HOPE AND PROMISE

• Document Type: CREST
• Collection: General CIA Records
• Document Number (FOIA) /ESDN (CREST): CIA-RDP67B00446R000400020004-2
• Release Decision: RIFPUB
• Original Classification: K
• Document Page Count: 44
• Document Creation Date: December 16, 2016
• Document Release Date: June 27, 2005
• Sequence Number: 4
• Publication Date: February 10, 1966
• Content Type: OPEN

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CONGRESSIONAL RECORD - APPENDIX February 1,1,
here said, to me. "If you want to call this
light something else that is your privilege.
But basically you are resisting the Chinese
thrust for complete dominance of Asia, and
I commend you for It. You are the only r:a-
Lion in the world with the guts and vigor to
do it."
I:oth hawks and doves agree that China is
o' it, of the central issues of the war, and that
lie Vietcong versus Vietnamese Governments
struggle is--relatively-a side issue. The
hawks are pressing for a direct confronta-
Lion with China, some of them even hoping
for an excluse to bomb out the Chinese :nu-
clear facilities. The doves feel that no mat-
ter what we do. China in the year 2000 will
clearly be the dominant power in Asia. as we
are in the Western Hemisphere, and it is, a
waste of money and lives to fight such a use-
less fight
The terrible thing is that both arguments
are valid, and a choice between them is not
simple. A direct challenge to the Chinese
would not be a simple matter of bombing
a Comic facilities. One would have to send
in .,t land array to fight across China, and as
Mao Tse-tung has pointed out, it would be
almost impossible for us to field ate army
large enough for victory. We are, after all,
almost completely alone in our current Asian
policy.
A 'he aa.sumption that China is interested
only in consolidating its power in Asia as-
sumes that it dedicated Communist revolu-
tionary has a point at which he becomes
sated. It is inconceivable that the Chinese
will launch a fleet of junks across the Pacific
to storm ashore at San Diego.
I sut the military strategists are also aware
tlu;.t in a Jew years the Chinese will have the
missiles rec:uired to launch their atomic
weapons, and when that clay dawns, the
United States will be faced with an adversary
tax more dangerous than Nikita Khrushcl.ev
ever was. 'There is no indication that the
younger generation of Chinese Communists,
whose character was not formed in the long,
bloody civil war with Chiang Kai-shek, are
less hard, or less Chinese than the aging
guerrillas head by Mao Tse-tung.
It took the Russians 40 years to face the
responsibilities of their power," one American
political officer said. "The Chinese are just
starting t:o flex their musclies. It's like a
street fight. The most dangerous kid on the
block is usually the strong young kid who
Chinks he's unbeatable."
No one understands the Chinese thirst for
expansion better than the Vietnamese, north
arid south. They fought the Chinese for
almost 1,6Q0 years. In his way, Ho Chi. Minh
has done in astute job of holding them back
even now.
"Ho has played it very cagey," one Saigon
political observer said. "He took all the help
lie needed from the Chinese during the fight
against the French, and used China as a
rsasictuare. But he never allowed North
Vietnam to become the kind of outright
satellite that say, Rumania, was. The Viet-
cong are taking the weapons from- China, and
the political support. They know that most
Asians lair China, and they make that fear
work for them. But they also tell you that
they will not have fought the Japanese, the
French wid the Americans for 30 years just
to let the Chinese march in."
In some ways, the Vietcong in the south
do not even trust Ito Chi Minh. On at least
three separate occasions the north has sold
nut the southern revolution: in March 1946,
when Ho made an agreement with the French
that created a free state within the French
Union, but left Cochin China (South Viet-
nam) under absolute French rule; in Geneva,
in 1954, when Ho accepted the cutoff at the
17th parallel; and again in 1956 when North
Vietnam made only feeble protests about the
cancellation of the elections whir h were sup-
posed to reunite the country.
"Everyone thinks the war can be solved
if the United States just sits down with the
North Vietnamese," one Saigon official said.
"Suppose the Vietcong say to boi h 'get lost'?
What happens then?"
The truth is that it is absurd to think
of negotiating a solution to the war without
making the Vietcong, and their Political arm,
the National Liberation Front, a party to the
proceedings. They made the revolution-
with the support of North Vietnam and
China, to be sure--and they will have a say
in how it ends.
Unfortunately, the best we can expect from
a negotiated settlement is a coali -ion govern-
ment, and there is little doubt that such a
government would become Communist in a
matter of a, few years. With China breathing
hard upon all of them, there is little hope for
any nation in southeast Asia to be truly inde-
pendent. They might be sovereign,
but no more independent than stay, Guate-
mala. And our own chances id, trying to
transform Ito Chi Minh into a kind of south-
east Asian Tito withered In the erld war, and
the missionary evangelism of John Foster
Dulles. The history of our involvement in
Vietnam, like that of China and Cuba, is a
history of lost chances
~iu the hard choices in Vietnam are staring
us in the face. We can negott:ete a settle-
ment, if the other side agrees finally to talk,
and be prepared eventually to lose South
Vietnam to a Communist government. We
can save face doing this; by agreeing to phase
out our troops over a 3-year period while the
coalition government tries to govern the
country As it nation, we can then pull back
to a more sensible commitment n the world.
We can concentrate on South America, on our
own domestic running sores like slums and
poverty. We can give up the role of playing
policemen to the world.
But if we do that we must rec-arnize it as a
kind of victory for China. The Chinese
themselves are making this war into a war of
Asians against white men. We oust be very
clear on that if we decide to negen.iate. China
is holding up the Vietnamese exstnple to the
rest of the world. One more decade of in-
competent. hopeless rule, and India could go
to the Communists. If Africa continues on
its erratic path, the Communist.:; could take
most of it. The one thing comremnism does
otter. after all, is stability. It is the stability
of the graveyard, but it you are rcarching for
peace and quiet, Albania is the 1,i:e.ce to go.
'.Chose who have studied the situation do
not believe' much in the domino theory, but
they do feel that the Chinese Communists see
the world power struggle as an extension of
guerrilla, warfare. In guerrilla warfare you
isolate the enemy in the cities bt, taking over
the countryside. By extension, the conti-
nental United States becomes the city, the
underdeveloped world the countryside. In
those terns the Chinese threat, especially
when it. achieves the means , f delivering
atomic weapons, is a real one.
So the second choice is to fight;. If we de-
cide the fight is worthwhile and that we can
contain Chinese expanionism by making that
fight in South Vietnam, then we must imme-
diately snake the terms of the fig] it clear. We
must stop the pious rhetoric and the murky
generalities. We must tell the people of this
country that young men will die in the next
5 or 6 years as they have never died before.
One military man in Saigon told me that we
must be prepared to take 300,000 casualties,
and possibly more. We can hope that in the
interim Ho Chi Minh and Mao Tse-tung will
die; the Vietcong cause will lose popularity
with the death of Ho; and the Chinese might
become more tractable without Mao.
Every military man I spoke to is apre.ed
that the war will be bloody and long. The
popularity-of-the-war polls are running in
favor of keeping the war going. But most
experts suspect that this is only because he
war and its bloody possibilities have never
been fully explained.
The various plans for solving he war, in-
cluding the so-called Gavin plan, are all
based on an American pullout. One can sit
in enclaves and leave therest of South Viet-
nam to the Vietcong until a peace of sorts
can be negotiated. Other plans call for figcrt-
ing until the rebellion is crushed, as was
done in Malaya, the Philippines, and Greece.
Each is based on the belief that there are
simple solutions to complex problems.
As a reporter, I discovered in South Viet-
nam that the world is never as simple it:; it
seems when sitting at a typewriter in New
York. I don't like young men dy' rg. I dent
like the idea that my country is fighting to
keep it corrupt, selfish, feudal society in pourer
in a country whose citizens demand revolu-
tion. I wish for once we had joined a revolu-
tion instead of fighting against it.
But I would hate to have to explain to
young men in 1980 that the reason we are
about to engage the Chinese in ;i contest to
destroy the world with nuclear arms was
because we walked away from a light ire 11,66.
I do wish the cant and the lying would be
removed from the discussion and that, we
would be told some concrete truths about
the war. Perhaps if our Government would
do that we could all decide clearly what we
think should be done. I don't really know.
I do know that as you read this young me;n
are dying.
EXTENSION OF REMARKS
OF
HON. OLIN E. TEAGUE
OF TEXAS
IN THE HOUSE OF REPR:ESENTATIVIP;
Wednesday, February Z, 1966
Mr. TEAGUE of Texas. Mr. Speaker,
before the present Congress is adjourned,
we will be called upon to consider and
act on a number of pieces of legislation
affecting labor and industry. Under
leave to extend my remarks I wish to
include a copy of a letter written by a
small independent businessman. Nantes
and figures have been deleted, but the
thoughts in the letter are worthwhile in
light of the pending legislation:
JANUARY 14, 1061
I have just returned from New York,
where, for a period of 10 days, I was for,,ed
to experience the inconvenience and disccin-
fort in connection with what wus probably
the costliest and most unnecessary strike in
the history of the city of New Yorlc. If there
had not already been a critical need for such
a letter as this, going through the subway
strike would certainly have provoked one.
First of all, may I express my appreciation
for the fact that you are our Congressman
at large, and I find myself seldom if ever in
disagreement with the stand you have taken
on legislation.
We are now in a new session of Congress,
and if one would be influenced by President
Johnson's message to Congress, it world
seem that a considerable portion of the legis-
lation under consideration will be of a char-
acter, which, if enacted, would :have :a dev-
astating effect on smaller towns and smaller
retailers, so disastrous, in fact that there is
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Women's Division, Miami Chamber of Com-
merce.
The club sponsored a 13-week traffic safety
program on Channel 2 in 1958 and Edna Van
Acker that year became Southeastern Re-
gional Chairman of the Business and Pro-
fessional Women's Clubs.-
She previously had headed district 10 and
the Florida Federation, which she also had
served as scholarship chairman and member.
ship chairman. In her latter role she assisted
in organizing 25 clubs in Florida, with a
membership of more than 1,000 women.
A BIRTHDAY HONOR; THE LEADING WOMEN OF
MIAMI BUSINESS AND PROFESSIONAL WOMEN'S
CLUB
Business and professional women's club
leaders have been heralded throughout the
last half century in this community ever
since the Mian)i BPW Club, was organized
February 2, 1916.
Miami Club will honor several of theirs at
its 50th birthday party Saturday at Ever-
glades Hotel including their first president,
Marjory Stoneman Douglas, who has written
many books that have brought her fame
since that day when she took office.
Mrs. Douglas, a former newspaperwoman,
is author of "The Everglades, River of Grass,"
"Road to the Sun," "Freedom River" and
"Hurricane" as well as many magazine
stories.
When the club's current leader, Florence
McMahon (Mrs. Richard T.) Yoder left De-
troit for Miami in 1956 she went back to
college. Two years later she graduated with
honors from the 1 niversity of Miami, a
bachelor of business administration.
Mrs. Yoder began her business career run-
ning a sewer. cleaning business. Today she
is external auditor for the Dade County Port
Authority at Miami International Airport,
employed by Morgan Altemus & Barrs, CPA
firm.
She is a member of Alpha Lambda Delta,
Beta Sigma Phi, and Phi Kappa Phi. Upon
graduation from the university she received
an award from the Florida Institute of Cer-
tified Public Accountants. In September
1965 "Mac" married Richard Yoder of the
Finance Office, Urban Renewal Project in
Dade County.
One of the Miami club's past presidents,
Mrs. Clara Caspar, will come all the way from
Junction City, Kans., to attend the 50th
birthday candlelight dinner. She served her
club in 1941-42 and was the first of its
World War II leaders. She saw her member-
ship making quick response to wartime vol-
unteer service.
With other past presidents Mrs. Caspar
will be introduced during Saturday's cele-
bration by another past president, Lila Mae
(Mrs. Samuel L.) Durgan.
Lila Mae rose to be president of the Flori-
da Federation of BPW Clubs in 1958. She
was first State governor of Florida Opti-Mrs.
Clubs; was chairman of the Poinciana Fest-
ival in the city of Miami in 1961. In 1962
she served as president of the United Church
Women of Greater Miami.
It was during her administration of
Miami BPW that she inaugurated the Club
Chatter, a bulletin.
Traffic safety has long been a must in
the lives of the Miami BPW Club members.
Among past presidents who backed it with
fervor is Irene Redstone, attorney, who
served as prexy in 1946-47.
She inaugurated a traffic sticker program
that employed the slogan "Safety Through
Courtesy.",
Miss Redstone is assistant staff counsel for
the Florida Bar Association in charge of its
grievance committee office. She specializes
in child custody matters.
