VIETNAM: ELECTION HAZARDS

• Document Type: CREST
• Collection: General CIA Records
• Document Number (FOIA) /ESDN (CREST): CIA-RDP67B00446R000400080019-0
• Release Decision: RIFPUB
• Original Classification: K
• Document Page Count: 34
• Document Creation Date: December 16, 2016
• Document Release Date: June 29, 2005
• Sequence Number: 19
• Publication Date: June 1, 1966
• Content Type: OPEN

11334
Approved For R PMXLC ~f)7130Q;1(q 0400080019-0 June 1, 1966
The SPEAKER pro tempore. The time
of the gentleman from Texas has
expired.
Mr. DE LA GARZA. Mr. Speaker, I ask
unanimous consent that the gentleman
from Texas be permitted to proceed for
1 additional minute.
The SPEAKER pro tempore. Is there
objection to the request of the gentle-
man from Texas?
There was no objection.
Mr. DE LA GARZA. Mr. Speaker, will
the gentleman} yield?
Mr. POAGE. I yield to the gentleman
from Texas.
Mr. DE LA GARZA. Certainly, Mr.
Speaker, while I am very happy to be a
freshman Member from Texas and a
very freshman member of the Committee
on Agriculture, I wish to commend the
gentleman from Texas for his work here
this evening in behalf of the farmers of
Texas who have so long relied upon the
gentleman in his leadership on the farm
problems of the country.
Again, Mr. Speaker, I congratulate the
gentleman from Texas for coming to the
forefront and for letting the other people
of this country, this great country of
ours, know of the plight of the farmers
that all of us are trying to help and that
the gentleman has helped for so many
years in this country.
Mr. POAGE. Mr. Speaker, I thank my
colleague, the gentleman from Texas
[Mr. DE LA GARZA], and I appreciate his
kind words.
Mr. Speaker, I would congratulate, not
him, but the people of his district, which
is probably the greatest agricultural dis-
trict in the State of Texas, producing
about one-tenth of all the products in
our State, and I congratulate them on
their fine representation on the Com-
Iture.
6
States may have no alternative but to
withdraw.
Let no one think, however, that with-
drawal by the United States in such cir-
cumstances would be anything but a
catastrophic defeat for our Nation and
the greatest triumph that communism
has ever achieved. Let no one think that
withdrawal would bring peace and an
end to American casualties. It would, on
the contrary, whet the appetite of our
foes for further conquest. It would be,
not the end of war, but a prelude to a
larger, bloodier, more costly war.
To prevent this outcome in Vietnam,
the administration should now move
ahead with the urgent political and mili-
tary tasks that need attention. Above
all, unity and stability are needed.
Whether wisely or not, both the Ky
government and the United States com-
mitted themselves at the Honolulu Con-
ference to seeking unity and stability
through free elections in South Vietnam.
Thus, it is hoped a government with a
mandate will emerge-a government
which will command the allegiance of all
the major factions of South Vietnamese
society, a government that belongs to
the people of South Vietnam, a govern-
ment that will satisfy the legitimate de-
mands of South Vietnamese for political
and social justice.
a judicial certificate establishing that
they were not Communists or otherwise
antigovernment.
Prior to the election itself, a number of
steps were taken to suppress suspected
opponents of the regime. On January 11,
it was announced that a leading nation-
alist opposition group, the Revolutionary
Committee, had been dissolved. When
its president, M. Nguyen Rao Toan, vig-
orously denied this assertion, troops were
dispatched to occupy the party's head-
quarters. Indeed, the Revolutionary
Committee had been dissolved.
The next step was to arrest Dr. Pham
Quang Dan, leader of another nationalist
faction, the Republican Party, for dis-
tributing leaflets protesting the election
law. Then, 8,000 Communists were swept
up and followed Dr. Dan into prison.
Numerous independent candidates "re-
considered" their candidacy and with-
drew.
Although press censorship was tempo-
rarily lifted during the election campaign,
all publication of news ar commentary
favorable to "Communist or antinational
activities" remained punishable by jail
sentence up to 5 years. It was not sur-
prising, therefore, that most opposition
leaders boycotted the election, nor that
the pro-Government parties dominated
the new Assembly.
The two opposition parties, the Social
PAST ELECTIONS IN SOUTH VIETNAM
Democrats and the Dai Viet, received two
On five occasions since South Vietnam , and one seats, respectively. Representa-
came into being in 1954, nationwide elec- tives of pro-Government parties won 101
tions have been held. These elections seats, and independents won 19.
have not been fair and free according to The next election in South Vietnam,
generally accepted standards in advanced held in August 1959, was for the purpose
democratic nations. Nor, with one ex- of selecting members of the legislative
ception, have they been significantly suc- assembly. Election was by plurality vote
cessful in promoting stability and unity. in single member constituencies of
On October 23, 1955, the question of roughly equal population, with the ex-
who was to rule South Vietnam was ception of Saigon, which was heavily
settled by a plebiscite between President underrepresented. Although candidates
Diem and the former French'puppet em- were permitted to run either as inde-
peror, Bao Dai. The final election re- pendents or under party labels, the fact
sults showed 5,721,735 votes for Diem; that all political parties required ap-
63,017 for Bao Dal. proval of the Department of Interior
This election helped to dispose finally either to form or continue' in existence
of Bao Dai and to end French efforts to dramatically reduced the ability of any
depose Diem. opposition to conduct an organized cam-
It was, however, a corrupt election. paign. The election laws proclaimed as
Although, as Prof. Bernard Fall writes, their central feature "full democratic ex-
Diem's American advisers assured him pression" on the part of voters and "ab-
that a 60-percent success was more than solute equality in campaigning" among
The SPEAKER pro tempore (Mr.
FRIEDEL). Under previous order of the
House, the gentleman from New York
[Mr. GOODELL] is recognized for 30
minutes.
(Mr. GOODELL asked and was given
permission to revise and extend his re-
marks.)
Mr. GOODELL. Mr. Speaker, to
___
set
w_- _ __ _____
where angels fear to tread. mere is, ?==a== w --~
however, ground for hope for a respite in election itself was run, according to a An electoral propaganda committee
the civil strife which has wracked that British Embassy official, with a "cynical was formed in each district and charged
nation and which has forced the United disregard for decency and democratic with electoral preparations for the can-
States to assume the major part of the principles." In Saigon, which had only didates on the basis of absolute equality
war against the Vietcong and the North 450,000 registered voters, Diem received among all candidates. The committees
Vietnamese troops while the South Viet- more than 600,000 votes, a pattern re- were comprised of a representative of
namese fought each other, peated in several other areas. each party-nominated candidate and one
. The recent turbulence in Da Nang, Hue, Fortified by this victory at the polls, for all independent candidates. They
and Saigon has had a disturbing effect Diem announced in January 1956, gen- undertook all arrangements for public
on public opinion in the United States. eral elections for a constitutional assem- meetings, radio talks, the use of radio
Americans who support resistance to bly. The Assembly was elected. to ratify and sound trucks, and space in the press.
Communist aggression began to think a constitution drafted by Diem. If it The committees' powers extended even
for the first time of the possibility of the failed to do so within 45 days, the con- to deciding the size, color, and kind of
withdrawal of American military power stitutional assembly was to be dissolved, Paperto be useda for placaes fills them
from Vietnam. Realism compels recog- and the proposed document would then posters,
nition, of this possibility. If, because of be submitted to the people in a referen- posting and distribution. The commit-
war weariness or internal divisions, the dum. According to the election law, all tees' approval for the working of all
South Vietnamese themselves withdraw citizens over 18 were eligible to vote. campaign literature was imperative.
from the military conflict against the Candidates had to be over 25, to have Since the committees were composed
Communists and if civil order disinte- lived in South Vietnam for over 6 months almost entirely of representatives of
grates in chaos and anarchy, the United prior to the election, and had to produce party-i.e., Government-approved can-
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I am sure there is no other man in the This is the only country in the whole
United States any more knowledgeable in world where, when you refer to a farm
the matter of farm policy than the gen- problem, you are referring to the prob-
tleman from Texas. lem of managing a surplus instead of the
In my opinion, the statement the gen- problem of trying to find enough food
tleman has -made today should have to fill the stomachs of hungry people.
widespread coverage all over the United Mr. Speaker, I want to commend the
States, equally as widespread as the gentleman for taking this time and in-
newspaper articles he mentioned today. dicating that he will take some more time
I believe if we could have this informa- next week.
tion given out to the American people Mr. POAGE. Mr. Speaker, as he al-
we could come to a better understanding ways does, the gentleman from Iowa
of what actually are the problems in [Mr. SmrnHl has shed some light on some
American agriculture. For this I com- of the deep problems involved here. I
Aliment the gentleman from Texas for think he is generally recognized as one
his fine statement. of the deep thinkers in regard to agri-
Mr. POAGE. I thank the gentleman culture in the House. I very much ap-
from Nebraska. Ihope the gentleman predate his kind remarks and hope that
from Nebraska will, at a later date, dis- he, too, will avail himself of the oppor-
cuss some of those phases himself. tunity of discussing at least some of the
Mr. EDMONDSON. Mr. Speaker, will specialized phases of our agricultural
the gentleman yield? Problems during the coming weeks.
Mr. POAGE. I yield to the gentleman Mr. HALL. Mr. Speaker, will the
from Oklahoma. gentleman yield?
Mr. EDMONDSON. I thank the gen- Mr. POAGE. I am glad to yield to the
tleman for yielding. gentleman from Missouri.
I wish to join my good friend from Mr. HALL. Mr. Speaker, I appreciate
Nebraska in expresing appreciation to the gentleman from Texas yielding to
the gentleman from Texas for a most me. I certainly want to commend my
statesmanlike and constructive speech. colleagues in congratulating the gentle-
I hope the Democratic National Com- man from Texas, the vice chairman of
mittee will undertake, to reprint this the Committee on Agriculture, for the
speech and to circulate It across the discussion that he has brought to us to-
country, because I believe it will en- day,
lighten the people in our country as to Certainly any emphasis we can give
the basic and fundamental facts of life across the length and breadth of the
about our farm program and the role Nation with reference to agriculture and
which American agriculture is playing to the increase in the cost to the con-
today in keeping the United States No. 1 sumers, which includes the producer, one
in the free world. of the greatest consumers in the field of
I do not think any other segment of our farm implements, equipment, and so
society contributes so much to the pre- forth, is of great benefit. While he has
eminent position which our Nation oc- gained relatively little in the cost of pro-
cupies In the world today as does the ducing foods and fibers, and so forth, for
American farmer. The gentleman from this Nation, his costs haver gone up.
Texas [Mr. POAGEI, who has been one of This is a most worthwhile discussion.
the principal architects of our farm pol- I commend the gentleman on what he
icy for a number of years here in Wash- has done. I think he will agree with me
ington can certainly claim a great deal that with the attitude of the American
of credit for the enlightened policies farmer and producer perhaps we have
which we have followed, which have not yet scratched the surface, because,
made possible the position our Nation based on our greatest resource, the God-
occupies today, given soil, with modern hydroponics
Mr. POAGE. Mr. Speaker, I appreci- coming on, we can even increase this
ate the kind words of the gentleman from yield as necessity demands and perhaps
Oklahoma, who has himself been so in- carry out some of the great things which
terested In the welfare of our farmers we now plan to do here and around the
and all of our people during his long world. In this way we can support our
years of service here. own population explosion.
Mr. Speaker, I now yield to the gen- Now, Mr. Speaker, let me say I was
tlemnan from Iowa [Mr. SMITH]. particularly glad to hear what the gen-
Mr. SMITH of Iowa. Mr. Speaker, I tleman from Texas had to say about the
also want to commend the gentleman cropland restoration. As he knows, I
from Texas for taking this time and in- am vitally interested in restoring to the
dicating here that in the future he will soil what we take out of it as long as
take some more time at which time I we can, at least in a time of overproduc-
will be glad to participate in the debate tion. I have worked hard on this mat-
on this subject. ter. I, too, look forward to his next
I also want especially to commend the stanza and verse on this Tuesday follow-
gentleman from Texas for pointing out ing. I shall plan to be here and hope
the tremendous progress that has been that I can help further with something
made in the United States of America in similar to the more Involved cropland
agriculture in the past 30 years, espe- restoration.
dally pointing to the fact that except for Mr. Speaker, I appreciate what the
this great progress in productivity we to- gentleman has said about the producer
day would have lines waiting to get of American foodstuffs.
enough meat or enough food instead of Mr. POAGE. Mr. Speaker, I appre-
having what is called a problem, because ciate the gentleman from Missouri, who
we have a surplus. has always been deeply Interested in the
w
11333
restoration of our land and the mainte-
nance of our soils, making this state-
ment. I certainly agree with him that
we are going to see vast increases In our
production. I am not one who accepts
the Malthusian theory or the idea that
we are soon going to be starving, because
I believe scientific research and farmer
ingenuity is going to move forward just
as rapidly in the future as it has in the
past.
And for the past 100 years it has cer-
tainly moved more rapidly than popula-
tion, and I believe it will in the next
100 years.
Mr. REDLIN. Mr. Speaker, will the
gentleman yield?
Mr. POAGE. I yield to the gentleman
from North Dakota.
Mr. REDLIN. Mr. Speaker, I thank
the gentleman from Texas for yielding.
Mr. Speaker, it is a privilege to have
been here this afternoon to hear the
vice chairman of the Committee on Ag-
riculture on which I have the privilege
to serve give this fine expose of agricul-
ture in the past and as we face the
future.
Mr. Speaker, having been born and
reared on a farm myself in similar cir-
cumstances to what the gentleman from
Texas [Mr. PoAGE], our vice chairman,
has described, I can appreciate very,
very readily what they are referring to,
bath as to the Strengthening of the price
of commodities that farmers have to sell
through the use of farm programs aimed
in that direction and our ability to in-
crease production.
Mr. Speaker, it certainly is significant
that the American farm economy now
finds itself In the position to meet the
challenge that will be made, worldwide,
in helping to defend and feed persons
in other areas, in helping to send food
to people all over the world.
Mr. Speaker, I know that the gentle-
man in the well say many times that
freedom from starvation is the first
freedom. We have to carry that freedom
to other peoples of the world.
Mr. Speaker, I know that the gentle-
man from Texas will lend real leader-
ship to the bill that is going to come
before this body, the bill to provide food
for peace and freedom.
Mr. Speaker, perhaps the gentleman
from Texas would comment upon the
relationship as to the need for having a
sound program.
What has been the relationship, I
will ask the gentleman from Texas, be-
tween the price support program and
the returns to the farmer as to the price
which he has received during the great
number of years in the past?
Mr. POAGE. I certainly appreciate
the comments of my friend, the gentle-
from North Dakota [Mr. REDLIN], whom
I know is a practical, operating farmer,
living on his ability to produce, produce
and sell his products in the market.
However, Mr. Speaker, I would be re-
luctant to get into a discussion of the
price programs at this time, because they
are invloved in what I hope to discuss
the next time under a special order.
However, Mr. Speaker, I consider it
vitally important.
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didates, the degree to which the Govern- his constituents, an illegal action under real political parties in Vietnam. The
ment controlled the preelection ma- the "equality" provisions of the election rudimentary kind of political organiza-
chinery can be easily imagined. law, based on name and address records tion that exists is probably not adequate
The Government defrayed all cam- furnished him by the police. Although for the task.
paign expenses. In fact, the candidates all candidates appeared to receive Finally, free and meaningful elections
and their supporters were expressedly roughly equal treatment in the place- require acceptance of the results and a
forbidden to spend money on their own ment of posters, special posters were put willingness to cooperate on the part of
the
after
losers
winn
election meetings eoutside e acteies such as public up plaround a aces in Saigon number of the Govern- over erThs is room for d ubt that this
or to
comtsframework ape ment candidates on the eve of the elec- spirit exists among all factions in South
committees.
proved by the election the
Tenmyears ago Hans Morgenthau
campaign period itself lasted 2 otion. utside somerSa gon pr nting houses to Vietna
weeks. discourage them from printing posters said:
The most evidence
r of f ba the
campaign was s the great number and handbills for opposition candidates. F'I?ee elections are very subtle instruments
ners, posters, and similar pieces of elec- Hecklers, presumably under Government which require a dedication to certain moral
toral propaganda. It was interesting to instruction, operated against various values and the existence of certain moral
Candidates. conditions which are by no means prevalent
note that posters exhorting red th se The final elections of the Diem era in throughout the world, and certainly not tion in
the
election o for the candidates by aumargin of 15 to 1. September of 1963 followed a similar pat- prevalent in either North or South Vietnam.
Contrasting the 1956 polling, when the tern. Among the successful candidates There is grave doubt that these con-
Communists were able to disrupt a num- for the National Assembly were the ditions exist in South Vietnam today.
her of local elections, the Government secret police chief and his wife, M. and A POLICY FOR THE UNITED STATES
was able to report in 1959 that "the elec- Mme. Ngo Dihn Nhu, who swept their For all these reasons it is hard to con-
tions took place in perfect order without constituencies with 99.9 and 99.8 per- ceive of free and meaningful elections in
any security incidents." About 6,300,000 cent majorities respectively. Later Ngo South Vietnam under present conditions.
of South Vietnam's 7,300,000 voters ex- Dinh Nhu was voted president of the Elections of some kind are, nevertheless,
ercised their option, a participation rate Assembly. In the 1963 elections of 6,- in prospect, and it is too late to debate
of 86 percent. 809,078 total registered voters, 6,329,831 whether or not they should be held.
Once again the election results sur- were listed as having exercised their op- The United States should not attempt
- to determine the outcome of any elec-
prised few astute local observers. Only tion to vote.
On May 30; 1965, a municipal and tions held in Vietnam. Yet the United
tint Sazed whlec the foreign pr candi- provincial election was conducted under States cannot be a completely unnter-
d the e rl- the aegis of the short-term civilian ested bystander in forthcoming Viet-
dt s the who were opposed di by e press
ing apparatus and wrend oppose these unwelcome Premier Phan Huy Quat. It is difficult
ng the legitimacy of this particu- namese elections because it has com-
ndividuals, Dr. Phan Quang Dan and to assess ear polling. Published estimates indicate mitted itself to abide by the results of
M. Nguyen Tran, were speedily dis- 4.5 million were eligible to free elections in that nation. The
patched on charges of election law viola- that roughly vote in Government-held territory and United States influenced the Ky govern-
tion. Neither was able to take his seat. ment in making its promise of elections.
