OCS COMPUTER SYSTEMS PLANNING REPORT

• Document Type: CREST
• Collection: General CIA Records
• Document Number (FOIA) /ESDN (CREST): CIA-RDP80-01794R000100210016-1
• Release Decision: RIPPUB
• Original Classification: K
• Document Page Count: 123
• Document Creation Date: December 16, 2016
• Document Release Date: November 17, 2004
• Sequence Number: 16
• Publication Date: June 1, 1965
• Content Type: REPORT

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OCS COMPUTER SYSTEMS
PLANNING REPORT
1 June 1965
DIRECTORATE OF SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY
OFFICE OF COMPUTER SERVICES
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OCS COMPUTER SYSTEMS PLANNING REPORT
1 June 1965
DD/S&T Computing System
Evaluation Task Team
Contributors:
25X1
13
A
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TABLE OF CONTENTS
Q
ca
ci
In
Chapter
1. Statement of Problem, Objectives, and
Summary Conclusions
1.1. Problem
1.2. Requirement
1.3. Objectives
1.4. Equipment Selection
1.5. Purchase versus Rental
1.6. Proposed Plan
1.7. Summary Conclusions
Present System Analysis
2.1. Hardware
2.2. Software
2.3. Operating Statistics
3. Current Projects
Page
3.1. Scientific Computing 33
3.2. Intelligence Data Processing 35
3.3. Management Data Processing 38
3.4. Communications Operations Support 47
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Chapter
4. Projected Workload
4.1. Scientific Computing
4.2. Intelligence Data Processing
4.3. Management Data Processing
4.4. Communications Operations Support
4.5. Statistical Data Processing
4.6. Document/Information Retrieval
4.7. Language Processing
7. Reprogramming 100
Personnel Training 94
6.1. Management Training 94
6.2. System Programmer Training 94
6.3. Applications Programmer Training 97
Page
51
51
r?,
. Proposed system 65
5.1. System 360 Hardware 65
5.2. System 360 Software 79
5.3. Anticipated Problems 88
7.1.
Scientific Computing
103
7.2.
Intelligence Data Processing
103
7.'3.' Management Data Processing
104
7.4.
Communications Operations Support
104
7.5.
Statistical Data Processing
105
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Chapter
Page
8.
File Conversion
106
8.1.
8.2.
8,3.
8.4.
Punched Card Files
Magnetic Tape Files
Current Inventory
Conversion Summary
106
ill
9.
Continuing Developments
112
9:.1.
Document/Information Retrieval
112
9.2.
Language Pro6essing
114
10.
Changeover Schedule
116
10.1.
Installation Schedule
116
10.2.
Physical Arrangements
120
11. Annotated Bibliography
122
11.1.
Advanced (Third Generation)
Hardware and Software Technology
122
11.2.
Competitive Hardware Evaluation
122
11.3.
Physical Plan for Computer
Equipment
123
11.4.
Current Utilization and Costs
123
11.5.
Training Requirements
123
11.6.
Rent Versus Purchase Considerations
123
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Chapter 1.
STATEMENT OF PROBLEM, OBJECTIVES, AND SUMMARY CONCLUSIONS
1.1. PROBLEM
The Office of Computer Services (OCS) was established
in 1963 and now provides support to the four Agency Directo-
rates. At the present time OCS operates five separate
independent computer systems supplied by two different com-
pater manufacturers. In late 1965 a sixth system will be
r?,
added of yet another type. The total staff to program and
operate this equipment now numbers
is total staff is
25
occupied in the management, supervision, analysis, program-
ming, coding, checkout, data preparation, operation, and
administrative support for this computer complex.
The aggregate new purchase price of the presently in-
stalled equipment is approximate) a program-
25X
tp
mers are provided with 19 different programming languages/
operating systems. The training program is formidable. The
program maintenance and documentation problems are staggering.
The programming experience interchange and reinforcement is
minimal. Most line programmers are unable to maintain current
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competency in more than one of these programming languages at
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a time.. Thus, management is severely inhibited from assigning
programmers to projects in response to the urgent needs of the
Agency since an "unlearning" and retraining period is required
before a man's experience can be transported across machine
lines.
Similar to the case mentioned above, program inter-
changeability is likewise difficult. Although a program may
be written in FORTRAN, it is very difficult to operate that
program on the 1410 if the program was originally intended
for the 7090. The FORTRAN expressions for these two machines
are related but not identical; and the two operating systems
are extremely different. The commonality between the two
computers is limited to. their tape drives and their point
of manufacture. Both the 1410 and 7090 use the 1401 computer
for large volume input/output, processing. Thus, if a
backlog overwhelms the 7090, the 1410 is of slight use in
reducing it. An even worse condition exists when a peak load
strikes the RCA computers because the IBM equipment is of no
value whatsoever in reducing this peak to satisfy, the service
requirements.
The Computer Center is operated three shifts a day,
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including most weekends. During the day shift the interplay
between operations and the programmers and customers is the
greatest when these "users" are bringing work to the center
to be processed or are picking up work that has been com-
pleted. At.that time operations personnel and "users" get
involved in discussing problems encountered during processing,
priorities, status of jobs, etc. The second and third shifts
handle the.larger production jobs and these shifts manage to
finish most of the priority work each day. The weekends are
used for severe backlogs or special operations requirements.
Chapters 2, 3, and 4 provide additional details on how the
present computers are utilized, the on-going jobs, and antici-
pated increases in workload by project, respectively.
According to best projections,
our workload will quad-
ruple in the next five years, even without any additional
pressures toward centralization from management or the Bureau
of the Budget. T o attempt handling this increased workload
with additional equipment of the present types and manufac-
turers would be grossly expensive and shortsighted. To handle
this additional workload with our personnel committed to so
many different computer systems would be patently impossible.
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It is not'feasible to obtain the required number of billets,
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to staff and train sufficient personnel, and to operate
such multiple systems efficiently. To manage such a diverse
work force would be most difficult, if not impossible, over
the long run.
1.2. REQUIREMENT
From a study of the applications, both present and
contemplated, a series of requirements emerged. First, the
Agency requires a wide variety of storage devices of several
types depending on the volume of information to be stored
and the necessary response time to programmed commands.
addition, the predicted workload will involve situations
where data files will be held on-line in magnetic form so
that, they may be interrogated remotely from consoles within
the building. The response to these queries will be printed
as directed by the interrogator, provided: (a) he has properly
identified himself, (b) has previously established his author-
ization to access the information he desires, and (c) the
electrical connections to the console are appropriately secure.
The present computer equipment can only be operated in
the "batch" mode. Requests for information are now trans-
porte-fip 8vgA,9?l:gg"tt? M&'r: QhPel1tDPth 7waObgOA2p Ind and
c
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manually scheduled. As appropriate to their priority (and
the Center's work-load at the time of scheduling), runs are
made and output is obtained. Such outputs usually take the
form of magnetic tape which subsequently must be scheduled
and printed. After hard copy is thus obtained, the necessary
control and bookkeeping measures are satisfied, and it is
finally transported back to the user. While this cycle can
be completed in an hour or less for high priority small
volume requirements, the dislocation to the remaining workload
in the Center, is such that 24 to 36 hours are frequently re-
quired for recovery. As the requirements increase for
reduced turnaround time on request, such schedules will
become completely untenable. Clearly a superior way must be
found to satisfy the needs of the Agency.
1.3. OBJECTIVES
In order for the OCS to meet the expanding computer
support needs of the Agency, certain objectives become clear.
a. Select one set of hardware and software so that
management problems in training, personnel assignments,
documentation, etc., are minimized.
b. Provide equipment with large capability for
growth without reprogramming as hardware capabilities
are expanded.
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c. Provide equipment with the ability to utilize
remote consoles for interrogation of files, programming,
debugging, program execution, etc.
d. provide equipment (including foreseeable ex
pansion) that would fit inside the present Computer
Center area-
e. provide the best software in terms of pro
grammer and operator efficiency.
E. Provide equipment that will assure the Agency.
of computer capability on a 24-hour-a-day, 7-days-a-
week basis.
1.4. EQUIPMENT SELECTION
Starting in early 1965, the OCS Technical Staff con-
ducted evaluations of candidate computer systems. The cap-
abilities of equipment (and software) which is' available
from the leading manufacturers were measured against the
Agencyes requirements. Major consideration was given to
the systems offered by CDC, G.E., Honeywell, IBM, Remington
Rand, and RCA? (A detailed.technical evaluation paper is
referenced in Chapter 11). Some of these vendors were
eliminated simply because they did not offer the complete
range of eqctuuipment (storage devices, display units, etc.)
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required to fulfill Agency needs. Others were eliminated
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because their software (a most critical element) was not
sufficiently developed and documented to allow adequate
evaluation. And some, being more competitive, were elim-
inated on the basis of a price-performance index. Finally,
two computer systems emerged for consideration in our most
detailed evaluation: the GE 636 and the IBM 360/67. The IBM
360/67 was selected for the following principal reasons:
a. Unit-of-work processing cost is lowest on the
360/67.
b. The IBM 360/67 is a variable word-byte oriented
system --- ideal for the OCS job mix of 75% data processing
and 25% scientific computing.
c. While the effectiveness of both systems hinges
on the development of extensive new hardware and software,
there is much stronger ground for confidence in IBM's ability
to produce. (The 636 is GE's first venture in a really
large scale computer system).
d. IBM offers a much larger variety of random.
access devices.
e. IBM technology is more advanced, i.e., the 360
equipment is micro-electronic while the 636 is limited to
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earlier type transistorized components.
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f. IBM has already documented more advanced soft-
ware than GE.
The OCS Task Team, which concentrated on this problem,
concluded that the IBM 360 offers sufficient capability and
breadth to satisfy Agency requirements now and in the fore-
seeable future. The conversion task will be less arduous
than if some other manufacturer had been chosen. Finally,
the IBM equipment will fulfill Agency needs, both present and
future, with a minimum of expenrditures both for equipment and
,personnel.
1.5. PURCHASE VERSUS RENTAL
in considering the acquisition of new computing equip-
ment, the question of purchase versus rental is always raised
by Agency management, BOB and others. From the viewpoint of
OCS management, rental is generally preferred and we believe
justified. The only advantage of purchase is the possibility
of economic savings that might be realized by the Government
as a whole. Actually, it is a severe handicap to a component
charged with reacting to the broad dynamic requirements of
intelligence collection and production problems.
An OCS paper on the merits of purchase vs.?rent of the
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proposed hardware is referenced in Chapter 11. It notes how
difficult it is to predict what components are going to
survive for 4-5 years (the approximate break-even point) in
the rapidly developing world of micro electronics. At this
time, it can only be recommended that all of the proposed hard-
ware be rented. This problem will. remain under most serious
surveillance by OCS as it progresses with the evolution of
its advanced systems.
1.6. THE PROPOSED PLAN
A progressive schedule of equipment installations has
been devised which will provide for staff retraining and
continuing progress with a minimum dislocation of current
operations.' The final basic expansible system will be instal-
led in.the summer of 1967 and it is detailed in Chapter 5.
It consists of'a Model 67 Computer with twin Central Processing
Units from the IBM System 360 family. These CPU's will be
inter-connected in such a manner that the system will recover
rapidly from all single hardware failures and may recover
rapidly from many complex hardware malfunctions. (This is
a "fail-soft" feature of the new system). Therefore, the
availability of the system will approach 100% so that the
automated files will bb
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24-hours-a-day,,seven-days-a-week.
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It is envisioned that the proposed system be operated
in the following way. The majority of the program preparation
will be done in the present traditional manner. However, run
requests will be fed directly to the computer for automatic
scheduling (rather than manual scheduling, as at present),
the computer will read new information into its memory,
interpret control cards describing the job and its prior-
ities, perform the required scheduling, and store the job
(both program and data) on a direct access storage device.
When the job in question has risen to the top of the queue
so that it is scheduled for execution, the software required
will be fetched from disk storage and the job will be executed.
If an interrogation is received from a remote location
during this processing period, the processing will pause
temporarily while the query is interpreted and its response
is being prepared. The system currently contemplated will
be able to handle console activity from several dozen con-
soles without appreciably slowing down the processing of the
background job which is in progress.
If the query from the console requires a significant
.amount of processing before the response is available, then.
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a new task will be established, automatically scheduled,
entered into the queue for processing at the appropriate
point, and executed in due course. Under this condition
there will, of course, be an indeterminate delay at the con-
sole due to the queue length and processing required.
