JOINT ARMY-NAVY INTELLIGENCE STUDY OF SOUTHWEST JAPAN:

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• Document Creation Date: December 16, 2016
• Document Release Date: December 14, 2004
• Sequence Number: 9
• Publication Date: August 1, 1944
• Content Type: STUDY

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JAN-IS 84
CHAPTER IX
RESOURCES AND TRADE ~~DNpq1AL FILE
REMOVE
JOINT ARMY-NAVY INTELLIGENCE STUDY
Hardcopy document OF
Released-in-Full SOUTHWESTv JAPAN
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.koku, and Southwestern Honshu
Kyushu, Shi
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A UGUST 194
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 Approved For Release 2004/12/20 : CIA-RDP79-01144AO01500010009-6
List of Effective Pales,, Chapter I :
SUBJECT MATTER
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Table of Contents cont d and imprint (inside back cover, reverse blank) . Original
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Table of Contents
Note: This chapter is based on material available in Washington, D. C. on 1 August 1944.
Page
90. ECONOMIC REGIONS OF SOUTHWEST JAPAN. . IX - 1
A. Kyushu . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . IX - 1
(1) Southern and eastern Kyushu . . . . . . ..[X - 1
(2) Northern Kyushu . . . . . . . . . . . Ix- 1
B. Shikoku . . . . . . . . . . . . . . IX- 2
C. Chilgoku-chiho . . . . . . . . . . . . . . IX - 2
(1) Inland Sea sub-region . . . . . . . . . . IX- 2
(2) Japan Sea sub-region . . . . . . . . . . IX- 2
D. Kinki-chiho . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . IX - 2
(1) Osaka-fu and Hyogo-ken . . . . . . . . . IX - 2
(2) The remainder of Kinki-chiho . . . . . . . I:. - 3
B. The Nagoya region . . . . . . . . . . . . IX - 3
91. FOOD RESOURCES . . . . . . . . . . . . IX - 3
A. Present food position . . . . . . . . . . . . IX - 3
B. General characteristics of agriculture . . . . . . . IX - 3
(1) Land use . . . . .. ... . . . . . . . Ix - 3
(2) Size of farms . . . . . . . . . . . . Ix: - 3
(3) Manpower, fertilizer, and machinery . . . . . IX- 4
(4) Crop specialization in Southwest Japan . . . . IX - 4
C. Food consumption and food balance . . . . . . IX - 5
(1) General characteristics and nutritive value of diet . IX - 5
(2) Food supply in Southwest Japan . . . . . . IX - 5
(3) Surplus and deficit areas in Southwest Japan . . IX- 5
D. Food production in Southwest Japan . . . IX - 5
(1) Rice . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . IX - 5
(2) Other grains . . . . . . . . . . . . . IX .. 6
(3) Beans . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . IX .. 6
(4) Sweet potatoes and Irish potatoes . . . . . . IX- 6
(5) Fresh vegetables and fruits . . . . . . . . IX - 6
(6) Livestock products . . . . . . . . . IX- 7
(7) Tea . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . IX - 7
E. Fishing industry . . . . . . . . . . . . . IX - 7
F. Food products industry . . . . . . . . . . . IX - 8
'(1) Liquor industry . . . . . . .. . . . . . IX - 8
(2) Canning and bottling industry . . . . . . . IX - 8
(3) Wheat flour . . . . . . . . . . . . IX - 8
(4) Sugar refining . . . . . . . . . . . . IX - 9
Page
(5) Sweetmeats . . . . . . . . . . . . . IX. 9
(6) Other . .. . . . . . ... . . . . . . IX- 9
92. WATER SUPPLY . . . . . . . . . . . . . IX - 9
A. Natural availability . . . . . . . . . . . . IX - 9
(1) Cold water sources . . . . . . . . . . IX_ 9
(2) Hot water sources . . . . . . . . . . . IX. 9
B. Developed sources . . . . . . . . . . . . . IX - 9
(1) Abundance of waterworks . . . . . . . IX - 9
(2) Quality of waterworks . . . . . . . . . . IX - 9
(3) Municipal water sources . . . . . . . . . IX - 9
(4) Dams . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . IX -10
(5) Reservoirs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Ix- id
(6) Intakes . . . IX -11
(7) Drilled wells . . . . . . . . . . . . Ix_ 11
(8) Dug wells . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Ix. 11
(9) Lakes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Ix_ 11
(10) _ Purification systems . . . . . . . . . . Ix_ 11
(11) Table of waterworks . . . . . . . . Ix- 11
93. CONSTRUCTION MATERIALS . . . . . . . . . IX - 17
94. INDUSTRIAL RAW MATERIALS AND PRIMARY
PROCESSING . . . . . . . . . . . . . IX_ is
A. Minerals . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . IX - 18
(1) Iron-bearing ores . . . . . . . . . . . IX -18
(2) Ferro-alloys . . . . . . . . . . . . . IX-18
(3) Non-ferrous metals . . . . . . . . . Ix. 19
(4) Non-metali!.ic minerals and products . . . . . IX-22
B. Fuel . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . IX-23
(1) Coal . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . IX-23
(2) Coke . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . IX -_24
(3) Petroleum . . . . . . . . . . . IX - 26
(4) Charcoal . . . . . . . . . . . . . . IX-26
C. Industrial crops . . . . . . . . . . . . . . IX .27
(1) Sericulture . . . . . . . . . . . . . . IX-27
(2) Other crops . . . . . . . . . . . . . IX-27
.95. MANUFACTURING PLANTS . . . . . . . . . IX-28
A. Iron and steel . . . . . . . . . . . . . . IX - 23
(1) Over all capacity and production . . . . . IX-28
(Table of Contents continued inside back cover)
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Chapter IX
RESOURCES AND TRADE
90. Economic Regions of Southwest Japan
The Southwest Japan area covered in this study includes
37 of the land area of Japan and 50 `%. of its 75,000,000
population. It grows roughly 45 `%r of the food produced in
Japan (about 3/8 of the food consumed), and its factory work-
ers number approximately 55 '/'/( of the country's total.
Southwest Japan's 25 prefectures are grouped administra-
tively into 5 regions: the islands of Kyushu and Shikoku, and
3 divisions of southwestern Honshu: Chugoku-chiho (the
"Middle Country"), Kinki-chiho (the "Home Provinces"),
and T6kaid6 (the "Eastern Road").*
Each of these regions, except Shikoku, includes industrial dis-
tricts of great importance, located either along the main sea-
way which leads from the Asiatic mainland to the economic
heart of Japan at the eastern end of the Inland Sea, or, in the
case of Nagoya, on the land route from the great center of
Osaka-Kobe to Tokyo and. Yokohama.
There are important agricultural areas in each administra-
tive region, mostly in small valleys or plains that are wide near
the coast and. taper off inland toward the mountains. Away
from the coasts there are scattered, discontinuous areas of culti-
vation in basins and valleys, notably in the Kyoto and Biwa-ko
lowland. (TABLE IX - 1 and FIGURES IX - Si, IX - 53, and
IX-58).
The Osaka-Kobe district is a center for the processing and
fabrication of steel and other metals as well as for almost every
other kind of manufacturing. The Nagoya district is of the
highest importance in aircraft and machinery. The north Kyu-
shu district is the great coal mining area of Southwest Japan,
where imported iron ore is converted into pig iron and steel.
Yamaguchi and Hiroshima prefectures, at the western end of
the Inland Sea, are becoming increasingly important in the
production of chemicals and ordnance.
A. Kyushu.
The island of Kyushu is divided into primarily industrial
and primarily agricultural areas, lying to the west and east, re-
Page IX - I
spectively, of a line from Omuta to the Inland Sea coast below
Moii.
(1) Southern and eastern Kyushu.
This region, including the prefectures of Kagoshima, Miya-
zaki, Oita, and Kumamoto, is the least densely populated and
the least industrialized of Southwest Japan. Nitrogen chemicals
are produced at Nobcoka on the eastern coast and at Minamata
on the Yatsushiro-wan, using hydroelectric power. Tsurusaki in
Oita prefecture makes dye intermediates from coal tar by-prod-
ucts brought from further west, and there are 3 cement plants
in Oita prefecture. A copper and lead smelter and a copper re-
finery are at Saganoseki in Oita prefecture, on the outer sea
route from the south into Japan.
The region is mountainous and has large timber resources.
It is a large charcoal producer. Silk culture and reeling are of
some importance, particularly in Kumamoto prefecture.
Southern and eastern Kyushu are more nearly self-sufficient
in food supplies than other parts of Japan. Sweet potatoes are
an important crop in the south. They are grown in such quan-
tities that some surplus rice can be exported. Parts of Kuma-
moto and Oita prefectures lying farthest to the north and west
supply food to the northern industrial district.
The low industrial importance of this region is illustrated
by its decline in population between 1935 and 1940. Outward
migration at a rate well above 1 `Jo a year was not quite bal
anced by the natural increase in population.
(2) Northern Kyushu.
The 3 prefectures of Fukuoka, Saga, and Nagasaki contain
almost all of Southwest Japan's coal fields, Japan's greatest pig
iron and steel district, and important shipyards. Nagasaki has
fisheries, and Saga and southern Fukuoka have fields of rice
and other grains, but in the aggregate there is a subst^ntial de-
ficiency in food production. With growth in the steel and other
industries, population rose 10'(' from 1935 to 1940, when
there were 5,200,000 persons in this region of 4,500 square
miles.
The coal fields of Omuta, of northern Fukuoka prefecture,
and of Nagasaki and Saga prefectures, all produce bituminous
coal of a poor coking quality. They account for 2i of Japanese
production, and supply about / of the coal consumption of
TABLE IX - 1.
RELATIVE ECONOMIC IMPORTANCE OF THE REGIONS OF SOUTHWEST JAPAN.
(As measured by percentages of food production, population, and employment in manufacturing and mining, various dates 1930-1940)
CIII'GOKU-011116
KINKI-Cliln0
TOKAIDO
PERCENTAGES
SOUTI I
NORTII
INLANII
JAPAN SEA
OSAKA-
REST
(IN PART)
SOUTIIW14ST
OP ALL JAPAN
& EAST
WEST
SEA
HYOGO
Aicin MIE-GIFU
JAPAN
d A
8
0
0
3
6
5
2.6
2.7
Lan
rea
.
.
.
Food Production,
1935-1937-1939 avg.
10.0
6.6
4.7
5.9
1.8
3.7
4.2
2.7 3.2
42.9
Population 1940
6.5
7.1
4.6
6.1
1.7
11.0
5.4
4.3 3.4
50.0
Persons in All Manu-
facturing 1930 1 _ _
E.4
6.2
4.3
5.7
1.3
15.2
6.9
6.2 3.7
54.1
Workers 1938
Factor
2
3
5.2
2.9
5.5
0.8
21.1
5.3
9.3 3.4
55.8
y
Persons in Mining 1930
.
3.
48.3
3.1
6.2
0.3
1.7
1.0
0.9 11.9
65.6
1 Including household workshops with fewer than 5
workers.
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Page IX - 2 RESOURCES AND TRADE
Southwest Japan; the balance is provided mainly by imports
from the continent. These imports include high-grade coking
coal necessary for the operation of Japan's blast furnaces.
The chemical industry of Fukuoka prefecture is closely as-
sociated with coal and coke production. Synthetic ammonia,
nitric acid, calcium carbide, calcium cyanamide, dye intermedi-
ates, and synthetic oil are all produced in quantities which
range from roughly 7 7o (synthetic oil) to 15 "C or more of
the totals available to Japan.
Fukuoka's coke oven capacity is nearly 1 of all Japan's and
; i of the total in Japan, Korea, and Manchuria. Most of the
coke is used locally, chiefly in the blast furnaces at Yawata.
The iron and steel industry of northern Kyushu is believed to
be consuming a large part of the iron ore imported into South-
west Japan. Processing is carried through the rolling mill stage
at Yawata. Steel-using industries are much less concentrated
in Kyushu than elsewhere. There are important shipyards and
engine works at Sasebo and Nagasaki, a large arsenal at K.o-
kura, and a major machine tool plant at Karatsu (Saga-ken).
There is some primary processing of imported bauxite and
zinc concentrates at Yawata and Omuta, respectively. Cement
is produced at Moji and Yawata.
The island of Shikoku lies apart from the main currents both
of external commerce and of inter-island trade in heavy indus-
trial commodities. Because urban centers are few its population
density is low in comparison with that of most other regions,
but the number of farms per square mile is exceptionally high
in its agricultural districts. Shikoku is closely balanced as to
food supply.
Of the 4 prefectures of Shikoku-Kochi, Tokushima, Kaga-
wa, and Ehirne-all but the last have declined in population
in recent years. Manufacturing has been chiefly of consumer
goods, including cotton yarn and rayon, and is concentrated
along the inner coasts of the island, particularly in Ehime.
Ehime is of some importance for its deposits of copper-bearing
iron pyrites, from which sulphuric acid as well as metal is ob-
tained. The Niihama district has smelters and chemical plants.
Kagawa has extensive evaporation beds for the production of
salt, a deficit item in Japan.
C. Chiigoku-chiho.
This adm:instrative region, consisting of the 5 westernmost
prefectures of Honshu, is naturally divided into an area partly
industrial and partly agricultural facing the Inland Sea, and
an area primarily agricultural facing the Japan Sea.
(/) Inland Sea sub-region.
Yamaguchi, Hiroshima and Okayama prefectures form an
economic region whose common denominator is easy access to
Japan's internal sea lane. Although the 3 prefectures together
present a balanced cross-section of the Japanese economy, they
differ individually in character. Yamaguchi is most highly
specialized in chemicals, Hiroshima in steel and steel-using in-
dustries, and Okayama is the largest agricultural producer. The
region as a whole has a moderately large deficit in food pro-
duction.
Ube. in Yamaguchi-ken (prefecture), produces nitrogen
chemicals, synthetic oil, and cement. The Ube coal fields are of
lignite, and far smaller than those of Kvushu. One of the
largest magnesium plants under Japanese control is also lo-
cated at Ube. At Tokuyama and neighboring places there are
a naval station, steel rolling mills, oil refineries, and some syn-
thetic oil plants. Iwakuni, bordering Hiroshima-ken, is a rayon
center.
Kure, in Hiroshima-ken, has a. naval base, shipyard, and
arsenal, with its own furnaces for making steel. Near Hiro-
shima city there are important machine tool and other ma-
chinery plants. Hiroshima-ken has several rayon plants, but
these are not believed to be operating at present.
Hiroshima-ken has extensive timber stands. Both Yama
guchi-ken and Okayama-ken are leading producers of salt, and
Okayama of brick.
(2) Japan Sea sub-region.
The prefectures of Shimane and Tottori are in some general
respects similar to the island of Shikoku. That is, they are pri-
marily agricultural, but produce no significant food surpluses;
there are no cities with population over 100,000, and the total
population has declined slightly in recent years. Manufac-
turing is chiefly of consumer goods.
A moderately large well-integrated iron and steel plant is
believed to be in operation in Shimane-ken. In the same vicin-
ity there is a railroad car building plant. Shimane-ken and
Tottori-ken have a fair share of Japan's very scanty reserves
of ferro-alloys.
The "Home Provinces", once facing toward the old capital
of Kyoto, have Iona had their economic focus in Osaka and
Kobe, the 2 great cities and ports. For statistical purposes the
prefectures of Osaka and Hyogo must be treated together in
order to show the concentration of industry in and between
these 2 cities, but a still truer picture would include the pre-
fectures of Kyoto, Shiga, Nara., and Wakayama, as well as the
greater part of Hvogo. These 5 prefectures all have cities that
are satellites to Osaka and Kobe; they extend back to the outer
coasts or to mountain ranges at the northeast and southeast
(1) Osaka-fu and Hyogo-ken.
These 2 prefectures, with 11 "(` of Japan's population
19/10), had 2 l `4 of the country's factory workers in 1938.
Though the textile industries, which employed ',~ of all fac-
tory workers in 1935, have contracted greatly, it is possible
that there is still greater concentration of manufacturing- activ-
ity in and around Osaka and Kobe today than in 1938. The
population of the 2 prefectures increased by nearly 800,000,
or 11 % , between 19'35 and 1940. Almost every branch of
modern and old-style industry, except rayon, is strongly rep-
resented.
Osaka-fu and Hyogo-ken prefectures have about / of the
steel making capacity of Japan proper, with a higher proportion
for alloy steel: about % of the copper refining capacity; 2 of
the largest shipbuilding establishments in Japan at Kobe: per-
haps % of the machine tool production: and important nlants
in the manufacture of gears, anti-friction bearings, and electri-
cal equipment (including wire and cable, heavy generators and
turbines, small motors and generators, communications equip-
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RESOURCES AND TRADE Page IX - 3
merit, and incandescent lamps). The 2 prefectures possess about
of the sulfuric acid capacity of Japan. An army arsenal at
Osaka makes guns and there also appear to be brass mills and
shell-making plants at Osaka. There are major aluminum roll-
ing mills in Osaka, and the operations of the second largest air-
craft manufacturer in Japan arc centered in Osaka.
Osaka has been a center of wood-using industries. Many
small yards building wooden ships are located there and at
Kobe.
Osaka-fu's 700 square miles are fairly flat, and this small
land area produces substantial quantities of rice, vegetables
and fruits. In the aggregate, however, the 2 prefectures of Osaka
and Hyogo have a very large deficit of food production, little
helped by neighboring areas.
(2) The remainder of Kinki-chiho.
Only those parts of the region contiguous to Osaka are of
importance in manufacturing. The single exception is Maizuru
on the Japan Sea, with its naval base engaged in. destroyer and
light cruiser construction. The textile industries formerly em-
ployed as many as 55 `;%% of the factory workers.
Kyoto and Wakayama have fairly large food production
deficits, although Wakayama is a major fruit growing district.
E. The Nagoya region.
The economic structure of the Nagoya region is in some ways
similar to that of Kinki-chiho, though on an over-all scale only
about 1/2 as large. Mie-ken and Gifu-ken are the satellite areas
for Nagoya, and in them, as in the satellite areas of Kinki-chiho,
small-scale manufacturing is highly developed.
Textiles were relatively more important before the war in the
Nagoya region than in the Osaka district and its surrounding
territory. Forty per cent of the factory workers of Aichi-ken
and 60?J% in both Mie-ken and Gifu-ken were in textile fac-
tories. This region lies on the edge of Japan's principal silk
district, centered northeast of Nagoya.
The manufacture of textiles has been displaced by manufac-
ture of aircraft and components, machine tools, and other
branches of the machinery and allied industries, including
trucks, tanks, and railroad locomotives. Tartan's principal air-
craft m nufactiirer is located in Aichi prefecture, with an esti-
mated 1/ of all Tapanese production. Very important anti-fric-
tion bearing plants are located in Mie-ken. Machine tool pro-
duction is probably as large as in the Osaka region. The steel-
making capacity of the Nagoya region is relatively small, and
is chiefly devoted to alloy steel. There is little or no smelting or
refining of metal other than steel.
Aichi's ootterv and glass industries were biased on clw and
silica sand deposits in Gifu and Aichi prefectures. Gifu is a
fairly important timber producing prefecture, and has the
largest lead and zinc mine of Tartan.
The food production deficit of the Nagova region is very
large, but the region is closer to self-sufficiency than Kinki-
chiho.
91. Food Resources
A. Present food position.
Shortages of manpower, draftpower, and fertilizer have re-
sulted in a slight decline in agricultural production as compared
to the high level reached in the late 1930's. Two extremely poor
rice crops in 1940 and 1941 were followed by a normal crop
in 1942. The 1.943 rice crop, to be consumed in 1944, was
reported to be 20,200,000,000 pounds, about 5% below the
high level reached in the late 1930's and only slightly below
the average of 1935, 1937, and 1939 which is used as a statis-
tical base in this study.
To cover the food requirements of a growing population,
the government has resorted to 4 principal measures: (1) an
increase in the imports of rice, soybeans, beans, etc.; (2) a
reduction in the amount of food diverted to non-food uses,
such as sake; (3) a reduction in rice polishing; and (4) ra-
tioning. Rice delivery quotas were imposed on producers, and
the quantities collected were distributed through rations dif-
ferentiated according to age, sex, and degree of physical activity.
Imports are now necessary from areas outside the Japanese
Empire in order to maintain the total food supply of Japan
proper at the level of prewar consumption. The per capita food
supply of the civilian population, 'however, is less than in the
late 1930's because of an increase in population, and per capita
needs are higher because of longer working hours.
If all imports, including those from Korea, Manchuria, and
Formosa were cut off, the total supply would now be only 80'7c
of prewar total consumption.
B. General characteristics of agriculture.
Desnite the rapid industrialization of Japan in recent years,
agriculture remains the basic industry of the Japanese economy.
About 40% of the nonnlb+tion is rural and annroximately the
same nroportinn of the labor force is engaged in farm work.