Her membership in Miami BPW was inter-
rupted during World War II by 3 years
in the Navy as Yeoman 1st Class. It was
after the war that she studied law at the
University of Miami and earned her degree.
She serves the American Bar Association's
Council on the section of family law.
When Miamian Valley K. Bennett's hus-
band Robert, died in Tifton, Ga., in 1917, she
became president of Bennett's Hardware, Inc.,
dealers in hardware, paints, varnishes, and
farm implements.
Mrs. Bennett learned "Ignorance is bliss.
It stood me in good hand during many an
incidental need for knowledge."
She started learning the business includ-
ing how to assemble plows, mowing machines,
milk separators, cultivators, much to the
amazement of my customers.
In Tifton in 1918 she helped organize and
became president of the Tifton Business
and Professional Women's Club. Then
came an exodus of many Georgians to Flor-
ida, among them Mrs. Bennett.
Through the first vice president of the
First National Bank of Miami, Mildred
Romfh, Mrs. Bennett became manager of the
savings department of the bank. Miss
Romfh was a past president of the Miami
BPW Club, which Mrs. Bennett had joined.
Valley herself became president in 1933.
Before her retirement in 1953 Mrs. Bennett
had been an accountant for a factory rep-
resentative of food products and allied lines.
During World War II she was chairman of
the business and professional women's divi-
sion of the Dade County War Finance Com-
mittee for the U.S. Treasury.
She also is an active member of the Miami
Soroptimist Club and the Miami Bookfellows.
While Judge Mattie Belle Davis was presi-
dent of the Miami BPW Club (1952-54) Dade
County women became incensed by the lack
of enforcement of the 1961 meat inspection
law in Florida.
Her Miami club joined other clubs in show-
ing their disapproval. The result was favor-
able action by the State Livestock Board.
Judge Davis is the first Floridian to serve
as president of the National Association of
Women Lawyers and the only woman to sit
on the bench of the Dade County Metropoli-
tan Court.
She began her legal career as a secretary
in the office of the late Troy Davis, whom
she later married. With him she practiced
law after passing her bar examinations in
1936.
Georgia-born Judge Davis was appointed
as judge of the Metropolitan Court of Dade
County by the board of commissioners in
1959 and reappointed in July 1964. She was
a member of the American Bar Association's
associate and advisory committee to the
standing committee on the traffic court pro-
gram.
She is active in Zonta Club of Greater
Miami and is on the international safety
committee of Zonta International. For 2
years she was president of the Haven School
for Mentally Retarded Children; then its sec-
retary. For 2 years she headed the Dade
TB Association. She has served 8 years as
legislation chairmen for the Dade County
Federation of Women's Clubs.
NBC Honors Chicago's Len O'Connor on
His 25th Year of Reporting
EXTENSION OF REMARKS
OF
HON. ROMAN C. PUCINSKI
OF ILLINOIS
IN THE HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES
Wednesday, January 12, 1966
Mr. PUCINSKI. Mr. Speaker, last
night the National Broadcasting Co.
honored one of Chicago's most highly
A701
respected journalists, Len O'Connor, who
is observing his 25th year of reporting,
Len O'Connor is one of Chicago's most
popular television journalists and com-
mentators. NBC is to be congratulated
for honoring him on his 25th anniver-
sary.
He is frequently called the "Guardian'
of Chicago's Conscience," Because of
his thorough understanding of the prob-
lems of a large city like Chicago; his
deep insight into problems of America
and his thorough knowledge of inter-
national affairs,, he today has several
million people in the Midwest following
his daily commentary both on radio and
television.
Len O'Connor - is a newspaperman's
journalist. He is penetrating, percep-
tive, understanding and often pungent,
but never unfair. He has earned the
respect not only of those he reports
about, but also those he reports for.
Mr. Speaker it was a privilege to be
invited yesterday to see the top manage-
ment people from the National Broad-
casting Co.'s Midwest facilities present
Len O'Connor with a wrist watch in
grateful recognition of his 25 years of
outstanding journalism.
May time be kind to him so he can
observe his golden jubilee of enterprising
and dedicated contributions to the high-
est standards of American journalism.
Hope and Promise
EXTENSION OF REMARKS
OF
HON. ROY H. McVICKER
OF COLORADO
IN THE HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES
Monday, January 17, 1966
Mr. McVICKER. Mr. Speaker, Amer-
ica is at its greatest when it accents the
positive, and this we. are able to do when
we fight "wars" on poverty and disease
and thus lift tip the spirits of mankind.
This is the step we are taking now in
Vietnam-a positive step, reflected by
the fact that the President. took the Sec-
retaries of Welfare and Agriculture to
the Honolulu meeting.
The New-York Herald-Tribune said:
It is in their fields that the United States
can well take the offensive, against disease
and poverty, and thus strengthen the de-
fense of South Vietnam at vital points. For
this is the positive side of the ugly war, the
hope and the promise.
And it is this that gives a particular moral
content to the whole united effort to bring
peace to a free South Vietnam.
I found the editorial to be most en-
lightening, and I therefore recommend
that it be printed in the RECORD, where
others also may read it.
COUNCIL IN THE PACIFIC
It is reasonable to suppose that the pri-
mary intent of President Johnson's journey
to Hawaii to meet with the Americans and
South Vietnamese concerned with the strug-
gle in Vietnam is to discuss the prosecution
of the war. Meanwhile, in the wake of the
Security Council's decisiop to take up the
Vietnam question, U.N. members have been
stepping up activities intended to end the
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war. Yet the two efforts are not contra-
,t i:- Ivory.
tmerican alms fn Vietnam are essentially
defensive. They are to prevent the forcible
.absorption of South Vietnam by the north.
Diplomatic efforts to end the war must take
into account the stark fact that the goal of
r,ito North Vietnam Government and the
Vietcong is to swallow up the south; neither
has; ever deviated in public statements from
that goal.. Naturally, the Communists would
prefer to accomplish this without further
ite;tcti.ng; naturally, they would accept sur-
raider by the south. But since this is com-
plctely at odds with the American commit-
ment, the diplomatic purpose must be to
clrinotlstrate th:it conquest is impossible.
A'i.l unless this is credible, from events in
IJii field, diplom.i, a will fail-again.
Whether Mr. Johnson's Pacific conference
;n r tends dramatic new developments, or
on.c:cly the intenilication of present military
i:o its, remains to be seen. But one fnter-
+;,ng ft'ature of the conference will be the
~ _ saner mph it is i by President John-
--of :he Secret; , es of Welfare and Agri-
,culture. It is in their fields that the United
;L_iLas can well lane the offensive, against
disease and poverty, and thus strengthen the
ilciense of South Vietnam at vital points.
i-'or this is the positive side of the ugly war,
he hope and the promise. And it is this
1.bat gives a particular moral content to the
whole united eft:art to bring peace to a free
::onsh Vietnam.
:'i,itsre lo Re:rliove Snow at District of
Caokinlria Schools
fT'yTENSION OF REMARKS
4' ,;SIIO
lid 'L117s IIOU81. OF REPRESENTATIVES
771-ursdau, February 10, 1966
Mr's. BOLTON. Mr. Speaker, several
days ago I commented on the failure
of the District of Columbia to deal effcc-
tively with the snow situation which
paralyzed the city. Since then I have
had many reports and examples of dan-
:;erous situations which were permitted
i.,o exist. For instance, I am told that
>, week after the snow fell, along the
:a.chool 'rounds at 13th Street NW., at
Nfilitary Road, little tots still had to
+:hoose whether to defy the dandy rut;h-
ilour traffic on 13th Street or brave the
chin-deep snow, still untramplcd on the
:.chool walk.
Tn. front of Wilson High School on
rcel>raska Avenue, the snow, higher than
a. tall man stands:, remained untouched
1;r days after the children returned to
heal. The rcnort which came to me
indicated that similar conditions were
l:mind at most other District of Columbia
.:schools. It seems that the only thing
ii ought to bear on the snow surrounding
our public schools here were the cold,
d,,lnn feet of courageous children beating
:a ath to classes that were declared re-
1' ned, with a dare to get there if you
Unit'.
tl times of such emergency, why can-
t 'i we recruit from among the ranks
of (;hose men who are drawing upon the
various federal sustaining programs, at
1. a.st to perform the public service of
c licatring a path so our school buildings-
before we order the children to ret urn?
Perhaps the Job Corps could help in such
instances-or those who, under better
weather circumstances, would be working
on the beautification program.
Wheelchair Folk Ignored
EXTENSION OF REMARKS
or
HON. WILLIAM E. MINSHAI.,L
OF OHIO
IN THE HOUSE OF REPREEENTATI\ 5
Thursday, February 10, 1966
Mr. MINSHALL. Mr. Speaker, under
leave to extend my remarks, I inser?, two
c:-,!lams by one of Cleveland's most tal-
ented and interesting columnists, ':Vin-
60c F.ench, in the Cleveland Press. He
pints out from firsthand knowled ;e a
situation confronting handicapped cer-
sons which certainly deserves the aL.l:en-
tinn of the Congress in respect to Federal
bil.ildiw,s..
W - si's.CITAIR FOLK IGNORED
Eery now and again I hear from a reader
w .,-,o, as I, must rely on a wheelchaii, and
w_:nts to know if I can tell her how one rnan-
at to get into certain buildings, if, inaleed,
it, is possible at. all. The last time I heard
from her, her interest was to Public Hall
where she h.,.-.d hoped to see the trailer ; how.
This she was unable to do, persevere though
did.
the auditorium, as so many o our
public buildings, is the product of nept
architecture. Even getting into the new
muitimillion-dollar wing is an impossi ility
fir the chairborne.
The hall does have ramps but how tr find
them is a Chinese puzzle and no one Is very
cooperative.
In fact, after several futile attempts and
it was a snowy, blustery, hitter night, my
friend was asked by a guard why she had
even bothered to make the eIIbrt. In ther
words, if you are handicapped and pr. sent
a problem, then stay home. Anyway, that
did it. The disappointed lady and her mite
rightly outraged husband drove away-
.71 suggested the next time she coo em-
plated such an adventure that, she can Paul
Hurd, wise manages the building, and :cave
it up to him. He must at lent know i here
the ramps are.
Rut Public Hail is not the only offe ider.
It would be easier to climb the pyra nids
than make it into the Fede_r,ti Buildi, = on
Public Square.
in fact, anyone in a chair mu't are Inge
Lu have the freight elevator brougha up
through the sidewalk, which is pre. isely
what I did when I had to get a new pas-port
not too long it-o- Actually, I rather eniyed
it, but it was summer and the weather was
fine.
The public library? I gave that up long
ago. I went to the practically brand new
art institute last week, however, eag r to
see the faculty show.
Well, it is a splendid exhibition, smal and
beautifully hung but the effort spent getting
inside the building was exhausting and T will
think twice before attempting it again
It seems simply incredible that our ,reat
pu.b.ic buildings and museums sheuldi 1 at
least provide the people with narrow weoden
stops darikin,, the stairs. They won! i be
very inexpensive to install and make Life
much easier for the multitudes of the h::ndi-
nipped. And even getting into the Press
Building is no cinch unless you know the
rapes.
EXTENSION OF REMARKS
OF
HON. WILLIAM F. RYAN
Or NEW YORK
IN THE HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES
Thursday, February 10, 1966
Mr. RYAN. "Mr. Speaker, I have b! on
bringing to the attention of my col-
leagues a series of articles written from
Vietnam for the New York Post by Cor-
respondent Pete Hamill. I include at this
point the third article in the series:
VITNAM: Tim ENDLESS WAR-ARTICLE 1.11:
Ouus ALLIES
(By Pete Hamill)
SAIGON.--The one thing everyone was
agreed upon when Nguyen Cao Ky took over
as Premier of South Vietnam last year was
that he had color. There was no question
about it: At 34, he was young, handsome :i rd
dashing, with all the swaggering style of the
Japanese movie star'I'oshiro Mifune.
As head of the country's air force, he led
his squadron into battle in a tailormade
black silk flying suit and lavender scarf, "mills
a chronic- plated, pearl-handled revolver
slung low en his hip. To celebrate his c i c r.r"e
from his wife-a Frenchwoman who bore him
live children-and his remarriage to a pretty
Air Vietnam stewardess, he led his squadron
of 20 Skyraiders on a low sweep over Saigon
to a bombing run on an empty clump of
jungle not far from the capital. Ernbar-
rassed Vietnamese military spokesmen later
said the area was a Vietcong stronghold, and
the air strike had been a success. Ky II inn-
buddies toasted him that night with
champagne, then moved to the backyn.'-d to
empty their revolvers at tin cans. There
were no casualties.
Away from the hazards of war, Ky acquired
a garish reputation as a Tu Do Street hipster.
