VIETNAM

• Document Type: CREST
• Collection: General CIA Records
• Document Number (FOIA) /ESDN (CREST): CIA-RDP67B00446R000400100004-3
• Release Decision: RIFPUB
• Original Classification: K
• Document Page Count: 20
• Document Creation Date: December 16, 2016
• Document Release Date: June 21, 2005
• Sequence Number: 4
• Publication Date: August 26, 1966
• Content Type: OPEN

19978
Approved For Release 2005/06/29 : CIA-RDR67B00446R0004'00100004-3
CONGRESSIONAL RECORD - SENATE August 26, 1966
U.S. Army Cohps of Engineers projects, Texas,
expenditures for 'construction, 1962-66
fiscal years-Continl`ed
Blieders Creek Reservoir (New
Braunfelds I ---------------- $37, 000
Belton: Reservoir (Leon River,
Brazos Basin)--------------- 527,000
Buffalo Bayou (Houston) ------ 14, 247, 000
Canyon Reservoir (Guadalupe
River) ----------------------
Fort Worth Floodway (Trinity
River Basin) :
West Fork. extension -_____-__
Clear Fork extension---------
Garza-Little Elm Reservoir (Elm
Fork, Trinity River)_________
Cooper Reservoir (South Sul-
phur River) -----------------
Dam ?`B" Reservoir (Nueces
River) ---------------------
Freeport and vicinity (hurri-
cane protection)____________
Lake Kemp Reservoir (Wichita
River) ----------------------
Navarro Mills Dam-'and Reser-
voir (Trinity River Basin) ---
Grapevine Dam and Reservoir
(Trinity River Basin) --------
Proctor Dam and Reservoir
(Leon River, Brazos River
1,832,000
296, 000
434,000
1,195,000
732, 000
694, 000
180, 000
5,188,000
659, 000
Basin) ---------------------- 11,959,000
Hords Creek Reservoir (Colorado
River Basin) ---------------- 252,000
Pat Mayse Reservoir (Sanders
Creek) __ 3,756,000
Port Arthur and vicinity (hur-
ricane protection) ----------- 1,306,000
Texarkana Reservoir (Sulphur
River, Red River Basin) ______ - 1, 068, 000
Lavon Reservoir (East Fork
Trinity River)______________ 1,410,000
San Antonio Channel__________ 3,902,000
San Angelo Reservoir (Colorado
River Basin) ---------------- 589,000
San Gabriel River .(tributary to
Brazos River) _______________ 760,000
Somerville Reservoir (Brazos
River Basin) ---------------- 20, 094, 000
Stillhouse Hollow Reservoir
(Lampasas River) ----------- 11, 912, 000
Whitney Reservoir (Brazos
River) --------------------- 668,000
Texas City (hurricane protec-
tion) _______________________ 6,916,000
Vince and Little Vince Bayous_ 247, 000
Wallisville Reservoir ----------- 554, 000
Waco Reservoir (Brazos River
Basin) ---------------------- 34, 432, 000
Total___________________ 140, 063, 000
FLOOD CONTRQS
MULTIPLE PURPOSE
INCLUDING POWER
Sam Rayburn Reservoir (An-
gelina River) ----------------
'Denison Dam and Reservoir
(Red River) -----------------
Aquatic plant control ----------
Brazos Island Harbor__________
Colorado River locks -----------
Gulf Intracoastal Waterway____
(Channel to Victoria)
(Channel to Port Mansfield)
(Channel to Palacios)
Galveston Harbor and Channel_
Port Bolivar Dike (repair) ------
Houston Ship Channel (bend
easing to 40-foot project) ___
Matagordo Ship Channel______
Port Isobel____________________
Sabine-Neches Waterway----__-
Texas City Channel, 40-foot--_-
13,000
1,635,000
84,000
9,483,000
51087 , 000
188, 000
13, 448, 000
13, 109, 000
47,000
6,197,000
400, 000
Total___------------ 49,691,000
Grand total_____________ 226,867,000
FUTUREF DEVELOPMENTS The overwhelming view is that a lot more
Funds have been requested in the 1967 men will head for Vietnam, that a lot more
budget for the restudy of the Trinity River Americans will be killed and that there is no
navigation project ($200,000) and $150,000 sign whatsoever that North Vietnam and its
to start advance engineering and design of allies and agents in the South are headed
the El Paso local flood protection project. toward a decision to call it quits.
There are a number of projects which have The prospects for peace are minimal and
been authorized for which funds are not far off; the prospects for a bigger war, close
currently available but will be activated to the Korean pattern in many ways, are
later. These include the Chocolate Bayou rapidly increasing.
navigation channel connecting'with the Gulf THE HAWKS SOAR
Intracoastal waterway 65 miles south of An important date is likely to be Nov. 8,
Galveston. when Americans vote in the off-year elections
Flood control projects authorized for fu- for Congress.
tureprosecution include: Highland Bayou, President Johnson's conduct of the war
a small coastal stream in Galveston County; will not, as Hanoi apparently thinks, be re-
local protection for the City of Pecos; Taylor pudiated. The Democrats probably will lose
Bayou which drains the segment of coastal seats in the House, and perhaps in the.Sen-
plain between Port Arthur and Galveston ate, but the Republicans who replace them,
Bay; Rockland Reservoir on the Neches in sum, probably will be more hawkish about
River, for flood control, water supply and the war than they were.
hydro power; and Big Pine Reservoir, in A number of Democrats who deplore the
Red River County. war's escalation have tried in primaries to
Units of the Trinity River Projects, au- make an issue of it, but they have been con-
thorized but still in the future, include the spicuously unsuccessful. This has produced
Elm Fork Floodway; Dallas Floodway Ex- something of a deemphasis on the war as an
tension; Duck Creek Channel Improvement; issue though some peace candidates are still
local flood protection at Liberty; Lakeview; to be judged in coming primaries.
Tennessee Colony, Aubrey and Roanoke Res- On the Republican side, the most pub-
ervoirs. licized peace candidate, Oregon's Gov. Mark
The Corps of Engineers is cooperating with Hatfield, is finding himself in an uphill fight
other Federal agencies and the State of Texas, for a Senate seat that he appeared certain to
in formulating plans for development of the win-all because he seems to be too much of
surplus water resources of eastern Texas for a dove to the voters.
utilization in central and west Texas. This Ho Chi Minh has told visitors that he ex
is designated the Texas Basin Study. A half pects Mr. Johnson's political base for his
million dollars is requested for fiscal year military action to be shattered at the polls.
1967 for this purpose. Every sign thus far is that he will be vastly
Recommendations of the Corps and the disappointed unless in self-indulgence he
other agencies will undoubtedly result in a foolishly misreads the expected Democratic
Two years after November, President John-
son himself will face the electorate. His in-
VIETNAM clination between elections, reinforced by
Mr. McGOVERN. Mr. President, two more hawks in Congress, is likely to be to
pour it on in the war.
significant and interesting articles On No President would choose to face the
the Vietnam conflict appear in the Wash- voters during a war, though some have done
ington Post for Sunday, August 21, 1966. so successfully in the midst of a conflict
The first by Mr. Chalmers Roberts supported totally by the people. No one is
projects a deepening American involve- saying that the war in Vietnam is such a
ment designed to secure an American conflict, however; indeed, the politicians call
it the most unpopular war in American
decision by 1968. history.
The second is a discussion of Mr. Furthermore,, Mr. Johnson is all too pain-
Richard N. Goodwin's stimulating book, fully aware that, as the Republicans so often
"Triumph or Tragedy: Reflections on note, all the wars in this century began while
a Democrat was President.
Vietnam, " as seen by the reviewer, Mr.
Ronald Steel. Hence, the best possible posture for Mr.
I ask unanimous consent that these Johnson in November, 1968, would be to
stand before the voters with the war ended in
two pieces be printed at this point in the a fashion most of the public would consider
RECORD. at least honorable even if not totally suc-
There -being no objection, the articles cessful.
were ordered to be printed in the RECORD, To reach such a happy day within two
as follows: years, then, the President most probably will
[From the Washington (D.C.) Post, Aug. 21, pour it on in Vietnam militarily while trying
19661 to confine the conflict to its present partici-
pants and geographic limits.
THE GRIM VIEW : A HOTTER WAR BEFORE 1968'' That he will do just that is the predomi-
J
DOMINANT BELIEF HERE Is THAT L.B.
. WILL Want view inside the Administration and in
POUR MEN AND ARMS INTO VIETNAM BE- Congress. It is hardly necessary to add that
TWEEN ELECTIONS no man is more unhappy about the war than
(By Chalmers M. Roberts) the President, or more aware of the crimp it
In the corridors of power in Washington has put in his Great Society program and
these days, one occasionally hears the view his hopes of ushering in an era of world
that a critical turn will come in Vietnam peace based on a live-and-let-live relation-
within a year, or even that the war will be ship with the Soviet Union.
over in the next 12 months. He wants to end this -unpopular war, to
This reflects, in part, a sort of Micawberish respond to the mood of the Nation and to
hope that something will turn up to end the prove to the skeptics that he has been right
bloodletting, and in part, it is an Occidental all along.
reading of an Oriental enemy-a deduction THE WILL TO PROSECUTE
that the Communists have to fold because , The other day, after conferring with G-n
nobody could stand the military punishment William C. Westmoreland, the commander in
they are taking. the field, Mr. Johnson said that "the single
But such views, albeit built partially on a most important factor now is our will to
now-receded wavelet of official optimism ex- prosecute the war until the Communists,
Declared inactive 1964 pending local in- early July, are swamped by far grimmer read- either end the war or seek a peaceful settle-
terests' study of alt rnative. ings from the corridors of power. ment."
Approved For Release 2005/06/29 : CIA-RDP67B00446R000400100004-3
 Approved For Release 2005/06/29 : CIA-RDP67B00446R000400100004-3
August 26, 1966 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD --SENATE
The Palmetto Project, consists principally
of Palmetto Bend Dam and reservoir located
at the, junction of the Lavaca and Navidad
Rivers in Jackson County. The project
would provide municipal and industrial wa-
ter supplies to support economic growth and
industrial development of the area. It would
also provide fish and wildlife benefits and
recreation opportunities. This project is now
before the Congress for approval.
The Columbus Bend Dam and Reservoir
Project, located on the Colorado River above
the city of La Grange in Colorado and Fay-
ette counties would provide additional de-
pendable water supplies to meet the rapidly
increasing downstream requirements for mu-
nicipal and industrial water. It would also
provide substantial fish and wildlife and rec-
reation benefits, and incidental flood control
benefits. This project too Is awaiting con-
gressional approval.
Soil Conservation Service watershed protec-
tion and flood prevention program (Public
Law 566 projects) -Watershed (years
active) Amount
1962-1966
Agua Dulce Creek (1962 to 1966) -
$231, 862
Alamo Arroyo (1966)___________
9,632
Attoyac Bayou (1966)________-_
29, 207
Auds Creek (1962 to 1966) -------
318, 596
Big Creek (1965 to 1966) ---------
Camp Rice Arroyo (1962 to 1964) _
350, 751
261 260
Castleman Creek (1966)________
3,734
Chiltipin-San Fernando Creek
(1962 to 1966)________________
Chocolate, Little Cho., L.B.
(1966) ----------------------
2, 970
Cummins Creek (1962 to 1966) --
192, 969
Diablo Arroyo (1962) ----------
817
-Donahoe Creek (1966) ----------
7, 906
Dry Devils R. and Lowrey Draw
(1962 to 1963) ---------------
22, 255
Duck Creek (1966)______________
5,762
East Bay Bayou (1963 to 1966) --
215, 952
East Keechi Creek (1962 to
1966) -----------------------
911, 941
Escondido Creek (1966) --------
31 581
Hondo Creek (1964 to 1966) ____
183, 053
Johnsons Draw (1966) ----------
Kent Creek (1963 to 1966) __ __
454,660
Kickapoo Creek (1962 to 1966) --
754, 769
Knob Creek (approved) --------
0
Langford Creek (1962 to 1966) --
249,173
Logan-Slough Creek (1964 to
1966) -----------------------
376,792
Lower Brushy Creek (1962 to
1966)
70b,977
Lower Plum Creek (1962 to 1966) _
448, 837
Macho Arroyo (1962 to 1963)
(credit)
16,409
Madden Arroyo (1962 to 1964) --
17, 035
Martinez Creek (1962 to 1966)__
546,383
Mimms Draw (1962 to 1964) ____
33,998
Nolan Creek (1964 to 1986) -----
11,493
N.E. Tributaries of Leon River
(1963 to 1966)
- 1,632,394
Olmitos-Garcias Creeks (1962 to
1966) -----------------------
976,130
Pine Creek (1964 to 1966) ------
426, 474
Plum Creek (1962 to 1966) _____
919, 227
Ramirez Creek (]962 to 1966)
54, 145
Salado Creek (1963 to 1968) -----
20, 978
San Diego-Rosita Creeks (1962 to
1966) -----------------------
Sulphur Creek and Supplement
(1962 to 1965) (net) _________
744
1, 284,619
Town Branch (1962 to 1966) ----
42,493
Turkey Creek (Approved) -----
0
Upper Bosque River (1964 to
1966) -- ----------------
Upper Bushy Creek (1962 to
1966) -----------------------
878, 595
Upper Lake Fork Creek (1962 to
1966) -----------------------
671,924
Upper Las Moras Creek (1962 to
1965) -_ ------------
330, 577
Valley Creek (1963 to 1966) -----
$13,419
Soil Conservation Service watershed protec.
tion and flood prevention program (Public
Law 566 projects) -Watershed (years
active)-Continued Amount
1962-1966
Williams Creek (1966) ---------- $2, 680
York Creek (1962 to 1966) ------ 1,441,645
Pilot projects:
Cow Bayou (1962 to 1966) ____ 1, 201, 891
Escondido Creek (1962 to
1964) --------------------- 60,894
Total 1,262,755
Flood prevention projects:
Middle Colorado (1962 to
1966) 9,319,271
Trinity River (1962 to 1966) -- 21,075,196
-Total ------------------- 30,394,467
Grand total Public Law
566, pilot and flood pre-
vention, fiscal years
1962 to 1966 ------------ 49, 934, 797
National Park Service-Expenditures,
1962-66
Big Bend National Park (Brewster
County) : Roads, trails, drain-
age structures, parking areas,
walks, driveways, trailer park,
water supply and distribution,
sewage disposal system, com-
fort stations, house trailers and
utilities in place, employee res-
idences and utilities, rehabil-
itation of historic structures,
bridge, signs, and markers,
fencin f b d 1962
o n
u
g o
ary, -66__ To, 2C?2, 600
Fort Davis National Historic
Site: Signs and markers, reha-
bilitation of historic structures,
employee residences, utilities,
visitor center rehabilitation,
roads, parking area and
pav-
ing, 1962-66________________
Padre Island National Seashore:
Water system, picnic' area de-
velopment, comfort stations,
employee housing and util-
ities, sewer and power systems,
1966 ------------------------
Total National Park Serv-
ice expenditures ------- 4,666,000
Construction planned, 1967
Big Bend National Park:
Construction of Nine Point
Draw Bridge, Routes 1 and
2, and repair decks on Tor-
nillo Creek bridges__________
Water system at Castalon_____
Rehabilitation of sewage dis-
posal system at Panther
Junction __________________
Fort Davis National Historic Site:
Entrance road, trails, and visi-
tors' parking area----------
Stabilization of ruins, fencing,
signs, and markers_________
$127, 800
132, 000
19977
Construction planned, 1967---Continued
South end-Spur road and
parking area ________________
-$65,800
Utilities ---------------------
67, 100
Radio tower_________________
31,600
Total for 1967 ------------
1,524,000
PROJECTION 1968, FISCAL YEAR AND BEYOND
Big Bend National Park
Beginning in 1968 the North Entrance
Road, Route 1 from North Boundary to Tor-
nillo Road; 21 miles, will be reconstructed
and Nine Point Bridge will be completed.
By 1972 this project will be completed at an
estimated cost of $1,868,900. In 1973 recon-
struction of Grapevine Spur Route 37, 8.9
miles, will be started, to be completed in
two years for $767,100. A similar amount
will be expended in 1975 to reconstruct Dag-
ger Flat Spur, Route 6 from Route 1 to Dag-
ger Flat, 10 miles. Other roads and trails
costing approximately $777,500 are planned
over a period of over a decade beginning in
1968.
In the period 1968-1975 construction of
utilities, buildings, and various facilities are
planned as follows:
Chisos Mountain Basin area------ $450,000
Panther Junction area----------- 844, 000
Rio Grande Village area.---------- 770, 900
Castolon area___________________ 1,247,600
Park general____________________ 20,000
Total for 1968-75 ---------- 3,332,500
Fort Davis National Historic Site
The current building program will be coin-
pleted by 1970 fiscal year. This calls for ex-
penditures of $17,400 for roads and trails and
$215,600 for buildings, utilities and miscel-
laneous facilities.
Padre Island National Seashore
Padre Island National Seashore's develop-
ment will extend over a period of years. The
Bureau of Public Roads will begin an access
road of 20 miles at the North end in 1973 at
a cost of $2 million. At the completion of
that road a 23-mile access road will be con-
structed at the South end with cost esti-
mated at $2,600,000.
Meanwhile a number of lesser circulatory
roads into the seashore area will be com-
pleted In 1971 fiscal year at an additional
cost of $1,195,900.
A circulation and access road in the Mur-
doch Landing area will not be undertaken
until 1976 or later, to cost $800,000.
In the North Entrance area utilities to
cost $313,700 are planned for 1969 through
1971. Those in the South Entrance area,
1968-1970 will cost $994,100; in the Murdoch
Landing area, beginning in 1972 through
1974 planned utilities will cost $950,000 and
at Mansfield Cut, beginning in 1974,
$1,194,000,
Buildings for park use and visitors, in-
cluding miscellaneous facilities for the same
areas are:
279,800 North entrance area, 1969-73____ $1,683,400
142, 800
2;i, 900
Total for 1967___________ 167, 700
Padre Island National Seashore:
North end-Main road from
boundary to developed area,
campground roads and por-
tions of circulating roads
and parking area----------- 649,300
Public use building and util-
ities ---------------------- 562,700.
Sand stabilization, site prep-
aration and signs----- 1571500
South entrance area, 1968-70 ---- 1,098,200
Murdoch Landing area,
1972-74 --------------------- 1, 610, 000
Mansfield Cut area, 1974-75 ----- 3,435,000
U.S. Army Corps of Engineers projects, Texas,
expenditures for construction, 1962-66
fiscal years
FLOOD CONTROL
Abilene improvement channel
(Brazos River)______________
Bardwell Reservoir (Waxa-
hatchie Creek, Trinity River
Basin) ______________
Benbrook Reservoir (Clear Fork,
Trinity River) ---------------
1319 Fossil Creek (local protec-
tion) ---------------------
10,334,009
543, 000
1,, 822, 000
Approved For Release 2005/06/29 : CIA-RDP67B00446R000400100004-3
 Approved For Release 2005/06/29 : CIA-RDP67B00446R000400100004-3
August 26, 1966 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD - SENATE
19979
The President added that "no one can say destroy strategy-hunting out the hard core Beneath the rival polemics of hawks and
when this will be or how many men will be enemy units, but moving on after destroying doves, the pragmatic justifications of escala-
needed." them or spoiling their offensive plans. This tion, and the anguished search for a political
Probably there will be new peace efforts, has its military value, of course, but it is not settlement, lies the greater tragedy of the
but the big emphasis'will be military. The as effective in the long run as holding ter- war in Viet Nam: the erosion of the belief
President has denied there are studies esti- ritory taken. by the American people in the virtue of their
mating the war will go on for eight years But to hold the territory after all search- cause. Within the tragedy of Viet Nam,
and require 750,000 men. But this was hard- and-destroy operations would take more there is an American tragedy as well. Confi-
ly more than a technical denial at election men than are now available in Vietnam. dente in national leadership has been re-
time. The fact is that plans are well laid Indeed, to search-and-destroy thoroughly placed by doubt, commitment by baffled
for increasing the manpower in Vietnam and will take many more. But whether adds- acquiescence, moderation by a growing im-
doing it over whatever period is necessary. tional manpower and firepower will produce patience with stalemate. This is a war where
Last May, in a much-discussed article In altered Army strategy remains a secret. It open dissent has become a matter of course,
The Washington Post, S. J. Deitchman of the has in the past, however, as the American where draft-dodging is not considered un-
Institute for Defense Analysis calculated strategy changed more and more from coun- patriotic, where the Administration has lost
that, assuming a massive American escalation ter-guerrilla tactics to seeking direct con- the support of its own party in Congress.
in Vietnam, the war's duration could be frontation in the Korean war fashion. This is a Presidential war, for today, as
limited to about six years with the employ- All this assumes continued waging of war Richard Goodwin comments in this provoca-
ment of some 675,000 men. The casualties, he by the North Vietnamese. Experts here see tive essay on our Involvement in Viet Nam,
figured, would total about 100,000 killed no reason to doubt that they will. The re- "the Congressional power to declare war is
(compared to 33,629 battle deaths in the Ko- cent evacuation from Hanoi of virtually all little more than a ratification of events and
rean war and 4,741 so far in Vietnam, plus old people'and school-age children, for in- acts already past"
1,018 nonbattle deaths in Vietnam). Deitch- stance, is an act of determination, not of For the first time in our history, we do not
man's chilling estimates have never had of- - desperation. know why we are fighting, who our enemies
ficial sanction. But Sen. JOHN STENNIS If the war must go on, some ask, why not are, or even what we mean `by victory. Are
(D-Miss.), who last January first suggested attack the North with land and sea forces? we trying to contain China, to punish ag-
that 400,000 men would be needed by the Why not try a Vietnamese version of the gression, to show that wars of liberation
end of 1966, is now saying that an eventual famous Inchon landing by Gen. Douglas Mac- cannot succeed, to build an anti-Communist
500,000 to 600,000 men will be needed to Will Arthur's forces in Korea? bastion in South Viet Nam, or, as the Presi-
in Vietnam. It could, of course, come to that. But dent said recently in Omaha, to "determine
STENNIS' first estimate was very close; to- Administration officials say they doubt that whether might makes right"? Does anyone
tal American manpower in South Vietnam it will-not on military grounds but on po- really know? Have the American people
by the end of 1966 apparently will be between litical grounds. The premise of Administra- ever been honestly told? The President says
360,000 and 380,000, not including the 40,000 tion escalation of the war thus far has been he seeks a negotiated settlement, yet he pur-
to 50,000 men of the Seventh Fleet task force that Red China will stay out as long as the sues a course of military escalation that im-
off Saigon or the airmen and troops in Thai- United States does not invade North Vietnam plies a search for total "victory." He has
land. The Thailand manpower is kept secret, or threaten the existence of Ho Chi Minh's transformed this confusing struggle among
but is expected to reach 32,000 by year's regime. Mr. Johnson has said over and over dissident groups of Vietnamese into an
end. that the United States has no intention of American war against the tiny state of North
.Adding the higher figures gives a total of threatening the regime and does not covet a Viet Nam. He has tried to force the leaders
462,000 men, compared'to a Korean war peak foot of the North's soil. In Hanoi to negotiate with him by progres-
of 472,882 men directly involved, plus what The use of nuclear weapons is ruled out- sively devastating their country, yet he has
was termed "direct support" manpower. unless, of course, China enters the war and not been able to break their will. His policy
Thus, the war's escalation looks like this it becomes a vast Asian or world conflict. of escalation has been a military monstrosity
in terms of Americans directly committed to The United States does not want war with and a political disaster, yet, as Mr. Goodwin
Vietnam alone: China, but it wants to deny China a proxy observes, "Every step that fails calls forth not
1 1 f but a demand
no miscalculation
End of 1960---------------
End of 1961---------------
End of 1962---------------
End of 1963---------------
End. of 1964---------------
785
2, 000
11,000
15,500
23,000
End of 1966--------------- 360,000-380,000
Later --------------------- 500,000-600,000
STENNIS is not alone in suggesting the fu-
ture figures, but his sources of information
as chairman of the Senate Preparedness Sub-
committee, and the vitual fulfillment of his
earlier prediction, lend great credence to his
estimate. (The Administration refuses to
give an official estimate.)