The system, as contemplated, will allow programmers to
prepare and check out new work in the "background". At least
one of the two processing systems will be constantly available
(within the limitations mentioned earlier) to service queries
from the remote stations and to enter jobs as appropriate
into the queue. Any additional time available on one proces-
sor will be used for executing background jobs. Normally
one of the dual computers will be solely dedicated to per-
forming background production work. In the event of a mal-
function on either system, the surviving processor will
immediately assume the console load while the throughput
of background is reduced until the machine that failed is
repaired. This is a limited form of time-sharing which seems
to be well-suited to the needs of the Agency and the
abilities of its programming staff. At some future date,
as the programming staff becomes proficient in the mode of
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in time-sharing mature, additional capabilities will be
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provided. These capabilities may encompass on-line interaction
for data preparation and editing, reactive consoles to augment
and assist the programmer in the preparation of new program
modules, etc.
1.7. SUMMARY CONCLUSIONS
The plan outlined in this report fulfills the objectives.,
stated above. It has incorporated into it all the latest
hardware and software features. The throughput cost is the
best available. It has outstanding growth possibilities
without additional reprogramming. An almost unlimited number
of consoles are feasible. Due to the duplication of key hard-
ware, its off-the-air time should be nearly zero.
The implementation timing set forth in the plan is
quite optomistic but an ambitious schedule is necessary in
response to the problem faced by the Agency. It will re-
quire prompt reaction by OCS and Agency management when
problems are encountered. It will require a determined,
forceful push by all people involved in meeting their hard-
Q
EQ
ware, software dates.
Slippage in the proposed schedule is to be expected and
I
may not be too damaging. Even if the proposed plan is slipped
by some months OCS will still attain, early in the remote
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console era, a pre-eminent position to support the Agency
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in its critical mission.
Unless a plan such as this is carried out, it will be
impossible for OCS to provide the automatic data processing
support that the Agency clearly needs.
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Chapter 2
-PRESENT SYSTEM ANALYSIS
2.1. HARDWARE
As of 1 June 1965 computer equipment installed in the
CIA Computer Center consists of the RCA 501, RCA 301, IBM 7090,
IBM 1410, IBM 1401, and related peripheral equipment such
as a CalComp Digital Incremental Plotter, and a Digi-Data
Paper Tape-to-Magnet Tape Converter. A small number of card
processing machines and data preparation machines such as
card punches and verifiers are also employed. Costs of
these systems are detailed in the following system descrip-
tion.
2.1.1. Historical Perspective
In planning ahead for new computer equipment it is per-
haps well to look back over the history which brought us to
the present computer complex.
One of the first uses of automatic data processing
equipment in the Agency was in the administrative and
accounting fields. Applications in these areas are frequently
referred4 oaed P ft 2 'I,(da:tI DP g1 i0Q}4}Aly11Q16s'uch
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applications as Payroll, and Accounting in support of
Personnel, Supply, and Finance. From the very beginning
of the Agency, these applications were performed on IBM
punched card equipment. In October 1960, the RCA 501 com-
puter was installed for these applications. The objectives
in the installation of this equipment were to improve the
speed, flexibility, and costs of processing "business appli-
cations". In the process of phasing in the RCA computer,
substantial amounts of card processing equipment were released
and card processing applications were switched to the computer.
Generally speaking, the computer reduced the number of
operators but increased the number of people in planning
activities, i.e., system analysis, design, and programming.
While the speed of processing was significantly improved
once a job was fully converted and checked out on the comput-
er, more thorough requirements analysis and a longer planning
period were needed for programming and job setup. Often the
overall time spent on new jobs or applications was quite
lengthy.
Mechanically, the RCA input/output equipment was less
than satisfactory. The printer was serviced extensively but
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p register' print lines. The card
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transcriber also appeared to be below normal standards of
reliability. As a result the Agency ordered an IBM 1401
for input/output processing. Shortly before this installation
was to take place, the announcement of the RCA 301 computer
with IBM card reader punch and an improved printer re-
sulted in its acquisition vice the IBM 1401. The compat-
ibility of the RCA 301 with the installed RCA 501 and its
loiaer costs were additional contributing factors to this
decision. The RCA 501 and RCAr-301 are used more than any
other systems in the CIA Computer COnter; their average
usage is 565..hours per month and 490 hours per month re-
In January 1963 the IBM 1410 and IBM11401 systems were
installed. These systems provided the capability of editing,
sorting, and listing large files of data. Intelligence
files and special projects in the-DD/I area which had not
previously been considered feasible on EAM equipment pro-
vided the principal volume of work for these systems. Later,
new "business applications" in the DD/S area began to add
significantly to the workloads, a case in point being the
project.
Utilization of the IBM 1401 and IBM 1410 averages 440 hours
and 547 hours per month, respectively.
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In July 1963, the IBM 7090 was installed to fill the
need for a large-scale scientific computing capability. One
of the great-benefits of this particular computer was the
easy acquisition of many operational IBM 7090 programs devel-
oped by other users in the aerospace, intelligence, and
scientific fields. Utilization of this system averages
500 hours per month.
2.1.2. Peripheral Equipment
The CalComp Digital Incremental Plotter System and the
Digi-Data Paper Tape to Magnetic Tape Converter are repre-
sentative of peripheral equipment purchased to provide a
unique capability. The plotter has been used both for
plotting telemetry data in analog form and for statistical
graphs. The paper tape converter has been used primarily for
project Electronic Printing of Intelligence .omposition(EPIC)
and for
J
2.1.3. Incompatibility
The problem of compatibility of data and computer hard-
ware occurs between the RCA and IBM equipment. Magnetic tapes
are not interchangeable between these systems and the only
communication between these computers is through punched cards.
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The CalComp Plotter and the Digi-Data tape converter are IBM
compatible. In the near future an IBM compatible tape unit
will be installed on the RCA equipment to facilitate commun-
ication between RCA and IBM systems. This will provide a
means for eventual conversion of RCA data for processing on
IBM equipment.
2.1.4. Equipment Installed June 1965
Five computer systems are installed and in operation
as of June 1965. These systems operate as independent
computers and the work flows through them in sequence as
required. They share tape drives so that the configuration
is somewhat adaptive to the work load via a series of man-
ually operated tape switches. Both the IBM and the RCA
equipments are connected in this way.
The dollar figures given in the following statements
are for single shift monthly rental and include costs for single
shift maintenance where cQhponents have been purchased. This
is not. the full amount, paid to the vendor in any one month.
The figures given are the rental for 176 hours of usage in
a calendar month, if no extra shift is required. However,
the total usage measured from the time recording meters is
approximately two full shifts. This increases the rental by
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approximately $40,000. Thus our actual rent paid to vendors
is about $133,000 per month.
2.1.4.1. IBM 7090
This is a binary, 36-bit word-oriented
parallel transfer computer designed for
scientific data processing. The system has
32K words of 36 bit memory, a memory cycle
time far 2.18 microseconds per word, two
independent I/O channels, limited card I/O,
And 11 magnetic tape drives, one of which
is shared with the 1401. It was installed
in August 1963, has one purchased component
and
net b
i
a
as
c cost of . . . . . . . . $54,990/month
2.1.4.2. IBM 1410
This is a decimal, 6-bit character
oriented machine with some-parallel opera-
tion for commercial data processing. The
system has 80K characters of 6 bits each,
a memory cycle of 4.0 microseconds per
character, two independent I/O channels, fast
card I/O and 10 tape drives, one of which is
shared with the 1401. It was installed in
January 1963, has no purchased components
and a basic cost of $22,380/month
-19-
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2.1.4.3. IBM 1401
This is a decimal, 6-bit, character-
oriented machine with no parallelism. It
is.used for both primary input and output,and
for limited commercial data processing. The
system had 8K characters of 6 bits each, a
memory cycle time of 11.5 microseconds per
character, fast card I/O, and two tape
drives, both of which may be shared. It
was installed in January 1963, has no
purchased components and a basic cost of . . . $.7,265/month
2.1.4.4. RCA 501
This is an octal, 6-bit, character-
oriented machine with limited parallelism.
It is used for commercial data processing.
The system has 32K characters of 6 bits each,
a memory cycle time of 12 microseconds per 4 six bit
charactere,no card I/O, and 8 tape drives,
one of which is normally assigned to the
RCA 301. It was installed in October 1960,
has three purchased components and a not
basic cost of . . . . . . . . . . . . .
$ 4,629/month*
These costs allow for 7 tape drives on 501 system and 1 tape
drive on the 301, system.
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2.1.4.5. RCA 301
This is a decimal, 6-bit, character-
oriented machine with no parallelism. It
is used both for primary input and output and
for limited commercial data processing. The
system has 10K characters of 6 bits each, a
memory cycle time of 7 microseconds per
character, fast card I/O and one tape drive
permanently assigned. It was installed in
November 1962, has no purchased components
and a basic cost of . . . . . . . . . . . . . $-4,586/month
The total net basic monthly cost of
the 5 systems is . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . $93,850/month
2.2. SOFTWARE
OCS has five different computers each of which uses
a different programming language. COBOL provides a theo-
retical compatibility among the RCA 501, IBM 7090 and the
IBM 1410. However, until 1964 the RCA 501 COBOL had a very
inefficient compiler and in practice was not used because
of excessive compile time. Although COBOL compile speeds
are good on the IBM 1410 and 7090, actually little exchanging
of program is done because of the hardware incompatibilities:
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the 1410 is variable. length and decimal while the 7090 is
fixed word and binary. In addition, inconsistencies exist
in the compilers so that programmers become discouraged
from interchanging COBOL programs among machines.
The FORTRAN II used on the IBM 1410 is not completely
compatible with the FORTRAN II available for the IBM 7090.
In addition, the obsolete FORTRAN II has been replaced by
FORTRAN IV on the IBM 7090.
The IBM 1401 programs may be run on the IBM 1410 using
the hardware compatibility feature. This use requires
interruption of the flow of work using the 1410 Operating
System and does not exploit multiple channels and overlap
features of the 1410.
2.2.1. 7090 Software
IBM 7090 IBSYS V-12B is the standard operating system
in OCS. It includes FORTRAN IV,_COBOL, SORT, 9PAC, COMIT,
FORTRAN II, FAP, MAP, ASP, SUPPAC,'and various math and
CALCOMP subroutines. No remote interrupt capability or
interrupt features for multiprogramming or time-sharing
exist without extensive hardware modification.
The system contains a batch processing monitor which
provides some powerful specific features. The IBSYS monitor
is the most used monitor system in the world, and its con-
struction reflects its position in the historical evolution
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of monitors. It was one of the first large monitors and
thus reflects some primitive concepts of design. Also,
because of its wide use by the majority of the large-scale
scientific computer users in the world, it incorporates
powerful features to do scientific computing tasks under the
batch mode. IBSYS as a system is rapidly becoming obsolete,
and IBM is no longer actively supporting research for
major improvements. Incidental improvements will continue
through users and through the users' organization, SHARE.
Very little practical possibility exists to adapt the
IBM 7090 to,a time-sharing, remote console, real-time
environment. The software does not exist, and could not
be written without extensive modifications to the hardware.
The product would, at best, be obsolete and uneconomical
by state of the art standards.
2.2.2. 1410 Software
PR-155, the current'OCS 1410 system, includes AUTOCODER,
SORT/MERGE, FORTRAN II, and COBOL. The batch monitor is
well designed but lacks some of the features of IBSYS.
The hardware does not provide the interrupts for next era
computing and no amount of software modification can bring
the total system to the state of the art for 1966-67.
Analysis of the internal implementation indicates many com-
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promises in order to get the system working. For example,
the FOR2RAN compiler is basically a simulation of the 7090
instead of being designed for the IBM 1410. At the present
time, it is considered a smooth.system, but its long range
possibilities are nil.
2.2.3. 1401 Software
This is a small non-monitored system designed for I/O
support. No future potential exists.
2.2.4. 501 Software
The 501 software packager'contains an EZCODE assembler,
two COBOL Compilers, two Sort/Merge packages, and a Sequencer
(monitor). The RCA 501 COBOL compiler is inefficient, and
the assembler is considered primitive. RCA has not produced
first-class software for its hardware, which is generally
considered to be reliable and to have a good, powerful in-
-4?struction set.. It is highly unlikely that RCA will produce
acceptable software for the RCA 561 at this late date.
2.2.5. 301 Software
This non-monitored system is designed for I/O support.
No future potential exists.