Ile and his flyboy buddies would spend the
evenings in restaurants like Brodard's, nur-
sing brandy and. coffee, listening to the
melancholy songs of Edith Piaf on the juke-
box, discussing endlessly the merits of their
women. At parties, he would compose love
poems on the spot, and recite them to the
loveliest woman in the room, his voice
choked, his eyes brimming with tears. When
such pursuits wearied him, he turned for
s:olace to his gamecocks, which he raised on
the side.
Today, his intimates say, Ky is it changed
man. The burdens of office lie heavily upon
him. The girls don't see him around
Brodard's any more, his literary talent is a':-
ercised on official documents and speeches,
and even when he visits a battlegroun l he
brings his wife along. He hasn't done a thing swa;thbuckling in months. Except,
perhaps. to survive.
In the can of worms which is Saigon Iol-
itics, to survive as long as Ky has is a very real
accomplishment. When he took the lob lest
June, as the, front man for a 10-man military
junta, he became the head of the ninth gov-
ernment in South. Vietnam since the murder
of Ngo Dinh Diem in November 1963.
One of the major reasons for Ky's survival
is his realistic attitude toward the job. "Thc
generals have picked me more to risk my life
than as an honor," he said when he took i;he
post last June. "I have told my wife to buy
me it coffin."
One cannot blame him, Saigon today is a
sinkhole of corruption, indifference, and
greed. As the American millions are poured
in, the number of hands reaching eagerly into
the till are. proliferating. On the Saigon
waterfront, it shipping owner can get his ship
unloaded out of turn by paying 5500. At
police checkpoints, Communist agents carry-
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ing contraband medical equipment into the
countryside get by with a small bribe. The
stalls in the black market are choked with
American soaps, hair sprays, cigarettes,
candy, shoe polish and even C-rations, most
of it booty from pilfered PX deliveries.
The wives of prominent Chinese merchants
smuggle diamonds out of the country every
week, because gold is too bulky, and the
paper currency is about as stable as the gov-
ernment which prints it. In the Indian book-
shops on Tu Do Street, where you can still
pick up dusty copies of such classics as "Dave
Dawson in Libya," the rate is now up to 170
plasters to the dollar; the official rate is 73
to the dollar.
The rice merchants plead that the Vietcong
have cut off their deliveries, and then, when
the price has been sufficiently jacked up, they
produce large quantities of it. The wife of
at least one Vietnamese general, according to
reliable sources, takes a monthly cut from a
string of brothels. And the liveliest argu-
ments among the members of the junta are
not over methods of beating the Vietcong,
but over who will control the customs, the
port of Saigon and the communications sys-
tems.
When Ky first took office, he announced
with loud fanfare that his major task would
be the elimination of graft and black mar-
keteering. (Has any military junta in history
promised anything different?) He sum-
moned the top 28 rice merchants in Saigon
and told them that if prices were not low-
ered, one of them would be selected by lot
and shot. The prices went down, at least for
a while.
Ky also promised to reform the draft sys-
tem. And it is true that in Saigon you can
watch the police round up young men coming
out of movie theaters every afternoon. But
it is still possible to pick up a forged draft
card for about $10, and for $250 a young man
can obtain an exit visa and study medieval
scholasticism at the Sorbonne in Paris for the
duration. Meanwhile, in rural areas, the
army-like the Vietcong-employs a system
which differs from kidnaping only to the ex-
tent that no ransom is asked.
Aside from the usual tributes to freedom
and a kind of glib anticommunism, no one
really knows where Ky and the junta stand
politically. Last month, in a Vietnamese
equivalent of a state of the union message,
Ky promised a new constitution for the coun-
try by October, and free elections to be held
next year. Most old Saigon hands doubted
that he would be around to vote in them.
Many officials in the American mission
here-civilian and military-shudder at the
prospect of Ky's having a free hand. They
realize that this war is as much a political
problem as a military one, and that the poli-
tical solutions will take years of hard, frus-
trating, grueling work.
The Vietnamese have also become quite
touchy about what they feel is a growing
American takeover of the war. Ky has made
some statements asserting his independence,
viewing that the war would never be solved
without the consent of the Saigon govern-
ment. But the hard fact is that we have
committed billions of dollars to the war, and
more than 200,000 troops, and we should have
a major say in the solution.
"The Vietnamese want it both ways," one
American political "officer in Saigon told me.
"They want our money, our gun's and our
men to die for them. But they don't want
us to negotiate a settlement. Goddammit,
the hard truth is that this has become our
war and we should settle it our way without
worrying about wounded feelings."
The man with the responsibility of main-
taining some equilibrium between the Amer-
ican leaders and the Vietnamese is Ambassa-
dor Henry Cabot Lodge. Somewhere there
must be a man with the adrenalin, ideas
and style to handle this delicate, taxing job.
Many here feel that Henry Cabot Lodge is
not that man.
For practical political purposes Lodge
could just as well be serving as the Ambassa-
dor to Patagonia. He was here as Ambassa-
dor once before, for seven months beginning
in June of 1963, and performed creditably at
that time. Arriving during the Buddhist
crisis which eventually toppled the Diem re-
gime, he had nowhere to move but up-
everything having gone wrong under the
tenure of the previous Ambassador, Frederick
Nolting. Lodge worked relatively hard, and
used his past experience as a professional
politician to some advantage in defusing the
anti-American sentiment caused by the
Buddhist-Catholic argument.
Since replacing the icy Maxwell Taylor,
however, it has become more and more evi-
dent that Lodge's prime qualification is that
he is a Republican, and that he photographs
well. The men who work under him say
that he just does not seem interested in t4e
job any more. They say he prefers swimming
at the Cercle Sportif to the back-breaking
homework that such a job requires.
"Cabot Lodge always had a lazy mind,"
one member of the American civilian estab-
lishment told me. "But there were times
when he could rise to an occasion, as he did
against the Russians in the U.N., as he did
during his first tour here. But he doesn't
care any more and I think I know why. He
has stopped running for office."
Some observers say that the main problem
with Lodge is his image; in a revolutionary
situation the most important American in
the country should not look like a repre-
sentative of the landed gentry. "Hell, we'd
be better off with some tough old roll-up-
the-sleeve radical like Saul Alinsky," an
officer in the AID program said. "That kind
of guy would go out and pull rice with the
peasants, drive bulldozers in the country,
look like he understood what the roots of
the war are all about."
Such criticism is harsh and, in some ways,
unfair. Lodge gets along well with Ky, and
is an improvement over Taylor in matters
of tact. Many of the Vietnamese generals
could not forgive Taylor for what they
thought was his haughty, disdainful manner.
The story is told that after one of the coups
that plagued his year as Ambassador, Taylor
summoned the generals to dinner at a res-
taurant, asked them if they understood
English, dressed them down for pulling the
coup, then told them he had wasted his
money even buying them dinner. Lodge
would never consider doing such a thing.
Meanwhile, Ky continues to walk . the
tightrope. His meeting in Honolulu should
shore up his prestige and perhaps he can
continue as Premier for a few more years.
He has already lasted longer than anyone
expected.
But if he survives, Ky will have to do more
for his country than ask for more bombing,
more American troops and more money. He
has to become a leader, of his people. And
he will never do that sitting in an office in
Saigon.
The Elkhart, Ind., Truth Endorses -
4-Year Term for Congress
EXTENSION OF REMARKS
OF
HON. JOHN BRADEMAS
OF INDIANA
IN THE HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES
Wednesday, February 2, 1966
Mr. BRADEMAS. Mr. Speaker, under
unanimous consent I insert in the RECORD
the text of an editorial published on Jan-
uary 27,- 1966, by the Elkhart, Ind.,
Truth endorsing a constitutional amend-
ment providing 4-year terms for Mem-
bers of Congress and expressing support
as well for staggering the terms.
The.editorial follows:
FOUR-YEAR TERMS, BUT WITH PROVISO
While we favor extending the terms of U.S.
Representatives from 2 to 4 years, as proposed
by President Johnson, we don't believe they
should all be elected in the presidential elec-
tion years.
To do that would greatly increase the
power of the presidency, and thereby upset
checks and balances as between the branches
of the Government.
This would encourage the candidacy of
"coattail riders," seeking to reach legislative
office through the casting of straight tickets
for a personally popular President or other
presidential candidate.
Besides, it is important that people have
recourse during an, "off-year" election to the
choice of some new Representatives in case
they don't like what has happened in the 2
years past.
This could be taken care of easily'by "stag-
gering" the terms, for example by electing
half of the House of Representatives in the
presidential year and half in the off-year.
Yes, the 4-year term for House Members
would be good. It would allow new Members
more time to learn the ropes; it would re-
quire current Members to spend less timeon
campaigning for reelection, thus they could
devote more time to the people's business.
But in drawing up the proposed constitu-
tional amendment to accomplish this, let's
apply the modification as to method of elec-
tion we have indicated.
EXTENSION OF REMARKS
OF
HON. GEORGE P. MILLER
OF CALIFORNIA
IN THE HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES
Monday, January 31, 1966
Mr. - MILLER. Mr. Speaker, a news-
paper in my congressional district,
namely, the Neighborhood Journal of
Oakland, Calif., has a correspondent,
Mrs. Elena Moneak Snite, who runs a
continuous column entitled "Personality
Profiles."
Mrs. Snite is a lady of great per-
spicacity who tends to focus on indi-
viduals whose daily endeavors,contribute
so much to our everyday life but who
largely remain anonymous.
On January 26 her column was de-
voted to highlighting the work - of Mr.
William C. Burnham, who is superin-
tendent of the Dimond branch of the
U.S. Post Office in Oakland, Calif. I
think that Mrs. Snite's column is a fit-
ting tribute to Mr. Burnham and the
hundreds of other loyal post office em-
ployees who do so much each day for
those of us who depend on this important
line of communication.
I am pleased to insert Mrs. Snite's
column in the CONGRESSIONAL RECORD.
PERSONALITY PROFILES
(By Elena Moneak finite)
In approaching my personality profile for
this week, Mr. Wm. C. Burnham, who Is the
very capable and alert superintendent of the
Dimond branch of our Government Post Of-
fice, I immediately had the impression that
here was a gentleman that demonstrated the
fact that no man can prosper until he ap-
plies as much dignity to any labor he may
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perform as he would if he were writing a
poem.
"Mrs. Snite, I feel blessed that I have
1nund the work that I love to do."
"I was born in Connecticut and graduated
:turn the high school there in the midst of
the depression. My family at that time de-
ricied to come to California. and after trying
:,everal jobs in California I knew that I
=shed to work for our Government. I then
took and passed the required Civil Service
examination which fortified me with the
general knowledge pertaining to postal work
a'nd I have been in postal service since 1941.
1 was transferred from the main post office
in Oakland to tlt-e Dimond branch where I
Nave been since 1954. At this branch we
handle about 10,000 pieces of mail a day-we
have 26 carriers-- 4 clerks--and an assistant
:superintendent.
"I have learned that men seldom die of
ii.ard work and that activity is God's
cucdicine. The greatest source of fulfillment
is willingness and ability to do hard work.
l iii interesting work that rids us of three
;;resat evils; irksomeness-vice-and poverty.
6 know of no secret of success but hard
work."
"Leach day I am grateful for my many
blessings. I have a good wife which we all
know is heaven's best gift to man. We are so
proud of our daughter Linda and her hus-
band Jim and of course little Kandy Ann
who is 3 years old and Patricia Marie
Just 4 months o.-d. Our son William Gary
is already busy chiseling his own niche in
life and is at present employed with Todd
::hip Building in Alameda."
"No man properly occupied is ever miser-
eble. My wife I ; kept busy taking care of
four home, our beautiful garden and many
tither services that demand all of her time.
And I spend who; Lever extra time I have in
the activities of the National Association of
['natal Supervisors and the Independent
lfi.lles Club of San Francisco.-
Thank you Mr. Burnham for your time and
the oppotrunity for your Dimond Clients to
become better acquainted with you. You
have proven the axiom that they that govern
most make the least noise. In rowing a
barge they that do drudgery work slash,
puff and sweat: but he that governs, sits
quietly at the stern and scarcely is seen to
sstir.
O7'? CALIFORNIA
IN THE HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES
Wednesday/. February 2, 1966
Mr. TUNNEY. Mr. Speaker, today, I
would like to join the Postmaster Gen-
eral, Lawrence O'Brien, in expressing my
deep regret over the resignation of his
Executive Assistant, Mr. Michael Mon-
roney.
I am sure that I speak for my col-
leagues in saying that Mike Monroney's
vast experience in Government affairs
will be missed. He has made great con-
1xi.butions to the Post Office Department
which will long be remembered by the
citizens of the Nation.
Mike has served his country well under
President Kennedy and President John-
son. Mike Monroney began his present
:atssig'nment in early 1961 under former
Postmaster General J. Edward Day, as-
sisting him during the transition of the
l'ost Office Department to the Kennedy
administration.
