IMMIGRATION PLANK OF GOP DEPLORED EXTENSION OF REMARKS OF HON. EDWARD J. PATTEN OF NEW JERSEY IN THE HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES

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• Publication Date: July 23, 1964
• Content Type: OPEN

1964
IWM 00080028-1
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our plans and techniques, but they were
relatively uncomplicated and singularly
lacking in drama. They consisted primarily
of methods of mobilizing the support then
latent in the labor movement, in the indus-
trial and financial communities, and in
academic circles-and then translating this
support into votes in' the Congress. The
translation process involved a slow, meth-
odical discussion of the issues with vir-
tually every Member of Congress. Of course,
the powerful support of two Presidents,
John F, Kennedy and Lyndon B. Johnson,
was also indispensable.
Non9, of this detracts, however, from the
fundamental premise that it was not strat-
agems but rather the solid intellectual argu-
ment which, functioned as our most power-
ful weapon..
To turn the coin slightly, my experience
has indicated that economists generally
show no more perception with regard to the
legislative process than did the visiting po-
litical science students. Time and time
again over the past 5 years in the Congress
and in the Treasury, I have met with groups
of economists who seemed to delight in ad-
vancing ideas that had absolutely no basis
in political reality.
I would certainly not deny either to the
political scientist or to the economist the
privilege of exploring freely every aspect of
his subject matter. Pure research in these
disciplines is at least as valuable as in the
physical sciences. But I do suggest that
both studies-political science and eco-
nomics-seem to be out of touch with the
working politicians.
In developing my theme today, I plan to
pick and chose from the storehouse of eco-
nomic history. Many of my comments may
prove debatable, Perhaps some of you will
even find my treatment of this history a bit
cavalier, but then imagine for a moment
what history will do to us.
In any event, I want to focus your atten-
tion on what I deem to be an important
current problem, and to suggest one part of
a possible solution.
Basically, I want to ask: "What happened
to the study of politicay economy?" From
the early 18th century to the beginning of
the 20th century-a span of about 200
years-there was a study known as political
economy. What has happened to it?
A simple answer is that this study was
born to fulfill the need of the times and
died when the need ceased to exist. I think
this answer is too pat. In my own opinion,
the need has continued to exist, but it has
been sorely neglected.
This seems to me a particularly appro-
priate subject to discuss with you. For ex-
ample, I do not see how complicated flnan-
cial matters can be presented intelligently
to readers without an awareness of the po-
litical trends that are running in this Na-
tion and in the world. Conversely, I cannot
see how your colleagues who write of politics
can do so intelligently without an aware-
ne&s of economic trends and developments.
In this context, let us take a brief look at
relevant history and the subject of political
economy.
The end of the Middle Ages in Europe
brought about new social, economic, and
political states replacing the old feudal-
ecclesiastical political orders. The result-
ing problems, economic and political, were
new and solutions were sought by many.
Mercantilism flourished and was exem-
plifled in countless writings and in the re-
strictive and regulative policies of states-
The doctrine of laissez faire arose nat-
urally as a protest against the excessive reg-
kinds of governmental policies would best
promote national wealth and prosperity.
Their answers reinforced the fundamental
principles of the doctrine of laissez faire, and
turned this economic doctrine into a polit-
ical slogan: "That government is best which
governs least." The political economists
made themselves felt in the world of prac-
tical affairs and, indeed, Adam Smith and
his followers, had a profound influence in
almost every part of the Western World.
With the activities of government cur-
tailed and with the general acceptance of
the concept that economic history would be
written in a free market by competing en-
trepreneurs, I suppose it was only logical
that the study of political economy would
divide into the separate studies of political
science and economics. After all, if gov-
ernment had little place in economic de-
cisions and economic decisions little place
in government, what profit could there be
in the study of political economy?
By 1890, Adam Smith and the world as he
saw it had long since vanished into the
shadowing past. His world consisted of vast
underdeveloped areas of the North and South
American Continents, Australia, and New
Zealand, and a European civilization in the
early phases of the industrial revolution.
By the end of the 19th century, these areas
were settled and the liberating forces of the
industrial revolution had nearly spent them-
selves. Though the problems of politics
and economics were-and continue to be-
entangled, a sizable contingent of econo-
mists withdrew intellectually from interest
in the broader aspects of their subject mat-
ter. By the 20th century, the term "eco-
nomics" came into general use replacing the
older political economy, the change of name
reflecting changes in the discipline itself,
which had become subdivided into a num-
ber of specialties.