Robert G. Scigliano described the elec- of these about 70 percent or 3.3 million The United States cannot be indifferent
tion methods employed: were declared to have voted. to the fact that the elections may have
The Government's tactics ' " ? ranged CURRENT OBSTACLES TO GENUINE ELECTIONS profound effects on its future policy.
from scrupulous fairness in observing the let- This recital of the experience of South Consequently, the administration should
ter of the election laws to behind the scenes Vietnam with elections does not give now clarify its policy toward the elec-
manipulations to violate their spirit. In ground for confidence that genuinely tions.
general, it appears that the voting was car- free and meaningful elections will be The administration should be con-
ried on in fairness and secrecy and that bal- held in that unhappy land in 1966. corned about three pitfalls that may lie
iota generally were honestl counted, a- Though significantly different from the ahead. One is the danger of elections
though impropave been ca rr- elections in Communist nations, past rigged to ensure an outcome desired by
tied out in the rieties provinces. could have
elections have been controlled so as to the Ky government. A second pitfall is
One newspaper reported that a person limit closely the choice available to the the danger of elections disrupted by vio-
was arrested in a rural district because voter. fence, terrorism, and disorder on the part
she protested against an election offi- In addition to the tradition of con- of Communists or anti-Ky elements or
clays demand that she vote for a certain trolled elections, there are at present both. A third pitfall is the danger of
which dc di ppestorcir of ballot boxes staggering obstacles to meaningful bal- elections that will intensify disorder and
whiProvinced circulated Vietnam, loting in South Vietnam. A substantial confusion and settle nothing.
out Se eye r 4, 1959s-Times of Vietnam, part of the population lives in territory To avert these dangers, the adminis-
Though 1 controlled by Communist forces. This tration should attempt to bring about
Though ballots may have been situation was reflected in the drop of 3 the conditions needed for genuinely free
counted honestly, every other stage of million votes-almost 50 percent of the and meaningful elections in South Viet-
the rected. t, the was carefully di- total-when the election of 1965 is com- nam. At least, let it make clear what
trolled the par, tpa Goof political par- con- pared with that of 1963. Many other the United States means by free elec-
tie the election it mp oys voters will be subject to the threat of tions.
pow in the election y o is employed this violence by the Communists. In my judgment, elections worthy of
al opposition. to prvent any organization a ned Free elections require free debate and the description as free and meaningful
the ca did"s, and Second, of d, it screened open channels of communication be- are possible only if three minimal con-
"he candidates, a number t to withdraw withdd w from Saigon, tween candidates and the electorate. In ditions are met.
hersu" a raw great parts of South Vietnam, because First, a preelection agreement is re-
five One hundred and sixty- de_ of the war and inadequate methods of
five candidates out t of f a a total of 460 "de quired among responsible representatives
cided" to drop from the list of office- communication, these are likely to be of all major groups offering candidates
seekers. As one Province chief-himself lacking. to accept the outcome of the balloting.
a Government appointee-explained to Free and meaningful elections are Although it may be difficult to enforce
a foreign visitor, the Government was difficult without political parties. Par- such an agreement, a public commitment
concerned that the candidates be "sin- ties are needed for the conduct of a cam- in advance that the principal interest
cere" and not run simply to cause trou- paign that will make clear the choice groups will not attempt to nullify the
ble. Certain candidates were given spe- before the voters in the election. They results of a fair election by force should
cial help during the campaign. The are needed to inform the electorate, to have some moral effect. If nothing else,
majority leader of the National Assem- unify like-minded voters, and to moti- this should help to dispel some of the
bly, for example, sent out a mailing to vate people to cast ballots. There are no suspicion and moderate some of the an-
No. 90-5
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ft~000400080019-OJune 1, 196b
tagonism that now threaten to make Some have proposed a truce in Viet- to be a difficult procedure. As the gen-
elections in South Vietnam an-empty nam in connection with the elections. tleman has pointed out, it would be dif-
exercise. The main objection to such a proposal ficult to know when such election could
Second, supervision of the political is the strong likelihood that any truce really be representative of the sentiment
campaign, and the election process by would in fact be unilateral, as was the of the Vietnamese people.
an International commission of disin- truce proclaimed in Laos in 1961 and I am somewhat at a loss to understand
terested third-party states with a tradi- 1962 at the time of the Geneva negoti- exactly why the gentleman dwelt on these
tion of free elections is required. Neither ations. circumstances as extensively as he did
the United States nor any Communist A genuine truce-an absolute cessation and suggested conditions which are al-
state should be a member of such a com- of all fighting and of all terrorism, a most certainly not going to exist in that
mission. The rules governing the con- halt to the movement of troops and mil- war-troubled country for some time to
duct of the campaign should be formu- itary supplies into, and within, South come. I certainly hope that the gentle-
lated and enforced by a truly neutral Vietnam-would be conducive to a freer man's ideal conditions are not being set
and independent commission. To do its and more meaningful election. A truce forth today so that if the practical situa-
work, it must have unrestricted access that is not strictly observed would be a tion that exists does not measure up in
to all areas within South Vietnam in snare and a delusion. every respect to that ideal the gentleman
which balloting takes place. Certifica- The administration has taken a stand might be able to say it was the fault of
tion by this commission that the election for free elections in South Vietnam. It the administration.
was fair and free would be required be- cannot condone a rigged election even if Mr. GOODELL. If I may interrupt
fore the vote on any question submitted the rigging is done by its friends. To do at this point-and I will yield to the
to the voters could be considered valid. so would weaken further its credibility gentleman further-I do not suggest that
Before, any candidate assumes any office throughout the world. And a rigged the conditions that I have elucidated
as a result of the election, his election election would not advance the cause of here are ideal conditions. I have pointed
should be certified by the commission as freedom, independence, and unity In out that this country is now committed,
free from fraud or terrorism. South -Vietnam. The result would be for better or for worse, apparently, to
To use the International Control Com- deepened division, not unity-height- elections in South Vietnam, and that the
mission set up under the Geneva agree- ened antagonism, not reconciliation. country of South Vietnam is committed
ment of 1954 as the supervisory agency Such an election would not satisfy the to this.
would be to destroy any prospect of a losers nor would it strengthen the Mr. Speaker, under those circum-
free election. It is enough to observe victors. stances, ideal conditions are not avail-
that Poland Is a member of that com- On the other hand, an election marked able, if they ever could be. I have talked
mission. The kind of elections held in by fraud and terrorism which resulted in about minimal requisites to a meaning-
Poland, In pursuance of the promise of strengthening the position of elements ful election, an election that can avoid
free elections in the Yalta agreement, that are ready to accept Communist rule perhaps a total disaster from the view-
is not what Vietnam needs today. in South Vietnam could make the posi- point of those South Vietnamese who
In view of past experience, the United tion of the United States there un- wish independence and from the view-
Nations offers a dubious expedient as a tenable. point of the U.S. commitment in south-
supervisory agency. The United Na- From its postwar experience with east Asia. They are minimal. They are
tions has ducked every question relating Eastern Europe, this Nation should have not ideal.
to Vietnam. A more important consid- learned by now that the consequences Mr. STRATTON. Mr. Speaker, if the
eration is that any supervisory agency of perverted and distorted so-called free
appointed by the United Nations would elections are grave, if not disastrous. gentleman will yield further-
probably Include representation for the It will be too late to cry foul after the Mr. GOODELL. I yield further to the
Communist world where free elections fact if fraudulent elections produce re- gentleman from New York.
are neither understood nor practiced. sults unfavorable to the independence Mr. STRATTON. The only sugges-
Third, a meaningful election requires and freedom of South Vietnam. tion in his remarks that is at all unusual,
a direct vote on the basic issue of the A pledge by participants to accept the other than the historic review, is the pro-
war in Vietnam. For this reason, there election results, careful impartial elec- posal that we ought to have a national
should be a plebiscite on the demand Loral supervision, and a direct plebiscite plebiscite on whether to let the Vietcong
made by Hanoi that the National Libera- on the issue of the war are ingispensable, take over the country or, in other words,
tion Front assume full political power minimal requisites for free and mean- whether the country wants to surrender
in South Vietnam. it is important that ingful elections. to the Vietcong.
those who draft the South Vietnamese The United States should foster the Mr. Speaker, this would be a little bit
Constitution and those who hold public cause of popular government In South like the suggestion of a Member of the
office know the sentiments of the voters Vietnam in every possible way. Honest other body from our State who suggested
on this Issue. and meaningful elections are not the some time ago that we would have to
I would expect that a plebiscite on this only way to this goal, and in the present admit the Vietcong into a coalition gov-
question would result in an overwhelm- situation they may not be the best way. ernment.
lug defeat for the Communist forces. It But, since elections are to be held, we Mr. GOODELL. If the suggestion I
would demonstrate conclusively to the can start there. make sounds like that, then the gentle-
world the falsity of the widely accepted Mr. STRATTON. Mr. Speaker, I won- man has not listened very carefully or
charge that the United States is seeking der if the gentleman from New York will has not seen the context in which I pro-
to suppress by force a national move- yield to me. pose it.
ment that-enjoys the support of the ma- Mr. GOODELL. I yield with pleasure. I have very clearly stated my belief;
jority of the people of South Vietnam. Mr. STRATTON. Mr. Speaker, first, I would not support our commitment in
It would thereby strengthen the moral I want to commend the gentleman for southeast Asia against Communist ter-
position of the Government of South having presented his remarks on the rorism and aggression if I did not be-
Vietnam and of the United States among floor of the House. Since I had occasion lieve this from the depths of my being,
fairminded people throughout the world. to comment on them when they were that the South Vietnamese people in
In South Vietnam itself, the submis- released to the press before they were overwhelming numbers would reject the
sion of this issue to a vote would help to delivered here, I think I ought perhaps proposal from Hanoi. It is important
shift the attention of the contending just to comment on my impressions of if we are going to have elections that
factions from the secondary question in- the speech as given. I think that the may be extremely confusing in an un-
volved in their scramble for power to the gentleman has certainly covered an in- derdeveloped country, without a tradi-
Primary Issue on which they are agreed. teresting historical discussion of the sub- tion of free elections, that we have a
All responsible leaders in South Vietnam ject of elections and has made one of the clear mandate on this point, because if
have declared their opposition to Com- points that I have been trying to make the elections are not held in a proper
munist rule. The plebiscite, then, could for some time; namely, that any kind of' manner and If these minimal conditions
be a step toward putting first things first election in Vietnam at this time, in the are not met, our position could be un-
and achieving national unity. circumstances that exist there, is bound tenable.
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Mr. STRATTON. Mr. Speaker, if the
gentleman would let me comment on his
remarks-and I do not know whether
we have any time left, but perhaps the
gentleman from Illinois [Mr. PucrmsKi]
would give me some time during the next
special order-I realize that the gentle-
man has indicated that he thinks the
Vietcong would not win such an election
and I would.certainly agree with him
overwhelmingly.
I.notice, however, that there has been
some change in the release of the gentle-
man's speech as prepared for delivery
today and the original release that went
out earlier and which got into the press'
on Monday of this week.
Mr. GOODELL. I am glad that the
gentleman had the release, because he
has made a point of saying that he did
not know what I said in advance when I
did make this available as of Friday of
last week.
Mr. STRATTON. Mr. Speaker, if the
gentleman will yield further, I just got
the release from the Press Gallery, be-
cause the gentleman's release that was
sent to my office obviously had some
changes made. But the point I think
that the. gentleman overlooks is, first of
all, that elections, as was already indi-
cated, are going to be very difficult in
Vietnam.
Then this would apply to any such
plebiscite as such?
Mr. GOODELL. What does the gen-
tleman suggest as to elections? We have
got to have elections at this point ap-
parently under the commitment of the
Ky government and this administration.
Mr. STRATTON. If the gentleman
will let me make my point, otherwise
there is no point in discussing his
remarks-
Mr. GOODELL. I would be glad to
yield to the gentleman for a dialog
or a colloquy, but I do not want him to
have a soliloquy here. I believe we ought
to have some discussion.
Mr. STRATTON. I thank the gentle-
man for his courtesy.
I was going to say that it would be a
major mistake if we followed the sugges-
tion which the gentleman makes that we
will hold a plebiscite, on what I consider
to be the major issue of the war, is
whether the country ought to surrender
to the Vietcong, which certainly is the
major issue of the war. I do not believe
the Vietnamese people have any concern
for this at all, but the major issue is
how to get a coalition government that
will bring about the support of the
majority of the people.
The SPEAKER pro tempore (Mr.
A TIME TO RALLY BEHIND PRESI-
DENT JOHNSON AS VICTORY
NEARS IN VIETNAM
The SPEAKER pro tempore (Mr.
FRIE0EL). Under previous order of the
House, the gentleman from Illinois [Mr.
PucmrrsKxi is recognized for 10 minutes.
(Mr. PTICINSKI asked and was given
permission to revise and extend his re-
marks.)
Mr. PUCINSKjI. Mr. Speaker, we un-
doubtedly are now on the threshold of
historical events in Vietnam. Our mili-
tary forces have now taken virtually com-
plete command of the military situation.
We have disrupted totally the lines of
communication of the enemy. We have
isolated most of the large cities in North
Vietnam to the point where there is prac-
tically nothing moving in or out of Hanoi.
Our American soldiers and our allies; the
Australians, the South Koreans, and the
others, have indeed written a fantastic
chapter of gallantry on the battlefield
under the most severe conditions. The
entire free world has a right to be proud
of them.
President Johnson has quite properly
pointed out in his Memorial Day speech
that the big problem in Vietnam today is
to a great extent political. So it appears
to me at this very critical crossroad in
history, when the future of world peace
is being decided in Vietnam, the cause of
peace and justice can best be served by
the American people rallying around
President Johnson and rallying around
the leaders of South Vietnam and trying
to keep our colloquys and our criticisms
to a minimum.
This is not to suggest that we should
cut off debate or criticism, but I think
that the next few weeks will call for ex-
tremely responsible conduct on the part
of all concerned. There is no question
that the vast majority of Buddhists in
South Vietnam are trying to work out
some sort of accommodation with Gen-
eral Ky so that they can proceed to hold
elections. There is no question that
some of the political forces in South
Vietnam now are struggling for political
position so that they can have a voice
in the elections and in the government
which will emerge after the elections.
I would hate to see a single American
life lost in Vietnam because the Commu-
nists have again miscalculated our in-
tentions. I respect the gentleman who
preceded me and I think he has made
an eloquent statement here in suggest-
ing that every step be taken to guarantee
that the elections are properly conducted.
But I am sure the gentleman is not liv-
ing in a dream world. The situation in
Vietnam today is chaotic. They cannot
have in war-torn Vietnam the kind of
elections that we have in most, of the
communities in America in peacetime.
The important thing is to give these
people an opportunity, under the most
difficult conditions, to carve their own
destiny in a free election. That is our
pledge in Vietnam; that is our promise
and that is the hope of the South Viet-
namese.
There is every reason to believe today,
as we improve with every hour our mili-
tary situation, that the political prob-
lems of South Vietnam can be resolved
and that the elections commission will
be representative of all factions defend-
ing freedom and that indeed it is going to
set down ground rules for the elections
acceptable to all sides so that the elec-
tions can be conducted on September 11
and then the people of South Vietnam
can through their elected representatives,
.decide the future course for their nation.
We have reason to believe today
despite the apparent chaos that is now
going on in South Vietnam that we can
restore some order there.
It would be my hope that we can call
upon those who want to participate in
this dialog in America and in the rest
of the world to be cautious and careful
that their remarks do not prolong this
conflict or the disorders in South Viet-
nam.
We know from surveys that have been
conducted in South Vietnam by our own
agencies; by the South Vietnamese and,
yes, by various religious groups includ-
ing the Quakers that more than 80 per-
cent of the people in South Vietnam to-
day are prepared to vote against any
Communist representation in the future
Government of South Vietnam.
No* with these facts and these figures,
it appears to me we can all make a great
contribution toward bringing this war to
an early end by remaining resolute on
the battlefield as we have and trusting
in the integrity and in the intentions of
those who are trying to put together
this winning package both on the battle-
field and in the political field in South
Vietnam and, indeed, staying with Presi-
dent Johnson. I know of no man in this
country-yes, and as a matter of fact in
this entire world, who is more desirous
of bringing this conflict in Vietnam to a
victorious conclusion than President
Johnson. I think the President has done
extremely well up to now. He has
weathered great criticism and great de-
bate by formidable. forces both in this
chamber and in the other body, but Pres-
ident Johnson has not wavered once in
his determination to hold the line
against Communist aggression in South
Vietnam.
The President has remained resolute.
He has constantly reminded us that we
learned our lesson well from World War
II: to yield to aggression merely whets
the appetite of the aggressor and leads
to greater conflict. We are winning this
war in Vietnam. There are imperfec-
tions. Of course we know there are
imperfections. And there shall be set-
backs. But the fact remains that gen-
erally and on a broad scale, the forces
of freedom in Vietnam today are on the
winning side.
So it is my hope, Mr. Speaker, that as
we go into these crucial weeks when great
things are happening-and, indeed, vic-
tory and freedom can be ours in South
Vietnam-that we will not permit our-
selves to get divided on details. Let us
not lose track of the forest for the trees.
Certainly we want to take every possible
step to guarantee that these elections
are free, that they are honest, and that
they reflect the will of the people in that
country. But for us now to tie ourselves
up in the many details and the condi-
tions that my colleague from New York
has attempted to spell out here .today
would mean an unnecessary prolonging
of this war. I think the American peo-
ple have been magnificent in their atti-
tude. They have supported and
continue to support their President and
their Government. But I do not think
there is an American anywhere who
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wants to prolong this war a day longer the gentleman is recognized for 10 min- be to play entirely into the Communist
than it has to be. utes. hands.
I think if we see the work of this Mr. PUCINSKI. I yield to the gen- Nobody thinks this is the central issue
election commission and see the ground tleman from New York. of the war except the Vietcong them-
rules they spell out very shortly, we will Mr. GOODELL. The gentleman made selves. Yet the gentleman in his re-
be satisfied that we can have a mean- reference to the divisions within our marks says this is the central issue. The
ingful election in South Vietnam. And country, encouraging miscalculation of central issue is how are we going to get
we can have it by September, 11,---yes Communists themselves. I would say to the Buddhists and the Cao Dais and the
under very difficult conditions-but,' the gentleman that I have not in my pre- Cao Haos and the military and the Cath-
with the help of our Lord and the heroic pared address, or in any of my comments, olics all to pull together to establish
determination of our soldiers, we ,will made any reference to those in our midst a solid government, to back up the
keep our pledge to give the people of who sincerely but in my opinion ill- great military victory that General-
South Vietnam the elections they are advisedly are encouraging the Commu- Westmoreland is winning, as the gentle-
entitled to. nists to miscalculation. They have a man pointed out.
Mr. GOODELL. Mr. Speaker, will the right to raise these questions. I am sure the gentleman from New
gentleman yield? But I would say to the gentleman in York was well meaning in his suggestion.
Mr. PUCINSKI. I yield to the gentle- the well the people who are raising the But the proposal he is making is like
man from New York. questions that could cause miscalculation asking one whether he has stopped beat-
Mr. GOODELL. In the first place among the Communists are primarily ing his wife. No matter what the
much of what the gentleman has said, members of his own party. answer Is, he Is in trouble..
it seems to me, is irrelevant to the pro- He is addressing his remarks to the Why should we play the game on the
posal I have made. Certainly I found wrong individual when he addresses Communist terms?
nothing in my remarks-and I worked them to the gentleman from New York Mr. PUCINSKI. The gentleman has
very carefully to see to it that there was on this point. made a very significant contribution.
nothing In my remarks-that implied Mr. PUCINSKI. The gentleman from Again I renew my plea that these Mon-
any particular viewpoint on why we are New York suggests some plebiscite to de- day morning quarterbacks, sitting back
where we are today in Vietnam. I made tide whether or not the Vietcong which here in Washington, who have been try-
the specific, positive, and I think con- is dedicated to the overthrow of the pres- ing to second guess this war and second
structive suggestions to meet the prob- ent Government of South Vietnam by guess our determination to win this war,
lem of so-called free elections in South force and violence and terrorism and, take a little respite and let the legitimate
Vietnam. The gentleman has said that subversion should be admitted to the forces in Vietnam, and our own generals,
we are going to go ahead and have these government. The gentleman is suggest- and our own President-the people who
elections. The gentleman must well rec- ing some sort of plebiscite to further de- are dedicated to the destruction of com-
ognize that these are hazardous oper- termine whether or not the Vietcong munism inVietnam-have a chance to
ations and activities In a country such should be admitted. I say he is suggest- work.
as Vietnam, and we should exercise our ing delays that are unnecessary. Fur- Every time there is some major state-
influence to see to it that the elections thermore, he is suggesting we postpone ment in this country critical of how the
are, first of all, free and, second of all, the real elections in Vietnam when he war Is being conducted, it gives unwar-
meaningful, and that is what my pro- suggests such a plebiscite. ranted and misleading confidence to the
posals were aimed to accomplish. Mr. GOODELL. The gentleman in the enemy that maybe our will to win is wan-
I am sure the gentleman would not well has said that the result of such a ing. I am not against criticism of the
recommend that we withdraw from Viet- plebiscite, we are confident, would be war, but perhaps a brief moratorium on
nam at this time. overwhelming, and would clear the air irresponsible talk would help us bring it
Mr. PUCINSKI. On the contrary, let and give guidance. But the gentleman to a successful conclusion.
us not read anything like that into it. wants to have elections now in very con- We have facts. We have figures. We
I am one of those who have stood in this fusing circumstances. know that Hanoi is counting on the fact
well time and again and have urged and Mr. PUCINSKI. I trust the gentle- that the will to, resist communism is go-
supported our position in Vietnam. I man would not recommend a plebiscite ing to be broken here in Washington, the
have stated repeatedly that we cannot in this country to recognize a party that way it was In Paris. I never have been
retreat from Communist aggression. I Is determined to overthrow this Govern- more proud of my President than when
suggest to the gentleman from New York ment by force and violence. Mr. Johnson said that the war In Viet-
that perhaps it Is he who is unwittingly Mr. GOODELL. We in this country nam Is not going to be lost in Washington
suggesting that some of the conditions have regular elections, and are proud the way it was lost in Paris.
he is setting up, well meaning as they we do. Dienbienphu was not the reason for
may be, would unnecessarily prolong the Mr. STRATTON. Mr. Speaker, will the French Pullout. The reason for the
war when we see victory In Vietnam now the gentleman yield? French pullout was because the same
and perhaps lead to our withdrawal be- kind of forces that have been trying to
fore victory is finalized for the people of Mr. PUCINSKI. I yield to the gentle- torpedo the war effort in this country
South Vietnam, man from New York. were at play in Paris, and they created a
The gentleman must keep in mind that Mr. STRATTON. I believe the gen- political situation over there which made
every time a speech is presented here tleman from Illinois has made his point it mandatory for the French Government
which is critical of our postion, the Viet- on this. We are all in favor of free to seek the smallest excuse to get out of
cong take on false hope that maybe our elections, and are all concerned about Vietnam. Dienbienphu came along as
will to resist Is failing and they continue the problem. The proposal of whether a convenient excuse, and they pulled
the war thinking we will cave in. We there should be a plebiscite or whether their forces out. We would not be in
do not want any American boys killed we should surrender to the Vietcong is Vietnam today if the French had not
because the Communists miscalculated something, as the gentleman from Ills- pulled out prematurely.
these speeches. nois has indicated, that could only com- We ought to take a respite and get
The SPEAKER. pro tempore. The time plicate and delay the delicate and ex- behind this war effort; get behind Gen-
of the gentleman from Illinois has ex- tremely essential job that is now going eral Westmoreland; get behind our
pired. forward very successfully to establish American soldiers who are fighting the
Mr. PUCINSKI. Mr. Speaker, I ask meaningful elections, to get a free, repre- toughest war In Vietnam; get behind the
unanimous consent that I may proceed sentative,- non-Communist government Government of South Vietnam and yes,
for an additional 10 minutes, and I will established in South Vietnam. get behind President Johnson, and give
share the time with the gentleman from The idea that we ought to stop all of all these men a chance to pull together,
New York. this and to hold some kind of plebiscite as the gentleman from New York says,
The SPEAKER pro tempore. Is there under conditions that the gentleman and get this war over with.
objection to the request of the gentleman from New York admits are extremely We are not going to get It over with
from Illinois? The Chair hears none; difficult and hazardous anyway would by suggesting a time consuming plebi-
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 June 1,r 1966 Approved For q gR 7Al3R BP67 JJR000400080019-0
scite; by suggesting that the elections are
not going to be honest before we even
know the ground rules; by shattering
confidence in these elections before they
are held.