Monroney brought to his postal Sob
ecnsiderable and varied experience in
journalism and in local and Federal
Government affairs.
Moving into nearby Silver Spring, Md.,
following his graduation from Dart-
mouth College in 1951, he covered subur-
ban affairs as a staff reporter for the
Washington, D.C., Post and Times-Her-
ald during most of his 5 years with the
newspaper.
In 1957 and 1958, he served as a top
aide to the county manager of Mont-
gomery County, Md., adjacent to the
District of Columbia. In 1956 he se"ved
on the presidential campaign stall' of
Gcv. Adlai E. Stevenson.
The 38--year-old Monroney served, for
2 years as administrative assistant to
Congressman JOHN BRADEMAS, of Ieldi-
ana, during which he worked on a variety
of legislative problems, including aid to
di tressed areas, Federal aid to educa-
tion, the Federal airport construction
program and labor-management reform
legislation.
He left Congressman BRPtDEMAS' :staff
in January of 1961 to assume his present
position. As executive assistant to the
Postmaster General, Monroney iv in
charge of congressional liaison for the
Post Office Deparment in additiol: to
other assignments at the direction of the
Postmaster General.
Named Maryland Young Democrat of
the Year in 1961, Monroney was also
nominated that same year for one of the
10 outstanding young men of the year
awards sponsored annually by the Na-
tional Junior Chamber of Commerce.
A Navy veteran, he is the son of U.S.
Senator A. S. MIKE MONRONEY, of Okla-
homa.
I would like to wish him the best of
success in. whatever field of endeavor he
chooses to enter. Past experience slows
that Mike is a man who has a deep un-
derstanding and sympathy for his fel-
lowman and is dedicated to servinpl his
cOUntry.
Space Experts Must Soon Decide
Question: Where After the Moon?
V}:'I'F::NSION OF REMARKS
OF
hON. OLIN E. TEAGUE
OF TEXAS
N THE HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIS?tfS
Wednesday, February 9, 1966
Nllr. TEAGUE of Texas. Mr. Speaker,
Mr. Karl Abraham in his article in the
Pt'.iladelphia Evening Bulletin of January
1.7 discusses the question of what cro-
grams NASA will undertake after the lu-
nar landing. In his article Mr. Abraham
points out that the Saturn V launch ve-
hicle will soon be available with its tre-
mendous payload capability and dis-
cusses manned as well as unmanned use
of this large vehicle. He also clearly
points out the need to reach an early
decision so that our current space pro-
gram will have sufficient time to allow
for gradual changeover of the current
work underway to the newer objectives
that will follow our initial lunar land-
in:".
The article follows:
[From the Philadelphia Evening Bulletin,
Jan. 17, 1966]
SPACE EXPERTS MUST SOON DECIDE QUESTION:
WHERE AFTER THE MOON?
(By Karl Abraham)
The men who run the Nation's space pro-
gram, although they are not yet sure of
successfully landing men on the moon, :i..:1st
decide soon what to do after the first lunar
landings are made.
The alternatives are extensive exploratous
of the moon for a decade or a shift of em-
phasis toward planetary missions. Both are
to be reckoned in the tens of billion;; of
dollars.
For President Johnson, who omitted men-
tion of the space program's future from his
state of the Union message last week, it is
largely a financial question to be weighed
against his hopes for the Great Society and
conclusion of the Vietnam war.
CRITICAL DECISION
But the National Aeronautics arid Space
Administration, its space centers, the indus-
tries, universities, and the Nation's scientific
and engineering communities face a related
critical decision within the space program
itself.
The decision confronts them now---po;-
sibly somewhat earlier In the drive toward
the moon than many had anticipated--
largely because of a single technological de-
velopment: the impending arrival, finally,
of big, powerful rockets.
The moon rocket, the advanced Saturn,
sometimes called the Saturn 5, with its 7.5-
million-pound thrust booster and two upper
stages, giving it a total power of 8.7 million
pounds thrust, will be a mighty workhorse.
NEW POSSIBILITIES OPEN
With other upper stages, such as the new
hydrogen-fueled Centaur, all kinds of new
possibilities open up in space exploration.
The Saturn 5's primary mission is to send
a 95,000-pound Apollo three-man moonship
to the moon, including the lunar landing
craft and enough rocket power for the trip
back from the moon.
But It is capable of other missions also.
It can lift 250,000 pounds-125 tons--into
a 500-mile-high earth orbit; carry 50 'tons
away from earth; 45 tons toward Mars or
Venus; 20 tons to the giant planet Jupiter;
and with a Centaur upper stage, it could
even carry a probe weighing 7.5 tons clear
out of the solar system.
WHERE NEXT
Saturn 5 will make possible the assembly,
in Earth orbit, or other larger rockets--sent
up a stage at a time, the fuel separately. A
complete Saturn 5 could be assembled in
space for all kinds of missions.
It is this impending prospect and the
knowledge that many years of engineering
and design of payloads will be needed to Lake
advantage of Saturn 5 for these advanced
missions that makes a decision on "where
after the Moon?" such an urgent one.
The decision is by no means only a scien-
tific or technical one.
The attitude of James E. Webb, NASA's
Administrator-very much reflecting Presi-
dent Johnson's also-is tied up in a ques-
tion he has posed to many of his workers
and consultants.
DENEFITS QUESTIONED
"How can the space program most sub-
stantially benefit the American people?
How can space exploration and what we
learn from it help us on Earth," he asks river
and over.
One segment of the Nation's scientific
community, while mindful of these consid-
erations, poses the question of the future in
different terms.
Saturday's report by a space science board
panel, which urged higher priorities for ex-
ploring the planets, put it this way:
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City's War on Poverty Runs Well but Has
Its Troubles in Job Field
EXTENSION OF REMARKS
OF
NON. JOHN J. GILLIGAN
OF OHIO
IN THE HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES
Thursday, February 10, 1966
Mr. GILLIGAN. Mr. Speaker, a re-
porter, Margaret Josten, of the Cincin-
nati Enquirer, has written a seven-part
series on the antipoverty program in
Cincinnati. Today, I include the last
part of her series to illustrate the kind
of reporting that helps inform the public
about, the. various antipoverty programs
at work in our communities under the
U.S. Office of Economic Opportunity.
CITY'S WAR ON POVERTY RUNS WELL, BUT
HAS ITS TROUBLES IN JOB FIELD
(By Margaret Josten)
While the antipoverty war at the Federal
level is beset by a never-ending stream of
financial and political troubles, Cincinnati's
effort seems to be running on fairly well-
oiled wheels.
Theodore M. Berry, former Cincinnati vice
mayor, now a top official in the U.S. Office of
Economic Opportunity, is gratified, in fact,
to see his home city doing its job with what
he Calls "a minimum of the kind of tension
and conflict general in other communities."
He rates Cincinnati's effort as better than
average, adding, "I think it ranks very well
in the upper 10th of the class."
Cincinnati does have some problems, how-
ever. And while they may not be of im-
portance In the big picture, some do get to
the very key to the success of the anti-
poverty war. They have to do with jobs and
job training.
A dispute has developed here in recent
weeks between the Community Action Com-
mission, local arm of the war, and the Ohio
Bureau, of Unemployment Compensation,
charged by law with setting up job-training
programs under the Manpower Development
Training Act.
John E. Hansan, CAC executive director,
charges that the BUC has failed to show
aggressive action in getting such programs
into operation.
Lewis H. Evans, BUC area manager, an-
swers that he cannot set up job-training
classes until he determines whether jobs will
be available for the graduates.
"We fan do not greater injustice to an
individual than to put him into training and
then have no job for him," adds Mr. Evans.
Mr. Hansan's argument is that MDTA re-
quirements in connection with occupational
demand can be adhered to "liberally or'
rigidly" He thinks Mr. Evans is -being too
rigid.
Another argument which goes 'round and
'round in Cincinnati has to do with union
membership for Negroes, who, by their very
position on the economic ladder, are most
involved in the war against poverty.
Civil rights groups charge that the build-
ing trades unions give only token member-
ship to Negroes. The unions say otherwise.
Efforts to straighten out the matter locally
have had little effect.
This argument goes on nationally, too.
Top OEO. officials avoid taking one side or
another. One does say, however, that a large
union (presumably in the building trades) is
getting ready to set up an apprenticeship
program which would alleviate much of the
trouble.
A number of job-training programs are
underway in Cincinnati. The board of edu-
cation, the Citizens Committee on Youth,
.and the BUC are prominent among the
sponsors.
Mr. Evans reports that an average of 400
persons a month have been in training under
the Manpower Development Training Act
during 1965. This does not include on-the-
job programs in which 113 person's are train-
ing in 17 categories at private local firms.
Occupations for which people train under
MDTA range from automobile repairing to
welding, from tool and die making to
cooking.
A major problem in the local antipoverty
effort lies in that area known as Over the
Rhine, where, although help is sorely needed,
there is as yet no program funded by OEO.
Over the Rhine, which Mr. Hansan calls
one of the most difficult neighborhoods in
Cincinnati, is a heterogeneous mixture of
young and old, white and Negro, old estab-
lished families and migrants. The topogra-
phy is so fragmented it really is not a single
neighborhood.
Mr. Hansan explains that the area has a
proliferation of social agencies and reli-
gious institutions, each with its own way of
doing things, but none with the staff or
budget to do the big job.
In addition, he says, southern Appalach-
ian migrants, of whom there are many in
Over the Rhine, are neither joiners nor be-
longers. This makes any kind of neighbor-
hood attack on poverty difficult, he adds.
But Mr. Hansan is optimistic. He hopes
that "sometime before spring" enough lead-
ership will have been pulled together from
among the residents and the institutions to
make some definite antipoverty plans.
The word from Washington is such, how-
ever, that the financial outlook for new
programs is bad.
Several national programs will need to be
cut back. And the community action divi-
sion of the OEO, now headed by Mr. Berry,
is not going to be free with its money in the
future.
The war in Vietnam has top priority.
Youngsters 'Favoring U.S. Vietnam Policy
EXTENSION OF REMARKS
OF
HON. OMAR BURLESON
OF TEXAS
IN THE HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES
Thursday, February 10, 1966 -
Mr. BURLESON. Mr. Speaker, it is
with a great deal of pride I learned of
the action of students of the Big Spring
High School, Big Spring, Tex., who have
formed the Big Spring Youth for Free-
dom in Vietnam and who have obtained
533 signatures on a petition supporting
U.S. policy in Vietnam. The petition
reads:
We, the undersigned, as patriotic students
of Big Spring Senior High School, in the in-
terest of promoting a better understanding
of the prevailing opinion of American youth,
and recognizing the right to dissent, never-
theless realizing that any aggression, whether
it be fascist, Nazi, or Communist, must be
arrested, do hereby proclaim that we support
the present U.S. policy in Vietnam.
I compliment these young people on
this most impressive statement, and join
them in the sentiments they express. It
causes a welling pride that students in
my area have taken an,initiative in this
matter, at a time when we hear of the
protesters and draft card burners in
other parts of the Nation.
The following is an article from the
Big Spring, Tex., Herald, which describes
this effort- on the part of these students.
YOUNGSTERS FAVORING U.S. VIETNAM POLICY
(By Tom Barry)
The effects of the -war in Vietnam can be
felt thousands of miles away-by politicians,
the electorate, demonstrators pro and con-
arid in Big Spring, where vibrations have
reached into Big Spring High School.
Reaction to the war and its implications
recently came from three Big Spring High
/junior classmen, David Thomas, Larry Arn-
hart, and Dale Pless. They were discussing,
these 16-year-olds, Vietnam over the noon
meal at the school cafeteria. More par-
ticularly, they were discussing draft card
burners, beatniks, and the image given by a
loudmouthed minority to the majority of
teenagers. These boys felt something should
be done.
PETITION PLAN
Others were listening to the discussion.
Ten in all decided that the thing to do was
to get 500 students to sign petitions saying
they, even though nonvoting teenagers,
support the present policy of the U.S. in
Vietnam. When signed,- the petitions will
be sent to Members of Congress.
Forms were printed, permission of school
authorities was granted to pass them out and
post them on the bulletin board, and by
Friday more ' than the original goal of 500
signatures of students had been obtained.
Also, the group gave itself a name-Big
Spring Youth for Freedom in Vietnam.
Five hundred students represent more than
one-third of the entire student body of the
high school, according to the youthful chair-
man of the organization, David Thomas.
"We expect more, and will not close our
signature drive until TueCday," he said. "We
have had surprisingly little opposition. to the
drive," he continued. "We've had more
trouble with students signing two or more
petitions each than with those who refuse
to sign."