01,t-fining a s,,fficiencv of foodstuffs has always been an acute
orohlrm for Tapan, and the war has further aggravated the
situation.
(1) Land use.
The acreage of available land is small in relation to the
growing population of Japan. In 1939, Japan had a cultivated
area of 14,896,000 acres or 15.S%, of the total land area of
the islands. Even with vigorous government efforts to enlarge
the cultivated area, there has been practically no expansion in
the past 2 decades. In view of the practical difficulties of land
reclamation in Japan, caused especially by the hilly and moun-
tainous character of so much of the country (FIGURE IX -1) ,
the prospects are poor for much expansion of cultivated area
in the future.
Southwest Tapan has 5,758,000 acres, or 38.6?', of Tapan's
cultivated land area, and 50%% of Tapan's population. Kvushu
has 13.7 %% of the total cultivated land area in Southwest
Japan; Shikoku, 4.4%; the 5 Chugoku-chiho prefectures at
the western end of Honshu, 7.7%: the 6 prefectures of Kinki-
chiho, 6.8'le ; and Aichi, Mie, and Gifu, 6.0 %% . The largest
agricultural prefecture in terms of acreage is Kagoshima in
southern Kyushu. Further details on cultivated and other areas
in Southwest Tartan will be found in Topics 24A, 24B, and
TABLE II - I of CHAPTER H.
(2) Size of farms.
Farm units in Japan are very small, averaging only 2.7
acres. In Southwest Japan the farm units are even smaller,
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Page IX - 4
FIGURE IX - 1. Miyazaki Prefecture.
Tokaido, date unknown. Terraced fields, dry crops in foreground, rice
plots above and at right. Note unfenced land, typical
in agricultural districts.
generally averaging 2 acres in size. In 1939, for Japan as a
whole, 34''0; of all farm households cultivated less than 1.2
acres each,; 33 `Je cultivated from 1.2 and 2.4 acres; 24
from 2.4 to 4.8 acres, and only 91; cultivated more than 1.9
acres. Most of the cultivated land is worked by tenants. Ab-
sentee ownership is very common.
(3) Manpower, fertilizer, and machinery.
The productivity of Japanese farms has depended largely on
the abundance of labor. In 1930, 14,130,000 workers, 48
of the total labor force, were engaged in farming. It is estimated
that by 191/1 the number will have declined nearly 5 `,4 to
about 13.5 million. Because of the rapid growth of war indus-
tries and the over-all expansion of employment, however, the
decline in the proportion of farm labor to all labor was larger,
the proportion being about I I', now as against 18 (' in 1930.
Furthermore, during the war years, the sex and age composition
of the farm labor force has undergone drastic changes. Farms
are operated today to a large extent by women, children, and
older people.
Per capita, productive power in terms of monetary value is
relatively greater in large-scale than in small-scale farming,
but the small-scale farms predominate. Mechanization of farm
operation is relatively slight in Japan.
Fertilizer is next in importance to labor as a production
factor in Japan's agriculture. Compared with countries where
an extensive system of agriculture is used, japan requires large
amounts of fertilizer for her highly intensive system. Farm ex-
penditures for fertilizer represent about 10 r of gross agricul-
tural income. Japanese farmers fully utilize local fertlizers such
as night-soil, compost, green manure, wood ashes, and commer-
cially traded fertilizers such as bean cake and fish fertilizer.
Chemical fertilizers, however, are extremely important and the
existing high levels of yield are largely dependent on them.
Assuming no increase in the use of manure, night-soil, and sim-
ilar products, it has been estimated that total agricultural pro-
duction would drop by 20' , if nitrogen-bearing chemical fer-
tilizers were completely eliminated. Japan has been experienc-
ing some fertilizer shortage since 1941, because military de-
mands for nitrogen compounds compete with those of agricul
ture (Topic 95, B, ( I ) ).
(4) Crop specialization in Southwest Japan.
Generally speaking, the distribution of principal crops is
quite homogeneous throughout Japan proper (TABLE IX - 2).
Largely because of climatic diversity, however, Southwest Japan
grows a larger proportion of most crops than would be expected
from its 38.7' , share of the cultivated acreage (TABLE IX - 3) .
Major exceptions are beans and Irish potatoes. The proportion
of acreage devoted to rice is greater than in Hokkaido but
somewhat less than in central and northern Honshu. However,
per acre yields are high and the quality of the rice produced
in Ku narnoto, Kagawa, Okayama, Hyogo, and Osaka prefec-
tures is notable. Many kinds of fruit are grown in Southwest
Japan. Barley, wheat, vegetables, and mulberry are usual crops
in upland fields. The prefectures of Kyushu and Shikoku facing
the ocean are the most nearly tropical parts of Japan. In the
southernmost part of Kyushu, sweet potatoes, tobacco, beans,
and winter grains are extensively grown, and this is the only
part of Japan proper where sugar cane is of some importance.
Kochi is the only prefecture where a second rice crop is grown
regularly.
'1'ABI.E IX - 2.
JAPAN AND SOUTHWEST JAPAN.
Estimated production of all foodstuffs, crop year 1943, available for 1943-44 consumption.
(in million pounds)
Rice
JAPAN
`
JAPAN
Kycsuc SiIIKOKU
CHUGOKirCHIHo
KINKI-CH11I)
AIC1iI-KEN, i%4lE-KF N
AND GIPU-KEN
Wh
20,276
9,408
3,000
892
1,886
2
088
1
540
eat
B
l
2,154'
1,301
545
155
238
,
199
.
16-
ai
ey
N
k
d b
1,294"
294
i0
1
89
61
100
a
e
arley
Mi
i
1,514-
1,121
522
381
247
203
71
nor gra
ns
S
b
529
210
114
21
22
1
l5
oy
eans
882
235
126
19
3I
34
22
Other heans
S
632
229
68
34
46
58
22
weet potatoes
I
i
h
9,700
11,986
3,327
621
417
2011
417
r
s
potatoes
V
bl
1,466
661
. 223
58
131
152
94
egeta
es
F
i
12,125
5,674
1,731
594
1,006
1
133
1
006
ru
ts
Fi
h
2,204
1 ,190
280
202
200
,
414
,
92
s
M
5,070
1,602
770
208
324
182
116
eat
)49
136
221
E
34
58
16
ggs
Milk
454
272
59
39
45
97
D
i
d
264
10
3
8
40
14
a
ry pro
ucts
33
5
0.4
0.1
()
5
3
0.6
'Japanese official figures of 1943 production
SOUTHWEST
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gy-
TABLE IX - 3.
FOOD PRODUCTION IN SOUTH WEST JAPAN
(Average - 1935, 1937, 1939 )
PRODUCTION
(MILLION LEIS.)
PERCENT OF
TOTAL JAPAN
SURPLUS (-~)
OR
DEFICIT (- - )
(MILLION LBS.)
Rice 9,612
46.4
---2,921
Wheat 1,674
53.1
j- 79
Barley 395
22.7
- 475
Naked barley 1,443
94.1
-f- 684
Minor grains _ 238
39.7
65
Soybeans - 202
26.6
-- 758
Other beans 193
36.3
291
Sweet potatoes 4,087
51.4
I- 64
Irish potatoes 579
16.4
- -1,208
Vegetables3 7,046
46.8
-- 572
Fru is-l 1,538
54.0
1- 97
Fish 1,881
31.6
- 1,434
162
Meat
54.6
~- 12
Eggs 266
59.9
+ 41
Milk 166
29.5
- 119
Dairy products 10
13.9
- 27
I Difference between production (adjusted for non-food uses and waste)
and consumption requirements, the latter assumed to be equal to average pre-
war consumption for Japan.
Cucumber, white cucumber, pumpkin, watermelon, musk melon, egg-
plant, tomatoes, radishes, turnips, carrots, burdock, taro, lotus roots, green
onions, onions, cabbage.
3 Plums, peaches, loquat, Japanese pears, foreign pears, apples, persim-
mons, grapes, oranges, other citrus fruits.
C. Food consumption and food balance.
(1) General characteristics and nutritive value of diet.
Rice is by far the most important item in the Japanese diet.
This does not mean, however, that the Japanese "lives on rice"
to the exclusion of other foods. Rice contributes about %2 of
his total food energy. Other grains supply i 1 `;(' of the calor-
ies, sweet potatoes and Irish potatoes 8' sugar 8 soybeans
and other beans 6//( , fish 5' , and all other foods I 1 `14:. The
average prewar diet of the Japanese supplied 2,150 calories per
capita per day, 100 to 200 calories short of what nutrition
experts consider the minimum required for the maintenance
of health. About 4 of these calories were obtained from
domestic production in 1935, 1937, 1939; i from imports or
by drawing on carry-over stocks. Principal imports are rice,
sugar, and soybeans.
Starchy foods arc preponderant in the Japanese diet. The
average daily per capita intake of carbohydrates is 407 grams
(14.4 oz.), most of which is supplied by rice, other cereals,
and potatoes. The average protein consumption-62 grams
(2.2 oz.) a day, of which 12 are imported-is adequate,
though it constitutes only I 1 of the diet, compared with
45 %% for American and European diets. Although rice is not
a good source of protein, the large quantities consumed make
it the largest source. It is followed by fish, soybeans and beans,
and wheat. The Japanese diet is notably deficient in fat; the
daily per capita consumption is only 30 grams (1.1 oz.), of
which 5 grams are imported. Oils and fish are the most im -
portant sources of fat, followed by rice and soybeans. Very
small quantities of meat and dairy products are consumed,
mainly in the large cities.
Southwest Japan is more deficient in foodstuffs than Japan
as a whole. The food resources of the region are sufficient to
supply every inhabitant with only about 1,600 calories; about
550 calories, or more than 1/ of total consumption in terms
of calories, has to be imported from other regions or from
abroad. The region has a greater deficiency in fats (37 and
in proteins (34 %. ) than in carbohydrates (23
(2) Food supply in Southwest Japan.
If the average prewar consumption pattern for Japan as a
whole is taken as a guide,' it appears that Southwest Japan
should be approximately self-sufficient in grains, except rice, and
in sweet potatoes, vegetables, and fruits. There is a major deficit
in rice as the area produces only about ;/ of its per capita
requirements. The area also suffers from serious deficits of soy-
beans, fish, and sugar. To meet these deficits would require
bringing in more than 2,200 million pounds of rice, 660 mil-
lion pounds of soybeans, 220 million pounds of beans, 880
million pounds of sugar, and 880 million pounds of fish per
annum.
(3) Surplus and deficit areas in Southwest Japan.
Kyushu as a whole is a food surplus area on a calorie count
basis (the basis of calculations of surpluses and deficits is out-
lined in FI(;URE. IX - 51 under "Notes for Legend"). The
substantial deficit in Fukuoka-ken in industrial. northern Kyu-
shu is partially offset by the large surplus production in Kago-
shima-ken in the southwest.
Shikoku comes closest to being self-sufficient in foods, her
principal deficits being sugar and soybeans, which all of Japan
must import in large quantities.
Chugoku-chiho is in approximately the same position as
Shikoku though its soybean deficit is more serious.
The most serious deficits are, as might be expected, in the
urban areas of the central industrial belt. The Kobe-Osaka area
must depend on other regions for large proportions of its needs
for rice, other grains, soybeans, sweet and Irish potatoes, sugar,
and fish. It approximates self-sufficiency only in fruits and
vegetables. The Nagoya area is in a similar position, although
in general its deficits are less severe.
A general picture of the food position of each prefecture, in
which the surpluses and deficits in calories, as measured by
average pre-war diets, are expressed in terms of pounds of rice,
is given in TABLE IX - 4 and FIGURE IX - 51. Since rice is the
staple food and could be used for at least short periods to make
up for most of the deficits, this gives some approximation of
the feeding problem that would exist in each area if usual
import sources were cut off. It does not of course take account
of local stocks or of the sharp cuts in food consumption which
would be made for brief emergency periods.
D. Food production in Southwest Japan.
(TABLES IX - 2 and IX - 3).
(I) Rice.
This basic staple of the Japanese diet is grown in the low-
lands and plains of Southwest Japan, wherever irrigation is
possible, almost to the exclusion of other crops, but the quan-
tity produced is far from sufficient to cover the requirements of
! This is the only possible assumption without making very complicated
calculations which would necessarily he of doubtful validity. It should he borne
in mind that all estimates of surpluses and deficits are subject to a substantial
margin of error, because of variations both in production and consumption. The
consumption of all foods varies considerably according to age, sex, degree of
physical activity, stature, income, and access to food.
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RESOURCES AND TRADE Confidential
TABLE IX - 4.
FOOD PRODUCTION IN SOUTHWEST JAPAN BY REGIONS AND PREFECTURES, SURPLUSES AND DEFICITS
(Average 1935-37-39)
REGION
AGGREGATE
CALORIES
% OF TOTAL
FOR JAPAN
ANNUAL RICE
PRODUCTION
OF TOTAL
OF ALL FOODSTUFFS OVER REQUIREMENTS
PRODUCED
ANNUALLYI
(000,000,000)
(1,000,000 LEIS.)
JAPAN
(IN
(IN CALORIES
BILLIONS)
EQUIVALENT WEIGHT
OF BROWN RICE
MILLION POUNDS)
Total Southwest Japan 20,839
16.'
9,612
16.4
50.6
-6,748
-4,173
A.
Kyushu ___
8,12 7
18.2
3,066
14.8
13.8
f- 581
1- 359
1.
Kagoshima-ken
2,156
4.8
414
2.0
2.3
t- 901
1- 558
2.
Miyazaki-ken
697
1.6
290
1.4
1.2
-r 40
-r- 24
3.
Oita-ken
798
1.8
414
2.0
1.4
5
3
4.
Kumamoto-ken
1,445
.3.2
580
2.8
2.0
-f 236
-t- 146
5.
Fukuoka-ken
761
L7
746
3.6
4.0
745
-- 461
6.
Saga-ken -_-
946
2.1
435
2.1
1.0
1 229
+ 141
7.
Nagaski-ken
1,323
3.0
186
0.9
1.9
75
--- 46
B.
Shikoku
2,269
5.1
911
4.4
4-8
340
210
8.
Kochi-ken
435
1.0
207
1.0
1.0
117
--- 72
4.
Tokushima-ken
434
1.0
166
0.8
1.0
- 132
82
10.
Kagawa-ken
639
I AI
248
1.2
1.1
-'r 54
f 33
11.
Ehime-ken
762
1.7
290
1.4
1.7
- 145
89
C.
Chugoku-chiho
3,715
8.3
1,926
9.3
8.0
648
400
12.
Yamaguchi-ken
883
2.0
414
2.0
1.7
54
-- 33
11.
Hiroshima-ken
860
2.0
414
2.0
2.6
562
348
14,
Okayama-ken
1,108
2.5
559
2.7
1.9
62
~- 38
15.
Tottori-ken _
366
.8
228
1.1
0.7
14
8
16.
Shimane-ken
498
1.1
311
LS
1.1
-- 80
-- 49
1).
Kinki-chiho
3,837
8.6
2,134
10.3
16.3
- 5,066
--3,134
17.
F-lyogo-ken -
1,234
2.8
6112
3.1
4.3
1,095
678
18.
Osaka-fu
586
1.3
311
L5
6.4
2,918
1,806
19.
Wakayama-ken
457
LO
207
.1.0
1.2
-- 220
-- 136
20.
Nara-ken
408
.9
228
1.1
0.9
79
48
21
Shiga-ken
676
1.5
476
2.3
1.0
119
74
22.
Kyoto-fu
477
1.1
269
1.3
2.5
873
540
F.
Tokaidn*
2,891
6.5
1,574
7.6
7.7
1,275
-- 788
23.
Mie-ken
801
1.8
456
2.2
1.7
I F
72
7-i.
Aichi-ken
1,331
3.0
663
3.2
4.2
957
_ 592
5.
Gifu-ken
759
1_7
456
2.2
1.8
--- 201
- 124
I After deducting waste, seed, feed, and other non=food uses.
2 Requirements assumed to be equal to average prewar consumption for Japan.
*Without Shizuoka.
this densely populated area. A normal crop in Southwest Japan
yields about 9,600,000,000 pounds, or 46410 of the produc-
tion of Japan as a whole. Of this, more than 3,000,000,000
pounds are produced in Kyushu, 1,000,000,000 pounds in
Shikoku, about 2,000,000,000 pounds each in the Honshu re-
gions of Chugoku-chiho and Kinki-chiho, and 1,600,000,000
pounds in. Mie., Aichi, and Gifu prefectures.
On the whole, the geographical pattern of rice production
coincides with the distribution of the population. Rice surpluses
of any consequence are produced only in some of the less
populous prefectures of Kyushu (Saga, Kumamoto, Oita
prefectures) and around Biwa-ko in Shiga-ken. Yields per acre
in Southwest Japan are very high and exceed those in northern
Japan. Yields are also more dependable than in the north;
owing to an equable climate, the year-to-year fluctuations in
yields are slight. Rice is heavily fertilized; the consumption of
nitrogenous fertilizer per acre is higher than in any other coun-
try or for any other crop.
(2) Other grains.
In a normal year, about 1,700,000,000 pounds of wheat, or
more than 1,,2 of the Japanese total, are produced in Southwest
Japan. Kyushu accounts for about 700,000,000 pounds; Chu-
goku-chiho, 300,000,000; Kinki-chiho, 250,000,000; and Shi-
koku and the Nagoya region, about 200,000,000 pounds each.
The heaviest concentration of acreage is in southern Fukuoka
and northern Kumamoto prefectures and in Okayama, Hyogo,
and Kagawa prefectures, along the shores of the Inland Sea.
About %2 the wheat is grown on upland, and the other 1/2 on
irrigated land as a second crop following rice. The average yield
per crop is relatively high (25 to 30 bushels per acre), and
both acreage and yields were increasing before the war.
Closely competing with wheat as an upland crop are barley
and naked barley, of which about 1.8 billion pounds per year
are grown in the area. In addition, the area normally produces
about 240,000,000 pounds of minor grains.
(3) Beans.
Soy and other beans are the principal legumes. Southwest
Japan produces about 200,000,000 pounds of soybeans (1/4
the total for Japan), more than 2 of which are grown in
Kyushu. The area's share in the Japanese production of other
beans exceeds +, and is approximately 200,000,000 pounds.
(4) Sweet potatoes and Irish potatoes.
Southwest Japan produces more than 4,000,000,000 pounds
of sweet potatoes (more than 1/2 the total for Japan). Kyushu
alone accounts for 54 of the area's production. Irish potatoes
are not extensively grown in the area; less than 600,000,000
of the total Japanese production of 3,500,000,000 pounds,
are grown in Southwest Japan.
(5) Fresh vegetables and fruits,
Southwest Japan produces 7,000,000,000 pounds of fresh
vegetables, including giant radishes, turnips, taro, watermelons,
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RESOURCES AND TRADE Page IX - 7
eggplants, pumpkins, cabbage, cucumbers, carrots, musk mel-
ons, burdock, and lotus roots. Total production of fruits is
1,500,000,000 pounds, or 54`of the total for Japan. Com-
paratively large surpluses are produced in Wakayama-ken,
which accounts for more than 10 `j;~ of the total Japanese pro-
duction of fruits, and in Ehime-ken in Shikoku. Mandarin
oranges, persimmons, apples, pears, and plums are the prin,
cipal fruits grown.
(6) Livestock, products.
Livestock raising plays a minor role in Japanese agriculture.
Southwest Japan produces only about 160,000,000 pounds of
meat, or about 4 pounds per capita per annum. Osaka and
Yamaguchi are the leading prefectures. Egg production in the
area totals 266,000,000 pounds (60'/`() of Japan's total) of
which Aichi prefecture supplies nearly 30',,. Milk production
in Southwest Japan is only 166,000,000 pounds (about 4 pints
per head per annum). Hyogo, Osaka, and Aichi prefectures
are the leading producers, owing to the proximity of the large
urban markets of Kobc, Osaka, and Nagoya. The area's total
production of processed dairy products does not exceed
10,000,000 pounds, or 1 /7 of the output of Japan as a whole.
Hyogo prefecture accounts for almost ?-/, the dairy production
of Southwest Japan.
(7) 1"ea.
Japan ranks fifth in the world as a producer and exporter of
tea. The area under tea cultivation was about 99,000 acres, or
less than 1 of the total cultivated area in 1939.
E. Fishing industry.
Japan, before the war, was the world's foremost fishing na-
tion. About 13/z million people were engaged in the industry.
Livestock and poultry arc relatively scarce, and the fishing indus-
try must provide not only an important share of protein in the
diet, but also much of the fertilizer, animal oils, fats, and skins.
In prewar years, the annual fish catch of Japan proper was
about 6,000,000,000 pounds (Fiouitu IX - 2).
The most important fish is iwashi or sardine. The iwashi
fisheries handle anchovy and round herring as well. Only a
small fraction of the annual haul is taken by the canning in-
dustry, the major part being salted and dried. Three-quarters of
FIGURE IX - 2. Hyogo Prefecture.