I suggest that for someone to come
before thi House, before we even know
what the round rules will be for these
elections, and to say that these elections
are going to be dishonest and this and
that, only gives aid and comfort to the
enemy. How do you expect to gather all
the forces in Vietnam behind an election
when a responsible Member of the Amer-
ican Congress says they will be dishonest
before they have even been fully agreed
to?
Mr. GOODELL. Mr. Speaker, will the
genleman yield?
Mr. PUCINSKI., I say we cannot have
elections in Vietnam under such an aura
of doubts planted here in the United
States. All of these suggestions make
me wonder how sincerely do all of these
self-styled experts in Vietnam really
want the war to end and how sincerely
do they want an honorable peace which
will end the needless slaughter of our
boys in Vietnam. 'I say all of these in-
nocent concerns about the validity of the
elections are a smoke screen to needlessly
prolong the war when our forces have
victory virtually in their grasp.
Mr. STRATTON. Mr. Speaker, will
the gentleman yield?
Mr. GOODELL, I suggest that the
gentleman read my speech. He is para-
phrasing it inaccurately.
Mr. PUCINSKI. I yield to my col-
league, the gentleman from New York
[Mr. STRATTON].
Mr. STRATTON. The gentleman had
a distinguished career in the newspaper
profession. The gentleman has talked
about a respite from Monday morning or
Tuesday morning quarterbacks, as the
case may be.
I wonder if the gentleman would agree
with me that another thing we ought to
do is"to try to avoid the temptation of
coming up with "gimmicks" as solutions.
Would not the gentleman agree that the
job is a difficult, a ,tough, and a sensitive
job? Does not the gentleman agree that
Ambassador Lodge and General West-
moreland are doing a tremendous job in
moving us in the right direction?
Mr. PUCINSKI. That is correct.
Mr. STRATTON. Does not the gentle-
man feel that we ought to avoid coming
up with "catchy" things, which might get
an occasional newspaper headline, and
get behind our President and our repre-
sentatives in Vietnam?
Mr. PUCINSKI. I agree with the gen-
tleman on one point. It seems to me
that every time we are on the threshold
of moving forward, every time we have
big victories-and we have had some
victories over there-the claque comes
"claqueing" around here in the United
States, bringing up all sorts of smoke
screens to hide it.
The President quite properly said in
his press conference today that it is high
time we started to tell the story of our
successes in Vietnam. Those successes
do not draw the headlines.
There has been some great reporting
out of Vietnam. I commend those men
who have come forward and told the real
stories of Vietnam. But I agree with
the gentleman from New York, the less-
experienced reporters have been looking
for gimmicks; sensationalism instead of
hard-core, in-depth reporting.
Mr. GOODELL. Mr. Speaker, will the
gentleman yield?
Mr. PUCINSKI. I yield to my col-
league from New York, Mr. GOODELL.
Mr. GOODELL. I would tell the gen-
tleman that a great Member in his party
in the other body today said that "even-
tual withdrawal, painful though that
may be, is called for in Vietnam." He
went on to say:
Let us hope our Administration leaders
will be guided by the wisdom of U Thant,
Secretary General of the United Nations, and
will earnestly seek a ceasefire and withdrawal
altogether from what has become an Ameri-
can war.
I say to the gentleman, those are not
my words. Those are not my sentiments.
I carefully prepared a speech that was
constructive, in which I made positive
suggestions and in which I was very care-
ful to be responsible and nonpartisan.
The gentleman has chosen to take the
well, and, as has my colleague from New
York, to interpret this as a partisan at-
tack, and to turn on me the accusations
which they should turn on Members of
their own party, for dividing this Na-
tion in tirl}e of crisis.
Mr. PUCINSKI. If the gentleman will
read the RECORD, I have no quarrel with
his remarks, except that I believe they
suggest unnecessary and further delays
in bringing the war to a conclusion.
Mr. GOODELL. The gentleman para-
phrased them incorrectly. That is the
difficulty.
Mr'. PUCINSKI. I do not know whom
the gentleman quotes, but I must say
whoever he is, he belongs to that cate-
gory of quarterbacks who would do bet-
ter to sit this out and find out where we
are going.
Mr. GOODELL. Members of the gen-
tleman's party are in that category.
Mr. PUCINSKI. I have complete con-
fidence in the military. I have complete
confidence in Secretary McNamara. I
have complete confidence in Secretary
Rusk, and I have unequivocal confidence
in President Johnson. I believe these
men are all dedicated to victory. I re-
sent the idea when some people get up to
say, "We do not have a blueprint. We
do not have a program. We do not have
a plan_for victory in Vietnam." These
are all smokescreens.
Mr. GOODELL. Could the gentleman
find a single reference to any of the
points he has made in my prepared ad-
dress? Did the gentleman find a single
reference to any points just made? It is
only a straw man the gentleman has
raised up, to knock down. He is not
talking about my speech and my sug-
gestions.
Mr. PUCINSKI. I do not know why
my colleague from New York is object-
ing, because I have not objected to his
speech. I had a special order of my own
today to discuss Vietnam. All of my re-
marks during this time were not directed
at my colleague from New York whom
I respect very highly. I do not under-
11339
stand why you feel my remarks are di-
rected at you. You raised some ques-
tions and I told you I didn't agree with
your point-as long as you raised the
questions.
The main thrust of my remarks today
is to suggest a moratorium on irrespon-
sible criticism of our efforts in Vietnam
so the Communists do not think our de-
termination is wavering and a further
appeal to get behind President Johnson
when we are beginning to see victory in
Vietnam. That is all I wanted to say
here today.
Mr. GOODELL. That is a concession
which I will keep in the RECORD, that the
gentleman is not objecting to my speech.
I hope he means he is in complete agree-
ment.
Mr. PUCINSKI. I will let the record
speak for itself.
THE PERCENTAGE DEPLETION
ALLOWANCE ON NATIONAL RE-
SOURCES
The SPEAKER pro tempore. Under
a previous order of the House, the gentle-
man from New York [Mr. HALPERN] is
recognized for 10 minutes.
Mr. HALPERN. Mr. Speaker, recent
proposals for changing the tax structure
have neglected an important area in
which reform is needed; namely, the per-
centage depletion allowance on natural
resources. The high allowance on gross
income ranging from an allowance of 5
percent on brick and sand all the way
up to 271/2 percent on oil and gas-has
been and continues to be a blatant form
of tax favoritism. The depletion allow-
ance represents an unjustifiable loss of
revenue to the Government-a loss
which other taxpayers have to make up.
The bill I am introducing will increase
tax revenues by repealing the allowances.
The increased revenues, according to a
1964 report of the U.S. Joint Economic
Committee, may total up to $1.5 billion
annually. The additional revenue real-
ized by this reform will hopefully open
up the way toward tax relief for those
who really need it-our taxpayers in
the lower and middle income brackets,
the bulk of America's purchasing power.
Furthermore, the repeal will ease the
inflationary pressures of excessive in-
vestment spending in the extractive in-
dustries by bringing profits down to a
more reasonable level.
The depletion allowance was originally
introduced to encourage the small op-
erator who usually assumed a heavy
risk. Existing tax treatment, however,
often results in the greatest tax benefit
for large corporations which usually as-
sume the least risk. Already in 1961.
89 percent of the $3.6 billion in depletion
claimed by corporations was claimed on
returns from firms with assets of $10
million or more.
For large corporations, the depletion
allowance is in effect a subsidy which
promotes excess capacity, overinvest-
ment, and misallocation of resources. It
has these serious defects because it per-
mits complete investment costs to be
recovered many times over. Corpora-
tions can recover tax free the full
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amount of their investment in the year
it is made, and then in coming years
claim additional depletion allowances on
those same resources, allowances which
bear no relationship -to the amount of
investment. In other words, the per-
centage depletion allowances bear no re-
lation to actual development costs; they
are deductions which are unwarranted
and inequitable. My bill, by repealing
the percentage depletion allowances, ces, will
correct these inequities.
the Agriculture Committee to provide would be of that scope? If so, it is no
supplemental financing for the rural limitation at all, and Congress would
electrification program which would never have to act on the amounts avail-
change the scope of its responsibilities able for loans. If it does not mean that,
from a rural development program into what does it mean? The language
a group of Government subsidized, large should be perfectly clear, so as to avoid
public utility systems largely without any possible circumvention of the appro-
limit or control as to the type of loads priation process in the future.
they would serve, to the location of such Now, moving to the Federal bank for
loads or to the rates to be charged for rural electric systems, a Government
power and energy. It would also create corporation would be created which
a number of budgetary and fiscal prob- could be of a magnitude of capitalization
lems in the appropriations process. reaching into many billions of dollars.
First, the administration bill, H.R. If the borrowers should purchase stock
GRAVE IMPLICATIONS OF FEDERAL 14837, would continue the present 2-per- in the bank to the extent of $15 million
ELECTRIC BANS LEGISLATION cent loan program through the creation per year, as estimated by NRECA, and
The SPEAR :ER pro tempore. Under of a rural electrification account. Into stock is purchased by the United States
a previous order of the House, the gen- this account would be placed all the as- and consumers, and debentures sold, all
..a +t,_ --+ . nrn- _- __...-.,1..4...i i,. +V- hill 1nanc by
151CAlan 11-0111 V1114J LIV-1 ? aav vv . +.~ ,.vvp
nized for 30 minutei. gram. The existing obligations to the borrowers could exceed $15 billion by
Mr. BOW. Mr. Speaker, with almost Treasury would be transferred to the 1981. The bank would be the biggest
no fanfare, jhe House Committee on new account and provision would be organization of this character ever
Agriculture yesterday opened hearings made for use of the funds in the account created. Moreover, when added to the
on two bills that could turn the rural for payment of interest and principal $4.5 billion of 2-percent loans expected
n made
d be
h
e
a
electrification system of this country into when due on loans that
a giant public utility almost entirely free to the Administrator by the Secretary
from congressional or any other control, of the Treasury for electrification pur-
with up to $20 billion available for ex- poses. The account would also be avail-
pansion over the next 15 years. able for new 2-percent loans and for
To illustrate the size of this proposed purchase of capital stock in a Federal
operation, let me say that the total capi- bank which would be established by an-
talization of the entire electric power other title of the bill. Because of these
industry in the United States is about other commitments for use of funds in
$46 billion. the account, however, there will never be
My purpose today is to alert Members any money available for the fgreseeable
and the public to the grave implications future for repayments on the Admin-
of the proposed Federal Electric Bank istrator's debt to Treasury. Whether
legislation, H.R. 14000, H.R. 14387 and such funds will ever be available in the
related bills. These bills -provide addi- type of operation proposed is doubtful
tional sources of financing for the rural and the taxpayers may never get their
electrification program. money back.
. Over the last 30 years, as a result of Another questionable feature of the
the REA program, the farms of the Na- bill is the absence of any provision for
tion have been electrified and abundant electrification account sections of the
and cheap central-station electric service placing new loan authorizations in the
has been furnished to persons in rural rural electrification account. Section
areas. As this pogram has reached its 301(4) of the bill provides that "appro-
fulfillment, there has been a growing and priations" for electrification loans made
Justified clamor for the transfer of the under authority of section A of the basic
financing of this exceptionally success- act shall become part of the account, but
ful endeavor from the Federal Govern- there is no mention of any new loan au-
Let thorizations that may be needed to fi-
ate money market
i
th
t
.
e pr
v
o
ment
no one detract from the marvelous nance any 2-percent loans that may be average rate Payable by the electric bank
achievements that have been accom- made under the plan of operation pro- on its debentures plus administrative ex-
plished as a result of the low-cost, long- posed by the Secretary of Agriculture. penses and estimated losses. Again,
term Federal loans for construction of As you know, the REA loan program has, however, there is no provision assuring
electric facilities to serve the farms and with minor exceptions, been financed that these loans will be amortized. Fur-
rural areas of the Nation. Also, in rec- over the years through borrowing from that these the material attached to the
ognizing the great progress that has been the Treasury, rather than through ap- Secretary's transmission of the bill to the
made, let no one detract from the fact propriations. Is this procedure now to Congress fails to indicate that this type of
that in reaching this advanced stage of be changed to provide that all new fi- loan would be amortized. The bill also
service many rural electric cooperatives nancing of 2-percent loans is to be would authorize the adjustment of pay-
have, themselves, simultaneously reached made without any requirements for would not only of put of inter-
te only of principal i n al but of that
dependence, maturity with a degree of in- repayment of such amounts to the ments no
erdependence, efficiency, financial stabil- Treasury? Furthermore, in the section either nowould necessarily no re paid.
ity, and self-reliance, which compares 302(b) (1), authorizing use of assets of ssl ily ever r be paid.
favorably with corresponding, elements the account for loans under sections Furthermore, erthe mold Secret the ary oauthorizes
the v Treaand di-
in our our free enterprise system. This is 4 and 5 of the basic act, and for ad- purchase notes issued the the basu if i
one of the inherent objectives of devel- vances in connection therewith, there phr insuffiien funds in the assets of the
opment programs. Success in providing is language which says that no loans can ebank available for pinter-
entities service can only be achieved when the be made in any year in excess of amounts and principal on ile for paying ays e. ter-
entities created to provide the service "available pursuant to section 3 of the est electric e borrowing without its debentures. This
i
concurrently become successful and self- act." What does this mean? All of the o amount. Even without limitation payments a .,a to time
reliant in themselves. nearly $6 billion in money that has been notes old be interes
Such
In my remarks today, however, I do provided to date for the REA program on am on such
borrowing could u for defer led peSu h
not wish to dwell on the philosophy of has been made available under the pro- be completely beyond the cons
development programs. REA has dem- visions of section 3 of the REA Act. atrol nd and of the would a Congress. This a perfect
onstrated that they serve a useful pur- This raises questions as to whether the example e o backdoor financing is
and the
pose. Rather, I shall try to point out limit is to encompass all loan authoriza-
to my colleagues certain provisions of tions and appropriations made over the general looseness of the provisions of the
the bills which will be considered by years. Is it intended that the limitation administration bill is an outright invita-
tion account over the 15-year period, the
total new capital involved will be more
than 21/2 times the $8 billion, which the
Secretary of Agriculture said would be
required. Yet, the purposes for which
the loans would be made by this bank
are not defined. To the contrary, the
scope and breadth of the types of f a-
cilities which could be undertaken with
funds obtained from this source are
practically limitless. Furthermore, with
this enormous undertaking, the bill has
no provisions for making the bank's op-
eration self-supporting. Section 410
(b) (2) authorizes two types of loans.
The first, called intermediate loans,
would have a limit on interest of 4 per-
cent. There is nothing in the bill which
assures that these loans will be self-
liquidating or amortized over their life.
The administrative costs and reserves
for losses would not be borne by the
bank. They would be subsidized entirely
by REA.
The legislation also provides for an-
other type of loan which will bear inter-
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 1134$.x. - Approved For BOOO64tlgg A$ : (5g6.Zgq@ ?B000400080019-gune 1, 1966
Jr., Vice President and General Manager,
Indianapolis Newspapers, Inc.; Richard Hol-
lander, Editor, the Washington Daily News;
and John C. O'$rien, Washington Bureau
-Chief, the Philadelphia Inquirer.
Kotz lives in Washington with his wife
Mary Lynn and 5-year-old son Jack Mitchell.
He attended St. Albans school in Washington
and later majored in international relations
at Dartmouth, where he w, ,as elected to Phi
Beta Kappa and was graduated magna cum
laude. He then attended the London School
of Economics on a Reynolds Scholarship.
He served in the Marine Corps 1956-58 in
the U.S., Japan and the Philippines.. In
1958 he went to work for the Des Moines
Register as a reporter covering police, city,
county and state governments.
Kotz's dispatches on the summer job pro-
gram also won the 1965 Sigma Delta Chi
award for Washington correspondence. His
other awards include the 1963 Community
Service Award from the Jewish Chatauqua
Society, for stories about Negro employ-
ment; and the 1061 Iowa Associated Press
that play directly into the hands of the
enemy, however well meaning they may
have been in the first place.
Mr. PUCINSKI. Mr. Speaker, will the
gentleman yield?
Mr. STRATTON. I yield to the
gentleman from Illinois.
Mr. PUCINSKI. Is it not a fact that
while we read about the immolations and
various other incidents occurring in
Vietnam, behind these sensational events
there is actually a tremendously suc-
cessful effort now being waged at the
diplomatic level in conferences between
the Catholics, the Buddhists, General
Ky, and the other generals? Are they
not working very hard over there to try
to reach some agreement, and is it not
proper to raise some very high hopes
that these agreements will indeed be
reached and that these elections can be
held there, we hope, by September 11
or shortly thereafter, or perhaps even
before then?
Mr. STRATTON. That is it exactly.
The gentleman is absolutely right. I
know he attended with me this morning
an extremely helpful, optimistic, and in-
formative briefing by the Assistant Sec-
retary of State for Far Eastern Affairs,
Mr. Bundy, in which the Members of the
House who were there-and I am sorry
my colleague, the gentleman from New
York [Mr. GOODELL] was not there, be-
cause I think he would have been en-
couraged, too-in which Mr. Bundy out-
lined for u.5 the steps that have been
taken to make these elections possible.
As a matter of fact, he suggested to us
that he hoped the military junta would
be enlarged to take in civilian members.
And even before he finished speaking the
announcement that that development
had actually occurred in Vietnam was
on the radio. Let us not rock the boat.
Our subcommittee which went to Viet-
nam during the Easter recess came back.
as a man and stated to this House that
we are indeed winning the military war.
And the very fact that we are winning
the military war has now led these civil-
ian groups to try to jockey for position
in the postwar government that will be
formed. Fortunately we are carrying on
this delicate political job that the gentle-
man points out in spite of these demon-
strations and immolations by a people
which has never had much background
in democratic procedures, that never had
the opportunity to express their political
sentiments in other less violent ways.
We are working this out, so let us stick
with that effort and not rock the boat in
this body, regardless of what may be
done in another body.
Mr. PUCINSKI. Will the gentleman
yield further?
Mr. STRATTON. I am happy to yield
to the gentleman.
Mr. PUCINSKI. I can say that I was
happy to have been there this morning
at that session. I believe that the gen-
tleman is on the Armed Services Com-
mittee. Is there any question in the
gentleman's mind that we now have
taken complete command of the military
situation in Vietnam?
Mr. STRATTON. I do not think there
is any doubt about it and I would cer-
tainly say that victory in a. military sense
is entirely likely to come over there a lot
earlier than we have been led to believe
is possible. I have been surprised,
frankly, that the reporting from Viet-
nam has not reflected this encouraging
fact more clearly.
We have focused, as the gentleman
said, on the trees instead of the forests
in Vietnam, but the word is finally com-
ing through.
Mr. Speaker, I put into the RECORD
yesterday an article from the Washing-
ton Daily News that not only praised
General Westmoreland, and his leader-
ship, but pointed out that under his lead-
ership we are winning the war in Viet-
nam.
Mr. GOODELL. Mr. Speaker, will the
gentleman yield?
