitled "The Silence Is Deafen- AIKEN returned from Vietnam with a Republican Senatorial Candidate Charles
trig," written by Mr. Charles S. Collins and very disquieting assessment of the likely Percy, of Illinois. Surely such an ap-
published in the I eowee Courier of Walhalla, future of the conflict. They said then: proach merits our support. If our coin-
Editorial entitled "Firearms Control," pub- Despite the great increase in American mitment in Vietnam is based upon the
lished in the Charleston (S.C.) News and military commitment, it is doubtful in view principle,of self-determination in Asia,
Courier, August 6, 1966. of the acceleration of Vietcong efforts that surely we cannot object to the efforts of
By Mr. BYRD of Virginia. the constricted position now held in Viet- Asians to make a determination for
Article entitled "Dismal Swamp Plays Viet- nam by the Saigon government can continue themselves.
nam Role," `written by Ruth Montgomery to be held for the indefinite future, let alone Efforts toward a negotiated settlement
and published in' the News American, of extended, without a future augmentation of have thus far failed. An all-Asian con-
Baltimore, Md., on Friday, July 29, 1966. American forces on the ground. Indeed, if feren for peace may not show immedi-
By Mr. MURPHY: present trends continue, there is no as-
Article entitled "Safety of Corvair Upheld surance as to what ultimate increase in ate results, but as President Eisenhower
by Court in Car Death Trial," written by American military commitment will be re- has said of Mr. Percy's proposal:
Rudy Villasenor and published in the Los quired before the conflict is terminated. For Even if such an effort should fail to un-
Angeles Times of July 30, 1966. the fact is that under present terms of cover any new possibilities for furthering
By Mr. MONDALE: reference and as the war has evolved, the such an objective, the effort would still be a
Article entitled "You Can Be a Conserva- question is not one of applying increased worthy one.
tionist," written by Dr. 0. B. Farrar and U.S. pressure to a defined military situation,
published in the publication American but rather of pressing against a military If, as the Mansfield report concludes,
Forests of April 1966. situation which is, in effect, open ended. the military situation is open ended, then
V A) The augmentation of American forces it becomes even more evident that we
which they mentioned continues. And must be certain that the pursuit of a
THE TRAGEDY OF WAR at this time, some 7 months after their it makes kes no sense equally to open talk about ouut t ended. the e me
it talk
JORDAN of Idaho. Mr. Presi- report was issued, the situation still ap- cific timing of our efforts for peace. The
dent, the record of Communist terrorism pears to be open ended. Military pro- time to work for peace is now and it is
against the innocent in Vietnam is ap- jections on the duration of the conflict tomorrow and it is every day of every
palling, and the casualty figures of help- are not encouraging. Some say as much year as long as this war continues.
less men, women, and children multiply as 10 years and a force of nearly three I believe we must keep the concept of
daily. This is a part of the tragedy of quarters of a million Americans will be an Asian solution open. Perhaps Asian
war. needed to produce a military solution. initiative can find an answer. The
On August 9, however, it was American The PRESIDING OFFICER (Mr. thrust of American policy should be to
planes that attacked the Vietnamese vil- BuRDICK in the chair). The time of the encourage any such possibilities.
lage of Truong Thanh killing 26 civilians Senator has expired.
and wounding another 114. This is also Mr. JORDAN of Idaho. Mr. President,
a part of the tragedy of war. I ask unanimous consent that I may pro- WASHINGTON WELCOMES AHEPA
In a news report Geed for 2 additional minutes. - Mr. PASTORE. Mr. President, in its
yesterday, an Amer-
lean spokesman was quoted as calling The PRESIDING OFFICER. With out objection, it is so ordered. 44th year and representing 46,000 of the
the mistaken bombing incident an "un" IN ASIA manhood, womanhood, and youth of
fortunate occurrence." This is the most THE it is so SITUATION Greek ancestry, the Order of AHEPA
understated reaction i can imagine. Mr. JORDAN of Utah. Mr. President, honors Washington as the scene of its
The killing and maiming of noncom- as the war stretches out, the patience of supreme convention this coming week.
batants underscores the horror of the men is stretched. The possibility grows The event stimulates in all of us a
conflict we are in. Of course, our at- that the last vestiges of reason may dis- recollection and recognition of what the
tack on Truong Thanh was not an in- appear and headlong slaughter take over. world of today owes to the Greece of old,
tentional slaughter of civilians. But it At this point, neither side will be able to And in our own States each of us under-
happened. control the course of destruction. stands and appreciates what the energy,
It is simply the case that the Vietnam have Most supported d ou Amee u r r comm committmement in n Viet-- enterprise, and integrity of the sons and
o daughters of Greece and their descend-
war is taking a high civilian, as well as nam, but this support is closely coupled ants have contributed and the culture and
a high military. toll There is terrible with the desire for a just peace. Our
irony in our involvement. Americans leaders have expressed the dual commit- prosperity of that part of our Nation
are dying in growing numbers, ostensibly each of us calls "home."