2.2.6. Manuals/Training Materials
Most OCS programmers know at least one machine well
and are familiar with at least one other machine. Thus,
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each possesses, or must have.closely available, at least two
sets of manuals. A master notebook containing all manuals
for each major machine is kept in appropriate OCS offices
and this notebook is maintained by the Technical Staff.
Considerable time is spent in keeping these notebooks up to
date. The master copy of this set of manuals and notebooks
requires approximately 80 linear feet of storage space. A
significant amount of this footage deals with low level
languages.
Training materials are extensive. The Technical Staff
has course outlines, manuals, tests, and sample problems for
a variety of languages. The preparation-of frequent seminars
to deal with hardware/software incompatibilities has used many
hours of top technical talent.
2.3. OPERATING STATISTICS
Each computer center keeps operating statistics to
control its own internal'processes. These are used by the
computer center management to review operations for budgetary
purposes, to anticipate hardware overloads based on estab-
lished growth patterns, to provide a measure of the support
furnished to various customers and projects, to show the way.
the computer was used (test, debug, production, maintenance,
etc.). Our internal accounting is based on manually-kept
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records. At present, time-of-day clocks are not installed
on four of the five computer systems; therefore, the operating
systems may fbt interrogate them. The system proposed in
Chapter 5 will have integrated accounting and record
keeping completely under the control of the operating
system. This will relieve the operating personnel of one
task which sometimes suffers in the attempt to keep the equip-
ment operating.
2.3.1. Directly Chargeable Hours
The table'that follows gives a breakdown of hours by
computer that can be directly charged to the four Directorates
served. These hours do not include such overhead hours as
idle, training, demonstration, software maintenance, and
hardware maintenance.
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COMPUTER HOURS CHARGEABLE TO SUPPORT THE DIRECTORATES
(February 1965 through May 1965)
'Computer
System '
IBM 7090 '
IBM 1410 '
IBM 1401 '
RCA 501 '
' ...RCA 301
?
DD/I '
DD/S '
DD/S&T '
DD/P "
Total
128
101
1319
98 "
"
1646
471 '
536
62 "?
"
1732 '
394
157
765
63
"
1397
'
1723
"
1723
1301
"
1301
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2.3.2. 7090 Utilization
For the four-month period February-May 1965 the IBM 7090
computer system was in use for the hours shown. The totals in
this table exceed the summary totals given in section 2.3.1.
due to certain computer hours which are classed as overhead
to computer operations.
HOURS OF 7090 USAGE BY ACTIVITY
February through May 1965
ACTIVITIES
FEBRUARY
MARCH
APRIL
MAY
TOTAL
Development
126
110
148
174
558
Setup
72
79
92
85
328
Maintenance
32
37
28
38
135
Total
562
560
596
618
2336
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2.3.3. 1410 Utilization
For the four-month period the IBM 1410 computer system
was in use for the hours shown. The totals in this table
exceed the summary totals given in section 2.3.1. due to
certain computer hours which are classified as overhead to
computer operations.
HOURS OF 1410 USAGE BY ACTIVITY
February through May 1965
ACTIVITIES
FEBRUARY
MARCH
APRIL
MAY
TOTAL
Production
220
310
314
278
1122
Development
122
162
145
152
581
Setup
77
77
79
78
311
Maintenance
47
28
63
35
173
Idle
55
49
33
26
163
,Total
521
626
:634
5.69
2350
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2.3.4. 1401 Utilization
For the four-month period the IBM 1401 computer systems
were in use for the hours shown. The totals in this table
exceed the summary totals given in section 2.3.1. due to
certain computer hours which are classed as overhead to
computer operations.
OF 1401 USAGE BY ACTIVITY__
HOURS
_
February through May 1965
ACTIVITIES
FEBRUARY
MARCH
APRIL
MAY
TQTAL
Production
191
225
197
787
Development
115
177
154
121
567
CQ
M
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2.3.5. 501 Utilization
For the four-month period the RCA 501 Computer system
was in use for the hours shown. The totals in this table
exceed the summary totals given in section 2.3.1. due to
certain computer hours which are classed as overhead to
computer operations.
ACTIVITIES
Production
Development
HOURS OF 501 USAGE BY ACTIVITY
February through May 1965
FEBRUARY
MARCH
APRIL
MAY
TOTAL
330
322
340
400
1392
72
110
94
70
346
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2.3.6. 301 Utilization
For the four-month period the RCA 301 computer system
was in use for the hours shown. The totals in this table
exceed the summary totals given in section 2.3.1. due to
certain computer hours which are classed as overhead to
computer operations.
HOURS OF 301 USAGE BY ACTIVITY
February through May 1965
ACTIVITIES
APRIL
MAY
TOTAL
Production
308
267
296
1167
Development
128
143
131
165
567
Setup
36
29
33
138
16
21
82
99
147
139
474
590
654
2428
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The recurring production jobs are enumerated in this
chapter. One-time jobs, internal scheduling and monitoring,
training runs, and computer support development efforts
'(which in the aggregate involve a large amount of computer
time) are not itemized. These figures are a further break-
down of the production totals shown in Chapter 2.
3.1. SCIENTIFIC COMPUTING
Following is a summarization of the present scientific
computing workload. The workload is subdivided by type,
,followed by an explanation of the activity, customers, average
machine usage per month, etc.
3.1.1. F
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Sections deleted:
page 34 3.1. 3
3.1.4
3.1.5
page 35 3.1.6
3. 2
3.2.1
page 36 3. 2.2
3.2.3
3. 2. 4
page 37 3. 2. 5
3. 2. 6
3.2.7
3.2.8
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3.3. MANAGEMENT, DATA PROCESSING
On-going jobs which serve the Support Directorate are
summarized below. Projects, customers, and machine use hours
are given and each job is explained briefly. Preliminary work
is underway on the development of ,a new Management Information
ystem (MIS).
3.3.1. Agency Training Record, (ATR},
The customer for this activity is OTR. In a typical
month it accounts for 3.3 hours of 501 time and 3.0 hours
of 301 time. Records of Agency-sponsored training are.
maintained.
3.3.2. Badge File
The customer for this activity is OS. in a typical
month-is accounts for 2.5 hours of 501 time and 1.0 hours of
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301 time. Current lists of assigned badges and areas of'
clearance are provided for the Badge Office and Night Security
Office.
3.3.3. Case Processing Analysis CAPER
OS/SRD is the customer for CAPER. In a typical month
it accounts for 3.1 hours of 1410 time and 2.1 hours-o? 1401
time. The computer product serves for analysis of elapsed
time on pending clearance cases within divisions.
3.3.4. Special ClearancerCenter Activity Analysis (SPECLE)
The customer for SPECLE is OS/SCC. In a typical month
it accounts for 19.7 hours of 1410 ti
and 4.5 hours of 1401
time. It processes data for analysis of activity on security
clearances.
3.3.5. Medical Staff Test Evaluation
The customer served is 0FAS/AES. In a typical month,
it accounts for 13.2 hours fo'501 time and 8.2 hours of 301
time. The machine function is to score, report, and store
results of psychological test batteries.
3.3.6. Vouchered Payroll
The customers are OF, OP, and OBPAM. In a typical month
it accounts for 3.0 hours of 1401 time, 44.4 hours of 501 time,
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and 67.8 hours of 301 time. The operation is to maintain
payroll records and produce salary checks, statements of earn-
ings, deductions, leave balances, and W-2's; provide payroll
accounting back-up and audit details, furnish information on
excessive use of sick leave, compile data on overtime payments,
and produce LWOP accumulations.
3.3.7.
3.3.8. Individual Earnings Records
The customer is OF. In a typical month it accounts for
10.0 hours of 501 time and 1.0 hours of 301 time. Pay period
records of all personnel and payroll actions on pay, earnings,
and deductions are provided.
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3.3.9. Cable Traffic Analysis CATRANL
The customer of CATRAN is OC. In a typical month it
accounts for 3.2 hours of 1410 time and 0.1 hours of 1401 time.
It provides statistics on cable traffic for planning personnel
requirements, equipment, circuit requirements, etc.
3.3.10.
3.3.12. Logistics Stock Accouritina
The customer for this activity is oL. In a typical month
it accounts for 80.0 hours of-501 time and 66.0 hours of 30].
time. Maintenance of *-Master Property File (i.e., stock
level and account of property) is provided.
3.3.13. Manufacturers Cross Referee
oL is the customer for this activity. In a typical
month it accounts for 6.0 hours of 501 time and 2.0 hours of
301 time. It supports the Defense Logistics Supply Center
federal cataloging function.
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3.3.14. Forms Control
The customer for this activity is DD/S (Agency-wide
distribution). In a typical month it accounts for 2.0 hours
of 501 time and 2.0 hours of 301 time. It provides complete
documentation of Agency forms.
3.3.15. Personnel System
The customers supported by this system are OP., OBPAM and
Credit Union.
3.3015.1. Agency Language Proficiency Program
In a typical month this operation accounts for 3.7
hours of 501 time and 1.6 hours of 3.01 time. It provides
language proficiency data for Agency staff employees.
3.3.15.2. Agency. Personnel Qualifications Systems
In a typical month this system accounts for 7.1 hours
of 501 time and 2.5 hours of 301 time. It is an information
system pertaining to skills, exp*rience, training, and educa-
tion of Agency personnel.
3.3.15.3. Agency Strength Accounting
In a typical month this activity accounts for 2.0 hours
of 501 time and 0.8 hours of 301 time. It provides official
Agency strength reports.
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3.3.15.4. Emplbyee Locator
In a typical month this activity accounts for 2.3 hours
of 501 time and 3.1 hours of 301 time. This is a locator
system for information on personnel; also used to prepare
Agency telephone directories.
3.3.15.5. Fitness Reports Processing
In a typical month this activity accounts for 1.5 hours
of 501 time and 0,5 hours of 301 time. The operation supports
the Agency's Fitness Report Program.
x?.
3.3.15.6. Hospitalization Master
In a typical month this activity accounts for 2.2 hours
of 501 time and 0.4 hours of 301 time. Current records or
personnel enrolled in. health benefit plans are maintained.
3.3.15.7. Project MANS
In a typical month this project accounts for 1.7 hours
of 501 time and 1.0 hours of 301 time. It is an automated
system to align T/O positions with budget programs, activities,
categories, etc.
3.3.15.8. Periodic Step Increases
In a typical month, 2.4 hours of 501 time and 1.4 hours
of 301 time are accounted for. It is a computerized call-up
and control mechanism in support of periodic step increases.
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3.3.15.9. Personnel Archives Project
In a typical month this project accounts for 2.1 hours
of 501 time. It furnishes historical back-up for the _gtatieti-
cal Reporting Branch (SRB).
3.3.15.10. Insurance File
In a typical month this activity accounts for 0.4 hours
of 501 time. Listings of various insurance policy accountings
are furnished to the Insurance Branch.
3.3.15.11. Record of Overseasr,Service
In a typical month this activity accounts for 0.9 hours
of 501 time and 0.3 hours of 301 time. It is a central file
of data on personnel who have served overseas.
3.3.15.12. Statistical and Related Reports
In a typical month this system accounts for 10.0 hours
of 501 time and 4.1 hours of 301 time. It is a record keeping
reporting system.
3.3.15.13. Temporary Definite Status (NTE)
In a typical month NTE accounts for 0.9 hours of 501
time and 0.4 hours of 301 time. Records of all Agency
employees designated as NTE--"Not to Exceed" are maintained.
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3.3.15.14. T/O Related Processes
In a typical month this activity accounts for 11.8 hours
of 501 time and 15.6 hours of 301 time. Its function is to
maintain records reflecting job-to-incumbent relationship.
3.3.15.15. Credit Union Rosters
In a typical month this program accounts for 3.5 hours
of 410 time. It produces data. for maintaining individual
ledger records, a reference aid, and source of information.
3.3.15.16. CIA Retirement System
In a typical month, this system accounts for 2.0 hours
of 1410 time and 1.0 hours of 1401 time. Rosters are prepared
to aid the Career Services in the selection of personnel eligi-
ble for retirement.
3.3.15.17. Agency Early Retirement System
In a typical month this system accounts for 0.2 hours
of 501 time and 0.1 hours of'301 time. It supports the Agency's
Early Retirement Program.
3.3.16. Accounting System
The customers for this system are OBPAM and OF. In a
typical month it accounts for 109.0 hours of 501 time and 66.0
hours of 301 time.
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3.16.1. Budgetary Accounting
Data in various financial files are processed for OBPAM
to determine.project costs,' budget projections, and program
Original accounting entries are listed to support source
documents and furnish statements of advance accounts, and
cash accounts.