Awaji Island, date unknown. Fishing with large nets on floats
from shore. Sampan fishing craft in background.
the total fish oil value in 1938 was sardine oil. Sardine accounts
for z/ of the annual production of fish-meal, used as fertilizers
and animal feeds as well as human food. Other important sea
foods are mackerel, bonito, tuna, buri, tai, and oysters. The
Inland Sea, especially the coast of Hiroshima prefecture, and
Ariake-wan in Kyushu, are the outstanding oyster breeding
regions in Southwest Japan.
Of Japan's 355,000 fishing vessels in 1939, 283,000 were
without engines. Of those with engines, only 123 were steam-
propelled; the remaining 71,516 were powered by internal
combustion motors-diesels, semi-diesels, small oil and gasoline
power units (FIGuIzE IX - 3). Only a few sailing vessels are
engaged in deep-sea fishing off the Japanese coast or in the
more remote fishing grounds.
Ficuan IX - 3. Wakayama Prefecture.
Katsuura, 1931. Small powered fishing craft in harbor.
About ;3i; of the fishing vessels in 1939 were isaribune, flat-
bottomed boats propelled by a scull or sails, operating within
20 or 30 miles of the shore.
Roughly 32 o of the total Japanese catch was accounted for
by the southwestern prefectures. The relationship between
coastal fishing and deep-sea fishing in Southwest Japan (as in
the country as a whole) was about 7 to 3. About 1/2 of the
1,500,000 persons engaged in the Japanese fishing industry in
1939 lived in the southwest. Within the area, Nagasaki-ken
had by far the largest coastal catch before the war-8 % of
the total for Japan. Yamaguchi was the leading prefecture in
the deep-sea fishing industry.
Fishing in Honshu., Kyushu, and Shikoku is almost equally
divided between coastal and deep-sea fishing. Coastal fishing is
carried on in a multitude of tiny villages near good fishing areas,
with little regard for quality of boat havens. Deep-sea fishing,
on the other hand, is based at a few leading fishing ports with
true harbor facilities. A small commercial port for deep-sea
fishing in Japan resembles the older Mediterranean harbors
more than it does any North American port; it is characterized
by permanent stone quays, long sea-walls, and neatness of
construction.
The most important fishing ports in Southwest Japan are
Shimonoseki and Nagasaki. Nagoya, Osaka and Kobe are im-
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RESOURCES AND TRADE.
Con fidential
FIGURE IX - 4. Fukuoka Prefecture.
Tobata, date unknown. Fishing port, looking E.
portant as destinations for aquatic products and as transship-
ment points rather than as fishing ports.
Other important fishing ports are Katsuura (Wakayama-
ken) ; Hiroshima (Hiroshima-ken) ; Takamatsu (Kagawa-
ken) ; Muroto (Kochi-ken); Kochi (Kochi-ken); Tobata
(Fukuoka-ken, FIGURE IX-4); Hakata (Fukuoka-ken) ; Ka-
goshima (Kagoshima-ken) ; Moll (Fukuoka-ken'); Miyazaki
( Miyazaki-iken) ; and Aburatsu. (Miyazaki-ken).
F. Food products industry.
The food products industry occupies an important place in
the Japanese economy. The industry accounted for 9 %o of the
yen value of total factory output in 1938, and ranked fifth in
importance out of 10 major industrial groups, after metals,
chemicals, textiles, and machinery. With I exception, the va-
rious food products industries serve domestic needs. That ex-
ception is canning. Bottled or canned foods, particularly fish,
vegetables, and fruits, were Japan's third largest export items
in years prior to the war.
Liquor manufacture (including beer), accounted for over
32`o of the yen value of total food industry output in 1938.
In order of their importance the other industries are: milling,
sweetmeats, sugar, canning and bottling, marine products (salt,
seaweed, agar, etc.), dairy products, ice manufacture, starch,
flour, sauces, soft drinks, and vinegar.
In 1938, .14,855 of the 25,743 Japanese food products fac-
tories were located in Southwest Japan. They accounted for
almost 49/o of the output-about equivalent to the proportion
of the population living in this area.
The food products industries are in general distributed in
proportion to population with the largest concentrations
in the large industrial areas. The Kobe-Osaka district is
the most important; over 3,500 factories in this district pro-
duced 19',4) of the total Japanese output in 1938. Next in or-
der of importance are the northern Kyushu industrial area in
Fukuoka prefecture and the district around Nagoya. However,
in these areas processed food manufacture was overshadowed
by other industries and it was in the rural areas, particularly
on Kyushu, that it played a leading role in the community.
For example, in 1938 it accounted for over / of the total in-
dustrial output of Kagoshima prefecture.
(I) Liquor industry.
The largest of the food products industries, liquor manufac-
ture accounted for i:; of Japan's processed food output in 1938.
Southwest Japan produced nearly of Japan's liquor supply
in that year, most cf it coming from the 5 leading industrial
areas.
(2) Canning and bottling industry.
Although the canning industry accounted for less than 6( of the total value of the food products industry output in 1938,
it had an important position in Japan's foreign trade, ranking
third among prewar exports, after silk and (--Orion textiles.
Japan's canning industry was the world's sixth largest. Prior
to the war, Japan led the world in exports of canned marine
products.
Southwest Japan is of moderate importance in the canning
industry, accounting for only 37~ of the value of total pro-
duction. The industry is centered in Hiroshima; Kyoto, Naga-
saki and Osaka prefectures are lesser centers.
The canning industry, by 1940, had encountered several
wartime bottlenecks, which have probably become worse since
that time. A shortage of boxes, wire, and other wrapping ma-
terials was evident in 1940. Deficient supplies of coal, steady
rises in the prices of vegetables, fruits, fish, and dairy products
also had an adverse effect on the industry; irregularity and
lack of coordination in transportation added further complica-
tions.
(3) Wheat flour.
The westernization of Japan in years prior to 1930 largely
accounts for the increased demand for wheat flour. Home pro-
duction did not rise sufficiently to meet this increased demand
and resulted in greater imports. By 1938, government efforts
had succeeded in bringing wheat prodL-.ction up to almost
50,000,000 bushels and in reducing imports to 2,200,000
bushels.
According to yen value of production, milling ranks second
among the various food products industries. In 1938 it ac-
counted for 13.4'; of the value of the total output of food
products. Of the 241 privately owned flour mills operating in
Japan proper in 1938, 125 were located in Southwest Japan.
These factories accounted for over 44 o of the value of wheat
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RESOURCES AND TRADE Page IX - 9
flour production for that year. In Southwest Japan, the Indus
try was centered in 3 prefectures: Aichi, with an output valued
at almost 12 of total Japan's; Hyogo, with 1 1.6 `,~ I ; and
Fukuoka, with over 8 % .
(4) Sugar refining.
The raising of sugar cane has remained insignificant in Japan
proper, except for Okinawa and Kagoshima prefectures; most
of the Empire's sugar cane has been grown in Formosa. Sugar
refining was expanding in Japan before the war, but a sugar
shortage has developed since 1941 because greater quantities are
being converted into alcohol.
In 1938, sugar refining accounted for about 10'/( of the
value of total food industry output. About 40 ;( of this was
produced in Southwest Japan. The industry was centered in 3
prefectures: Fukuoka, with almost 17 `%r of the total for Japan
proper; Hyogo, with 14 `%c ; and Osaka, with 7.5'%('I. In early
1944, however, a reliable source reported that all sugar refin-
eries in Japan proper had been shut down and that Formosan
mills were handling the entire cane crop.
(5) Sweetmeats.
The sweetmeats industry ranks third in output value account-
ing for 10 of the total yen value of the food industry in
1928. The output of this industry, including confectioneries,
sweet bread, and mizuarne (wheat gluten), was valued at
about 179 million yen. Over 46 ?%o of this was produced by
Southwest Japan's 1,172 plants. The industry was concentrated
near its markets in the large population centers.
(6) Other.
Sauces, meat and dairy products, salt, seaweed and agar, ice,
soft drinks, and other minor products account for the remain-
ing 1/ of Japan's food products industry.
92. Water Supply
A. Natural availability.
(I) Cold water sources.
(a) Runoff. The rainfall of Southwest Japan is plentiful.
However, the steep slopes result in rapid runoff and flash floods
often follow heavy rains in the mountains (FIGURE IX - 52).
Hence, unless adequate storage facilities are available, local
shortages may occur in times of drought.
(b) Relative importance of water sources. Rivers supply
most of the municipal waterworks, but wells are also important
contributors. The ground water table is high, varying from 5
to 20 feet below the surface in plains areas, and is a large and
easily accessible water source. Wells supply 30`(' of the homes
in Osaka-ken and 5 3 of those in Kyoto-ken. Wells and irri-
gation storage ponds are the principal sources of supply in rural
areas. Springs are numerous along the margins of lowlands but
not in the lowlands themselves. Certain. cold springs, notably
the Tonsan Spring near Kobe, produce excellent table water
which, in normal times, is exported to many parts of the world.
Some localities, such as the city of Kyoto, rely on lakes for their
water. Collected rain water and melted snow are small poten-
tial sources of supply.
(c) Quality of water. In general, the waters of the area
are unsafe for drinking without treatment. The water at rail-
way stations should be avoided. Water in which tea is steeped
is not necessarily safe, because the water is not customarily
brought to a boil. Even bottled waters are unreliable.
(2) Hot water sources.
(a) Abundance. Hot springs are scattered throughout
Southwest Japan (FIGURE IX-52), and some have flows so
large that sizable streams and ponds are formed at the source.
Some are in river beds, others on lake bottoms, and still others
in caves. The most popular hot spring areas in Southwest Japan
are Dogoyuno on the island of Shikoku, and Beppu and Unzen
on Kyushu. At Beppu alone, there are over 1,000 baths, and
natural hot water is so abundant that it is provided at the station
for washing, and is piped to many private houses, to every
school, to the police station, and to the prison.
(h) Therapeutic qualities. The hot springs of the region
are beneficial to a great many diseases and ailments. For
example, those at Misasa in Tottori-ken are rated high for the
treatment of neuralgia and rheumatism. Spring waters are used
primarily for bathing, but some are taken internally. There are
a number of large bottling plants in the area.
(c) Chemistry. Every known chemical element of the
hot springs of the world is found in the waters of this region.
Simple thermal and salt springs predominate, but alkaline and
carbonate varieties are numerous. A number are radioactive,
and those at Misasa are the second most active in the world.
B. Developed sources.
(1) Abundance of waterworks.
Most of the cities with a population of 10,000 or more have
modern waterworks (FIGURE IX - 52). Available information
indicates that there are about 350 waterworks in the region,
of which about 225 are in southern Honshu, 75 in Kyushu,
and 50 in Shikoku. The per capita supply averages between
20 and 25 gallons per day. This average is low compared to that
of Amcrican cities, as the Japanese are more frugal with their
supplies.
(2) Quality of waterworks.
Waterworks of recent construction compare favorably
with those in the U. S. Except in the largest cities, however, the
water itself is probably inferior. This is suggested by the recom-
mended use of filter equipment in the home, and by the higher
incidence of intestinal disease in smaller cities and towns than
in rural districts. The typhoid epidemic of 1931 in Nagasaki
was attributed to pollution of the municipal water supply. In-
stances of pollution are not surprising, because some cities are
forced to draw water from rivers at points fairly close to sewage
outlets of other cities. The intake for Osaka, for example, is
only 20 miles downstream from the sewage outlet for Kyoto
The danger in Osaka, however, is considerably lessened by
treating the sewage before it is discharged into the river.
(3) Municipal water sources.
As indicated above, most of the water supply systems derive
their water from rivers. Others rely on drilled wells, springs, or
lakes. In all cases, dug wells contribute to the supply. The
brackish character of the ground water in the vicinity of some
cities, such as Kobe, has forced them to depend on distant
sources for their entire supply.
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Page IX - 10
Confidential
FIGURE IX - 5. Hyogo Prefecture.
Himeji, 1931. Dam and reservoir of Himeji water supply system.
FIGURE IX-6. Hyogo Prefecture.
Sengari Darn of Kobe water supply system, 1927. One of the
3 darns in Kobe's water system. The reservoir
behind the dam is 3 miles long.
FIGURE IX - 7. Nagasaki Prefecture.
Kogakura Dam of Nagasaki water supply system, date unknown.
FIGURE IX - 8. Hyogo Prefecture.
Karasuwara Darn of Kobe water supply system, date unknown-
An example of a cut-stone darn and one of the 3
dams in Kobe's water system.
FIGURE LK - 9. Hyogo Prefecture.
Nunobiki Reservoir, before 1938. One of the 3 dams in Kobe's
water system. City of K,Sbe in background.
(4) Darns.
Modern dams, built to withstand earthquake shocks, impound
many rivers. The dams are of concrete, cut stone, or earth (F1G-
URES IX - 5 to IX - 8). The ratio of breadth to height is greater
than in American dams, (}.85 as compared to 0.69.
(5) Reservoirs.
The reservoirs are generally small, because of the steep and
narrow valleys in which the dams are located (FIGURE IX - 9).
Hence, water shortages sometimes occur in times of drought
even in principal cities, and water has to be rationed. At such
times fire hazards are great. The water pressure in many cities
is quite high because of the location of the reservoirs in the
mountains.
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Confidential
RESOURCES AND TRADE Page IX - 11
(6) Intakes.
River waters are extracted by several methods. Osaka pumps
its water directly from a river. Other cities employ either simple
underwater or novel subterranean intakes. The latter consist of
either a single long pipe or gallery, or a network of these be-
neath the river bed. The Ube intake, for example, consists of
a perforated reinforced concrete pipe of triangular cross-section,
about 2 feet deep and 450 feet long. This pipe, buried 6 to 7
feet beneath the river bed, is blanketed with sand so that the
water is filtered on its way into the pipe. There are 4 manholes
for observation and for removal of sand. Other cities employing
such subterranean intakes are Wakayama and Kochi.
FIGURE IX - 10. Saga Prefecture.
Saga, 1927. Water storage tower and aeration plant. Steel and
concrete tower 43 feet high.
FIGURE IX - 11. Kyoto Pre f ectaure.
Between Biwa-ko and Kyoto, date unknown. Section of one
of the 2 tunnels conducting water to Kyoto.
FIGURE IX - 12. Oxaka Prefecture.
Osaka, 1936. Kunijima water purification plant of Osaka's system.
which derives the greater part of its supply from a river, has FIGURE IX - 13. Oita Prefecture.
more than 34,000 sAopp6419d For Release 2004/12/20 : CIA-RDP79-01144A0 0t O 6r purification plant
(7) Drilled wells.
Drilled wells are second in importance to rivers as sources
of municipal water supplies. Saga, for example, is supplied by
3 deep wells, with pumps, small storage ponds, and rapid fil-
tering machines at each well. A view of Saga's concrete water
storage tower appears in FIGURE IX - 10. Some cities have
flowing wells at which pumping is unnecessary.
(8) Dug wells.
Dug wells contribute to the supply of all cities. Wakayama,
(9) Lakes.
A small number of localities use lake water. The most note-
worthy example is the city of Kyoto which gets its water from
Biwa-ko by way of 2 large canals about 7 miles, Icn.;. The
canals are tunneled through intervening mountains (FIGURE
TX-1l).
(10) Purification systems.
The purification systems of Southwest Japan are also up-to--
date (FIGURE'S IX - 12, IX - 14, IX - 15 and IX - 17). Some
of the installations are laid out in circular plan in order to con -
serve space. Plants which employ alum as a coagulant have
mixing basins. Both the mixing basins and the settling basins
are of the baffle-chamber type, in which parallel partitions or
baffles force the water into circuitous paths. Both slow and rapid
sand filters are used (FIGURE IX - 16). Unlike the American
type, however, many of the Japanese filters are exposed and
susceptible to additional bacterial contamination (FIGURES
IX - 13 and IX - II). Chlorination and aeration are not so
widely used in Japan as in the U. S. FIGURE IX - 15 shows one
of the few aeration ponds in this region. In some plants the
water is sterilized by ozonization.
(11) Table of waterworks.
The available information on 54 of the 73 waterwork sys-
tems mapped in FIGURE IX - 52 is summarized in TAI3I.E
IX - 5. The cities are arranged alphabetically under their pre-
fectures, the prefectures of Kyushu being considered first, those
of Shikoku next, and those of Honshu last. Much of the infor-
mation is no later than 1927 and should be evaluated accord-
ingly. Aerial photographic interpretation data as of June 1944
are included in the Remarks column.
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Page IX - L?
FIGURE IX - 14. Hyo,go Prefecture.
Kiibe, before 1930. Filtration plant of Kobe's system at Uegahara. Eight slow sand
ponds, 8 rapid sand filters, and 2 arcuate settling ponds.
FIGURE IX - 15. Kyoto Prefecture.
Kyoto, 1920. Water purification plant at Kwacho Hill supplied
with water from Biwa-ko. The mixing or settling basins
at left are of the baffle-chamber type.
FIGURE IX - 16. Hyogo Prefecture.
Kobe, date unknown. Okuhirano waterworks of Kobe's system.
Building houses mechanical filters; slow sand filters in fore-
ground wader cover. The protruding pipes are ventilators.
Confidential
FIGURE IX - 17. Fukuoka Prefecture.
Yawata, date unknown. Aeration pond about 4 miles south of
Yawata. In addition to the 3 large fountains, there are
X00 small jets .around the margin of the pond.
FIGURE IX - 18. Nagasaki Prefecture.
Near Nishiyama, date unknown. Part of Nagasaki's
water purification system.
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Confidential RESOURCES AND TRADE
TABLE 1X - 5.
WATERWORKS OF SOU.JTHWEST JAPAN*
CITY DATE OF POPULA- PER SOURCE SOURCE INSTALLATIONS PURIFICATION
( PREPIiCTTJRP.) INPOR- TION CAP. 11: HEIGIIT L: LI NGTII FACII.ITIE.S
ISLAND MATION SLAVED (GPU) 1-: THICKNESS
(TOP - Bur)
Fukuoka 1927 320,000 26 Muromi-gawa Dam 2 storage reservoirs,
Fukuoka-ken H: 102', L: 416' total cap. 81,697 Cu.
Kyushu T: 13' - 87' ft., 4 filter ponds.
Kokura 1927 60,000 27 Kiyotaki-gawa 2 darns 1 slow sand
Fukuoka-ken (see re- and I-fata-gawa (1) cap. 22,095 cu. ft. filter ponds
Kyushu marks) (2) H: 85', L: 370'
T: 18' - 429'
Page IX - 13
CL1(AR. WA'T'ER REMARKS'
RESERVOIRS
2 reservoirs, System has high head.
total capacity 32,366 dug wells. Well
207,500 cu. ft. water brackish.
2 reservoirs, Intake tower 71.4' high near
total capacity one dam. 9,240 dug wells.
136,792 Cu. ft.
Kurume
Fukuoka-ken
Kyushu
3 settling ponds total
capacity 405,075 cu.
ft. t filtering ponds
2 reservoirs
total capacity
155,088 Cu. ft.
Moji
1927
80,000
22
Kuro-gawa
Dam
2 storage areas;
2 reservoirs
Fukuoka-ken
H: 96', L: 405'
(1) 26,925 cu. ft
,
total ca
acit
Kyushu
.
(2) 3
373
372
f
p
y
2
,
,
cu.
t.
35,224 cu. ft.
Omura
1927
61,000
30
Deep wells
Circular bricked wells,
5 slow sand filters.
Kandy type English
Reservoir
Fukuoka-ken
(1) 473'
strainer pipe at bottom.
filtering machines
, cap.
136
864 cu
ft
Kyushu
(2) 283'
,
.
.
(3) 460'
Wakamatsu
F
k
k
k
1927
50,000
30
River
Darn
Coagulation pond,
2 reservoirs
total
u
uo
a-
en
11: 70', I : 475'
cap. 596,400 cu. ft.
,
capacity 146
200
Kyushu
T: 50'.
7 filter ponds
,
cu. ft.
Yawata
1927
Dam. Kawachi
2 coagulation ponds
Reservoirs
total
Fukuoka-ken
(see re-
cap. 220,840,000 Cu. ft.
(one for Yawata
,
capacity 168
150
Kyfishfi
marks)
city). 4 reservoir
,
cu. ft.
ponds, one for sea
water, for emergency
use. Aeration pond.
Kokura (including Tobata)
1. Dam: 500' Reservoir:
1000' x 1900'. Five miles
SW of Kokura.
2. Dam: 250'. Reservoir:
350' x 800'. Two miles W
of Kokura.
3. Three reservoirs. SE side
of Kokura: Dams: 250'.
300' and 400'. Reservoirs,
300' x 600', 400' x 1200',
and 550' x 2500'.
I. Six basins, I mile W of
Tobata.
if. One: 150' x 225'
b. One: 75' x 100'
c. Four: 85' x 85'
19,040 hydrants, 4,895 dug
wells. Additional system for
Takachi district, cap. 1,906
cu. ft.