David said only three students have re-
fused to sign the petition because they
favor getting the U.S. out of ' Vietnam; and
a few more refused to sign because they think
the war ought to be accelerated.
. Four purposes unite the 10 members of
the organization to disavow the draft card
burners; to show the adult world how they
feel; to encourage representatives in Gov-
ernment; and to support the present policy
in Vietnam. Some of the members of the
group, like young Thomas, are strongly con-
servative in their political views; others are
on the left side of the fence; and there are
some who are middle-of-the-roaders.
After the petitions are signed, they will be
divided into three groups of about equal
numbers and mailed to Senator JOHN
Towns, OMAR BURLESON, representing the
17th district, and GEORGE MAHON, represent-
ing the 19th district.
"We hope we have a better chance of the
petitions having more weight by sending
them to the three individuals rather than
to President Johnson," Thomas said, "after
all, in a few years we'll be the ones fighting
in Vietnam if the war goes on, and it is an
election year, even though we can't vote
yet."
About 12 teachers are helping the group
In one way or another, Thomas said, putting
petitions up in classrooms and passing them
around in government classes.
Will the petitions do any good?
"Well," Thomas said, "let's say our hopes
are moderate."
"We thought we should do something,"
Thomas said. "We are hardly the type to
demonstrate in the streets, and we know
that petitions don't normally get a lot of
results, but we wanted to speak our piece."
The vigor with which the 10 members
of the organization are presenting their case
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for the majority of teenagers (already several
teachers have announced open support of
the campaign, according to Thomas) indi-
rates that something beyond ignoring the
normally quiet, "average" teenager should
result.
HON. JOHN P. SAYLOR
OF :PENNSYLVANIA
IN THE HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES
Thursday, February 10, 1966
Mr. SAYLOR. Mr. Speaker, in testify-
ing before the Senate Committee on In-
terior and Insular Affairs, prior to his
eonlirmation as Director of the Bureau of
Mines last week, Dr. Walter R. Hibbard,
Jr., noted that very promising progress
iii being made on the Bureau's research
project for the use of automobile scrap
in modern steelmaking. In view of the
numerous steps that are in the making
to contend with the auto junkyard prob-
lem, I feel that every Member of Con-
i;ress should familiarize himself with all
i"acets of the subject.
The Highway Beautification Act of
1965 provides that the establishment and
use and maintenance of junkyards in
areas adjacent to the Interstate System
and the primary system should be con-
trolled in order to protect the public in-
vestment in such highways, to promote
the safety and recreational value of pub-
lic travel, and to preserve natural beauty.
Among the provisions are Federal par-
ticipation in junkyard removal, land-
scaping and screening, as well as a re-
duction in federal highway funds to
r;tates which fail to provide effective con-
trols.
Also during the last session of Con-
gzress, I proposed that 1 percent of the
auto excise tax be used by the Federal
Government to dispose of auto junk-
yards, with as much as half of the in-
c:ome to be put into research to deter-
mine whether the junked cars have fur-
ther economic use. Numerous recom-
mendations have come from the general
public as well as from interested busi-
nesses in response to this suggestion, and
meanwhile considerable development
toward economic disposal of scrapped
ears has taken place. I have received
correspondence from representatives of
the scrap industry who are convinced
that research thus fa; clearly indicates
that the time is near when through
proper crushing and incineration old
cars can be dismantled and the steel
:salvaged profit,,:ibly. Meanwhile Secre-
tary of the Interior Stewart L. Udall has
invited universities, nonprofit organiza-
tions, business firms, and individual citi-
zens to submit constructive recommen-
dations and proposals to the Bureau of
Mines for expanded research on disposal
of scrap autos and other solid mineral
wastes.
The Bureau's own scrap-auto research
i; described as follows:
Bureau research on the scrap-auto prob-
1cm is directed toward overcoming presently
known economic and technological barriers
-such as changes in steel making and auto-
mobile manufacturing practices-that have
caused once-sizable markets for these dis-
carded cars to shrink. Out of the Bureau's
research have come two promising metal-
lurgical processes, both of which are sched-
uled for early testing in large-scale demon-
stration plants.
One process involves the conversion of
all the iron and steel in auto body scrap to
a, high-grade iron ore for which there is
a ready market. With this process the scrap
can be used as a :reductant for low-grade,
nonmagnetic taconite that is abundant in
the United States. This is done by care-
fully controlled roasting of the scrap and
the taconite in a rotating kiln, which ron-
verbs both the iron in the taconite and the
iron and steel in the scrap to magnetic iron
oxide. After roasting, any unconverted scrap
is screened for recycling, and the iron oxides
are concentrated by magnetic separation
into a high-grade form of iron oxide. All
nenferrous materials in the scrap, as well as
the gangue in the taconite, are rejected in
the process. By changing the roasting con-
dit;.ons, the process can be made to opcrrate
without taconite. In this variation iron in
the scrap is obtained as an oxide, which
can be separated magnetically from aaon-
ferrous contaminating elements in the scrap.
In the other process being developed by
the Bureau, cylindrical shaped bales made
from cannibalized automobiles, less engines
and transmissions, will be run throu?g;h a
rotary kiln at a temperature high enough
to burn the combustible materials and melt
the nonferrous metal parts. The kiln gases
will be cleaned to prevent air pollution. Re-
sulting clean scrap, upon discharge from
the kiln, will be compacted to any desired
density for steelmaking charges. After the
technique for burning and separating non-
ferrous metals from baled automobile hulls
is developed in a pilot plant, a larger demon-
stration plant including a modern electric
steelmaking furnace with necessary acces-
sories will be built for demonstrating the
economic feasibility of the thermal treat-
ment technique. The objective is to :,how
that many types of steel can be prod aced
frcm thermally treated automobile e:erap
on.y, and that almost any type of steel can
be economically produced from thermally
treated scrap and directly reduced iron ore.
Mr. Speaker, as these efforts continue,
the number of junked cars to bight
suburbs and countryside rises annually.
More than 5 million were dumped onto
the heaps last year. The president of
General Motors predicted on January
17 that the average annual demand for
pars and trucks in the United States
could exceed 11 million by 1970, thus
blazing the way for bigger and bigger
junkyards.
While the unsightly cars are piled
higher, adjacent land tracts-whether
they are business, residential, or farm
areas-suffer correspondingly. Regard-
less of how attractive your own plot of
ground may be, its beauty is quickly
marred if a neighbor is unconcerned
about the trash in his yard. In our par-
ticular region of Pennsylvania, the Penn-
sylvania Electric Co., has long practiced
beautifying to the fullest possible extent
the properties on. which its facilities, are
located, including the rights-of-was, for
power lines. Trees are planted and care-
fully nurtured, and the company takes
pride in helping to keep our State teau-
tiiul.
Responsible mining companies needed
no laws to insist upon reclamation of
stripped properties. For years they have
been turning earth from which coal has
been extracted through surface opera-
tions into attractive forest, farm, and
recreational areas.
These operations by the utilities and
coal companies have been carried out
at their own expense, without cost to
Federal or State government. By the
same token, it would seem reasonable
for auto manufacturers and consumers
to provide the means for proper disposal
of cars that are no longer usable, and
the use of a portion of the excise tax
would appear to be the least injurious
or objectionable means of absorbing the
cost.
The Bureau of Mines projects are com-
mendable and should receive high priori-
ty, but once a satisfactory method of
economic disposal of auto bodies is de-
veloped, the Federal Government Should
retire from this activity and permit com-
mercial growth of the industry. I am
hopeful that such plans will be achieved
prior to July 1, 1970, in order that it will
not be necessary for Federal and State
governments to finance removal and
screening of auto junkyards, as provided
in the Highway Beautification Act of
1965.
Newspaper Columnist Joe Crump has
observed:
Making junked automobiles commercially
profitable is a sure way to remove them from
the scene.
With a portion of the excise tax avail-
able in support of the junked car dis-
posal program, there is all the more rea-
son to assume that research can and will
make it a profitable undertaking.
While some development engineers are
confident that small disposal plants-
even portable facilities-can dispose of
junked cars economically, the concensus
would appear to favor-at least in the
early stages-large centers to which the
steel shells would be hauled from points
within a wide periphery. In the latter
event, I would hope that automobile
transportation firms will be ready to as-
sume a role in the operation without
delay. Stackback and piggyback rail-
road cars as well as the two-deck auto-
carrying trucks that move from assem-
bly centers with new vehicles snuggled
closely together should quickly be con-
verted for hauling remnants from scat-
tered junkyards to points where giant
incinerators have been established.
We are obviously making headway in
our battle to eliminate the ghastly auto
junkyard. Let us give it a boost by ap-
criTde.
Q
1
A Citizen's Views on Vietnam
EXTENSION OF REMARKS
OF
HON. MORRIS K. UDALL
OF ARIZONA
IN THE HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES
Thursday, February 10, 1966
Mr. UDALL. Mr. Speaker, I know
that we all receive a great deal of mail
these days on Vietnam. This, to me,
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indicates a great concern and uneasiness
throughout the land. My own mail re-
flects the obvious differences in opinion
and comes from people in all walks of
life. The expression and understanding
of the writers varies greatly but recently
I received a letter from a constituent
which so cogently states some of the un-
derlying questions in people's minds, that,
with the permission of the House, I would
insert it in the RECORD. We have all
heard from many sources the arguments
for and against our policy in Vietnam;
and while I do not agree with all the
writer's views, his letter is, I believe, an
eloquent effort by a citizen to reason
things out for himself.
SIERRA VISTA, ARIZ.,
February 1, 1966.
DEAR SIR: I, as an American citizen and
veteran, deplore the ambiguous, indecisive,
vicious policies of the administration in re-
gard to Vietnam,
If our objective is to merely stem Com-
munist aggression, .why are we unable to en-
list wider allied support?
If we wish to be the power in Asia, won't
it be necessary to "acquire territories and
bases?"
If we are striving for a military victory,
why did we engage in a bombing pause or
throw ourselves on the mercy of the United
Nations?
If we desire peace through the United
Nations, why are we bombing North Viet-
nam?
If the problem is so complex, why do the
alternatives of policy, to bomb or not to
bomb, sound so simple?
We stand in violation of the Geneva ac-
cords and the United Nations' Charter, yet
we claim to be prepared to wage a 6-year war
to the tune of half a million American
men.
Along with an ineffective buildup of
strength and a relatively ineffective bomb-
ing of North Vietnam, we are to assume
that Red China and the Soviet Union will
stay out of the conflict in the field.
To disagree with our current policy is not
to endorse the righteousness of either the
Vietcong or North Vietnam. It is rather to
realize that the time for sending living, pro-
ductive citizens to die for an ambiguous and
strange point of honor has passed us by.
And this conflict does hinge on a strange
point of honor. Senator JOHN STENNIS has
said it was a mistake to enter this conflict,
but now that we are committed we cannot
back down or withdraw. The commit your
policy and your sons to a stubborn position
such as this is strange indeed. History will
label it not only strange but vicious.
I suspect that since the war is a reality
(undeclared and unconstitutionally execut-
ed) your mail is divided 10 to 1 in favor of
our policy. However, sir, if on the eve of our
now vast commitment it had been put to a
vote, I wonder if our President would have
enjoyed such odds.
Finally, I resent this administration's muz-
zling of debate. Let me remind you, sir, a
conference with 21 congressional leaders is
not debate, any more than a public state-
ment announcing the resumption of bomb-
ing is debate after this bombing has already
occurred.
When you read the opinions of your con-
stituents into the CONGRESSIONAL RECORD, I
would feel far less helpless if you could ex-
press mine in the halls of what was once a
vital forum for debating and forming pol-
icy-the Congress of the United States of
America.
Sincerely yours,
TIMOTHY W. GARGIULO.
The New GI Bill of Rights
SPEECH
OF
HON. JOHN W. WYDLER
OF NEW YORK
IN THE HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES
Monday, February 7, 1966
Mr.. WYDLER. Mr. Speaker, I have
repeatedly urged, supported and voted
for the new GI bill of rights-H.R. 12410.
This bill authorizes a program of edu-
cation and training for veterans of mili-
tary service discharged after January 31,
1955.
The serviceman has met his responsi-
bilities to the Nation. It is the Nation's
responsibility to prepare the serviceman
returning from service to take his place
in civilian life.
I only regret that the .benefits of this
bill do not come up to those of the
Korean war bill. I supported such in-
creased benefits. The administration
opposed them and made clear that any
attempt to raise benefits would end
chances for Presidential approval of the
legislation.