To me, this withdrawal and the division
of the study of political economy was most
unfortunate and perhaps we are still paying
the price.
It took the terrible depression of the 1930's
to bring home forcibly the fact that na-
tional wealth and prosperity are not the
automatic results of that government which
governs least.
Our Government was forced to make
many economic decisions-considered start-
ling innovations by many. But you and I
know there was nothing particularly novel
about any of the economic decisions of the
1930's. They had all been the subject of
numerous economic studies for years. It
took a cataclysm to make them a political
reality.
To move on into our own times, I can note
that Douglas Dillon is the first Secretary of
the Treasury to point out that on occasion
good fiscal policy requires the temporary
acceptance of Federal deficits as a reason-
able price to pay for economic growth and
a tolerable level of unemployment. Presi-
dents Kennedy and Johnson are the only
two Presidents in the history of the United
States to support a peacetime tax out when
the Federal budget is in a substantial deficit.
Lyndon B. Johnson is probably the only
leader of a free government, in history, who
has attempted to dedicate the energies of an
entire nation to disprove the old iron law
of Ricardo and Malthus that poverty is the
perfectly natural corollary of a free enter-
prise system. All these economic decisions
had been debated and rather generally ac-
cepted in the world of ideas years before
the event. How,, then, do we account for the
timelag?
By contrast, 20 years after the detonation
of the first atomic bomb, this Nation and a
ulation of commerce by Government action. large part of the world-with the active ,par-
Adam Smith and his contemporaries and ticipation of the atomic scientists-had come
followers are to be credited with their at- to the conclusion that some method of con-
tempt to see and analyze a national economy trolling the destructive potential of this dis-
as a .S"hole. In doing so, they asked what covery was essential. The result: A test ban
treaty ratified by this Nation in 1963 and
President Johnson's recent announcement
of a cutback in the production of fissionable
materials. Surely economics is no more dif-
ficult than the study of nuclear physics, yet
the evidence strongly suggests that the
physicists are in better communication
with the politicians than are the economists.
The Nation is now facing a debate which
involves the eventual eradication of poverty
in this country. I agree with President
Johnson that it is an attainable goal. Con-
gress will soon be debating the annual for-
eign aid authorization and appropriations
bills. I agree with Presidents Truman, Eisen-
hower, Kennedy, and Johnson that the at-
tempt to bring'the undeveloped areas of the
world up to some reasonable standard of liv-
ing is feasible and well within the financial
and technical competence of this Nation and
our allies in the free world.
On the horizon we can see an array of
problems that could confront this Nation
in the next few years. To name a few, I
would list our trade relations with the Com-
mon Market, the question of our peaceful
trade with the Soviet bloc, the question of
what to do about our Federal excise taxes,
and-in my particular area-the entire ques-
tion of what is an appropriate banking
structure to meet the rapidly changing needs
of the American economy. In the even more
distant future, I would list as potential
problems the impact of reduced defense ex-
penditures and how to live with automation.
This is only a partial list of problems, and
some of them may simply go away. How-
ever, I believe a prudent man would agree
that we will be forced to face some of them
and attempt to find answers.
To meet our current and future prob-
lems will require the closest understanding
and cooperation between economists and
politicians. To be blunt, however, I think
if we are to attack these problems with vigor
and imagination it will take more than co-
operation and understanding. It will take
trained people. It will take people with the
academic background, the intellectual ca-
pacity, and the political awareness to ana-
lyze the problems, devise the appropriate
programs, and then muster the support in
the Nation and votes in the Congress to make
them a political reality, In my experience,
this is a fairly rare combination of talents
and experience.
The question that bothers me is "Where
are these people coming from?" In the past
they have been recruited from the financial
community, from industry, from the labor
movement. from the Federal Reserve Sys-
tem, from academic circles, and from the
political arena. The record would indicate
that the Nation has, on balance, been for-
tunate in its ability to acquire the right
man for the right job at the right time. I
know from personal experience that at times
the recruiting process has not been easy.