3.3.16.3. Financial Analysis Number (FAN)
The purpose,is to maintain a file of valid FAN accounts,
print the FAN Directory, support program analysis and budget
preparation, and eliminate manual posting of records in Agency
offices.
3.3.16.4. General/Subsidiary Ledger Accounting
To process transactions for the general/subsidiary
ledgers, -to prepare various listings for analysis by the
office of Finance, and to m :ntain accounts.
3.3.16.5. Obligation, Expenditures, Issue, and Cost Reporting
The computer is used to prepare listings and reports
for analysis of control of expenditure, issue, and cost data.
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3.3.16.6. Reciprocal and Reconciliation Accounting
The function is to maintain accounts and furnish detailed
information for the reciprocal and reconciliation accounts.
3.4 COMMO OPERATIONS SUPPORT
OCS is supporting the Office of Communications with
several on-going computer projects which are listed below.
3.4.1.
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3.4.8
3. 5
3.5.1
3. 5.2
page 49 3. 5. 3
3. 5. 4
3.5.5
3. 5.6
Page 50 3.5.7
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Chapter 4
PROJECTED WORKLOAD
This chapter deals with monthly increases over the
present computer workload which, though excessive to on-hand
hardware capabilities, can be accommodated by the planned
system. Required computer time is shown in terms of present
hardware where feasible. However, projected requirements
which cannot be handled on present type hardware are estimated
for third generation hardware of the required capability.
4.1. SCIENTIFIC COMPUTING
A large part of the projected growth in the computer
workload as of the end of 1968 is attributable to increased
activity on scientific computing jobs which are already
operational. The total increase in scientific computing time
is estimated to be over 646 hours on the 7090.
will require an additional 32 hours of 7090 time and 26 hours
of 1401 time. The computing work relates t
of the DD/S&T. The projected growth in workload on this activity
The customers for this activity are OSI and the Office
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Sections deleted:
Page 52 4.1.2
4.1.3
4.1.4
Page 53 4. 1.5
4.1.6
Page 54 4.2
4.2.1
4.2.2
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4.2.3.
4.3. MANAGEMENT DATA PROCESSING
By the end of 1968 the projected increase in computer
use time required to handle the planned growth in management
.support jobs totals 24 hours of 501 time, 25 hours of 301,
275 hours of 1410, and 101 hours of 360/65 per month.
4.3.1. Badge Office Files Consolidation Study
The customer for the Badge Office Files Consolidation
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Study activity is the Building Security Branch, OS. The pro-
jected growth in the workload on this activity will require an
additional 18.0 hours of 1410 time. The computing work relates
to consolidating six small files presently held by the Badge
Office.
4.3.2. Biographic Profiles
The customer for the Biographic Profiles activity is the
Office of Personnel. The projected growth in the workload
on this activity will require an additional 14.0 hours of
501 time. The computing work relates to preparing clear
text profiles from data taken from the Agency Central Qualifi-
cation File and other related personnel files.
4.3.3. Junior Officer Trainee Program
The customer for the Junior Officer Trainee Program is
the Office of Personnel. The projected growth in the work-
load on the activity will require an additional 4.0 hours of
501 time and 2.0 hours of 3Q1 time. The computing work re-
lates to establishing and maintaining a magnetic tape record
reflecting all action taken with respect to personnel in the
program--post or present.
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4.3.4. Contract Accounting and Reporting System (CONARS)
The customer for the Contract Accounting and Reporting
System is DD/S&T, Plans and Program Staff. The projected
growth in the workload on this activity will require an
additional 6.0 hours of 1410 time. The computing work
relates to developing a system~to do file maintenance and
produce periodic reports on Agency contracts based upon.
contract type, contract subject matter, and contract finan-
cial accounting.
4.3.6. Study of Cable Secretariat Procedures for Possible
Automation
The customer for this study is the Cable Secretariat.
The projected growth in the workload on this activity will
require an additional 1.1 hours of 360/65 time. The com-
puting work relates a study of the present procedures in the
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Cable Secretariat with a view toward possible automation of
some of the steps in the system.
4.3.7. Computer-Assisted Book Comxoosiition EPIC
(Electronic Printing of Intelligence Composition)
The customer for EPIC is Office of Logistics, Printing
Services Division. The projected growth in the workload on
this activity will require an additional 40.0 hours of 1410
time. The computing work relates to the development of a
computer system that will produce book composition text in
formatted, justified form for, input: in machine language to
electronic computing and composing equipment.
4.3.8. Credit Union study
The projected growth in the Credit Union workload will
require an additional 11.0 hours of 1410 time. The com-
puting work relates to the investigation of the appropri-
ateness of a computer system to maintain share and loan
balances and compute interest.
4.3.9. Agency Personnel Qualifications System
The customer for the Agency Personnel Qualifications
System is the office of Personnel. The projected growth in
the workload on this activity will require an additional 20.0
hours of 301 time. The computing work relates to the complete
operational function of querying and searching master file.
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4.3.10. Hospitalization Master
The customer for the Hospitalization Master activity is
the office of Personnel. The projected growth in the work-
load on this activity will require an additional 3.0 hours of
501 time. The computing work relates to revision to allow one
data entry and reduce and clarify clerical procedures.
4.3.11. Project MANS
The customers for Project MANS are the office of Person-
nel and OBPAM. The projected growth in the workload on this
activity will require anradditional 2.0 hours of 501 time
and 1.0 hours of 301 time. The computing work relates to
revision of reporting formats, including additional data
and additional reports.
4.3.12. Insurance File
The customer for the Insurance File activity is the.
Office of Personnel. The projected growth in the workload
on this activity will require an additional 2.0 hours of
501 time and 1.0 hours of 301 time, The computing work re-
lates to the reduction of punched card and clerical operations
.and optimizing computer runs.
4.3.13. Record of Overseas Service
The customer-for the Record of Overseas Service activity
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is the office of Personnel. The projected growth in the
workload on this activity will require an additional 0.1
hours of 501 time. The computing work relates to the elimi-
nation of error from files and providing computer editing.
4.3.14. Logistics Stock Accounting
The customers for the Logistics Stock Accounting activity
are OL, OC, OS, OF, TDS, FBID, and SOD. The projected growth
in.the workload on this activity will require an additional
20.0 hours of 1410 time. The computing work relates to the
designing of a new system to meet requirements of OL. (This
may be combined with MIS).
The customer for the Manufacturers Cross Reference
activity is the office of Logistics. The projected growth
in the workload on this activity will require an additional
10.0 hours of 1410 time. The computing work relates to
converting the present system to IBM equipment.
4.3.16. CIA Retirement System
The customers for the CIA Retirement System are Office
of Personnel and Office of Finance. The projected growth in
the workload on this activity will require an additional 10.0
hours of 501 time. The computing work relates to provision
for inclusion into existing personnel and pay systems and
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establishing ai accounting and paying mechanism for annuitants,
survivors, and participants.
4.3.17. Agency Training Record (ATR)
The customer for the Agency Training Record activity is
the Office of Training (Registrar). The projected growth in
the workload on this activity will require no additional
computer time. The computing work relates to provision for
inclusion into Qualifications System by computer methods.
4.3.18. Financial Analysis Number (FAN)
The customers for the Financial Analysis Number activity
are the office of Finance and OBPAM. The projected growth
in the workload on this activity will require an additional
4.0 hours of 501 time and 2.0 hours of 301 time. The computing
work relates to providing additional reports for Confidential
Funds by inclusion of detail obligations.
4.3.19. Vouchered Payroll
The customers for the Vouchered Payroll activity are
the office of Finance, Office of Medical Services, OBPAM,
and Office of Personnel. The projected growth in the.work-
load on this activity will require an additional 0.2 hours of
501 time. The computing work relates to the provision for
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inclusion of all payroll accQunting entries through the exist-
ing computer system.
4.4. COMMUNICATIONS OPERATIONS SUPPORT
No increase in the present workload or new COMMO support
jobs have been identified. However, this is an area in which
computer support to date has been'quite beneficial. Therefore,
growth, though not predictable in volume, is to be expected.
4:5. STATISTICAL DATA PROCESSING
The projected increase in required computer time for
r 1,
statistical jobs amounts to 25 hours of 7090 time and 21 hours
of 1401 time per month. The three projects which account for
this increase are included below.
4.5.1.
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4.6. DOCUMENT/INFORMATION RETRIEVAL
Project CHIVE is the large scale document/information
retrieval system under development in the Agency. To date
computers have been used to support experimental work on
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this project. The amount of such computer time has varied
considerably from month to month. One segment of the total
computer-driven CHIVE system will be implemented initially.
It is estimated that 15 hours of 360 mod 67 computer time
be required monthly by 1967.
4.7. LANGUAGE PROCESSING
The automatic Language Processing (ALP) System, currently
under development by IBM, is scheduled to be installed in
the Agency by October 1965. The initial system will consist
of special purpose hardware interconnected to a 1401 com-
puter. Its two modes of operation will a) perform stenotype
machine shorthand transcription to English and b) perform
machine assisted translation from Russian to English. If
proven successful, the special purpose ALP hardware will be
interconnected with the planned major computer system.
The estimated 360 Mod 67 time required per month is 8 hours.
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Chapter 5.
PROPOSED SYSTEM
=- 3
5.1. SYSTEM 360 HARDWARE
in April, 1964, the IBM Corporation announced a family
of computers known as System 360. At the time of announce-
ment five different models were announced. Each of these
five models was to have exactly the same logical structure,
instruction set, and options. The five machines differed
in speed and price. The Model 30, the low end of the scale,.
was the slowest and least expensive. The model 70, the high
end of the scale, was the largest and most expensive. These
machines bracketed the performance range from the 1401 size
machine to a machine somewhat larger than the 7094-II. In
addition to their common design, the machines were fundamenr
tally unique for two reasons. First, they were a compromise
design which would accomplish both business data processing
and scientific computing on one computer with an acceptable
throughput per dollar. Second, they had a unique instruction
format which was economical in terms of core storage, and which
allowed large core memories to be directly connected and
addressed in a straightforward manner.
Since the original announcement, two more machines have
been added to the series. The Model 20 is a small computer ..,
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with price and pt-rforrnanee below the Model 30. It is a cousin
to the Model 30 in that programs prepared for the Model 20
will run on the Model 30, but not. convey ?1y. At the extreme
high end of the line, the-Model 92 was announced. The Model
92 is bigger and faster than either the Stretch, the Larc, or
CDC's 6600. It is completely compatible with the remainder
of the line with the exception that the commercial option is
not available for the Model 92 since it is primarily intended
for heavy scientific computation.
In the 15 months since announcement, improvements have
continued to flow from the design laboratory. One machine has
had its memory cycle time reduced and is being offered with
the faster memory at the original price, thus increasing
its throughput per dollar. The Models 60 and 62 have been
discontinued, and are replaced by the Model 65, faster
machine at a lower price. New input/output gear has been
announced and additional devices are rumored. A special
configuration, the Model 67 has been announced to satisfy
the market demand for a machine to support remote consoles,
time-sharing, and a commercial machine which will allow
dynamic reconfiguration for those installations 'W'hich re-
quire high availability at a reasonable price.
5.1.1. Introduction to System/360
System/360 is a stored program, general purpose digital
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formance. The various models are each constructed from a
family of new circuits called SLT (Solid Logic Technology).
These SLT circuits are the result of several years circuit
computer with unique capabilities. The same design is imple-
mented in a series of CPU's to offer a range in speed and per-
development which has resulted-in a series of integrated
digital circuits which can switch their logic states in-'ten
to thirty nanoseconds (billionths of a second). To exploit
the?productive capacity of this new family of circuits, IBM
so that the instruction length may be held to a minimum. The
actual memory address to be referenced is held in one of six-
plated to be addressed. In S/360, register addressing is used
r?,
has implemented the S/360 CPUs so that the smaller machines
use the same family of circuits but merely work them harder.
This is most clearly seen in the width of the bus to memory.
The bus on the Model 30 is only 8 bits wide. Thus, it has
an 8 bit adder and performs arithmetic 8 bits at a time. As
the models increase in speed,?the width of the memory bus
grows 8,jl&, 32, and 64 bits wide.
As indicated above, the design of S/360 was chosen to
allow the attachment of large capacity memories. In previous
designs the number of address bits in a computer instruction
had to be sufficient to allow the largest core memory contem-
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teen general registers. When the instruction-is fetched, a
four bit field in the instructio,,yi.points to the register which
holds the address of the memory cell to be referenced. The
registers are 32 bits in length, the address portion is 24
bits long. Using this scheme, a net saving of 20 bits per
instruction is possible on the-larder configurations. The 16
general registers are also used for arithmetic registers and
subroutine linkages.