ANALYSIS
Education: Provides a permanent program
of educational assistance for individuals serv-
ing in the Armed Forces, discharged after
January 31, 1955. College-level and below-
college-level training in trade, vocational,
and technical schools is provided. Part-time
training is permitted. Eligibility accrues at
the rate of 1 month of training for 1 month
of service, not to exceed 36 months. Persons
serving on active duty for training do not
accrue eligibility. The education and train-
ing allowances provided are as follows:
Institutional:
Full tinic___________
Three-quarter time_
flail time-_________
Cooperative____________
No de-
pendents
$100
75
50
80
1 de-
pendent
$125
95
05
100
2 or more
depend-
ents
$150
115
75
120
Fees and tuition are paid for less than half-
time training. Education must be com-
pleted within 8 years from the date of dis-
charge or 8 years from the effective date
of the act, whichever is later. Training is
provided for active-duty members of the
Armed Forces who have served at least 2
years, a portion of which occurred after Jan-
uary 31, 1955. These active-duty members
may receive payments for fees and tuition.
Administrative provisions of the GI bill for
veterans of the Korean conflict and the war
orphans' training program are applicable to
this proposed program. Schools will be ap-
proved by State approval agencies of the
various States, and these agencies will be re-
sponsible for extending supervision to ap-
proved schools.
Guaranteed and direct home loans: Bene-
fits of both the guaranteed and the direct
home loan programs are extended to vet-
erans discharged after January 31, 1955. The
guarantee of a loan by a private lender in
the amount of $7,500 is extended to this
group and, in areas established as direct loan
areas where guaranteed financing has not
generally been available, a maximum direct
loan of $17,500 is authorized. The Admin-
istrator of Veterans' Affairs is authorized to
regulate interest rates, consistent with the
ceiling established for Department of Hous-
ing and Urban Affairs. A fund is established
for the Administrator to offset losses under
this program, by requiring the veteran to
pay 0.05 percent of his loan at closing.
Non-service-connected medical care: At
the present time, veterans serving after Jan-
uary 31, 1955, are eligible for medical care
in Veterans' Administration facilities only
for service-connected disabilities. This
group is made eligible under the provisions
of this bill for treatment of non-service-
connected disabilities on the same basis as
war veterans. Eligibility for treatment of
non-service-connected disabilities is based on
availability of a bed and the signing of a
statement of inability to pay for treatment
elsewhere, as is required of veterans of earlier
conflicts.
Preference in Federal employment: Pref-
erence in employment in Federal service is
extended to the group of veterans discharged
after January 31, 1955, on the same basis as
is currently applicable to war veterans. This
benefit is not extended to those on active
duty for training.
Presumption of service connection of
chronic and tropical diseases: This presump-
tion of service connection of numerous
chronic and tropical diseases, as listed in
section 301, title 38, United States Code, now
applicable to war veterans, is extended to
those veterans with service after January
31, 1955.
Burial flags: The bill will permit the Vet-
erans' Administration to furnish a flag for
draping the casket of deceased veterans of
service after January 31, 1955, as is now pro-
vided war veterans.
Job counseling and job placement assist-
ance: Places veterans discharged after Janu-
ary 31, 1955, on the same basis as veterans
of earlier conflicts for assistance through the
Department of Labor in job placement and
counseling.
Soldiers' and sailors' civil relief: Amends
the Soldiers' and Sailors' Civil Relief Act by
increasing protection for individuals who are
renting homes when called to service from
$80 monthly rental to $150 monthly rental.
Recommendations of the Governor's Con-
ference on Natural Beauty and Natural
Resources
EXTENSION OF REMARKS
OF
HON. JOHN BRADEMAS
OF INDIANA
IN THE HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES
Wednesday, February 2, 1966
Mr. BRADEMAS. Mr. Speaker, under
unanimous consent I insert in the RECORD
the text of a letter to me dated January
31, 1966, from the Honorable Roger D.
Branigin, Governor of the State of In-
diana, setting forth the recommenda-
tions of the recent Governor's Confer-
ence on Natural Beauty and Natural Re-
sources.
Governor Branigin's letter follows:
STATE OF INDIANA,
DEPARTMENT .OF NATURAL RESOURCES,
Indianapolis, January 31, 1966.
Hon. JOHN BRADEMAS,
House of Representatives,
Washington, D.C.
DEAR SIR: We had a very enthusiastic re-
sponse to the Governor's Conference on Nat-
ural Beauty and Natural Resources, and now
must see that every recommendation from
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he participants is carefully studied and im-
i ienhented if possible.
The following recommendations have been
Drought to my attention by Mr. John E.
Mitchell, chairman of the conference and
director, department of natural resources.
am, referring them to the congressional
delegation for further consideration and im-
pleinentation.
C trust you will find these recommendations
both interesting and helpful.
That the Federal grant-in-aids program
.,jr the construction of municipal sewage
srcatment plants be expanded materially in
order to insure a construction rate which
will provide facilities for the adequate treat-
, eiit of all the Smte's municipal sewage
within 7 to 10 years. This -means at least
rel,liug the currently authorized Federal
programs.
That the State of Indiana provide con-
I;i.raction grants for municipal sewage treat-
utont plants as a supplement to Federal
ran ts and in an amount sufficient to raise
the total grants on each project to 50 per-
-ent of the total cost.
That a Federal law be enacted which per-
wits rapid tax writeoff by industry of the
nvestment in industrial waste treatment
urtlitics.
That storage for low-flow augmentation
;e included in all reservoir developments in
dudia.na whenever it is practicable or ero-
oemically feasible. That as a similar con-
iribution to strecirnflow maintenance, great-
cr consideration be given by local constit-
uents in small watershed programs--to the
preservation and restoration of headwater
ui;trshes, swamps, and other wetlands which
can be useful for water retention and wild-
life habit:a.t.
lPederal appropriations should be increased
under the Consolidated Farmers Home Ad-
ministration Act of 1961, as amended, to
assist rural areas in financing water and
;ewage works. (Presently there is not enough
money to meet the demand.)
Sincerely yours,
Vocvn D, BRANIGIN,
Uovrrnor, State of Indiana-
HON. JAMES G. O'HARA
,) hfICFiIGAN
IN 'UHE; HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES
Monday. February 7, 1966
Mr. O'HARA of Michigan. Mr. Speak-
rr. I joined the distinguished gentleman
I rom California I Mr. COHELANI in pro-
posing the creation of a Redwood Na-
ional Park in California. Without my
snowing or anticipating it, the Michigan
1)crnocratic State Central Committee on
January 9, 1966, had unanimously adopt-
,'d a resolution also calling for a Redwood
National Park.
7ou can imagine, Mr. Speaker, my
rhssure in welcoming this resolution
which coincides so closely with my own
views. Under unanimous consent I sub-
(+iil, the resolution adopted by the Micihi-
li Democratic State Central Comm ittee
'mi.lling for the creation of a Redwood
ti.l.c,nal Park to be printed in the Aida
! Cildix of the RECORD,
.:'a) ,; TION FOR A REDWOOD NATIONAL PARK
lihcreas the California Redwood forests
.., ar)nie of the Nation's most outstand-
,n:^, scenic resources, and the demand of
Ii': ncopte of the entire Nation for such
irreplaceable areas of spectacular na'oral
beauty is ever increasing; and
Whereas of the over 2 million acres of vir-
girn redwood forest that once forested the
northern coast of California there is only
one remaining major block of land suitable
for a National Park; and
Whereas the area of the proposed park is
being logged right, now, and the time is al-
most past when it will be possible to save
this area from damage by logging and free-
ways, and the flood and storm damage which
result when the watershed is destroyed:
Therefore be it
Resolved, That the Democratic State :'en-
tral Committee of Michigan go on record in
support of the establishment of a 90,000-acre
Redwood National Park on the northern
coast of California in the Prairie-
Creek-Redwood-Creek groves and Gold Bluffs wild
beach area, as recommended by the Nation-
al Park Service; and be it further
Resolved, That the Democratic State Cen-
tral Committee of Michigan request Presi-
dent Johnson and Secretary of the Interior
Stewart Udall 1,o make every effort to ar-
range a moratorium on logging in the Oro-
posed park area until Congress has acted on
the, proposal now before it; and be it fur-
ther
Resolved, That copies of this resolution be
sent to Senators MCNAMARA and HART and to
the Democratic Congressmen from Michigan.
Appointment of Jack Hood Vaughn To
Head the Peace Corps
EXTENSION OF REMARKS
OF NEW YORK
IN THE HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES
Thursday, February.10, 1966
Mr. OTTINGP:R. Mr. Speaker, it was
my privilege to visit the other body yes-
teida,y and to testify before the Foreign
Relations Committee on the nomination
of jack flood Vaughn, to be the Direc-
tCr of the Peace Corps.
While my primary purpose in testify-
ing; was to urge the committee to ap-
prove Mr.. Vaughn's nomination, I also
discussed the role of the Peace Corps in
our oversea assistance efforts.
Because of the great respect I have for
Mr. Vaughn and the importance I at-
tach to the position to which he has been
nominated, I thought my testimony
would be of interest to our colleagues and
oiler it herewith for insertion into the
RECORD.
TESTIMONY OF 11ow. RICHARD L. OTTING1:1t, 01.
NEW YORK, BEFORE THE SENATE COMMITTEE
ON FOREIGN RELATIONS, RELATIVE TO THE
NOMINATION OF JACK H. VAUGHN, AS DurEc-
TOR OF THE PEACE Coups, FEERIIARY 9, 1966
Mr. Chairman, I am grateful and delighted
at the opportunity you have afforded rise to
testify in behalf of the nomination of Sack
Hood Vaughn for Director of tie Peace Itrrps.
I warmly endorse his nomination.
While I know it, is usual to speak pri-
marily of a nominee's qualifications at t.i.ese
clearings, 1. should like to concentrate first
on the importance of the position, for I think
it has been, underrated both. in Congress and
by the public.
'rhe Peace Corps too often still tod is is
viewed as a mere idealistic outlet to absorb
the energies of the starry--eyed do-gor rlers
of our society. While under the brlliiant
leadership of Sargent Shriver it has or. 'red
universal praise from the complete spectrum
of our society-from its most conservative to
its most liberal elements-its weight and im-
portance is still not generally recognized.
One has but to ponder that one of the Presi-
dent's highest aids, Bill Moyers, aspired to
this post as the "Everest" of his ambitions,
to come to second thoughts about its sig-
nificance.
In may view, the Peace Corps demonstrates
an approach to success in our endeavors with
the developing countries, where all other ap-
proaches have to a greater or lesser degree
failed. I think I will meet little argument
that the future of the world and of our role
in the world lies ;largely with these develop-
ing nations of Asia, Africa, and Latin. Amer-
ica.
The Peace Corps has proved the validity
of working from the bottom up rather than
from the top down in these countries. It
hags demonstrated', the success potential of
community development techniques of hav-
ing our people live with the people they are
assisting in the slums that surround all of
the major cities of these countries and in
the countryside in the rural peasant villages.
It has demonstrated the importance and
practicality of stimulated self-help--and the
economy of such programs. It has shown
that work in primitive societies does not
necessarily require top technical back-
ground--that the average citizen of this
country can play a meaningful role in the
development of a country where infant mor-
tality is over 50 percent and the people dr)n't
know the significance of feces disposal, water
impurities, or sound diet. It has proved the
feasibility and efficacy of intensive language
and cultural preparation of our foreign
cadres, of having them live within the com-
munities they serve rather than in isolated
American ghettos., of having them receive
compensation comparable to their host
counterparts and play roles not as superior
advisers but as coequals.
The future expansion of our foreign assist-
ance endeavors should be along lines dem-
onstrated successful by the Peace Corps-.
and no more appropriate person could be
found than Jack Hood Vaughn to preside
over this extension.
Indeed, by standards of experience, knowl-
edge, ability, personality, character, and
temperament, no equal could be conjured.
Jack Vaughn is a close personal friend and
became so when he was my bass at the
Peace Corps. He was RegionalDirector for
Latin America and I, Director of Programs
for the west coast of South America under
him, virtually from the start of the Peace
Corps.
I, therefore, am able to speak of him from
a vantage point of an associate as well .'s a
friend, and as a person intimately familiar
with the Peace Corps operation he is to
head, for I was the second staff mctnher
brought on board by Mr. Shriver to formu-
late the concept of a Peace Corps early in
1961. I can also speak of him from a pa-_
sonal familiarity with his knowledg:: or
Latin America and the respect Latins hold
for him.
What an unusual combination of
ence. Jack Vaughn has served In virtu sly
all of our overseas agencies--the State 1),-
pa.rtmen.t as Assistant Secretary of State f r
Latin America and before that as Ambae::' -'l+,r
to Panama.: our foreign aid agency as mis-
sion director in Senegal; he started his Cloy
ernment career in the early days of Uhf
A
in Bolivia and Costa Rica; and, of course, he
served as a. Regional Director of the Peace
Corps itself.