I suggest to you that the time has come
when this Nation should consider a more
orderly method of developing a ready re-
serve of men and women, qualified in the
intellectual disciplines and with the politi-
cal exposure required to bridge any gap that
may exist between economics and politics.
The Employment Act of 1946 creating the
President's Council of Economic Advisers and
the Joint Economic Committee of the Con-
gress was a useful and hopeful first step in
closing the communication gap. But I be-
lieve it may be time to take another step.
I would like to see the Federal Deposit In-
surance Corporation, of which I am Chair-
man, devote a substantial sum annually to
supporting the training of a corps of men
and women who would comprise a national
financial reserve. At this point, let me stress
most emphatically that I am not talking
about another educational or executive de-
velopment program. Rather I contemplate
the creation of an extraordinary group which,
by virtue of its training and background,
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t.~tSSIONAL RECORD - APPENDIX July 23
will be especially prepared to serve the Na-
tion in areas of high national and interna-
tional financial and economic policy.
I would like to see trained, at the graduate
level, up to five people each year for a 4-year
period, or so long as they showed promise.
After the completion of their formal studies,
these men and women would continue their
'training in the Federal Government for an
additional 4 years. I envisage a program that
would rotate them through our Corporation
and the Office of the Comptroller of the Cur-
renncy, the Treasury, the Council of Economic
Advisers, the Federal Reserve System, the
:Bureau of the Budget, the Department of
I State, and appropriate congressional com-
rni.ttees--to illustrate the scope of the train-
iing.
After the expiration of their 4-year terms
of duty, these men and women would be
subject to an additional call for a 4-year
term of service during their lifetime at the
request of the President of the United States.
I do not expect, or even want, all of the
people in the corps to remain with the Gov-
ernment. Some of them will return to the
academic community, some will enter busi-
ness or finance, some may prefer Govern-
ment, some may serve in the labor movement,
and, hopefully, some will develop into Demo-
crats and others into Republicans. But this
corps will be available as a ready reserve for
any future President of either party who
needs them.
:l am under no illusion that my remarks
today will precipitate a remarriage of the
political scientists and the economists.
Signs of even a mild flirtation between the
disciplines are probably more than could
be immediately expected. But I do believe
that, at this juncture of our history, the
Nation badly needs a reservoir of trained
men and women who can move with assur-
ance in the world of economic ideas and
in the world of political reality while under-
standing the problems of both. It is for
this reason that I am today suggesting that
we consider the advisability of creating a
national financial reserve.
East Texas and Tourism and Pittsburg
Peach Festival
EXTENSION OF REMARKS
or
HON. LINDLEY BECKWORTH
OF TEXAS
IN THE HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES
Thursday, July 23, 1964
Mr. BECK WORTH. Mr. Speaker, I in-
clude in the CONGRESSIONAL REcoaD two
editorials, "East Texas and Tourism" and
"Pittsburg Peach Festival," which ap-
peared in the Longview Daily News, June
25, 1964:
EAST TEXAS AND TOURISM
How does east Texas fare, in comparison
with other sections of the State, in attracting
tourists?
Where do Texas tourists come from-what
States and regions?
Out-of-State visitors coming to Texas for
travel and vacations have destinations that
encompass all the State. Some areas, as
may be expected, draw better than others.
The east Texas area, for instance, is the
destination of 2.5 percent of Texas tourists.
While this may appear to be low, it is
exactly the same percentage that is attracted
by the Rio Grande Valley area.
East Texas rates above the northwest area
of the State, which is the destination of 1.8
percent of visitors.
The Austin area draws 1.7 percent; Beau-
mont-Port Arthur, 1.4 percent; Waco, 1.4
percent; Amarillo, 1.1 percent; Odessa-Mid-
land, 0.7 percent; Abilene, 0.6 percent; Lub-
bock, 0.6 percent.
The Big Bend area, which includes the
famous Big Bend National Park, attracts
1.2 percent of the visitors.
Padre Island, the well-known Texas sea-
shore which has been designated a national
seashore area, draws 0.1 percent of visitors.
Some areas of Texas attract far more
visitors than east Texas. The Dallas area
leads the State with 15.8 percent, with the
Houston-Pasadena area a close second with
14.1 percent.
The east Texas region's 2.5 percent com-
pares with the Southwest area's 2.6 per-
cent, Galveston's 3.9 percent, Corpus Christi's
3.9 percent.