Furthermore, the massive logistical build-
up inside South Vietnam has reached a point
.where many more men can be absorbed.
And the end of the monsoon season, now ap-
proaching, will add to the ability to move
more men within the country.
CONTRASTING STRATEGY
But more than just men and equipment
are involved, of course. One point Marine
Gen. Wallace M. Greene, Jr., the Marine com-
mandant, appeared to be making in the re-
cently disclosed background briefings he gave
in Saigon had to do with the strategy of
fighting the war.
In sum, he appeared to be saying that
Marines are fighting a take-and-hold strat-
egy (on his return to Washington, he pre-
dicted that his men and the South Vietna-
mese would soon link the two Marine-held
perimeters around Danang and Chulai into a
single safe area). Only such a strategy makes
possible a successful pacification program
because Vietnamese civilians will not risk
their lives to join in unless they are sure the
allied forces will not move out.
.But by contrast, Greene's implication con-
tinued, the Army is fighting a search-and-
victory in Vietnam. The China experts here an -m ss o
differ on just what "flashpoint," as some put for something more. it is the whole history
it, would bring China into Vietnam, but in of this war."
general they believe Peking will stay out as No one can doubt that the President is sick
long as America stays out of the North- of this war, that he would like to turn
however much we bomb military targets American power away from the incineration
there. of pajama-clad peasants to the achievement
The net of all this is the dreary prospect of his Great Society here at home. Yet he
of escalated war and more American casual- seems to have become obsessed by this war,
ties, which the Administration sees no way letting it destroy his sense of proportion
of avoiding. The only hope one hears, ex- and inflate his rhetoric, just as it has swollen
pressed in official circles is that a crack will our involvement from a few hundred advisers
develop In Hanoi's resolve if we turn up the to an army approaching half a million men.
heat-a crack that could lead to a peace con- He claims that his war aims are modest,
ference, a cease-fire or, at a minimum, a re- yet he is trying to achieve the virtually im-
version of the war to Vietcong guerrilla at- possible task of creating a democratic, popu-
tacks In the South. larly supported, pro-American government in
Of course, the Macawbers In the Adminis- a land torn by revolution. He speaks of our
tration could be right. The unexpected often "moral purpose" in words that would sound
happens in world affairs and some factor like the most cruel cynicism if they did not
now hidden by Communist secrecy could re- come from a conscience so obviously
verse the trend. Or, on the other side, a troubled. But he has not been able to de-
new upheaval in Saigon's political structure fine what that moral purpose Is, or how it
could destroy the base under the American can be achieved by the devastation of the two
effort-as has been perilously close to the Viet Nams, by the mounting sacrifice of
case on several occasions. American lives for a regime in Saigon which
But with those limited caveats, Washington does not even have the allegiance of its own
is grim and determined to see it through- people, and by a continuing escalation that
and most everybody thinks President John- will almost certainly, as Mr. Goodwin warns,
son will order the military heat poured on provoke the mass intervention of Hanoi's
to the fullest possible extent sooner rather 300,000-man army and quite possibly lead to
than later. a war with China.
m
itN
h
WHAT ARE WE DOING IN VIETNAM?
(By Ronald Steel)
(Ronald Steel, the author of End of Al-
liance, is currently completing a book on
American foreign policy to be published by
Viking.) -
"Triumph or Tragedy:
nam," by Richard N.
House, 142 pages, $3.95.
Reflections on Viet-
Goodwin, Random
our e a
This is the impasse to whic
policy has led us, and perhaps no one Is
better placed to analyze its origins than
Mr. Goodwin, who was one of the brightest
lights of the Kennedy intellectual team and
also a special assistant to President Johnson
before retiring temporarily from the cor-
ridors of power to his present post at Wes-
leyan University. His celebrated essay from
The New Yorker, now in book form and
padded with a collection of relevant docu-
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19980 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD -- SENATE August 26, 1966
meets, is an illuminating and penetrating in Viet Nam to one of national prestige, Mr. cent history is Mr. Upton Sinclair. Per-
analysis of a war that happened more by Goodwin does not give adequate weight to haps best known for his celebrated
accident than by design, of a commitment arguments which have now become more novel, "The Jungle," Mr. Sinclair has
in which "each individual decision seemed compelling in Washington. We may be fight-
reasonable, carefully limited, even neces- ing to save our prestige, as he suggests, but carved out a place in history as a tireless
sary," but where men entrusted with the fate why did we commit our prestige in the first and courageous champion of many pro-
of the nation "looked cautiously ahead while place? Was it not for the purpose of pre- gressive Causes.
the door closed slowly, ponderously behind venting a Communist, or perhaps even a Last Sunday's Washington Post, Au-
us." Marred only by an opening section in neutral, South Viet Nam? Does anyone gust 21, 1966, carries an interesting re-
appalling taste and an equivocal conclusion, really believe that this Administration, hay- flection on this distinguished citizen by
this is an eloquent and incisive study that ing committed 400,000 soldiers and the pres- John Carmody. I ask unanimous con-
merits wide attention. tige of the United States as a world power
"Why should we try to contain China?", to the defense of an anti-Communist gov- sent that the article be printed at this
asks Mr. Goodwin, going to the heart of the ernment in Saigon, will close up its bases point in the RECORD.
question. For it is only on the assumption and go away once the North has been crushed There being no objection, the article
that we somehow are containing China that and the Viet Cong forces dispersed-leaving was ordered to be printed in the, RECORD,
the intervention in Viet Nam can be justified. it to the Vietnamese to set up a neutral gov- as follows:
The question is direct, but the answer rather ernment? This is possible, but if it is true, A? 88, 111, WORLD Is LARGELY MEMORY-
fuzzy. China must be contained because it makes the entire war a cri-i -,,,a "-
world purpose of the United States-the
creation of an international order of inde-
pendent states." Further, he adds in a tanta-
lizing, but unexplained, aside, such expan-
sion "would inevitably feed the dark under-
current of repression and militarism never
wholly absent; from American life." These
are debatable answers at best, and it is un-
fortunate that Mr. Goodwin does not explain
an argument which seems to rest on a com-
bination of national purpose and national
therapy. Similarly, he argues that we have,
a vital interest in denying China a sphere of
influence in Asia, since "nations- have no
natural or God-given right to dominate those
close to them"-which is perfectly true, yet
this is what we grant the Russians in )Eastern
Europe and demand for ourselves in Latin
America.
Yet even though he believes that America's
"central world purpose" demands the con-
tainment of China, his scale is a relative one.
"We are not compelled to fight for every
inch of Asian soil or hazard war each time
Chinese influence begins to grow," he com-
ments in pointing out that Chinese, control
of Tibet cannot be measured on the game
scale as an assault on India. Switching over
from moral purpose to Realpolitik, he main-
tains that the crucial -question is not whether
Chinese influence is spreading, but where it
is spreading. America's "central world pur-
pose," it seems, is bounded by cold calcu-
lations of geopolitics and strategy.
On this scale, the fate of Viet Nam involves
no vital American Interest, and Mr. Goodwin
observes quite correctly that "had the Com-
mtuiists succeeded In taking over the entire
country, as they almost did, no sensible
American would now be demanding that we
go to war to recapture South Viet Nam." De-
molishing the conventional reasons givefi for
our Involvement in Viet Nam-the SEATO
pact, the belief that this is a testing ground
for wars of national liberation, or the be-
ginning of the fall of dominoes-he states
with commendable frankness that we are
fighting in Viet Nam only because we have
foolishly committed our prestige. Our only
vital interest in this war is "to establish that
American military power, once committed
to defend another nation, cannot be driven
from the field. It is not to guarantee South
Viet Nam- forever against, the possibility of a
Communist takeover."
Given this Interpretation of our stake in
since ritual anti-Communism is not a pur-
pose worthy enough to justify American In-
tervention in a strategically unimportant
state like Viet Nam, our only vital interest
(By John Carmody)
The left hand was always busy, clutching
a pillow, running along the top of the settee
arm.
Viet Nam, Mr. Goodwin believes that we must
simultaneously follow the road of negotia-
is to salvage our prestige. But this is not A thin, liver-freckled hand keeping time to
the Administration's position, and in failing memories that only Upton Sinclair could
to address himself to problems it considers hear now, up in that 12th-floor apartment
to be vital-such as the containment of China where he had come to rest, the journey
through United States protectorates along nearly run.
her frontiers-he is not really offering an
alternative policy.
Mr. Goodwin's argument is also blunted by
a certain inconsistency. While he believes
that the United States has no vital interest
in what kind of government rules Viet Nam,
he argues that "in the South we have no
choice but to continue the war," clearing
guerrillas from the countryside and pursuing
"a long, bloody, inconclusive war of attrition
until returning sanity brings a political set-
tlement." But if a Communist government
in Saigon is no threat to American interests,
whom should we fight a long, inconclusive
war of attrition for a settlement we could
have tomorrow? Either we are willing to
accept a Communist Viet Nam-in which
case we dump the Ky regime, Install a neu-
tralist government which will negotiate with
Hanoi, and withdraw to our coastal bases
until we can gracefully retire from the scene.
Or else we seek a military "victory" that will
maintain South Viet Nam as an anti-Com-
munist bastion-in which case we pursue
the policies of pacification outlined by Mr.
Goodwin. Either America has a vital in-
terest in the political future of Viet Nam or
it doesn't. If it does, the Administration's
policy is correct, although its rhetoric is
hypocritical. If there is no such vital in-
terest, then we can save our prestige by work-
ing out a deal with the Viet Cong. What
does not make sense, however, is to con-
tinue full-scale combat in the South, while
allowing the North to supply the Viet Cong
with men and materials.
Mr. Goodwin is a man of considerable
intellectual acuity who has written a lucid
and forceful analysis of the tragedy in Viet
Nam, but he has not fully come to terms
with the contradictions of his own position. He paused. "They're bringing my library
Straddling the fence between the role of an from the house In Monrovia (California) in
Administration spokesman ("we are under a van,- That's what I like to do now. I
attack and withdrawal is impossible and un- like to read. I don't like to do anything
wise") and an uncommitted critic ("a sub- else."
stantial section of the community of power "It was such a big empty house after my
believes that military victory is our princi- wife died,' he said. "You must hear how I
pal, perhaps our only, objective"), lie com_
i
s owns argument. The architect.
o .
tion and the road of combat: negotiation f our Viet Nam policy is not in the State summons the story he has told a hundred
ed
which will permit the Viet Cong to be ad- Department or in the Pentagon, where Mr. times in tht five years since.
mitted to a share of power in an ultimately Goodwin has searched for villains, but in the "No romance, now," said the former Mary
neutral Viet Nam; combat to "pacify" the White House. It is here, for reasons best Hard Willis, a South Carolina belle of 84,
South until negotiations take place. With known to him, that this brilliant, but not the teller of jokes, the prompter, the pourer
persuasive eloquence,. he urges a cessation to altogether persuasive, prosecutor has refused of pineapple juice for her diabetic husband.
the bombing of the North and an honest to look.. A gracious, kindly woman who might be 20
American initiative fo
ttl
r a se
ement based
on a cease-fire, withdrawal of foreign forces,
free elections, and neutralization.
All this is eminently reasonable, and in-
deed the approach the Administration claims
it favors. But in trying to limit the stake
UPTON SINCLAIR
Mr. McGOVERN. Mr. President, one
of the most remarkable Americans in re-
"He is a saint, you know," his wife said,
such a sweet, dear man."
And now in the manner of loving old
couples, she was leaning forward in her
chair, prompting him with a Bernard Shaw
anecdote for the visitor, Upton Sinclair's 88-
year-old face alive with laughter at that 1912
visit. Or was it 1926?
"No, that was before the Lanny Budd
stories," he said. "Love's Pilgrimage in 1911.
Yes.,,
Yes. And H. G. Wells and G. K. Chester-
ton and the English Socialists when Socialist
was a dirty word in a younger America and
the white-hair-haloed old head bobbing with
pleasure' at the untold stories that shim-
mered in his mind.
"THE JUNGLE"
"The world has given its judgment," he
said. "The Jungle" is what they'll re-
member.
"One of those publishers that makes
fancy books brought out an elegant $10 edi-
tion a few years ago. And I sat down in a
friend's house and signed 2,500 sheets and
sent them up to New York for the auto-
graphed editions that cost $25."
Sixty years ago: "The Jungle" ripped the
Chicago packing house industry to shreds,
prompted a Congressional investigation and
struck a blow for the laboring man and con-
sumer in this country that resounds still.
The year it was published, 1906, he stood
for Congress from New Jersey on the Social-
ist ticket. A Socialist on the docks in Jersey.
What angry memories are shimmering in
years younger.
Sinclair and his wife of five years, a:re
soon to move into their own apartment at
the Grosvenor Park apartments near Rock-
ville, two floors below her son-in-law's home
they are temporarily sharing now.
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 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD -SENATE----- - --- Ai gust 26, 1966
19984
S. Plan ' for securing right type of U.S. I simply see no alternative to the American I keep remembering the faces of my
leadership as short, intermediate and long commitment in south Vietnam and our sup- Arkanese friends in Western Burma the day
term personnel for the project. port of it. For this is not an attempt by the the Burmese Army-an army representing a
4. Develop an adequate plan for step by West to put down an indigenous peasant very Left-wing government-had bombarded
step process of turning project over to in- rising, "a response to economic and political a village, killing some innocent people, in
digenous leadership. Take adequate time conditions" as some intellectuals believe. order to attack local Communist guerrillas.
before releasing the project. What is happening in South Vietnam is not I remember the frightened faces of rubber
5. Training of village leaders. (Illustra- only an invasion through methods. of revolu- tappers in Malaya during the height of the
tion) Faith and Farm Program of Nigeria, tionary guerrilla warfare: it is part of a Communist insurrection in Johore in 1951-
Study of moral and spiritual requirements grand design by China to alter catastroph- and remember my own fears as the very brave
coupled with practical work as Peter Batche- ically the balance of world power. And Welsh plantation manager drove me through shadow lor, an Agricultural Missionary, has done should it succeed then world war is virtually wthe here his ayslines had rubber rl planta
not tion,
in 'Nigeria. The Bible and other sacred inevitable. long before. I remember the gentle face of been
books can become practical. basic texts as The view presented by Mr. Fairborn a Vietnamese Army officer, seconded to civii-
used by Mr. Batchelor. Many leaders are is a view which is growing throughout fan duties in the Central Highlands of Viet-
adapting the above methods. the non-Communist world, especially in nam in 1962, and the frightened young-oh,
V. AN OVERRIDING ISSUE so very young-faces of his militia boys as
Honesty, integrity and a sense of personal Asia where the menace of Chinese power value and worth are essential. There needs to is so immediately threatening. I wish to they awaited attack from Vietnamese Com-
bo this analysis with my colleagues, munist guerrillas. Indeed, I even keep
erative a sense of mutuality and men- development remembering a day 20 years ago when I went
rative sharing along with the developm and I therefore ask unanimous consent up-river behind the Japanese lines in
of sound business practices. These are in- for its insertion in the RECORD at this Borneo: remember the fear on the villagers'
terdependent and are a necessary part of point. faces lest our operation be unsuccessful and
development, service motive is necessary if There being no objection, the address bring Japanese reprisals upon them. I also
worthwhile changes are to be accomplished was ordered to be printed in the RECORD, remember a little boy on a beach in the
anywhere. Voluntary groups have a major as follows: Philippines a little earlier: his right arm a
role in helping this and the following gen- f our bombard-
erations to understand, maintain and develop [Item No. 113, documents of the Council bandaged mend earlier stuminp, the the mo result ult o o our o ar I
this concept. This approach will greatl aid Against Communist Aggression, March loathe both guerrilla war and the methods
in meeting and solving the "root c`use of 1966] involved in its putting down.
hunger. I ADDRESS To THE "UNCO GOOD" } I simply see no alternative to the American
,
i
+ : S
tr. Vietna onr7 n r sup-
a)
t
ou
-
----
V . -
-
EDITOR'S NoTE.-Geoffrey Fairbairn, who port of it. For this is not an attempt by the
THE SITUATION IN VIETNAM ( West to put down an indigenous peasant
Is a gentle scholar as he w s he was a teacher and
but tut political al rising, "a response to economic and political
President, the na- writer lode
Mr, DODD. Mr.
tions of Asia, Africa, and Latin America commando officer `end early expert on the conditions" as some intellectuals believe.
are 'emerging upon the international new and old guerril}a warfare developed both What is happening in South Vietnam is not
scene at a time of turmoil and tension. during and after orld War II, is as aware only an invasion through methods of revo-
Their own colonial backgrounds have as anyone of the odd, illogical, off again-on lutionary guerrilla warfare: it is part of a
again but highly opinionated role of in- grand design by China to alter catastrophic-
left an Westeern m with countries and Western Wt sestern i r stnand- of divisual and organized churchmen, partic- ally the balance of world power. And
Westeen st ularly in strongly Protestant countries dur- should it succeed then world war is virtually
ards. Theoretically, such countries ing the rise and fall of Hitler and, even more inevitable.
should be likely prey for the false gods of notably, his (Hitler's) affectionate admirer, Contained by the wills of free men in
Marxism, of rapid industrialization, and Joe Stalin and successors. Fairbairn has won Western Europe, the Soviet Union has been
A quick transformation into automated, a hearing and won support of students for his forced to take stock of its position and of
"profreedom" and "face the world's reality" the realities of the thermonuclear balance of
modern societies. appeal of the informed anti-Communist terror. It turned its energies toward social
But the fact is that, because commu- forces of the world. His appeal to Australian betterment, toward a hitherto undreamed-of
nism has been so close at hand, it has churchmen, so tardy on Hitler and worse humanism, toward a real effort to cooperate
not been able to mask its own particular than tardy on Mao and Ho Chi-minh, stands in keeping world peace. China acted differ-
kind of reality. In a recent address be- on its merits and the rather tragic facts of ently. China is biologically unafraid of a
fore the Australian Council of Churches past history.) nuclear holocaust. China talked, and talks
Geoffrey Fairborn points out that these (This article is the text of Geoffrey Fair- today, in terms of war "as the highest form
nations "know by now that communism bairn's address ... to a Sydney conference of struggle"-"war will become a bridge over l pass is a vast confidence trick perpetrated of the Australian Council of Churches. (The which ma Ai boa illful new into a ne aerarof
Bulletin, Sept. 11, 1965.).) y'
against peasants. They know-that ing to this viewpoint, will be built upon
WHERE I STAND "the debris of a dead imperialism." I do ask
where communism successfully grows A personal statement on Vietnam
out of the barrel of a gun, the peasants you, most humbly, if we have not in such a
,are herded on to collective farms as Mr. Chairman, Reverend Sirs: I believe viewpoint a truly terrible threat to world
state slaves. The result is economically that the Americans and Australians in South peace? Have the Americans ever talked in
appalling. For example, the per capita Vietnam are fighting for world peace, and I those terms? I ask you at this point to re-
tion of grain in the Soviet Union propose to explain why I believe that. I do member that American airpower could to-
produc not stand here as some tame apologist for morrow, in a matter of hours, reduce the
was higher in 1913 than in 1961. The the present Government. I have again and Red River Delta of Tonkin to a raging flood,
same thing happened in North Vietnam again attacked what I believed to be its against which the energies of the Viet-
after the Communist conquest of 1954." insouciance about the great issues in Asia. namese people have been bent for over 2000
No place in the underdeveloped world I have many times criticized its attitudes years. Instead of doing this, young Amer-
have men and women voluntarily chosen towards Asians. icans are dying in and around Maquis D,
communism. They have seen'that com- I have a kind of foster-son-for years around Chu Lai, Da Nang, Dak Sut, Kontum,
munism means brutal tyranny, and that while he grew to manhood I was in effect Pleiku-dying individually near places whose
his foster-father-who lives in Burma near names are probably unfamiliar to you. The
it does not result in economic advance, the Chinese border and I am conscious all Americans could end the war tomorrow by
but in almost total economic decay. the time of the dangers that he and his bombing the river control system of North
The resources of North Vietnam, as Australian wife and their children face today. Vietnam. They do not do so. Do you really
of other Communist states, are not used When I speak about guerrilla warfare I do believe the Chinese would not do so if the
to improve the lives of the people but not speak as an academic. At every local positions were reversed?