Very good water. 750 dug
wells.
Large complex systems. Max.
supply 294,600 cu. ft., 39,-
280 cu. ft. not filtered. Un-
dersea forwarding pipe often
troublesome.
System belonging to steel
plant also supplies city. Fac-
tory water also reclaimed.
Ozonization 12,883 dug
wells.
Yawata (incl. Kurosaki )
1. Reservoir (850' x 2600')
and 3 settling basins (two,
120' x 121)', one 85' x 110')
on south side Yawata.
2. Otani Reservoir, 550' x
600', with 3 settling basins
(one, 60' x 145', two 60' x
120'), on south side
Yawata.
3. Reservoir, 375' x 500'.
South side of Yawata.
4. Four reservoirs, 300' x
550' to 850' x 2000', with 2
settling basins 100' x 175'.
SW of Kurosaki. 25 smaller
reservoirs in same area.
Kagoshima
K
1927
100,000
22
5 flowing wells
Intake well, 23.7 ft.
2 reservoirs
agoshima-ken
square
,
total cap
Kyushu
6.9 ft, deep
.
187,162 cu. ft.
Kasanohara
1927
8,500
70
Takakawa
Kagoshima-ken
Kyushu
(River)
Miyanojo
Kagoshima-ken
1927
3,000
22
Drilled well
Distribution pond
Kyushu
near well.
'All large numbers rounded off.
In some cases, public hydrants are probably only sr:got,.
Bracketed data under "Remarks" is from a late Photo Intelligence report and may or may not refer to
Very clear, cold water.
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Page IX - 14 RESOURCES AND TRADE
'TABLE IX - 5. (Continued)
CITY
(PREFECTURE)
DATE OF
INFOR-
POPULA-
TION
PER
CAP.
SOURCE
SOURCE INSTALLATIONS
H: HEIGHT L: LENGTH
ISLAND
MATION
SERVED
(GPD)
T: THICKNESS
(TOP - BOT)
Kumamoto.
Kumamoto-ken
Kyushu
Ushibuka
Kumamoto-ken
Kyttshd
192
192-,
200,000
6,000
30
22
2 flowing wells
Runoff
Concrete structures
Ahuratsu
Miyazaki-ken
Kyushu
Kannoura
Nagasaki-ken
Kyushu
Nagasaki
1927
1927
1938
2,500
200,000
22
20
Drilled well
Ushigome
River
Nakajima-gawa
'i Dams
Nagasaki-ken
Kyiishii
and Shikao Rivers, (1) H: 55', L: 407',
and wells. T: 20' (Top). cap.
Sasebo
Nagasaki-ken
Kyushu
1927
(see re-
marks i
120,000
30
Ono-gawa and
Aiuta Rivers
12,:196,300 cu. ft.
(2) H: 74'. L: 378',
T: 10' (Top) cap.
7,802,287.
(3) H : 1.04' cap.
51,853,977 cu. ft.
T: 10' (Top), cap.
66,287,046 cu. ft.
Naval Base System.
Takeshiki
1927
506(?
30
Takeshiki
Nagasaki-ken
Naval water-
Kyushu
works.
Tomie
192
1,000
30
Stream at
Nagasaki-ken
Kyushu
Saramoyama
Beppu
Oita-ken
ICvushti
1911
Oita
t >ita-ken
Kyushu
192 '
100,000
20
Oita-gawa
Concrete pipe intake
I famasaki
Saga-ken
Kyushu
1944
Wells
Saga
1927
3 deep wells
Pumps, 7iltering
Saga-ken
Kyiishii
machines.
i'akeo
Saga-ken
Kyushu
192-
5,000
22
Well
Nagahama
192-
5,00(1
22
Stream near
Dam H 49'
lihime-ken
519 koku
Kitanada
Tadotsu,
I(hime-ken
Shikoku
192-
2,850
20
Drilled well
Uwajima,
I92
45,000
20
Suga River
Stone dam.
'
'
l:hime-ken
.L: 48
,
H: 6',
Shikoku
T: 6' (Top)
PURIFICATION CLEAR WATER
FACILITIES RESERVOIRS
2 reservoirs,
total cap.
264,680 cu. ft.
Confidential
2,357 fire hydrants.
10,428 dug wells.
39 public hydrants.
26 fire hydrants.
9 slow sand filter 2 reservoirs, one System designed for popul.
ponds circular, total of 269,000. Typhoid epi-
cap. 245,438 cu. demic 1931, attributed to
ft. 2 other reser- polluted water. 870 wells.
voirs, one for ir-
rigation, capac-
ities unknown.
5 filter ponds (1) Naval Base 252 public hydrants.
Reservoir, cap. 263 fire hydrants. 2,100 dug
1,840 cu. ft. wells. Photo Intelligence,
(2) Reservoir, 1914: 3 reservoirs NE of
cap. 58,576 cu. ft. Sasebo, all impounded by
dams.
(I) Dam: 1000' long.
Reservoir: 800' x 1200'.
(2) Darn: 500'. Reservoir:
150' x 950'.
(3) Darn: 500'. Reservoir:
500' x 1000'.
I i public hydrants.
8 fire hydrants.
1(1 private hydrants.
Water obtained from Oita-
l:en plant, which is not
source of water for Oita
ity.
i filter ponds and 2 reservoirs, total Fire hydrants spaced at
other installations cap- 112,572 cu. intervals of 328'.
ft.
Better homes have Adequate supply.
small water tanks.
3 rapid filtering 3 reservoirs, one
machines. Water at each well. I,)' high storage tank
aerated. Total capacity 2 distribution pumps.
14,730 cu. ft. 25 fire pumps.
filter ponds Concrete reservoir,
cap. 6,210 cu. ft.
Wooden reservoir Privately owned system.
tank, 25' high,
cap. 7,940 cu. ft.
Coag"lation treatment 2 reservoirs, Gov't owned forest sur-
2 settling ponds, total capacity rounding intake basin.
total cap. 50,515 cu. 66,235 cu. ft. Clear, pure water.
ft. 8 rapid sand
filters
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Confidential RESOURCES AND TRADE
CITY DATE OF POPULA- PER
(PREFECTURE) INFOR- TION CAP.
ISLAND MATION SERVED (GPD)
SOURCE SOURCE INSTALLATIONS PURIFICATION CLEAR WATER
H: HEIGHT L: LENGTH FACILITIES RESERVOIRS
T: TIIICKNESS
(Top - I3oT)
Takamatsu,
1927
34,000
30
Koto River and
Intake dam
Kagawa-ken
3 drilled wells
H: 6', L: 477',
Shikoku
Kochi-ken
Shikoku
T: 5'. Mechanical
filters.
Tokushima,
192-
80,000
30
Yoshino-gawa
Buried intake pipe and
Tokushima-ken
Shikoku
6 intake wells.
Nagoya,
1938
170,049
45
Kiso-gawa
Intake 17 mi. N of Na-
Aichi-ken
goya. Reservoir 1 mi.
Honshu
below intake. Hexagonal
intake tower in reser-
voir.
l'oyohashi
Aichi-ken
l-lonshu
1942
Hiroshima
192,
250,000
30
Ota-gawa 1.8 mi.
Elliptical intake tower
(city)
Hiroshima-ken
I fonsh ti
north of city
Hiroshima
Military
waterworks
Hiroshima-ken
llonshu
1927
160,000
22
Ota-gawa
2 stone intake structures
Kure (city)
1927
150,000
22
Nika River
Dam
Hiroshima-ken
Siphon and tunnels
IIonshii
at Yakeyama
Kure
Nika River
Intake same as Kure
Military
waterworks
I liroshima-ken
I Ionshu
city (above)
Himeji
1937
Dam, high concrete
Hyogo-ken
Honshd
arch structure.
Kobe
3 dams:
Ilyogo-ken
(1) Nunobiki, II : 100',
Ilonshu
cap. 2,700,000 cu. ft.
(2) Karasuhara
cap. 51,700,000 cu. ft.
(3) Sengari, H: 120',
cap. 213,000,000 cu. ft.
Nishinomiya 1927 60,000 30 Muko-gawa Intake filter pipe
Ilyogo-ken
Honshd
Hyogo-ken
Honshu
Kyoto-fu
Honshu
K>'rashiki 1927 25,000 30 5 drilled wells Mortar-lined wells
Okayama-ken
I lonshu
3 filter ponds. 3 2 reservoirs,
mechanical filters at total capacity
wells. 74,132 cu. ft.
3 filter ponds 2 reservoirs,
total capacity
78,060 cu. ft.
2 filter ponds located 2 reservoirs,
in filled area, covered supply 138,680
with 1' of soil. cu. ft. of water
to 80,000 people
in 11 hours.
Large settling reser- 2 reservoirs, total
voir near Torii-nat- capacity 623,700
su. 10 modern slow cu. ft. Small
sand filters at water tower.
Nagoya.
3 settling basins, 5 reservoirs total
total cap. 16,000.000 cap. 384,000
gal. 7 slow sand Cu. ft.
filters.
2 concrete settling 3 reservoirs
ponds, total cap. total cap.
158,386 cu. ft. 19,765 cu. ft.
5 concrete filtering
ponds.
Small settling pond, 2 reservoirs
4 filter ponds total cap.
(Washomachi 183,024 Cu. ft.
Valley)
Water purified
(no details)
i filter plants: 5 reservoirs
(1) Kitano: slow total cap. approx.
filter 5,200,000 cu. ft.
(2) Okuhirano:
slow and rapid fil-
ter
(3) Kamigahara:
Circular plan, arcuate
settling reservoir, 8
slow and 8 rapid
filters.
2 settling ponds, 2 reservoirs
total cap. total cap.
271,660 cu. ft. 264,640 cu. ft.
2 filtering ponds Daily supply for
60,000 popul.
2 reservoirs,
total cap.
16,533 cu. ft.
Covered coagulation 2 reservoirs
basin, cap. 1,500,000 (1) Cap.
gals. 2 filtering plants 300,000 cu. ft.
(1) 20 rapid filters (2) Cap.
(2) 5 slow sand unknown
filter ponds
Reservoir, cap.
2,300 cu. ft.
Page IX - 15
Infiltration pipe beneath
river bed.
Infiltration pipe, beneath
river bed. Very good water.
1,759 public hydrants.
l 0 fire hydrants
Ample supply, good water.
37,432 hydrants. 2,705 fire
hydrants.
Daily supply 35,500 gals.
per day.
33,008 hydrants.
2,671 fire hydrants.
285 public hydrants.
684 fire hydrants.
Supply for military reserva-
tion and barracks.
Capacity of system
3,100,000 gallons per day.
Hydroelectric stations tied
in with water supply source
in Rokko-zan.
Adequate fire protection.
One of largest mechanical
filtering plants in Japan.
65 public hydrants.
86 fire hydrants.
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RESOURCES AND TRADE
Confidential
TABLE IX. - 5. (Continued)
I.ITY
DATE OF POPULA-
PER SOURCE
SOURCE INSTALLATIONS
PURIFICATION
CLEAR WATER
REMARKS"
1 I'REFEC.TURE)
INFOR TION
CAP.
H : HEIGHT L: LENGTH
FACILITIES
RESERVOIRS
ISLAND
MATION SERVED
(GPD)
T: THICKNESS
(To - BoT)
Okayama
1927 180,000
45 Asahi-gawa
Infiltration pipe
4 settling ponds
4 reservoirs
City has fire fighting
Okayama-ken
8 filter ponds, total
cap. of 2:
equipment.
Ilonshu
cap. 430,597 cu. ft.
89,642 cu. ft.
Other 2, circular:
6-1 ft. cliam.,
i It. deep.
Sauiaiji
1927 10,000
30 Yoshii-gawa
Dam. Infiltration pipe.
1,5(10 hydrants.
Okayama-ken
Collecting well. near
I Iortshu
dam, cap. 5,760 cu. ft.
I'arnashima
1,927 5,040
22 8 drilled wells
Bamboo pipes inserted
Settling pond.
57 hydrants.
Okayama-ken
in wells for jets.
Filter ponds.
6 sire hydrants.
Honshu
Osaka
1938 3,300,000
46 Yodo-gawa
Suction towers at intake,
Coagulation basin
i reservoirs
Kunijima Filter Plant of
Osaka-fu
(Outlet of
grit chamber and pumps.
10 settling basins
Osaka one of largest in
I lonshu
Biwa-ko
24 slow sand filters
Japan. Supplies 153 million
I3 rapid sand filter
gals. daily. Park-like area.
Chlorination system
Good quality water.
6 sand cleaning beds.
Sakai
1927 100,000
30 Osaka water sys-
Well water jetted to
Reservoir, cap.
8,872 hydrants.
t)saka-hi
tem and drilled
eliminate ammonia.
59,640 cu. ft.
Honshu
well 933 ft.
3 settling ponds.
deep.
Coagulant added. 6
rapid sand filters.
Matsue
1927 50,000
Imu.be River
No settling.
Reservoir, cap.
10,051 hydrants.
Shimane-ken
4 filter ponds.
72,089 cu. ft.
Ilonshfi
lotrori
192-11 50,000
24 Fukuro-kawa
Dam
4 filter ponds
2 reservoirs,
6,797 hydrants.
Iottori-ken
River
H: 89', L: 338',
total cal,.
Honshu
T: 8' - 64',
59,100 cu. ft.
cap. 18,577,440 cu. ft.
("obo
1927 600
22 Well
Steel tank,
Wakayama-ken
cap. 397 cu. ft.
Honshu
Wakayama
1927 150,000
30 Kino-kawa
Infiltration pipe,
6 filter ponds.
Reservoir, cap.
215 hydrants.
Wakayama-ken
intake well.
131,588 cu. ft.
34,117 dug wells.
Ilonshti
10 hours supply
for 150,000
people.
Onoda
1938 12,000
25 Koto-gawa
Gotagase Dam
Water Mower
Gotagase Dam is source of
Yamaguchi-ken
358 yds. below
irrigation water for Ube.
Honshu
dam.
Shimonoseki
1938 87,299
30 Junction of 3
Dam.
Impounding and set-
2 reservoirs.
15,066 hydrants.
Yamaguchi-ken
(see re-
streams
H: 69', L: 279',
ding reservoir, cap.
3.870 dug wells.
Honshu
marks)
T: 24' (Top).
286 million gals.
Well water bad.
Circular im:ake. 2
3 slow sand filter
Photo Intelligence, 49/H:
other smaller dams.
ponds.
( I) Reservoir, approx. 100
x 500, N side of town.
(2) Two reservoirs 75 x
250, W side of town.
(3) Filtration plant near
:enter of town:
i beds: 85' x 100'.
1 bed: 175' x 250'.
I bed : 120' in diameter.
(4) Filtration plant near
center of town:
2 beds: 100' x 130'.
13he
1927 70,000
33 Koto-gawa
Infiltration pipe in river
Settling pond, cap.
Reservoir top of
Former well supply brackish,
Yamaguchi-ken
bed below Gotagase
111,000 Cu. ft.
Kaitate-yama
uncertain, and polluted.
Honshu
Dam.
3 filter ponds.
covered with soil.
138 lire hydrants.
Cap. 50,000 Cu. ft.
Yanai
1927 2,000
16 Drilled wells
"Yamaguchi-ken
and streams
I lonshut
I
AIM, ?
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RESOURCES AND TRADE Page IX - 17
93. Construction Materials
Lumber is a relatively more important construction material
in Japan than in the western world. Primarily brick residential
areas are scarce, as are reinforced concrete industrial buildings.
Most large industrial plants built in the last decade are of
modern reinforced concrete construction, but most older fac
tories are of brick and wood construction. Most commercial
establishments are of wood-frame construction, often with brick
facings; while most residences arc of wood, generally with paper
ceilings and partitions, and often with tile roofs.
Southwest Japan has about / the total Japanese timber re-
serves of 49,000,000 acres but turned out in 1939 a little over
?/2 the cut timber. Its supply of temperate-zone conifers-the
best construction lumber in japan-is quite limited. Of the
other principal construction materials, Southwest Japan was
responsible in 1938 for / of cement, largely Portland; 80
of the brick; -1'2'/'('; of the tile; and 45 ` , of structural steel
production by value.
Timber stands are widely scattered. Brick and tile production
are more concentrated near satisfactory clays; cement pro-
duction is centered near coal, limestone, or blast furnace slag.
Structural steel capacity is even more centralized in the two
great steel centers of this area, the Yawata-Tobata and the
Osaka-Kobe industrial districts.
Kyushu is well supplied with construction materials. Al-
though not as well-developed as in other areas of Japan, the
timber stands of southeastern Kyushu are large (1,300,000
acres in Miyazaki-ken). Fukuoka and Oita prefectures in
northern Kyushu are centers of cement production (29'/G1 of
Japan's production, 1937), and Fukuoka of brick (L8` ( . of all
Japan, 1938) and structural steel production. Shikoku has no
important construction material activity.
The westernmost part of Honshu is important for cement
plants (Yamaguchi-ken), lumber (Hiroshima-ken has reserves
of 1,000,000 acres), and brick (Okayama-ken) .
The central industrial belt has a varied construction material
industry with substantial lumber resources north of Nagoya
in Gifu prefecture; very important tile centers around Nagoya
producing in 1938 over 30'.(': of total Japanese output; and
structural steel production (30'//() of Japan's total) and brick
production (12 cjo ) in the Osaka district. Although there are
a number of cement plants in this region, cement is not an
important part of its industrial output.
Okayama-ken produced in 1938 almost 30 of Japan's
bricks.
TABLES IX - 6 and IX - 7 list the most important structural
steel and cement producers in Southwest Japan. Cement plants
and some of the brick plants in this area are located in FIGURE
IX - 56, and the steel mills in FIGURE IX - 54. Sawmills are
too small and too numerous to list, but the number in each
prefecture in 1938 is shown in FIGURE IX - 53.
TABLE IX - 6.
MAJOR STRUCTURAL STEEL PRODUCERS,
SOUTHWEST JAPAN, 1944
PREl l)CruRI AND LOCATION COMPANY
Kyiisha
Fukuoka-ken
Kokura Kokura Seiko KK
Yawata Nippon Seitetsu KK
Wakamatsu Tokai Kogyo KK
Soraihacest Honshu
Hyigo-ken
Amagasaki Amagasaki Seikosho KK
Amagasaki Nichia Seiko KK
Amagasaki Sumitomo Kinzoku Kogyo KK
Kobe Kobe Seikosho KK
Osaka-fu
Osaka Nakayama Seikosho KK
Osaka Nippon Seitetsu KK
TABLE IX - 7.
MAJOR CEMENT PLANTS IN SOUTHWEST JAPAN, 1938
Faol-!!CI'URli AND LOCATION COMPANY ANNUAL
CAPACITY
(METRIC TONS)
Kyitshla
Oita-ken
Tsukumi-machi Onoda Cement KK 245,000
Saeki-machi Asano Cement KK 345,000
Fukuoka-ken
Moji Asano CementKK 740,000
Kawara-machi, Tagawa-gun Asano Cement KK 385,000
Kokura Toyo Cement KK 360,000
Moji Hokoku Cement KK 400,000
Kumamoto-ken
Yatsushiro
Shikoku
Kochi-ken
Kochi
Southwest Honshu
Yamaguchi-ken
Onoda-machi
Onoda Cement KK (FIGURE IX - 19) 315,000
Ube Ube Cement KK 1,100,000
Osaka-fu
Osaka Osaka Yogyo Cement KK 1,800,000
Osaka Asano Cement KK (FIGURE IX - 20) 420,000
Osaka Onoda Cement KK 290,000
Aichi-ken
Higashi, Fujiwara-mura Onoda Cement KK 340,000
FIGURE 1X- 19. Yanmguchi Prefecture.
Onoda, date unknown. Onoda Cement K. K. plant. One of a half-
dozen plants owned by one of the 2 largest
cement companies in Japan.
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I'age IX - 18
FIGURE IX - 20. Osaka Prefecture.
Osaka, date unknown. Airview of plant of Asano Cement K. K.,
one of the largest cement plants in Japan.
94. Industrial Raw Materials and
Primary Processing
(1) Iron-hearing ores.
Difficulties in obtaining adequate supplies of iron ore have
prevented blast furnaces and steel mills in Japan proper from
operating at full capacity and thus have constituted a major
obstacle to rapid growth of Japan's war economy. Exploitation
of iron-bearing ores within the islands meets only a small part
of the country's needs, imports of ore and pig representing over
80`, of the current supply of iron. Deposits of magnetite, the
usual source of iron, are scarce in Japan and iron pyrites are an
important additional domestic source of iron. Magnetite was
not mined in Southwest Japan in 1935, though small deposits
are known to exist in Okayama-ken (Koshino Field), in
I-Iyogo-ken (Karawada Field) and in Nara-ken (Doroyawa
Field). -However, this area is the source of nearly `!i; of the
Japanese supply of pyrites, important to both the iron and the
chemical industries (Topic 95, A, B).