ment to vigorous military action and Through its family of 1,125 local
for the freedom of the South Vietnamese vigorous action in pursuit of peace as the
people. But while our intentions are, American policy. It has been said again chapters in all its branches, the Order of
noble and our men valiant, the conflict and again that while we will remain true AHEPA is truly at home with us wher-
seems to be headed on a course destined to what we see as a commitment to guar- ever we live.
to produce massive destruction and antee the right to self-determination for We know AHEPA is a coined word-
death among the very people we have the South Vietnamese, the door to dis- and means American Hellenic Educa-
sought to save. cussion of peace is always open. How- tional Progressive Association-and we
We have irrefutably demonstrated our ever, I believe we have waged war more know each letter and the word it stands
determination to resist Communist ag- vigorously than we have waged peace. for is a "coin" of culture-and a coin of
gression and support the cause of free- The term "escalation" does not apply courage-the coming of the venturesome
don in South Vietnam. I do not see equally to the conflict and to our efforts immigrant from the land of literature to
how there can be any doubt about our to bring about a settlement. this land of their loyalty.
resolve to prevent a Communist military Last winter there was much talk dur- We know it to be the expression of the
'takeover there.. However, to date our re- ing the bombing lull about how hard Greek contribution to our democracy-
solve has produced no significant lessen- we were working for peace. Since then, as, indeed, Greece gave us the term
Ing of `Communist infiltration nor any have we mounted a peace offensive with "democracy"-and it reminds us that it
apparent weakening of Communist anything like the intensity of our is only through the contribution of many
determination. stepped-up war activity? races that America in our day has risen
Where, then, do we go from here? A Recently there has been encouraging to the place of prominence that Greece
fem.,. A,,i4?, f? hand nnssesced some 2.500 Years ago.
ntly
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18344 CONGRESSIONAL RECORL --SENATE August 12, 1966
'"Greece was the fountainhead of West- until.. the problem of Cyprus came along, have contributed so greatly toward that
erri Civilization. Drama, poetry, art, maintained an extraordinary condition end.
architecture, and philosophy flourished- of peace and friendship between Greece Mr. COTTON. Mr. President, I take
and the great names of Greece still en- and Turkey. this opportunity to extend a hearty wel-
dure. Every American schoolboy knows As the Senator from Rhode Island come to the thousands of American
and learns from Homer, Aristotle, Aes- knows, New York State and New York Hellenes who will convene in the Nation's
chylus, Aristophanes, Euripides, Plato, City have a large community of Greek Capital during the week of August 14.
and Socrates. extraction. The order of AHEPA is an Greek-Americans from all parts of the
We might wonder what American area in which they take the greatest country plan to attend the 44th Supreme
names of fame will stil
b
i
h
d
l
e cher
s
e
pride. A very distinguished representa-
2,500 years from now. tive of the Greek community, Spyros
destroy Greek culture nor extinguish the
Greek determination for freedom. That
spirit, has revitalized the history of
Greece this past century and a half.
Nineteen years ago the ties between
Greece and these United, States were
sealed in this Congress when the Truman
doctrine came into being.
We declared it to be our enduring
policy everywhere to support free peo-
ples who are resisting attempted sub-
jugation by armed, minorities or by out-
side pressures.
In 1947 our power and our purse were
opened to Greece to turn back the tide
of communism that threatened to engulf
that land-and we lifted a great country
out of the depths of despair and set it
anew on the course of its realwdestiny.
In some measures we repaid our cen-
turies-old debt to Greece.. So here in the
Capital City of Washington there is a
greeting especially warm for those who
by their blood look back to that storied
land-and today by their splendid citi-
zenship help to maintain America as a
land that cares-a land that dares to
care for people who want to stay free.
So I say again-welcome to the Order of
AHEPA.
Mr. MAGNUSON. Mr. President, I
heartily subscribe to everything the
Senator said.
Mr. PASTORE. I thank the Senator.
Mr. JAVITS. Mr. President, while the
Senator from Rhode Island is still in the
Chamber, I, too, would like to pay a word
of tribute to the Order of AHEPA, the
great organization of men and women of
Greek extraction who will be meeting in
Washington next week; and also to pay
my tribute to the spirit of freedom in
Greece today, which in the Greek-
Turkish aid program of 1948, when I
served in the other body, I had a small
hand in helping.
I should like to tell my good friend
from Rhode Island, however, that we
have also modernized our interest in
Greece. I have the honor to be the
chairman of a committee of the NATO
Parliamentarians Conference for Greek-
Turkish Economic Cooperation. I also
have the honor to inform my colleague
that this committee is adequately fi-
nanced by a contribution from the Ford
Foundation and from American business
in the amount of $300,000, and that it
is working extremely effectively in co-
operative projects, such as the one in
Mauritius in northern Thrace which is
underway. I have every hope that if
the situation in Cyprus does not prevent
us, we will be able to bring about a really
historic institutionalization of economic
cooperation between these two countries,
in the great spirit of the Venizelos-
Ataturk accord which, for over 30 years,
Skouras, of New York, serves on the ad-
visory board which has been put togeth-
er to deal with this matter. I thought,
in the spirit of the occasion, with the
fine leadership of my beloved friend the
Senator from Rhode Island, he might
be interested in these facts.