El Paso ranks third in preference with 9.8
percent, while San Antonio is close behind
with 9.6 percent, Fort Worth gets 4.6 percent,
and Wichita Falls 4.1 percent.
The five largest metropolitan centers thus
get more than half of the out-of-State visi-
tors. The most popular nonmetropolitan
destination was central Texas-extending
from north of Dallas toward Austin and
the hill country-attracted 7.2 percent of
the visitors questioned.
The great diversity of Texas natural at-
tractions-mountains, mesas, valleys, plains,
streams, forests, beaches, lakes, deserts-
means that tourists spread out all over the
State in search of our infinite variety of
pleasures.
Where do the tourists come from?
A surprising number come from adjoining
States, attracted by the Texas vacation cen-
ters such as metropolitan cities, lakes, and
streams.
More than 1,500,000 residents of Louisiana
visited Texas last year-more than from any
other State. Some 455,000 New Mexico resi-
dents visited Texas on vacation travels,
while Oklahoma sent us 537,000 visitors and
Arkansas supplied another 339,000 tourists
for Texas.
In other words, people who know Texas
travel and tourist attractions best also like
them best and come often to enjoy them.
But two of the most distant States-both
considered primary tourist areas in their
own right-are among the leaders sending
tourists to Texas. Of those visiting the Lone
Star State, 13.2 percent were from California
and 5.8 percent from Florida.
Every State in the Union, including Alaska
and Hawaii, sent visitors to Texas last year.
Even the lands of the maple leaf and the
sombrero were represented. Nearly 200,000
visitors came from Canada and 58,000 Mex-
ican nationals crossed the Rio Bravo for
extended vacations.
Surprisingly, more than 105,000 visitors
from foreign lands visited beauty spots in
Texas.
The record 11,700,000 tourists who visited
Texas last year and spent $532,200,000 in the
State gave a real boost to the State's econ-
omy. More visitors are expected this year.
(Tomorrow in this column-How to in-
fluence tourists to visit your city and area.)
PITTSBURG PEACH FESTIVAL
A spirited triservice club luncheon at
Pittsburg's swank new Town House Inn
Thursday noon officially opened the second
annual Camp County Peach Festival. This
colorful and - entertaining festival will run
through Friday and Saturday and will close
Sunday with an invitational archery tour-
nament.
In the neighborly spirit of east Texans,
Kiwanians, Lions, and Rotarians from many
clubs in the area joined Pittsburg members
of these clubs for the luncheon meeting
where Dr. R. L. Johnson, cochairman of the
festival presided.
Pittsburg and Camp County people are to
be commended for the way in which they
have expanded and improved the program
of events for thissecond annual peach fes-
tival. There will be something of interest
going on all day and each evening through-
out the event.
Of particular interest to many will be the
peach jelly, preserve, pie, and cobbler con-
test on Friday. Prizes of $220 are offered,
but we venture that a taste of some of the
delicacies to be displayed would be much
more enjoyable than the prize money. This
contest will be held at 10 a.m. Friday at
Peach Festival Headquarters, 143 Quitman
Street.
There will be a peach contest, with many
of the northeast Texas area growers of fine
peaches displaying some of the best peaches
at 9 a.m. Saturday. There is a junior live-
stock show for Camp County entries. A
pageant, a peach queen contest, sky divers
show, water show, archery contests, are
among the interesting events planned.
A downtown parade in Pittsburg Saturday
will feature the peach queen and 19 other
contestants who will represent neighboring
cities and communities as queens. The
Peach Queen's Ball will be held at 8 p.m.
Saturday at festival headquarters. The Hay-
wood Shows, consisting of amusement rides,
concessions, and other shows, will be at the
fairgrounds in Pittsburg City Park all day
Saturday.
Started only last year, the Camp County
Peach Festival at Pittsburg now appears cer-
tain to become one of the premier local and
regional festivals in this great east Texas
area. It is a worthy project and deserves full
support of the people of the area.
We here in Longview extend our best
wishes and hope that people from through-
out the east Texas area will visit Pittsburg
during the festival and help make it the
success that it deserves to achieve.
igri on Plank of GOP Deplored
TENSION OF REMARKS
OF
HON. EDWARD J. PATTEN
OF NEW JERSEY
IN THE HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES
Thursday, July 23, 1964
Mr. PATTEN. Mr. Speaker, today's
New York Times contains a most illumi-
nating news item aptly describing the
1964 Republican platform's immigration
plank just as it is, "innocuous to the point
of being meaningless."