Some instructions also carry a 12 bit modifier field
which allows an offset to be added to the register address
immediately preceding the memory reference. These 12 bit
fields allow an amount of conventional direct addressing
limited to the first 4096 bytes of memory.
The memory itself is organized around the eight bit
byte. Each eight bit field has a unique memory address and
can be selected, along with one or more contiquous bytes, at
the time of an instruction execution. Although each byte
is uniquely addressable, a performance penalty is extracted
in the event a programmer elects to fetch bytes or strings of
bytes which do not start at a natural memory division (8, 16,
32, or 64 bit word boundaries).
The instruction sequencing and interrupt provisions within
S/360 embody a large portion of the best design features
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historically found to be useful for communications and real-
time installations. A mask register is provided which allows
the various interrupt conditions to be selectively enabled.
When an interrupt has been enabled and the interrupt event
occurs, the instantaneous status of all critical registers
is stored and the execution of a new stream of instructions
is initiated. The conditions stored at the time of interrupt
allow the previous instruction stream to be 'resumed after the
immediate processing associated with the interrupt is com-
pleted. The various CPU registers are stored into a single
formatted word called the Program Status Word (PSW). The
special history word so assembled allows,the_minimum interrupt
time to be reduced so that the large interrupt time penal-
ties, associated with some previous machine designs, are not
experienced.
The instruction repertoire has the normal complement of
instructions to facilitate fixed-point arithmetic, address
modification, testing, and sequencing. A commercial instruc-
tion set is provided as an option which allows the CPU to
perform variable field length decimal arithmetic, and to
expeditiously accomplish certain packing and editing functions
found in commercial data processing work. A second option,
the scientific option, provides additional registers and
circuitry to perform floating point arithmetic on either 32
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or 64 bit operands-.
The fundamental architectural design of S/360 encourages
multiprogrammed operation. Three features are responsible
for this flavor. First, the CPU embodies the concept that
a monitor program is mandatory. As such, there are certain
functions reserved to the monitor and only to the monitor.
These functions are program switching, accounting, interrupt
handling, and all I/O. The instructions to accomplish these
functions are called privileged instructions and they cannot
be executed by an applications program. A control circuit is
set to determine whether the machine is operating in the
problem state or the monitor state. Any attempt to execute
monitor functions in the problem state is interpreted as an
error which initiates an interrupt and calls for monitor
action.
To protect the monitor and to protect applications programs
which may cohabit in the same core memory, storage protection
feature is provided. The monitor assigns each applications
program a storage protection key. Whenever a memory refer-
ence (either fetch or store) is made, the key associated with
the program initiating the action is automatically compared
with the lock mechanism associated with that block of core
memory. If they match, the memory reference is allowed with
no performance penalty. If they disagree, the instruction
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device. A typical channel may have up to 128 sets. When an
plexor channel has a set of these registers for every attached
.oration associated with the i/0 operation itself. A multi-
execution is terminated and monitor intervention is requested.
Thus, two or more applications programs can be protected
from each other so that their information is held invoilatec.
Similarly, the monitor can protect itself from both of these
applications programs.
The third feature which facilitates efficient operation
in general and multiprogramming in particular is the multi-
plexing channel feature. Two types of channels are offered
on S/360: the selector and the multiplexor. The adjective
"selector" is used to specify the traditional type of I/O
channel which, when once initiated, can sustain only one I/O
operation at a time. In short, it is dedicated to a specific
device from initiation to completion. These we have long
known and can be considered traditional. On the other hand,
the multiplexor channel contains additional registers and
control circuitry to allow the data path to be time-shared
by several relatively low-..speed I/O devices on a demand-
priority basis.
In any input/output operation, registers must hold the
address of the next memory cell to be referenced, the total
number of bytes to be transferred, and certain control infor-
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operation is started, the registers are initialized and the
first memory reference is made. From then on, whenever the
device demands (or allows) service, the appropriate set of
registers is fetched from a local memory and used to route
the next byte to or from main memory. Such a channel is
extremely well suited for handling concurrent operations on
several slow speed character-oriented devices such as tele-
types or remote terminals.
The multisystem features allow two or more CPUs to be
connected in a multiprocessing configuration. These provide
for CPU to CPU communication, memory priority and tie breaking,
a master-slave relationship, and limited types of automatic
reconfiguration and recovery in the face of hardware or soft-
ware malfunctions.
5.1.2. 1/0 Device Survey
The very flexible channel arrangement on S/360 allows a
variety of devices to be connected via multiplexor or selector
channels to a CPU whose speed and storage characteristics
support their operation. The interface between the channel
(either multiplexor or selector) and the control unit is well
defined. If manufacturers of special purpose equipment merely
meet this channel interface spec, they can directly connect
to a 360 channel with no additional hardware or special purpose
r
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circuitry. Thus, it is highly probable that other manufac-
turers will provide device gear to complement IBM's offerings.
However, while this is highly probable, the breadth of IBM's
offerings is impressive. A sampler of such devices is
provided below.
The IBM 2361 core storage unit can either be used as an
extension of memory, or as an I/O device. one or more of
these devices may be attached which provide. independent access
to a 64-bit word double every eight microseconds. Each bulk
storage unit will contain 1,048,576 bytes of storage, each
nine bits (eight data bits plus one parity bit) wide.
In the domain of rotating storage devices, IBM provides
the 2302 disk storage, the 2311 disk storage, the 2321 data
cell drive, the 7320 drum storage, and the 2301 drum storage.
In addition, they have recently announced the 2314 multidisk.
These devices are graded in total capacity, access time, rota-
In the more traditional department of tape drives, they
offer five, ranging from the 15 kilobyte 2415 unit to the
340 kilobyte 7340 hypertape unit. While the drives are
normally the nine track tape, a seven track compatibility option
is also available.
In I/O gear, they offer two card readers: 1402 and the
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1442; a punched paper tape reader; an optical mark reader;
two magnetic character readers; two optical readers; and four
line printers including the 1403-3 which prints at 1100 lines
per minute and also provides the interchangeable train car-
tridge feature. They provide the 2702 control unit which
is the interface to the commdn carrier, and data collection
consoles, data communication consoles, terminals, process
control attachments,?and two versions of CRT displays. To
round out the assortment, the graphical display gear, developed
in conjunction with General Motors, provides the capability to
produce engineering drawings on-line and photograph them for
later reuse.
5.1.3. Model 65 Plans
OCS plans to install anc'IBM model 65 mono-processor in
the first quarter of 1966. This machine will have 524,288
bytes of storage with a cycle time O 750 nanoseconds per
eight byte word. The configuration planned is shown in
figure 1. The single shift monthly rental is $70,000.
The configuration shown is more readily appreciated if it
is analyzed by the subsystems and projects it supports. A
central CPU-memory-storage complex is provided to support all
projects. It consists of the model 65 processor and its two
interleaved core memories, the operator's console, limited on-
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IBM SYSTEM /360
MODEL 65 - MONOPROCESSOR
Con Stamp. 262 KS
2365-2
OPrrator Caaole
10527
MohiPlexor C2 870
5 S S
Centrd Protecting Unit
2065.1
Cammarimtias Data Adapter
2701
Conhd Uri
2841
Con Storage 262K6
2365-2
Carrot Uri
2848
zz6o
CRT '
i
Conlrel Una
2404
020
0-0
02-0
Comr -iadiw
Termwh
2741
rorumerion
2702
Como) Unit
2821
FMA
lease
O 2402 O
D04e 12 1 r l DR30
Corrhd Uri
2840
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line card reading and printing capability, 8 magnetic tape
units, and a 2311 disk file for programming systems resi-
dence. This is supplemented by a second 2311 for applications
program residence and a 2302 disk file for on-line storage
with intermediate access and capacity.
Just this much equipment is a very powerful mono-
processor capable of multiprogramming. Jobs and their data
may be introduced to this system via an off-line card-to-tape
machine, or via the on-line card reading equipment. Output
may be taken on-line or Written on tape for delayed printing.
To this central processing system, three 2741 terminals
have been added to allow the central system to be queried via
communication lines from remote terminals not necessarily
located in the Headquarters Building. Further, three 2250
CRT terminals have been added to allow the computer's files
to be queried and manipulated from the high speed CRT ter-
minal displays located within the Headquarters Building. In
order to provide the additional storage necessary for holding
files for inquiry and display, the 2321 data cell storage
device has been added. This one data cell has the capacity
of 400 million bytes.
The third set of devices added to the configuration will
allow the direct attachment of the Univac 1004 data communi-
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cations net and provide an entry point for our special
 purpc r b FB 'A?a W12 1 : 4 8 F- ' O t -1
This Model 65 is an interim system which will allow us
to convert and process the programs now running on four of
our five computers, will allow us to start building the large
file on the data cell, and will provide an experimental
facility so that we may become experienced with the idio-
syncrasies of two types of remote terminal devices.
To prepare for this interim system, an IBM'Model 30
will be installed in August 1965 to replace the IBM 1401 now
performing yeoman service: printing tapes and reading cards.
A multi-task utility program is being prepared which will
cause the Model 30 to process tasks concurrently as required
by operator action. In addition to this yeoman service, the
early installation of the Model 30 will allow us to perform
these other functions. Since the Model 30 will have both
7 track tapes and 9 track tapes, the file conversion and
translation outlined in Chapter 8 can be initiated. Second,
the training of programmers on System/360 can be started.
The Model 30 operates identically with the Model 65 in every
way except that it does not have the variety of I/O gear and
terminals and it is slower. However, for programmer training,
these are not serious limitations. Third, the programming
systems outlined in the sections to follow can be experimentally
oper gved*wl&& t2AOd 9W4Aod 8 ' 6ROqWlDO ddgramming
e
C17
c
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group in advance of the time when they will be necessary.
5.1.4. Model 67 Plans
In the first quarter of 1967, the model 65 CPU will be
removed and additional equipment will be installed to make
the resulting configuration conform to the schematic in
figure 2. In addition to the twin CPU's each with its own
preferred pair of high speed memories, additional I/O gear
has been added to provide for the growth in services, both
on-line and batch, presently anticipated. In addition,
a pair of IBM 2846 I/O controllers are added between the
channels and the memory bus. These controllers, and the
related CPU hardware, were designed for communications-mode
time-sharing operation. They provide the dynamic relocation
capability thought to be very valuable for this type of
operation.
Before the Model 67 with the twin CPUs is installed,
communication-mode time-sharing will undergo further evalua-
tion so that the costs and benefits may be evaluated. At
the present time, the OCS plans call for the installation
of this hardware as a means of raising the availability of the
system to those who require remote inquiries.
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In any large complex data processing equipment, hardware
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components will occasionally malfunction and these malfunctions
may require a significant period of isolation and repair.
Using the hardware shown on the schematic, isolation switches
may be thrown, either automatically or manually, to disconnect
a malfunctioning unit and allow the remainder of the system
to survive. These switches are an integral portion of the
time-sharing hardware option. They allow a properly designed
software program to dynamically reconfigure the hardware
connections so that the failing unit is isolated. The soft-
ware may then proceed to re-evbluate priorities for work
outstanding and to allocate the remaining processing power
.to those tasks considered most urgent. This is a limited
form of fail-soft operation which will allow all single
hardware failures to be absorbed and some triple hardware
failures to be absorbed before the system becomes unavailable
to all users.
As our computer systems lose their. more traditional
guise and become a more direct and accessible tool to oper-
ating management, availability will be a more critical require-
went. A system planned in mid '65 will be installed in
mid '67 and should be operating smoothly by Christmas, 1967,
This extended development cycle is due to three reasons.
First, the hardware and software are not available from the
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IBM SYSTEM /360
TWIN MODEL 67 CPU-MULTIPROCESSOR
Con Stwoo. 262 KI
23652
Op.wor CornoM
Co,. Stotoo. 262Ke
23652
Pnn.M.t Unit No.)
246) H
Control Unit
2820
CO." um
2611
~Doto GIy,L
tewlrol U.i
2821
Mo46 Did
2314
Control Unit
2848
Control Unit
2804
on
2702
Y741
R.od~-rnrdt
2510
Control UM
2840
Fli~
1403
Multi Dih
2314
ov or as 4/ROl
Irw
Proc.Mw Unit No.2
2067 n
S.l.do. Ckwwtnl
2869 3
OI>ra.r Cond.