Mr. PASTORE. I certainly ani, and
I want to thank the Senator from New
York for bringing them out.
I reiterate that_ the Senator from. New
York is a great American, a great hu-
manitarian, and I am proud to have his
friendship,
Mr. JAVITS. I thank my colleague.
Mr. YOUNG of Ohio. Mr. President,
I wish to associate myself with the elo-
quent statement of the distinguished
senior Senator from Rhode Island [Mr.
PASTORE] in paying tribute to an out-
standing organization, the Order of
AHEPA, on the occasion of its 44th su-
preme convention to be held in Wash-
ington, D.C., next week.
AHEPA, the American Hellenic Educa-
tion and Progressive Association, is the
leading organization in this country of
Americans of Greek descent. In. wel-
coming the members of this fine orga-
nization to Washington, I pay tribute to
the millions of Greek-Americans who
have contributed immeasurably to
American culture, and to their ances-
tors who fought hard for the independ-
ence of their native land.
AHEPA is an organization devoted to
44 years of progress and accomplish-
ments in the fields of American citizen-
ship, education projects, and charitable
endeavors. The AHEPA fraternity is an
object lesson in successful cooperation.
Mr. President, in Ohio there are thou-
sands of citizens of Greek descent, many
of whom are among the outstanding
leaders in all fields of endeavor.
Recently, it was my privilege to rec-
ommend to President Johnson that he
nomination as U.S. judge for the north-
ern district of Ohio, Judge Thomas D.
Lambros, of the court of common pleas
of Ashtabula County, Ohio. He is the
son of Demetrios P. Lambros and the late
Panagoula K. Lambros, who both emi-
grated to the United States from Greece
in the early 1900's. When he assumed
the office of common pleas judge in Jan-
uary 1.961, Thomas Lambros became the
youngest, common pleas judge in Ohio.
In 1964, he was named one of the out-
standing young men in America by the
U.S. Junior Chamber of Commerce. He
is an outstanding example of the great
promise of our Nation.
Mr. President, our country's present
greatness is the result of our ability to
Educational Progressive Association.
The Order of AHEPA and its auxil-
iaries, Daughters of Penelope, Sons of
Pericles, and Maids of Athens, is an or-
ganization dedicated to foster and per-
petuate the ideals and principles of Hel-
lenic art, philosophy, and culture in
America. AHEPA has over 700 chapters
in 49 States and in Canada. I am proud
to state that I have been a member of
this outstanding organization for many
years.
As a nation, we are indebted to ancient
Greece, for it was from that civilization
that our own forefathers drafted the
concepts of liberty, freedom, and de-
mocracy. The style of our architecture,
our theater, our literature, abounds in
the tradition of Hellenism. Socrates,
Plato, Aristotle, Pericles, Homer, Sopho-
cles, Aristophanes, and a host of other
ancient Greek names echo our linkage
with the past. Even the concept of the
atom was first perceived by the philoso-
pher Democritus.
We have come to be a mighty force,
but we still are indebted to the con-
temporary sons of Greece, who were the
first to stop Mussolini and his Fascist
hordes as they invaded the Balkan Pe-
ninsula. It has been stated, and properly
so, that this was a feat comparable to
the defense of Thermopylae by Leonidas
and his 300 valiant Spartans. The
Greeks for the first time had shattered
the myth of Axis invincibility and, as a
direct result, the Allies were given a
much needed opportunity to regroup
their forces.
Today modern Hellenes continue to
uphold the classical tradition of excel-
lence in the fields of science and art.
Dr. Papanicolaou, one of the world's
foremost authorities in the detection of
cancer, and Georgios Seferis, winner of
the Nobel Prize for Literature, are among
many of the modern Greeks who have
been true to their heritage. The list of
those successful in all fields of endeavor
is endless.
The essence of AHEPA and what its
membership stands for is perhaps best
exemplified in the AHEPA creed:
Promote loyalty to the United States of
America;
Respect the inalienable rights of mankind;
Strive for the betterment of society;
Abhor all political corruption;
Defend and protect all oppressed people
everywhere;
Cultivate the noblest attributes and high-
est ideals of true Hellenism;
Labor for the perfection of a moral sense,
the spirit of altruism and true benevolence;
Champion the cause of education;
Love God and man, and hope for happi-
ness.
blend the aspirations of peoples from Ahepans are to be commended for their
every land toward the advancement of use of these noble precepts and lofty
common goals. This country Is very ideals as guidelines for the practical im-
proud of its citizens of Greek descent, plementation of their programs and ac-
such as Judge Thomas Lambros, who tivities. I am pleased indeed, therefore,
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