The highly responsible American Im-
migration and Citizenship Conference
has recently asked a group of Republi-
can leaders to repudiate the "discrimina-
tory national origins quota system and
other inequities that have such a serious
effect on our relationships abroad."
This citizens' conference is composed of
religious, welfare, and labor organiza-
tions covering the entire spectrum of
American political interests and is under-
standably concerned about the intoler-
able immigration laws currently on this
Nation's lawbooks.
I am inserting this news article so that
my colleagues may see for themselves
how one objective group feels the Repub-
lican Party is closing its ears and its eyes
to the needs of an oppressed world
society.
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CONGRESSIONAL RECORD - APPENDIX
IMMIGRATION PLANK OF GOP DEPLORED
About 35 religious, welfare, labor, and
other organizations interested in immigra-
tion and refugee matters have sharply pro-
tested the immigration plank in the 1964
Republican platform as being "innocuous to
the point of being meaningless," Religious
News Service reports.
Representatives of the various groups, all
members of the American Immigration and
Citizenship Conference, sent a statement to
Republican leaders in San Francisco calling
on them promptly to issue a forthright
Statement in support of an American immi-
gration policy that would do away with the
discriminatory national origins quota system
and correct other inequities in our present
law that have such a serious effect on our
relationships abroad. -
The statement was formulated after dis-
cussion of the platform plank during a meet-
ing here of, the executive committee of the
conference, which was formed to promote
change of U.S. immigration policy.
The platform plank, the statement said,
completely avoids the basic issues inherent
in our present immigration policy and law."
In its platform, the GOP called for "immi-
gration legislation seeking to reunite fami-
lies and continuation of the 'fair share'
refugee program."
At this point I am also including in
my remarks testimony I gave before the
Immigration Subcommittee, of, the House
Judiciary Committee on on Jyme 29. I
implored the subcommittee to "rectify
the injustice of the present immigration
law" by enacting H.R. 7700. Our long-
respected position of world leader is
greatly diminished in the eyes of-for
instance-the 104,537 Greeks who are
backlogged on a quota list of 308.
Let us eliminate the McCarran-Walter
Act from our code of law and then let
us feel we are genuinely attempting to
promote the concept of liberty and just-
ice-for all.
The testimony follows:
STATEMENT BY REPRESENTATIVE EDWARD J. PAT-
TEN ON JUNE 29, 1964, BEFORE HOUSE SUB-
COMMITTEE ON IMMIGRATION, URGING
ADOPTION OF REVISED,IMMIGRATIOIJ BILL
Mr. Chairman and members of the sub-
comittee; for 121/2 years there has been a
dark shadow cast upon the lawbooks of the
U.S. Congress. It is a shadow which has
harmed America and its prestige both at
home and abroad. In a sense, it contradicts
the myth of America's open "golden door."
It rejects the. "huddled masses, yearning to
breathe free." It refutes our request for
the "tired * * * poor " * * the homeless
tempest-tos't." To the world's oppressed,
the Statue of Liberty, is a beacon and har-
binger of New World freedom. In reality,
though, the present immigration law mocks
the worldwide dream of hope, justice, and op-
portunity.
Our unfair and unpopular immigration
law discriminates against most nations of
the world, weakening our position of world
Other 'countries in southern and eastern
Europe face similar obstacles. Italy's quota
of 5,666 must somehow be split up to cover
265,773 prospective emigrants. There are
63,029 who wish to leave Poland and come
here; yet only 6,488 are allowed a year. Yugo-
slavia has an allocation of 942, but has a
backlog of 33,729. Hungary lists 11,999 hope-
ful Americans-to-be with an annual quota
of only 865.
This situation is intolerable. I believe the
best method of rectifying the injustice of
the present immigration law is to enact H.R.
7700.
The measure, which embodies the recom-
mendations of the late President Kennedy
and those of President Johnson, would hu-
manize the existing law and ameliorate the
conditions for those who wish to gain per-
manent residence in America.
Let us briefly examine the administration
proposal. It would not allow any great in-
crease in total number of immigrants; rather,
it would eliminate-over a period of 5 years-
the system of national quotas, thereby help-
ing those from countries with high backlogs.