Mr. STRATTON. I yield to the gen-
tleman from New York.
Mr. GOODELL. I would suggest that
the gentleman should withdraw from
the RECORD his reference to people in
Vietnam. I think this is not calculated
to serve our purposes or the purposes of
free elections of the people in southeast
Asia.
Secondly, I would say to the gentleman
that he has raised a whole group of straw
men but has refused to discuss the spe-
cific proposal which I made which is that
we should have free, supervised elections,
with people who are supervising them
whom we can trust, and who have ex-
perience and practice and understanding
of free elections.
Is the gentleman opposed to this?
Mr. STRATTON., The gentleman
knows perfectly well that the real key to
victory in Vietnam is to get Vietnam on
its own two feet as an independent
country.
Mr. GOODELL. But are we not going
to have elections?
Mr. STRATTON. Mr. Speaker, I de-
cline to yield further to the gentleman
until I can make my point.
The SPEAKER. The gentleman de-
clines to yield further.
Mr. GOODELL. You do not want a
colloquy; you want a soliloquy.
Mr. STRATTON. Mr. Speaker, regu-
lar order.
Mr. GOODELL. Mr. Speaker, I shall
object to further time being granted to
the gentleman from New York [Mr.
STRATTON] should he request it.
Mr. STRATTON. Mr. Speaker, the
gentleman would not yield further to me
when he had the time. I am certainly
going to try to answer the questions
which the gentleman has raised, and
then I shall be glad to yield to the gentle-
man if I have any time left.
Mr. Speaker, the whole purpose of our
mission in Vietnam is to establish a free,
independent country there, one that can
stand on its own two feet, so that we can
withdraw our forces from out there when
the military victory has been achieved
and when the stability of the country
has been assured.
Certainly you cannot do that by having
some outside force, some foreign coun-
try that the gentleman cannot even
name, come in there and conduct elec-
tions for the Government of Vietnam.
Mr. Speaker, what is the essence of the
integrity of any country, except its own
The SPEAKER pro tempore. Under
previous order of the House, the gentle-
man from New York [Mr. STRATTON] is
recognized for 10 minutes.
Mr. STRATTON. Mr. Speaker, I want
to commend the gentleman from Illinois
for his remarks. I think he has certainly
served to focus attention on what is really
the central issue in this situation in Viet-
nam. I think we in this House have been
reasonably free of some of the sugges-
tions and gimmicks that have been of-
fered in another body. There have been
Members in another body of both politi-
cal parties Who have. come up with gim-
micks of one kind or another designed to
catch the headlines.. But I was deeply
troubled when one of the leading and
outstanding Members on the minority
side came up with one of these gimmicks
himself, one that is playing exactly into
the hands of the Vietcong; namely, the
idea that we should stop all of our efforts
toward free election procedures in Sep-
tember and interfere with the great work
being done by Ambassador Lodge and
General Westmoreland in Vietnam to
bring together these various competing
groups in South Vietnam so that we can
have the beginning of a meaningful
election procedure in September and
instead should go to all the trouble of
holding a national election on the very
issue that the Communists themselves
want. Why, we would be asking our-
selves, when did we stop beating our
wives? Why indeed should we bother
to ask the people of Vietnam whether
they want to surrender to the Vietcong?
Nobody has been,burning himself up in
Da Nang or Hue in order that the Viet-
cong might take over. They have been
protesting instead so as to get a basis
for establishing a free coalition civilian
government. And that is precisely what
Ambassador Lodge is moving toward. I
agree wholeheartedly with the gentle-'
man from Illinois that now that we are
winning the war, let us continue in this
great House of ours, whatever they may
do in another body, to support that war
and support our men out there and not
try to come up with catchy gimmicks
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 June 1, 1966 Approved For tq&f, JW7At3 ]k f l
tion to use this method of covering oper-
ating, losses.
Under the proposed legislation we
would have three types of loans, or three
separate programs, as well as two sources
from which money could be obtained. In
the absence of any rigid standards for
categorizing and classifying the types of
facilities proposed, the character of the
borrower, and the special conditions in-
volved, it would be most difficult to make
any fair and intelligent decision as to
which interest rate would apply to the
facilities for which the loans would be
made. One loan applicant would be
played against another, and there would
be little the Congress could do about It.
Obviously, the confusion and conflict
surrounding the REA Program has
reached a point where the country can no
longer turn its back on the problem.
The legislation which is now being pro-
posed cannot do other than greatly ag-
gravate the difficulties that we have been
experiencing. With the two financing
sources it will make congressional con-
sideration of the annual program more
difficult. It will indefinitely defer the
day when the burden can be removed
from the Federal Government and the
program transferred to true private fi-
nancing. There is a great need to deter-
mine what Is to be the proposed future
role of the REA co-ops in our pluralistic
electric power system. Once this is de-
termined, the ways and means of best
accomplishing these ends for the benefit
of all concerned can be more easily found
and implemented.
The Congress should look carefully into
the ramifications of the legislation.
Without restrictions and criteria for
granting loans by the bank, the funds
could be used to serve urban as well as
rural areas. And there is more than this
involved.
Eight years ago, at their annual meet-
ing, electric cooperatives were handed a
so-called blueprint for action. Two of
the points in this plan were:
First:
To set up machinery for cooperatives, mu-
nicipally owned electric systems and power
districts to federate more easily for the con-
struction and operation of their own gen-
eration and transmission systems ...
Such systems could be financed under
this legislation.
Second:
To establish backbone, common carrier fed-
eral transmission grids, or to require others
to build them throughout the country ...
This, too, could be financed under this
legislation. I need to point out to nt
one that with financing by the Federal
Electric Bank the plan would create a
nationwide, government subsidized power
system, wastefully duplicating the facili-
ties of existing suppliers.
The action of the House in appro-
priating $365 million for the REA pro-
gram for fiscal year 1967 will, together
with the $72 million carryover estimated
In the budget, provide for one of the
highest annual levels of activity ever ex-
perienced by this agency. This sum will
be more than adequate to take care of
needs pending resolution on the many
policy issues that need to be answered
)U4;8000400080019-0
before embarking on an entirely new pro-
gram which is so nebulous in character,
need and size as to be beyond compre-
hension. It is incumbent on the Con-
gress to see that Federal appropriations
are made wisely and only for the highest
priority purposes. There is no urgency
for this legislation. Congress should
thoroughly study all of its ramifications
before embarking on a new program of
this magnitude.
NARCOTICS BILL HAS LOOPHOLE
The SPEAKER pro tempore. Under
a previous order of the House, the gentle-
man from Ohio [Mr. AsHSxoox], is recog-
nized for 5 minutes.
Mr. ASHBROOK. Mr. Speaker, it is a
rare thing to find a legislative enactment
by this body that one can agree with 100
percent or oppose 100 percent. The bill
we just passed today, the Narcotics Ad-
dict Rehabilitation Act, is a good case In
point. I think that its provisions are, on
the whole, salutory and represent needed
emphasis on a critical field in law en-
forcement.
On the other hand, there is one serious
flaw. I believe that it is poor judgment
to establish a class of offenders who can
escape trial on any theory. If a crime
has been committed, the narcotic addict
should be brought to trial. If his case
warrants rehabilitation in nonpenal sur-
roundings, the judge should have the
authority to deal with the case in this
manner. I supported all efforts to
strengthen this bill and am sorry that
the amendment of the gentleman from
Virginia [Mr. PoFF] did not pass. His
amendment would have removed this one
serious defect in this bill.
I supported this legislation because it
is my firm belief that it will accomplish
much good. On the other hand, this
defect should be noted and it is my hope
that the Senate will act favorably on
these provisions so we will not shunt a
group of defendants into a new and dif-
ferent track, forgiving them their cri;nes
without trial. The group so preferred
under title I of this bill will be deter-
mined not by the process of criminal
justice but by the fact of a physical con-
dition-drug addiction-and without any
showing whatsoever of connection be-
tween the physical condition and the
commission of the crime.
AWARD
(Mr. QUIE (at the request of Mr. GRo-
vER) was granted ' permission to extend
his remarks at this point in the RECORD
and to include extraneous matter.)
Mr. QUIE. Mr. Speaker, it has been a
pleasure to see that this year's so-called
youth opportunity campaign, especially
in the Post Office Department, is being
set up on a merit basis. The merit ap-
proach replaces the vast patronage sys-
tem that marked last year's first attempt
at the program in the Post Office Depart-
ment.
I worked hard in the Congress to see
that this program, which the President
had announced as being designed to pro-
vide jobs for needy young people, was im-
*_r:._
x14341
proved. At the same time that I was
working toward this end in Congress, an
outstanding member of the Washington
press corps was working for the same
goal through the public media.
It is my pleasure to report that this
correspondent, Nick Kotz of the Cowles
Publications, has received two major
American journalism awards as the re-
sult of his outstanding work. He has
become the recipient of the Sigma Delta
Chi award for distinguished Washington
reporting and the Raymond Clapper Me-
morial Award.
During the course of the investigation
of impropriety of handling distribution
of youth opportunity campaign jobs
through the Post Office Department, I
had ample opportunity to observe the
dedication to his profession, to the truth
and to the peoples' right to know which
Mr. Kotz displayed. I am honored to join
his journalistic colleagues in recognition
of his achievement on behalf of the pub-
lic interest.
Mr. Speaker, following is a copy of the
release which the Standing Committee of
Correspondents of the Capitol Press Gal-
lery issued following Mr. Kotz' selection
as recipient of the Clapper Award.
MONTREAL, May 19.-Nathan K. (Nick)
Kotz of the Des Moines Register and the
Minneapolis Tribune tonight won the 22nd
annual Raymond Clapper Memorial Award
for his disclosure in a series of Washington
dispatches that summertime anti-poverty
jobs were being filled on a patronage basis.
A panel of five prominent newspapermen
unanimously selected Kotz "for his compre-
hensive and discerning reporting" in the best
tradition of the late Scripps-Howard colum-
nist, Raymond Clapper.
The award, announced here at the annual
banquet of the American Society of News-
paper Editors, carries a cash prize of $1,000.
From a field of 24 entries the judges also
singled out for first honorable mention Dom
Bonafede of the New York Herald Tribune,
for a series on conflicts of interest among
congressmen; and for second honorable men-
tion Bem Price of the Associated Press, for
dispatches on government waste, water pol-
lution and the war on poverty.
His citation and check were presented to
Kotz by Benjamin R. Cole of the Indianapolis
Star, representing the Standing Committee
of Correspondents which administers the
U.S. congressional press galleries and acts
as executive committee of the Raymond
Clapper Memorial Association.
The Association makes the award annually
to honor Clapper and to foster the kind of
Washington reporting that brought him
fame as a reporter for United Press, the
Washington Post and finally Scripps-Howard.
Clapper died in a South Pacific plane crash
in World War II.
Kotz, 33, is a native of San Antonio and an
honor graduate of Dartmouth College. He
has represented the Des Moines Register and
the Minneapolis Tribune in Washington
since June, 1964.
The award judges said it was a series of
Kotz exclusives that broke the story of what
they called "subverting" of last summer's
youth opportunity program "into a massive
handout of congressional patronage."
Others jumped on the story with result-
ing further disclosures. Congressmen's sons
were among those hired. Eventually the
White House ordered patronage stopped and
the Post Office said future youth hiring
would be based solely on merit.
Judges for the award were Glen A. Bois-
sonneault, Editor, the Saginaw News; Grant
Dillman, News Editor, Washington Bureau,
United Press International; William A. Dyer,
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 '' June 1 1966 Approved FoA"U MM3 - I-'b7MP& R000400080019-0
election procedure? And what the gen-
tleman suggested is that the election
should be held upon the very issue which
the Communists would like to have us
think is a big issue, but which our com-
mittee overwhelmingly found is not at
all a matter of concern for the Viet-
namese people.
Mr. Speaker, the Vietcong are today
the enemy. They are the terrorists in
the mountains. They are cutting off the
heads of villagers. The people of Viet-
nam do not want them running their
country. They want the people who are
supporting the government and who have
tried to defend the countryside, to have
a voice in running the country. The
gentleman's suggestion would interrupt
that whole process, and would have a
very bad effect on all the fine progress
we are making.
Mr. GOODELL. Mr. Speaker, will the
gentleman yield?
Mr. STRATTON. I yield to the gen-
tleman from New York.
Mr. GOODELL. The gentleman
chooses to characterize my proposal in
a very, very unfavorable and unfair way.
What I am suggesting is that members
of the gentleman's own party have raised
serious doubts in the minds of the peo-
ple of the world and of the American
people about the will of the Vietnamese
people and about the desires for an elec-
tion or determination on the part of the
South Vietnamese people to resist ag-
gression.
I think a very clear mandate could be
written in an election procedure. I am
not suggesting that the election is for
this purpose alone. Our Government
has committed us. The South Viet-
namese Government under Mr. Ky has
committed itself to an election, to choose
a constituent assembly sometime this
year and at the moment it appears to be
September.
Mr. STRATTON. It is going to be
September.
Mr. GOODELL. This is a very confus-
ing situation.
Mr. STRATTON. It is going to be
September 11, unless the gentleman's
suggestion confuses the issue too much.
Mr. GOODELL. If the gentleman
wants the answer to some of his ques-
tions-
Mr. STRATTON. I cannot yield any
further as I want to comment upon the
gentleman's remarks.
Mr. Speaker, I do not think the South
Vietnamese people need have any con-
cern about the determination of our
President or about the determination
of this House or for that matter about
the determination of this country. The
only difficulty I am afraid-and I would
be the last one to give recommendations
to the gentleman-the only difficulty, I
think, is that in making his suggestion
about a referendum on the Vietcong
the gentleman may have been trying to
sit on both sides of the fence at the same
time.
PRODUCTION OF MILK AND DAIRY
PRODUCTS
(Mr. RESNICK (at the request of Mr.
STRATTON) was granted permission to ex-
No. 90-6
tend his remarks at this point in the
RECORD and to include extraneous mat-
ter.)
Mr. RESNICK. Mr. Speaker, we are
so accustomed to agricultural abundance
in the United States, that it is almost
impossible to believe that food of any
kind-particularly a vital and basic com-
modity like milk-could actually be in
short supply. Yet, this is precisely what
is happening in this country today. Be-
cause I believe that this situation has
reached crisis proportions, I have today
written the following letter to the Sec-
retary of Agriculture:
CONGRESS OF THE UNITED STATES,
HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES,
Washington, D.C., June 1, 1966.
Hon. ORVILLE L. FREEMAN,
Secretary of Agriculture,
Department of Agriculture, -
Washington, D.C.
DEAR MR. SECRETARY: Steps must be taken
to increase the production of milk and dairy
products in the United States. It may be
difficult for most Americans to accept the
fact that a shortage of these essential com-
modities does indeed exist. But this fact is
a grim reality.
The evidence is clear and abundant. Milk
production in the United States has been
sliding down hill for more than a dozen
years. In recent months, this slide has be-
come a plunge. March milk production was
7% below the March of one year ago. April
production was 4% below last year's. As a
matter of fact, last month production
reached its lowest level since 195$-a de-
pressing and ominous statistic I am sure
you are well aware of. Equally disturbing
are the mounting statistics on the mortality
of dairy farms, farms which are being dis-
posed of because their owners can no longer
afford to keep them.
Strangely, the dairy industry has reached
these crossroads of crisis at a time when our
population is growing and personal income
expenditures, and food consumption have
reached record highs. The reason, however,
is not hard to figure out. If dairy farmers
could make money they would not only re-
main in business, but would be increasing
their production to meet the increasing de-
mand for their product. Somehow the ma-
chinery of our farm economy has slipped its
gears and-by failing to assure our dairy
producers of a proper return on their invest-
ment and labor-has caused milk production
to fall to the point where we now face serious
shortages. The consumer is now paying for
this in the form of higher prices for milk,
butter, cheese, and other dairy products.
For, we see that in the absence of a satis-
factory policy in this vital segment of agri-
culture, both the farmer and the consumer
are now being made to suffer.
I call upon the Department of Agriculture,
Mr. Secretary, to take immediate steps to
turn this dangerous situation around. We
can keep our dairy farmers producing. We
can prevent them from selling their milk
cows for beef. We can get them to expand
their herds and increase production to meet
the pressing needs of our growing population,
as well as export demands. We can once
again make the dairy industry a healthy
industry. But we can only do_ these things
by establishing and pursuing policies which
,will guarantee the dairy farmer a decent liv-
ing. I would suggest that the Department
consider giving direct "production pay-
ments" to farmers. I think this might be
the fastest way of achieving the desired re-
11343
ing him continued abundance of dairy prod-
ucts at reasonable prices.
I urge immediate steps along these lines
to prevent the present shortage from develop-
ing into what could become a dairy famine
in the United States.
With my very best wishes.
Cordially yours,
JOSEPH Y. RESNICK,
Member of Congress.
CAMILLUS CUTLER CO.
(Mr. HANLEY (at the request of Mr.
STRATTON) was granted permission to
extend his remarks at this point in the
RECORD and to include extraneous mat-
ter.)
Mr. HANLEY. Mr. Speaker, a few
weeks ago, it was my distinct pleasure
to tour the facilities of one of the old-
est establishments in my congressional
district, the Camillus Cutlery Co. To-
day I would like to relate to my col-
leagues some of the interesting back-
ground and activities of this firm.
Founded in 1876 by Adolph Kastor, the
Camillus Cutlery Co. has soared to a pre-
eminence in the manufacture of knives
of every variety. When I visited the
plant, the employees were engaged in
the production of knives and bayonets
for our boys in Vietnam and through-
out the world. Thousands of GIs in
World War II and Korea come to rely
on the fighting knives, pocketknives, and
bayonets produced at the cutlery. Corps-
men the world over for years have been
familiar with Camillus scalpels.
During World War II alone, Camillus
Cutlery produced and delivered over 15
million knives for the war effort. For
its contribution, the cutlery was the re-
cipient of four Army-Navy "E" awards.
Today the Camillus Cutlery Co. is the
sole producer of the Navy and Marine
fighting knife.
As Camillus Cutlery makes substantial
contributions to our national defense, so
also it plays a significant role in our do-
mestic life. Millions of housewives use
Camillus products around the house
every day, and sportsmen of every va-
riety rely on Camillus knives for hunt-
ing, fishing, and recreational purposes.
The president of the cutlery, Nilo
Miori, literally grew up with the com-
pany. He knows every one of his em-
ployees on a personal basis, and his in-
terest in his employees is reflected in the
tenure which many of them have
achieved. About 45 percent of the em-
ployees have been with the company 10
years or ignore; 23 percent, 20 years or
more; 8 percent, 30 years; and several
have worked there over 40 years. This
solid relationship between employer and
employee, between labor and manage-
ment could well serve as a model for all
manufacturing operations.
Mr. Speaker, I commend the Camillus
Cutlery Co. for its solid record of achieve-
ment.
EXCLUSION FROM INCOME OF CER-
TAIN REIMBURSED MOVING EX-
sult. This would protect the interest of the PENSES
farmer by assuring him of enough of a satis-
factory return to encourage him to increase (Mr. McGRATH (at the request of Mr.
his herds and production, and also protect ' STRATTON) was granted permission to
the interests of the consumer by guarantee- extend his remarks at this point in the
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 11344
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REcoao and to include extraneous mat-
ter.)
. Mr. McGRATH. Mr. Speaker, I wish
to join with Congressman BURKE In sup-
port of,his bill, H.R. 13070, which would
exclude from income certain reimbursed
moving expenses.
In New Jersey's Second District, which
I have the honor to represent, the largest
employer is the Federal Aviation Agency,
which operates the vast National Avia-
tion Facilities Experimental Center in
Pomona, near Atlantic City. Among the
thousands of Federal employees assigned
to this facility, many are called upon
to move into our district on a permanent
or semipermanent basis from other FAA
facilities, and others are reassigned to
FAA installations in all corners of the
country. While travel expenses in such
cases are reimbursed, these Federal em-
ployees are considered for income tax
purposes as any privately employed per-
sons, and the current practice of the
Bureau of Internal Revenue,is to con-
sider this reimbursement of travel ex-
penses as income.
In the cases of these Federal employ-
ees, as in the cases of the many privately
employed persons in our district and
elsewhere in the United States, this
works a financial hardship which I feel
should be reversed and can be reversed
through the terms of H.R. 13070.
Further, Mr. Speaker, I feel it is highly
desirable that H.R. 13070's provisions
concerning items of expense in addition
to the actual cost of moving the em-
ployee, his family and household goods
to a new place of work, which are clearly
nontaxable under present law, be in-
cluded among the tax exemptions this
bill seeks.