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vendor until late '66 or early '67. Second, the program-
ming staff is highly compartmented and not totally acquainted
with these concepts (they have no experience with this type
of operation). Third, even though the hardware, this program,
and the staff training were completed and ready, the large
data files must be meticulously edited, properly structured,
and stored to support such an on-line operation. These files
do not now exist in the proper form, and their development
is a significant undertaking.
5.2. SYSTEM 360 SOFTWARE
The software provided for System/360 consists of one all-.
encompassing integrated design implemented in a modular fashion.
IBM's distribution agency will provide the software modules
requested on magnetic tape. Our systems programmers and
the Systems Engineers from IBM will familiarize themselves
with the documentation related to the modules requested and,
when the-tape is received,. prepare for a process known as
Systems Generations.
Control cards will be prepared and test problems selected.
The.SE's and systems programmers then will visit IBM's local
data center and perform actual SYSGENO This is a multitask
process which results in a. customized operating system for
our machine. If the newly generated system does not require
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hardware which is unavailable at the service center, the
system may be tested immediately upon generation. However,
if the system requires a unique, hardware configuration, it
can only be tested at our facility. The resulting operating
system consists of a control program and several libraries.
The control program contains only the features selected
and the libraries contain language processors to translate
the various source languages into load module form.
The control program operates in the supervisor state
and performs all I/O, scheduling, interrupt handling, and
storage protection. All other programs operate in the problem
state. This is true be they applications programs or vendor
supplied language processors. Thus, to the control program
an application program which determines optimum trajectories
appears just like a language processor program which
translates FORTRAN IV into load module form.
5.2.1. LangyAcLe Processors
IBM will provide processors for four different languages.
Each language processor has one or more design levels. For
example, two FORTRAN processors will be provided. They both
operate under the operating system, and they both translate
the full language from source to load module forma However,
one of these is implemented to accomplish this translation
using several overlays, none of which is larger than 10,000
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 bytes. The other design fits the entire compiler into 200,000
bytes of memory. These offer the user the option of multi-
processing, where one processor may be the compiler, or
mono-processing to gain speedo Similar compromises are
offered for the other source languages.
5.2.1.1. Assembly Language
The assembly program for S/360 operates under Operating
System/360 and translates programs in source language form
to a form suitable for the Link Editor. The assembly is of
more or less traditional design which translates symbolic
instructions with mnemonic operation codes into a compressed
symbolic form required by the Link Editor. The assembler
encompasses the best features from the MACRO forms found
in the 7010 Auto coder and the 7090 MAP languages. The
expected variety in data representation, address calculation,
and applications program sectioning are all provided. The
assembler provides the usual program listings and error in-
dications , a by-product of the assembly process. The
assembler references no libraries, but translates each
module presented on a module by module basis. The output
form goes to the Link Editor which resolves inter-module
symbols, includes library routines as called, and outputs a
relocatable program in load module form suitable for loading
into core.
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5.2.1.2. FORTRAN
The specs for the FORTRAN provided under Operating System
360 are a superset of the specifications used for the FORTRAN
IV compilers now in existence on currently operating equip-
went. The language and the constructs currently allowed are
similarly allowed. However, certain arithmetical differ-
ences may result due to the difference in word length between
current systems and S/360. Many of the programming restric-
tions common to current FORTRAN IV have been relaxed in the
360 version. in addition, additional capability has been
added in the form of variable attribute control, adjustable
array dimensions, and several new codes for formats, I/O
lists, spacing, and literals.
5.2.1.3. COBOL
Operating System/360 COBOL is not completely compatible
with any of the COBOLS now operating on current equipment.
Each of the current COBOLS was (designed to effectively
exploit one or more current computers. Therefore, they
were not completely machine independent. Rather than per-
petuate these difficulties., operating System 360 COBOL cleans
up and purifies many of these language constructs, plus
providing new language constructs necessary for asynchronous
data processing in a multiprogramming environment. An
additional program is provided called the COBOL Language
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Conversion Program (COBOL LCP) which will translate, where
possible, from the constructions presently used in current
COBOL programs to the equivalent construction in 360 COBOL.
Where translations are impossible, the section of code will
be flagged for programmer review.
5.2.1.4. 'PL/I
In parallel with the development of System/360, a new
software design effort was initiated in an attempt to
devise one programming language which would be suitable for
scientific and engineering calculations, business data proc-
essing, and real-time operation. Further, it was decreed that
the language should allow and exploit direct access storage
devices such as drums and disks,
remote terminals, and the
dynamic features provided by the control program and the
hardware interrupt scheme. To accomplish this assignment,
a joint design team was set up consisting of employees of IBM
and volunteers provided by thg-scientific computer users
group, SHARE. The first report was published in mid-1964
.and has undergone several revisions since then. Superficially,
this effort looks like a success and when compilers for the
language are available, a detail evaluation will be made.
The adoption of a single programming language, single
control program, and single computing system has considerable
appeal to those of us who manage a large work force of pro-
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grammers working on a-variety of assignments in a highly
fluid environment. Training is simplified, personnel scheduling
and assignment problems are eased, fewer systems programmers
are required for trouble shooting and maintenance, and the
efficiency of the entire machine room operation is improved.
If these advantages can be accomplished with little or no
additional costs and if the manufacturer provides language
conversion programs to translate from Systezq/360 COBOL and
System/360 FORTRAN into PL/I, then the language will undoubt-
edly be adopted for standard use throughout the Center.
5.2.2. Control Programs
As mentioned above, one integrated control program
design was set down and then optional features were provided
to support different hardware configurations or modes of op-
eration. One large set of these pertains to Data Management.
Data files can be organized to reside on magnetic tape,
disk, or core memory. Furthermore, they may be written once
and read many times, constantly undergo update and change,
accessed in the same form and sequence as they are updated, or
maintained in one form and referenced in yet another sequence
and format. These options, combined with the physical speci-
fications for the various disk devices, tapes, and memories,
require a series of subprograms to be devised called "access
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methods". Additional access methods are sure to come as new
devices are developed. and made available.
Other control program options concern a choice of oper-
ational modes. Data can be batched on a peripheral machine
and presented to the central processor as a series of
sequential tasks with uniform priority. This, of course,
is the traditional mode of operation. Further, data can be
presented to a single processor as it becomes available so
that the processor may reschedule its outstanding work and
adjust its queues between each processing task. Other options
are available which allow multiprogramming and two or more
processors to perform multiprocessing with fixed or dynamic
functional assignments. All of these options are available
in the one design. The System Generation function will
cause combinations of these modules to be selected to support
our operations.
5.2.2.1. Serial Tasking`bperations
The first version of operating System/360 to be employed
by OCS will be a simple serial tasking, batch-operated system.
This will be system generated for the Model 30 configuration
and will be used for training system programmers, for verifying
the operation for the several language processors, for converting
files, and for'checking out converted applications programs.
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This operating system will also be used to perform SYSGEN
for subsequent operating systems, and to check out modifi-
cations to the IBM supplied control programs as required by
unique conditions existing within OCS. A second version of
this serial tasking system will be used for the first several
months on the Model 65 after initial installation in the
first quarter of '66.
5.2.2.2. Multiprogramming
A multiprogramming operating system will be generated
in the third quarter of 1966 for the Model 65 configuration.
It will provide for Assembly, FORTRAN, and COBOL-source
languages. It will be based on the teleprocessing version of
OS/360 and will support a limited number of remote consoles.
It will encompass access methods for files on magnetic tape,
disk and data cell. The preparation of this operating system
will not be a trivial task. The manufacturer's offering
provides most of the features needed although special modules
will need to be prepared for`the non-standard analog to digi-
tal inputs and the Univac 1004. The accounting provided by
the vendor will need to be reviewed so that we may distribute
costs to our various users on the basis of usage even though
we are operating in a multiprogramming mode. In addition,
we must completely review the manufacturer's provisions for
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A
C3
this software will have to be adapted to the Agency configuration
edly will find them lacking and, while their provisions will
be a useful base, we will be forced to provide additional
functional capability to handle our own unique security needs.
5.2.2.3. Remote Retrieval
After the multiprogramming system is operating well and
we have become familiar with.the hardware and software pro-
vided to support remote console operation, it is anticipated.
that we will have to design one or more additional access
methods to allow remote ifquiry, in-process interrupt, high
priority service, and immediate response for the terminals
that we decide to support. It is anticipated that these
modifications will take place within the confines of the
design of OS/360, but they will be undertakings of signifi-
cance occasioned by the unique requirements of the Agency.
5.2.2.4. Twin Processor
The IBM software to;,support the twin Model 67 config-
uration is now in the process of being specified. As indi-
cated above, the Model 67 is in our plans as the best way to
achieve the processing capability we will require in the 1968-
72 period. Preliminary specifications for the multiprocessing
monitor system are available, and they appear to be in sub-
startial agreement with the Agency?s needs. As a minimum,
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shown previously. In addition, any especial provisions
we have incorporated for accounting, security, accountability
or retrieval would necessarily have to be incorporated into
this software design also. As more details become available
on this software, continued study of the specifications will
be necessary in order to determine the necessary additions
to satisfy the Agency's need.
5.3. ANTICIPATED PROBLEMS
In reviewing the IBM supplied software and in becoming
acquainted with the IBM provided hardware, three major prob-
lems have been defined which will require study, solution,
and management approval before the plan outlined above can
be completed. These problems are briefly sketched below.
5.3.1.
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Page 89 deleted.
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D
5.3.2. Audit Trails and Accountability
The "new wave" in computing is on-line operation. Some
of the proponents of this mode of operation have hypothesized
that all computing will be on=line in the next few years.
Several major obstacles must be overcome before such a system
is possible. First, some of our data comes from such widely
spread locations that it must first be concentrated before it
is entered into the computer. For these data, accuracy is more
important than time and the traditional keypunch and verifying
process provides high accuracy combined with low cost. In the
foreseeable future a good pox,ion?of our data will be entered
into the machine in this way.
. Another facet which will impede the predictions concerns
the capabilities of the average trained programmer and his
usual work habits. During the process of programming a task,
a large job requires access to 20 to 50 different pieces of
paper. The current mode of operation spreads these pieces
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of paper all over a large desk where they are instantaneously,
available for ready reference. Single scope displays require
another alternative set of work habits: habits not yet developed.
A third reason why our growth may be more leisurely is
the motor ability of many of our present programmers. While
a large majority of these personnel have had instruction and
frequent access to both typewriters and keypunches, they have
never achieved much proficiency with either. Thus their entry
speed and accuracy will be the source of added expense and some
These three limitations will be with us even though the
current price per user may be brought under control and the
capital investment per individual served can be held to a
manageable value. Thus, we have four major problems to be
solved before remote terminal operation is warmly embraced.
Even though these limitations are removed, yet an addi-
tional technical problem exists. Whenever a single file can
be accessed by more thai"one individual or whenever the con-
tents of that file are the result of two or more uncoordinated
updates, a severe audit trail and accountability problem will
develop. This problem is doubly severe. There is no information
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in the published literature which describes any current
studies on this topic: planned or completed. Even when and
if such studies are available, the problems within the Agency
would amplify the difficulties involved, cause a complete
review of the solutions, and probably would require some
additional features not contemplated elsewhere. At this
writing, the problem is as yet unstudied and must be faced
soon and solved before the twin Model 67 is installed in first
Today it is common for many people in the computer
? field to speak quite glibly about computer based systems which
gracefully degrade in the face of hardware outages. The only
systems to date that fail-softly are some very expensive
military command and control systems which do not handle the
breadth of applications we contemplate, nor do they adhere
to the budget constraints now impressed upon the Agency. In
short, graceful degradation, fail-soft operation, and dynamic
reconfigurations have never yet been successfully demonstrated
in an industrial environment. The IBM Model 67 is reputed to
enjoy these long sought attributes. The software according
to preliminary specs is designed to complement the hardware
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and allow near 1000A availability with a minimum of manual
intervention. When the detailed specs for this hardware and
software are available, a study effort will be established to
meticulously review them and to enumerate the conditions which
can be tolerated and allow one computer to automatically sur-
vive, the conditions which an be tolerated provided prompt
manual action is available, the conditions which cause tempo-
rary loss of the facility, and the conditions which cause
an extensive period of down time. Hopefully, the latter case
will not exist.
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~r^~rrri
Chapter 6.