The geographic diversity of his foreign
experience has been broad, bringing him in
direct coat:,et with two of the three i i! t.i-
cents of the world with which the I'd-lie
Corps deals-Africa and Latin America--aid
with incomparable breadth and depth where
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the greatest Peace Corps concentration of ac-
tivity lies, in Latin America.
Jack Vaughn's rise to responsibility has
been meteoric and hard won. He came up
the hard way, by his bootstraps. It's a real
American success story worthy of Horatio
Alger-how a golden gloves fighter from Co-
lumbus, Mont., going under the inauspi-
cious pseudonym of "Johnny Hood" made
good. He graduated from the University
of Michigan in 1943 and volunteered for the
Marine Corps where his talents earned him
promotion from private to captain In just
3 years. He got a master's degree from
Michigan when he got out and taught there
and at the University of Pennsylvania. In
1949 he offered his services to USIA and from
there had the spectacular span of Govern-
ment service and rise of personal success
previously recounted.
In the Peace Corps, Jack Vaughn built
the Latin American program from insig-
nificance to the dominant program. He was
a man who was universally respected in a
highly competitive organization and whose
advice and counsel were sought by all. As
a boss, he encouraged his associates to inno-
vate and inspired from them an indescribable
devotion which led to uncanny productivity.
This human quality no doubt played an im-
portant part in his continuing series of suc-
cesses and his warm following among his
associates and the foreign peoples with whom
he worked. He was immensely popular and
respected both as Ambassador to Panama and
previously as ICA mission chief in Senegal
as well as at his other posts. The universal
acclaim he received from all Latin capitals
during his recent trip as Assistant Secretary
of State is well known and recognized as a
major contribution to our Latin American
relations.
It gives me great pleasure to give this
nomination my unqualified praise and to
urge upon you and the committee the con-
firmation of a most unusually well qualified
man for this job of, great national and inter-
national importance.
vo
EXTENSION OF REMARKS
OF
HON. FRANK E. EVANS
OF COLORADO
IN THE HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES
Thursday, February 10, 1966
Mr. EVANS of Colorado. Mr. Speaker,
although Hanoi and Peiping have thus
far given only negative responses to
peace overtures, we are continuing the
search for a door which will one day
lead to. peace. We can be encouraged
that efforts toward peace are being taken
by the United Nations, by the Pope, by
various governments, as well as by pri-
vate diplomatic explorations.
And we can all be encouraged by the
bold and positive move which our Presi-
dent took in going to Hawaii.
In an editorial dealing with the mis-
sion to Hawaii, the New York Journal-
American commented that it will be of
great advantage for President Johnson to
meet personally with the two ranking
South Vietnames delegates, and it adds:
Indeed, the meeting will be of equal ad-
vantage for the Vietnamese. Direct, blunt
talks between the leaders of the two Govern-
ments can only result In closer understand-
ing of each other's problems and an improved
cooperation in pursuing the was.
The newspaper concludes that "once
again President Johnson has made a. bold
and positive move with regard to the ex-
plosive Far East situation, and the Na-
tion should solidly support him in his
effort."
I think many of my colleagues may
want to read the editorial in its entirety,
and with this in mind, I submit it for the
RECORD.
MISSION TO HAWAII
President Johnson's sudden trip to Hawaii
to confer with top American and South Viet-
namese officials on the Vietnam war is further
evidence of the mounting gravity of that
cdnflict and of the administration's pre-
occupation with ending it.
Significantly, it marks L.B.J.'s first de-
parture from the continental United States
since becoming President.
Hawaii is a logical place for so top-level a
conference. As well as being the closest the
President should go to Vietnam, as far as his
personal safety is concerned, Hawaii is also
the command center of all American military
operations in and off Vietnam.
Gen. William C. Westmoreland, American
commander in Vietnam, reports to the
Hawaii headquarters of Adm. Ulysses S.
Grant Sharpe, commander of U.S. forces in
the Pacific. In turn, Admiral Sharpe reports
to the Pentagon, which then reports to Presi-
dent Johnson. Thus the President is, in ef-
fect, temporarily shortening this lengthy
chain of command by his visit.
It will also be of great advantage for Presi-
dent Johnson to meet personally with the
two ranking South Vietnamese delegates,
Premier Nguyen Cao Ky and Chief of State
Nguyen Van Thieu.
Indeed, the meeting will be of equal advan-
tage for the Vietnamese. Direct, blunt talks
between the leaders of the two Governments
can only result in closer understanding of
each other's problems and in improved co-
operation in pursuing the war.
Once again President Johnson has made a
bold and positive move with regard to the
explosive Far East situation, and the Nation
should solidly support him in b.is effort.
Thaddeus Kosciuszko-Hero of Two
Worlds
SPEECH
OF
HON. EDWARD P. BOLAND
OF MASSACHUSETTS
IN THE HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES
Monday, February 7, 1966
Mr. BOLAND. Mr. Speaker, on Feb-
ruary 12, Americans and Poles alike cele-
brate the anniversary of the birth of
Thaddeus Koscluszko, Polish soldier and
statesman. His unswerving dedication to
the great cause of national independence
for both the United States and Poland
earned him the title of "hero of two
worlds."
Thaddeus Kosciuszko was a man of ac-
tion, of great courage, and of an undying
belief in the right of every nation to be
free. When the American Revolution
erupted, he hastened to this continent to
fight for American independence.. To the
cause he brought -great skill as an engi-
neer and great personal valor, and in 1783
a grateful United States of America ex-
tended to him the privilege of American
citizenship and the deepest thanks of the
American Congress.
A693
His task in America done, Kosciuszko
returned to his beloved Poland to join in
the struggle to prevent the third and final
partition by Russia, Prussia, and Austria.
The Polish patriots, led by General Kos-
ciuszko, defeated the Russians. at Ra-
clawice and ably defended the beautiful
city of Warsaw but were at last overcome
by the superior numbers of the enemy.
In the battle of Maciejowice on Octo-
ber 10, 1794, the gallant Poles were de-
feated and their leader was taken pris-
oner by the Russians. Released 2 years
later, General Kosciuszko dedicated the
rest of his life to efforts to obtain Polish
independence.
Mr. Speaker, the torch of freedom has
been passed to our generation of Ameri-
cans and Poles. We gain inspiration
from the great hero Thaddeus Kosci-
uszko and on this day reconsecrate our
lives to the great cause of freedom to
which he gave his best.
New England's Economic Comeback
EXTENSION OF REMARKS
OF
HON. SILVIO 0. CONTE
OF MASSACHUSETTS
IN THE HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES
Thursday, February 10, 1966
Mr. CONTE. Mr. Speaker, the eco-
nomic headaches we in New England
have suffered almost since the end of
World War II are a familiar story to
most Americans. While the country in
general progressed and moved forward
to new records of prosperity each year,
New England for a long time lagged be-
hind. We were in a virtual depression
while the rest of the Nation enjoyed an
unprecedented boom.
We lost the bulk of our textile indus-
try. Because of economic stagnation, we
lost our young people who migrated to
the areas of greater opportunity. We
lost industry, manpower, and economic
resources.
But as dramatically as the nightmare
began, so apparently has it ended.
New England has bounced back. To-
day it is an economic success story of
major proportions.
Those of us who are privileged to serve
the six great States that comprise the
New England region are justly proud of
the progress, the imagination, the initia-
tive, and courage that are so much a part
of New England traditions and which
have been demonstrated again so well in
recent years.
This week the pages of the U.S. News
& World Report magazine contained
.an 'excellent story about our economic
comeback.. The article deals specifically
with the causes behind both our eco-
nomic decline and our unprecedented re-
juvenation. Credit is given where it is
due-primarily to the businessmen and
industrialists, to the economists and
planners who could see through the des-
pair of one generation to the bright op-
portunities of another; who could re-
member the resourcefulness and op-
timism of a bygone day when New Eng-
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land, and our great city of Boston, was
truly the Hub of the Universe.
The adaptation of existing resources to
modern problems, the initiation of im-
portant new industries keyed to the
unique skills and capabilities of the New
liingland region lie behind our success
story.
f feel the aforementioned magazine
article deserves to be read by all Ameri-
cans and certainly by the Members of
this body. In. my opinion it contains
some valuable seeds of wisdom for those
of us whose job it is to ponder the scope
and efficacy of government with respect
to regional economic problems. I there-
fore have asked unanimous consent to
reprint the article in full at this point in
the RECORD, and respectfully commend it
to the attention of my distinguished col-
leagues.
The article follows:
NEW ENGLAND'S BIG COMEBACK: LATEST
ScrccESS STORY
BoszoN:-New England today is enjoying
a boom unprecedented in history-and one
which is steadily gaining momentum.
't'he upswing is broadly based. It extends
to nearly every major industry and to almost
every community of the six-State area.
Employment in New England in 1965
moved past the 4 million mark-the highest
on record. Gains were reported not only in
the region's factories, but also In a number
of service industries of growing importance
to Its economy. Among these are insurance,
financial, and business services, medical serv-
ice, education, and recreation.
Construction, which trailed the rest of the
country's Industries last year, reached new
levels. Spending for plant and equipment
rose 18 percent in the region in 1965, and a
similar increase is forecast for this year.
Throughout New England, unemployment
is low and labor scarce. It is not just skilled
labor and technical employees that are
needed. Many employers would be overjoyed
to find unskilled workers who could be
trained. Help-wanted advertisements in the
major newspapers are at an alltirne high.
Some areas are running short of housing for
recently hired workers and their families.
UP f'ROM ADVERSITY
The current boom is something new and
welcome in New England. Since the end of
World War II, the region's economic growth
had consistently lagged well behind that of
the Nation as a whole. Regional compari-
sons usually had shown New England bring-
ing up the rear in nearly every measure of
economic progress.
Many of New England's woes were trace-
able to the loss of a big segment of an im-
portant industry-textiles. Scores of major
firms picked up stakes and moved to the
South to take advantage of lower wages,
land costs, and taxes, and to be closer to raw
materials and major customers.
Left behind were factories of Civil War
vintage, blighted cities and pockets of mas-
sive unemployment.
Other long-established industries-shoes,
shipbuilding, fishing, and paper-either de-
clined or showed slow growth.
The States, particularly Maine and Ver-
mont, suffered heavy losses of workers as
residents moved out to find new ,jobs. Says
one Vermont ollicial of that period: "Our
biggest export was our young folks."
New England came to be viewed by the
rest of the country as worn out, ultracon-
servative, lacking vitality, and removed from
the mainstream of postwar prosperity. As
one Connecticut official remembers it, "Peo-
pie came to think of New England as hiving
nothing to offer but stone fences, lobster
pots, wooden bridges, and Yale University."
THE SPREAD OF SUCCESS
A unique feature of New England's new-
found prosperity is that the northern tier
of States---New Hampshire, Maine, and Ver-
mont-is sharing in the uptrend. Even in
good times, these States usually had lagged
behind southern New England. Connecticut
for many years has been better off than the
rest of the region and unhappy over being
tarred with the same brush.
Now the fastest-growing State in New Eng-
land is New Hampshire. Unemployment
there is the lowest in the Nation. In 1.965,
unemployment averaged 2.9 percent of the
State's labor force, compared with D. national
figure of 4.6 percent. Industrial construction
in New Hampshire in 1965 was up 400 percent
from the 1964 figure.
BEHIND 'L'IIE BOOM: BRAINPOWER
What has happened to change the picture
in. New England so suddenly?
Many of the region's top economic experts
admit they are si,umped for an answer. One
explains it this way: "It is all very vague,
ylou cannot measure it by statistics. But, New
England today h.as.a competitive advantage
over other areas. This advantage boils down
to this-b:rainpower."
Long a leader in the field of education,
New England lately has been getting a big
payoff from this investment. The brain-
power advantage is traceable, mainly, to the
big three of its prestige universities- Har-
vard, Yale and, especially, the Massachu-
setts Institute of Technology.
MIT is a university completely built
around science and technology. Because of
its pioneering work in electronics, it was
selected as the site of the Government's
World War II research laboratory that per-
fected radar. This was a huge effort, com-
parable to the Manhattan project, which de-
veloped the atom bomb. Top scientific and
engineering personalities were drawn to MIT
from all over the United States.
Another wartime laboratory at MI'1' did
early work on guidance systems and fire-
control techniques. Today, the university is
heavily engaged 'in guidance systems for mis-
siiles such as Polaris and for the Apollo moon
vehicle.
When Soviet Russia exploded a nuclear
bomb in 1949, the Federal Government called
on. MIT to develop an intercontinental de-
fe:ase system. A new laboratory was built
on. Route 128, a highway that encircles all
of Boston but the waterfront. In the process
of developing the new system, major ad-
vances were made in computer technology.