Among these are the costs of house-
hunting trips of both employee and
spouse when both the old and new job
locations are within the United States;
temporary living expenses at the new
employment location while awaiting oc-
cupancy of permanent quarters; selling
commissions and other expenses incident
to the sale of the employee's old resi-
dence or to settlement of an unexpired
lease on the old residence; out-of-pocket
expenses incident to the purchase of a
new residence at the new job location,
and other miscellaneous expenses direct-
ly attributable to the transfer.
Mr. Speaker, I wholeheartedly agree
with Representative BUaxs that enact-
ment of this legislation is essential if
years of litigation, confusion, and hard-
ship affecting many thousands of em-
ployees are to be avoided.
To emphasize my support for this leg-
islation, I am submitting a bill` identical
to H.R. 13070, and I will work for its
passage in the House of Representatives.
AUTO SAF>; I'Y AND THE TIRES ON
AUTOS
(Mr. TODD (at the request of Mr.
STRATTON) was granted permission to ex-
tend his remarks at this point in the
Rxooan and to include extraneous
matter.)
Mr. TODD. Mr. Speaker, I have
previously discussed before the House
the awful toll of traffic fatalities and in-
juries and the need for prudent and re-
sponsible action to cope with this na-
tional problem. Basically, there are
three factors involved in auto safety:
The automobile itself; the driver; and
the tires on the automobile.
I believe that the hearings recently
held on the subject of auto safety, to-
gether with the automobile industry's
decision to support a workable auto
safety bill, will result in the passage of
appropriate legislation this session.
With respect to the driver, I believe that
State and local governments have be-
come much more aware of the impor-
tance of strict licensing, driver educa-
tion, and tight law enforcement, partic-
ularly on drunk drivers. I do not see
any need for Federal activity in this area
at present. Today, I wish to discuss the
third factor-tires on our cars.
At present, there are over 300 million
passenger tires in use in the United
States. With advances in automobile
engineering and the development of our
high-speed Interstate Highway System,
these tires are subjected to punish-
ment levels virtually unknown 20 years
ago. As car owners and drivers, we ex-
pect our tires to perform safely under
normal load and use conditions, just as
we expect to be able to select, on an in-
formed basis, those tires which we wish
to buy.
Recent hearings conducted in the
House and Senate together with other
published evidence suggest that neither
of these requirements is at present being
fulfilled.
When possible, I prefer to get direct
evidence about problems under consider-
ation by Congress. I can report that I
have received ' many letters from con-
stituents in Michigan's Third District
complaining about tire safety. Some
people reported that their new tires blew
out after normal driving and under nor-
mal loads, even after a few thousand
miles of use. Others reported that even
under light load conditions, the two-ply
tires sometimes furnished on new cars
failed entirely. One man wrote, com-
plaining that he knows of cars leaving
the factory equipped with tires whose
load capacity is already exceeded by the
unloaded curb weight of the car. An-
other man wrote, noting that he was
concerned about the safety of his tires,
yet finding that he was completely un-
able to understand the grading systems
used by tire manufacturers.
These reports led me to ask a question
about tire safety on my recent congres-
sional questionnaire sent to the citizens of
the Third District. The question read:
Do you favor a bill setting minimum safety
and performance standards for automobile
tires?
Percent
Yes----------------------------------- - 74
No------------------------------------ 18
Undecided--------___..----------------- 11
Clearly, the people of my district want
action on tire safety.
There appear to be two main problems
in the tire field: first, some tires simply
are not safe; second, grading systems are
confusing and meaningless.
There is strong evidence to show that
some tires put on cars are not safe.
There are a number of "grooved" tires
sold today, in which the tread has been
worn down, and a new tread pattern cut
into the rubber; such tires are generally
recognized to be very unsafe. Another
unsafe type of tire is the "cheapie," a
low-priced replacement tire usually sold
under an unfamiliar brand name. The
Senate Commerce Committee, which held
extensive hearings on tire safety, con-
cluded that "significant numbers of these
tires were of poor quality often evidenc-
ing, upon close inspection, fatal defects
and incapable of performing safely under
normal conditions of use." Around 20
percent of all tires in service are retreads.
Many of these are safe and conscientious
products, but some are inferior and un-
safe.
It appears that the statements in let-
ters written by my constituents are
clearly backed up. Perhaps the most
startling piece of evidence regarding tire
safety came out recently in testimony
given in the superior court of San Fran-
cisco, in which a tiremaker was sued for
damages in connection with a blowout.
One tire expert, chosen by the tire man-
ufacturer, testified that some tires which
his company supplies for a leading popu-
lar car would be "expected to rupture"
if the car were driven with a normal
full load. Another expert testified that
with as little as a 10-percent overload-
and proper loading figures are difficult
to find for the average motorist-a tire
would be vulnerable to fabric separation,
which could take place when a car runs
over a chuckhole or a railroad crossing.
The fact that there are unsafe tires on
the market, in itself, is no necessary
cause for Government action. After all,
there are many products of varying de-
grees of safety in the market, and the
consumer should be expected to use
proper prudence in making his selection
and in maintaining the purchased pro-
duct. But the situation in the tire mar-
ket does not allow the consumer to make
an informed choice. This is because
tire grading standards are either mean-
ingless or so ambiguous as to make in-
formed judgment impossible.
There are, at present, some 950 dif-
ferent tire names currently being mar-
keted, representing approximately 120
private-label marketers and 14 tire
manufacturers. The Senate Commerce
Committee concluded that there is "no
consumer commodity more sharply
characterized by confused and mislead-
ing nomenclature than the tire." No
uniform grading system presently exists.
Most tires are sold on the basis of an
illusory grading system. Terms such as
"premium," "first line," "second line,"
and "100 level" seem to imply that an
objective grading system does exist. In
fact, it does not. These designations
have no uniform meaning or definite
value. One maker's "premium" may be
inferior to another's "third line" tire.
The so-called "ply ratings" have no fixed
meaning. And, according to the Senate
committee, the price of a tire has no
discernible relation to its grade or safety
level.
In this morass of confusing terms, how
can the consumer make an informed
choice? Should not he be given the facts
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CONGRESSIONAL RECORD SENATE 11371
production, price and employment so that in
that way the copper industry would not be
subject to the ups and downs, the booms
and busts, which have plagued it over the
past several decades.
It is my intention to discuss this matter
further with the State Department, and to
seek the advice of the copper industry on
ways and means to bring about if possible a
steady stabilization of the industry on a
world-wide basis. As the largest consumer of
copper and copper products it is imperative
that we face up to this problem of the gap
between supplies and demand, and the need
for corrective action, to not only bring sta-
bility to the industry but to see that its
proper markets are maintained and not taken
over by substitutes if the price gets too high.
Only last Sunday, copper was selling for
75? per pound in small lots in Chile, and
according to my information, it is above that
price in London and also in certain other
areas as well.
This is a situation well worth the creation
of a copper study group under U.N. auspices.
OFFICE OF THE ATTORNEY GENERAL,
Washington, D.C., May 17, 1966.
Hon. MIKE MANSFIELD,
U.S. Senate,
Washington, D.C.
DEAR SENATOR MANSFIELD: I have consid-
ered carefully your letter of May 10, 1966, in
which you describe the need for an interna-
tional stabilization of the world copper mar-
ket and suggest that the United States take
the initiative in calling a world copper con-
ference. I have particularly focused upon
the problem to which you advert-namely,
that of international cartels in violation of
antitrust laws.
If a meeting of producers is contemplated,
I can only express my concurrence with the
views of my predecessor, Attorney General
Kennedy, given in a letter to you dated No-
vember 30, 1961, that participation by Amer-
ican copper producers in international con-
ferences designed to allocate production and
stabilize prices would be in violation of the
antitrust laws.
It may be your proposal did not contem-
plate such a meeting of producers, but rather
a governmental conference for the purpose
of seeking solutions to the problems of wide-
ranging disparities between available supplies
and demand. Governmental conferences to
study this problem and international agree-
ments, which duly ratified become the law
of the land, of course would not of them-
selves violate the antitrust laws.
In this connection I should note that since
the question of the feasibility of any interna-
tional governmental effort at diminishing the
disequilibriums between supply and demand
is a complex one, it would require substantial
additional study.
Sincerely,
NICHOLAS DEB. KATZENBACH,
Attorney General.
THE WHITE HOUSE,
Washington, D.C., May 16, 1966.
Ron. MICHAEL J. MANSFIELD,
U.S. Senate,
Washington, D.C.
DEAR MIKE: I appreciate your letter of
May 10 expressing your views on a would
conference on copper, As you know from
our many discussions, I am concerned about
the copper problems faced by this country
and the world. In this connection, I have
already directed the U.S. Government to
make both immediate and long-range studies
of copper under the direction of the Council
of Economic Advisers.
I have discussed your proposal with Sec-
retary Rusk and Attorney General- Katzen-
?bach. Secretary Rusk informs me that ar-
rangements are being made under the
auspices of the U.N. to call an international
conference on copper in December of this
year. This may be the best forum for gov-
ernments to explore the problems of copper
and any feasible steps that might be taken
to deal with these problems. I have asked
Secretary Rusk to get in touch with you to
go over what the United States might see as
emerging from these discussions, as well as
explore other possibilities.
As far as the anti-trust situation is con-
cerned, I have asked the Attorney General
to get in touch with you directly on the
problems associated with any private inter-
national agreements to stabilize the price
of copper.
Sincerely,
American Metal Market copper prices, May
26, 1966 Cents per
pound
Domestic producers, delivered U.S.
destinations :
Electrolytic----------------------
36,00
Lake -----------------------------
36.00
Foreign electrolytic':
Chilean, delivered U.S. destination'-
36. 00
Outside United States----------
62.00
Canadian, delivered U.S. destina-
tion------------------------
242.00
Overseas-----------------------
165.00
Zambian, outside United States---
375.88
Katangan, c.i.f. New York--------
172.75
London Metal Exchange, electrolytic
wirebar:
Cash (bid) (#645)---------------
80.63
3 months (bid) (E607/2)---------
75.88
Commodity exchange, standard Cop-
per:
July----------------------------
72.30
September-----------------------
69.35
October--------------------------
67.55
New York merchant market:
June (nom.) ---------------------
76.50
July (nom.) ---------------------
75.50
August (nom.) -------------------
74.50
Refiners' No. 2 copper: Scrap (nom.) -
57.00
'On sales in United States buyer pays 1.7
cents import duty.
Noranda Mines, Ltd.
s Anglo American Corp. and Roan Selec-
tion Trust.
I Union Miniere.
Source: American Metal Market, Friday,
May,9,7, 1966.
EX-ADMIRAL RADFORD IS WRONG
Mr, YOUNG of Ohio. Mr. President,
retired Adm. William Radford is not only
a rightwing extremist but apparently he
is endowed with a vivid imagination.
There is no basis in fact for his quoted
statement published today in the Wash-
ington Post:
It's easy for these Venerables, these Thichs
to convince a 17-year-old girl to burn her-
self up.
Characteristic of the thinking of right-
wing extremists, he evidently lacks vision
and understanding of the fight for liber-
ation made by the Vietnamese against
their French colonial oppressors who,
following World War II, violated their
word and sought to restablish their Indo-
chinese empire and to continue to treat
the Vietnamese as an inferior subject
people. The Vietnamese nationals, led
by Ho Chi Minh, fought for liberation
and on May 7, 1954, their forces over-
ran the supposedly offensive French
colonial outpost at Dienbienphu and that
victory led to the withdrawal of 200,000
French soldiers from Vietnam.
Ex-Admiral Radford unfortunately
had a position of influence in the then
administration of President Eisenhower
as Chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff
from 1953 to 1957. It was he who urged
that we use our airpower and paratroop-
ers to relieve Dienbienphu. Fortu-
ately, strong views expressed to President
Eisenhower by knowledgeable Senators
in very strong terms, prevented that
grave mistake. Also, Britain's Anthony
Eden expressed his dismay and astonish-
ment that President Eisenhower would
seriously consider such unilateral action.
the United States largely by reason of
Admiral Radford's influence at that time
spent approximately $3 billion in mili-
tary aid to the French Government,
whose generals at that time were giving
out optimistic statements, "We are win-
ning the war," just as defense Secretary
McNamara and other of our leaders in
1963 and 1964 and our generals from
their air-conditioned offices in Saigon
have proclaimed, "We are winning the
war." Now, fortunately, retired Ad-
miral Radford lacks influence in govern-
ment, so he announces the creation of
another rightwing extremist fringe or-
ganization, World Youth Crusade for
Freedom, Inc. He hopes to send 12
American students "with impeccable aca-
demic backgrounds," as he says, to 6
Asian countries to fight Communist po-
litical activity this summer; in other
words, to seek to interfere in the internal
affairs of some 6 Asian countries.
Radford would do his country a greater
service if he would refrain from making
irresponsible statements lacking basis
in fact and from encouraging addi-
tional extremist rightwing activities and
propaganda.
INCREASE OF TOLL RATES ON ST.
LAWRENCE SEAWAY
Mr. LAUSCHE. Mr. President, the
St. Lawrence Seaway Corporation is
holding public hearings to consider a
10-percent increase in seaway tolls.
I am opposed 'to any increase in tolls
on the St. Lawrence Seaway. Existing
seaway legislation requires that tolls be
collected at rates which are fair and
equitable, with due consideration to en-
couraging increased use of the water-
way. Any increase in tolls will cer-
tainly. discourage, not encourage, in-
creased tonnage with a resultant reduc-
tion in total revenues. Instead of in-
creasing the tolls charged, it would be
more prudent to extend the time within
which the debt must be paid to the U.S.
Government.
An effective method of increasing the
tolls collected under present rates would
be for the Federal Government to make
greater use of the seaway in the trans-
portation of products, grains, and mate-
rials from the interior of the United
States to the foreign port destination.
The Federal Government has a very real
obligation both to utilize the seaway and
to promote its use as well.
Instead, however, we find that this is
far from the case, The Department of
Defense is the world's largest shipper.
Yet, despite our best efforts, only very
small tonnages of military cargo have
moved via the St. Lawrence Seaway.
Little American-flag service exists on the
Great Lakes, and last year U.S.
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11372 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD -SENATE
ships carried only 4 percent of the total
lake's cargo,- Furthermore, the Seaway
Corporation, instead of being able to
carry on an intensive promotion pro-
gram to insure full utilization of the sea-
way and early retirement of the debt,
has been unable to utilize funds for ef-
fective promotion. Ohio ports--and the
opponents of the seaway as well-are
fully aware that toll increases will fur-
ther hamper development of the seaway
which is just beginning to be known
throughout the world.
Until such time as the Federal Gov-
ernment gives full recognition of the
seaway and takes a realistic approach
designed to insure its success, I am un-
alterably opposed to any toll increase.
Mr. President, an September 13 a re-
port was submitted to the Commerce
Committee by a special subcommittee
that studied the operations of the St.
Lawrence Seaway. I was chairman of
that subcommittee. I read the specific
recommendation that relates to this
statement:
OBSERVATIONS
The subcommittee noted:
1. There is an apparently growing aware-
ness of the advantages of the seaway, as
illustrated by-
(a) regular and successive annual In-
creases in tonnnge, shipments, and revenues
through the seaway;
(b) numerous port improvements under-
taken by lake ports since 1959, completed
and in the process of construction and plan-
ning; and
(c) greatly increased activity by local lake
ports in promotion of port traffic and trade.
2. There are indications that the seaway
may become self-liquidating in I or 2 years
and will maintain a level of activity which
will enable It to repay its indebtedness with-
in its original 50-year time limitation.
3. It is widely believed that toll increases
might depress rather than Increase revenues.
Problems were recognized in the areas of-
1. Channel and harbor depths;
2. Unavailability of American bottoms at
great Lakes ports;
3. Administration of cargo preference law;
and
4, Section 22 of the Interstate Commerce
Act. ~-
RECOMMENDATIONS
In relation to the problems which appear
to be serious and which are outlined above,
this subcommittee believes that the follow-
ing action should be encouraged:
1. Money should be appropriated to enable
the Army Corps of Engineers to complete its
program for deepening and clearing Great
Lakes channels and harbors to a 27-foot
depth. Full utilization of the seaway can-
not be expected until this step has been
accomplished.
2. There should be a program to utilize
American ships for seaway trade.
A transportation axiom, "Ships will go
where the cargo is," appears to be untrue on
the seaway. After 6 years of Operation and
a history of increasing cargo each year, the
seaway has proven itself as a rich and stable-
source of traffic and trade. However there
is an obvious scarcity of American ships at
Great Lakes ports. It must be recognized
that the development of inland cargo is not
the only answer to the development of
American shipping on the Great Lakes. Arti-
ficial barrier must be removed.- Foremost
among these are necessary changes in the ad-
ministration of the cargo preference laws.
The Great Lakes ports should not be com-
bined with the North Atlantic coast ports to
determine availability of American bottoms
for Government and foreign aid shipments.
This is not logical in terms of geography or
economy. It has encouraged the shipowners
to rely on the railroads to grant section 22
rates for transportation of cargo to North At-
lantic ports, which in turn enables the ship-
owners to obtain their cargoes at the coastal
ports rather than at the Great Lakes ports.
A coordinated effort should be made to
establish one authority to administer the
cargo preference laws on the Great Lakes-St.
Lawrence Seaway. It appears that the _St.
Lawrence Seaway Development Corporation
should perform this function, which could
be implemented with other recordkeeping
tasks involving ships and cargoes that transit
the seaway.
When traffic has become sufficiently de-
veloped, a separate essential trade route
should be established to provide direct serv-
ice between Great Lakes ports and ports in
specific overseas foreign areas.
3. Section 22 itself should be examined
objectively and changed. It appears to be
grossly uncoordinated for the Government to
claim that section 22 saves the taxpayers $50
million per year when it also results in a
default to the Government on the seaway's
obligation of $2 million or more annually.
Simultaneously it creates uneconomic rates
for the railroads which presumably must be
made up by private shippers. There was
some justification for section 22 when the
railroads enjoyed a dominant status In the
national transportation picture. Presently,
however, they must compete for cargo with
other types of transportation and this com-
petition should be on a fair and economic
basis. Legislation ehould be considered to
change section 22, to eliminate the preferen-
tial treatment accorded to Government traf-
fic. Of course, the Government should re-
tain section 22 privileges in times of na-
tional emergency.
4. It appears desirable to lengthen the
shipping season on the seaway. The naviga-
tion season for the Great Lakes in deep-
water areas could easily be extended. In
shallow-water areas it would depend entirely
upon the severity of the season. In the
shallow-water areas additional equipment
is necessary to keep the water running faster
and to maintain a higher temperature in
order to provide for open navigation. This
is possible but the cost has not been estab-
lished. Additional equipment and manpower
is necessary at the locks in freezing weather.
Presently, steam hoses are used on gates and -
some flow is maintained to minimize freez-
ing. Cost is involved here also, but the
problem can be solved. An all-year-open
seaway is not now contemplated. Eventually
this may be possible but it is presently un-
realistic. Perhaps the seaway season may be
extended another 30 days, by opening earlier
and closing later, and this appears desirable.
Such an improvement would provide a more
usable facility and should produce increased
revenues.
Promotion is necessary for this venture.
The aid of the Canadian Government must
be requested and obtained.
5. Studies for future development of the
seaway should be undertaken for improved
lock facilities. Combination of other water-
ways, such as the Champlain Waterway,
which would provide for a much shorter and
more direct ocean passage, should be in-
cluded in the forward programing of the
seaway administration. Many persons, in-
cluding shippers, shipowners, pilots, and
underwriters must be consulted and a pro-
gram projected under the leadership of the
Department of Commerce.
The subcommittee recommends that funds
be appropriated to begin the engineering
studies.
6. Evidence before the subcommittee has
indicated that the growth of the St. Law-
rence Seaway will overtax its present facili-
June 1, 1966
ties in the early to middle 1970's. This year
tonnage is expected to be between 42 and
45 million, which means the waterway is
approaching its predicted capacity of 50 mil-
lion tons. - Even assuming the seaway has an
actual capacity of 60 million tons, it is
necessary to begin planning the expansion of
locks and other facilities before the optimum
tonnage point Is reached. -
7. It has been suggested that the amortiza-
tion period be extended from 50 years to 100
years and that the interest rate be estab-
lished at 2 percent. It does not appear, in
view of the increasing traffic over the seaway
in 1964, that this would be necessary, but If
relief of this nature were contemplated, it
might be more feasible to delay the begin-
ning of the amortization period until a
27-foot depth had been established in all the
major lake ports and channels as projected
in 1954, when full utilization of the seaway
can be accomplished. This in itself should
assure sufficient leeway in the amortization
schedule to assure proper liquidation of the
indebtedness in 50 years.