are used to pursue a policy of aggressive discussion such as this one, a large part of I must confess to finding the present sit-
expansion, mind is in other places: the road between nation here rather eerie, rather unreal.
expariSlOri. Kutkai and Namkham where that great med- When the campaign against South Vietnam
Qur allies in the free world are coming ical missionary Segrave worked until he died was launched through means of revolution-
to appreciate the real . meaning of the in the hospital that he and his wife and his ary guerrilla warfare, there were very few
conflict in Vietnam in the light of the 'sister built with their own hands out of Americans indeed in Vietnam. The number
proclaimed goal of world communism to stone laboriously moved from the Shwe-Li of village officials, and their wives and their
stimulate so-called wars of national lib- River, the border between Burma and China. children, assassinated or kidnapped each year
.. It was on that road that the Shan Burmese by the Vietcong vastly exceeded the number
el. ati4n_ throughout the world: famiily, of whom I am an honorary member, of American advisers. I hope that the church-
In his address, Mr. Fairborn, scholar, learned that guerrillas had the same day men protesters against American-Australian
teacher, and political writer, presents his inadvertently killed their small niece. They involvement today protested against those
assessment of this conflict: were not Communist guerrillas, murders and kidnappings. (Ed.: they did not
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August 26, 1966 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD - SENATE 19983
13. Poor educational techniques, systems and (e) Missions programs of the denomina- can be helpful in launching programs. This
dissemination of basic knowledge tions and other church groups will create new status and will put voluntary
(a) Lack of understanding of what is need- (f) The work of other voluntary agencies groups in a much more favorable light in
ed in practical education and information (g) All levels and kinds of educational many countries.
which will help people meet their basic needs institutions (government, private, exten-
and needs of trade schools (h) The general attitude and stability of The following illustrations are given as
(c) Too great a desire for classical educa- the government of the country from village examples which are now being supported as
dem
tion which often gets in the way of economic to national and reverse (Knowledge of what th
e wae world.nt The same techniques
me principles esous parts of
development rather than assisting it present programs include.) plied the e may be apf
14. Slow industrial m?owth 2. In gathering information from thr?ce and questions asked in other types of
sumer goods at prices people can pay- necessary groups to achieve purposes of any (a) Analysis of the type of credit needed
(c) Lack of capital and broad based under- development program, project or program (b) Percentage of assets which can be se-
standing of economic development selection. cured and developed locally
(d) Lack of understanding that industry 3. Remember that most of the technicians (c) Securing other needed assets which
must be of the size and nature to be practi- and supervisors from America are lay are basic to the operation
cal for a given area and at a given time churchmen. They can help decide what the (d) Credit to the borrowers at terms
(Agriculture is basic but other develop- major role of each group is and how the which meet local needs.
ment must be kept in balance and grow along groups can work together. The role of the (e) Agreement on proper purposes for
with agriculture.) church needs to be understood and accepted b?r.rowing
arza resources (This would include groups like Church (h) If an agency in the U.S. has any su-
(a) Limited knowledge of the values of World Service, CARE, Foundations, Educe- pervisory control over the program its con-
many foods, a taste for, and a desire to eat tional Groups, etc.) sent and understanding is needed in de-
them (In certain countries abundant peanuts 1. Send appropriate persons to the country veloping the program
are pressed Into oil with the cake being used to do preliminary study of present programs (i) Comprehensive educational programs
as fertilizer, for which it has little value, of the group involved, using I and II above in the use of credit among the executives,"
when it could be finely ground and used as as a guide. In cooperation with national directors, and borrowers who are in any way
a high protein food in their native breads leaders, select a comprehensive new project related to the program (Many books and
and other foods.) where resources are available, using the booklets are available on the subject of
(b) A new appreciation is needed by all above valuation and principles. credit for almost any kind of credit program
nations as to the basic contributions of nu- 2. Develop an agreement with one of from government agencies, foundations and
tritionists and home economists the colleges, universities or other educational cooperatives.)
(c) Lack of understanding that most na- institutions in planning a work-study train- 2. Example 2-Water well drilling
tions can produce high protein foods at ing program. Enroll only those persons who (a) A comprehensive study of the proper
reasonable costs or secure them from other will work an the project and spend part time location of wells to adequately serve an area
nations in exchange for local products in study (short term training.) Find the and not destroy the permanent water supply
16. Poor health conditions best training institutions which have some- (b) Cost of bringing water to the surface
(a) Often caused by malnutrition thing to contribute and will work under (c) Storage of water
(b) The sick and lethargic produce inade- these principles. - (d) Decision on priorities in use of water
quate food supplies 3. Use U.S. personnel paired with native such as:
(c) Many children born but only few reach personnel. Secure U.S. farmers, cooperative (1) direct human use
adulthood managers, extension personnel and vocational (2) livestock
(d) Improved health conditions result in agriculture teachers as basic leaders. Such (3) irrigation
population explosion-spiral of poor health persons can be secured on loan from other (4) industrial use
begins again agencies and groups to develop church and (e) Irrigation
Y7. Unsound government other voluntary group programs. (The 1966 policy and often Food for Freedom Bill makes this possible.) (1) cost of land leveling
lack of responsibility to the governed 4. Continue study of what (2) types of canals
(a) Corrupt governments y groups have (3) distance to fields
done and. are continuing to do. Do regular (4) cost of distribution of water
(b) Poor tax systems (not basic to local or evaluations, with complete yearly analysis. (5) how water is owned (cooperative, etc.)
national needs) 6. Go into a project or program (c) Basic ignorance of modern economic all denominations or other groups es onsi-. (f) Use of additional crops produced be-
business methods in government be p cause to agefor home use and commercial
ble have agreed on what is to oe done, how (1)storage for home use and commercial
(d) Inadequate use of available funds for it is to be done, and under r whose authority sales
development purposes and responsibility it is to be done. Attem t
(e) Long histories of being governed or comprehensive projects only after long p (2) cost method
of each i segment n
controlled by outside governments ( term, (3) of does segment of operation
riialism) tole- agreements are reached. If another group (4) what does the farmer and each per-
A basic tenet of section I: Principles of can better do the project let it take the lead- son involved get out of it?
Honesty, tenetty, sense of personal worth of ership but cooperate in the project. Jealousy
among agencies is one of the greatest hazards 3. Example 3-Poultry
and motivation for improving oneself and to successful programs. If a specific program or project is selected
sharing with others are implicit in the 6. Carefully select only those new major (poultry, as an example) some questions
Christian heritage and are needed. In eco- projects or programs which have a good op- must be answered: (Use the same process of
nomic development these are basic to the portunity for success. Plan some projects analysis for any project.)
Concept of the fatherhood of God and the for quick success, some for intermediate and 1. Is there a potential market at reason-
brotherhood of man and have some basis on some for long term development. able cost? Can training and facilities be
which to build in many religions. Religious 7. Continue to adapt and rebuild present made available for
principles, however, are without form and programs in the light of steps and principles (a) Developing a hatching program for
void if they are not involved in all the pro- found in this outline. broilers and laying flocks.
grams, concepts and forces of life related to 8. Develop literature and other educational (b) Assurance of control of disease prob-
overcoming the root causes of hunger among materials out of experience in the field. lems (Ususally a poultry department at an
all the peoples of the earth. Solving the Most materials must be prepared on the spot. educational institution is necessary.)
root causes of huliger is the overwhelming Use U.S. agencies, AID, foundations and co- m(c) Developing an adequate supply of for-
challenge of our time. mula feed
operative materials prepared for the area.
rC. SOME STEPS AND ANALYSES IN DEALING WITH (Much promotional work must be by prat- (d) A feasible and economical marketing
THE ROOT CAUSES OF HUNGER trial demonstration and by direct contacts.) program.
1. Preliminary Study of Types and Kinds 9. Prepare materials for U.S. understand- (e) Securing credit at reasonable rates
of Programs with Analysis of Their Successes ing and support. There is not enough in- (f) nedifor the of necessary leadership to
and Failures formation sent to the groups that furnish be trained for the entire operation
,(a) U.S. AID programs in. a given country the money to keep their support. (g) Develop salary scales above yet in
(b) FAO and,other UN agencies harmony with the economy of the area.
10. Hire an executive for the country where 2. Necessary analysis of local desires vs.
(c) Foundations and related groups a comprehensive program is being developed, possibilities of success. (They often dream
(d) Cooperatives and other private busi- who can deal with top level persons in gov- the impractical.) How to bridge the two
nesses ernment and all agencies as listed in II who and help them find success.
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August' ,26, 1966 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD SENATE
either individually or collectively, even once.)
Otherwise quite clearly a double standard of
morality is being insinuated upon the Aus-
tralian public. When over 50,000 North
Vietnamese were executed after atrocious
public humiliations I hope the protesters of
today publicly protested (Ed.: they did not
and don't even know it yet) -since this was
the Inevitable consequence of Communist
victory in the North, as it will be in the
South. I hope protesters are aware of what
will happen to supporters of the South Viet-
namese Government should the Communists
win. I hope that when the state power of
the North Vietnamese Communist society
trained artillery upon the protesting peas-
ants of Nghe-An, Ho Chi-minh's home prov-
ince, the clerical protesters of today pro-
tested then; and when Hanoi University was
closed down in order to prevent some kind
of teach-ins. Otherwise a double standard of
morality Is being imposed upon Australian
citizens.
Now today I refuse to get side-tracked into
technicalities. I would rather put this to
you; South-East Asia is composed of new
nations that might well be supposed to
favor Communist ideas. They all have, in
varying degrees, memories of humiliations
imposed by Westerners. They have 'all dis-
covered disabilities In themselves, since in-
dependence, so far as modernising techniques
are concerned. They are all disappointed by
their own political and economic achieve-
ments, and so they are all only too apt to 'talk
in terms of an economically dominating ne-0-
colonialism (and there is truth; economically,
in this talk). They are chiefly Left-wing in
point of social policy. But no where have
the presumably "higher ideas" of Commu-
nism Issued in a Communist government by
popular acclaim, through elections.
The chief reason for this Is that they are
peasant countries and they know by now
that Communism Is a vast confidence trick
perpetrated against peasants. They know-
that where Communism successfully grows
out of the barrel of a gun, the peasants are
herded on to collective farms as State slaves.
The result is economically appalling. For
example, the per capita production of grain
in the Soviet Union was higher in 1913 than
In 1961 (Mr. Khrushchev's figures, not mine).
The same thing happened in North Vietnam
after the Communist conquest of 1954. Pro-
duction in the South grew by 20 per cent, it
dropped by 10 per cent in the North.
I look forward to a day whet ,China, when
the great energies of Chinese civilisation are
forced back by the wills of free men to the
task of bettering its own people. I look for-
ward to the day when the nations of South-
East Asia-Left-wing and Right-wing-are
united in the common purpose of harnessing
the Mekong River. I look forward to the day
when an Australian Peace Corps will be ac-
tive in the villages of South-East Asia.
But first the Chinese "line," the Chinese
attempt to extend violence of a brilliantly
systematised kind throughout South-East
Asia, Latin America, and Africa, must be re-
pulsed. Peace depends upon this repulsion.
Hope depends upon this repulsion. This re-
pulsion simply must not be stayed on its way
by the neuroses and double standards of
morality and political gormlessness. I am
not prepared to stand in some apologetic
stance, even before such an august audience
as this. ,It is we who represent the open
future for the hearts and minds of men and
women-we, not the totalitarians. By "we,"
I do not have to add that I mean those
South-East Asians who are fighting and
bleeding and dying-the South Vietnamese
armed forces have suffered casualties equiva-
lent to those of Australia dui_ ing World War
it, fighting for the freedom to choose their
future, I want to quote a man who once
symbolised the dour, enduring decency of
free men, Winston Churchill: "Never give in.
Never, never, never, never. Never yield to
force and the apparently overwhelming
might of the enemy. Never yield in. any way,
great or small, large or petty, except to con-
victions of honor and good sense."
After all, we are back In 1938 now.
Mr. BAYH. Mr. President, I ask
unanimous consent to place in the REC-
ORD two additional statements given by
witnesses before the Subcommittee on
Constitutional Amendments on the ques-
tion of prayer in the public schools.
There being no objection, the state-
ments were ordered to be printed In the
RECORD, as follows:
SYNAGOGUE COUNCIL OF AMERICA AND NATION-
AL COMMUNITY RELATIONS ADVISORY COUNCIL
Testimony presented to the Subcommittee
on Constitutional Amendments of the Sen-
ate Judiciary Committee on the Dirksen
Prayer Amendment (S.J. Res. 148) August
8, 1966, by the Joint Advisory Committee of
the Synagogue Council of America and the
National Community Relations Advisory
Council, 55 West 42nd St., New York, N.Y.
10036. Constituent Organizations of the
Synagogue Council of America and National
Community Relations Advisory Council-
American Jewish Committee; American Jew-
ish Congress; B'nai B'rith-Anti-Defamation
League; Central Conference of American
Rabbis; Jewish Labor Committee; Jewish
War Veterans of the U.S.A.; National Coun-
cil of Jewish Women; Rabbinical Assembly;
Rabbinical Council of America; Union of
American Hebrew Congregations; Union of
Orthodox Jewish Congregations of'America;
United Synagogue of America.
I am Rabbi Seymour J. Cohen, a member
of the Conservative rabbinate, Rabbi of An-
she Emet Synagogue in Chicago, and Presi-
dent of the Synagogue Council of America.
With me are Rabbi Henry Siegman, a
member of the Orthodox rabbinate, and
Executive Vice President of the Synagogue
Council of America, Rabbi Richard G. Hirsch,
a member of the Reform rabbinate, and Di-
rector of the Religious Action Center of the
Union of American Hebrew Congregations in
Washington, D.C., and Mr. Milton I. Gold-
stein, an attorney from St. Louis, Missouri,
who is Vice-Chairman of the Commission on
Church-State and Interreligious Relation-
ships of the National Community Relations
Advisory Council.
The Synagogue Council of America rep-
resents the American Jewish religious com-
munity through its constituent rabbinic and
congregational groups. The organizations
which constitute the Synagogue Council of
America are the Rabbinical Assembly (the
rabbinic, group of Conservative Judaism),
the United Synagogue of America (the con-
gregational group of Conservative Judaism),
the Rabbinical Council of America (the rab-
binic group of Orthodox Judaism), the Union
of Orthodox Jewish Congregations of Amer-
ica (the congregational organization of
Orthodox Judaism), the Union of Ameri-
can Hebrew Congregations (the congrega-
tional body of Reform Judaism). These
rabbinic and congregational groups include
in their membership virtually all religiously
committed and synagogue-affiliated Jews
within our country.
The National Community Relations Ad-
visory Council is composed of the three con-
gregational bodies just mentioned, six other
major national organizations-American
Jewish ommittee; American Jewish Con-
gress; B'nai B'rith-Anti-Defamation
League: Jewish Labor Committee; Jewish
War Veterans of the U.S.A.; National Council
of Jewish Women-,and 79 Jewish community
relations councils in, )peal communities across
the United States.-
We are here today as representatives of
the Synagogue Council of America and the
National Community Relations Advisory
Council, and their respective constituent
agencies. The policy statements on which
this testimony is based have been approved
overwhelmingly in the respective General
Assemblies of these agencies.
As clergymen and religious leaders in our
respective branches of Judaism, and as
spokesmen for Jewish lay organizations, we
are deeply committed to a vision of a so-
ciety that is guided by religious values and
that is imbued with a transcendent sense of
Godliness permeating every human activity.
It is a vision described in our liturgy "of a
world perfected under the Kingdom of God."
That Is our daily prayer, and in our various
enterprises and activities, as Americans and
as Jews, we strive and hope to make that
vision somewhat more of a reality.
We are thus spiritually attuned and prac-
tically oriented to what is surely the very
antithesis of secularism. Our goal is the
"holy" society. But, as we will Indicate
presently, there is a crucial difference be-
tween society and state. In our plural so-
ciety, the state must be truly neutral if
society is to achieve holiness. It is for these
reasons that we appear before you, to voice
our deep concern over the issues raised by
the proposed amendment to our Constitu-
tion.
Like all American citizens, we cannot view
with equanimity any effort whose effect-
whether intended or not-may be to dimin-
ish our Bill of Rights in any way. As re-
ligionists, we have an additional and very
special stake, because this Bill of Rights,
and particularly the First Amendment, have
since the founding of our Republic assured
a climate which has made for unparalled
growth of religious activity and affiliation in
this country. We would therefore oppose
any effort to tamper with this precious herit-
age, unless such a change were to serve an
overriding and urgent social need which
could not be achieved In any other way. Our
position, stated plainly and in brief, is that
the proposed amendment would result in
consequences which are undesirable consti-
tutionally, and fundamentally inimical to
religious Interests.
The legal effect of S.J. Res. 148, it should
be noted, is by no means clear. It pur-
ports to be designed to permit "the voluntary
participation by students or others in
prayer" in the public schools. If this means
only the "voluntary" offering of prayers by
children in accordance with what they have
been taught at home or in church or syna-
gogue, the Amendment is unnecessary.
Nothing in any of the recent Supreme Court
decisions interpreting the First Amendment
bars such activity and no school authority,
so far as we are aware, had so interpreted
them.
The Court's decisions deal with something
altogether different-organized religious
practices in the classroom. And discussion
of the decisions has dealt almost exclusively
with such practices. Hence, It is reasonable
to assume that S.J. Res. 148, despite the am-
biguity of its wording, is also directed at this
area. It would presumably permit a num-
ber of practices that cannot be termed "vol-
untary in the sense described above. Thus,
Senator DIRKSEN'S statement accompanying
introduction of the Resolution makes it clear
that he intends it to permit joint recitation
of prayers by children in the classroom and
the presentation of plainly sectarian celebra-
tions of Christmas and other religious holi-
days.
The key words in the Resolution, stressed
by Senator DIRNSEN in his statement, are
those that allow public school authorities to
provide for as well as permit classroom
prayer. Thus the Amendment woud sanc-
tion placing the full authority of the school
establishment behind certain religious prac-
tices. That authority would in no way be
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CONGRESSIONAL RECOORD'- SENATE August 26, 1966
impaired either by dubbing the practice
"voluntary" or by barring state determina-
tion of the prayer's form and content. For
example, school public address systems could
be used to pipe into the classrooms specific
prayers selected by student committees.
The concept of organized religious activity
in the public school classroom totally free
of the influence of the state is, we submit,
a delusion. It is our impression that that
delusion is not shared by the principal spon-
sors of S.J. Res. 158. Senator DntKSEN, at
least, has made it entirely clear that religious
practices should be affirmatively fostered by
govefnrnent in the public school. While we
profoundly disagree with that point of view,
we respect it. We urge, however, that dis-
cussion' of S.J. Res. 148 be on the basis of
its true intent and effect-not in the fairy-
land of a theoretical and totally non-existent
voluntarism.
The Supreme Court decisions holding that
the First Amendment bars organized reli-
gious practices in the public school rest pri-
marily on the Amendment's ban or any
establishment of religion by the state. It
has been argued that the decisions ignore
the Amendments equally important guar-
antee of religious freedom. That guarantee,
we submit, does not in any sense require
governmental support of religion which is
what S.J. Res. 148 would foster. It requires
rather that individuals be allowed to act
according to the dictates of their conscience
with only that minimum of restraint by the
state necessitated by compelling public
needs. It not only does not require, it for-
bids, support from governmental authority.
B.J. Res. 148 would place the force of gov-
ernment behind prayer. Any doubt that this
would be the effect of the proposed Amend-
ment can be removed by considering the
context in which it would appear. It would
be seen as emerging from the unfavorable
reaction to the Court's prayer decisions.
Hence the tendency would be to assume-
and to act on the assumption-that the
school prayers Which had been ruled uncon-
stitutional by the Court are now allowed.
SThat the laborious and historic process of
constitutional amendment had been invoked
without any consequent change would cer-
tainly seem most unreasonable.) To most
people, who are not familiar with legal
minutia, this will simply mean that school-
conducted devotional ceremonies with which
the Court decisions dealt "are in again."
But even where conscious efforts will be
made to abide by the amendment's provision
that school officials may not prescribe the
.form or content of any prayer, the result will
ineiorably be the some. Anyone remotely
familiar with the dynamics of the classroom
situation knows that that is inevitable. The
phrase "voluntary participation" is obvi-
ously not intended to suggest a situation in
which each child recites his own prayers
aloud; this.could only result in disorder and
chaos. To have children pray in unison re-
quires that someone choose a particular
prayer. It requires, furthermore, the super-
vision and direction of a teacher, and the
teacher's supervisory role constitutes the
sanctioning by the State of a particular
prayer, irrespective of how the choice of
prayer was made. We are therefore right
back to the problem of an "establishment of
religion" by the State.
Furthermore, all children who happen to
be assigned to the same class irrespective of
their religious affiliation, must participate to-
gether in this "free exercise," or be silent, or
to ask to be excused from the room. To these
children, the proposed amendment would
deny the free exercise of religion. We refer
members of this committee to the volumi-
nous testimony before the House Judiciary
Committee during the 1964 hearings on the
Becker amendment in support of the conten-
tion that children can never be wholly free
of constraint in a setting whose entire
atmosphere is one of compliance and con-
But Constitutional considerations aside,
we find such a prospect objectionable for
religious reasons. Here, the insights of Jew-
ish tradition may perhaps throw a'somewhat
different and helpful light on the problem.
Jewish tradition, not 'unlike most other
religious traditions, knows of two kinds of
prayer:: private prayer, and public prayer.