The $50 billion the United States spends on
defense and the $3.5 billion used for foreign
aid are negated, because other nations point
to our discriminatory immigration law as
evidence we are not sincere in practicing
-democracy.
Close relatives of American citizens and
resident aliens, persons who have been on
waiting lists for the longest period of time,
and those who could benefit the United
States because of special skills, would be
given highest priority regardless of birth-
place. Under the proposed measure, an Im-
migration Board would also be established
to review naturalization policy and to rec-
ommend special use of unallocated quota
numbers. No country would have more than
10 percent of the annual allocation. Under
the present law, three nations hold almost
two-thirds of all quota numbers.
The need for new legislation is demon-
strated every day by the numerous private
bills introduced into the hopper, by the
frequent newspaper stories of families sep-
arated by the Iron and Immigration Cur-
tains, by the letters each Representative re-
ceives every week of friends and relatives
that not-so-recent immigrants have not seen
for years. Earlier this month I testified be-
fore this subcommittee in behalf of Miss
Rahel Chelico, of Highland Park, N.J.-just
one of the many heartbreaking cases that
confronts us so many times.
The late President Kennedy said in his
immigration message to Congress, "Our In-
vestment in new citizens has always been a
valuable source of our strength.- I can do
little more than echo these sentiments.
Nurse Training Act of 1964
SPEECH
OF
HON. FLORENCE P.
DWYER
leadership and handing Moscow ready-made OF NEW JERSEY
anti-West propaganda on a silver platter. IN THE HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES
Under the existing law, known to many as
the McCarran-Walter Act, heavy priority is Tuesday, July 21, 1964
given to the countries of Great Britain, Ire- Mrs. DWYER. Mr. Speaker, anyone
land, and Germany. Yet, there were 41,600 who has had the misfortune to be a
unused vacancies in the British quota for pa-
fiscal 1962. tient in a hospital, including, the best,
On the other hand, the countries of India, during the past several years can testify
China, Israel, Australia, New Zealand, and personally to the acute and growing
many others are allowed only .100 people per shortage of professional nurses in this
year. To people of these countries, "only in country. It is a rare and critical case
America" is a cruel fantasy. which today receives adequate profes-
Examine also the backlogs of other coun-
tries, where people are lined up on clogged sional nursing care, for, as the shortage
waiting lists. Greece, with a quota of but has grown more and more serious,-Pro-
306, has a backlog of 104,537. fessional nurses have increasingly been
A3873
assigned to supervisory duties and the
nursing services which they were trained
to provide have been left to often inexpe-
rienced and inadequately trained nurses'
aids.
The committee report cites a number
of impressive statistics to document the
shortage of professional nurses. In some
hospitals, for instance, the shortage is
so severe that nursing aids provide as
much as 80 percent of the direct nursing
services, and in New York City over half
the positions for professional nurses in
the public hospitals were unfilled in 1961.
This is not a new situation, Mr. Speak-
er; many of us recognized the growing
crisis as far back as the mid-1950's and
publicly urged a program to encourage
the training of more nurses and nursing
educators. Legislation for this purpose
has been pending in Congress for several
years. The astonishing fact about this
bill is the length of time it has taken to
bring a proposed program to the floor of
the House for action. In early 1961, the
Surgeon General appointed a Consultant
Group on Nursing to study the nursing
needs of _ the country and recommend an
appropriate role for the Federal Govern-
ment in helping to meet these needs.
Despite the urgency of the matter and
the fact that a reporting date of later
that year had been set, the study dragged
on and it was not until December 1962,
that the group reported. I recall the
many inquiries I made of the Public
Health Service about the progress of the
study during this period only to be told
on each occasion that, "It won't be much
longer."
In February 1963 the President in-
cluded recommendations based on the
group's report in his message to Con-
gress on the health needs of the coun-
try, at which time he announced he
would send draft legislation to Congress.
Yet, another full year elapsed before an
administration bill was drafted and in-
troduced. Throughout this period, of
course, the nursing shortage was getting
worse. Implementation of the Kerr-
Mills law further strained the Nation's
nursing resources, and the administra-
tion continued to press for enactment of
health care for the elderly legislation-
a measure which could be made nearly
inoperative by the lack of nursing per-
sonnel to provide the services called for
in the legislation.