Two mines responsible in 1935 for 15 c, of Japanese iron
pyrite production are of importance in view of Japan's short
iron ore position and her dependence on imports. They are the
Yanahara mine in Okayama-ken in Honshu, and the Besshi
Mine near Niihama in Ehime-ken in Shikoku. TABLE IX - 8
gives production of iron pyrites by prefectures in Southwest
Japan. Many of the deposits contain some copper. Besshi is
of some importance in this respect (Topic 94, A, (3)) . Yields
of iron vary widely, with 40' as an upper limit.
IRON PYRITES
TABLE IX - 8.
PRODUCTION IN SOUTHWEST JAPAN, 193`,
ISLAND AND
PREFECTURu
PRODUCTION
(IN METRIC TONS)
1,' OF
TOTAL JAPAN
KVreshu
Miyazaki
48,763
3.53
Kagoshima
17,773
2.57
/Innshu
Okayama
426,603
30.90
Nara
820
.06
Shiga
1,468
.10
Wakayan-iii
46,326
3.35
Confidential
Shikoku,
Tokushima
29,110
2.11
Ehime
247,369
17.93
Kochi
61,183
4.43
879,415
64.98
Japan has extensive deposits of an iron-bearing sand in sev-
eral prefectures of southwestern Honshu, but nothing is known
about her success in using them to relieve the shortage of
domestic ore (FIGUIU~ IX - 54) . A rotary kiln process of pro-
ducing irul)f/e ( lump iron) from iron sands is said to have been
developed.
(2) Ferro-alloys.
Generally speaking, Japan proper has a deficiency of ferro-
alloy ores. It is believed, however, that substitutions, proximity
to other sources, and accumulated stock piles have prevented
the deficiencies from becoming a serious problem. Southwest
Japan has an important share of the ferro-alloy ores found in
Japan proper. Refineries and domestic sources of these ores are
located in FIGuxr. IX: - 54.
(a) Alanganese, Japan probably produced about 3,500
metric tons of manganese in ;! 943, or about of her require-
ments. Manganese content of ores ranges from -'IO to 60' Japanese mines have been small and rapidly depleted. It is
believed that Southwest Japan is an important producing area
for Japan proper, with deposits and mining in Kagoshima-ken
and Oita-ken on Kyushu; in Kochi-ken on Shikoku; and in
Kyoto-ken and Gifu-ken on Honshu.
(h) Tungsten. Annual domestic production of tungsten
in Japan proper is no more than a few hundred tons against
annual requirements of about 5,000 tons. Requirements are
met from an accumulated stock pile; by imports from Korea,
and smuggling out of Free China; and perhaps by the substi-
tution of molybdenum on a limited scale. Domestic mines are
small producers, and most o~` them are found in Southwest
Japan. The larger producers are believed to be at Kiwada
(Yamaguchi-ken), Sasagaya (Shimane-ken), and the Otani
mine, Kameoka-machi, Minami Kuwada-gun (Kyoto-fu).
There is some evidence that deposits have been discovered near
Yamada-mura, Akaiwa-gun and KawaIC-mura, Kibi-gun
(Okayama-ken).
(c) Chromium ore. Chrome, which may be substituted
for manganese in the production of alloy steel, is produced
only in small quantities in Japan proper. The chief source of
supply in recent years has been the Philippine Islands. Japanese
chrome ores average about 40'; metal content, and the major
producing areas are in Southwest Japan. Mines which were
comparatively large producers in the past, and which may stilt
be important, are the Hinokami mine, the Hirose mine (prob-
ably at Ukeno-mure, Yazu-gun) and the Wakamatsu mine, all
in Tottori-ken in western Honshu. The Wakamatsu mine is
probably the largest producer. Other workings are the Kyuragi
mine (Saga-ken), the Akashi mine (Ehime-ken), and the Ko-
mori mine (Kyoto-fu).
(d) Nickel. Japan proper is estimated to have produced
only about 2,'100 metric tons of nickel in 1943, which is about
of the requirements. Domestic deposits and refineries located
in Southwest Japan are listed in TAI3>_.u IX - 9.
Smelting and refining capacity is large compared to domestic
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RESOURCES AND TRADE Page IX - 19
mine capacity, in order to process imports. The ore of domestic
mines is generally low-grade, and cost of production is high.
The domestic deficiency, plus the need for nickel in the pro-
duction of armor plate, stainless steel, machinery, and other
alloys has led to limited success in increasing both mine and re-
finery output. The 1913 supply available to Japan (estimated
5,000 tons), depended heavily upon the Celebes. Japan had an
estimated stockpile of about 3,000 tons at the beginning of
1944, and a minimum annual requirement of perhaps 10,000
tons. In the light of her relatively small domestic production,
coupled with the closing off of supplies from the Celebes, she
appears to be facing a seriously tight situation in nickel. This
possibility may be offset by substitutions and further develop-
ment of domestic mines.
TABLE IX - 9.
LOCATION OF NICKEL ORES AND REFINING PLANTS,
SOUTHWEST JAPAN 1943
DEPOSITS
Kyushu
Oita-ken
Saganoseki area
Shikoku
Kochi-ken
Kochi
Ehime-ken
Besshi
Southwest Honshu
Hiroshima-ken
Hyogo-ken
Saganoseki*
Niihama*
Shisakashima
them are such that a failure of bauxite sources might have
serious consequences after depletion of stockpiles of bauxite
and of aluminum ingot.
2. ALUMINA. Southwest Japan was responsible in 1943
for about T i of the estimated alumina output of more than
250,000 metric tons in Japan and the territories she controlled.
One plant at Yawata in northern Kyushu and 1. at Niihama
on the north coast of Shikoku are believed to be operating;
several other plants are believed to exist, but it is not clear that
they are in operation (FIGURE IX - 27).
3. ALUMINUM INGOTS. Probably well over % of
Japanese controlled aluminum production is destined for air-
craft and other direct military and naval materiel produced in
Southwest Japan. The area's own production of aluminum is,
however, less than 10 % of the total Japanese production,
estimated at 100,000 to 130,000 tons in 1943. Excess capacity
will exist if total production is kept in line with current re-
quirements, which are estimated at about 170,000 metric tons
in 1944. The principal aluminum plants in Southwest Japan
are listed in TABLE IX - 10.
The electrolytic reduction of aluminum from alumina con
sumes large quantities of electric power (probably about 25,000
kilowatt hours per ton of aluminum). Any disruption in the
flow of electric power of more than a few hours duration
would seriously damage aluminum production facilities.
TABLE IX - 10.
ALUMINUM CAPACITY AND PRODUCTION, PRINCIPAL
PLANTS, SOUTHWEST JAPAN, ESTIMATED 1943
(in Metric Tons)
Natsume area Natsume
Oya-mura, Yabu-gun_ Oya-mura, Yabun-gun*
"Believed to be among the more important plants.
(e) Molybdenum. Molybdenum production in Japan
proper is negligible in relation to estimated requirements of 500
metric tons in 1943, but an ample stockpile and substitution
possibilities may prevent any crucial shortage. Korea, Man-
churia, and North China can meet irreducible needs. In South-
west Japan deposits (and probably production) are at Yamasa-
mura, Nita-gun in Shimane-ken.
(f) Cobalt. Japan proper is estimated to have contributed
about 40 % of the 85 metric tons of cobalt required in 1943.
The domestic mines could probably meet the most important
requirements if necessary. Probably one of the most important
mines in Japan proper is at Naganobori-oaza, Ota-mura, Mine-
gun, in Yamaguchi-ken.
(g) Vanadium. It is believed that there is no domestic
deficiency of vanadium. Requirements and production are only
a few hundred tons. There are no data available on the location
of domestic deposits.
(3) Non-ferrous metals.
(~a) Light metals.
1. BAUXITE AND SUBSTITUTES. No appreciable quan-
tities of bauxite, the principal source of alumina, have been
found in Japan. Imports from Malaya and Bintan, plus stock-
piles, are relied on. Alunite and aluminous shales can be sub-
stituted with great difficulty, but they likewise are not found in
Japan in any appreciable quantity. They are available, however,
in Manchuria, Korea, and North China, and shales have been
used for perhaps / of the total Japanese-controlled alumina
production. Nevertheless, the difficulties involved in processing
PREFECTURE
AND LOCATION
COMPANY
Shikoku
o: ken
I e Niihama
Sumitomo Aruminium KK
1(),000
10,000?
Kinki-chiho
Osaka-fu
Osaka
Osaka Yogyo Cement KK
2,000
Tokaido
Gifu-ken
Ogaki
Toyo Aruminium KK
8,000
Operates in conjunction with alumina plant.
'Not believed in production in 1943.
4. ALUMINUM ROLLING MILLS. Aluminum rolling
mills, particularly those producing sheet required for aircraft,
are believed to be concentrated heavily in Southwest Japan.
Rolling mill capacity as known in 1941 (TABLE IX - 11 )
would be inadequate to meet current demands, and the subse-
quent expansion probably has been barely sufficient to meet
the need. The difficulty of rapidly replacing rolling mills, the
importance of rolling mill products in war implements--
especially aircraft, the press of production against capacity, all
render aluminum rolling mills a potentially severe bottleneck.
Southwest Japan had about 75 ; of total Japanese-controlled
rolling mill capacity in 1941, and about / of this was in the
Osaka area (FIGURE IX - 27).
TABLE IX - 11..
CAPACITY OF ALUMINUM ROLLING MILLS,
SOUTHWEST JAPAN, ESTIMATED 1941
PREFECTURE
AND LOCATION
Yamaguchi-ken
COMPANY CAPACITY
(000,000 LB.)
Shimonoseki Kobe Seikosho KK
Osaka-fu
Osaka Nippon Aruminium KK 20
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TABLE IX- I1 (Continued)
PREFECTURE
COMPANY
CAPACITY
AND LOCATION
(000,000 LB.)
Osaka
Osaka
Osaka Zoheisho KK
Sumitomo Kinzoku KK
35*
Mie-ken
Kuwana
Sumitomo Kinzoku KK
25
`Output of several small plants included in this estimate.
5. MAGNESIUM. The Japanese are estimated to have
obtained about 13,200 metric tons of magnesium in 1943, of
which 7,200 tons (54'1`;,) were produced in the islands and
the remainder in Manchuria and Korea. It is thought that 5,000
metric tons, or about 70 `"o of the total production of Japan
proper, were produced at Ube (Yamaguchi-ken) in southwest-
ern Honshu. There is substantial surplus capacity. Total Empire
capacity may range to about 20,000 metric tons, with a prob-
able capacity in Japan proper of 9,400 tons, but the Ube plant
with its 5,000=tone capacity remains a very important producer
(FIGURE IX-27).
The Ube plant is owned by Riken Kinzokii KK. It is believed
that the production method here is essentiolly the electrolysis of
salt bitterns concentrated in sea gardens. Electric rower rPnnire-
ments are believed to be very high, annroximately 50,000 kilo-
watt hours per ton of magnesium metal.
(h) Other non-ferrous metals.
1. COPPER. Japan proper depends heavily upon im-
ported ores for an adequate copper supply, although it is esti-
mated that the accumulated stockpile is close to 150,000
metric tons metal content. In general there is substantial idle
smelting and refining capacity.
Southwest Japan is a center of copper refining, producing
nearly 4 of the output of Japanese-controlled territory; mining
and smelting operations are of lesser importance. Shikoku, not
generally of much industrial importance, has fairly large copper
smelting and refining plants, particularly near the Besshi mines
(FIGURE IX"- 21) , as well as a number of other non-ferrous
metal installations along the northern coast. The position of
Southwest Japan in copper mining, smelting, and refining is
shown in TABLE IX - 12. Available information on brass mills
and other primary fabricators of copper and its alloys is meager
but suggests that there is considerable concentration in the
Osaka industrial district.
Important copper mines, smelters, and refineries are listed
in TABLES IX - 13, IX - 14, and IX - 15, respectively, and are
located on FIGURE IX - 55. Ores are generally of -poor grade
and require concentration.
TABLE IX - 12.
COP13ER MINING, SMELTING, AND REFINING.
ESTIMATED 1943
(in Metric Tons)
MINING
SMELTING
REFINING
Lnpire capacity, (recovered metal)
161,000
152,090
Empire production
133,000
133,000
133,000
fapan Proper capacity
136.000
142,000
Japan Proper production
80,000
94,000
123,000
Southwest Japan capacity----__
66,000
90,000
Southwest Japan production
34,000
44.000
83.000
RESOURCES AND TRADE Confidential
TABLE IX - 13.
COPPER MINING INSTALLATIONS, SOUTHWEST JAPAN, 1943
PREFECTURE COMPANY ESTIMATED
AND LOCATION E,
Shikoku
Ehime-ken
Besshiyarna-mura
Southwest Honshu
Hyogo-ken
Iku no-machi
Various
Sundry smaller mines
RODUCTION
(METRIC TONS OF
RECOVERED COPPER)
Sumitomo Honsha KK 13,000
Mitsubishi Kogyo KK 10,000
Total Southwest Japan 34,000
The Besshi and associated mines apparently send concen-
trates to Shisaka-shima, off the coast of Shikoku, for smelting to
blister copper, which is then electrolytically refined atNiihama.
The Ikuno mines (FIGURE IX - 22) are believed to send base
matte to Nao-shima. (Kagawa-ken) where blister copper is
produced and sent to Osaka for refining.
TABLE IX - 14.
MAJOR COPPER SMELTING INSTALLATIONS,
SOUTHWEST JAPAN, 1943
PREFECTURE
COMPANY CAPACITY
ESTIMATED
AND LOCATION
PRODUCTION
(METRIC TONS OF
Kyushu
Oita-ken
RECOVERED COPPER)
Saganoseki-machi
Shikoku
Kagawa-ken
Nippon Kogyo KK
22,000
15,000
Naoshima-mura
Mitsubishi Kogyo KK
12,000
10,000
Shisaka-shima
(Miya-kubo-mura)
Southwest Honshu
Hiroshima-ken
Sumitomo Honsha KK
20,000
13,000
Chigiri-shima
Various
Showa Kogyo KK
10,000
5,000
Small smelters
1,900
1,000
TABLE IX - 15.
MAJOR COPPER REFINERIES, SOUTHWEST JAPAN, 1943
PREFECTURE
AND LOCATION
COMPANY CAPACITY
ESTIMATED
P RODUCTION
Ky17shu
Oita-ken
(METRIC TONS)
Saganoseki-machi
Nippon Kogyo KK
30,000
29,000
Shikoku
Ehime-ken
Niihama
Sumitomo Kogyo KK
25,000
20,000
Southwest Honshu
Hiroshima-ken
Takehara-machi
Showa Kogyo KK
10,000
10,000
Osaka-fu
Osaka
Mitsubishi Kogyo KK
25,000
24,000
Total Southwest Japan
90,000
83,000
2. LEAD. Japan depends heavily upon stockpiles and
imports for lead supplies. Of an estimated 40,000 tons produc
tion in Japan, Korea, and Manchuria in 1943, only 13,000
tons of mine production (recoverable lead) and 18,000 tons
refined lead are attributed to Japan proper. Southwest Japan
had an estimated 5,750 metric ton mine production (recover-
able lead) and 14,750 tons refined lead, the major share for
Japan proper but not for the Empire. Lead ores are generally of
low-grade. The important Kamioka mine in Gifu-ken is 1 of
the 2 mines that dominate lead production in Japan proper.
This mine lies just beyond the borders of the map, FIGURE IX -
55. TABLE; IX - 16 lists Southwest Japan's lead production in
1943.
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Page IX - 21
FIGURE IX - 21. Ehime Prefecture,
Shisakajima Island, date unknown. Shisakajima copper smelter of the Sumimoto Honsha
K. K. One of the 2 largest copper smelters in Japan; handles concentrates
from the Besshi mine.
FIGURE, IX - 22. Hyogo Prefecture.
Ikuno, date unknown. Copper concentrating plant of Mitsubishi Kogyo K. K.
Connected with Ikuno mines, second in copper production in Japan.
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TABLE IX - 16.
1.-EAD PRODUCTION, SOUTHWEST JAPAN, ESTIMATED 1943
PREFECTURE COMPANY MINE REFINING
PRODUCTION PRODUCTION
(METRIC TONS OF
RECOVERABLE LEAD)
Kriihii
Oita-ken
Saganoseki-machi Nippon Kogyo KK
Southwest Honshu
Hyogo-ken
Ikuno-machi Mitsubishi Kogyo KK 10(1
Gifu-ken
(Kamioka)
Various
Smaller mutes and refineries
3. ZINC. Japan proper in 1943 mined about 1/2 the
50,000 metric tons of zinc available to Japan at home and in.
Korea and Manchuria. It is believed that Japan proper possesses
a little over I/,2 the 64,000 metric tons of capacity for the
smelter and refinery production of low-grade zinc, and pos-
sessed all the Empire's capacity for the production of high-grade
zinc, necessary for brass cartridge cases and other important
military uses. All of the low-grade zinc capacity in Japan proper
k believed. to be located in Southwest Japan, but only about
30 `j%,P of the estimated 49,000 metric tons of capacity for the
production of high-grade zinc is found there. Only about Ii2
the high-grade zinc facilities were used in 1943. Nearly %, of
the output is estimated to have come from Southwest Japan;
most of it came from the plant at Fukuoka in northern Kyushu
(FIGURE 1X-55).
Southwest Japan contains the most important zinc mines in
Japan proper, the Kamioka mines in Gifu-ken, covering some
8,500 acres and producing about 15 c of the 1943 produc-
tion in the Empire. All domestic zinc-bearing ores contain
only low percentages of this metal. TABLE IX - 17 lists South-
west Japan's zinc production in 1943.
TABLE IX - 17.
ZINC PRODUCTION, SOUTHWEST JAPAN, 1943 (ESTIMATED)
(in Metric Tons)
PREFECTURE COMPANY MINE Low-GRADE HIGH-GRADE
Kyfshti
Fukuoka-ken
Omuta (Miikei
Shikoku
Kagawa-ken
Naoshima-mura
Southzce.st Honshu
Yamaguchi-ken
Shimonoseki
-
PRODUC- ZINC SMELT- ZINC SMELT
TION ING AND ING AND
REFINING REFINING
Mitsui Kozan 10,00() 6,000
KK
Kyoritsu
Kogyo KK
Mitsui Kozan 3,000
KK
Okayama -ken
Hibi-machi, Showa Kogyo
Kojima-gun KK
Hyogo-ken
Ikuno-machi Mitsubishi 2,00(1
Kogyo KK
Gifu-ken
Funatsu-machi Mitsui 9.600
(Kamioka) Kozan KK
Various
Smaller mines 600
Total Southwest Japan 12,200
/j. TIN. The very few tin deposits in Japan proper pro-
duce ores of poor quality. Against an estimated requirement of
15,000 metric tons in 1943, domestic production was probably
2,000 tons. Malaya and other outer zone areas produce ample
amounts to remedy domestic deficiencies and it is believed that
stockpiles arc large.
Southwest Japan is relatively the most productive area for
tin in Japan proper, but only a few mines are of importance.
The Akenobe mine in Hyogo-ken is believed to be the most
important (1763 metric tons production, 1940). The Ikuno
mines in Hyogo-ken produce some tin; these and other small
producers are located on FIGURE IX - 55.
Tin mining is probably carried on by surface operations such
as sluicing, panning, dredging, placer mining, and by lode
mining.
Available sources indicate that Osaka-ken is an important
center of tin smelting and refining in Japan. Some smelting
and refining may also be found in Fukuoka, Hiroshima, Hyogo,
and Aichi prefectures. Electrolysis is the usual method for the
refining process. Tin-plate and tin-sheet production were form-
erly concentrated in Southwest Japan (91 %; by volume in
1938), with Fukuoka-ken in northern Kyushu alone produc-
ing about 60% (by volume) of the total output of Japan
proper.
5. MERCURY. Domestic production of mercury is a
major Japanese deficiency but it is believed that stockpiles are
large. Mines in Japan proper are few and small. Estimated pro-
duction in 1943 was 100 tons, with probably most of the
output coming from Nara-ken (FIGURE IX - 55) .
6. ANTIMONY. Estimated domestic production of 700
metric tons is probably about 1/I of Japan's needs. It is believed
that Japan relies heavily upon China to meet needs. Unless new
deposits have been developed, Southwest Japan has the chief
antimony deposits, at Ichinokawa (Ehime-ken) and Nakase
(Hyogo-ken) (FIGURE IX - 5 5) .
7. PLATINUM. Greatly increased. war requirements for
platinum have beer. met either through stockpiles or imports.
Southwest Japan has none of the negligible production in Japan
proper.
(4) Non-metallic minerals and products.
Japan has deficiencies in most non-metallic minerals, with the
principal exception of sulfur. Reliance is placed upon imports
or stockpiles or both in almost all cases. In some instances de-
posits are negligible; in most others the deposits are inadequate
to meet the need. Of the deposits which do exist, Southwest
Japan has important proportions.