There is hardly a place or activity that in
Jewish tradition renders private prayers in-
appropriate. A Jew is bidden to recite pri-
vate.prayers before he eats or drinks, on the
completion of his meals, on beholding the
beauty of God's nature, when putting on a
new garment, upon hearing good tidings-
in short, there is virtually no aspect of hu-
man experience that a Jew is not bidden to
sanctify with prayer. There is, therefore,
nothing inappropriate, from a Jewish re-
ligious point of view, and we might add, from
a Constitutional point of view, in a student
reciting private prayers during the course of
his school day, provided he does not obstruct
or impede the normal school program,
Public prayer is an entirely different mat-
ter again. Let us be clear about the nature
of the problem. The difficulty is not the
location as such, nor is it essentially what
some critics have prejudicially. described as
"routine, formalized, mechanical recitation."
In Jewish tradition, public prayers can be
recidecl virtually anywhere (though the syn-
agogue is its most appropriate setting.) Our
prayers, not unlike the public prayers of
most other faiths, are formalized both as to
content and manner of recitation. This is
necessarily so, for prayer is the singular
expression of a particular faith community,
shaped and formed by, and giving expression
to a unique historical encounter with the
Divine. For this very same reason, however,
it is an act of gross religious insensitivity to
involve in such a deeply sectarian experience
children of differing faiths. This kind of
indiscriminate, and superficial religiosity
leads to a trivialization and desecration of
genuine worship.
This, then, is the religious ground, as
distinguished from the political, on which
we base our opposition to sectarian prayers
in the public schools. It is on this same
ground that we would oppose non-sectarian
prayers. Prayer that is not rooted in specific
faith and in distinctive religious commit-
ment is a meaningless, empty exercise. More-
over, given the intimate, spiritually and
historically unique character of religious
faith and commitment which characterizes
each individual faith community, there is no
greater enemy of religion that a state that
promotes non-sectarian religion.
The knowledge, worship and obedience of
the God of Abraham, Isaac and Jacob, or the
God of Jesus, or the God of Mohammed or
instilled Within the total life of unique his-
torical. faith communities. The non-sectar-
ian god who is taught under the sponsorship
of the state is at best a banal one. At worst;
he turns out to be an idol against whom the
witness of all genuine religions is directed.
Does this mean that God and religion are
to be banished from our national life, or that
the religious foundations of this national
life are being challenged? The answer is
clearly and emphatically, "no!" We are in
fact a predominantly religious people in our
origins and in our traditions. As clergymen,
we seek to make religion an even more effec-
tive part of our society's life than it is.
Certainly, there is room in American life for
a broadening and deepening of genuine re-
ligious commitment. But this spiritual heri-
tage and this religious character is to be
attributed to the American people and to
American society as such, and decidedly not
to the American state as such.
The state derives its authority from society,
and within that limited authority it governs
society. But the state is not society. Because
we are a religious society our Founding
Fathers deliberately subtracted from the state
any competence in the area of religion,. They
A government that does not Interfere with
religion is thus secular in character, but it is
not secularistic. While it does not promote
religion, neither does it promote seculararist
ideologies that are inimical to religious faith.
It assumes a neutral stance. Such neutrality,
far from suggesting, hostility or indifference,
creates an atmosphere in which the syna-
gogue, the church and the home are free to
develop and strengthen religious commit-
ment. Any breach of this neutrality, far from
aiding religion, can only lead to a violation
of the integrity of our religious communities.
Our Constitution can of course be
amended; the procedures for amendment are
provided for within this same document. But
we. are here to assert that if the Constitution
is amended in accordance with S.J. Res. 148,
then let no one who supports this measure
delude himself or his countrymen that he has
rendered religion or liberty a service. In a
plural society, it is not and should not be the
business of government to aid religion, and if
it does assume that role, then, in the very
process and precedent it establishes, it does
religion a harm and. disservice that will far
outweigh the intended benevolence. For it
will have compromised that free and un-
fettered exercise of religious liberty without
which religious faith cannot for long retain
its integrity and independence. Our pro-
found respect for the role of our legislature
and for the sacrificial desire of its members
to serve the common good leads us to say to
members of this committee: your business is
not the promotion of religion. It is rather
the preservation of a free and just society, for
that, and nothing other and nothing less,
offers the surest safeguard for the preserva-
tion and strengthening of our religious
heritage.
STATEMENT OF DR. CARL MCINTIRE FOR THE
AMERICAN COUNCIL OF CHRISTIAN CHURCHES
IN SUPPORT OF SENATE JOINT RESOLUTION
148, THE DIRKSEN PRAYER AMENTMENT
(Presented to Subcommittee on Constitu-
tional Amendments, Committee on the
Judiciary, U.S. Senate, August 5, 1966)
Gentlemen: I appear in behalf of the
American Council of Christian Churches of
which I am a member of the executive com-
mittee. This Council consists of 17 Protest-
ant denominations in the United States.
I am president of the International Coon-
oil of Christian Churches with 111 denomi-
nations over the world, of which the Amer-
ican Council is an affiliate. The American
Council is in no way to be confused with the
National Council of Churches; in fact, it is
comprised mainly of church bodies and lo-
cal churches which have withdrawn from the
National Council of Churches.
The denominations affiliated with the
American Council of Christian Churches
have, in various ways, indicated their sup-
port of prayer in the public schools. 'We
know of no local church or even an individ-
ual in any of the churches that is opposed to
the youth of this country praying, on, a
voluntary basis, while in our public schools.
The Dirksen Amendment, we believe,
should become a part of the Constitution of
the United States as soon- as possible. The
Dirksen Amendment in no way alters or
changes the First Amendment. The effect of
this amendment Is to correct this condition
produced in the country as a result of a deci-
sion of the Supreme Court, June 17, 1963,
and to restore to all of the American people
the liberty that they formerly enjoyed under
the First Amendment and also the Ninth
and Tenth Amendments before the Supreme
Court's action.
Further, in no way does this proposed
amendment alter or interfere with the doc-
trine of separation of church and state
which the American Council is zealous to
fortuity to group ac ivities. wisel understood that reli ious neutrality maintain.
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August 26,' 1966 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD - SENATE
vides that such men must start their train-
ing within tour months of enlistment but
the Army's training facilities are so swamped
with draftees that these men-of draft age-
are, legally, draft exempt.
Defense Department sources, moreover,
estimate that 170,000 Army reservists and
300,000 National Guardsmen of draft age
have completed their training but otherwise
have done no active service in the nation's
behalf. Many, it is thought, have the M.O.S.'s
(military occupational specialties) urgently
needed in Vietnam, including helicopter me-
chanics, warehousemen and others with spe-
cial skills.
SUBTLE HINT?
To tap this rich source of manpower, Sen-
ator RUSSELL prevailed on the Senate this
week to vote 66 to 21 to empower-but not
oblige-the President to call up individual
reservists who had completed their training
for approximately 18 months active duty, pre-
sumably in Vietnam.
The measure, co-sponsored by Senator
LEVERETT SALTONSTALL, Republican of Mas-
sachusetts, provides that consideration shall
be given to those with (A) family responsi-
bilities and (B) employment deemed neces-
sary to maintain the national "health, safety
or interest." But it makes no provisions for
educational (college) deferments.
The measure Is intended, primarily, to
sweep up the young men who have volunteer-
ed, legally and perhaps even patriotically, in
the Army Reserve and National Guard but
who, until the law changes, may be perma-
nently spared active duty in Southeast Asia.
The "scandal" to which Senator RUSSELL
alluded appears on its way out. So far the
White House and Pentagon have refrained
from any major reaction and it may be that
the Russell-Saltonstall measure, if accepted
by the House, will be ignored by the Com-
mander in Chief, President Johnson.
[From the Mitchell (S. Dak.) Daily Republic,
Aug. 23, 1966]
Six HUNDRED THOUSAND AVAILABLE
The Ready Reserve and National Guard,
more than 600,000 strong, will be available
for service in Viet Nam at the President's
call under legislation passed by the Con-
gress. The action bypasses the need for the
President to declare a national emergency
In order to resort to this military pool.
President Johnson did not ask for this
authority and may be loath to use it. But
Congress has become restive about the high
draft calls while the Ready Reserve and
Guardsmen, who were trained axed who could
be sent almost at once, were not called.
Senator RICHARD B. RUSSELL, chairman of
the Senate Armed Services Committee, argued
that it was a "scandal" that young, untrained
men were being drafted while Reservists and
Guardsmen were enjoying sanctuary because
they had signed up for these services and
trained for six months and then should be
called to active duty.
"We're scraping the bottom of the barrel,
taking men with lower mental and educa-
tional standards than is required for re-
servists," RUSSELL said. "It is not fair for
Reservists and Guardsmen to enjoy sanc-
tuary with only brief training periods while
volunteers and draftees carry the brunt of
the military buildup."
Congress responded overwhelmingly for
the call to the Reservists and' Guardsmen
because they have been hearing from their
constituents about the unfairness of letting
them off active duty while the draft calls
are rising to 40,000 and more a month.
The action was bipartisan. It was led by'
RUSSELL and the ranking Republican member
of the Senate Armed Services Committee,
Senator LEVERETT SALTONSTALL of- MasasChu-
setts.
However, the legislation only authorizes
the President to call up Reservists and
Guardsmen. He is not compelled to do so,
and is not apt to unless things get much
worse in Viet Nam. The members of Con-
gress have discharged their duty as they
THE WAR IN VIETNAM AND THE
AMERICAN CIVIL WAR
Mr. DODD. Mr. President, I wish to
call the attention of my colleagues to a
historical essay captioned "Lincoln's
Battle with 'Doves' During the Civil
War." by Henry Owen, which appeared
in the Washington Sunday Star of June
12, 1966. I feel that this essay is par-
ticularly timely and pertinent because
of the light it throws on some of the
difficulties we are experiencing in con-
nection with the conduct of the war in
Vietnam.
Today we are confronted with a still
small but growing minority of people
who feel that peace could be restored in
Vietnam if only we were prepared to ne-
gotiate on reasonable terms.
Lincoln in his day was also confronted
by a restive articulate minority which
held that peace and the Union could both
be restored if only the President were
disposed to be more reasonable-which,
if it meant anything, meant he would not
insist on the abolition of slavery.
Today the administration is assailed
by critics who tell us that we can never
win the war in Vietnam.
The Lincoln administration in its day
was also assailed by critics who sang a
similar tune. Mr. Owen, for example,
quoted Mr. Clement Vallandingham, who
had been exiled for antiwar agitation,
as saying:
You have not conquered the South. You
never will. It is not in the nature of things
possible ... Stop fighting. Make an armi-
stice. Accept at once foreign mediation.
The conduct of the Vietnam war has
been handicapped by teach-in move-
ments and demonstrations; assailed by
petitions and editorials, and opposed by
political elements, ranging from the
Communists on one side to the pacifists
and isolationist Republicans and Demo-
crats on the other side.
But the opposition encountered by
President Johnson in the prosecution of
the Vietnam war is really small stuff
compared with the opposition encoun-
tered by President Lincoln. Mr. Owen
notes that the 1862 congressional elec-
tions went heavily against the Lincoln
administration in the Midwest, and that
after this election the Illinois House of
Representatives passed an antiwar reso-
lution by a large majority, while the In-
diana Legislature refused appropriations
for raising troops.
Mr. Owen also noted that:
The roster of American newspapers calling
for peace included the New York Daily News,
the New York Tribune (on-and-off), the
Cincinnati Enquirer, the Columbus Crisis,
the Detroit Free Press, the Indianapolis Sen-
tinel, the Chicago Times, and many others.
Mr. Owen also recalls that in August
1864 the chairman of the National Re-
publican Committee warned Lincoln
that he had lost so much support that
if an election were held at that time
Lincoln would probably be beaten. He
notes that 1 month later, in September:
The Democratic Party nominated Gen.
McClellan for President on a platform,
drafted under Vallandingham's leadership,
which proclaimed that "after four years of
failure to restore the Union by the experi-
ment of war . justice, humanity, liberty
and the public welfare demand that imme-
diate efforts be made for a cessation of hos-
tilities ... on the basis of the Federal
Union of States.
President Johnson has been called
upon by critics of various political hues
to deescalate the Vietnam war in the
interests of peace. Here, too, there is a
parallel between the situation which to-
day confronts President Johnson and
the situation which confronted President
Lincoln. As Henry Owen tells the
story-
Lincoln turned a deaf ear to pressures
for "de-escalation". He called for another
500,000 men to be drafted (even though the
draft was highly unpopular-witness the ex-
tensive draft riots In Ohio and New York
the previous year.) He told the armies to
press ahead, as hard as they could: "Hold on
with a bulldog grip and chew and choke as
much as possible".
Mr. President, I ask unanimous con-
sent to insert into the RECORD at this
point the full text of the article by Mr.
Henry Owen in the Sunday Star for
June 12, 1966. I earnestly hope that my
colleagues will find the time to give it the
careful study which I believe it merits.
There being no objection, the article
was ordered to be printed in the RECORD,
as follows:
LINCOLN'S BATTLE WITH "DOVES" DURING THE
CIVIL WAR
(EDITOR'S NOTE.-This is an essay in his-
tory, not current policy. These facts are in-
teresting in their own right, not as a guide
to what we should or shouldn't do today in
wholly different circumstances.
(The author is acting chairman of the
Policy Planning Council in the State De-
partment.)
(By Henry Owen)
The peace movement in the North during
the Civil War reflected:
An instinctive feeling that it was wrong
to try to deal with a political problem (seces-
sion) by force of arms.
Objections to the draft and, as the war
continued, to heavy Union losses.
Despair at the prospects of victory over
what seemed to be not just any army, but an
entire people.
A growing feeling that peace and the Union
could both be restored if Lincoln would only
negotiate sensibly (i.e., if he would not insist
on abolition of slavery).
The peace movement had two centers of
strength, New York City and the Ohio-In-
diana-Illinois area. It first showed major
political strength in the 1862.Oongressional
elections, which went heavily against the ad-
ministration in the mid-West.
REFUSED FUNDS FOR TROOPS -
A Republican leader noted: "The people
have furnished men and means In abundance
for all purposes to conquer the enemy; but
after a year and a half on trial ... we have
made no progress in putting down the rebel-
lion ... and the people are desirous of some
change, they scarcely know what."
After this election, the Illinois House of
Representatives passed an anti-war resolu-
tion by a large majority; and the Indiana
legislature refused appropriations for raising
troops. Gov. Yates dealt with the fractious
Illinois legislature by the simple expedient of
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CONGRESSIONAL RECORD - SENATE August 26, 1966
adjourning it until 1865; Gov. Morton kept
Indiana in the war only by a farefaced dic-
tatorship.
The 1863 elections generally favored pro-
Union forces, but there was a startling de-
velopment in Ohio.
Clement Vallandigham, who had been
exiled for anti-war agitation, not only gained
the Democratic nomination for Governor but
won two-fifths of the votes cast in the gen-
eral election.
This was the same man who, a short while
before, had told his fellow Congressmen:
"You have not conquered the South. You
never will, It is not in the nature of things
possible . . . Stop fighting. Make an armi-
stice. Accept at once foreign mediation."
NEWSPAPERS URGED PEACE
A month later, in December 1863, the
United States House of Representatives
tabled a resolution calling on the President
to. open negotiations with the South. The
vote was 98 to 59.
In the spring of 1864, as Grant's offensive
against Richmond brought heavy losses,
peace sentiment waxed.
Large peace meetings were held in major
cities of the North.
The roster of American newspapers call-
ing for peace included by now the New York
Daily News, the New York Tribune (on-and-
off), the Cincinnati Enquirer, the Columbus
Crisis, the Detroit Free Press, the Indian-
apolis Sentinel, The Chicago Times, and
many others.
In August 1864, the Chairman of National
Republican Committee wrote Lincoln that
"the tide is setting strongly against us ...
Were an election to be held now in Illinois
we should be beaten . Pennsylvania is
against us ... Nothing but the most res-
olute action . can prevent the country
from falling into hostile (i.e., Democratic)
hands."
He attributed the party's misfortunes, in
part, to the "widely diffused suspicion ...
that we can have peace with the Union if we
would."
M'CLELI.AN NOMINATED
He urged Lincoln to demonstrate the false-
ness of this view by appointing a peace com-
mission to negotiate with Jefferson Davis, on
only one condition: The supremacy of the
Constitution be acknowledged.
Later that month, Lincoln recorded his be-
lief that he would be defeated in the election,
and that the new President would be unable
to continue the war because of peace
promises made during the election.
In early September, as if to bear out his
prediction the Democratic Party nominated
Gen. McClellan for President on a platform,
drafted under Vallandigham's leadership,
which proclaimed that "after four years of
failure to restore the Union by the experi-
ment of war ... justice, humanity, liberty
and the public welfare demand that imme-
diate efforts be made for a cessation of hos-
tilities ... on the basis of the Federal Union
of States."
The peace movement had reached its peak.
LINCOLN'S RESPONSE
There were four main elements in Lincoln's
response to this movement:
1._ War aims. He sought to define the pur-
poses of the war in terms of "an issue which
had so great an emotional content that all
the differences and uncertainties of the pop-
ular mind would be swallowed up in loyalty."
(The quote is from Prof. Kirkland.)
"This war is not prosecuted upon our part in
any spirit of aggression, nor for any purpose
of conquest or subjugation, but to defend
and maintain the supremacy of the Constitu-
tion . . . and to preserve the Union . . . and
as soon as these objects are accomplished
the war ought to cease."
CHAIN OF REASONING
In his major addresses Lincoln returned
again said again to this theme: That the war
was being fought to ensure that "government
of the people, by the people, and for the
people shall not perish from this earth."
How could representative government suc-
ceed, he asked, if its judgments were to be
overthrown by force of arms?
Thus, like Jefferson in the Declaration of
independence, he related the conflict to time-
less beliefs about the nature of man and
government. And he did this not merely
by rhetoric but by a chain of reasoning which
the man in the street found clear and per-
suasive. (Indeed, Lincoln's straightforward
arguments generally got a better reception
from the public at large than from members
of Congress.)
2. Negotiations. Having defined his war
aim, Lincoln wanted to show that it was
Jefferson Davis, not he, who blocked peace on
terms consistent with that aim.
To this end, he encouraged private probes
of Confederate intentions, in 1863-64, by
such enthusiastic "doves" as Horace Greeley,
Col. Jacquess, and James Gilmore. He
allowed them to travel to Canada and Rich-
mond, In order to discuss peace terms with
Confederate representatives (including Pres-
ident Davis himself), and he promised to
listen to their reports.
Lincoln made clear that the U.S. govern-
ment would only enter negotiations if these
emissaries could report that President Davis
would agree, in such negotiations, to restore
the Union and the Constitution. This was
one issue on which Lincoln could not com-
promise without jeopardy to his essential war
aim. By making this clear beforehand he
reassured the "hawks" (Republican Radi-
cals).
PRESSED. ABOLITION
The "hawks" also pressed him to make the
abolition of slavery a pre-condition to peace.
As the war went on, Lincoln had come in-
creasingly to support abolition. Yet to make
its immediate achievement a condition of
peace would be to place in jeopardy the sup-
port for the war that he was getting from
responsible "doves," the moderate Demo-
crat's.
The result: Masterful unclarity on Lin-
coln's part. In his famous "To Whom It
May Concern" statement in mid-64 he cited
two pre-conditions to peace: preservation of
the Union, and abolition of slavery. When
the Democrats protested that Lincoln was
'thus creating new obstacles to peace, he
wrote private letters to peace leaders in the
North, suggesting that if Jefferson Davis
wanted to propose restoration of the 'Union
without the abolition of slavery, "let him
try me." The implication was that Lincoln
might prove flexible on this point.
This vagueness pleased no one, but en-
abled the Greeley-Jaquess-Gilmore peace
probes to be mounted without giving too
much offense to either hawks or the doves.
CHANGED TACTICS
These probes served the purpose Lincoln
had in mind: They proved that the main
obstacle to peace lay in Richmond, not Wash-
ington. President Davis indicated that the
That issue, Lincoln decided, was the sur- war could only be ended by accepting post-
vival of the Union and of representative war Confederate rule in the South.
government. This meant that the people of Lincoln encouraged disappointed peace
the Union should be able to settle their probers to share these results with the North-
differences under the Constitution without, ern voters before the November election.
in Lincoln's words, "successful appeal from When that election was won, Lincoln
the ballot to the bullet." changed his tactics, but not his strategy.
This objective was set down in the John-
son-Crittenden resolution, which passed both
houses of Congress by big majorities in 1861:
On Grant's urging, he accepted a Con-
federate invitation to talk peace at Hampton
Roads with the Vice President of the Con-
federacy (an old friend) and two other Con-
federate Commissioners-without any prior
indication of Confederate agreement to re-
store the Union. He wanted to discover
whether the deteriorating Southern military
situation was reflected in a changed Con-
federate negotiating position. It was not.
The meeting, the only "official" negotiation
of the war, broke up after four hours. The
Confederate representatives could not agree.
to restore the Union, even though both Lin-
coln and Seward signalled some flexibility on
abolition (at least in request of means and
timing). Lincoln could not agree to an
armistice without a political settlement;'thiis
would only give the Southern armies needed
respite, and prolong the war.
3. Pacification., During this Conference
the Southern Commissioners described Lin-
coln's demand that the South lay down its
arms as a call for "unconditional submis-
sion." Seward replied that the people of the
South would have the safeguards of the Con-
stitution and the Courts, once the Union was
restored.
Here was the essence of Lincoln's peace-
making. Confederate leaders might not give
up the goal of overthrowing Union rule, but
Lincoln hoped that the Southern people
would, if they were offered a prospect of fair
treatment in the Union.
His plans for pacification-restoring self-
government and Congressional representa-
tion in occupied areas of the South-were to
him a more likely road to peace than negoti-
tiori. He looked to settling the great issues
that were at stake, not by negotiating under
the threat of armed duress, but by submit-
ting them to the normal process of free elec-
tion. He hoped to restore peace by treating
not with the Confederacy but with its
citizens.