Among universities, MIT is the largest com-
pleter research center in the world.
OFFSPRING OF MIT
To supply the new laboratory with needed
parts and materials, a number of small firms
began to spring up along Route 128. Many
top scientists and engineers left the labora-
tory to form their own firms, to exploit their
knowledge in a new and expanding tech-
nology.
With MIT spawning new ideas, with top-
notch scientists and engineers, and new com-
panies, the Boston area became a leader in
the field of electronics and research-oriented
industry based on new technology.
Once a country road, Route 128 today is
bordered by new plants. A recent survey
showed 574 firms along the highway, em-
ploying nearly 5:1,000 people. Included were
almost 100 manufacturing firms, 66 research
companies, and 56 engaged in both research
anal manufacturing. Since 1962, there has
been a 45-percent increase in the number of
firms along the golden semicircle, as it is
now called.
Graduates of MIT, who once left New Eng-
land to take jobs in more prosperous areas,
now seem to prefer to settle in or near Bos-
ton and to work in one of the many labora-
tories or electronics firms. Says an MIT
official:
"As top scientists moved into this area,
more and more younger men wanted to Come
and rub elbows with them. They were at-
tracted, too, by the cultural advantage of the
New England area. Culture is an 'in' thing
with these highly educated people. We have
more Ph. D.'s per acre around here than
any other place in the country."
Recently, MIT set up four new research
centers-space sciences, life sciences, earth
sciences and materials science and engineer-
ing. Coming is one in communications-
There is no evidence that the birth of new
firms is slackening. It appears more likely
to increase. University officials say that
revolutionary changes may be ahead in the
field of biology. Some new fields being
studied by MIT's laboratories include ocean-
ography and medical instrumentation.
Other major New England universities also
a.re- beginning to expand research activities.
SEARCH FOR PLANT SITES
The mushrooming growth of electronics
and related research firms is by no means
confined to Route 128 or the Greater Boston
area. Successful firms seeking sites for new
plants are pushing out into southern New
Hampshire and, to a lesser extent, Maine
and Vermont. Connecticut and Rhode Is-
land, as well, are gaining new industries.
The growing interest in siting plants in
northern New England is due, in part, to a
desire to get away from big-city congestion
and problems. Vermont, for example,
stresses its "moral climate" in newspaper ads.
Says one: "Vermont has no really big cities
with snarled transportation, strife, crime,
bureaucratic waste, poor housing, air pollu-
tion and all the other seemingly hopeless
problems of large metropolitan areas today."
INDUSTRY FIT TO AREA
The growth of research-oriented industry
fits in perfectly with New England's needs.
The region does pose handicaps for mass-
production industries. It is poorly situated
with respect to the center of U.S. population.
It has high transportation and electric-power
costs, and is Lacking in most raw materials.
Because of these deficiencies, New England
is specializing more in low-bulk, high-value
products. "Even in electronics," comments
one observer, "when something is developed
suitable for mass production, it is usually
produced elsewhere. Then the research peo-
ple come up with something new. We have
to keep running all the time."
Throughout the region, there has been a
steady shift to new products and procedures
based on research. A study in 1955 showed
about one third of factory employment, de-
pended on products not in existence a decade
earlier. A similar study today, experts say,
would show this figure to be about one half
of total manufacturing employment.
New Englanders believe that their combi-
nation of brainpower and a skilled, adaptable
labor force will enable the region to keep
abreast of new developments. They also see
the growth of research-based industry as
giving New England a stability it never had
before.
NEW ROLE FOR OLDER INDUSTRIES
Some long-established industries also have
played a role in New England's upswing.
One of the most important of these is
transportation equipment. United Aircraft,
centered in Connecticut, is the region's big-
gest private employer. Its payroll is ap-
proaching 70,000 and has been increasing at
a rate of 1,000 a month as the firm seeks to
keep up with orders for jet engines, :heli-
copters and other aircraft components.
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Another big employer, General Dynamics'
Electric Boat division at Groton, Conn., has
built much _of the U.S. nuclear-submarine
fleet. It has been stepping up production,
hiring more workers. A large number com-
mute from Rhode Island.
The machine-tool Industry, long impor-
tant to the area's economy, is showing new
strength. Employment in this industry
tends to rise and fall in line with capital
spending by firms across the country. With
plant-and-equipment spending at high
levels, and further gains projected, the in-
dustry is expected to continue to lend its
weight to the boom.
TEXTILES: NO LONGER A DRAG
Even the textile Industry, which for many
years acted as a drag on New England's econ-
omy, added slightly to its payrolls in 1965.
During the-, postwar period, employment in
the industry had fallen from 275,000 t9 about
100,000, but now it appears to have stabilized
at that level. Most of the cotton-textile in-
dustry already has been lost, and remaining
firms produce mostly woolen yarns and
fabrics-a more expensive product.
The leather and shoe industry has been
adding workers. Much of it has shifted out
of older Massachusetts towns with high wage
rates to newer plants in Maine and New
Hampshire. The area continues to produce
one third of the leather footwear made in
United States.
Shipbuilding, which had been in the dol-
drums for years is-showing new life-partly
as the, result of growing defense needs.
There also has been heavy- new investment
in the paper industry, important to Maine.
New England's biggest growth, however,
has not been in manufacturing, but in serv-
ices. This includes a whole grab bag of
activities. -
Among the most important is medicine.
The Boston area is one of the world's major
medical centers. Doctors and patients come
from Europe, Latin America and other parts
of the world for training or treatment.
Education is another big service, and New
England is the leader in the field. Harvard,
Yale, MIT and Brown, plus a host of smaller
schools such as Darthiouth, Amherst, Wil-
liams, and Middlebury, are among the Na-
tion's top-rated educational institution.
Many of the largest insurance firms have
headquarters in New England, especially in
the Boston and Hartford areas. Boston is
one of the four largest financial centers in
the United States. Its investment houses
handle most of the major mutual funds.
WINTER PLAYGROUND, TOO
New England always has been a popular
arear for summer vacations, and its share of
the recreation industry is growing steadily.
In 1965, excellent - weather brought huge
gains in the tourist business.
Now, the region is. experiencing a winter-
vacation boom. Ski resorts are rising all
over, especially in the northern tier. Building
of new lodges, motels, and roads has had a
major impact on the construction industry.
It is also driving up land prices. In one part
of Vermont where land sold 5 years ago for
about $5 an acre-less than it cost in 1760-
the price rose to $200 an acre or more when
a new ski-center went up nearby.
Vermont has the fanciest of the new ski
resorts. Some offer such lures as heated out-
door swimming pools, sauna baths, ice skat-
ing, closed gondolas to take people up ski
slopes, rather than T-bar lifts or rope tows,
and cocktail lounges, night clubs, and
theaters.
The 1965-66 ski season got off to a roaring
start. A 40-inch snowfall in Vermont in
December is estimated to have been,worth
$250,000 an inch to the State. Holiday ski
business in some areas ran 200 percent ahead
of last season. -
THN.- MULTIPLIER EFFECT
Skiing has what is called a "multiplier ef-
fect." State officials estimate that, for $1
spent- for, skiing, an additional $4 is spent
for food, lodging, liquor, entertainment, gas-
oline and other needed goods and services.
Northern New England is one of the few
undeveloped areas left, in the Eastern United
States. It is accessible to huge population
centers in both the United States and Can-
ada. Roads are being improved, making it
easier to reach. With more people having
3 weeks or more of vacation a year, many
employers are urging Workers to take part
of their vacation in winter-and New Eng-
land is benefiting from this trend.
New England also is getting a boost from
another development-the desire of many
American families to own two homes. More
and more high income families that live
along the eastern seaboard want to get away
from the congestion. With increased in-
terest in skiing and other winter sports, peo-
ple can use a second home in winter as well
as in summer. This two-house trend is add-
ing to the rise in land values, especially in
southern Vermont and New Hampshire.
CITIES: MIRRORS OF PROSPERITY
The effects of prosperity can be seen by
driving through some, of New England's
cities.
Greater Boston, still the "hub" of New
England with 3.2 million of the region's 11.2
million people, has been changed radically
In appearance by a group of new buildings.
In 1965, the $160 million Prudential Cen-
ter, which now dominates the Boston skyline,
opened its doors. In process -of construction
is a $200 million Government center in the
heart of the city. The first building of the
center to be completed, a $26 million State
office building, was opened last year. Just
finished is a new Federal office building.
Still under construction: a large, crescent-
shaped office building and a new city hall.
Another skyscraper nearing completion is
the State Street Bank building, adjacent to
the financial district. It was financed by
British investors.
Construction Is about to start on a $60
million electronics-research center for the
National Aeronautics and Space Administra-
tion. It. will rise close to MIT, across the
Charles River from downtown Boston.
Boston also is having a boom in apartment
construction. A large, high-rise building is
going up across from the Boston Common.
Others have been built overlooking the
Charles River and in outlying sections of the
city.
Progress is being made on new highways
and expressways. In 1965, the last link of
the Massachusetts Turnpike was completed,
bringing it into the downtown part of
Boston. -
Urban renewal is evident in many other
cities of New, England. Hartford and New
Haven in Connecticut have completed huge
projects that have revitalized large areas.
A further example of a city which has
come back is Providence, RS. For many
years, this city was listed as a "depressed
area" by the Department of Labor, with '!sub-
stantial and persistent unemployment."
Last May, Providence and its environs were
taken off the list. In October, joblessness
was down to 3.9 percent-lowest figure in
15 years.
Providence has been helped by a new inter-
state highway which cuts through the cen-
ter of the city and links It closely to Boston
on the north and New York on the south.
The highway has opened new industrial
sites, and the city could become an impor-
tant distribution center.
More spectacular than the progress of
some of the larger cities is the change that
has taken place in scores of smaller cities
which were hardest hit when their textile
mills closed their doors and moved south.
A695
THE NASHUA STORY
Nashua, N.H., lost its major textile em-
ployer in 1948. In an effort to find jobs for
thousands of people thrown out of work, a
tax-free, nonprofit foundation was set up to
buy the mill properties and either sell or
lease them to any prospective employer.
Today, hardly a square foot of factory space
is' available of the- 21/2 million square feet
originally purchased. Instead of one firm
employing 3,500 workers, the space is oc-
cupied by 24 .separate firms employing more
than 6,000 workers.
In addition, the city has 16 new plants-
five of them built by firms which outgrew
their space in the old mill. Manufacturing
employment, which stood at 8,400 before the
textile plant left, has grown to 13,000.
Nashua, in fact, now has a labor shortage.
Firms in the area are estimated to have
2,000 jobs they are unable to fill. As 1965
ended, unemployment was down below 2
percent of the labor force.
Much of the same story is true of Man-
chester. After the loss of a huge textile
mill, Manchester had staggering unemploy-
ment. Like Nashua, it Is now booming, has
a much more diversified industry and is look-
ing for more workers.
Another city which has gone from bust
to boom is Burlington, largest city in Ver-
mont.- It lost its major employer, a large
woolen mill. Burlington took a different
tack. Instead of trying to interest employ-
ers in the old mill property, business lead-
ers formed an industrial corporation and
raised money to build a plant on specula-
tion. They snagged International Business
Machines. Employment at the plant has
risen from 500 to 2,500 over the past 18
months. -
THE AREA'S SERIOUS PROBLEMS
New England is not without problems.
Railroad service is poor-Maine is the first
State to be inaccessible to passengers on
regular schedules by rail-but expected merg-
ers of New England railroads with major rail
networks may help.
The threat of severe drought hangs over
the region unless it gets heavy winter snows
and spring rains.
Some of the older cities still have financial
problems and urban blight. Others have ex-
ceptionally high property taxes that could
discourage new industry. -
Another worry is that much of the boom
in industries such as electronics, shipbuild-
ing-and transportation equipment is due to
defense orders. Any major cutback in de-
fense spending could have a heavy impact.
But many business leaders aware of this
danger are making efforts to diversify.
Right now, however, New England's great-
est problem is its labor shortage. Both gov-
ernment and business leaders are making
concerted efforts to attract labor.
Some employers are considering trying to
recruit Cuban refugees, or Puerto Ricans and
Negroes from crowded eastern cities. - At
present, New England has few nonwhites.
Vermont's population Is .002 percent Negro.
Many New Englanders say they would like
to keep the racial balance the way it is
now.
IS THE COMBACK PERMANENT?
Because of New England's large urban
population and heavy industrialization, few
experts believe the region can match newer
areas such as the Southwest or Far West in
growth rates. But they see the present boom
as more than a cyclical revival.
"The east coast still has the Nation's big-
gest market, the biggest population," says
an industrial development official in Con-
necticut.
And, it appears, the-view that New England
is decrepit, out of time with modern times,
will have to be reviewed and updated as the
boom continues.
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