(a) Asbestos. Virtually the only asbestos deposits in
Japan are in Nagasaki and Wakayama prefectures, and these
deposits are of low grade. Annual production of about 1,200
metric tons is only about 6 `Jo of needs, but stockpiles accumu-
lated by import appear ample for several years. There are
claims that satisfactory substitutes have been derived from
rock wool and pulp material.
Southwest Japan produces about of Japan's asbestos
products, with Osaka-ken alone having about 1/2 of Japan's
total output. Other producers are in Hyogo, Nara, and Aichi
prefectures (FIGURE IX - 5 6).
(b) Abrasives. In 1938 Southwest Japan contributed
about 60" of Japanese production of abrasives. Kyoto and
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Hiroshima prefectures were leading producers with 32/(' and
22`( , respectively, of the output (by value) (FIGUlu IX - 56).
Carborundum (made from silicon and coke) and aluminum
oxide grains are the most important artificial abrasives. These
are also important refractories, used for furnace linings and
metal-melting pots. No data are available on Japanese re-
quirements.
(c) Glass. In 1938, Southwest Japan produced about
70'/c (by value) of Japan's glass production. Osaka, Fukuoka,
Hyogo, Aichi, and Mie prefectures were centers of production
(FIGURE IX- 56).
Silica sand resources, of poor grade generally, are located
chiefly in Aichi, Nara and Gifu prefectures, and also along the
Inland Sea. Import sources have been Korea and Indochina.
Feldspar sources are in Kyushu., but there are also deposits in
northeast Honshu and in Korea.
(d) Graphite. Japan proper has minor deposits of graph-
ite in Gifu and Kyoto prefectures. Crystalline graphite of
crucible grade, important in steel manufacturing, has been im-
ported largely from Ceylon and Madagascar, and stockpiled.
Amorphous graphite (and crystalline graphite not of crucible
grade), used for foundry facings, self-lubricating bearings,
motor and generator brushes, and lubricants, is imported from
Korea. While the geographical distribution of processing and
consumption cannot be ascertained, a large part of both prob-
ably occurs in Southwest Japan as nearly all graphite pro-
cessors were located there in 1939, and much of the consump-
tion would occur logically in the industrial centers of Southwest
Japan.
(e) Sulfur, Minor deposits are in Oita, Miyazaki, and
Kagoshima prefectures, all in Kyushu. An important sulfur
source in Southwest Japan is iron pyrites (Topic 94, A, (1))
(f) Salt. Japan's production of salt (about 630,000
metric tons in 1939) is almost completely concentrated in
Southwest Japan. Production starts with evaporation of sea
water and is centered on the coasts of the Inland Sea, chiefly
in Kagawa, Hyogo, Yamaguchi, and Okayama Prefectures
( FIGURES IX - 23). Food. consumption of salt is somewhat in
excess of domestic production. Imports are obtained from
China, Manchuria, and Formosa. Industrial salt requirements
New
FIGURE IX - 2 3. Kagawa Prefecture,
Yashima, date unknown, looking E. Airview of salt-beds.
Mt. Goken in background.
Page IX - 23
are estimated at about 1,000,000 metric tons annually, of which
about 1 is consumed in caustic soda used in making synthetic
fiber (Topic 95, B and K).
(g) Others, The main Japanese Islands are believed to
have negligible mica, quartz, magnesite, or phosphate deposits.
The nearest source of phosphates is in the Ryukyu-retto.
With the growth of war industry and particularly the ex-
pansion of steel, coke, and electric power output, Japanese coal
requirements have increased substantially. The Japanese have
found it impossible to expand coal production at an adequate
rate, and a chronic deficiency of coal has been one of the most
important factors limiting expansion of industrial production.
Consequently, the coal mines of northern Kyushu are of strate-
gic importance to Japanese industry.
(1) Coal.
Although Southwest Japan produced h of the total Japan-
ese coal output in 1937 and Y3 the combined output of the
areas under Japanese control, the area's requirements for elec-
tric power, coke ovens, steel mills, railroads, ship bunkers, etc.,
are now so large that it is clearly a coal deficit area. Current
output of around 32,000,000 metric tons (mostly non-coking
bituminous coal) must be supplemented by 10,000,000 to
15,000,000 metric tons of imported coal coming largely from
North China, Karafuto, and. Korea, including 2,000,000 to
3,000,000 tons of high-grade coking coal.
Within the area, coal mining is highly concentrated. All
the important fields are in northern Kyushu except for several
black lignite mines in the western tip of Honshu (Yamaguchi-
ken). The central industrial belt of Osaka-Kobe and Nagoya
must rely on imports and surplus shipped through the Inland
Sea from Kyushu.
(a) Production. Only 6 of the coal fields shown in FIG-
URE IX - 57 have major producing mines. The Chikuho field,
occupying an area of about 290 square miles adjacent to and
overlapping the industrial district of northern Kyushu, was of-
ficially estimated in 1932 to contain 20% of Japan's coal re-
serves, but the percentage of proved reserves is undoubtedly
far higher. The Karatsu field, whose mines are connected by
railroad with the northern Kyushu industrial district and with
Karatsu, ships much coal from the latter port. The Miike field
extends from Fukuoka-ken into Kumamoto-ken but practically
all its mines are in the former, close to the city of Omuta. Pro-
duction of the major mines in these and other fields in 1937 is
shown in TABLE IX - 18. Mines producing more than 400,000
tons a year accounted for only about 60 '/'(, of the entire coal
output of Southwest Japan in that year. A large proportion of
the balance of production came from smaller mines in Fu-
kuoka-ken.
Manpower shortages and difficulties in obtaining equipment
and iron or steel for gallery supports have impeded expansion
of output. Production in Kyushu has increased far less than
in Hokkaido. Korean male workers in large numbers and wo-
men have been used as miners. With increasing mechanization
the annual output per worker in Japanese mines rose from 147
short tons in 1926 to 224 short tons in 1932. While some
mechanization has occurred since 1932, this may be compared
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with about 1,400 short tons per worker in the United States
in 1943, and 400 short tons per worker in Great Britain in
1938. Japanese Coal mines are generally equipped with elec-
trically driven pumps, blowers, hoists, rail lines, conveyors, and
loading and unloading machinery.
(b) Consumption. Southwest Japan's coal consumption is
Currently estimated at an annual rate of at least 45,000,000
metric tons, or about 70% of total requirements in the Japan-
ese Islands. About 1/4 of this is for public utility and private
industrial steam power plants, a far higher proportion than in
the rest of Japan. Other major users of coal are coke ovens,
iron and steel plants, railroads, ship bunkers, chemicals, :syn-
thetic petroleum, rayon, and cement plants.
Imports of coal into Southwest Japan to meet its estimated
.Innual deficiency of 10,000,000 to 15,000,000 metric tons are
likely to come, in descending order of importance, from China,
Karafuto, Korea, and Manchuria.
(c) Coal for coke. Coke ovens in Southwest Japan may
be operating at less than capacity as indicated in Topic 94, B,
(2), (b). Coal requirements for 3,300,000 to 4,000,000 metric
tons of furnace-grade coke now produced in this area are
5,500,000 to 6,700,000 metric tons. Japanese coal does not
produce a. strong coke, but it may be mixed with high-grade
coking coals in proportions ranging as high as two-thirds. The
import requirements of this area for high-grade coking coal
from China or Manchuria range between 1,800,000 to
3,300,000 metric tons.
(2) Coke.
Coke is not only an essential fuel for the smelting of iron in
blast furnaces but is used as a raw material in the manufacture
of synthetic oil. Of the coke by-products, tar and light oils are
raw materials for synthetic oil and numerous important war
chemicals respectively, and coke oven gas is used as fuel in iron
and steel plants and in other ways (Topic 95, B (3), and
Topic 95, A).
Coke production in the Japanese-controlled territory is highly
concentrated. Six plants, of which 3 are in Japan, 2 in Man-
churia, and 1 in Korea, are responsible for 34 of total
capacity. Coke ovens are considered highly vulnerable to air
attack.
Capacity of by-product coke ovens in Southwest Japan has
been estimated at a little over 4,000,000 metric tons of fur-
nace-grade coke. This is 70 Vo of all Japan's capacity and /
of the total in Japan, Korea, and Manchuria. Operating at an
average of 85 to 90'X,.-, of estimated capacity, the coke ovens
of Southwest Japan can provide 2,500,000 metric tons of coke
for blast furnaces in the area, perhaps 800,000 tons for use in
synthetic oil production, and smaller amounts for nonferrous
metal smelting, synthetic ammonia production, and production
of calcium carbide. Larger production will be required only if
synthetic oil production has been greatly increased or if partial
substitution of coal for coke in making water gas is found
impracticable. There is no deficit of coke production in central
and northern Honshu which would call for capacity operations
in the southwest and shipments out of the area. Production of
coke in Japan is dependent on imports of coking coal from the
continent (Topic 94, B, (1)) .
(a) Capacity. Southwest Japan's coke ovens are in 11
plants (FIGURES IX - 54 and IX - 57) . There is a heavy con-
centration of capacity at Yawata-Tobata (Kyushu) and lesser
concentration at Hiro-mura (Hyogo-ken) and in the Osaka-
Kobe district (TABLE IX - 19).
(b) Production and consumption. Japan's coke oven ca-
pacity in the islands and on the continent is hardly adequate to
meet both the needs of hear blast furnaces operating at any-
thing like full capacity and the growing requirements of the
synthetic oil industry. However, blast furnace operations are
limited by shortage of iron ore (Topic 95, A). Under current
conditions it is likely that some excess coking capacity exists.
No actual estimate of coke requirementsin Southwest Japan is
possible, particularly because of possible coal substitution for
the coke used in production of synthetic petroleum or ammonia.
Moreover, present estimates of synthetic oil production are
based on scanty information (Topic 94, B, (3) ).
The greatest excess of capacity over probable requirements
in the vicinity occurs at Yawata-Tobata. Coke produced here is
used in the important blast furnaces of the district, and it
supplies the requirements of synthetic oil plants and blast fur-
naces at Ube (Yamaguchi-ken) and elsewhere in the Chugoku-
chiho region of southwest Honshu. Coke production in the
Osaka-Kobe district is probably sufficient for local synthetic oil
and blast furnace requirements, since pig iron production is
likely to be low. If a deficit exists, it may be met from Hiro-
mura. Coke produced at Omuta (Fukuoka-ken) is used locally,
mainly for synthetic oil, and that at Niihama (Ehime-ken) for
nonferrous metal smelting and synthetic ammonia production.
Only a small part of the potential production at Nagoya
(Aichi-ken) is repaired locally.
TABLE IX - 18.
COAL FIELDS AND PRODUCTION OF PRINCIPAL COAL MINES IN SOUTHWEST JAPAN, 1937
(Mines with production over 400,000 metric tons)
PREFECTURE AND FIELD
MINE.
PRODUCTION
(IN THOUSAND
METRIC TONS)
REMARKS
(APPLYING TO FIELDS)
Kyushu
Kumamoto-ken
Ama4msa
Kumamoto-ken and Fukuoka-ken
2
876
Anthracite. No production information.
Bituminous with poor coking quality. Fixed carbon content
Miike
,
48.2%, volatile matter 41.7%, B.t.u. 13,427. Mines wet. some
tinder the sea.
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RESOURCES AND TRADE Page IX - 25
PRODUCTION
(IN THOUSAND
METRIC TONS)
Fukuoka-ken
Chikuhd
Onoura
1,685
Mitsui-Tagawa
1,534
Futase
1,024
Namazuta
772
Nakatsura
710
Mitsui-yamano
790
lizuka
679
Hokuku
538
Hojo
535
Takomatsu
804
Kido
445
Kaizun-Shinbaru
598
Tsunawaka
432
Nagasaki-ken and Saga-ken
Karatsu
799
Nagasaki-ken
Sasebo
Nagasaki-ken
Sakito
1,071
Nagasaki-ken
Matsushima
Nagasaki-ken
Takashima
598
Southwest Honshu-
Yamaguchi-ken
Ube
Okinoyama
1,073
Higashimisome
839
Total 2 mines - __-__-
Yamaguchi-ken (adjacent to Ube Field)
Omine
Wakayama-ken and Mie-ken
Aichi-ken
Nobi
Total Southwest Japan (19 large mines) ----
-- 17.802
Total Southwest Japan (all mines) estimated -
30.000
Total Japan proper, estimated -- ----------
--45,000
TABLE IX - 19.
BY-PRODUCT COKE-OVEN PLANTS,
SOUTHWEST JAPAN, 1944 (ESTIMATE)
PREFECTURE COMPANY ESTIMATED CAPACITY
AND LOCATION FOR PRODUCTION OF
FURNACE-GRADE COKE.
(IN THOUSANDS OF
METRIC TONS)
Kystshir
Fukuoka-ken
Omuta
Yawata-
Tobata
Mitsui Kozan KK
Nippon Seitetsu KK
1906
Yawata-
Tobata
Nippon Kasei Kogyo KK
366
Shikoku
Ehime-ken
Niihama
Sumitomo Kagaku Kogyo KK
106
PERCENT
OF TOTAL
IN JAPAN
REMARKS
(APPLYING TO FIELDS)
Chiefly bituminous with poor coking properties. Fixed carbon
content 45.7%, volatile matter 42.9%, B. T. U. 12,965. Field
also contains many small mines. Thickness of seams, of which
there may be as many as 16 to a basin, ranges from 2.0 to 4.9
feet. Deposits cover 288 square miles along Onga-kawa and its
tributaries. Mines usually very deep and some are wet. Often
mixed with good coking coals for coke manufacture, particu-
larly Futase mine. Much bunkering coal comes from Namazuta
mine.
Bituminous with poor coking properties. Fixed carbon content
46.2%, volatile matter 42.7%, B.t.u. 12,662.
Bituminous of fair quality, though non-coking.
Bituminous of non-coking variety. Used by Japanese* govern-
ment railways and for bunkering.
Bituminous of good grade to mix for coke. Fixed carbon con-
tent 55.81M, volatile matter 40.9%, B.t.u. 13,000 (estimate).
Mining on 3 islands, much of it beneath the sea.
Black lignite of inferior quality. Fixed carbon content 35%,
volatile matter 429/c, B.t.u. 9,000. Actively mined. Some
tinder sea. Numerous small mines.
Semi-anthracite. Fixed carbon content 64.7%, Volatile matter
8.6%, B.t.u. unknown. Not extensively mined because of
powdered quality and high sulfur and ash content.
Reported deposits. Small-scale mining of powdered anthracite
at Kumano mine.
Lignite of inferior quality reported mined for local porcelain
factories. Also at Ono, small-scale mining of powdered anthra-
cite of high sulfur and ash content.
PREFECTURE
Southwest HonshO
Hiroshima-ken
Kure
Hyogo-ken
Hiro-mura
Kobe
Osaka-fu
Osaka
Osaka
Osaka
Aichi-ken
Nagoya
TABLE IX - 19. (Continued).
COMPANY ESTIMATED CAPACITY
FOR PRODUCTION OF
FURNACE-GRADE COKE
(IN THOUSANDS OF
METRIC TONS)
PERCENT
OF TOTAL
IN JAPAN
Hiroshima Gasu Denki KK
40
0.7
Nippon Seitetsu KK
623
10.8
Kobe Gasu KK
100
1.7
Osaka Gasu KK
132
1.3
Osaka Gasu KK
105
1.9
Nakayama Seikosho KK
179
3.1
Toho Gasu KK
126
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(3) Petroleum.
Japan is very heavily dependent upon stockpiles and produc-
tion in the East Indies for her petroleum supplies. Production in
1944 in Japan, Karafuto, Korea, and Manchuria is forecast at
a total of about 22,000,000 barrels of all oil products, includ
ing 10,000,000 barrels of fuel oil (lAAA of current require-
ments) ; a little over 1,000,000 barrels each of lubricating oil
and aviation gasoline (both of low quality and respectively
40`( and 25` of requirements); and nearly 10,000,00)
barrels of gasoline (more than double the estimated require-
merits).
Synthetic production may account for about 12,000,000
barrels of this total.* Southwest Japan is assigned between
t, and of the synthetic production. This area has no oil
wells.
(a) Stocks and storage. Stocks built up before the war
were partially depleted while East Indies production was being
restored. Fuel oil stocks available to Japan are believed to be
stabilized now between 25,000,000 and 30,000,000 barrels, or
7 to 9 months' consumption requirements. Lubricating oil
stocks are probably still shrinking and are well below 1 year's
require-rents. Aviation gasoline stocks in Japan and nearby
territories are estimated at about 11/2 years' requirements. A
large surplus of motor gasoline is apparently being accumulated
in the process of satisfying other needs.
location of major storage depots in Southwest Japan is un-
known. Substantial above-ground tankage will probably be
mound at naval bases at Sasebo, Tokuyama, Kure, and Maizuru,
and at the refineries listed in TABLE IX - 20 and shown in FiG-
IJRE IX-57.
(b) Refineries. It is not known to what extent Japanese
refinery capacity may have been transferred to the East Indies,
or its location altered within Japan. Based on prewar data,
modified by scanty recent information, Southwest Japan would
have 37 jo of the 25,000,000-barrel annual crude refining ca-
pacity of Japan proper and 30 % of the total in Japan, Korea,
and Manchuria. These figures exclude distillation capacity
which may occur at synthetic oil and coke-oven plants. Plants
are listed in TABLE IX - 20, with their capacities, and prewar
locations are shown on FIGURE IX - 57. A great deal of this
capacity is now idle, since crude oil produced in the East Indies
is largely processed there to save shipping (FIGURE IX - 24) .
(c) Synthetic petroleum. Expansion of synthetic oil pro--
duction in Japan has been held back by difficulties in obtaining
equipment and technical assistance from abroad. Little or no
reliable information is available after 1941. Japan is believed
to have had at that time 1 Fischer-Tropsch plant in operation
as well as 5 small plants hydrogenating coal and low-tempera-
ture tar. There was also some straight distillation of tar from
low-temperature carbonization of coal. Estimates, based on
Japanese plans and reported achievement up to 1941, credit
Japan, Korea, and Manchuria with a 1944 output from these 3
sources of about 12,000,000 barrels of petroleum products, of
which less than 3,000,000 barrels is assigned to Southwest
Japan. Details are given in TABLE IX - 21, and locations are
shown on FIGURE IX - 57.
This figure excludes Manchurian shale oil; about 1,500,000 barrels of
fuel oil presumed to be obtained from straight distillation of coke-oven tar;
and coke-oven benzene which might be available as a gasoline substitute.
Confidential
Coal is the basic raw material for synthetic oil by any of the
processes. In the Fischer-Tropsch process it is best utilized in the
form of coke. Most hydrogenation plants in Japan are believed
to use some coke for hydrogen production, but their major raw
materials are coal or lignite, and tar obtained by heating coal at
lower temperatures than in ordinary coke ovens. The semi-coke
produced along with this tar can be used to substitute in part
for coke in. the synthetic oil industry and other non-metallur-
gical uses.
(d) Crude petroleum. Japan's natural petroleum re-
sources are meager and the Southwest area has none.
(4) Charcoal.
Charcoal is the principal household fuel in Japan. It is also
used as a substitute for gasoline and as fuel in metallurgy.
Production and distribution difficulties have arisen because
of relative inacessibility of supplies of suitable wood, trans-
portation problems and labor shortages. About 80','4,' of the
charcoal is produced ordinarily by farmers in their spare time.
There is considerable evidence that a serious shortage of char-
coal has developed or is feared in the near future.
Of the total 1939 domestic production of 2,375,000 metric
tons, Southwest Japan contributed about 1,000,000 metric tons
or a little over 40%. Production is scattered throughout the
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FIGURE IX - 24. Yamaguchi Prefecture.
Kudamatsu, near Tokuyarna, 1931. Refinery unit of Nippon Sekiyu
K. K. Believed to be of 3 distillation units, each with -daily
capacity of 2,500 barrels.
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Confidential RESOURCES AND TRADE
(formerly Niitsu Sekiyu KK)
Toyo Sekiyu KK
TABLE IX - 20.
CAPACITIES OF CRUDE OIL REFINERIES AND SYNTHETIC OIL PLANTS, SOUTHWEST JAPAN, ESTIMATED 1944
(in thousands of barrels of 42 U. S. gallons)
COMPANY
PRINCIPAL CRUDE OIL REFINERIES
SYNTHETIC OIL PLANTS
ANNUAL CAPACITY
ANNUAL CAPACITY FOR PRODUCTS
FOR CRUDE
FOR CRACKING
FISCHER- HYDRO-
TROPSCH GENATION
Kyushu
Fukuoka-ken
Omuta (Miike)
Wakamatsu
Southwest Honshu.