INSURED FREE ELECTIONS
All this took contrite form in the first
Southern areas to come under Union rule:
Louisiana, Arkansas, and Tennessee. He
sought quickly to restore state governments,
and he instructed his military commanders
to insure that there was a genuinely free
vote. He did not want, he wrote one of them,
"Northern men here (in the Congress) as
representatives elected ... at the point of
the bayonet." Orderly elections were held as
early as December 1862 in the First and Sec-
ond Louisiana Congressional districts, which
embraced New Orleans and outlying areas.
In December 1863 the President sought to
dramatize what he was about. He an-
nounced that as soon as 10 percent of the
registered voters in any state occupied by
Union armies were ready to take the oath of
allegiance to the Constitution, he would be
prepared to restore state government. The
people of that state could then decide for
themselves, in free elections, by whom they
wanted to be governed-locally and in the
Congress. With this went a sweeping
amnesty.
The "hawks" disapproved and passed the
punitive Wade-Davis law as a substitute.
Lincoln used the pocket veto to kill that law.
DISAPPOINTED CROWD
He hoped that as word of his pacification
policy got about, the morale of the Confed-
erate people and armies would be affected and
the way opened for a lasting peace.
All this was at the heart of Lincoln's con-
cerns in the final months of his life. When
a large crowd came to cheer beneath the
White House windows at the news of Lee's
surrender, Lincoln disappointed it: In this,
his last speech, he spoke not of military vic-
tory but of his plansfor restoring self-gov-
ernment on generous terms in the South-
and of the progress which these plans were
making in Louisiana.
Thus, Lincoln's handling of "negotiations"
largely in terms of Northern politics was
balanced by his handling of "pacification"
largely in terms of Southern needs. The
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August 26, 1966 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD - SENATE
first he saw as a means of defusing peace
sentiment in the North; the second was, in
his view, the essence of peace-making in the
South.
4. Making war. But none of this would
avail, Lincoln believed, unless Union mili-
tary successes convinced the Southern peo-
ple that resistance was futile. "Peace" pres-
sures on the President to relax the pace of
military operations got short shrift.
This issue came to a head in the summer
of 1864.
Grant's offensive against Richmond had
bogged down in heavy casualties. A his-
torian notes that "every day the North was
sinking deeper in despair, as hopes of a
speedy victory vanished." There were de-
mands for firing "butcher" Grant and call-
ing off his offensive.
AVOIDED SHERMAN
A stepped-up offensive would mean heavy
losses and a new draft call, and would hurt
Lincoln politically in the short run. On
the other hand, if this offensive succeeded,
fewer people would probably be killed in
the long run, and the Northern peace party's
position in the election would be weakened.
Some eminent Southerners were weighing
the same factors. Gen. Stephen Ramseur
of North Carolina wrote his wife: "If our
armies can hold their own, suffer no crush-
ing disaster before the next election, we may
reasonably expect a termination of this war.
McClellan will be elected and his elec-
tion will bring peace. . Gen. Joseph
Johnston, fighting ably in Georgia, sought
to avoid pitched battle with Sherman-
judging that a delaying defense was best
calculated to enhance war weariness in the
North. He and other Confederate Military
leaders had long since ceased to think of vic-
tory; their only object was to keep the war
going long enought to give peace sentiment
in the North a chance to prevail.
Lincoln turned a deaf ear to pressures
for "de-escalation." He called for another
500,000 men to be drafted (even though the
draft was highly unpopular-witness the ex-
tensive draft riots in Ohio and New York
the previous year.) He told the armies to
press ahead, as hard as they could: "Hold
on with a bulldog grip and chew and choke
as much as posible."
STORM OF PROTEST
A storm of protest broke about his head,
as he knew it would. His biographer records:
"All the submerged discontent broke into
open clamor. The awful losses of the last
few weeks had horrified the nation. The
thought of further bloodshed brought re-
Vulsion."
The language with which some Northern
newspapers greeted his demand for "five hun-
dred thousand more victims" probably did
not surprise Lincoln. His election prospects
seemed to dip further.
But Lincoln's other expectations were also
borne out: As Sherman and Grant pressed
forward, Northern peace sentiment receded,
Southern peace sentiment mounted, and Mc-
Clellan's fortunes declined. After the No-
vember election, the Northern peace move-
ment never troubled Lincoln again.
Lincoln's responses to the peace movement
were effective and mutually reinforcing, be-
cause they were grounded in the principle
of self-determination.
BASED ON PRINCIPAL
Seeing the war largely as a means of pre-
serving this principle, he was able to define
its meaning eloquently and effectively.
Because he insisted that any peace negoti-
ations be based on this principle, he was able
to handle pressures for negotiation In a way
that strengthened, rather than weakened, the
war effect.
Because his pacification plans were directly
related to this principle, they offered con-
vincing hope for the future.
And because he perceived that this prin-
ciple was at stake he was able-sensitive
though he was to human suffering-to ex-
plain why pressures for abating a cruel war
could not be accommodated.
AUTO INSURANCE PIRATES
Mr. HART. Mr. President, it is a
pleasure to call my colleagues' attention
to "Auto Insurance Pirates," from the
.August 14, 19-66, issue of the interesting
and informative Parade. This is a vivid
description of the harm being done
Americans by the failure of many high-
risk auto insurance companies. Basis
for much of the article is information de-
veloped by the senior Senator from Con-
necticut [Mr. DODD] during and follow-
ing hearings of the Senate Antitrust and
Monopoly Subcommittee. Certainly I,
for one, am grateful to Senator DODD for
focusing the public spotlight on this seri-
ous problem.
Mr. President, I ask unanimous con-
sent that the article be inserted in the
RECORD at this point.
There being no objection, the article
was ordered to be printed in the RECORD,
as follows:
AUTO INSURANCE PIRATES: How THEY MENACE
THE PUBLIC-AND REPUTABLE COMPANIES
(By Charles W. Stickle)
In Indiana, where high school basketball is
"big league," 16-year-old Ronald Barricklow,
leading rebounder on the Holton High School
team, enjoyed near-celebrity status.
On the cold wet morning of Jan. 13, 1959,
after boarding the schoolbus near his home,
Ronald found himself the center of a lively
discussion of his team's chances for victory
in a forthcoming game.
Ronald Barrlcklow would not play in that
game or any other basketball game from that
morning on. Nor would he ever walk nor-
mally again. When the bus carrying Ronald
and 30 other students stopped to pick up
more passengers, it was rammed from the
rear by a trailer truck.
Young Barricklow awoke the next day in a
hospital, his right leg broken in three places,
his left thigh fractured, his left hip dislo-
cated. Eight operations and nine months
later, Ronald was discharged from the hos-
pital, his left leg three inches shorter than
his right.
Medical and surgical expenses totaled $19,-
340.53. Ronald's father, a construction work-
er, paid the bills by mortgaging the
Barricklows' small farm.
The truck that crashed Into the schoolbus
was insured by an out-of-state firm, which
did a multi-million dollar business in 43
states. It was found completely insolvent In
1962 and left the Barricklows and 8500 other
claimants without payment.
The story of the Barricklows and their in-
solvent insurance firm is but a single episode
in a sordid casebook of mismanagement,
fraud, embezzlement and financial machina-
tions by carpetbaggers and incompetents who
have invaded the American auto insurance
market.
The soaring highway accident rate and the
resulting heavy insurance losses have caused
established companies to exercise painstak-
ing care in choosing whom to Insure. The
careptbaggers, taking advantage of this cli-
mate, have moved into the so-called "high-
risk" market that services motorists who
have difficulty obtaining insurance coverage
because of poor accident records, age, poor
health or physical disability.
The result has been catastrophic.
States Dean E. Sharp, assistant counsel to
the Senate Subcommittee on Antitrust and
19991
Monopoly: "Passing virtually unnoticed has
been the insolvency of 62 insurance firms In
21 states since 1960, Including 33 in the last
two years alone. These companies have left
more than $275 million in unpaid claims,
filed by more than 175,000 persons, many of
them badly injured, and more than one mil-
lion individuals with worthless automobile
insurance."
Subcommittee counsel Sharp describes the
situation as "one of the greatest scandals ever
to affect the insurance industry."
The scandals, of course, have been limited
to a relatively small percentage of companies,
while many of the nation's most reputable
insurance firms also write high-risk auto-
mobile insurance and reliably meet their
claims. (Of 900 firms in the auto casualty
insurance field, 350 perform the essential
function of underwriting insurance for risky
motorists.) But the scandals threaten to
give an economic black eye to all.
A "FESTERING SPLINTER"
Illinois State Insurance Department Direc-
tor John F. Bolton Jr., who was appointed
last year when the state literally was being
blitzed by hit-and-run insurers, says: "We
are dealing with a splinter-a painful, fester-
ing splinter, but still a splinter."
The "splinter" Director Bolton refers to has
two jagged edges. One of them jeopardizes
the financial security of the motorist insured
by the shaky high-risk company every time
he gets in his car.
According to Vincent A. Carroll, judge of
the Court of Common Pleas in Philadelphia,
"There are thousands of motorists who be-
lieve they have fulfilled their social duty by
purchasing insurance when, in fact, for all
practical purposes they are not really in-
sured."
His assertion proved bitterly accurate for a
young Maryland couple who lost their home
when an accident victim obtained a $12,000
judgment against them. They felt they were
covered, but when the claim was filed, the
insurance company was insolvent.
The other side of the "splinter" endangers
the innocent motorist, when he is Injured
or his car is damaged by a high-risk driver.
who carries a worthless auto liability policy.
How many Americans are affected by these
failures Is reflected by the following statistics.
In Illinois, 19 companies have failed in the
last three years. Cosmopolitan Insurance Co.
of Chicago left 22,000 persons holding claims
totaling $68 million. When examiners looked
into the insolvency, they found assets of only
$2.5 million. The collapse left 130,000 Indi-
viduals without Insurance.
In Missouri, Guaranty Insurance Exchange,
one of six high-risk companies that failed in
that state, was found able to pay only four
cents on every dollar of the total $2 million
In claims against it.
WHY THE SCANDALS?
What are the reasons for the recurring
failures and the resulting losses to motorists?
The basic one Is that most reputable in-
surance companies have sustained mounting
losses in recent years because of soaring
claims and high jury awards. Rates, usually
regulated by state law, have not been allowed
to keep pace.
Caught in this squeeze, the companies have'
been forced to pick and choose whom they
Insure, placing more and more motorists in
the "high-risk" market. Such drivers then
face the alternative either of obtaining in-
surance through "assigned-risk" pools (by
which established companies agree to carry
a percentage of less desirable risks) or of
going to a company that offers its own plan.
For many drivers, the latter choice has
been more Inviting, because many assigned
risk plans offer only minimum coverage and
because few motorists wish to be labeled an
"assigned risk."
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Elderly motorists, even with good driving
records, can find themselves thrown into the
high risk mafiket if they have an accident.
If a driverlas epilepsy, he probably will find
himself a high risk. Companies very care.-
fully underwrite prospective policyholders
with diabetes, heart disease, arthritis, total
deafness or loss of sight in one eye.
Social factors also .may- count against a
driver. The individual who cannot read or
speak English can be marked "high risk."
Ex-convicts or those on probation or parole
are often in the same category.
But the high-risk market is by no means
limited to the unhealthy or disadvantaged.
Single men, 16 to 25, who own and drive their
own cars probably comprise the largest single
group of high risks. Of the nation's 2.5 mil-
lion youthful drivers, nearly one-third buy
insurance through assigned-risk pools. The
remainder carry no insurance at all or are
carried by high-risk companies or standard
companies trying to accommodate parents al-
ready carrying insurance with their firm.
All these motorists have provided a happy
hunting ground for hit-and-run insurance
operators.
As Charles W. Gambrell, chief insurance
commissioner of South Carolina, explained
to this reporter: "When a large number of
people find themselves unable to buy auto-
mobile liability insurance, and when they are
under some form of real or quasi-compulsion
by the state to buy insurance, the stage is
set for the high-risk insurance pirate."
In many cases it is surprisingly simple for
high-risk racketeers to get into the business.
Thomas Finley, executive vice president to
the Pennsylvania Federation of Mutual In-
surance Companies, says that "charters of
some small mutual companies are bought
and sold like liquor club licenses. The going
price may be from $5000 to $25,000."
After acquiring a company, unscrupulous
promoters may wheel and deal to build an
apparently legitimate corporate structure.
But every move is calculated to enrich them.
Such companies, Commissioner Gambrell as-
serts, are organized to "go broke."
A common practice of the insurance
pirates is to resurrect a company and run its
affairs through "management contracts,"
which permit them to exert unlimited con-
trol and milk the companies of assets.
The case of one Minnesota high-risk in-
surance company is classic. Minnesota At-
torney General Robert Mattson, whose in-
vestigation led to indictments in the case, ex-
plains it:
In 1963, after acquiring the management
contract to operate an insurance company,
a group headed by an ex-bail bondsman
formed a new company and immediately
transferred $100,000 in cash and govern-
ment bonds to the new enterprise. Their
next step was to arrange another manage-
ment contract giving them power to run
the second firm, charge it management fees
and operate it with no question asked.
The promoters then began to raid the new
company of every asset they could get their
hands on.
They set up a so-called "investment" plan
that permitted them to sell to their insur-
ance company real estate of highly inflated
value and dubious title. They received in
return nearly half a million dollars. Within
six months, they had obtained title to the
company's "home office" building and had
mortgaged it for $250,000. This money later
was deposited to the account of an insurance
agency they owned.
The report by the Minnesota attorney gen-
eral states that 250 of every dollar paid in
premiums went to the promoters either
through the investment plan or the manage-
ment contract, As long as the premiums
rolled in, the promoters lived off them. Out
of policyholders' funds, they purchased three
houses for themselves, a $6000 motorboat,
furnishings and clothing.
In about two years, according to Attorney
General Mattson, more than $3.5 million had
been drained from the company, leaving it
broke. The promoters now face federal
charges.
Another device Is to incorporate a high-
risk company in the Bahamas, where there is
little regulation and where a company can
be chartered for $14. British International
Insurance Co. of Nassau, Bahamas, is an 11-
lustration.
Already under indictment in Illinois on
charges of embezzeling $180,000, Charles Bray
incorporated British International to sell
more high-risk insurance to the U.S. But
first he had to prove that his company was
financially sound. Most states require that
foreign insurance companies establish sub-,
stantial trust funds to assure payment of
claims should the company fail.
HOW TO START A BUSINESS
This proved no obstacle. Bray simply
incorporated his own bank, the Market In-
surance Bank and Trust Co., in Nassau. His
next step was to present to a Kenosha, Wis.,
bank certificates of deposit, indicating that
the funds. in the name of British Interna-
tional were on deposit in the Nassau bank.
A trust fund based on the worthless certi-
ficates was established and Bray was back in
the insurance business.
Operating out of Kenosha, Bray's company
took in more than a million dollars from
policyholders throughout the U.S. But be-
fore too long post office inspectors, tipped
off by Illinois insurance authorities, identi-
fied Bray with the earlier indictment. He
was convicted of mail fraud and has received
five years.
Even before high-risk companies fail,
motorists are frustrated in attempts 'to re-
cover losses. Some never receive acknowl-
edgement of their claims until they hire an
attorney. Others are bluffed and eventually
shortchanged on claim settlements oi' "stal-
led" in efforts to obtain payments.
Still another trick is to twist policy pro-
visions. A woman whose collision policy
provided for $100 deductible skidded, struck
one car and then another and wound up
against a fence. Instead of deducting $100
from her claim, the company applied the de-
ductible to each collision, two cars and the
fence and would settle only if $300 was de-
ducted 1
Reputable insurance companies set aside a
cash reserve for unsettled claims, but many
high-risk companies make a mockery of this
practice. For example, when a claim for
$1,000 was presented to a Maryland insurer,
its adjuster determined that it might be
settled for $600. The company reserved $60.
Companies also capitalize on the heavy
backlog in court, calendars. In Philadelphia,
where the delay in trial of auto negligence
cases is nearly four years, Common Pleas
Court Administrator Edward Blake states
that four mutual casualty companies that
failed had an accumulation of more than
1000 cases. He describes this backlog as
grossly excessive and indicative of a reluc-
tance to settle claims.
How do the reputable companies view the
problem of insurance pirates? Many of them
are concerned.
"Certainly there is a place in our mobile
society for the specialized companies that
insure high-risk motorists who have dif-
ficulty obtaining automobile coverage in the
open market and prefer not to go in to the
assigned-risk plans ." says Bowman Boss
president of the Nationwide Mutual In-
surance Co. "But there is no place for any
insurance company-of any kind- that does
not meet its obligations to the people whose
premium payments it has accepted."
Adds Thomas C. Morrill, vice president,
State Farm Mutual Automobile Insurance
Companies: "Only the very worst drivers-
'repeater drunks' for example-need to buy
high-risk insurance. Everybody else who
can't get coverage from a regular company
can always get liability insurance through
the assigned-risk plans maintained by in-
surance companies in every state."
Clay Johnson, president of Royal Globe
Insurance, declares: "The fact is that the
price of insurance is not right. Failure to
approve needed rate adjustments in full and
long delays before any adjustments are made
have resulted in serious rate inadequacies
and consistent underwriting losses. As a
result, responsible insurance companies have
been forced to restrict their underwriting,
making it more difficult for many persons to
buy insurance. [And] when insurance is not
available through established channels an
economic vacuum develops that sucks in a
black market, which does not serve the public
interest."
Traditionally, insurance regulation has
been left to the states. Some have faced up
to their responsibility. At the same time,
the high-risk scandals provide stark evidence
that state regulation has been a sham in
many places.
New York Superintendent of Insurance
Henry Root Stern is on record as saying that
"The adequacy of state regulation is not
judged by the performance of states where
it is strongest.... Regardless of the merits
of state superivsion, the least diligent states
are used as the gauge of its effectiveness."
State insurance commissioners themselves
admit that a lack of coordination and liaison
has enabled high-risk predators forced out
of one state to proceed to another and start
all over again.
The Senate subcommittee is considering
legislation to establish a regulatory agency
similar to the Federal Deposit Insurance
Corp. In this way at least some of the funds
lost by claimants would be paid when an
insurance company fails in the future.
The same legislation also would provide for
federal insurance examiners.
Dean Sharp considers the failure to employ
enough competent examiners as the "under-
lying weakness of state regulation." In at
least six states, the job of standing watchdog'
over the industry has been left to fewer than
four examiners. Nine states have no
examiners.
The subcommittee's study also disclosed
all too many instances of nonfeasance by
state insurance departments. These in-
cluded failure to:
Make annual audits to determine if com-
panies are financially sound.
Examine the structure of newly formed
companies.
Investigate out-of-state or foreign insur-
ance companies.
Several states, rocked by insurance corn-
pany collapses, are overhauling archaic in-
surance regulations.
A notable example is Maryland, where In-
surance Commissioner Francis V. (Bill)
Burch, who came to office only last July,
has taken the lead. Prior to his taking office,
Maryland had been shaken by the failures of
three high-risk companies which had left
35,000 policyholders without coverage.
Burch has begun cleaning house through
administrative and legislative programs.
His legislative program has two objectives:
(1) to extend additional protection to both
policyholders and claimants and (2) to give
his office additional weapons to drive un-
desirable and financially unsound companies
from the state.
Major legislation enacted this year in-
cluded laws to:
Increase the minimum capital surplus re-
quirements of companies seeking to do busi-
ness in the state by 50 percent.
Impose fines up to $25,000 on companies
that violate the state insurance code.
Require companies whose licenses are
subject to revocation proceedings to prove in
court that they were entitled to continue
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CONGRESSIONAL, RECODHOUSE August 26, 1966
More long-range problems should also
be considered now, before public misun-
derstanding and suspicion seriously
hinder and delay the real progress which
can be achieved through controlled, re-
sponsible research in weather modifica-
tion. Although the case law in this field
is still relatively "small, it is already clear
that many complex legal questions will
have to be faced. To quote the Report
on Law, Controls, and Operations:
Since weather is "transient" and can not
be bounded by political borders and since
experimentation over broad areas is or may
become necessary, the utility of uniform
rules with respect to licenses, operations,
liability, ownership, use and control of the
elements, and the like seems beyond ques-
tion, Reporting, both' before the activity
in order to prevent interference and con-
tamination and afterwards to permit the
collection and evaluation of scientific data,
is crucial to progress. Uniform protection
of the general public and of those with spe-
cial concern in the weather against inex-
perienced and/or irresponsible persons en-
gaged in weather activities and a sharing
by all the public in the risks involved in
careful, needed experimentation in this new
field are also essential.
Mr. Speaker, legally and scientifically,
we are just at the beginning of a long,
long road. Last November, in a meeting
I sponsored at Hagerstown, Dr. F. W.
Reichelderfer, retired Chief of the
Weather Bureau, discussed some of the
complex variables which must be anal-
yzed in each specific meteorological sit-
uation, before the results of experimen-
tation could be accurately predicted.
The list included temperature, humidity,
the structure of wind, topology, the
height of clouds, the turbulence within
the clouds, and the synoptic situation.
In my, judgment, far more precise ,knowl-
edge of all these factors should be se-
cured before large-scale " experimenta-
tion with the weather can be safely tried.
At the moment, it seems most impor-
tant that we know exactly what is ac-
tually being done, by whom, and when
arid where, The bills which I.have spon-
sored were" directed toward this end, as
are my recommendations today to the
National Science Foundation.
In `closing, I would like to note that
the reports, however incomplete, which
have been collected by the National
Science Foundation indicate that no
weather modification projects have been
undertaken in, Maryland. this year, and
only one research project in Pennsyl-
vania and. one commercial project in
West Virginia. The grand jury con-
vened in Washington County this month
also found no hard evidence of violations
of the Maryland moratorium on cloud-
seeding. Yet the grand jury concluded
by urging `the Federal Government "to
expedite their investigation and studies
into this matter to that the matter can
finally be resolved."