Finally, in the latter half of 1964, we
have a bill, a good bill which I strongly
support. Nevertheless, it is a significant
measure of the dimension of the nursing
shortage that in 1962 the Surgeon Gen-
eral's Consultant Group determined it
would not be feasible to recommend a
goal of more than 130,000 additional
nurses by 1970 even though they identi-
fied the need as being more than twice
that number, 300,000. The present bill
accepts the group's recommended goal
of 130,000 nurses, but the committee has
been frank to warn in its report that
even if this goal is reached the country
will remain seriously short of nurses in
1970.
In the face of this shortage-and un-
doubtedly contributing to it-the num-
ber of nursing schools awarding 3-year
diplomas has steadily declined, from 1,-
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A3874 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD - APPENDIX
134 in 1949 to 875 in 1962. The hospitals
which operate most of these diploma
schools have reported heavy deficits
which they are forced to meet through
higher charges to their patients, a not
very happy arrangement especially in
view of the already high costs of hospital
care, and many have been forced to
I abandon their nursing schools as a re-
sult.
The pending bill, Mr. Speaker, will help
to deal effectively with the nursing short-
age in several of its aspects. The pro-
gram of grants for construction of teach-
ing facilities will help encourage the
major expansion of such facilities which
necessary if the annual production of
graduate nurses is to be increased from
the present 30,000 to the projected 53,000.
The new program of project grants will
help stimulate nursing schools to experi-
ment with and develop new methods of
training more nurses, in less teaching
time and learning time, and with a re-
sulting higher degree of technical and
scientific competence.
Because of the heavy deficits incurred
by hospitals which operate nursing
schools, and because other provisions of
this legislation will inevitably increase
such operating losses, a new program In
the bill will partially reimburse these
institutions for costs arising from in-
creased enrollments and from the pres-
ence of students receiving assistance un-
der the bill.
Another provision of the bill will con-
tinue and expand the professional nurse
traineeship program which, since 1956,
has focused attention and support on
the preparation of nurses in leadership
positions-administrators, supervisors,
and instructors-upon whom we must
depend in large measure for the increased
quantity and quality of professionally
1 trained nursing personnel.
Perhaps the most significant part of
the bill will establish a student loan pro-
gram for prospective nursing students
who need financial help in order to con-
tinue their educations past the high
school level. This program, I believe,
reaches the heart of the problem of too
few nurses-the young women, and men,
themselves who can become our future
nurses, if they find the incentive, the
opportunity and, where necessary, the
financial assistance, to pursue this ob-
jective.
Finally, the bill will set up a National
Advisory Council on Nurse Training, a
step which will help assure expert guid-
ance to the Surgeon General in estab-
lishing regulations and developing pol-
icies for the administration of this legis-
lation.
I hope, Mr. Speaker, that Congress
can expedite enactment of this extreme-
ly important bill and that the Surgeon
General can be prepared to implement
it as soon as possible. We have lost too
much time as it is in seeking to overcome
the shortage of nurses. The demand for
professionally competent nursing serv-
ices is not now being filled, and we can-
not bring the full benefits of our ad-
vanced medical-scientific discoveries to
the people who need them until we rem-
edy this critical deficit. This bill is a
good, though belated, beginning.
Washington Report
EXTENSION OF REMARKS
OF
HON. BRUCE ALGER
OF TEXAS
IN THE HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES
Thursday, July 2, 1964
Mr. ALGER. Mr. Speaker, under per-
mission to extend my remarks in the
RECORD I include my Washington Report
for July 18, 1964:
WASHINGTON REPORT
(By Congressman BRUCE ALGER, Fifth
District, Texas)
JULY 18, 1964.
CIVIL RIGHTS
The second most controversial section of
the Civil Rights Act is title VII, dealing with
the freedom of an employer to hire and fire,
Last week we discussed title II, public ac-
commodations. This week, I present the
highlights of the FEPC section to acquaint
employers with the problems which will now
face them under the new law.