6.1. MANAGEMENT TRAINING
Courses which emphasize the characteristics of the IBM
360 Model 67 are planned for management-level personnel. They
will cover the operating system, remote terminal usage, sched-
uling of priorities, etc. Course #1, "Administrative Considera-
tiohs of a Multi-Programming System" is scheduled for March
1966 for OCS management and supervisory personnel. This is
r?,
scheduled for a repeat in November 1966. Agency personnel
not in OCS but administratively responsible for remote terminal
users of OCS hardware will be invited to attend either course.
Further courses of this type will be offered on a continuing
basis.
6.2. SYSTEM PROGRAMMER TRAINING
Eight programmers are currently assigned system programming
duties. They will be the first personnel to be indoctrinated
in System 360 and will acquire broad training in great depth.
They will assist in the modification and installation of
System 360 software in the Agency. They will act as in-house
consultants to the applications programming staff, and they
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will perform necessary modifications to the vendor-supplied
software to adapt it to the unique needs of the Agency.
Most training will be conducted either by the Chief, Tech-
nical Staff, or by consultants under his direction. These
.will be either short 2-4 hour seminars or extensive 2-5 day
workshops.
One such workshop has already been held. In this four-
day intensive session the design for a multi-utility program
was set down. This program will. allow the IBM Model 30 to
operate several I/O devices concurrently as required. The
experience gained in designing and constructing such an
interleaved monitor program will be an invaluable base for
our further work. The Model 30 will arrive in August 1965
and replace existing 1401 equipment; some of its time will
be utilized for advanced system programmer training. In addi-
tion, supplementary training will be scheduled at various
universities and at the manufacturer's education center
as special courses are 4f6red.
6.2.1. Tentative Schedule
The following tentative training schedule has been
adopted.
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SYSTEM PROGRAMMER TRAINING SCHEDULE
COURSE NAME
Systems Design
:Direct Access Concepts
e360 Assembly
Compiler Languages
Automatic Programming
360 PL/I
360 RPG
,On-Line Computing Systems
:
Time-Sharing
1Q65 a 2Q65 a 3Q65 ' 4Q65 0 1Q66 ' 2066'
2 e 2
Advanced Multiprogramming
Concepts
,Multiprocessing design
and Throughput Evaluation
Multi programming Monitor
Design
,Query Languages and
Communications
I
Real-Time Programming
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6.3. APPLICATIONS PROGRAMMER TRAINING
A planning effort is now underway to determine the best
method for training the applications programmers. Unfortunately,
the computer field has yet to adopt a standard glossary. Many
of the terms have unique usages private to an individual vendor.
Great benefit will result when only one vendor's equipment is
installed and only one set of software is used. However, to
achieve interchangeability of staff and scheduling flexi-
bility, the existing compartments must be dissolved so that
a common vocabulary, training, and expertise is shared by all
personnel.
one approach to this is to offer three different series
of courses appropriately tuned to the three backgrounds now
prevalent in OCS. one course would be offered for program-
mers skilled in RCA equipment and techniques, one course would
be offered for the character-oriented IBM programmers, and
the third course would be offered toythose-experienced on
binary-oriented IBM equi'ppment. The first sessions of each
of these three courses would be unique to the attendees'
background experience. Naturally, the later sessions would
be all identical.
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in considering such a mode of retraining, considerable
attention will be given to measuring the results of the training
courses. In an attempt to offer a fair opportunity to all
personnel regardless of prior background and in an attempt
to objectively measure the quality of the training offered,
some attempt will be made to measure the results of the
course instruction.
A second approach to training is to exploit the in-
dividual courses offered by the vendor. IBM offers a strik-
ing variety of reasonably well prepared and adequately docu-
mented courses. Until the in-house courses are developed,
personnel will be scheduled to attend vendor sessions as
indicated on the following page. It should be noted that we
are still providing training on existing equipment in order
to support on-going operations prior to the installation of
S/360. The importance of developing excellent training courses
to allow the programmers to make-the transition from earlier
to. very sophisticated egApment cannot be, overemphasized.
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?
,COURSE NAME
APPLICATIONS PROGRAMMER TRAINING SCHEDULE
6.3.1. Tentative Schedule
1
r1401
1
r1410
Systems Design
tnlrect Access Concepts 1 15 ' 25 '.. 9
360 RPG
X360 Assembly
360 FORTRAN 1
,360 COBOL 1 10 5 7
r
360 PL/I
1Q65 2Q65 3Q65 , 4Q65 1Q66 ' 2Q66'
1 ' 2 '
i 1 11 r 31
8 1 10
8 1 35-' 21 '
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The computer programs now used within the Center will
need review and eventual reprogramming if they are to con-
tinue to be of use following the installation of IBM 360
equipment. The S/360 equipment is unique in the computer
field in that the instruction decoding within the main frame
hardware is implemented using a special technique which in-
volves a read-only storage element. All of the control cir-
cuits are controlled by this read-only storage elements to
implement the standard instruction set. The original moti-
vation for this design was economy of circuitry and related
hardware. However, it is possible to outfit the computer
with a second read-only storage element which will cause the
S/360 to interpret and decode 4,,second, completely different,
set of machine instructions.
The Agency S/360 will be outfitted with a second read-
only store causing the S/360 to execute machine language inr
structions originally intended for a 7090 to be executed,
without change, on the System 360. A performance penalty is
paid only when this emulator feature is in use. Thus, if a
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program's usage is expected to be extensive, the program will
still need to be converted. However, through the use of the
emulator, it will be possible to stretch out the effort
required for program conversion so that the required effort
and the available supply-of trained manpower more closely
approximate each other.
With the exception of the temporary emulator capability
for 7090 programs, all existing computer programs will re-
quire conversion if they are to be used after the existing
hardware is released. Im.preparation for such conversion
activity, several steps may be taken. The programmers will
be encouraged to bring their documentation up to date and to
prepare current flow charts, program descriptions, table
definitions, file specifications, and operators' writeups.
Furthermore, special test packages may be prepared which con-
sist of a set of data, a description of that data, a description
of the processing the data requires, a set of outputs from the
operating program, and annotations on that set of outputs.
In addition, the programmers will be supervised so that any
special programming techniques or complex sections or code
are thoroughly documented and enable the conversion process
to proceed with relative ease.
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Programs written in machine language are the most diffi-
cult to convert. They usually require a manual rewrite of the
entire procedure. Programs written in assembly language have
some hope of being automatically translated into a language
suitable for S/360 provided they do not make special use of
unique features available exclusively on current equipment.
Programs written totally in a compiler language can be con-
verted automatically to the equivalent compiler language for
input to S/360 through the use of a series of programs col-
loquially known as "SIFT" programs. A SIFT reads the program
prepared for current equipment and translates those statements
it can to equivalent statements suitable for the new equip-
ment and flags those statements which require manual attention.
Utility programs can be prepared for present equipment
which will ease the conversion process by searching out language
constructions which are difficult, impossible, or inefficient
to translate. Similarly, utility programs can be written for
S/360 which will locate and tabulate statements which require
further manual attention. An automatically-translated program
seldom exploits the capabilities of the new equipment. This
statement is even more true when the new equipment offers
advanced data management and direct access storage devices.
Thus, even when completely automatic translation is possible,
the resulting code will need manual review to reduce. excessive
running times.
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7.1. SCIENTIFIC COMPUTING
The scientific programs have been completely reviewed.
There will be 47 programs which will be in continuing use
after S/360 is installed. Of these, .19 will be completely
rewritten by Agency staff members. Agency staff members will
sift, review, and check out 20 others. The programming
languages currently in use are MAP, PAP, FORTRAN II, and
FORTRAN IV. Some of the PAP programs make use of IOCS. It
is estimated that 21 man-months will be required to convert
the scientific programs a summa we can get the documentation
we require from the organizations which originally furnished
the programs, such as JPL, NSA, and NBS. Outside con-
tractual support may be needed to convert programs with in-
adequate documentation.
7.2.. INTELLIGENCE DATA PROCESSING
The intelligence data processing programs have been com-
pletely reviewed. There will be 9 applications which will
be in continuing use after S/360 is installed. One of these
will use the 7090 emulator, another uses only OCS written
gonoral purpose programs. The other 7 4-h,! the
general purpose programs, will be completely rewritten by
Agency staff members. The programming languages they will
use will be a combination of 360 Assembly Language and COBOL.
it is estimated that 28 man-months will, be required to convert
these intelligence data processing programs.
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7.3. MANAGEMENT DATA PROCESSING
The applications in the management data processing area
have been completely reviewed. There will be 7 individual
applications in continuing use after S/360 is installed.
In addition a single, large-scale Management Information
System is being designed which will replace or obsolete the
other management data systems currently being processed.
These applications will be written using BAL, PL-I', and
COBOL. It is estimated that 262 man-months will be required
to accomplish this programming effort. To do this will re-
quire either an increase in staff personnel or outside con-
tractor support or a combination thereof.
7.4. COMMUNICATIONS OPERATIONS SUPPORT
The supporting programs for communications operations
have been completely reviewed. There will be 8 applications
in continuing use after S/360 is installed. One of these is
in FORTRAN II and may be sifted, reviewed, and checked out.
The other four will be rewritten in COBOL. It is estimated
that 771. man-months will be required to accomplish this effort.
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7.5. STATISTICAL DATA PROCESSING
The programs in the statistical area have been reviewed.
There will be 7 applications in continuing use after S/360
is installed. Three-of them are in FORTRAN II and may be
sifted, reviewed, and re-checked out. The other four will be
rewritten in COBOL. It-is estimated that 11 man-months will
be required to accomplish this effort.
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Chapter 8.
FILE CONVERSION
Information files are stored at the present time either
in punched-card form, magnetic tape form, or a combination
of the two. In addition, the magnetic tapes are prepared
for both the RCA equipment and the IBM equipment. The planned
life of these files will need evaluation and, if they will
be used after the release date of the currently installed
hardware, they will require conversion.
8.1. PUNCHED-CARD FILES
Approximately 1,200,000 punched cards are stored by
OCS. Many of these contain standard BCD data which can be
easily read by the proposed equipment. Others contain in-
formation which will be obsolete before the current equip-
ment is released. The remainder are duplicates of magnetic
tape files discussed below. From an initial analysis it appears
that the conversion of punched card files will be a trivial
problem.
8.2. MAGNETIC TAPE FILES
8.2.1. RCA Tapes
The RCA tapes cannot be used on the IBM tape drives.
At the present time we have 2,252 RCA tapes in inventory.
-106-
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From an initial analysis it appears that only 800 of these
tapes will be required after the RCA equipment is returned.
An IBM compatible tape drive has been ordered for the
RCA 301. After this device has been installed the 301 will
be able to read an RCA tape and rewrite the same information
on the IBM compatible drive. Following this step, the IBM
compatible drive can be entered into the conversion process
outlined below. It is estimated that approximately 300
hours of machine time will be requ-red for the translation
from RCA to IBM.
8.2.2. IBM Tapes
The IBM file conversion is equally formidable. Several
character sets are in use within the facility. The bit struc-
ture of alpha-numeric characters must be modified for the S/360
and then translated from seven-track tape to nine-track tape.
In addition, some files will require a subsequent sort so that
they will again be in the collating sequence of the proposed
equipment. The file.conversion problem can be broken into
eight categories. These categories, and the conversion
processes to be followed, are outline below:
Categories of Tape Files
How Converted
IBM Utility Programs are available.
However, OCS has written a multi-
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Categories of Ta
e Files
How Converted
task tape file conversion program
which can convert approximately
30% of these files using the ini-
tial Model 30. This same program
can run. as a background program
to other processing, it will be
the preferred conversion method.
No conversion in initial stages
while emulating. Later converted
to 9-track by OCS written program,
(if file not obsolete).
Very probable that file will be-
come obsolete.. (Otherwise, use
oCS program.)
:File seldom used, probably pro-
gram will be emulated with no
conversion.
Tapes come from special equip-
ment, non-standard and difficult
to process. An inefficient con-
version is possible using OCS
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written program, however, source
equipment: should be modified.
This will be investigated further.
Systems tapes, will not be used
on IBM 360, except under emulation.
No conversion anticipated.
RCA tapes are not compatible
with IBM hardware. An IBM
compatible tape unit is being
installed on the RCA 301. After
this hardware compatibility con-
version step, tapes will be con-
sidered as category A.
inventory of these tapes, broken down by category, follows:
8.3. CURRENT INVENTORY
At present, there are 4,017 tapes in active. use.