Yamaguchi-ken
Shimonoseki
Mitsui Kozan KK
Nissan Ekitai Nenryo KK
Asahi Sekiyu KK
165
(Hiko-shima)
Ube
Ube Yuka Kogyo KK
300
Tokuyama
Navy Ministry
2,640
120
Nippon Seiro KK
400
Nippon Sekiyu KK
2,475
660
Hyogo-ken
Amagasaki
Nippon Sekiyu KK
1,650
500
Osaka-fu
Osaka
Amagasaki Jinzo Sekiyu KK
Maruzen Sekiyu KK
330
Showa Sekiyu KK
230
Wakayama-ken
Shimotsu
Aichi-ken
Nagoya
Maruzen Sekiyu KK
Toho Kagaku Kogyo KK
Totals, Southwest Japan* ___ ___-
*Excluding minor refineries and possible additional synthetic oil plants.
area. The leading charcoal producing prefectures are all non-
industrial districts with substantial acreages of timber (TABLE
IX - 21 and Topic 93).
TABLE IX - 21.
PRODUCTION OF CHARCOAL
Leading Prefectures, Southwest Japan, 1939
SECTOR PREFECTURE PER CENT OF ALL JAPAN
Kyushu Kagoshima 3.0
Miyazaki 2.8
Kochi 4.0
Page IX - 27
9,110 1,160 1,970 690
had '167,000 acres of mulberry trees, or almost 36?j% of the total
acreage, and accounted for 288,000,000 pounds of cocoons, or
over 38 % of the 1939 crop. The principal producing region
of the area lies on the edge of an even more important area
farther north. The agricultural districts around Nagoya, includ-
ing the prefectures of Aichi, Gifu, and Mie, together produced
13 it of the Japanese total. Kumamoto-ken and Kyushu are
also of some importance.
(2) Other crops.
(at) Fiher. In 1939 fiber crops covered 192,034 acres in
Japan as a whole. The most extensive areas were in flax, paper-
bush, paper mulberry, hemp, and rush. No flax and little
hemp (primarily in Hiroshima-ken) are grown in Southwest
Japan. The bulk of paperbush, paper mulberry, and rush out-
put comes from this area, but none of these is of great indus-
trial importance.
(h) Oilseeds. In 1939, oilseeds were grown on approxi-
mately y of the total area devoted to industrial crops in Japan
as a whole. By far the most important is rapeseed used to pro-
duce a fatty oil used in lubrication, lighting, and soap-making.
Almost 79/( of the land devoted to rapeseed, producing more
than 78j(, of the 1939 crop, is located in Southwest Japan.
Fukuoka-ken in northern Kyushu, with about 21 j1 of the total
area and almost 29'' of the crop in 1939, is the most impor-
tant producing area.
(c) Pyrethrum. Pyrethrum, an important insecticide, was
the outstanding industrial crop produced in Japan for export,
next to silk. About 7 % of the Japanese industrial crop area is
devoted to its cultivation. (Hokkaido has about 3/I the acreage
and about 1/2 the production, 5,400 short tons in 1939.)
Southwest Japan contributed almost 1/2 of the 1939 .crop.
Southwest Honshu Shimane 3.0
Okayama 2.8
Gifu 3.0
C. Industrial crops.
Industrial crops (with the exception of silk) play a relatively
small role in Japan's agricultural economy. Apart from silk,
only 750,000 acres (about 4 jo of the total harvested acreage)
were involved in 1939, accounting for less than 41/2 '/( of the
total value of agricultural output.
(1) Sericulture.
Sericulture, basis of the silk industry, holds a position second
only to rice in the island's agricultural economy. In 1939, out-
put value was 16 `,7c of total agricultural value, and 30 %r% of all
farm families were engaged in raising silkworms. During 1935
to 1939, raw silk made up 2 1 `%, of the value of Japan's exports
to countries outside the yen bloc. Currently, the production is
believed to be less than ?4 of the 1934-1939 average (Topic
95, K, (4), discussion of silk reeling).
Japan possesses 2 conditions essential to successful sericul-
ture: a warm, humid climate, and a cheap, abundant labor sup-
ply; and there is some sericulture in each ken. Southwest Japan
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(d) Tobacco. Tobacco is an important crop in Japan with
over 14 % of the total area devoted in 1939 to industrial crops.
In 1939 about 1/2 the total area devoted to tobacco was located
in Southwest Japan, principally in Kagoshima-ken (Kyushu).
95. Manufacturing Plants
Japan has made tremendous strides in the past 10 or 15 years
in expanding her modern manufacturing industries (FIGURE
W-58). It is impossible to say how much remains of the
household workshop system, but in 1930 approximately 50%
of all workers engaged in manufacturing of any kind were em-
ployed in units with less than 5 workers, making such goods as
silk and woolen cloth, bamboo products, paper fans and um-
brellas, marches, brushes, pottery, enameled iron ware, electric
lamps, and. food products. Household work was often organized
and financed by local wholesale merchants. Half of the remain-
ing manufacturing workers were in factories employing 5 to
30 workers.
The number of factory workers, excluding those in shops
with less than 5 workers, increased from 1,800,000 in 1930
to more than 3,200,000 in 1938.' Undoubtedly there has been
a very substantial further increase in factory employment since
1938, made possible both by absorption of workers from other
employments and by expansion of the total labor force. It is
probable that the number of small-scale "manufacturing" work-
ers, though smaller than in 1938, still remains very large. It is
not known how substantial a contribution to war production,
such as the making of small parts, these handicraft workers
may be adding.
What is known of the capacity of Japan's principal modern
manufacturing industries, with special emphasis on war indus-
tries, has been compiled for this section. Information has been
brought up to 1938-1940 in general. Known facts about
Japan's supply of raw material and war requirements permit
some conclusions to be drawn regarding current output.
A. Iron and steel.
Japan's steel production, in the islands and on the continent,
is less than %s as large as that of the United States. Nearly ;13
of the total passes through Southwest Japan's rolling mills.
(I) Over all capacity and production.
The Japanese-controlled iron and steel industry depends; al-
most entirely on iron ore and coking coal mined on the con-
tinent. This has affected the distribution of the 3 segments of
the industry (blast furnaces, steel furnaces, and rolling mills)
as between the Japanese Islands and the mainland. Southwest
Japan, with 54 % of Japanese-controlled steel-making capacity
and 65 % of the net capacity of rolling mills, has only 3, io
of the pig; iron capacity. Korea and Manchuria, on the other
hand, have much greater capacity to produce pig iron than steel
ingot, and more ingot facilities than their rolling mills can
handle. The remainder of Japan is well-balanced with about
30 'lo of total capacity at each level (TABLE IX - 22 and FIG-
URE IX - 5 4) .
* Excluding office workers and employees of government-owned
establishments.
Confidential
TABLE IX - 22.
CAPACITY OF IRON AND STEEL PLANTS IN JAPAN, KOREA
AND MANCHURIA BY AREA, ESTIMATED 1944
(in Thousands of Metric Tons)
PIG
IRON*
PER
CENT
STEEL
INGOTS
PER
CENT
ROLLED
PRODUCTS
PER
CENT
Southwest Japan
4,978
37
7,315
54
6,419
65
Rest of Honshu
2,422
18
3,327
25
2,456
25
Hokkaido
1,441
11
844
6
212
2
Korea
1,328
10
620
4.5
185
2
Manchuria
3,198
24
1,411
10.5
635
6
13,367
100
13,517
100
9,907
100
NOTE Two-thirds to 3/4 of a ton of pig iron is required (together with scrap
iron and steel) to produce I ton of steel ingots plus an indeterminate amount
of iron castings. One ton of steel ingots yields, on the average, in Japan 3/, of a
ton of rolled products and steel castings, the ratio varying greatly with different
types of products.
* Rated annual capacities, from which a deduction of 15% must ordin-
arily be made for time lost in relining and repairs.
Under conditions existing in the first half of 1944, the
Japanese are not obtaining enough iron ore to utilize, on the
average, more than 60 c of all their pig iron capacity and
80 % of their steel Capacity. To save transportation of iron ore
and coal, Manchurian and Korean blast furnaces are used as
fully as possible. Even so, several million tons of ore must be
transported from China, Korea, and the Philippines to Japan.
Rough estimates of the maximum 1944 production and con-
sumption of iron and steel at the various stages in Southwest
Japan are shown in TABLE IX - 23.
Blast furnaces in this area are not expected to operate at
more than 50 jc of gross annual capacity, on the average, with
higher rates of operation in Kyushu than elsewhere. The iron
ore requirements of the area amount to 4,000,000 tons or more
a year. Roughly 2,000,000 tons of pig iron must be imported.
Coke requirements are discussed in Topic 94, B, (2). A large
part of the scrap requirements of steel furnaces in this area
comes from associated rolling mills and the remainder from
scrap created in the metal-using industries.
(2) Concentrations of capacity and production.
Southwest Japan's iron and steel industry is highly concen-
trated in or near the 2 major industrial districts of north Kyu-
shu and Osaka-Kobe, where there are 5 out of the 10 largest
plants in Japan, Korea or Manchuria, as well as 4 other im-
portant plants and a number of smaller ones (FIGURE IX - 54).
The 9 leading plants have 95 t%0 of the pig iron capacity, 82 %
of the steel capacity, and 76",) of the rolled products capacity
of Southwest Japan (TABLE IX - 24). Capacities and locations
of all plants in the area are shown in TABLE IX - 25.
The giant plant at Yawata ( FIGURE IX - 25) is believed to
be smelting a major share of the iron ore imported into South-
west Japan. This saves transportation of iron ore, coal and coke
through the Inland Sea. After going through steel furnaces and
rolling mills, the metal moves on to other consuming centers
in the form of bars, rods, wire, tube, sheet, plate, and other
intermediate products.
The plant at Hiro-mura, less than 50 miles by water from
Osaka and Kobe, is relatively new. It is believed to specialize
in the rolling of plate and probably also supplies some steel
ingots to the Osaka-Kobe district.
The Osaka-Kobe district (FIGURE IX - 26) is deficient in
blast furnace capacity and probably receives a substantial part
of the pig iron imported into Southwest Japan. Even the 4
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EXCESS DEFICIT OF OR SOURCE OF
CAPACITY PRODUCTION SURPLUS OR DEFICIT
(1) - (2) (2) - (3)
2,500 --2,000 From Manchuria and Korea
1,250 - 500 From Manchuria and Korea
1,750 +1,000 To rest of Japan
TABLE IX - 23.
IRON AND STEEL PRODUCTION AND REQUIREMENTS, SOUTHWEST JAPAN, ESTIMATED 1944
(in Thousands of Metric Tons)
CAPACITY* PRODUCTION REQUIREMENTS AVERAGE SURPLUS OR DESTINATION
(1)
(2)
(3)
Pig iron ___________________
5,000
2,500
4,500
Steel __--------------------------------
7,250
6,000
6,500
Rolled products ----- ------------
6,500
4,750
3,750
In round figures. Capacity for pig iron makes no allowance for shut- downs for relining and repairs.
LEADING IRON AND STEEL PLANTS, SOUTHWEST JAPAN
PERCENTAGES OF CAPACITY IN THE AREA,
ESTIMATED, 1944
INDUSTRIAL
DISTRICT AND
LOCATION
COMPANY
PIG
IRON
STEEL
INGOTS
ROLLED
PRODUCTS
North Kyirshfr
Yawata-Tobata
Nippon Seitetsu KK
50.0
41.0
35.0
Kokura
Kokura Seiko KK
5.4
3.3
6.4
Southwest Honshu
Hyogo-ken
Hiro-mura
Osaka-Kobe
Kobe
Nippon Seitetsu KK
Kawasaki Jukogyo KK
5.8
9.2
8.4
Kobe Seikosho KK
6.0
4.8
3.9
Togo-mura
Amagasaki Seiko KK
5.2
1.6
2.8
Osaka
Nakayama Seikosho KK
7.4
6.2
7.5
Nippon Seitetsu KK
2.6
2.6
Sumitomo Kinzoku
Kogyo KK
Hyogo-ken
Hiro-mura B
Nippon Seitetsu KK 730 800 500
Shikama Sanyo Seiko KK 17 12
Nippon Seitetsu KK 35*
Takasago- Nippon Seitetsu KK 25*
machi
Ogo-mura C
Page IX - 29
Kogyo KK 67 57
Otani Seiko KK 48** 105
D
Daido Seiko KK
Nippon Spindle
Seizosho KK
Osaka Seiko KK
Sumitomo Kinzoku
Hojo-machi D
Nichia Seiko KK
B
Kawasaki Jukogyo KK
(2 plants) 290 667* 538
Kobe Seikosho KK 300 350 245
B
Nakayama Seikosho KK 365 449 480
Nippon Seitetsu KK 187 173
Osaka Seiko KK 94 63
Sumitomo Kinzoku
Kogyo KK 149** 70
Nippon Sutenresu KK 100 75
Kokko Seisa Kogyo KK 59* 25
Sekisan Kinzoku
Kogyo KK 2 18
IRON AND STEEL PLANT CAPACITIES,
SOUTHWEST JAPAN, ESTIMATED 1944
PREFECTURE
COMPANY CLASS 1
PIG
IRON 2
STEEL
INGOTS
ROLLED
PRODUCTS
(IN THOUSANDS OF MET-
RIC TONS PER YEAR)
North Kyushu
Nagasaki-ken
Nagasaki
Mitsubishi Jukogyo KK
57**
10
Fukuoka-ken
Kokura
Kokura Seiko KK
274
243
410
Fujikoshi Kozai Kogyo KK
7
A
Tobata
Nippon Seitetsu KK
2543
3007**
2250
Hitachi Seisakusho KK
12
1
Hachiya-
Nippon Kogyo KK
28
machi
Wakamatsu
Tokai Kogyo KK
92
Southwest Honshu
Shimane-ken
Yasugi-machi
C
Hitachi Seisakusho KK
75
100
75
Minari-mura
Teikoku Seitetsu KK
6
Yamaguchi-ken
Tokuyama
Tokuyama Toppan KK
10
200
Ube
Hitachi Seisakusho KK
15
Kudamatsu-
machi
Hiroshima-ken
Kure
Ube Tekkosho KK
Toyo Kohan KK
Kure Arsenal
___
100
Kake-machi
Teikoku Seitetsu KK
36
Nie-machi
Nippon Seikosho KK
2
Tottori-ken
Yonago
Nippon Soda KK
Kurosaka-mura Osaka Tokushu Seiko KK
Otsu-machi Kotobuki Jukogyo KK 15 34
Suita-machi Osaka Tokushu Seiko KK 6 4
Toyono-gun Riken Atsuen KK 10
Nara-ken
Takada-machi Teikoku Seitetsu KK
Mie-ken
Yokkaichi Toho Jukogyo KK 100* * ~ 20
Tsu Toyoda Seiko KK 40 30
Aichi-ken
Nagoya D
Daido Seiko (Atsuta) 23 10
Daido Seiko (Tsukiji) 25* 6
Daido Seiko (Hoshizaki) 60" 185
Yatsukari Seitetsu KK 12
Toho Seiko KK
D
Nippon Spindle
Seizosho KK 25 *
Toyoda Seiko KK 10 100* 80
Koromo- Toyodo Jidosha KK 25*
machi
* Including electric furnace capacity 20,000 to 39,999 tons
Including electric furnace capacity 40,000 to 99,999 tons
* * * Including electric furnace capacity 100,000 tons or more
1. Based on capacity of all plants in the same city or township, as follows:
A. Full integration, steel ingot capacity greater than 3,000,000 metric tons.
B. Full integration, steel ingot capacity 500,000 to 1,100,000 metric tons.
C. Full integration, steel ingot capacity 100,000 to 500,000 metric tons.
D. Partial integration, steel ingot capacity 50,000 to 200,000, rolling capac-
ity 50,000 to 300,000.
2. Gross annual capacity.
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Page IX - 30
FIGURE IX - 25. Fukuoka Prefecture.
Yawata, date unknown, looking N. Yawata steel plant.
largest plants., which have their own blast furnaces, are likely to
import pig. In this district, there is a considerable concentration
of electric furnaces, used for making alloy steels. A similar con-
c,entration occurs in the Nagoya district (FIGURE IX - 27),
where there are no important blast furnaces or open-hearth
furnaces.
B. Chemicals.
Southwest Japan is responsible for a large proportion of
FIGURE IX - 26. Osaka Prefecture.
Osaka, date unknown. Nakayama steel plant.
Confidential
Japan's vital chemical production. In this area is about 55
of the nitrogen fixation capacity of Japan. (or 40`(, of the
Japanese Empire and Manchuria) and roughly 75';(of the
sulfuric acid manufacturing capacity of Japan proper (or about
that of the Japanese Empire and Manchuria). Other im-
portant production of chemicals is concentrated to much the
same extent in Southwest Japan.
The chemical industries are heavily dependent upon coal
produced in northern Kyushu and Yamaguchi-ken or imported
from the continent, both for fuel and as a raw material. Their
products are absorbed by industries in the same area: other
chemical industries (as in the use of sulfuric acid for ammon-
ium sulfate), explosives, textiles, paper, glass, and soap. Loca-
tions of plants arc shown in FIGURE IX - 59.
(1) Nitrogen compounds.
The pool of nitrogen fixation capacity available to Japan at
home and in Manchuria and Korea is composed roughly as
follows:
Ammonia synthesis 474,000 metric tons of nitrogen content
Calcium cyanamide 131,000 metric tons of nitrogen content
Coke-oven by-producr ammonia 40,000 metric tons of nitrogen content
Oil shale by-product ammonia 10,000 metric tons of nitrogen content
Total
655,000 metric tons of nitrogen content
Military and agricultural uses compete for the available sup-
ply. The principal military requirement is for the manufacture
FIGURE IX - 27. Aichi Prefecture.
Nagoya, date unknown. Part of industrial section in southern part of city.
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of nitric acid, an essential constituent of explosives. The agri-
cultural requirement is for fertilizer, both ammonium sulfate
and calcium cyanamide, and is by far the largest single require-
ment. In 1939, 1,407,049 metric tons of ammonium sulfate,
with nitrogen content of about 300,000 tons, were consumed
in Japan proper.
(a) Ammnaonia. Approximately 60 of the ammonia
synthesis industry of Japan proper and 45,'( of that in the Ja-
panese Empire and Manchuria is in Southwest Japan, much of it
near the coal fields. TABLE IX - 26 lists the ammonia plants in
the area. They are shown on FIGURE IX - 59. Three of these
plants, those at Nobeoka and Minamata in eastern and southern
Kyushu respectively and the one at Nagoya, are known to
obtain all or part of the necessary hydrogen through electrolysis
of water. The others have used the water gas process, for which
coke is the necessary raw material.
TABLE IX - 26.
AMMONIA SYNTHESIS PLANT CAPACITY,
SOUTHWEST JAPAN, ESTIMATED
1943
PREFECTURE
AND LOCATION
COMPANY ANNUAL CAPACITY IN
METRIC TONS OF
NITROGEN
Kyushu
Miyazaki-ken
Nobeoka
Fukuoka-ken
Yawata (Kurosaki)
Omuta
Kumamoto-ken
Minamata-machi
Nippon Kasei KK
Toyo Koatsu KK
Nippon Chisso Hiryo KK
17,000
33,000
(FIGURE IX - 28)
Shikoku
Ehime-ken
Niihama
Sumitomo Kagaku Kogyo KK
(FIGURE IX - 29)
Southwest Honshil
Yamaguchi-ken
Shimonoseki
Gasei Kogyo KK
3,500
(1iko-shima )
Ube
Ube Chisso Kogyo KK
45,000
Hyogo-ken
Befu-machi
Taki Seihi KK
10,000
Aichi-ken
Nagoya
Yahagi Kogyo KK
25,000
Total Southwest Japan
208,500
Approximately 10,000 tons of nitrogen is contained in
12,000 tons of
ammonia or in 49,000 tons of ammonium sulfate.
(b) Calcium cyanamide. The calcium cyanamide indus-
try, less dependent on coal and more likely to be located in
Page IX - 31
regions of abundant hydroelectric power, is not so concen-
trated in Southwest Japan as is the ammonia synthesis industry.
One major calcium cyanamide plant is located in Kyushu, the
Omuta plant of Denki Kagaku Kogyo KK (estimated 1943 ca-
pacity 134,100 metric tons of calcium cyanamide containing
29,500 tons nitrogen). Together with a small plant at Ogaki
(Gifu-ken) this accounts for about 30'(' of the capacity of
Japan proper and about 251,' of the capacity of the Japanese
Empire and Manchuria.
(c) Nitric acid. Because nitric acid is commonly manu-
factured from ammonia, most of the nitric acid plants are adja-
cent to ammonia plants, as a comparison of TABLES IX - 26
and IX - 27 shows. Nitric acid production figures have not been
published for many years.
TABLE IX - 27.