PART II-EQUAL EMPLOYMENT OPPORTUNITY
When the law becomes fully effective, it
will be unlawful for any employer engaged
in any business "affecting" interstate com-
merce who employs 25 or more workers, or
any labor union with 25 or more members,
or any employment agency to commit any
of the following so-called unlawful em-
ployment practicies:
1. Failure to hire a job applicant on ac-
count of his race;
2. Refusal to hire a job applicant on ac-
count of his race;
3. Discharge of an employee on account
of his race;
4. Discrimination in compensation against
an employee on account of his race;
5. Discrimination in terms of employment
against an employee on account of his race;
6. Discrimination in conditions of em-
ployment against an employee on account
of his race;
7. Discrimination In privileges of employ-
ment against an employee on account of his
race;
8. Limitation of employees on account of
race in such a way as to tend to deprive an
individual employee of employment oppor-
tunities (promotions) or otherwise adversely
affect his employee status;
9. Segregation of employees on account of
race in such a way as to tend to deprive an
individual employee of employment oppor-
tunities or otherwise adversely affect his
employee status;
10. Classification of employees on account
of race in such a way as to deprive an in-
dividual employee of employment oppor-
tunities or otherwise adversely affect his em-
ployee status;
11. Discrimination against any job ap-
plicant or any employee who makes a charge
under this title or assists or participates in
an investigation or proceeding conducted
pursuant to this title;
12. Publication of any notice or advertise-
ment relating to employment which indi-
cates "any preference, limitation, specifica-
tion, or discrimination, based on race * ? * ";
and
13. Discrimination on account of race
against any individual in an apprenticeship
program.
ENFORCEMENT
A worker can file a complaint with a new
Federal agency known as the Equal Em-
ployment Opportunity Commission (EEOC
instead of FEPC). If, after investigation, the
EEOC finds probable cause for the complaint,
conciliation is attempted. If this fails (and
July 23
there is no State FEPC law), the worker can
file suit against the employer and the At-
torney General can intervene as a party to
help prosecute the case. However, If the At-
torney General decides that a general "pat-
tern or practice" of discrimination in em-
ployment exists, he may file suit agaanst
the employer in the name of the United
States without waiting for conciliation ef-
forts and even though the worker does not
bring suit himself.
PENALTIES
If the judgerules against the employer, he
will order him to hire, reinstate, or promote
the worker. If the employer does not obey
the court order, he can be punished by a
.$1,000 fine and/or a 6-month jail sentence
for contempt of court and ordered to pay
back wages. Penalties can also be -imposed
for failure to keep the records and make
the periodic reports required by the EEOC.
CONSTITUTIONALITY
Allegedly, this new law is based on the
interstate commerce clause of the Con-
stitution. However, coverage is not limited
to industries "engaged in interstate com-
merce" but extends to all business enter-
prises "affecting interstate commerce." The
Supreme Court has ruled that a farmer who
produced 239 bushels of wheat, all of which
was not sold in the market but consumed
on the farm was "affecting" interstate com-
merce. The same was true of a local drug-
store and a neighborhood bakery.
If the Supreme Court should sustain the
constitutionality of this new law by apply-
ing the same definition of the reach of the
interstate commerce clause, then the EEOC
can and will assert complete jurisdiction
over the hiring, firing, work conditions, and
promotion policies of every restaurant,
hotel, gas station, drug store, grocery store,
manufacturer, bank, barber shop, funeral
parlor, beauty salon, and other local retail,
service, trade, and professional establishment
ih the Nation if it employs the statutory
number of employees. In such case, there is
no longer any such thing as interstate com-
merce.
Clearly, the authors of our Constitution
never intended the interstate commerce
clause to give the Central Government such
blank check power to regulate, regiment, and
control private enterprise in this country.
Employment of Youth in the Fields
EXTENSION OF REMARKS
OF
HON. BURT L. TALCOTT
OF CALIFORNIA
IN THE HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES
Tuesday, July 21, 1964
Mr. TALCOTT. Mr. Speaker, many of
us have been properly concerned about
the employment opportunities of .youth,
especially youth who, unfortunately,
have dropped out or who lack necessary
employment skills. I have always be-
lieved that plain, old-fashioned work was
honorable and good experience for young
people.
Fieldwork on the farms of America
would seem to be one of the most near-
ly perfect opportunities for young peo-
ple-requires limited, easily learned
skills; outdoors, little responsibility;
ample work; satisfactory wages and
working conditions; fits with school va-
cations.
I was pleased when most California
rowers agreed to' cooperate fully with
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