8. The subcommittee- believes that an ex-
panded program of information and promo-
tion should be commenced immediately; the
proper organization to facilitate these ac-
tivities is the St. Lawrence Seaway Develop-
ment Corporation; the proper person to co-
ordinate and direct these activities Is the
Administrator of the St. Lawrence Seaway
Development Corporation.
9. The subcommittee believes that the St.
Lawrence Seaway will not serve the Great
Lakes community and the cities contained
within its confines in the most advantageous
way until greater promotional efforts are
undertaken to inform business interests In
this country and abroad of the seaway's
value. It has been pointed out that pro-
motional activities are a normal, necessary.
and an important function in the develop-
ment of ports and waterways.
These promotional functions of the Sea-
way Corporation should be encouraged by
the Department of Commerce and be in-
cluded as part of the Seaway Corporation's
annual budget, so that the funds expended
come from tolls alone and not from appro-
priated moneys.
FEDERAL CIVILIAN EMPLOYMENT
Mr. WILLIAMS of Delaware. Mr.
President, last month I called the atten-
tion of the Senate to the fact that Pres-
ident Johnson on December 1, 1965, an-
nounced that he was issuing instructions
to all Government agencies to reduce
Federal civilian employment by at least
25,000 personnel before the end of this
fiscal year. At that time I pointed out
that in the 4 months following this pub-
lic endorsement of economy, the admin-
istration, instead of reducing employ-
ment, had actually added 62,857 more
employees.
On Monday, May 30, the Joint Com-
mittee on Nonessential Federal Expen-
ditures issued its monthly report, which
shows that during the month of April the
administration has added another 33,464
employees. This now brings the grand
total of extra employees added in the
5 months following the President's De-
cember 1, 1965 announcement to 96,321.
Figuring the Government on a 40-hour
workweek this is the equivalent of an
average of 875 extra employees being
added every day, or an average of 110
Per hour nearly 2 a minute-since he
made the grandstand announcement that
he was going to reduce Federal employ-
ment. .
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 1 1384
Approved FoEft s9WAL1k M PS,IR 000400080019Jotne 1, 1966
Notwithstanding a number of political
and economic problems, the 650,000 peo-
ple of this new nation have proceeded
along the road to independence with
moderation and good sense. Most heart-
ening, in particular, has been the fact
that the overwhelming majority of the
people have rejected the Communist al-
ternative. Much of this success is due to
the fair minded leadership of Guyana's
Prime Minister, Mr. Forbes Burnham,
who is doing much to ease the tensions
between the Negro and Indian sectors of
Guyana.
In honoring this new nation I ask
unanimous consent to have printed
in the RECORD two editorials, one pub-
lished in the Washington Post and the
other in the New York Times on May 26,
1966.
There being no objection, the editorials
were ordered to be printed in the RECORD,
as follows:
[From the Washington (D C) Post, May 26,
19661
WELCOME TO GUYANA
tors, engineers, architects, accountants and
other professional people are not large in
absolute terms for a country of 650,000, but
large enough to give Guyana much better
prospects than many new nations of -Asia
and Africa.
Guyana has had a small foreign trade sur-
plus in recent years and its national debt
is less than $150 million. The coalition
Government of Prime Minister Forbes Burn-
ham has done much to clean up the finan-
cial mess left in 1964 by the Jagan regime.
Mr. Burnham's Government has adopted
liberal tax policies aimed at attracting pri-
vate foreign investments.
But the facts remain that most Guyanese
of East Indian extraction, who make up
half the population, continue to support
Dr. Jagan and that his party controls the
biggest bloc of seats in the Assembly.
Unless Mr. Burnham's party is able over
the long run to add substantial East Indian
elements to its Negro base, it will be very
difficult even under present election arrange-
ments to keep Dr. Jagan on the sidelines
indefinitely. The possibility of another
Castro-type regime in the Western Hemi-
sphere thus will continue to haunt the
United States and other American countries
for some time.
seemed among sue ieitao Y- --+-u---6 _-
recent multitude- of candidates for independ- VIETNAM REPORT BY A DIRECTOR
ence. A strike abetted by the Marxist Prime OF THE INTERNATIONAL RESCUE
aralyzing
s
p
Minister, Dr. Cheddi Jagan, wa
the country. Racism was rampant, with COMMITTEE
frightening clashes between the urban Afri- Mr. JAVITS. Mr. President, Mr. Wil-
cans and the East Indians who now consti- liam J. Casey, a director of the Inter-
tute a majority of the 640,000 people. The national Rescue Committee and a mem-
United States was fearful of a new Castroite has stronghold and had impressed its concern reber of cently returned from Vietnam and has
on Britain.
That Guyana has nevertheless qualified as Written swell-balanced and provocative
an independent commonwealth nation today account of his observations.
remarkable success story. In part it is Mr. Casey's observations and proposals
he
p
g
hi
s ""
,V Sir Richard Luyt, who stays on by views of the Vietnam situation. Mr. And
Casey confirms the judgments I made the allegiance of these people, in showing
ernorGuyanese request as the first Governor Gen- -
them that we can help them to a better life.
-
eral.. In part it is due to the system pro-
th portional representation devised by Britain Britain during trip to Vietnam several Although lives are being lost, we are pri
: warily engaged in helping a people enter the
that permitted the present coalition to break months ago on a number of counts:
20th century. To do this, we have to help
ght off
Dr. Jagan's hold. In part it is due to sub- First, that the majority of the Vietna- the government of South Vietnam fi
stantial economic aid. But mostly it is due mese people clearly oppose a Communist
to the emergence of a fair-minded African takeover; second, that no political faC- an armed insurrection, aided and abetted by
Prime Minister, Forbes Burnham, who has tion in South Vietnam really desires the other countries, social which ris seeking tadisrupt
country. ocials o e we do and this keeovet
been trying hard to heal the past racial withdrawal of the U.S. presence; and economic
cleavages and win ation. confidence of all seg- third, that not nearly enough is being
some caveats remain. Guyana is highly done by either the Saigon government perhaps we get a better perspective when we
ments of the population. realize that we are helping a nation of 16
people and, t el so, we must fend off
literate and is potentially rich in resources, or our own Government to meet the re- million 200,000 outlaws-some 80,000
but unempoyment and renewed racial fric- quirements of social and economic re- a force of some 200,
tion could mar the prospect. The country construction of this country. Mr. Casey regular hard care Viet Cong who fight and
still fragile, and much depends upon re-writes: disrupt, and some 120,000 sympathizers who
straint. But the augury today is good. Dop- r. do militia and guard duty. Jagan has ended his boycott to lead the The primary battle in Vietnam is to help We went into Vietnam to help the South position, Burnham has coupled tnt action x ss a tablish people a brought working up under independent colonialism es- government Vietnamese people develop their economy,
for Guyana to play a leading part in and to help them meet their basic needs, create a government and build a nation.
with forbearance, and an opportunity exists That is still our primary purpose. To carry
t forming
a regional market with other former British I ask unanimous consent to have Mr. it out, we have had to help the South Viet-
civil and police their country oin and
territories in the Caribbean. A salute to in- Casey's report printed in the RECORD. namese government
protect
dependent Guyana is in order. There being no objection, the report
was ordered to be printed in the RECORD, affairs from violent disruption and intrusion
[From the New York Times, May 26, 1968] by armed dissidents, supported and directed
as follows: from outside their country. These armed
GUYANA AT INDEPENDENCE NOTES ON A TRIP TO VIETNAM AND A PROPOSAL bandits have spread terror throughout the
Brtish Guiana has ma achieved hirved independence (By William J. Casey) countryside, taxed the country people illeg-with. elGyana therwwo hopel future. T threat-ey I have just had the privilege of visiting ally, blasted over 500,000 people out of their
movements of refugees
are t an ng fse racial str a between h the Vietnam as a director of the International h homes, , created d mass mass movements
the is of r, ogees
are the dange0of racial strife he 2 Rescue o a tt, as of i Ex- and or some throughout t e count teachers
a memberemb ber its itss and other some 15,000 village
Ian and t origin, he and the 3d0,the ec Vieutnativ m Committee, , as and a as member
the 16,0o vials, t which
Guyuyananesese s 2 of Ea of Ea00 st Negroes
G threat posed by the Marxist leader of the Vietnam subcommittee. I visited refugee make up Soleaders uth Vietnam.
opposition People's Progressive party, Dr. camps, orphanages, hospitals and dispensaries
Cheddi B. Jagan. all over the country. I received briefings I believe we are doing well in Vietnam.
Guyana starts out on its own with more from our military and civilian advisers in There will be trials and setbacks. . But it
assets than many former colonies achieving several provinces. It has been inspiring to is inspiring to see young Americans, and
to
ef-
statehood. Its literacy rate-more than 80 see the great humanitarian work of IRC and 30, teaching and leading the Vietnamese in
percent-is probably the highest of any un- other American voluntary agencies working the 20th century. Their eyes and their
derdeveloped country in the world, and pro- in Vietnam. Our military and USAID off- forts are focused on conquering, not the
vides the material from which to fashion the cials there are similarly dedicated. Viet Cong, but hunger and disease and
skilled work force required for economic vi- I traveled by helicopter over most of the ignorance. The Viet Cong is a nuisance
ability and stability. Its numbers of doc- Delta of the Mekong River, I traveled over which must be fended off, somewhat like the
most of the coastal area as far north as
Quang Ngai, in Military Zone I, I traveled
over most of the central highlands, from
Dak To down through Kontum and Pleiku.
I talked to our military leaders, our economic
and civilian leaders, leading figures in the
government of South Vietnam.
It is asy to get alarmed about the sit-
uation Vietnam as you sit here in New
York and read the papers, listen to the radio,
see the TV and talk to all the grandstand
quarterbacks. I return from Vietnam great-
ly encouraged. We have big problems, we
may experience setbacks. We can question
the wisdom which got us where we are.
But we are there and we must face it. And
we can take heart from these encouraging
elements:
1. There is no political leader of any im-
portance at all who shows any sympathy for
the Viet Cong.
2. No political faction wants a government
in which the Viet Cong would play any im-
portant role.
3. No political faction wants us out.
4. No one believes that the National Libera-
tion Front, representing the Viet Cong and
its sympathizers (the Viet Cong being con-
trolled by the Communist organism of North
Vietnam) would pull more than 10% of the
vote in a national election in South Vietnam.
5. No important city in South Vietnam have
ever been held by the Viet Cong. They as
dominated and terrorized much of the coun-
tryside, but they have no influence where the
great bulk of the people live.
6. The refugees, whether they flee a Viet
Cong attack, or an attack force bof U Se
South Vietnamese government
forces, come only one way-toward us and
away from the Viet Cong.
7. 2,000 of the Viet Cong accept the open
arms or amnesty invitation of the South
Vietnam government and defect every month.
11c Of
I was in Vietnam to study the pro
the refugees and the victims of war.
l
in
in
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 June 1, 1966?tpproved For ~ J,3 RR~~pp67B00446R000400080019-0
~8Oll? SENATE 113$
U.S, contributions to the United Nations, specialized agencies, and special programs
Calendar year 1963 Calendar year 1964 (estimated) Calendar year 1965 (estimated)
U.S. Per U.S, Percent capita contribution
contribution
cost
UnitedNations l-------------------------------------------- $33,379,925
Food and A g
gricultOr anfzation------------------------- 4,591,668 50,445
International Civil Aviation Organization_ _------------------ ____ 1,452,373
International Civil Aviation Organization joint financing program. 1,117,686
Interrnattiionaal l Telecommunc ton Union3, 361, 869
United Nations Educational, Scientific, and Cultural Organza 366, 869
tion------------------------------------------------------------- 5,363,500
Universal Postal Union------------------------------------------- 30,864
World Health Organization_ ______________________________________ 9, 611, 280
World Meteorological Organization__ ____ 169,118
United Nations and specialized agencies ----- -------------- 5D, 665,427
United Nations Emergency Force:
Assessed------------------------------------------------------ 3,037,040
Voluntary--------------------------------------------------- 371,546
UNEF total------------------------------------------------ 23,408,486
United Nations operation in the Congo:
Assessed------------------------------------------------------ 10,549720
Voluntary------------------- .
total -------------------lu---------------------------- 212,318,199
United Nation Force in Cyprus, vontary_______________________
_ ----
United Nations peacekeeping_____________________________ 15,726,786
United NatonsChildren's Fund --------- ------------------------ 12,000,000
IInted Nations economic assistance to the Congo_______________ 29, 400, 000
United Nations Educational, Scientific, and Cultural Organza.
tion, Egyptian monuments program-_ _ _ _--_nical - ------------------ --------------
United Nations expanded program of tech assis-tance2-1-,-6-
1, 619, 891
United Nations Sp1iecial Fund_________________ 30, 798, 784
United Nations( Food and Agriculture Organization: World food
program-------------------------
----------------------------- 1,200 000
United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees progra-------- 700, 000
United Nations Relief and Works Agency for Palestine Refugees in
the Near East_______24, 700000
--------------------
orld Health Organization, medical research program_____________ 500, 000
United Nations special programs---------------------------
20,918,675
Per
capita
cost
U.S.
contribution
Per
capita
cost
32.02
$0.176 $29,314,890
32.02
$0.154
$32,867,300
31.91
$0
ifs
14.14
32.02
.001 84,476 14.26
.030
001
3 53
6,
688,
32.02
.
.029
31.80
.007 1
445
638 51
80
.
1
3
13.78
. UI)1
33.18
25
09
,
,
.
.006 1,260,388 34.94
007
.006
1,551,936
1
150
790
31.80
.008
34
94
.
10
09
.012 4 097,199 25.00
021
,
,
.
4
671
087 25
00
.
0i12 362 035 10.01
002
,
,
.
)04
406,%6 9.90 U02
30.56
4.21
.028 5,806,400 30. 56
4
30
-----
.030
6,881,980 30.00
.035
31.12
18
91
.
.051 10, 852, 040
31.29
-----.057
48,745 4.30
OUL
12
327
120 31
29
.
.001 342,605 24.01
.002
,
,
.
003
407,952 23.99 1)09
31 15
315 59,311,848
-
--------
--------- 5,674,905
5
486
000
_
---------
---------- 871,905
,
,
850,000
35.88
.018 6,536,761
---------
4
787
202
---------
,
,
704,111
,111
37.33
.065 25,491,313 30.17
.029
----------
------ a 7, 596, 450 46.06
.040
37
02
.
.083 19,624,624
42
00
-----
064
.
56.00
4 7 .
4 7 40.00
.156 15, 000 , 000 56
00
.062
12,000,000 40.00
.061
.
.026
5,000,000 56.00 .026
-
40
00
12,000,000 33.33
.063 ----
.
40.00
114 22,5M 500 40.00
.162 36, 491,500 40.00
22-- 50--0-,--000---
118 , 40.00
.191 115
37, 500, 000 40.00 .192
40.00
24.30
.006 2,438,096 40.00
.004 600,000 33
33
.013 1,361,904 40.00
003 .007
.
.
600,000 33.33 .003
70.00
100.00
.131 24, 700,000
003
24, 700,000
70.00
127
.
------------- -
-
100,000 20.00 .001
60.37
.640 115547
513
,
, :u. ua
. 095 103, 761,904 47.85 .532
43.46
1.039 194,483,885 40.02
2,018 180,212,037 40.9G 924
n
.
.
onds
2
Covers 6
months of the
year.
. J The amount shown includes the airlift services of $906,450 and cash contributions
for 9 months of the year.
A LETTER FROM A SERVICEMAN IN MAY 24, 1966.
VIETNAM Mr. SENATOR: I'm presently serving with
Mr. JAVA'S. Mr. President, it has al- the United States Coast Guard in the Re-
ways been my belief, buttressed by my thousand milesn away My hem smalls town severalof
trip to South Vietnam last January, that Middleburgh, New York and, upon my re-
despite divisions of opinion here in the turn, I would consider it a pleasure to per-
United States, our men in Vietnam clear- sonally thank you for your recent stand on
Iy understand and support U.S. Policies the President's policy in Vietnam.
toward Vietnam and that their morale 15 Since my arrival in Vietnam, it has osten-
high. This kind of support from our sibly been shown to me the American serv-
's willingness to
fighting men in Vietnam gives the neces- in every ery s
conceivable way yid the Vietnamese
sary encouragement to those in high fight him but even wimaginable. y Will
will h
places who are responsible for making better him and thuslbetmore ter so,
country.
the difficult choices between war and I fully realize that public opinion within
peace. the States will invariably dictate the actions
I am particularly pleased to have re- our government must take over here. Label
ceived a letter from Raymond Alger, a these individuals "armchair generals" and
member of the Coast Guard serving in hear them out, but also, hear out one of
the Republic of South Vietnam. He those so tyro "unfortunates who has Such
- liter-
writes: ally been thrown into the caldron: " Such
I'm merely an American doing what must doing hatcmust be done-aa dal believe in
be done-and I believe In what I am doing. ' what I'm doing,
Mr. Alger's very eloquent letter is As you well know, the Vietnamese people
testimony to the fact that those who are have been suppressed for years by the
on the scene in Vietnam recognize the omnipotent powers which have ruled their
vital purposes for which we all struggle. confronted with true freedom, they're con -
I ask unanimous consent to have his fused and anxious in their obtaining it.
letter printed In the CONGRESSIONAL First and foremost, the various sects must
RECORD. be united by the There being no objection, the letter this unity is achievedd, a nationalistic iirit
was ordered to be printed in the RECORD, will prevail and the VC will be driven from
as follows: th
Total_________________________ 196,300,887
I
not reflect
repayment
received o
U
N
b
e
No. 9(1--11 country by our joint offensive. Until
these personal differences are overcome how-
ever, we must and will be patient.
True, we're fighting a war in which good.
American men are paying with their lives,
but even more-so, we're winning the hearts
.and minds of the people by social economic
and political reform efforts.
If I were to be one of those who was chosen
to follow my predecessors in "Glory Hall," at
least I would go believing in our course as do
so many of the servicemen over here. After
all ". , resistance to tryranny is obedience
to God." We must not withdraw and leave
these people to the ultimate destruction the
VC will impose on them!
Thank you; again Mr. Senator for backing
our President and the boys over here in
Vietnam. Your views on U.S. policy prove
you to be appreciative of the American ideals
and you will always supersede those who,
with statements containing allegations and
vituperations tend to do us all a shameful
injustice.
Respectfully yours,
RAYaOD ALGER, GM 2, USCG.
INDEPENDENCE FOR GUYANA
Mr. JAVITS. Mr. President, I wish
to take this opportunity to extend wel-
come and congratulations to the new
state of Guyana. After 152 years of
colonial life under the name of British
Guiana, Guyana has attained indepeiid-
ence.
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 ,tune Y-; 1966
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CONGRESSIONAL RECORD - SENATE 11335
malaria-bearing mosquito, in order to get the
job done.
In the United States, we have one doctor
for every . 800 people. In Vietnam, there is
one doctor for every 50,000 civilians, one
dentist for every 250,000 people, one fully
trained nurse for every 80,000 people. Our
military men and their civilian running
mates, serving the Vietnam government, are
overcoming this appalling shortage. Doctors
from the free world, and refugee doctors from
Cuba are coming In to provide medical serv-
ices at hospitals and dispensaries located
at provincial capitals and other cities. Viet-
namese girls are being trained to visit
schools and families and refugee camps, to
give injections, to spot cases that need the
attention of the doctors at the nearest dis-
pensary or hospital. The Vietnam people
are beginning to realize that their govern-
ment is acting to give their children and
themselves a healthier future.
Let me repeat this. The primary battle in
Vietnam is to help a people brought up un-
der colonialism establish a working inde-
pendent government and todielp them meet
their basic needs. The secondary battle Is
to protect this peaceful work of nation build-
ing from disruption by violent insurrection
carried on by less than 2% of the population,
With all the news of military battle, it is
difficult to grasp this relationship. it is
not easy to tell the people that the work
of arms is secondary while men are being
shot at. But if we are to succeed in Viet-
nam, if we are to avoid a bigger war, it is
essential to grasp this relationship. On this
score, two things are encouraging:
1. The record shows that the work of pac-
ification is one of our most effective mili-
tary weapons.. Each month, some 2,000 of
the Viet Cong lay down their arms and come
over to our side. This comes partly from
our show of strength, partly from the demon-
stration that the South Vietnam govern-
ment can do more to help these men and
their families than the Viet Cong can.
2. That the civilian front is primary Is
firmly believed by the thousands of Ameri-
cans, military and civilian, who are helping
refugees, training civil servants, training
nurses and teachers, resettling refugees on
new land and training them In mechanics
and woodworking and construction.