Mr. Speaker, I would like to insert in
the RECORD at this point the report of
the Washington County grand jury, and
the text of my letter to Dr. Haworth:
;GRAND JURY Room,
Cy~O~URTHOUSE
,
IlAGEasrowN, MD.,
To the Honorable, the Judges of the Circuit
Court for Washington County:
The March Term 1968. Grand Jury for
Washington County met in special session at
9:06 a.m. on August 17th, 1966, to consider
possible violations of the cloud seeding laws.
The following witnesses appeared: Captain
W. E. O'Hara, Trooper First Class Cecil Bit-
tinger, of the Maryland State Police, State
Senator George Snyder, and Sheriff Charles
Price. The Maryland State Police has re-
ceived many complaints, all of which have
been investigated, including areas in Penn-
sylvania and West Virginia, and in no case
has cloud seeding been established. Senator
Snyder, author of the bill for two year mora-
torium, also appeared and related his exten-
sive investigation into this matter. All com-
plaints received by him were referred to the
Maryland State Police for investigation.
Sheriff Price has also received many com-
plaints and he also has not been able to es-
tablish any violations of this law.
It Is the opinion of the Grand Jury that
there has been no evidence produced to this
date which would indicate a violation of this
law. However, the Grand Jury strongly rec-
ommends that the police agencies of Wash-
example, can be of great value in helping to
identify aircraft suspected of cloud-seeding
operations.
In general, I feel that the present level of
public misunderstanding and suspicion
makes full reporting too important to be
implemented simply by the goodwill of
individual operators. I hope that you will
take all possible steps to insure full com-
pliance with your agency's regulations.
Very sincerely,
CHARLES MCC. MATHIAS, Jr.
(Mr. WYDLER (at the request of Mr.
DEL CLAWSON) was granted permission
to extend his remarks at this point in the
RECORD and to include extraneous mat-
ter.)
[Mr. WYDLER'S remarks will appear
hereafter in the Appendix.]
forced. The Grand Jury is the public to V IRRESPONSIBLY
consider the following facts:
(1) This geographical area is in the cen-
ter of a large aerial traffic pattern along the
eastern seaboard and extending in all direc-
tions which results in many planes moving
through this area at all times.
(2) The type of plane capable of cloud
seeding must be a particular type of plane
capable of withstanding the turbulence of a
storm cloud and not the ordinary small
plane.
(3) It is a violation of the Federal law to
engage in cloud seeding without approval of
the Federal Aviation Agency, the local base
being located In Martinsburg, West Virginia,
and to date there have been no known
violations.
(4) The Grand Jury being without funds
and staff sufficient to make a thorough in-
dependent investigation urges the Federal
Government to expedite their investigation
and studies into this matter so that the mat-
ter can finally be resolved.
The Grand Jury requests all citizens to
comply with the law and to report any and
all violations to the proper authorities for
investigation rather than to take any inde-
pendent action.
Three other witnesses appeared before the
Grand Jury this morning and one true bill
of indictment was returned.
O. N. CARRYER,
Foreman.
JUANITA MAATI,
Secretary.
CONGRESS OF THE UNITED STATES,
HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES,
Washington, D.C., August 26,1966.
Dr. LELAND J. HAWORTH,
Director, National Science Foundation,
Washington, D.C.
DEAR DR. HAWORTH: Despite the two-year
moratorium on cloud-seeding in Maryland
under state law, doubts and suspicions
about weather modifications activities in
Western Maryland have persisted and actually
increased this summer, to the point where a
grand. jury was actually convened in Wash-
ington County to investigate many allegations
of weather modification actions in violation
of the state law.
I feel that this episode dramatizes the
need for far more vigorous enforcement of
the reporting regulations which your agency
promulgated last December. If NSF itself
has no field office structure to expedite imme-
diate, on-the-sppoot investigation of alleged
unreported act Ivi Is ,- I urge you either to
develop a satisf`aotory nationwide operation,
or greatly extend liaison with appropriate
Federal and state offices-..' ]Might plans main-
tamed by the Federal Aviation Agenov, for
(Mr. VIVIAN (at the request of Mr.
WALDIE) was granted permission to ex-
tend his remarks at this point in the REC-
ORD and to include extraneous matter.)
Mr. VIVIAN. Mr. Speaker, in recent
weeks, reports have been published that
leaders of the South Vietnamese Govern-
ment advocate the invasion of North
Vietnam.
Not long ago, President Ky demanded
that American. forces, in conjunction
with his own armies, carry the ground
war into North Vietnam. It is. under-
standable that South Vietnamese soldiers
who have watched cohorts be killed by
the North Vietnamese should in turn
wish to attack their antagonists at the
source. But Mr. Speaker, as President
Johnson so often has said, we do not seek
and cannot support "any mindless esca-
lation" of this war. He has pledged often
that no attempt will be made to conquer
North Vietnam.
In order that persons in other nations
are not misled by these reports, I con-
sider it important that we, in Congress
make clear our concurrence with the
President in this matter.
In the August 9 issue of the Adrian
Daily Telegram, a newspaper published
in my district, the editor of the Telegram
states, very effectively and very concisely,
the importance of this question.
Mr. Speaker, I ask unanimous consent
that the editorial be printed at this point
in the RECORD and I commend the edi-
tor's remarks to my colleagues.
[From the Adrian Daily Telegram,
Aug. 9, 1966]
PREMIER KY SPOKE IRRESPONSIBLY
South Viet Nam's Premier Nguyen Ky has
created embarrassment for the United
States by repeating his demand that Ameri-
can forces in. con junction with his armies
carry the ground war into North Viet Nam.
It's embarrassing because what he proposes
Is in the last analysis aggression. The United
States is fighting in South Viet Nam against
aggression from the north. American forces
are there precisely to show that crossings of
the 17th Parallel are immoral, unjustified
and must not be permitted.
The United States' position is that South
Viet Nam must have its freedom. President
Johnson has pledged that no attempt would
be made to conquer North Viet Nam nor
force a change In its government. To be sure;
the United States has directed air attacks at
North Vietnamese ' oil bases, has bombed
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A'ugust' 26, 1966 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD - HOUSE
I have been studying the activities of the
Defense Department, namely, defense
procurement and supply as it affects our
domestic economy-and I have been de-
fending him-I am now about ready to
conclude that the gentleman is unaware
of the limitations of the power that rests
in the executive branch and the Defense
Department, if the news items describe
correctly his plans to use the draft for
something other than providing the mil-
itary manpower that this society needs
to defend itself.
This, too, bears upon the basic ques-
tion.
Mr. COLLIER. Mr. Speaker, will the
gentleman yield?
Mr. CURTIS. I yield to the gentleman
from Illinois.
Mr. COLLIER. Mr. Speaker, I thank
the gentleman.
I commend the gentleman from
Missouri [Mr. Cuaris] for raising this
issue, not that it is in any manner a new
issue, because, as the gentleman well
knows and as most Members of this body
must know, this very issue Is indeed a
source of great concern and disturbance
to a great number of citizens.
I am sure many Members of the House
have, as I have, received letters from
home, wherein our people indicate they
are troubled by the fact that we are at
war, and that the war has not been de-
clared. There are all kinds of associated
problems that go hand in hand with the
dilemma in which we find ourselves, such
as those relating to the questions of "war
prisoners" as applied to the terms of the
Geneva Treaty, and many other things.
I would hope that sometime we could
perhaps have an even more extended
discussion, so that we may have the
necessary rules and guidelines by which
to conduct ourselves under the situation
which presently prevails.
Mr. CURTIS. I thank the gentleman
from Illinois. I fully agree with him.
WEATHER MODIFICATION: THE
FACTS, THE LAW, AND THE
PROBLEMS
The SPEAKER. Under previous order
of the House, the gentleman from Mary-
land [Mr. MATHIAS] is recognized for 15
minutes.
Mr. MATHIAS. Mr. Speaker, about 2
years ago I first warned of the need for
more and b tter public information
about the important science of weather
modification. Although some progress
has been made since then, our continuing
problems were dramatized on August 17,
when a grand jury was convened in
Washington County, Md., to investigate
persistent charges that weather modi-
fication work was being carried on in
western Maryland in violation of State
law. This episode clearly illustrates the
need, to review the facts, the laws, and
the problems in this entire field, so that
we can insure that weather modification
work will proceed along the lines dic-
tated by the public interest.
perimentation was almost $5 million,
broken down as follows:
Department of Agriculture-------
$140,000
Department of Commerce-------
115, 000
Department of Defense:
Army ------------------------
254,1500
Navy ------------------------
999,408
Air. Force --------------------
193,000
Total Defense Department- 1,446,908
Department of the Interior------ 1, 262, 268
National Science Foundation---- 2, 007, 386
Total -------------------- 4,971, 652
Perhaps the most renowned federally
sponsored projects have been attempts
to moderate oceanborne storms, and to
disperse fog at airports. Certainly the
most controversial projects, public or
private, have been in the field of cloud-
seeding.
Despite extensive research and com-
merical activity in various forms of
cloud-seeding, many basic questions in
the field still have not been resolved. As
noted in the 1965 annual report of the
National Science Foundation:
At the present time, there is no analytical
evidence from commercial operations that
seeding will reduce natural rainfall, and
there does appear to be some evidence that
existing rainfall can be augmented by seed-
ing. No one has yet devised a scheme for
producing rainfall where natural moisture
is lacking in the atmosphere, and it is un-
likely that seeding Lan produce rainfall where
drought conditions are produced by large-
scale movements of dry air.
The same report also declared that
drought alleviation is "a field of inquiry
in which the path toward appliactions is
sufficiently long, and the possibilities are
so diffuse, that a decade or more may be
required to determine whether or not
much large-scale efforts are economically
feasible."
From these statements I think it is
clear that our present fund of "hard"
fact about weather modification in gen-
eral, and cloud-seeding in particular, is
still very small despite the efforts made
to date. Under these circumstances, it is
not surprising that attempts to alter the
weather have produced public uncer-
tainties, misunderstandings, suspicions,
and doubts.
THE LAW
At present several types of restrictions
on weather modification activities are in
force. My own State of Maryland is the
only State in the Union which has en-
acted a fiat moratorium on weather m ed-
ification work, under a law passed last
year and effective until September 1967.
Twenty,-one other States have imposed
varying restrictions, ranging from care-
fully drafted provisions requiring strict
licensing and notice before projects are
undertaken, to general requirements for
registration or licensing of operators. All
of these State statutes are summarized in
"Weather Modification Law, Controls,
Operations," a report to the Special Com-
mission on Weather Modification of the
National Science Foundation, released
earlier this year.
On the Federal level, two civilian agen-
cies administer rules and regulations af-
fecting weather modification projects.
The Federal Aviation Agency, while en-
20029
forcing no special rules specifically
against operators in this field, does
strictly enforce its flight plan and clear-
ance requirements against all individuals
seeking to fly planes in the clouds. Obvi-
ously these rules, prompted initially by
air safety considerations, have a direct
bearing on airborne cloud-seeding efforts.
I might point out that the flight plans
required by the FAA are held on file at
the respective FAA field offices for up to
30 days after each flight, and are open
for public inspection.
The most specific Federal regulations
were Imposed last winter by the National
Science Foundation, and are generally in
accord with recommendations which I
have been offering since 1964. These
regulations, printed in 30 Federal Reg-
ister 16202-3, December 29, 1965, require
30 days' advance notice by anyone
planning to engage in any type of
weather modification activity, plus exten-
sive reporting on actual experimentation
and apparent results. There is a fine of
up to $500 for willful noncompliance.
THE PROBLEMS
Our most immediate challenge, in my
judgment, is the strict. enforcement of
these existing laws. Given the uneven
nature of regulation by various States,
it is essential that Federal requirements
for reporting all weather modification
work be completely complied with by all
researchers and commercial operators.
In the legislation I introduced in the
88th Congress in 1964, and again in the
89th Congress in 1965, I provided that
the Department of Commerce, and spe-
cifically the Environmental Science Serv-
ices Administration-Weather Bureau-
be assigned authority to publish and en-
force reporting regulations. This task
was asigned to the Department of Com-
merce because I felt that the large num-
ber of Weather Bureau field offices, and
the detailed, up-to-date meteorological
data collected and maintained by those
offices, provided an appropriate frame-
work for the efficient administration and
enforcement of such regulations. As I
have noted, however, regulations similar
to those I proposed were promulgated.
last winter not by the Commerce De-
partment, but by the National Science
Foundation, acting under its genera],
mandate in the National Science Founda-
tion Act of 1950 as amended.
Mr. Speaker, I feel strongly that now
that the National Science Foundation has
assumed this responsibility, it is up to
the NSF to carry it through. Yet the
agency has a very small staff in this area,
and lacks the full field structure equipped,
and manned for on-the-spot investiga-
tions. Consequently I have written to-
day to Dr. Leland J. Haworth, Director of
the National Science Foundation, urging,
him to strengthen and expand his en-?
forcement staff, so that the rules can
be more vigorously enforced, rather than
relying on the good will of individual
operators for compliance. I have also
urged that, where possible violations of
Federal or State law by cloudseeding
from planes have been alleged, every ef-.
fort should be made, through searches of
FAA records and other means, to deter-
mine the accuracy of these allegations
without delay.
Weather modification, as a science, is
about 20 years old. In fiscal 1965 the
Federal investment in research and ex-
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August 26, 1966 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD HOUSE 20031
bridges and supply routes. But this is done
to shut off the flow of gasoline and other ma-
terials to the North Vietnamese forces fight-
ing in South Viet Nam. Communist propa-
ganda holds differently, and Ky's demand
provides some fuel for the Red propaganda
mills.
The Ky demand to which was coupled a
remark that a battlefield confrontation with
Communist China is eventually inevitable
was irresponsible and harmful. His state-
ments tend to confirm the world's suspicion
that his wisdom and judgment are not of the
highest. They are like statements made in
recent years by President Chiang Kai-shek
on Formosa and the former president of
South Korea, Syngman Rhee. Chiang ex-
pressed the wish to invade mainland China.
He had to be persuaded to be quiet. Presi-
dent Rhee wanted American backing for a
military campaign to reunite North and
South Korea. The United States had to make
it clear that neither Chiang nor Rhee would
be allowed to embark on such a periolous
course.
Similar pressures have to be applied to Pre-
mier Ky's ambitions. Every effort must be
made to limit the Vietnamese war to the
legitimate aim of assuring South Viet ,Nam's
independence. When Premier Ky speaks of
invading the North, he has to have the Ameri-
can purpose in South Viet Nam made crystal
clear.
(Mr. VIVIAN (at the request of, Mr.
WALDIE) was granted permission to ex-
tend his remarks at this point in the
RECORD and to include extraneous
matter.)
[Mr. VIVIAN'S remarks will appear
hereafter in the Appendix.]
(Mr. MACDONALD (at the request of
Mr. WALDIE) was granted permission to
extend his remarks at this point in the
RECORD and to include extraneous
matter.)
[Mr. MACDONALD'S remarks will ap-
pear hereafter in the Appendix.]
TAX DEDUCTION FOR EDUCATIONAL
EXPENSES OF TEACHERS
(Mr. WILLIAM D, FORD (at the re-
quest of Mr. WALDIE) was granted per-
mission to extend his remarks at this
point in the RECORD and to include extra-
neous matter.)
Mr. WILLIAM D. FORD. Mr. Speak-
er,.today I am cosponsoring a bill, origi-
nally introduced by my distinguished
friend and colleague, CECIL R. KING,
ranking member of the House Ways and
Means Committee.
This legislation follows in the foot-
steps of the July 28 House concurrent
resolution, which I cosponsored, dealing
with the proposed regulations, 26 CPR 1,
as carried in the Federal Register for
July 7, 1966. These regulations would
prevent teachers from deducting educa-
tional expenses from their personal in-
come tax. It was the purpose of the con-
current resolution to deter, the Internal
Revenue Service from enforcing this
regulation until Congress authorized it.
Now I am following up this resolution
with a. bill t.Q.~lnend the. Internal Reve-
nue Code of 1954 to allow teachers to
-deduct from gross income, the expenses
incurred in pursuing courses for aca-
demic credit and degrees at institutions
of higher education, and including travel.
It is my sincere hope that the House of again, but after much pain and suffering I
resentatives will act on it as soon as learned to use what I had left of a hand.
Re
p
possible.
RIOTERS, MARCHERS, AND
DEMONSTRATORS
(Mr. WAGGONNER (at the request of
Mr. WALDIE) was granted permission to
extend his remarks at this point in the
RECORD and to include extraneous
matter.)
Mr. WAGGONNER. Mr. Speaker, an
article appears in the current August 22 .
issue of U.S. News & World Report, which
manages to cut through all the verbiage,
all the excuses, all the explanations, and
all the apologies that we have all heard
on behalf of the rioters and demonstra-
tors who have made the streets of the
Nation unsafe at any hour. This article
was not written by a constituent of mine,
though she is from my State of
Louisiana.
Because it is so crystal clear in its
logic and because it presents an un-
deniable and irrefutable argument
against the rioters, marchers, and dem-
onstrators, I commend it to everyone's
attention. I know that no one will have
the nerve to deny the points made in Mrs.
Irene Palmer's letter, but It would be
very amusing reading if someone would
attempt it. Therefore, I unqualifiedly
Issue a challenge to all the so-called
spokesmen of all the rioting groups to
come forth with a response to what is
printed below.
[From the U.S. News & World Report,
Aug. 22, 1966]
A DOWN-TO-EARTH LOOK AT A GROWING
PROBLEM
(A plain-spoken woman has written a letter
to the editor that is attracting widespread
attention.
(In this letter Mrs. Irene Palmer of De
Quincy, La., challenges the theory-often
stated by top officials-that hardships and
poor living conditions explain riots, crime,
and growing dependence on government
doles. To Mrs. Palmer, this is nonsense.
(Crippled, forced to leave school at 17, Mrs.
Palmer has worked hard, without luxuries,
but: "You will never see us in a marching
demonstration line wanting something for
nothing. We're too proud for that.")
Following are excerpts from a letter to the
Beaumont (Tex.) Enterprise from Mrs. Irene
Palmer of De Quincy, La., and published in
the Enterprise on August 3, 1966:
"These marches, demonstrations, riotings,
lootings, police slayings and the such makes
me literally sick, especially the reasons our
Government officials are trying to cram down
our throats as causes of these law-breaking
episodes.
"Sir, I know what hard work, hardship,
pain and suffering is. I had polio at age 5
months which left my left leg one and one-
half inches shorter than my right and about
oi}e third the size.
"My father died at 6 p.m. Sunday in 1935,
was buried Monday on my seventeenth birth-
day. My brother died at 5 a.m. Tuesday and
was buried Wednesday, leaving me with two
small sisters and my mother to support.
"At 17 I was not a drop-out in school.
With no education-not enough, anyway-
no experience and with only one good leg,
I quit school and went to work to support a
family. I didn't have a teen-age life because
my working hours were always from 10 to 20
hours a day.' In 1948, I got my right hand-
my working hand; I'm right-handed-in an
electric ice shaver and mangled it. It was
doubtful whether I'd ever be able to use it
This left me with one good leg and one good
hand, but I didn't give up.
"FOLLOW ME JUST ONE DAY-
"I would like for Earl,Warren, President
Johnson, H. H. HUMPREY, Martin Luther King,
and all the hell-raising juveniles to come to
my home and follow me just one day. I can
guarantee that they wouldn't have enough
pep left to go on a demonstration, marching
or rock-throwing party.
"My day begins at 4 a.m. and ends about
8 or 9 p.m., when my health permits. I
do my own housework, cooking, washing,
ironing, sewing, raising flowers and a garden.
In fact, for the past three weeks I have
been standing in a hot kitchen, over a hot
stove canning my vegetables. Have an air
conditioner? Are you kidding? Neither do I
run up town when I get hot and turn on the
water hydrants, nor start rioting and loot-
ing stores. Do you see any civil-rights work-
ers doing this kind of work, trying to add to
their income? If you do, show me.
"I have two wonderful children who were
reared most of their lives in hot, crowded
apartments. They know what it is to do
without a lot of the better things of life.
If we could have afforded just one vacation
for them, it would have been a luxury, yet
neither are rioters, rock-throwers, nor law-
breakers.
"I would like to show some of the officials
in Washington, the marchers, rioters, and all
those who have their hand stretched out for
a handout, some of the handicapped people
who are making it on their own and not ask-
ing Mr. Nobody for anything....
"EXCUSES FOR RIOTS ARE TOMMYROT
"Sir, can our President, Vice Presiednt, any
civil-rights worker, agitator, or whomever
they may be, stand up and look us handi-
caps, whose very life itself has been a strug-
gle for most of us, in the eye and try to
cram down our throats an idea as idiotic as
hot weather, crowded living quarters, low in-
come, hard working conditions and all the
other excuses they try to pass on to the peo-
ple as being reasons for these riots we are
having? I for one cannot nor will I swallow
such tommyrot.
"You may see us handicaps become furious
when we see a gang of able-bodied men and
women, whether they are black, white, pur-
ple or spotted, running up and down our
nation saying I want this, gimme that, with-
out lifting a finger to earn it, but you will
never see us in a marching demonstration
line wanting something for nothing. We're
too proud for that.
"I believe a great lesson could be learned
from the handicaps. First, faith; then, cour-
age, patience, love, kindness, long suffering,
pride, competence and all the things that
make life worthwhile.
"Sir, I didn't intend to write a newspaper
when I started, but I have watched so much
of these disgraceful crime waves, which are
so useless, on television, and read so much
about it in the papers, until I just had
to say my piece.
"So I will close and leave an open invita-
tion for the President, H. H. H., Martin Luther
King and his followers, the agitators or who-
ever it may be who thinks it takes a crime
wave to make a living in this old world, to
come and follow in my footsteps just one
day and I'll show them what can be done if
anyone has the get-up about them to try."
FANNIE MAE RULINGS
(Mr. TUNNEY (at the request of Mr.