Type
Description
Form, l '(non standard
min. rec size = 1)
Form 2
Form 3
Form 4
-1 O`3-
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Cat y Number
 IBM
FORTRAN Binary
(Standard)
IBM Binary (No Control
Count)
IBM Binary (Control record
with decrement count)
E 23
IBM Binary (Control record C 19
with counts and other
identification information)
C 7
IBM Binary (Control records
with unidentified informa-
tion, other data is
binary integers)
IBM Binary stream data
with no Gaps
IBM Binary, with BCD
counts in 24 bit
word increments
IBM Binary, data with 1
integer per 6 bits records
in multiples of 24 bit
words.
IBM 7090 Systems Tapes
1) binary
2) straight core image
3) col binary image
4) row binary image
5) mixed BCD and col
binary
IBM 1401 System Tape
Odd Parity BCD, form 1
F 3
C 8
C 100
G 92
G 4
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Type
Description
Category
Number
1410 System Tape
Odd Parity BCD,
form 1
RCA
BCD, form 4 H
2190
RCA
BCD, form 1
H
62
TOTAL
4017
8.4. CONVERSION SUMMARY
Of the 4017 tapes in use, 2723 need not be converted. They are
either duplicates of tapes which will be converted or files
which will be obsolete atrthe time conversion takes place.
As can be seen in the following table, only a few files with
nonstandard formats will need to be converted. It is estimated
that only two or three man-months of programming effort will
be required to prepare programs for this effort. The machine-
time hours are summarized below:
Substantive Resort Direct Access
Cat (Reels) Hrs. (Reels) Hrs. (Reels) Hrs. Hrs.
600 86 90 45 550 110 241
300 43 100 20 63
1
800 114 46 23 750 150 287
TOTAL 596
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Chapter 9.
CONTINUING DEVELOPMENTS
Of the projects now underway, two large efforts will
continue to undergo change and evolution during the period
when current hardware is released and the new S/360 is in-
stalled. Project CHIVE is a large scale document/information
retrieval system under evolutionary development in-the Agency,
The Automated Language Processing system has been under con-
tract for several years and the 'initial equipment deliveries
are scheduled for installation and operation in October 1965.
9.1. DOCUMENT/INFORMATION RETRIEVAL
At the present time, installed computer equipment is being
used for exploratory studies. No large production retrieval
runs are being made. The period of exploration is drawing to
a close and it is predicted that the developmental efforts
will use 26 hours of 7090 timefer month in third quarter 1965.
Starting in early 1966 the project will have matured sufficiently
so that the master data base can be constructed. This data
base Is currently estimated to involve 300,000,000 bytes of
information in 1969. Today the file does not exist in auto-
.mated form. To build such a huge file is an awesome under-
taking. It requires hardware of extremely high reliability
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n
with an exceptionally low cost per byte of information stored.
The proposed hardware system provides a Data Cell ex-
clusively for the CHIVE retrieval files. In the interim,
magnetic tapes will retain information after the file is read
and edited. Starting in 1968, remote console interrogation
equipment will also be required on an operational basis.
The hardware system proposed, and the software schedules
provided, will allow this large file to be interrogated using
time-sharing techniques without an appreciable slowing of the
background job currentl `?in process.
It should be noted that IBM 360 has a storage device
capable of holding the required data volumes required by this
project.
Given storage of sufficient volume, it would be possible
to dedicate a single isolated computer to the task of waiting
for an inquiry, searching the file, and formatting the response.
However, it should be noted'that this solution would be
uneconomical to the,,Acency since the computing capacity of
the dedicated computer would not be available for other pur-
poses. Using the time-sharing techniques proposed, it is
estimated that the retrieval query and response processing
will total only two hours per day on one model 67 after the
system is in full operation.
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9.2.. LANGUAGE PROCESSING
For several years the Agency has followed developments
pioneered by the IBM Corporation in the development of language
translation hardware. A key device in this effort is the ALP
Processor which is built around a unique read-only photostore
memory which holds dictionaries and other lexographic material.
The ALP-Processor in turn feeds information to a general
purpose computer for additional processing.
The special purpose equipment will be delivered and
installed in fourth quarter 1965. An IBM 1401 computer will
be obtained and dedicated to this development effort. Assuming
the equipment and techniques prove out, the 1401 will be
returned to the manufacturer on or about September 1966 and
the special purpose ALP Processor will be connected to the
360/65 then installed within OCS. Similar time-sharing
techniques will be applied to allow the Model 65 to perform
commercial and scientific computatidns whenever its facilities
are not required to support the ALP project. When the ALP
equipment,is inactive, 100 per cent of the Model 65's compu-
tational power will be available for other purposes. When the
ALP equipment is in use, short sequences (sometimes amounting
to only a few milliseconds) of CPU time will be used as required.
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It is estimated that the sum total of these little bursts of
computation will amount to one half hour per day in the first
quarter 1967.
This support makes use of both the multiplexing channel
of S/360 and the standard hardware interrupt system. Without
these two features, a whole computer would be dedicated while
the ALP equipment was in operation.
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Chapter 10.
CHANGEOVER SCHEDULE
The plan for transition from the present heterogeneous
OCS hardware/software complex tojthe monolithic system pro-
posed for the Second Quarter 1967 is'firm. The transition
to this objective acquired several intermediate steps.
Even though the schedule is firm', minor modifications will
be made in specific features or.components or in dates if
the production requirements so djpmand. For example, the
plan calls for the IBM 7090 to be replaced with an IBM 360/65
with no time overlap. Of course, this is contingent on the
prior thorough testing and 100% compatible performance of the
7090 emulator on the Mod 65.
10.1. INSTALLATION SCHEDULE
The 28 individual events shown.on the following schedule
are considered management milestones. Naturally, many other
intermediate checkpoints will occur-between these major mile-
stones. Of particular significance to the Technical Staff are
the preparation and/or verification of the four control pro-
grams discussed in Section 5.2.2. The successful operation
of these programs are. prerequisites to the milestones listed
below.
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Since the various language processors of System 360
are independent of the control programs, the applications work
force can proceed to: prepare programs; the applications work
force can prepare programs in the languages indicated below
without fear of having these programs obsoleted by control
program changes. In some cases, such as the processing of
inquiries from remote consoles, it will be necessary to pre-
pare substitute macros if it is desired to start checkout
prior to the availability of certain control program features.
When such macros are pregared, it will be possible to program
and checkout applications programs which will, to a great
extent, be independent of the schedules for control programs.
After the control programs and the hardware have been thoroughly
checked, the ersatz macros can be replaced by active routines
and the console capabilities will be available through the
simple process of reassembly.
INSTALLATION SCHEDULE
MILESTONE TARGET DATE
1. August 1964 FORTRAN II programming discon-
tinued. All new programming
in FORTRAN IV.
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MILESTONE TARGET DATE
2. December 1964 1401 AUTOCODER programming
discontinued. All new work
in 360 assembly language.
3. July 1965 1410 mainframe converted to
7010.
4. August 1965
August 1965
September 1965
September 1965
7010 AUTOCODER programming
discontinued. All new work
in 7010 COBOL.
Rearrange machine room in
preparation for ALP equipment &
Model 30--
Y.,
ALP equipment received from
vendor. Model 30 installed.
Programming support for 1401
AUTOCODER discontinued.
November 1965
Peripheral 1401 returned to
manufacturer. Additional
plotter equipment installed.
February 1966 FAP/MAP programming discon-
tinue:d _1 All new work in
FORTRAN IV or PL/I.
10. February 1966 7090 COBOL retired. All new
work in 360 COBOL or PL/I.
11. February 1966 Programming support for 7090
COBOL discontinued.
12, March 1966 S/360 Model 65 received. 7090
returned to manufacturer.
13. April 1966 7090 FORTRAN IV programming
discontinued. New work in
360 FORTRAN or PL/I.
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April 1966
July 1966
July 1966
July ?1966
September 1966
October 1966
November 1966
November 1966
December 1966
January 1967
February 1967
March 1967
May 1967
RCA 301 Code programming dis-
continued. New work in 360
COBOL or PL/I.
ALP on-line to Model 65. ALP
1401 returned to manufacturer.
7010 AUTOCODER Programs con-
verted to PL/I.
7010 COBOL Programs converted
to 360 COBOL or PL/I.
7010 returned to the manu-
facturer.
7090 FORTRAN II programs con-
verted to 360 FORTRAN or PL/I.
7090 FORTRAN IV programs con-
verted to 360 FORTRAN or PL/I.
7090 FAAP/MAP programs converted
to PL/I.
Twin Model 67's received.
Models 30 and 65 returned to
manufacturer.
RCA 301 returned to manufac-
turer.
Beckman A/D equipment received.
7010 COBOL programming discon-
tinued. New work in 360
COBOL or PL/I.
501 EZCODE programming discon-
tinued. New work in 360 COBOL
or PL/I.
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MILESTONE TARGET DATE ACTIVITY
28. May 1967 RCA 301/501 programming
discontinued.
10.2 PHYSICAL ARRANGEMENTS
To accomplish the hardware transformations indicated in
the previous section, eleven hardware events wil~ take place.
Although some crowding will take place and temporary opera-
tional dislocations will result, the hardware events planned
can take place completely within the confines of the present
CIA Computer Center. As shown on the following table, the air
conditioning and KVA loads will vary' throughout this process.
Based on available preliminary information, no additional air
, 14
conditioning or power capacity will ]be required although minor
changes and adjustments will be necessary to provide cooling
where the heat is generated and receptacles where the power
is required..
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Event
Date
Event
Air Condit.
BTU/Hr
Power
KVA
1.
Jun 65
None (presently Installed
349,000
135
2.
Jul 65
Computers)
Convert IBM 1410 System to
354,000
138-
3.
Aug 65
IBM 7010 System and provide
space for ALP System.
Move IBM 1401 System, Cal-
354,000
138
4.
Sep 65
Comp-Plotter, and IBM 7090
for IBM 360/30 installation
Install IBM/360/30 and ALP
478,000
187
5.
Nov 65
Remove IBM 1401 System and
411,000
158
Temporary Ir#stallation;
Install Benson-Lehner
Plotter.
Remove IBM 7090; Install
560,000
218
360/65
7.
Apr 66
Install Beckman A/D System
585,000
228
8.
Nov 66
Connect ALP to 360/65; Re-
489,000
182
9.
Mar 67
move IBM 7010 System
Install IBM 360/67 System
700,000
259
10.
May 67
Remove IBM 360/30
Remove RCA 301 System
675,000
251
11.
May 67
Remove RCA 501 System
612,000
229
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Chapter 11.
BIBLIOGRAPHY
During the course of this study, several supporting
investigations and studies were performed. These are in the
OCS administrative files for the use of interested parties.
They are described below.
11.1. ADVANCED (THIRD GENERATION) HARDWARE AND SOFTWARE
TECHNOLOGY
Describes the terminology, hardware and software con-
siderations necessary in a multi-time-sharing system. Discusses
I/O and computing methods, concepts of remote user terminals,
fail soft, fail safe, and memory protect features of new tech-
nology. Third generation micro-electronics, random access
hardware, bulk core, and CRT display systems are discussed.
A general discussion of methods and considerations in repro-
gramming fora new computer system is given.
11.2. COMPETITIVE HARDWARE EVALUATION
Computes the relative efficiency of competitive com-
puter systems. Introduces, very briefly, 16 separate computer
systems and evaluates the efficiency of these systems against
the IBM 7094. Provides efficiency factors based on cycle
time, add time, and cost to arrive at relative cost-efficiency
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.factors. Comparative computer hours required to accomplish
two different work loads are presented for 24 old and new
computer systems.
11.3 PHYSICAL PLAN FOR COMPUTER EQUIPMENT
Physical plan for hardware installation describes the
floor plan, power, and air-conditioning required for,the
central computer room from its current configuration until
the final installation of the multi-processor IBM 360 installa-
tion in 1967. Considers all known hardware additions, sub-
stitutions and deletions during this time period.
11.4 CURRENT UTILIZATION AND COSTS
Study of the OCS computer center's hardware utilization
and costs. Gives data on computer use time for various agency
"customers" and graphs total utilization by computer system.
11.5 TRAINING REQUIREMENTS
Provides individual training schedules required to
prepare all programmers and operators for the IBM 360.system.
Some 20 courses are listed. Schedules list courses to be
taken by each individual by calendar year quarters.
11.6 RENT VERSUS PURCHASE CONSIDERATIONS
The rent and purchase cost factors are in terms of the
estimated retention period for each hardwa
the evolution of advanced computer system.
e, component during
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