At the moment, American and Vietnam
forces command the military situation. We
are able to move almost anywhere in South
Vietnam with relatively small forces. In one
populous province in the north, considered
to be hot and strong in Viet Cong, the senior
American military adviser believes that we
can go anywhere and take any town in the
province with two companies, or 300 men. In
the central highlands, some 4,000 men
cleared out a 60 mile front in 18 days. In
the Delta, with some 2,500 Special Forces
troops, we are securing 100 miles of the Cam-
bodian border.
We have the mobility, the fire power and
the fighting power to substantially clear the
country, unless Ho Chi Minh or the Chinese
put in more regular troops. What we need
and don't have is the force to hold the terri-
tory we take. This creates a seesawing back
and forth. The Marines clear out a pocket
of Viet Cong and go back to their base and,
then, the Viet Cong come back in. This 1s
costly in lives and disruption of civilian life.
We should use Our military superiority to
clear the country while we have it and we
should get the forces to hold the territory we
clear. This will accelerate the nation-build-
ing process and bring many Viet Cong, with
their families, over to our side as It becomes
clearer that we can offer them more security,
food, education and health care.
To continue with too little and too late at
this stage will be too costly.
.(is to what to do about involving the Viet-
namese at this juncture, I recommend the
following:
1. Put top priority on extending the por-
tion of South Vietnam which the govern-
ment holds securely. The government pres-
ently holds well under half the country side,
but those areas in which well over half the
population resides. We can and should hold
the entire Delta, the entire coastal area and
all the cities and farming areas in the cen-
tral highlands. Only when we have done
this can we successfully and securely build
a government and an economy which can
satisfy the Vietnamese people. When we
have done this, we will have successfully
repulsed this Communist inspired war of na-
tional liberation and will, hopefully, have
dealt a death blow to the war of liberation
technique with which the Chinese and the
Russians threaten to undermine us through-
out Asia, Latin-America and Africa.
2. Don't extend and escalate the war.
Continue to bomb supply depots and supply
lines in order to reduce the flow of supplies
which can be used against our men, but do
not send ships in or mine Haiphong harbor
or bomb the population of Hanoi. To esca-
late the war in this way could involve us in
a major land war in Asia. It could force the
North Vietnamese to send against our men
the 300,000 trained troops they now have in
North Vietnam. The advantages of shutting
off Haiphong harbor are not enough to jus-
tify the risk of involving us in a much greater
war. Any supplies which come in to Hai-
phong harbor can be brought In over land if
Haiphong harbor is out of commission. Thus,
the advantages of disrupting international
shipping in Haiphong harbor are temporary
and illusory. Supplies are coming into
South Vietnam on bicycles. We can only cut
that off by bombing or otherwise interdict-
ing jungle trails. If supplies don't come in
through Haiphong harbor, they would come
down from Hong Kong or Shanghai or over-
land from Manchuria and Russia. It is ir-
responsible for anyone, who Is not in a posi-
tion to weigh the benefits against the risk
and exposure of bombing, mining or block-
ading Haiphong harbor, to urge that we take
any of these drastic steps.
3. Get additional holding forces in Viet-
nam so that our present ability to defeat the
Viet Cong in the field, root them out of the
towns and chase them Into the hills can be
converted into additional securely held ter-
ritory in which the process of helping the
Vietnamese people in building the nation
can be prosecuted. The Australians have
just tripled their commitment of troops.
The Philippines are taking legislative action
to send holding forces. We should accelerate
diplomatic initiative to get other nations to
contribute holding forces. In Europe, we
should offer technological assistance to in-
duce our allies there to either send troops
or civilian personnel to aid in the process of
developing the Vietnamese nation. Above
all, we should urge the government of South
Vietnam to develop a more effective method
of allocating manpower to the military and
essential civilian functions, and we should
exert very great pressure to get them to put
the young men, now riding bicycles on the
streets of Saigon and the other cities, into
uniform so that the American capacity to
clear out the Viet Cong can be followed up
by holding operations In which these new
Vietnamese troops can be trained and con-
verted into a fighting force.
4. Get more young men from the United
States and other free nations involved in
the process of helping Vietnamese refugees,
and fighting ignorance, poverty and hunger
in Vietnam. Much of this vital work is now
being done by ex-Peace Corps men. We have
made a policy decision not to use the Peace
Corps in Vietnam. Apparently, there's con-
cern that helping the civilian population in
South Vietnam would impair the image of
the Peace Corps as a force for peace. This
is a weak and self-conscious posture and we
should reverse it to use Peace Corps person-
nel in the process of nation building in
South Vietnam. Failing that, we should
recruit men from, the Peace Corps and young
volunteers from America, who would other-
wise go into the Peace Corps, to accelerate
our efforts on a civilian front in South
Vietnam.
5. We should support our troops in South
Vietnam but we should not permit political
decisions which would or could involve ex-
tension of the war to military commanders.
These decisions should continue to be made
only by our duly elected political leaders.
6. Don't permit the military pressures or
the harassment of the Viet Cong to hold us
back from our essential task in Vietnam,
which is to help build the nation, create a
viable Vietnamese government and help the
long-suffering people of that land. That's
the only way we will, in the final analysis,
win the war and show the Communist pow-
ers that the technique of national wars of
liberation, on which they count to destroy
our Influence throughout the world, does not
work.
7. Continue to make every possible diplo-
matic initiative to work out a peaceful set-
tlement. There can be no peaceful settle-
ment on South Vietnam unless the Viet Cong
participate. The Viet Cong organization is
directed from North Vietnam. But many of
its members could be persuaded to join in
the government and society of South Viet-
nam. This is evident from the fact that
presently some 2,000 of the Viet Cong accept
the open arms invitation of the government
of South Vietnam and defect every month.
The elections scheduled for September offer
a great opportunity to accelerate this
process.
A PROPOSAL
I propose that the U.S. Government urge
the South Vietnamese to challenge the Viet
Cong with a new double-barrelled military-
political drive. This initiative should be
dramatically focused an the upcoming elec-
tions in Vietnam. The military aspect of
this double-barrelled policy cannot be di-
vorced from diplomatic aspects.
The first half is military:
We now have the mobility and the military
capacity and control of the air necessary to
take almost any portion of South Vietnam.
But we are not able to substantially increase
the land area and the number of villages that
the South Vietnamese hold because there are
not sufficient local troops to hold the areas
liberated by our effective mobile forces. The
South Vietnamese must substantially up
their draft and put more of their eligible
males into armed service. These new South
Vietnamese troops can be deployed to hold
newly liberated territory and while there can
receive additional training and begin to learn
the more intricate offensive maneuvers of
jungle warfare. This added South Vietnam-
ese troop deployment would help eliminate
the frustrating experience American forces
now have to endure when they liberate a
village only to know that, when they return
to their base the Viet Cong will come back
and capture the village. It would also pro-
tect the civilian people and refugees from
being caught in a seesawing of territory be-
tween the South Vietnamese forces aided
by Americans and the Viet Cong.
The second half of this double-barrelled
policy is diplomatic and political:
The upcoming election should be the basis
of a major peace initiative which, even if it
fails to- terminate hostility, should reduce
the numbers and the effectiveness of the
Viet Cong.
The Americans and South Vietnamese Gov-
ernment should offer to the Viet Cong an
opportunity to participate as a political party
in the forthcoming elections providing they
cease their aggression and violence. This
should be backed up by a strong offer of am-
nesty to the Viet Cong people insuring them,
as individuals, the right to participate in the
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CONGRESSIONAL RECORD - SENATE June 1, 1966
elections in return for their coming over to
the South Vietnamese side. I believe this will
substantially increase the number of defec-
tions from the Viet Cong which is already
running over 2,000 per month.
In summary, I believe that we and the
South Vietnamese must show the Viet Cong
that they are in for a tougher time, yet hold
the door open for them as a party to nego-
tiate for a role in the elections should they
renounce force, and as indi*iduals to par-
ticipate in the new elections if they choose to
join the free Vietnamese. This kind of
initiative offers the only present hope of pro-
ducing an early peaceful settlement. The
diplomatic effort would show the world our
peaceful purposes while the military effort
would not permit our peace seeking efforts
to be misinterpreted as weakness. It should,
as a minimum, step up the rate of defec-
tions from the Viet Cong. It would offer ad-
ded protection to the people of South Viet-
nam and accelerate the basic nation building
program which is necessary for a durable
peace in Southeast Asia.
UNFAIR FEDERAL AID
Mr. JAVITS. Mr. President, on
March 5 I issued a study, which appears
in the CONGRESSIONAL RECORD for March
8, of the distribution of Federal grants-
in-aid among the States. My con-
clusion from that study was that the dis-
tribution of such funds to States, local
governments, and private institutions is
"grossly unfair to large urban States."
It has come to my attention that an
excellent editorial supporting the study
was published in the Syracuse Herald-
Journal on March 19, 1966. I ask un-
animous consent that it be printed in the
RECORD at this point in my remarks.
There being no objection, the editorial
was ordered to be printed in the RECORD,
as follows:
UNFAIR FEDERAL AID
Sen. JACOB JAvrrs has rolled up his con-
gressional sleeves and has picked a fight
with the federal aid formulas which he la-
beled as being "out of date, arbitrary and
grossly unfair to large urban states."
He speaks so true when he calls these
times the "age of the cities", for there have
been enormous shifts of population into
major urban centers. The self-taxing efforts
of these cities cannot meet the vastly-rising
demands for services and sharply increased
costs. ? But not enough Federal money has
come along in wake of these population
waves of pressure.
Listen to Sen. JAVITS:
"The huge concentrations of population
In major urban centers have created condi-
tions entirely beyond the proportions ever
experienced before. These are conditions
which threaten the basic livability of the
dwelling place of almost 76 per cent of our
nation's people.
"And they are conditions which the cities
and the states in which they are located are
incapable of handling with their available
resources.. Only the federal government
can help do this job; without the federal
government, the cities are strangling."
Much of this injustice is apparent through
the whole panorama of the hundred or so
aid grants to states-the allocations for hos-
pital and medical facilities construction aid,
vocational rehabilitation, roads, economic
devolpment, pollution, education, health
services and so on.
What makes it so unfair is that, for every
dollar in federal Income tax paid by New
Yorkers, only 54 cents is returned. This
state contains 9.4 per cent of the national
population. It receives only seven per cent
of all federal aid .distributed to the states.
JAvrrs wants Washington to keep up with
the changing face of the nation but, instead,
he laments, "we have perpetuated a bene-
fit for the less-populated states without con-
sidering whether it still is relevant."
Let's hope JAvITs' fellow senators listen
to him and understand the terrible financial
strain today on cities ... and move to divide
federal aid to reflect urban needs.
THE 12TH ANNUAL REPORT OF
DELINQUENT TAXES
Mr. WILLIAMS of Delaware. Mr.
President, today I am filing the 12th
annual report of delinquent taxes.
The 1965 report shows an increase in
delinquent employment taxes from
$217,365,000 to $222,296,000, representing
a 2.3-percent increase. The total amount
of all delinquent taxes---employment, in-
come, corporation, et cetera-have in-
creased 7.9 percent or from $1.173,911,000
to`$1,267,183,000.
In addition to the delinquent taxes as
carried on the books at the end of 1965
the report shows that during the calendar
year 1965 the Government wrote off as
uncollectible, delinquent accounts total-
ing $328,275,000. This writeoff repre-
sents a 61-percent increase over the
$203,821,000 written off as uncollectible
In 1964. In addition, the amount of taxes
abated in 1964 jumped 68.5 percent, from
$177,772,000 to $299,629,000 in 1965.
A statistical breakdown showing the
valuations in delinquent accounts, write-
offs, and abatements for each of the
various collection districts will be incor-
porated in the RECORD as a part of my
remarks. I shall cite but a few of the
more glaring examples.
The Brooklyn, N.Y., office shows a 45.4-
percent increase in delinquent employ-
ment taxes and a 29.8 percent increase
in total tax delinquencies. In addition,
the report for the Brooklyn office shows a
substantial increase in the amount of
delinquent accounts written off as un-
collectible and that this writeoff jumped
from $12,917,000 in 1964 to $18,094,000 in
1965. During the same year taxes abated
jumped from $6,958,000 in 1964 to
$20,585,000.
The Manhattan office shows an in-
crease in total tax delinquencies of 11.1
percent or an increase from $132,398,000
to $147,058,000, but this tells only a small
part of the story. The Manhattan office
wrote off an additional $97,916,000 as
?uncollectible accounts. This represents
almost a 275-percent increase from the
$26,418,000 written off in 1964. During
this same year the amount of taxes
abated in the Manhattan office jumped
74.5 percent, from $12,049,000 in 1964 to
$21,025,000 in 1965.
Unquestionably both the Brooklyn and
the Manhattan offices need attention.
The unusually large amounts being writ-
ten off need further explanation.
The Baltimore, Md., office reports a
drop In total tax delinquencies from
$23,541,000 to $21,938,000, but apparently
this drop is partly accounted for by a
substantial increase in the total amount
of delinquent taxes - written off as un-
collectible. The Baltimore office in 1965
wrote off as uncollectible $10,804,000, an
increase of 204.8 percent from the
$3,545,000 written off In 1964. During
the same period taxes in the amount of
$5,409,000 were abted as compared with
$4,609,000 abated in 1964.
Newark, N.J., reported $59,407,000 in
total tax delinquencies, representing a
6-percent Increase over 1964. Again the
amount of delinquent accounts written
off as uncollectible jumped from $7,327,-
000 in 1964 to $18,273,000 in 1965, an in-
crease of 150 percent. During this same
year the amount of taxes abated jumped
from $10,934,000 in 1964 to $19,344,000 in
1965.
The Philadelphia office reported the
total amount. of delinquent taxes as being
$38,316,000, an increase of 4.3 percent
over 1964, but delinquent accounts writ-
ten off as uncollectible in the Philadel-
phia office totaled $17,126,000 as com-
pared to $14,354,000 in 1964. Taxes
abated in the Philadelphia office dropped
from $12,768,000 in 1964 to $7,552,000 in
1965.
Wilmington, Del., reported a 102.0 per-
cent increase in delinquent employment
taxes, a jump from $294,000 in 1964 to
$594,000 in 1965, but it had a 16.2 percent
decrease in total delinquent accounts as
compared to 1964, a reduction from $5,-
163,000 to $4,326,000. Delinquent ac-
counts written off as uncollectible, how-
ever, jumped from $405,000 in 1964 to
$1,044,000 in 1965. Taxes abated during
this same year declined from $2,450,000
to $1,437,000.
In Jacksonville, Fla., delinquent em-
ployment taxes rose 6.9 percent, from
$9,743,000 to $10,412,000, while the total
amount of all tax delinquencies in this
office jumped 95.2 percent, from $50,-
334,000 in 1964 to $98,275,000 in 1965.
During the same period the Jacksonville
office wrote off delinquent accounts as
uncollectible totaling $11,529,000 as com-
pared to $10,708,000 in 1964. Taxes abat-
ed in the Jacksonville office in 1965 to-
taled $5,766,000 as compared with abate-
ments in 1964 of $8,526,000.
Chicago, Ill., reports a 12.1-percent in-
crease in delinquent employment taxes,
or $10,073,000 in 1965 as compared to
$8,985,000 in 1964. During the same pe-
riod the total tax delinquencies in the
Chicago office jumped 18.2 percent, or
from $43,164,000 to $51,012,000 in 1965.
During the same year delinquent ac-
counts written off as uncollectible in the
Chicago office totaled $20,733,000 in 1965,
an increase of 68.9 percent, or from $12,-
277,000 written off in 1964. In 1965 taxes
abated in this office totaled $6,583,000 as
compared to $6,866,000 in 1964.
Milwaukee, Wis., reported a 7-percent
reduction in delinquent employment tax-
es and a 21.8 percent increase in total
tax delinquencies, or an increase in total
delinquent taxes from $8,836,000 to $10,-
758,000 in 1965. During the same year,
however, the Milwaukee office wrote off
$3,588,000 in delinquent accounts as un-
collectible, representing an increase of
193.1 percent over the $1,224,000 written
off as uncollectible in 1964. Taxes abat-
ed in this office were $2,149,000 in 1965 as
compared to $2,016,000 in 1964.
Dallas, Tex., reported that it had re-
duced its total tax delinquencies by 13.3
percent, or from $23,588,000 to $20,446,-
000; however, delinquent accounts writ-
ten off as uncollectible in the Dallas of-
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 - CONGRESSIONAL RE R
i
t
ns
to meet this assistance challenge could only "time". We are in a race aga
.produce additional breeding grounds for the Those who suggest an agricultural solution us in the congress and in Government who
infestation and eventual domination of these to world hunger have suggested the reclania- have long regarded the fruits of your harvest value
ing
is gr
, and countries in the world plan for communist retionof new lans. But ach the staggering figure their cost half a speak o e the broad nat~n l inter st today
who
control there are many more in the number who
This problem of world hunger 1s lessening. trillion dollars. would include fishermen and the fishing in-
Every hours, world population is Increasing WORLD FISHERY CONSERVATION IMPERATIVE dustry as a segment of the economy above
by about 170,000 people and every year by In terms of time and cost it Is little wonder that level of national or international sacri-
about 65 million, or about the number of that nations are turning to the sea. In 1850 fice.
people who populate France. the world catch was less than two million I would leave you with this final thought.
One of the nations regularly visited with tons; in 1900 it had more than doubled to There is no greater threat to that peace than
famine and death from hunger during our 4 million tons, by 1930 it was 10 million tons; the millions of fathers who go to bed hungry
generation is India. Madame Ghandi, that in 1950, 20.2; 1960, 38.2 and in 1964 we had and awaken to the whimper of their children,
nation's prime minister, was re Washington passed the 50 million ton fishery production weak with that same hunger and unable to
recently conferring with the President on the mark. Though this is far short of what we cry . What greater challenge, what more
food needs of that nation. Since independ- consider the ultimate ocean potential, there satisfying reward than the harvest and pro-
dence, India has made great strides, in- are many formerly rich fishing areas which ducts n of food that the cause of peace may
creasing her food production by about 75 per- today are in a serious state of depletion. No ' 1 1 `/ ter served.
cent, but the failure of the monsoon last longer can we consider the ocean resources IY
tragedy is compared to our own -austi Dawl - food from the sea and looking witn concern - - - VIETNAM
years of the 1930's. the unrestricted exploitation of the fishery
In answer to India's desperate request for resources, I submitted a resolution to the Mr. SCOTT. Mr. President, I am
assistance, President Johnson has asked that United States Senate three years ago, calling proud of the fact that Republicans in
food incgrain rease our planned six . But millions tons of attention to the need for world fishery con- Congress d of have been acting responsibly in
food live by bread afor lone, But man does servation and the responsibility for the
not live by rem alone, and scientists are coastal and fishing nations to join in con- their Comments and statements on the
r. consistently reminding t of r o o the literal Center ference on the questions of conservation re- situation in Vietnam. Roscoe Drum-
Dr, Roger RuRev Stud, Director Harvard niv quirements. Had the United States State Mond calls attention to this in his col-
for Population Studies o State tUiver- Department followed through on this unani- umn which appeared in the Philadelphia
slid,, and a nt y e of our o emphasized own the prrofoblems Wash of f mously adopted resolution, I feel certain that Inquirer of May 31. I ask unanimous
Indian recent ly we would be in a far better position today consent that Mr. Drummond's column
India when he said: to deal with the menacing fishing fleets of be printed in the RECORD.
"The future n a. If mankind is now being the Soviet Union which have so recently ap-
grond out in India. If there i India peared off the Washington and Oregon coasts. There being no objection, the article
now. aA livable world will live line I nda does In the absence of the earlier implementation was ordered to be printed in the RECORD,
now. have a cannot long to a exist on where - of that proposed world fishery conference, I as follows:
two-thi .-thirds don't enough tat and have asked the President to join with Secre- GOP SHAPES PRUDENT POLICY ON VIETNAM
third are over r fed-and that is the present ent tary of State Rusk in an immediate diplo- (By Roscoe Drummond)
world." niatic confrontation with the Russians that
-In the wake of the Oregon
ON
.