WALDIE) was granted permission to ex-
tend his remarks at this point in the
RECORD and to include extraneous
matter.)
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 26632
Approved
Then the area gradually became indus-
trialized. Industrialization made ours
one of the most wealthy, the most power-
ful, and the greatest countries in the
world. But in our zeal to grow, too often
we were indifferent to the effects of in-
dustrialization on some of our most
precious resources.
One of these natural resources was our
clean water. In the Charles River Basin,
the beauty of the water and the beauty
of the landscape go hand in hand: One
cannot exist without the other.
The days when the Charles wound
through the rolling hills of eastern
Massachusetts, undisturbed and un-
touched, are gone now. The purity of
the water has also gone. Now the river
has become a discolored blight on the
landscape, running afoul to the sea.
Many areas of the Charles are not fit for
swimming, water sports, or recreation.
Sections of our once pure river have been
condemned by the health authorities.
The Charles has been regaled in song
and poetry for more than 200 years. But
now a popular song currently leading
the lists mentions the Charles not as a
thing of bueaty, but as "dirty water."
"Those of you who have seen the
Charles will remember the beauty of its
tree lined banks and the grace of its
bridge-arched flow. But it is useless for
anyone, even the college students who
walk along the banks of the river in the
spring, to turn to anything beautiful if
he is in the path of a strong breeze from
the Charles. Conditions along many
parts of the river have deteriorated to
the point where fishing is a tragedy in-
stead of a sport, beaches have been con-
demned because they are unsafe for
bathers, and water sports are unthought
of by people who enjoy the outdoors.
We must do something about the
Charles. We must act now to clean up
its waters and to preserve the serenity
of its banks, the stillness of its quiet
coves, and its dignity as it winds from
wooded hills to the center of a major
city.
The Charles and Its tributaries are
precious assets. They have been placed
in this generation's care, and it is our
duty, to leave for posterity a thing of
beauty, cleanliness, and scenic and
natural wealth.
We cannot allow the basin to continue
deteriorating. We cannot fail in our
task of preserving and restoring our Na-
tion's natural resources.
I do not mean to sound like an alarm-
ist. We can act now to clean up this
basin, but we are fast reaching the criti-
cal point. Unless we act soon, we may
never be able to restore the beauty of
one of our most prized river basins.
Before we can act, however, we must
know what the causes of this decline are
and what must be done to reverse the
trend of continuing decay. The sad
truth is that we do not know all the
causes of pollution in the Charles. We
do not know what measures must be
taken if we are to save this river basin.
But we must find out, and soon.
For these reasons, Mr. Speaker, I in-
troduce today, for appropriate reference,.
a bill which will enable, us to find out
what must be done.
My bill. provides that the Secretary of
the Department of the Interior shall con-
duct a study of te Charles l ,iver Edsin
to determine what it's problems are. On
the basis of this study the Secretary shall
make recommendations and suggestions
to the President concerning what needs
to be done. -
The study by the Secretary is Intended
to be a comprehensive one, reaching in-
to all areas of water pollution, beautifi-
cation, and planning activities. While
conducting the study the Secretary will
cooperate with all appropriate State and
local agencies, commissions, and authori-
ties relating to the Charles River Basin.
This is not intended to be simply a
Federal study. It will involve all inter-
ested State and local bodies. By coordi-
nating the findings, recommendations,
and views of all interested agencies, the
study should embody their best efforts.
The Secretary's study shall cover three
major fields.
First, he shall conduct research with
respect to the quality of the waters of
the basin. This is intended to reveal
possible contaminants of the water, other
foreign matter in the water, and the
overall quality of the water at the pres-
ent time. In addition, the Secretary shall
make an analysis of the present and pro-
jected future water quality of the basin
under varying conditions of waste treat-
ment and disposal. He shall evaluate the
future water quality needs of the basin,
and shall evaluate the municipal, indus-
trial, and vessel treatment and disposal
practices with respect to such waters. He
also consider any alternative
shall
methods of solving water pollution prob-
lems, including additional waste treat-
ment measures, with respect to the waters
of the basin.
Second, the Secretary shall consider,
among other things, all the resource and
scenic values of the basin, its economic
and recreational potential, and its ecol-
ogy. He shall consider the present
urban and Industrial uses of the waters
of the basin, and how the waters can be
used most effectively for future urban
and industrial needs. He will explore
the most appropriate means or methods
of preserving or protecting the recrea-
tional, historic, and fish and wildlife
values of the basin. This does not nec-
essarily involve any Federal land acqui-
sition of Federal administration, but the
Secretary, after consulting with State
and local authorities, may recommend
Federal land acquisition of Federal
administration.
Third, the Secretary shall coordinate
his study with-applicable highway plans
and other planning activities relating to
the basin, including plans completed or
in preparation pursuant to the act of
May 28, 1963, the Water Resources Plan-
ning Act, and the Land and Water Con-
servation Fund Act of 1965.
During the course of this study the
Secretary of the Interior shall hold hear-
ings to obtain views and recommenda-
tions from interested parties, public or
.private. Such hearings shall be held
when the Governor of the State of Mas-
sachusetts so requests.
Within 3 years after the Secretary is
authorized to begin his study, he shall
submit to the President a complete re-
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CONGRESSIONAL RECORD -- HOUSE August 26, 1966
Mr. 7."UNN1JY,. Mr. Speaker, I am in
favor of expansion of the purchasing au-
thority of the Federal National Mortgage
Association so that It will be the dynamic
institution Congress originally intended
It to be. I think the bill being considered
today is very important because it will
make money available to help the people
and building industry in California and
the rest of the United States. The addi-
tional purchasing power that is given to
the FNMA will provide a degree of
liquidity for mortgage Improvements. It
will allow the corporation to function
With to needed flexibility and dynamism
so ne ssary to a healthy economy and a
productive institution.
I therefore support the bill but I want
to make one point quite clear. Earlier
this year, FNMA, in an effort to reduce
the heavy flow of FHA and GI loans
being offered for purchase, issued a rul-
ing which made any mortgage with an
original principal amount of $15,000 or
higher ineligible for purchase by FNMA.
I view this administrative ruling as
arbitrary and capricious. It completely
ignores the wide differential in construc-
tion costs which exists between different
parts of the country. Per instance, in
California, recent estimates indicate that
approximately 90 percent of new resi-
dential mortgages are in excess of
415,000.
The average FHA-VA mortgage is ap-
proximately $20,000; $5,000 more than
the FNMA maximum. I also think this
arbitrary ceiling discriminates against
-larger families whose need for additional
bedrooms naturally requires them to pur-
chase a higher priced home than a young
couple just beginning family life.
With the very large addition to
FNMA's mortgage purchase authority
provided by the conference substitute, I
would like to see the $15,000 ruling corn-
pletely abolished-within the limits of
-FHA insurance or VA guarantee-but in
any event, I expect FNMA, if it insists on
some ceilings, to revise the maximum
,substantially upward on both old and
new homes. It should be at least $25,000.
CHARLES RIVER BASIN STUDY
(Mr. O'NEILL of Massachusetts (at
.the request of Mr. WALDIE) was granted
permission to extend his remarks at this
point in the RECORD and to include ex-
traneous matter.)
Mr. O'NEILL of Massachusetts. Mr.
Speaker, the people of the Eighth District
of Massachusetts are proud of many
things in their area. One of the things of
which they have been most proud in the
past is the potentially beautiful and often
regaled Charles River.
The Charles River and the basin of
which it is apart is one of the most his-
toric areas in the United States. Only
a little while after the Pilgrims landed
at Plymouth, our forefathers were wend-
ing their way through the area now
known as the Charles River Basin.
When this country was young, the wa-
ters of the Charles were pure and crystal
clear. The basin itself was virtually un-
touched. The beauty of the area could
not have been described in too glowing
terms.
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A4554 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD- APPENDIX August 26, 1966
HIGH "WASHOUT" RATE The BAC 111 has a cruising speed of 550 into O'Hare is like landing in Cincinnati and
The pressure on Federal Aviation Agency m.p.h., but in the first quarter this year Mo- walking to Chicago."
controllers in the O'Hare tower is great. As hawk's fleet of five, hampered by delays, aver- The terminal is a city In its own right.
at other busy airports they man critical aged only 231 m.p.h. from gate to gate. The About 12,000 people are employed in the
positions only for an hour at a time before 5:15 p.m. flight from Kennedy to Syracuse, complex, including one man who does noth-
taking breathers doing less demanding tasks. N.Y., averaged 198 m.p.h.-only 36% of Its ing but replace an average of 875 telephone
The "washout" rate for controllers is astro- cruising speed. "This calls for special ac- directories a week. Six restaurants and cafe-
nomical; in one period 77.8% of all the men tion, pronto, if the true potential of these terias, three cocktail lounges, seven stand-up
who tried to transfer to O'Hare from other small jets is to be realized," comments Air liquor bars and six stand-up snack bars can
FAA facilities outside Chicago failed to make Transport World, a trade magazine. serve 2,400 people at a sitting-or standing,
the grade. This may not be surprising con- This problem may grow more acute as the as the case may be.
sidering the demands placed on controllers airlines continue to turn in their remaining THEY NEVER SEE TOWN
here, where roughly half of all the pure jet propeller aircraft for more jets. And the air- O'Hare is so self-contained that many busi-
aircraft operated by the nation's airlines liners can only cringe at the vision of a nessmen fly in, conduct deals over a drink or
touch down at least once a day. supersonic transport of the 70s crossing the dinner, and fly out again without ever going
O'Hare's ground control radio frequency is continent in. less than two hours-and then into Chicago. Or they stay in one of the
sometimes overwhelmed by the traffic load. circling its destination for another hour or motels that have sprung up around the air
At 6 p.m., for example, no less than 20 flights so, waiting to land.
are scheduled to leave their gates simultane- ON A TIGHTROPE
ously and each pilot is trying to get the tow- Some business and commercial pilots, Gon-
er's ear. "It's frustrating. Pretty soon you cerned about the increasing congestion, have
get two or three guys keying the mike and
' sounded safety alarms. Leonard Kmiecek,
you can't get a chance to talk and you cant secretary of the 40-member Chicago Area
down your understand yang Ake and. walk al just have to l- Pilots Association, believes that the volume
aid R. mike and supervisor. You away," says Dann- of aircraft handled at O'Hare is so great that
Such . Kemmerling, a there is little margin for human or mechani-
to c conconongestinuing "inflation" at many any airports inflation" or "padding" has led of cal error. "Though most airline, city and
scheduled flight times, as airlines seek to a1- FAA officials argue that O'Hare is completely
low for delays. Capt. J. D. Smith, director of safe," he says, "it reminds me of a man on a
flight safety for United Air Lines says, "It's a crowded tightrope saying that it is safe be-
helluva big cushion. We put buffer on buf- cause nobody has fallen off-so far."
fer as experience dictates." Elsewhere business pilots have had some
In fact, says Capt. Smith, fully 26% to close calls, often because they cannot carry
28% of the average United flight schedule is enough fuel to enable them to circle landing
padding. United is the unhappy carrier with fields during long delays. .
the snail's pace jet flights from New York to Business and Commercial Aviation, another
Philadelphia. trade publication, said recently that "long
Even these big chunks of padding have delays are growing common" and claimed
failed to reduce delays extending well beyond that "more than a few- of the fuel-limited
scheduled flight times. The longest of these business jets are calling in for priority (one
appear to be at Kennedy and O'Hare, where step below declaring an emergency) to avoid
two and three-hour waits are not rarities. holding or to expedite the approach." The
Newark Airport, however, wins the dubious magazine says one of its readers, waiting 45
honor of having the highest incidence of de- minutes to take off at Newark, witnessed the
lay in proportion to flights handled. Accord- landing of a JetStar without enough fuel left
ing to the FAA, a whopping 42.7% of all in- to taxi to the ramp, the landing of a Sabre-
coming flights were delayed last year at the liner with only 200 pounds of fuel remaining
Newark end of the line. The figure does not and the departure of a Lear Jet from the
include those planes which had no trouble takeoff line for refueling.
getting into' Newark but were delayed at ' Doesn't all this add up to a threat to air
another airport. safety? Says Archie League, director of the
The FAA estimates that delays last year at FAA's air traffic service: "The more airplanes
the 292 U.S. airports with air traffic control in a given amount of air space the greater the
centers cost civil and military carriers $63.6 congestion and also the greater the possibility
million in direct operating costs. More than
35% of the total delay costs were incurred
at nine airports, among them the biggest and
busiest in the nation.
Delays at Kennedy cost users $6.8 million,
and at O'Hare the figure was $6.5 million.
Delays at seven other airports cost carriers
more than $1 million each. They are, in or-
der, Newark, Love Field (Dallas), La Guardia
(New York), Atlanta, Lambert Field (St.
Louis), Los Angeles International and Na-
tianal (Washington, D.C.).
LIMIT ON AVIATION GROWTH?
The airlines fret over the inconvenience to
their passengers as well as the rising costs.
Carl A. Benscoter, executive vice president of
Mohawk Airlines, recently issued a public
warning-that "the situation is becoming in-
tolerable" at Kennedy. On April 28, four of
Mohawk's seven flights out of Kennedy sat
on the runway for more than an hour apiece
awaiting takeoff clearance. George Keck,
president of United, recently told stockhold-
ers the airline faces "a critical situation" in
20 major 'cities and warned that if -uncor-
rected, Congestion could "be a limiting factor
in the growth potential we know to be
present."
The carriers are deeply concerned that air-
port congestion will undermine advances in
aircraft technology. Mohawk, for example,
has had a particularly frustrating experience
with its fleet of speedy BAC 111 two-engine
jets. The BAC III is one of several new
types of jets designed to operate profitably
on short-haul trips.
Despite the size of the complex, O'Hare's
terminal facilities are taxed "everywhere,
from the rest rooms to the bars," says Her-
bert H. Howell, planning chief for Chicago's
aviation department. Sample: A monumen-
tal traffic jam the Sunday after Thanksgiving,
when cars backed up 51/2 miles trying to get
into the airport.
There are many partial remedies offered
to ease the congestion that afflicts O'Hare and
other major air transport centers: The de-
velopment of high-speed rail transportation
to carry short-haul passengers (already
planned in the Northeast); more non-stop
flights to medium-sized cities, removing some
of the traffic from the bigger airports; and
separate airports for bnsiness and private
planes, a proposal which evokes considerable
opposition from non-airline flying interests.
But any real solution, according to most
experts, must include an immediate program
to expand some existing airports and build
others. According to the Airport Operators
Council, the American Association of Airport
Executives and the National Association of
State Aviation Officials, some $2 billion will
have to be spent ' over the next 4 years if
this is tobe done.
These groups have been hoping to get about
30% of this total, or roughly $600 million,
from the Federal Government. They seem
doomed to disappointment; bills currently in
Congress call for Federal aid to airports to-
taling less than $300 million over the next
4 years-and it's not a certainty that Con-
gress will appropriate that much. Also, the
trol is all about." on
`
FLOW CONTROL HELPS
Mr. League notes that the FAA's control
t 1"
n ro
centers delay, hold, or impose now co
Vietnam
to prevent dangerous oversaturation of traf-
fic in a given area. This, of course, often
requires the FAA to sacrifice on-time ar-
rivals and departures in order to further
safety.
As for O'Hare, officials maintain there is
no danger even when scores of planes, sep-
arated by 1,000 feet of altitude, are circling
in the "stacks" in the sky. Carl Eck, air
safety specialist with the Air Line Pilots
Association, says O'Hare's procedures are
"adequate and safe."
All agree, however, that O'Hare Is crowded,
to say the least. J. P. (Pat) Dunne, airport
manager, says its traffic load is running
five to ten years ahead of predictions by
"the socalled experts." This has led to con-
gestion not only on the runways and in the
air around O'Hare and other major hubs, but
in the airline terminals themselves.
It takes a lot of doing to crowd O'Hare's
huge, sprawling terminal complex. It is so
big that a passenger getting off a flight at
one end of the terminal's long fingerlike ex-
tensions may have to walk up to three-quar-
ters of a mile along its "bunion boulevards"
(the main through corridors) to board an-
other flight at the tip of another distant
"finger." Trudging along a bunion boule-
vard, a footsore Gorgie Jessel quips: "Coming
Gets the Goods: An Exclusive
Report
EXTENSION OF REMARKS
OF
HON. JOHN M. MURPHY
OF NipW YORK
IN THE HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES
Friday, August 26, 1966
Mr. MURPHY of New York. Mr.
Speaker, amidst the criticisms of weapon
and supply shortages in Vietnam, I wish
to take note of one segment of the mili-
tary effort which has gone well beyond
the call of duty. Those responsible for
the movement of supplies and equipment
to this distant land-the Defense De-
partment and the transportation indus-
try-certainly have not waivered in "de-
livering the goods."
During my recent inspection of logis-
tical management in Vietnam during the
month of Jaly, I saw first hand the value
of this accomplishment at ports, airfields,
and supply lines.
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August 26, 1966 CONGRESSIONAL .RECORD - APPENDIX
grams. Some projects will have full-time, does nothing constructive. This is a Re-
guidance counselors to visit the schools send- publican bill, both imaginative and :real-
big students, to the program. They will work Istic, and I am proud to support it as a
on college planning and "reentry" into their Republican,
regular school routine.
FREE-WHEELING APPROACH
approach to packing as much into the sum-
mer's luggage as possible, teachers are deeply
Impressed by the quality of the learning
going on. .
Some of the students will be entering
white schools for the first time. Counselors
are attempting to help students prepare for
this change.
As Upward Bound director, Dr. Ruth Brad-
ford Of Grambling College (Louisiana) put
It: "There is all the difference in the world
between desegregation and integration, and
we are asking some of these students to
shoulder an enormous burden. I am deeply
touched by their willingness to do so."
Although all the projects were to be inte-
grated, seven of the eight visited in the South
were all-Negro. For the first time the ma-
jority of students encountered white teach-
ers and tutors.
The director of the Talladega College proj-
ect commented: "During the first three weeks
the white tutors had to convince the stu-
dents that they would not do them any harm.
Now our job in the remaining weeks is to
prove to these students that they can be
confident in the help offered them."
At Tougaloo College several girls were a
Week late entering the program because they
were hospitalized from the gassing in Can-
ton during the Meredith march. It did not
take them long to catch up. The Upward
Bound dropout rate is remarkably low (less
than 5, percent) in spite of the fact that most
students have never been away from home.
One girl who went home wrote back to her
counselor: "Just a few lines to let you know
that every word you said was true. And I am
truly sorry I didn't come back.... I wish I
could, Has my space been filled yet? I
know now that I made the biggest mistake of
my life.
"You never realize you've made a mistake
until after it's too late. I know there's not
a possible chance I could come back-is
there? I just needed some time to think
things over, but It's too late now?"
The girl has been readmitted.
As one young man stated: "I didn't know
I was capable of so much, and there is so
much out there for me if I can only make
up for the bad years."
If the programs in the Deep South are
typical the Office of Economic Opportunity
may have begun a small revolution in second-
ary education.
Managing the Public Business
SPEECH
OF
HON. JAMES C. CLEVELAND
OF NEW HAMPSHIRE
IN THE HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES
Thursday, August 25, 1966
Mr. CLEVELAND. Mr. Speaker, I am
proud to have joined in sponsoring the
legislation to enlist the genius of private
industry in the solution of great public
questigns. I want to pay tribute to the
leadership of the gentleman from Mas-
sachusetts [Mr. MORSE] in taking the
Initiative in getting this proposal orga-
nized, shaped into a bill, and introduced.
With this legislation, we lay to rest
once more the false charge that ours is
merely a party of opposition and that it
The approach we have taken in this
legislation is more than a Republican
approach; it is an American approach.
It calls upon the private sector to help
Government and provides a convenient
means through which this can be done.
It is based on the traditional Republican
belief-and the traditional American be-
lief-that the Government is the serv-
ant, not the master of our society. It
also recognizes that every element of the
society has an obligation to every other
element to contribute to the general wel-
fare its talents and resources. Above
all, this legislation is realistic and for-
ward looking. By drawing on the sys-
tems analysis techniques developed by
our sophisticated industries, it proposes
a constructive method that, in my opin-
ion., Is capable of coping successfully
with some of the vast and complex prob-
lems that face the country.
I urge its prompt consideration by the
House.
Airport Problems
EXTENSION OF REMARKS
HON. J. J. PICKLE
OF TEXAS
IN THE HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES
Friday, August 26, 1966
Mr. PICKLE. Mr. Speaker, the avia-
tion industry is currently facing the big-
gest threat to its' growth in its entire
history. Both commercial and general
aviation must contend with crowded air-
ports, runway shortages, and general air
and ground congestion.
Lately, this problem has become of
such an emergency nature that I feel it
is time Congress should take up this mat-
ter immediately.
To give you a clear idea of the situa-
tion that is before us, I am offering for
the RECORD an article written by Mr.
Philip M. Boffey that appeared in the
August 22 issue of the Wall Street
Journal.
This article is well documented, con-
cise, and presents a frightening picture.
The article is as follows:
CLOGGED AIRPORTS: CONGESTION AT BIG HUBS
Now LOOMS AS THREAT TO GROWTH OF AVIA-
TION-AIRLINES PAD SCHEDULES, LOSE MIL-
LIONS AS DELAYS INCREASE-SAFETY
QUESTIONS POP UP-CROWDS ON BUNION
BOULEVARD
(By Philip M. Boffey)
CHICAGO.-All the airplanes are flying
again--right Into another thunderhead.
This is not the sudden turbulence of a
labor dispute, but a storm of major propor-
tions that has been building up for years.
Its effects already are being felt by airports,
airlines and passengers, and the worst is yet
to come.
The trouble is severe congestion at the na-
tion's big air transport hubs. Airports at
many of the nation's principal cities, some
of them built or expanded only recently, are
strangling in traffic undreamed of when the
jet age began. "Every major airport in the
United States will run out of runway capac-
ity in the foreseeable future unless they do
something about It," says E.
ard, executive vice president
Operators Council.