NITRIC ACID PRODUCERS, SOUTHWEST JAPAN,
ESTIMATED 1943
PREFECrURP. AND LOCATION
Kyirshfi
Kumamoto-ken
Omuta Mitsui Kozan KK
Minamata-machi Nippon Chisso Hiryo KK
Shikoku
Ehime-ken
Niihama
Southwest Honshu
Yamaguchi-ken
Sumitomo Kagaku Kogyo KK
Ube Ube Chisso Kogyo KK
Osaka-fu Fuku Ryusan KK
(2) Calcium carbide.
An intermediate product in making calcium cyanamide is
calcium carbide. The calcium carbide capacity of the Japanese
Empire and Manchuria is estimated at about 950,000 metric
tons annually, but production may be lower. Consumption is
roughly estimated at 250,000 tons for generation of acetylene,
100,000 tons for synthesis of other chemicals, and at least
200,000 tons for conversion to calcium cyanamide.
The large amount of electric power required in the manu-
facture of calcium carbide has caused much capacity to be
located in Manchuria, Korea, and north central Japan. Roughly
25 '( of the capacity of Japan proper and 20 of the capacity
of the Japanese Empire and Manchuria are located in South-
west Japan. The calcium carbide installations of this area and
their capacities are listed in TABLE IX - 28 and shown on
FiGURE IX - 59.
FIGURE IX - 28. Kumamoto Prefecture.
Minamata, 1937. Installations of Nippon Chisso Hiryo K. K. Electrolysis plant
in foreground; ammonia synthesis plant behind.
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FIGURE IX - 29. Ehirne Prefecture.
Niihama, probably 1932. Installations of Sumitomo Kagaku Kogyo K. K. Gas plant and
ammonia synthesis plant in foreground; sulfuric acid and
ammonium sulfate plants behind.
'['ABLE IX - 28.
CALCIUM CARBIDE CAPACITY, SOUTHWEST JAPAN,
ESTIMATED 1943
PREFECTURE COMPANY ANNUAL CAPACITY IN
AND LOCATION METRIC TONS
OF CALCIUM CARBIDE
KNa.shu
t>ita-ken
Kawasaki-m ura
I ukuoka-ken
Omuta
Kumamoto-ken
Kagami-machi
Minamata-machi
Southwest Honshfi
Iiyogo-ken
Amagasaki
Cifu-ken
Ogaki
Ogaki
M i no-made,
Nissar. Kagaku Kogyo KK 6,000
Nippon Chisso Hiryo KK I0,000
(FIGURE IX - 30)
Ibigawa Denki Kogyo KK 22,000
Denki Kogyosho KK ?
Denki Kogyosho KK 10,500
(at least) 193,900
Confidential
war gases, drugs, photographic supplies, and other organic
compounds, including dyes. For most of these end uses, the raw
materials are first converted to dye intermediates. Production of
dye intermediates is highly concentrated in Southwest Japan,
all 5 of the large intermediate plants of Japan being located
there, 3 of them on Kyushu.
The 5 plants are: Nippon Soda Kogyo KK at Yawata and
Miike Senryo Kogyosho at Omuta (Fukuoka-ken) ; Nippon
Senryo Seizo KK at Tsurusaki-machi (Oita-ken) ; Teikoku
Senryo Seizo KK at Fukuyama (Okayama-ken); and Nippon
Senryo Seizo KK at Osaka (Osaka-fu).
(4) Sulfuric acid.
Three-quarters of the sulfuric acid plant: capacity of Japan
proper is in Southwest Japan, much of it in prefectures border-
ing on the Inland Sea (FIGUB E IX - 59, and TABLE IX - 29) .
The largest use of sulfuric acid is in the production of fertilizers,
especially ammonium sulfate, which is largely manufactured at
ammonia plants (Topic 95, B, (1), (a) ). Large quantities are
also required for explosives manufacturing in northern Kyu-
shu, along the Honshu shores of the Inland Sea, and in the
Osaka-Nagoya area (Topic 95, B, (6)) . Rayon manufacture,
in which Yamaguchi and Hiroshima prefectures are outstand-
ing, also requires sulfuric acid (Topic 95, K'). The preeminence
of Ehime-ken on Shikoku in production of sulfuric acid is due
to its large deposits of pyrites, a raw material (Topic 94, A,
(1)).
(3) By- products of coal carbonization.
Some 70 o of the by-product coal carbonization industry of
Japan is in Southwest Japan (Topic 94, B, (2)) . Facilities for
refining the light oil and tar into such products as benzene,
phenol, and toluene are likewise highly concentrated. In 1934,
the last year for which such figures are available, 91`,'70 of
Japan's benzene and 58 `/0 of her toluene were produced in
Fukuoka-ken in northern Kyushu.
The great importance of benzene, toluene, and phenol lies in
their use as a starting point for the manufacture of explosives,
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 Approved For Release 2004/12/20 : CIA-RDP79-01144AO01500010009-6
Confidential
Page IX - 33
FIGURE IX - 30. Kumamoto Prefecture.
Minamata, 1937. Calcium carbide plant of Nippon Chisso Hiryo
K. K. One of the smaller producers of calcium
carbide in Japan.
TABLE IX - 29.
SULFURIC ACID CAPACITY, SOUTHWEST JAPAN BY
PREFECTURES, INCOMPLETE ESTIMATES, 1942
ISLAND AND
PREFECTURE
CAPACITY IN METRIC
TONS OF 500
BL+. ACID
Kyrsbo
Miyazaki-ken
116,000
Oita-ken
1,500
Fukuoka-ken
350,500
Subtotal
468,000
Shikoku
Kagawa-ken
84,000
Ehime-ken
583,000
Subtotal
667,000
Southwest Honshif
Yamaguchi-ken
311,000
Hiroshima-ken
51,500
Okayama-ken (FIGURE IX - 31)
140,000
Subtotal
502,500
Hyogo-ken
347,000
Osaka-fu
250.500
Wakayama-ken
10,000
Shiga-ken
129,000
Subtotal
736,500
Mie-ken
121,000
Aichi-ken
279,000
Subtotal
400,000
Total Southwest Japan
2,774,000
Nolu: These figures are incomplete, as they omit plants for which no data
are available. Capacities for companies with more than a single plant are
arbitrarily divided among plants in some cases. Acids shipped in concentrations
higher than 50? Be. have smaller rcnnages than are indicated in the table.
(5) Chlorine and caustic soda.
Caustic soda is manufactured by 2 processes, the electrolytic
process in which chlorine also is produced, and the Solvay pro-
cess in which soda ash is an intermediate product. There is
probably excess capacity in both of these industries in Southwest
Japan. The principal uses of caustic soda are in the rayon,
cotton, soap, paper, explosives, and dyestuffs industries. In
FIGURE IX - 31. Okayama Prefecture.
Okayama, 1936. Chemical plant of Shinagawa Shirorenga K. K.
1938, Japan produced 141,829 metric tons of caustic soda by
the electrolytic process and 298,931 tons by the Solvay process,
a total of nearly 441,000 metric tons. Present requirements are
estimated at not more than 350,000 metric tons a year, of
which about 240,000 tons goes to the rayon industry (Topic
95, K). A basic raw material both for caustic soda and soda
ash is salt (Topic 94, A, (4)) .
The level at which the electrolytic industry operates depends
on the demand for chlorine. At capacity operation about
200,000 tons of chlorine and 225,000 tons of caustic soda
would be produced. In wartime, chlorine is used for explosives,
poison gases, and decontaminating and disinfecting agents. In
peacetime, large quantities were consumed in the paper and
textile industries. Almost 6001, of the electrolytic capacity is
in Southwest Japan (TABLE IX - 30).
Caustic soda not supplied by the electrolytic industry must
be supplied by the Solvay industry. The entire Solvay industry
of Japan is located in Southwest Japan and is believed to have
considerable excess capacity at the present time.
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 Approved For Release 2004/12/20 : CIA-RDP79-01144AO01500010009-6
1'ageJX-34
RESOURCES AND TRADE Confidential
TABLE IX - 30.
ELECTROLYTIC CHLORINE AND CAUSTIC SODA CAPACITY
SOUTHWEST JAPAN, ESTIMATED 1937
PREFECTURE
AND LOCATION
ANNUAL CAPAC:[TY
IN METRIC TONS
OF CHLORINE"
Kyushu
Miyazaki-ken
Nobeoka
Fukuoka-ken
Kokura
Osaka Soda KK
5,300
Yawata (K urosaki )
Nippon Kasei KK
3,500
Omuta
Mitsui Kozan KK
7,100
.Shikoku
Kochi-ken
Kochi
Nankai Sarashiko KK
2,100
Kagawa-ken
Sakaide
Shikoku Soda KK
8,100
I ihi me-ken
Niihama
Sumitomo Kagaku Kogyo KK
8,200
Southwest Honshu
Yamaguchi-ken
't'onda
Okayama-kern
Kotoura
Hvogo-ken
Amagasaki
Toyo Jinzo Hiryo KK
4,300
Amagasaki
Velvet Sekken KK
1,800
Amagasaki
Osaka Soda KK
7,900
Takasago
Kanegafuchi Boseki KK
3,200
Osaka-fu
Osaka
Osaka Sarashiko KK
1,600
Osaka
Rasa Kogyo KK
3,500
Osaka
Sakai Ryuso KK
2,700
Sakai
Yamatogawa Senkojo KK
3,200
Wakayama-ken
Kozaika
Aichi-ken
Nagoya
Showa Soda KK
13,300
Nagoya
Tokai Soda KK
1,600
106,700
The formation of each ton of chlorine is accompanied by the formation
of 1.128 tons of caustic soda.
(6) Explosives.
No quantitative information is available, but many explo-
sives plants are known to be located in Southwest Japan (FI(3-
IJRF IX-591 and Topic 95, E). Their distribution is similar
to that of the sulfuric acid plants (Topic 95, B, (4) ).
C. Industrial machinery.
The tendency of any industrialized country at war to use the
technical skills and equipment of machinery producers to meet
the most serious shortages in the military program as they arise
makes the available data on the Japanese machinery and ma-
chine tool industry, based as they are largely on pre-1941
sources, subject to considerable error as a description of current
conditions. Nevertheless, it is doubtful whether any considerable
change has occurred in the areas in which production is con-
centrated, in the degree of concentration, or in lists of leading
firms. The companies listed may be making somewhat different
products now, but the changes will all be in the direction of
more urgently required products. The number of important
plants may have increased, especially in Kyushu and the west-
ern end of Honshu.
The large number of plants engaged in producing great va-
riety of machinery and equipment used in every industry has
made it impossible to secure satisfactory statistics on the in-
dustry as a whole or its most significant parts, except for some
fragmentary data on machine-tool production. Somewhat over
50"/C
of total Japanese output is produced in Southwest Japan.
Almost all of this is concentrated in the central industrial belt
with about 35 (70 in the greater Osaka-Kobe industrial district
and about 18 ` in the Nagoya district (FIGURE IX - 60).
(1) Machine tools.
The pressure which the military situation has developed for
increased output of aircraft and ships has undoubtedly kept
Japan's requirements for machine tools at a high level. Existing
facilities must be hard pressed to keep up with this demand in
view of the large-scale of prewar imports and the heavy equip-
Inent and high degree of skill required to produce machine
tools themselves. Japanese machine tool production is not one
of the more heavily concentrated industries. There are 20 plants
of major importance, about %2 of which are in Southwest Japan.
As is characteristic of most types of precision metal products,
the Nagoya and Osaka industrial areas in the central Honshu
industrial belt are the centers of machine tool production in the
area covered by this study. Together they turn out perhaps 400
of total Japanese machine tool production (FIGURE IX - 60).
Important plants are also located at Hiroshima at the west
end of the Inland Sea and at ]Karatsu (Saga-ken) in northern
Kyushu. A list of the 7 most important plants in Southwest
Japan with brief notes on their specialties is given in TABLE
IX-31.
TABLE IX - 31.
PRINCIPAL MACHINE TOOL PLANTS IN SOUTHWEST JAPAN
ISLAND PREFECTURE AND LOCATION COMPANY
KyiishO
Saga-ken
Karatsu
Southwest Honshu
Hiroshima-ken
Gion-mura, Asa-gun Mitsubishi Denki KK (2)
Osaka-fu
Fuku izumi-machi, Osaka Wakayama Tekkosho KK (3)
Semboku-gun
Aichi-ken
Nagoya Mitsubishi Denki KK (4)
Kusunuki-mura, Nishi- Okuma Tekkosho KK (5)
Kasugai-gun
Asahi-machi, Higashi- Okuma Tekkosho KK (6)
Kasugai-gun
Kachikawa-machi, Okuma Tekkosho KK (7)
Higashi-Kasugai-gun
NoTE: Plant I is that of an old-line company with the reputation of
making the best heavy-duty machine tools in Japan. It also makes gear-cutting
and grinding machines for the aircraft-engine industry. Plants 2 and 4 belong
to a company which is probably the largest producer of machine tools in Japan.
One of these plants employs 10-12,000 men, although it is not certain that they
are engaged in producing machine tools rather than electrical equipment. Plant 3
manufactures a number of machines needed by the aircraft industry, including
internal grinders. Plants 5 to 7 are the 3 new factories of an old-line company,
and are located just outside metropolitan Nagoya, close to new and important
industrial developments. Grinding and threading machines made by Okuma are
believed to he made in these plants.
(2) Other industrial machinery.
No recent estimates of Japanese machinery manufacturing
capacity and production have been made. In 1938, Osaka pre-
fecture produced 25 Aichi prefecture 18 Hyogo prefec-
ture 9 and other parts of Southwest Japan 8 of Japan's
total value of machinery and tools production, excluding elec-
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 Approved For Release 2004/12/20 : CIA-RDP79-01144AO01500010009-6
Confidential
trical equipment. TABLE IX - 32 gives an incomplete list of
leading manufacturers in 1940, excluding machine-tool mak-
ers and manufacturers of electrical equipment. To this list there
should be added various manufacturers of railroad equipment
(Topic 95, G), and machinery plants owned by some of the
larger shipyards (Topic 95, F), and by the Japanese Govern
ment.
RESOURCES AND TRADE Page IX - 35
TABLE IX - 32.
LEADING MACHINERY MANUFACTURERS, SOUTHWEST
JAPAN, 1940
ISLAND, PREFECTURE
ANI) LOCATION
Kyushu
Fukuoka-ken
Kokura
South cost Honshu
I-Iiroshima-ken
Gion-machi, Asa-gun
Hyogo-ken
Kawanishi-machi,
Kawabe-gun
Kobe
Futami-machi
COMPANY
Okuma Tekkosho KK
Toyo Kikai KK
Osaka Kikai
Seisakusho KK.
Toa Kinzoku Kogyo KK
Toa Kinzoku Kogyo KK
Kinzoku
TYPES OP
MACHINERY AND
EQUIPMENT
PRODIJCED
Metallurgical,
military and
naval ordnance,
lumber, textile,
precision.
Internal combustion
engines, construc-
tion, spinning.
Forging, mining,
oil refining,
spinning.
Construction,
chemical industry,
spinning, mining.
Osaka-fu
Osaka (2 plants)
Osaka (4 plants)
Kasuga-mura,
Mishima-gun (2 plants)
Osaka Kikai
Scisakusho KK
Aichi-ken
Kachikawa-machi,
Higashi-Kasugai-gun
Asahi-machi,
Higashi-Kasugai-gun
Kurenuki-mura,
Nishi Kasugai-gun
Nagoya
Saguchi Kikai
Seisakusho KK
Matsumoto Chuzo
Tekkosho KK
Internal combustion
engines, construc-
tion, spinning.
Forging, mining,
oil refining,
spinning.
Transportation,
chemical industry,
construction,
gear wheels.
Internal combustion
engines, chemical
industry, iron
manufacti:ring,
mining,
construction.
Compressors,
cranes, dredging.
Mining, chemical
machinery.
Metallurgical,
military and
naval ordnance,
lumber industry,
textile, precision.
Osaka Kikai
Seisakusho KK
Forging, metal and
oil refining,
spinning.
gear-cutting machine. Destruction of other special equipment at
this plant would, for at least a year, stop production of large
training circles used on battleships.
(b) Anti-friction bearings. Prewar production of bear-
ings in Japan was largely of medium sizes, and the Japanese
have had difficulties in expanding production of the very small
bearings used, for example, in magnetos, and of the very large
ones needed in steel or aluminum rolling mills.
About 95 `% of Japan's production of anti-friction bearings
is concentrated in 4 firms operating 14 plants, 7 of which, in-
cluding the largest in Japan, are in Southwest Japan. This
area has 60'/(,, of Japanese capacity in bearings production.
It has been estimated that Japanese stockpiles of bearings
are close to exhaustion, and production is believed to be just
meeting requirements. A considerable quantity of high-precision
machine tools occur in the bearing-manufacturing plants, which
often manufacture their own specially designed machine tools.
Toyo Bearing Seizo KK, with 2 plants in Kuwana (Mie-ken )
and I plant at Ryogen-mura (Hyogo-ken), is Japan's largest
producer of anti-friction bearings. These plants have slightly
more than 50 t/ of Japan's total capacity and about 90% of
the capacity located in Southwest Japan.
The importance of anti-friction bearings in war implements,
the full use of capacity, the concentration of production, the
greatly diminished or non-existent stockpile, and the tight posi-
tion in high-precision machine tools render the anti-friction
bearing production highly important as a target for air attack.
D. Electrical machinery and equipment.
The Japanese electrical machinery and equipment industry is
not highly concentrated nor, in general, vulnerable to attack.
A large portion of current output goes into combat equipment,
and wartime requirements have necessitated a considerable ex-
pansion of the industry.
Southwest Japan does not contain a major fraction of Japan's
total production of electrical equipment, although some indi-
vidual items are produced in important proportions. It is esti
mated that the area is responsible for 5 ` of Japan's radio tube
production, 33 % of incandescent lamp production, 35 `o of
wire and cable production, 60;% of new boiler production for
steam power plants, 30 o of electric power turbine and heavy
generator production, and 50% of small motor and generator
production. Most of these facilities are in either the central in-
dustrial area of Kobe-Osaka-Nagoya or in northern Kyushu.
They are shown on FIGURE IX - 60.
(1) Radio and radar tubes.
Data on Japanese production of radio and radar tubes are
fragmentary. Fourteen Japanese companies operating 1.5 fac
tories are known to be producing tubes for radio and radar. Two
companies, the Tokyo Shibaura Denki KK and the Nippon
Denki KK (operating 3 factories outside of Southwest Japan)
are estimated to be making 80 %Jr) of the total Japanese output
of tubes. Of the 6 major Japanese factories which almost mono-
polize the industry, only 1 is located in Southwest Japan.
This is the Kawanishi Denki Kikai KK factory in Kobe
(Hyogo-ken) .
One of the most important components of radio and radar
tubes is tungsten (Topic 94, A). Two subsidiaries of the
(3) Gears and bearings.
(a) Precision gears. The Mizaguchi Gear Works at Tsu-
kuda (Osaka-fu) is believed to have been in 1942, one of the
very few manufacturers specializing in precision gears and
probably the only manufacturer of the largest size speed-reduc-
tion gears and training rings in Japan. This plant has a gear
hobber, believed to be the only one of its kind in the Far East
in 1939, which is probably the chief bottleneck in the supply
of reduction gears for warships of the Japanese Navy. If de-
stroyed, it would take about a year to design and produce a new
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 Approved For Release 2004/12/20 : CIA-RDP79-01144AO01500010009-6
('age IX - 36 RESOURCES AND TRADE
Confidential
'T'okyo Shibaura Denki KK, the principal producers of drawn
tungsten filament, are located in Southwest Japan, both in
Kyushu, and are responsible for an estimated 10',%% of Japanese
production. These are the Nippon Yakin KK Moji (Fukucka-
ken) plant and the Nippon Tungsten KK Fukuoka (Fukuoka-
ken) plant:.
It is believed probable that new capacity for the production
of radio and radar tubes has been established by curtailing in-
candescent lamp production, since a part of lamp-making facili-
ties can be converted to the production of tubes. Southwest
Japan produced about 51,000,000 incandescent lamps or about
"i of Japan's production in 1935. Of the output of this area,
65 by value came from Osaka-ken. The largest incandescent
lamp producer in Southwest Japan, accounting for about 75 '/'(-
Of total area production, is the Tokyo Shibaura Denki KK
with factories in Osaka (Osaka-fu), and Kokura (Fukucka-
ken).
(2) Electrical communications equipment.
The production of telephone, telegraph, and wireless com-
munications instruments in Japan made great strides before the
war. In the immediate prewar years Japan exported increasing
amounts of telephonic and telegraphic equipment. No recent in-
formation on output is available, but major producing factories
are believed to be the same. Of the 235 factories manufacturing
telegraph and wireless equipment in Japan in 1939, .52 were
located in Southwest Japan. Leading producers in this area are
the Nippon Tsushin Kogyo KK plant at Osaka, the Matsushita
Nfusen K1. a ... it ..., f~~:.x. .?,.
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