A4553
Thomas Burn-
of the Airport
The airlines have been forced to lengthen
their scheduled flight times repeatedly to al-
low for weaving in and out of clogged traffic
on the ground and in the air. In 1940 a pas-
senger could board a 185-m.p.h. DC-3 at La
Guardia Airport in New York and expect to
reach Philadelphia in 46 minutes. Today,
on at least two flights, the same nonstop
trip from Kennedy International Airport
(which is closer to Philadelphia than La
Guardia) is scheduled at 53 minutes-on a
550 m.p.h. DC-8 fan jet. Congestion is one
reason for the stretchout.
FRAZZLED NERVES
And flights may take a lot longer than
even the lengthened schedules show. De-
lays far in excess of scheduled flight times,
are growing commonplace, costing the air..
lines tens of millions of dollars in extra op.-
erating expense, robbing new high-speed jets
of their efficiency and frazzling the nerves
of countless passengers. The increasing con-
gestion also is breeding new air safety wor-
ries in some quarters.
The problem is people. Since the dawn of
the jet age, commercial air travel has drawn
more customers than most experts ever
dreamed it would. In 1965, U.S. scheduled.
airlines flew 51.6 billion revenue passenger
miles (one paying passenger flown one mile)
over domestic routes compared with 43.9 bil-
lion in 1964 and only 19.7 billion in 1955,
before jets were used. It is predicted that
the 1965 total may be doubled by 1970.
What's more, the boom in air cargo, private
and business flying Is expected to continue,
too.
After 1970 the crush may grow worse.
Around then airlines will be operating super-
sonic jet transports and "jumbo" carriers
capable of hauling 500 passengers at drastic-
ally reduced rates. While this greater ca-
pacity might seem likely to trim the number
of flights, these new aircraft are expected
to give another mighty boost to air travel,
just as today's conventional jets did after
they were introduced in the late 1950s.
Some of the nation's large metropolitan
airports are barely able to cope with today's
traffic, much,less the crowds of the future.
The predicament of many is exemplified by
one-O'Hare International Airport, the
world's busiest terminal since 1962, when a
massive expansion program was completed.
THE COMPLETE AIRPORT
O'Hare, Chicago's principal terminal, has
a reputation as one of the best-equipped and
best-run airports, as well as the busiest. It
is blessed with relatively unencumbered ap-
proaches, has more runways equipped for
Instrument landings than any other, and is
the only airport that can bring in two planes
simultaneously on instrument landings.
But despite its vaunted efficiency, O'Hare
is slowly choking on its mounting traffic
load. It logged nearly 520,000 landings and
takeoffs last year, a world record, 24% more
than in 1962. Some 21 million passengers
passed through its terminal, up 56% from
1962. In good weather, the airport must
strain to the utmost to handle takeoffs and
landings occurring once every 20 seconds
in peak periods. In bad weather, jam-ups
become hopeless.
On one particularly foul day last winter, 88
incoming planes were backed up in four
"stacks" in the sky, according to James R.
Rugg, a veteran supervisor in the O'Hare
control tower. On another occasion it took
the pilot of an empty passenger plane 3 hours
and 55 minutes just to taxi across the air-
port after a snowstorm. So many planes
were waiting to land and take off that har-
ried controllers couldn't let the taxiing pilot
waste precious seconds crossing the run-
ways.
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August 26, 1966 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD - APPENDIX
In this connection I wish to call to your
attention an article in'Traff'ic Manage-
ment, a Cahners publication, which deals
thoroughly and completely with the huge
task of getting material from the manu-
facturer to the fighting men in Vietnam.
Harry Tennant, author of the article,
has documented the subject well, as I
learned on my recent trip. The Cahners
people are to be congratulated for point-
ing out that this massive job has not only
been well done but has been accomplished
without the administration having to
impose any stiff transportation regula-
tions. As Vincent F. Caputo, Defense
Department transport head says, we have
made a heavy buildup on a crash basis
without imposing emergency contro ls.
The article follows:
From oxen to computer, the transport
complexities that have been overcome in
fighting this nation's greatest single long-
distance war are phenomenal. For the lo-
gistics system employed in moving men and
goods in the Vietnam conflict is altogether
as sophisticated as the weapons it moves.
Among other things, it keeps air transports
carrying men and materiel flying six minutes
apart across the Pacific while making full
use of more than 370 Military Sea Transport
Service vessels. And it would take an army
of statisticians to determine how many tons
are moving hourly in this country by train,
truck, domestic water carrier and pipeline.
There have been only two major hitches
thus far. One is the port congestion at the
Vietnam end where there is a shortage of
harbor and berthing space, inadequate port
facilities, and often not enough stevedores
to unload the cargo. (Defense transporta-
tion people think it unfair that they should
be criticized for this set of circumstances so
inherent to an underdeveloped country after
they have "delivered the goods.") The other
problem is that distribution of supplies has
been disrupted, requiring diversion and re-
routing, as a result of the recent anti-Saigon
government demonstrations in the military
headquarters city of Danang.
Outlines for this country's huge transport
effort have long been set. Out of bitter les-
soins learned in other conflicts has come a
system which thoroughly integrates the
functions of the three services and those of
their civilian counterparts in one of the most
efficient operations of the Vietnam conflict.
Defense Secretary Robert McNamara is un-
derstandably proud of this feature of the
war effort and has repeatedly defended it
against censure, both through the public
press and in Congress, with the counter-
charge that any talk of a shipping shortage
is "absurd." For one thing, he need not do
any prodding in this area because there have
been few bottlenecks on the transportation
side. Problems are ironed out before they
reach the worrisome stage.
Mr. McNamara's chief troubleshooter,
DOD's Director for Transportation and Ware-
housing Policy Vincent F. Caputo, at the first
sign of any disorder contacts the service and
joint staff transportation representative and
the single managers. Foreseeing trouble,
such as the possibility of a ship walk-out, he
carefully lays plans-in this case for the best
use of maritime labor who have continued to
load Vietnam supplies in spite of picket lines.
As the world's largest corporate organiza-
tion, the Defense Department naturally has
one of the, largest transportation budgets.
And it is on the three freight-moving agen-
cies covered by that budget-the Military
Airlift Command, the Military Sea Trans
portation Service, and the year-old Military
Traffic Management and Terminal Service-
that Mr. McNamara, Mr..Caputo and close to
300,000 fighting men must depend.
A4555
'These agencies fu action in vastly differ- hours. By way of comparison, 42 C-5As could
ent manner in fulfilling their duties. MAC
is made up of 100,000 men. After a long post-
World War II history highlighted by the
spectacular Berlin Airlift, this unit (then
known as the Military Air Transport Serv-
ice) has moved with such success that its
C-141 Starlifter, the first military jet de-
signed solely for troop and cargo transport
operations, has moved to the glamour pages.
Another cargo workhorse, the C-135, which
has moved heavy loads of cargo from inland
points to Vietnam, is now being phased out
of service and it is the C-141, which joined
the MAC fleet less than a year ago, that is
the backbone of what MAC calls its "Red Ball
Express," which hauls Army cargo. Pat-
terned after the logistics supply line of
World War II, when vitually needed supplies
were trucked across the continent on an
around-the-clock basis, the "Express" has
updated its operation to carry out its Viet-
nam role.
John M. Malloy, Deputy Assistant Defense
Secretary for Procurement, has dusted off
the old World War II plan, substituting
planes for trucks, and has some impressive
results to show. Twenty-four hour use of
construction and materials hauling equip-
ment with little or no time for preventive
maintenance has multiplied the need for
spare parts. The same holds true for air-
craft and automotive parts and the Express
handles components for fighter aircraft,
helicopters, tanks, bulldozers and trucks as
well as materials-hauling equipment.
"Spare parts, in most instances," Mr. Mal-
loy said, "were available but getting them
to the man who needed them was the big
problem. To cope with this emergency the
jet-age 'Red Bail Express' was organized
with a fleet of jet transports carrying pri-
ority spare parts and equipment, all marked
with the Red Ball."
The idea behind this World War II scheme
(when the trucks were given a priority
rating and identified by a red ball marking
on the bumper) was to have the needed
parts in the needed place within 168 hours
or seven days. Malloy points out that de-
fense contract awards for Vietnam during
the first half of fiscal 1966 totaled $15.57
billion, of which the most essential items
were sent via the Red Ball Express.
The C-141s now carry supplies to South-
east Asia from two Air Force bases on the
East Coast, at Dover, Del., and Charleston,
S.C., as well as two in California: Travis
near San Francisco, and Norton, near San
Bernadino. Norton only recently began air-
lift operations to the war front when 43,000
pounds of cargo departed on a 24-hour flight
to Saigon.
With its 160-foot wing span and 143-foot
long fuselage, the C-141 can haul more than
30 tons nearly 4,000 miles. Equally import-
ant is its ability to load or unload its cargo
in 15 minutes.
Still to come is the giant C-5A transport
which Gen. Howell M. Estes, Jr., MAC com-
mander, hopes to have in operation by 1969.
To be built by Lockheed in Marietta, Ga., the
C-5A will be capable of carrying upwards of
a quarter million pounds more than 3,000
miles nonstop. With lesser loads its range
can be extended to more than 5,000 miles.
Considering its tremendous cargo capacity,
military planners expect C-5A operational
costs to average about four cents less than
the corresponding figure for the C-141, 11
cents less than the C-135 and about 18 cents
lower than the much slower propeller-driven
C-124 Globemaster, also being phased out of
MAC service.
The C-5A is a genuine breakthrough in
terms of bulk cargo loads. According to Gen.
Estes, MAC moved 15,500 troops from Texas
to Germany during "Operation Big Lift" in
October, 1963. "We used 204 aircraft, flying
234 missions, and completed the lift in 63
mixing of C-141 and C-5A aircraft would
meet the most exacting transportation re-
quirement the military can anticipate-the
airlifting of large combat forces and equip-
ment to Europe or the Far East, or in both.
directions, at the same time.
Meanwhile, Robert H. Charles, Assistant AF
Secretary for Installations and Logistics, to-
day terms Saigon's Tan Son Nhut the busiest
airfield in the world. He said AF pilots have
carried more than 667,000 troops and de-
livered over 265-000 tons of cargo. "Each
day approximately 225 MAC transports are
in the air over routes connecting the U.S.
and several Pacific locations and every six
minutes, somewhere along the immense span
of the Pacific, an AF transport touches
down."
Charles says the need for airlifting high
priority cargo "rose sharply" in 1965 and
that by December more than 12,000 tons
per month were required. Last year's Pa-
cific airlift totaled more than 96,500 tons
of cargo and more than 275,000 passengers.
By comparison, 80,000 tons of cargo and
215,000 passengers were airlifted during the
three years of the Korean conflict.
Supplementing the use of Government-
owned aircraft are flights operated by com-
mercial airlines under contract with MAC.
Pan American, Flying Tiger, Seaboard
World and Continental Airlines have been
among the most active participants in the
military airlift, and Trans World will begin
flying 22 roundtrips a month between the
U.S. and Saigon in July. Although MAC
pays the airlines less than their rates for
commercial service, they realize a profit be-
cause of the high utilization of their aircraft.
But, while air travel to Vietnam is fast and
sometimes glamorous, it nonetheless is still
expensive, restricted to the relatively small
size of the airplane and limited to the num-
ber of airfields available.
Currently with thousands of plants and
factories across the U.S. again geared to the
war effort, more than half a million tons
of supplies flow out each month to the
battle area. Except for high-priority items
which can travel by air, most cargo must
go by ship.
In fact, every day about 170 ships belong-
ing to or chartered by the Military Sea
Transportation Service are on their way to
or coming back from Vietnam. In their
holds they carry virtually everything imag-
inable-boots and beer, toilet paper and
tanks, helicopters and helmets. And they
carry the troops that will use the equip-
ment. Best estimates now are that nearly
98 percent of all supplies and two out of
three soldiers destined for the Far East
travel by ship.
The vast job of controlling these vessels
belongs to MSTS, the Navy's "single man-
ager" for providing sea transportation for
all the armed services. Commanded by Vice
Admiral Glynn R. Donaho, MSTS currently
has control or operation of 413 vessels, a
large portion being commercial ships under
government contract. Unfortunately, many
of these have been sailing on a stormy sea
of discontent.
Normally, the task of delivering military
goods falls on U.S.-flag lines and they do, in
fact, carry most of the tonnage. For the ag-
ing fleet of tramp steamers, which are avail-
able for special charter, additional military
volume is a welcome find. The same, how-
ever, is not the case with the 14 subsidized
steamship companies and their 340 liners.
Since most of them operate regular trade
routes on tight schedules, they have had
to forego more lucrative commerical con-
tracts in order to carry defense cargo.
Foreign flag lines, in turn, are picking
up the commercial contracts, and U.S.
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CONGRESSIONAL RECORD - APPENDIX August 26, 1966
carriers make no secret of their fear that
when the crisis in Vietnam is ended the
business will be hard to get back.
According to best estimates, transpacific
shipments on U.S. ships have recently been
averaging close to 60 percent war goods,
an Increase of from 20 to 30 percent over
a year ago. Like the airlines, the ship op-
erators say the Government pays much less
than commercial shippers for their service.
And in a further cost-cutting step, MSTS
beginning July 1 will purchase ship space
through competitive bidding between Indi-
vidual lines, instead of negotiating rates with
carrier conferences. DOD officials expect a
25% saving as a result of this change.
The ship lines, of course, are not legally
obligated to accept any set amount of gov-
ernment business although commercial ships
could be "drafted" into service under MST-13
control. This is considered highly unlikely,
especially now that more than 75 World War
II freighters have been reactivated from the
reserve mothball fleet and another 25 are
due in service by late spring.
There is widespread concern among steam-
ship experts that a disaster could befall the
transportation industry if more attention is
not given to the merchant fleet in the current
struggle. This fear is based on the fact that
no additional ships are being built. No one
is bold enough to believe the giant airlift
could do the task alone.
Figures show that to keep the nearly
800,000 Vietnam fighting men (plus another
100,000 men in other sections of Southeast
Asia) in material and equipment, MSTS has
enlarged its fleet through charters and ves-
sels from the mothball fleet to more than
400 ships. But shipping men compare this
to the Korean conflict. They say the vessels
taken out of mothballs are now years older
than when they entered the Korean War,
and supply lines are much longer.
Palling somewhere in the middle between
(1) MAC-MSTS operations and (2) coordina-
tion, direction and management of the flow
of men and materiel to the proper destina-
tion, is the newest of the three "single man-
agers" for military transportation-the Mili-
tary Traffic Management and Terminal
Service.
Historically, this command came into being
a year ago when Secretary McNamara, em-
ploying the foresight he is sometimes criti-
cized for possessing, instructed Army Maj.
Gen. John J. Lane to consolidate the man-
agement and operation of military traffic,
land transportation and common-user ter-
minals within the continental United States.
The charter handed to Gen. Lane gave him
broad powers. In essence, it directs him to
control and' supervise all functions pertain-
ing to the procurement and use of freight
and passenger transportation service within
the continental 48 states. This includes
negotiations with commercial for-hire com-
panies, including rail, highway, air, in-
land waterways, coastwise and intereoastal
carriers.
Also, he controls the movement of cargo
and passengers into appropriate air and
ocean terminals in order to meet the avail-
ability of air and sea lift. Previously, this
had been an area of divided authority with
unclear lines of responsibility resulting in
duplication and overlap. What is important
here is that MTMTS now has control over
military traffic into air terminals and into
and through ocean ports.
The last of the continental U.S. (CONUS)
functions is direction of the Defense Rail
Interchange Fleet operation. DRIF, as it is
called, is composed of military-owned rolling
stock registered for interchange service op-
erations, Although the fleet is comprised
of both passenger and freight equipment,
freight care make up the largest segment
and thereby require the greatest effort to
control.
The latest tally shows there are 5,276 cars
In the Interchange fleet including 2,590 gen-
eral purpose tank cars, 756 special purpose
tank cars, 931 heavy duty flat cars, 8913 de-
fense freight box cars, 95 other box cars and
eight gondola cars. All are strongly geared
to the Vietnam war.
Understandably MTMTS does not publi-
cize shipments for Vietnam and other areas
where supplies are needed to maintain troops.
But some figures showing the magnitude of
its operations in the first year may throw a
little light on the big job in Asia. For in-
stance, the Command:
(1) Contracted for the movement of 1.3
million passengers traveling in groups of 15
or more. (Smaller groups or individuals are
still handled by their respective services.)
(2) Directed the movement of close to 10
million tons of cargo through ocean, Gulf
and Great Lakes ports.
(3) Monitored key ocean terminals on the
east, West and Gulf coasts in addition to su-
pervising more than $50 million in steve-
doring contracts and related activities.
(4) Managed the movement of $350 million
worth of household goods throughout the
world for DOD personnel.
What this amounts to in dollars and cents
Is that MTMTS during its first year of opera-
tion was responsible for the expenditure of
$1.3 billion of the Defense transportation
budget, a significant portion going toward
the supply and re-supply of U.S. forces in
Vietnam.
Considering that the total DOD transpor-
tation appropriation runs between $2 billion
and $3 billion, this means that MTMTS, the
newest of the three transportation agencies,
is responsible for managing the largest
Chunk. It means, too, that this Command
has had to take over some of the responsi=
bilities of MAC and MSTS, a fact that at
times has been difficult for either to accept.
This, then, is one of the big problems fac-
ing Vincent Caputo. As a major point of con-
tact between the three agencies and Defense
Secretary McNamara on transportation mat-
ters, it is his lot to see that neither IVIAC,
MSTS nor MTMTS becomes short-sighted in
its operations. Each, of course, thinks in
terms of its own Command and wants to
show the respective service Secretary that its
responsibility is the most important of the
three.
The size of the job in Vietnam can be
seen from an assortment of reports produced
by the Defense Department. In the final
five months of last year a total of 3,200,360
tons of war goods was shipped by water from
Atlantic;. Gulf and Pacific Coast ports des-
tined for Southeast Asia. The shipments
were divided about like this: Atlantic ports,
15.8%, or 504,882 tons; Gulf, 14.1% or 450,-
085 tons;, and Pacific, 70.1% or 2,245,393 tons.
(To Vietnam directly, 355,875 tons went from
Atlantic ports, 342,802 from Gulf ports, and
1,307,577 from Pacific ports, with lesser
amounts from each range sent to Thailand,
Subic Bay in the Philippines, Guam, Okina-
wa, Japan, and Korea.)
Some DOD officials, basing their estimates
on what is assumed to be a projected ten-
year period (military transport people never
plan on a short, Hitler-type blitzkrieg), have
estimated railroad car requirements for de-
fense needs for the first six months of this
year. They estimate a total of 51,690 rail
cars needed from January to June-consid-
erably higher than the 36,481 actually used
in the same period last year. These figures
apply to all railroads, although the western
carriers are used the most extensively since
the bulk of the shipments are consigned
through West Coast ports.
Defense officials have carefully avoided any
part in the Capitol Hill battle over freight
car shortages. This is because the arrange-
ment between DOD and the carriers through
the Association of American Railroads has
given the military adequate hauling space.
While Brig. Gen. Raymond C. Conroy, com-
mander of the western area for MTMTS,
has shown concern over the commercial oar
shortage, Gen. Lane agreed some months ago
that, although the number of cars available
will continue to decrease, "the fact that the
new replacement cars are of greater carrying
capacity" will do the job. Piggyback and
containerization will also aid in relieving the
situation, he said.
"Since a limited engagement, such as
prompted the present build-up, does not
require any significant diversion of certain
types of shipping," Gen. Lane said, "the De-
fense Freight Railway Interchange Fleet
could be augmented to meet the increase in
car requirements and at the same time permit
control of their movement and supply. This
increase in the fleet could be brought about
by leasing cars from the carriers, the mobi-
lization of service-owned, intraplant equip-
ment into the interchange fleet, or limited
purchase of selected types of equipment."
The trucking industry, like the railroads,
has not blown its horn over Its Vietnam role.
But DOD figures are impressive for this
mode. In the third quarter of fiscal 1966
trucks transported 187,679 less-truckload
shipments valued at nearly $11 million and
49,728 truckloads valued at $23,700,000. The
shipments have included such commodities
as airplanes and airplane parts, iron and steel
items, ammunition and explosives, petroleum
products, auto and machinery parts, motor
vehicles, electrical equipment, printed mat-
ter, furniture, containers, chemicals, and
ordnance materiel.
With regard to the Saigon port conges-
tion-which worsened with the increase of
military shipments to a point where at one
time last November 122 ships were unloading
or standing idle in Vietnam ports or holding
areas-the situation is now improving.
According to Lt. Gen. William F. Cassidy,
the Army's Chief of Engineers, the port
bottleneck has been broken, with monthly
military tonnage unloaded from ships in
Vietnam presently in excess of that shipped
from the U.S. to Korea at the peak of that
war. In the third week of April, some 36
ships were waiting for berthing space,
usually four to five days. Previously delays
extended as long as 30 days before a ship
could find space to unload its cargo.
Defense officials also are working on plans
to bring about better cargo control, whereby
supply items will be identified in each ship-
ment to permit priority handling. Recently
a fleet of barges and some floating piers, 110
by 300 feet, were in operation. And there
are plans to use containership to facilitate
faster unloading and turnaround at the
ports. As in previous wars, many of the
innovations developed to expedite the move-
ment of supplies to the front will likely find
commercial applications in the future.
The latest estimate is that supplies are
now arriving at Saigon at the rate of about
700,000 tons a month. Mr. Caputo sums up
the performance thus far in a single sen.-
tence: "We have made a heavy buildup on a
crash basis of troops and materials in an
underdeveloped country 7,000 miles from
our West Coast, and our emergency govern-
mental powers are still in reserve."
Marine Reserve Anniversary
EXTENSION OF REMARKS
OF
HON. TENO RONCALIO
OF WYOMING
IN THE HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES
Monday, August 22, 1966
Mr. RONCALAO. Mr. Speaker, I am
pleased today to call attention to the
50th anniversary of the Marine Corps
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