Dr. crisisl on recoens an aa on the fronts, and one of these we may discuss a proper conservation regime WASHINGT
stocks. Democratic primary's indorsement of Presi-
food
is in the need for increasing the quality of for the adjecent fishery Further, I am asking Secretary Rusk and dent Johnson's course in Vietnam, diets, with particular emphasis
ns on protein. his Department to speed the implementation lican leaders in Congress are taking a new
incremenxofRhigh quality protein is found of the 1958 Geneva Convention on Fishing lain it how in the they ought coming handle the Viet-
In the which provides some special rights and in- g elections.
at-
development of low-cost protein ex-
tract t from fish. terests to the coastal state including the en- They tack the are President becoming Indiscriminately, aware that, if they they are
If Fish Protein Concentrate were available forcement of conservation of resources being more the Pr s hurt sa. They ya are
throw haway urt them advantage They being
today in sufficient quantities, the addition fished in the high seas off its coasts by itself afford likely
of just a small percentage in that six mil- or others, or only by others. There are con- more united behind the defense of Vietnam
lion tons of wheat which the President has ditions whereby the coastal state can even than the united behind h heckling the Vietnam mocrats
Pres promised to India, would mean the difference enforce conservation measures on the fisher- dent and thus helping to disunite the count-
in merely keeping people alive, and making men of other nations on the high seas uni-
them able to perform the functions neces- laterally. I do not know whether this Con- trThe Republicans have two campaign issues
sary to make this product a world reality. vention, which now enjoys twenty-two rati- Vietnam on which they can right-
has path thus far toward such reality fications, can provide an answer to the con- affecting 1 capitalize Vietnam
not been an easy one. An opinion some servation problems with which we are con- yA good case don be made that the Gov-
Drug ago in which the Federal Food and cerned, but I do know that it must be our er goo would da be made t for he v-
the egregious
Drug Administration rejected Fish Protein dedicated responsibility to press every are- ment be
Concentrate because it was made from whole nue that harvest shall be within the require- tests tests lie e ahead two by parties in correcting both the eg o s mbal fish has made progress slow and difficult. ments of maximum sustainable yield. ai nd lan a the t. The Johnson both the s use
The present application from the Depart- As Committee I Chairman have of called the for Senate immediate hear Commerce - tion needs an effective watchdog opposition
en Protein ings on Senator BARTLETT's 12-mile limit bill. seats Congress
able a d the Republicans need more
Cielit ns Interior for not a only approval achieving sd
fill that
pathetic here is iconsider- These are now scheduled for May 18 and 19. to need.
able optimism it will but be granted. To hIt is my hope that the hearings on the 12- Secondly, if the country wants Congress
p al if that granted, ho be granted. The mile proposal will produce the kind of testi- to back President Johnson's course in Viet-
only o process an, however, will be for mony necessary to enable a proper decision nam and to give him the support he needs
only one There in and rapid only one type of of just what is in our long-range national to exert both patience and firmness, he is
rash. There is need for rapid and broadened more likely to get it by increasing the Re-
research and process devave cons and the interest. -publican members than by giving any en-been in an le which we have cons fisted In The United fie and the e have future has couragement to the Democratic liberal dis-
sidents.
today despondency, accomplishment. appeared as dark and univiting. We have
One of the distinct advantages of Fish stumbled from adversity of crisis and there ThRee a latest evidence is is that Vietnam the he is emergent
bent blica Protein Concentrate is its low cost. Scien- has been little economic surplus for renewal rodent and co.
nstructivelists estimate that just a teaspoonful of this Of harvest or processing tools. We have been P
tasteless, odorless product can produce visited by the curse of unfair competition A good example is the speech which Rep.
noticeable good result in a child suffering in the market place, and our international CHARLES E. GOODELL of New York, chairman
from protein malnutrition disease in less dealings have been regularly marked by the of the GOP Committee on Planning and
than ten days, and the cost is estimated to sacrifice of the commercial fisherman and his Research, prepared for delivery in the House.
be about twenty-five cents per month. industry on varying altars for what has been It was previewed without objection by other
Many food scientists are looking to the glibly referred to as the broad national inter- top Republicans. In tone and substance it
ocean resources today as the greatest hope st? is in keeping with everything Sen. EVERETT
for the survival of mankind. The challenge I wish that I could say today that all of DIRxsEN has been saying.
which we face is to duplicate in terms of food these storms are safely over the horizon, that GOODELL helps the Administration by de-
production within the next 35 years every- smooth seas and fair winds were promising livering a warning which undoubtedly re-
thing that mankind has learned and only good harvest. This is not so, and your fleets the attitude of the President. It is South achieved since the beginning of time, and need for courage and resourcefulness will be that, if tfeom the Vietnam eseif emlelves
withdraw -
the key word to the challenge is the word ever present.
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CONGRESSIONAL RECORD - SENATE 113A
special breed. Like the man in the resources, I envision an industry of great ing, increased from about 590,000 metric tons
crow's nest surveying the horizon, these consequence in the years ahead. For this In 1948 to 3,500,000 metric tons in 1964, and
men are ever looking to the future, seek- new industry to grow to the kind of pro- the market appears to be stable and growing.
ing battle with nature, new discoveries, port ions we speak of, there is need for a great We have come a long way from the days when
new crops, and new ure, a raw resource. What then, is available? we thought of fish meal only as fertilizer,
While the space race To me, there is no question of resource and we are literally one step away from direct
gets the head- abundance. The presence of the huge fish- human consumption. This final step has
lines and perhaps captures the imagina- ing fleets of the Soviet Union, thousands of been a long time in coming and will consti-
tion of some of those who in former miles from home, serves as daily testimony tute a major breakthrough in fishery proc-
years would look to the sea, there are still of the rich wealth which abounds off the essing and marketing history. I refer, of
men of vision who see the oceans as a West Coast of the United States. The esti- course, to Fish Protein Concentrate.
great frontier to be cultivated today to mates are still uncertain, but with each re-
vision, the new figure is greater than the WHY some of theI
build a better tomorrow, properties
last. Indeed, the last preliminary estimates What are some of the of this
One of the most persuasive, most ef- as to the total harvestable fishery resource revolutionary product that have made it
:Peetive of these men is the senior Senator off the United States Coast by the Bureau such an exciting subject in world nutritional
from Washington [Mr. MAGNUSON], Cap- of Commercial Fisheries was a figure of 22 circles:
itol Hill's leading advocate of making the billion pounds. When we consider that the 1. Fish proteins contain all the amino-
"United States the world's ranking sea- domestic U.S. fleets take about 4.5 billion acids required by the human today in pro-
power. pounds and our total fishery use, from what portions well adjusted to keeping the body
On April 25, 1966, Senator MAGNUSON we catch and what we import, is about 12 in vigorous health. In addition, there are
billion pounds, it is quite obvious that we plus factors, vitamins, calcium, trace miner-
once again demonstrated that his eyes may rest assured that we have raw product als, polyunsaturated animal oils, etc.
Were focused on the horizon of the fu- for this new industry. 2. The proteins of all fish are substantially
Lure. In a speech at Aberdeen, Wash.. This does not mean, however, that we can the same. Thus a fully dehydrated and de-
where he conducted hearings on a bill stand idly by, or allow ourselves the luxury fatted product, made of a considerable va-
authorizing construction Of experi- of reflection on these quantities of marine riety of ocean run fish together, is as valua-
Inental plants to manufacture fish pro- resources Which we so often refer to as ble nutritionally as that made from selected
min concentrate manufacture
the Senator "ours." The truth of the matter is, that high-priced fish.
by present international standards of ocean 3. Fish proteins can be dehydrated cheaply
made clear the prime importance of practice they are not ours, but belong to and the proteins not damaged in the process
manufacturing FPC was to nourish the that nation that can reduce them to harvest. if reasonable care is used.
ever growing number of hungry people Here on the Pacific Coast we have watched 4. Dehydrated fish proteins can be pack-
in the world. the progressive southward movement of two aged economically so that they can be
He noted: foreign nations-Japan and the Soviet shipped and stored for long periods of time
The real benefits of the fish protein con- Union-as they have extended their opera- cheaply and in stable form.
eThate program will come in its broad on- tions into the once virgin fishery stocks off- This brings us then to the final ingredient
csntrl context, program its will come in contribution broad to- shore, and today the latter nation is vigor- for success of the creation of the new in-tiona ward fee the hungry of the world, and ously exploiting resources off both the Wash- dustry; the human factor. Though this Is
thus fee eliminating g th one of the prime causes and ington and the Oregon coast. perhaps the most important of all, it is here
war. * * * America is today the leader in the In a sense we have been engaged in a race that I have the least concern, for I have an
struggle toward world peace, and a prime for fish, and America has not done very well, unswerving faith in the ability of the Ameri-
foundation segment of that effort structure having slipped from second to fifth place can fishermen to go forth and compete with
is our continuing aid programs to the un- in the world production record. I have the best fishermen in the world, provided the
derdeveloped nations of the world. A failure heard criticism of the fishermen and the competition is on reasonably equal terms. I
on our part to meet this assistance challenge processor for America's poor showing in this have equal faith in the imagination and in-
could only produce additional breeding race, but the record will clearly show that genuity of American industrial technology,
grounds for the infestation and eventual the fishing industry has not had an even and here again, we have consistently proven
domination of these countries in the world competitive chance in this contest. Agricul- our superiority.
plan for communist control. ture has enjoyed elaborate aids here in the Certainly the proper development of this
United States, it has been protected from fish Protein Concentrate program is of vital
Because of the importance of Senator foreign competition by a variety of quotas, interest to the citizens of Grays Harbor, for
lU AGNIISON'S address, I ask unanimous tariffs and other controls, few of which have the creation of new industry and the re-
consent that it be printed in the RECORD been available to those who harvest the sea. by. It t is great personal nal not Importance oo c to
as it was reported in a recent edition of NEW FRONTIERS OFF OUR SHORES me also, of not great
me also, which
only for the benefits h
the Fishermen's News. There are new fishery frontiers remaining It can provide to the economy of this and
There being no objection, the speech for the American fishermen off our coasts, other areas of the State of Washington, but
was ordered to be printed in the RECORD, and one of the most promising of these is the because it represents some goals in sight on
a.. follows Pacific hake resource, which will provide the an effort which dates back a good many
GREAT ow
FPC
s FUTURE FORECAST BY SENATOR IN initial and prime raw resource for the new years to a time when the discussion of fish
ABERDEEN SPEECH Grays Harbor fish meal operation. The har- flour or Fish Protein Concentrate was quite
vesting techniques-the midwater The creation of a successful commercial particular-as developed by he Burtrawl in eau of foBunthetreal benefits tofe the Fish Protein
fishery is not an easy task as those of you Commercial Fisheries is a prime factor in our Concentrate program will come in its broad
aasociated with that industry will readily present ability to proceed with this project. national context, in its needed contribution
attest. There are many necessary facets, but There are other unutilized offshore species, toward feeding the hungry of the world and
ce:-tainly at the top of the requirement list some perhaps in greater abundance than the thus alleviating one of the prime causes of
must certainly be adequate raw resource and Pacific hake, and I am confident that har- war.
commensurate market. Just as important vesting methods can be developed for these It is difficult for many of us in well fed
are harvesting and processing techniques, and so that the supply to the shore processor may America to realize that we live in a world
then is he en r to enthusiastically courage e of indi- be more consistent and the fishing season filled with hunger. Scientists tell us that
often difficult ath of the y pursue the may be extended. I am pressing in this ses- about 60% of the present world population
p pioneer. And sion of the Congress for the inclusion of a is suffering from what they term animal
these men who will finance and operate the $100,000 item that the work of the Bureau's protein malnutrition. History tells us that
fine new plant now under construction in Seattle Exploratory Fishing and Gear Re- the inevitable companion of hunger is po-
Aberdeen, and the fishermen who are build- search Base may be continued and consider- litical unrest, the forerunner of war. One
ini; new vessels or converting old ones to ably enhanced.
participate in the sea harvest are loners no history's eest lessons
is n in th-
P The second factor for consideration in the fact that there oldest must be be a reasonable bal-
less so than Captain Robert Gray or Samuel development of a new fishing industry is the ance of food and advantage if peace is to be
Bean who are identified and honored by his- matter of market, for without someplace to maintained. President Johnson clearly
tory for their contribution to the founding sell the fish, the resource would continue as pointed this out last September when he
and development of this region. valueless. There Is good market at present noted that one-fourth of the people of the
The heritage of this entire area is founded for fish meal, and this will be the prime pro- world cannot long maintain their ability to
on the spirit of courage and resourcefulness duction product of the new Grays Harbor have everything they want against three-
and rugged determination in carving com- plant. The use of fish meal in the diet of quarters suffering. from want in every form.
munities out of what was once a forest poultry and livestock has had a fantastic America is today the leader in the struggle
wilderness. I would pay homage to these effect on the harvest of those species which toward world peace, and a prime foundation
contemporary pioneers today, for from their are so used. Under the pressure of increased segment of that effort structure is our con-
comparatively small beginnings in this busi- demand, world production of fish meals and tinning aid programs to the underdeveloped
ness of utilizing America's adjacent fishery solubles, mostly for poultry and animal feed- nations of the world. A failure on our part
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June *, 1966 shad orders force such withdrawal, "the United "estuarine pollution" is far more difficult to eluding ~sg on, h on theiring and
spawn-thro way States may have no alternative but to with- study and control than pollution draw. in individ- bass, grounds. And many offshore fish, such
" ual rivers or lakes. in the mackerel, which may not visit the
But GOODELL does not leave the Republi- WADING INTO THE PROBLEM estuaries, depend for food on creatures that
cans simply in the position of just support Lawmakers and policymakers have begun do.
ing the President. He urgently counsels the e wading into this long-neglected problem Then there are the birds, some hunted
White House to quit pretending it can play with proposals to give the estuaries some- with guns and others with field glasses.
no positive part in furthering the conditions thing approaching national attention. Some are year-round residents; many are
needed for "free and meaningful elections in "There's growing awareness that estuaries seasonal visitors.
South Vietnam." - are valuable biological resources and that pollution, be it caused by pulp mills, chem-
GooDELL proposes these steps: they're being lost to us bit by bit," says one ical plants, municipal sewers or yacht toilets,
That a pre-election agreement be prompted Government planner. isn't the only man-caused hazard. Conser-
among responsible representatives of all ma- By one reckoning, one-fourth of the Amer- vationists frequently frown at channel-
jor Vietnamese groups to abide by the out- scan populace lives within 50 miles of the dredging, which can upset the underwater
come of the balloting. seacoast. They and countless others use balance of nature in estuaries, and the dump-
That supervision of the election be un- the estuaries for swimming, sailing, fishing ing of dredged-up mud or other spoil on
dertaken by an international commission of and other recreation. The estuaries are an marshes.
disinterested third-party states, not the U.S. important source of food and also provide a Countless thousands of marsh, or "wet-
or any Communist Power. livelihood for many people. land," acres have been filled to provide dry
That as part of the election there be a In the face of these growing demands, land for factories, farms or housing develop-
direct vote on the war itself. the days are gone when people could blithely ments. Other marshes have been drained to
This is the kind of thoughtful advocacy assume that anything dumped into an es- control mosquitoes, quarried for gravel or
which can put Republicans in the best tuary from factory or shipboard would do no used for trash dumps. Dams built far up-
possible position to go before the voters harm before being whisked out to sea by the stream affect river flows and thus can
on the Vietnam issues this fall. tides, even if it took quite a while. harm estuary life by allowing salt water
Estuaries have "taken severe punishment" on occasion to intrude further inland.
from human use in the past, John S. Gotts- TYDINGS PROPOSAL
NEED FOR RESEARCH ON NATION'S chalk, director of the Interior Department's As one step toward protection, Sen. JOSEPH
ESTUARIES Bureau of Sport Fisheries and Wildlife, A
D mess (D-Md.) war recently Sen. JosE a
charged in a speech last fall. Secretary of
Mr. TYDINGS. Mr. President, on Interior Stewart L. Udall told a Senate sub- bill calling on the Interior Department for
Sunday, May 1, 1966, a feature article committee recently that estuaries have been a three-year, $3 million "comprehensive
appeared in the Outlook section. of the "sort of a garbage dump." study" of estuaries and their problems, with
a report to include recommendations for a
Washington Post stressing the danger THE IMPACT of SEWAGE national follow-up program.
of pollution in our Nation's estuaries. The environmental Pollution Panel of the The Public Health Service has gotten in-
The article, written by Mr. Eric Went- President's Science Advisory Committee dealt volved in estuarine problems to some extent.
worth points out that "'estuarine pollu- with the special problem of estuarine pollu- As part of 10 major river basin studies, it
tion' is far more difficult to study and tion in its report last November on "Re- has undertaken to identify pollution sources
control than pollution in individual rivers storing the Quality of Our Environment." and recommend abatement methods. These
The Panel cited dramatic case histories, in- studies, whose subjects include the Dela-on to sa lakes" Mr. growing awareness ges that cluding the impact of sewage and industrial ware River, and the Susquehanna River plus
s that t's growing biological aste on New Jersey's Raritan Bay where Chesapeake Bay, have become responsibilities
estuaries are valuable ogire- caswimmers, fishermen and clammers once of the new Water Pollution Control Adminis-
sources and that they're being lost to us disported. tration scheduled to move to the Interior
bit by bit." "Its once clean waters which contained Department soon.
The article states that my bill (S. large numbers of harvestable shellfishes and The Tydings study would be complemen-
3240), calling on the Interior Depart- many other species of invertebrates," the tary, but broader. Some Government ana-
ment to make a 3-year, $3 million com- Panel concluded, "were transformed by the lysts, eyeing the intricacies of estuaries, be-
prehensive study of estuaries and their pressures of industrialization and the result- lieve the Senator's proposal would barely
problem, is a concrete step that would ing population expansion into a septic, de- scatch the surface of needed research. They
"focus attention on estuaries as a special spoiled environment, murky with domestic note that a thorough British study of the
and industrial wastes and " " ? peculiar, Thames Estuary alone took between six and
problem." The article stressed the im- undesirable flora." seven years. Still, the Tydings approach
portance of our Nation's estuaries as Another case: Long Island's Great South would focus attention on estuaries as a
areas for recreation as well as important Bay and Moriches Bay, where pollution, first special problem.
sources of food and a livelihood for many from nearby duck farms and more recently Rep. JOHN D. DINGELL (D-Mich.), taking
people. The article urges that we find from human sewage, ruined a once-prosper- another tack, has proposed establishing a
a way of stopping the further pollution our shellfish industry and has hampered "National System" of estuarine areas-to be
of these areas. recreational use-producing among other designated by the Secretary of Interior-that
I ask unanimous consent that this arti- things "unpleasant gases" that discolored are either relatively unspoiled or could be
the paint on waterside houses. restored. The Government could acquire
Cle be printed in the RECORD. Aside from such disastrous incidents, and land or water in these areas and regulate
There being no objection, the article the occasional, sudden "kills" of fish or their public use.
was ordered to be printed in the RECORD, fowl caused by one-shot dumping of poison- Rep. HERBERT TENZER (D-N.Y.), and more
as follows: , ous matter, there are many more situations recently Sen. ROBERT F. KENNEDY (D-N.Y.),
[From the Washington (D.C.) Post, May 1, where estuarine pollution is a creeping, in- have proposed creating a Long Island Na-
1966] sidious and sometimes mysterious malignan- tional Wetlands Recreation Area to protect
DIRTY RIvERS ARE CLEAN COMPARED To cy undermining the habitat. some 16,000 acres of marsh on Hempstead
ESTUARIES Conservation-minded Government officials and Oyster Bays through Federal acquisition
(By Eric Wentworth) figure the pollution problem is serious in or management. This measure, if approved,
many areas where they lack the facts at this could set a pattern for other areas.
Pollute a river, and there's only one way point to prove it. These and of her possible proposals are
for the stuff to go-downstream. But it's "We know so little now about what makes' being studied by Administration policymak-
different, and much more complicated, in estuaries tick," one says. ere who hope to send their own legislative
harbors, bays, and other estuaries where tides FANTASTICALLY FERTILE entry to Capitol Hill later this year.
ebb and flow and fresh water meets salt
water. In their unspoiled state, estuaries and the While substantial controls of pollution
The sweep to the sea is delayed and the salt marshes that often border them are sources are either on the books or before
tides slosh polluted water back and forth and fantastically fertile. The Sapelo marshes of Congress in the President's "Clean Rivers
sometimes sideways like a miner panning for Georgia, for example, are said to produce Restoration" bill, Government officials are
gold-and when dirty river water encounters in a given area nearly seven times as much concerned about research and planning
salt water peculiar physical and chemical organic matter as a comparable area in the needs and such related problems as control
changes Cause some pollutants to mix with waters of the Continental Shelf, and six of harmful dredging and indiscriminate land areas. clay particles and fall in little lumps to the times as much as a same-sized area in the reuse in ady to die use specific leg yet, they aren't
bottom where they form noxious "sludge average wheat field.
banks." Oysters, clams and crabs are among the Meanwhile, several states, among them
These complexities combined with the vast permanent residents of estuaries. Such im- Massachusetts, New York, Rhode Island and
variety of filth spilling into, say, the Chest- portant commercial or sport fish as men- California, have taken steps to protect their
peaks Bay directly, and through numerous haden, bluefish, croaker and prawns spend estuaries through planning financial and
streams and rivers, show why so-called their early life in these waters. Others, in- technical aid, zoning or controls on dredging.
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 11398
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~ESIONAL RECORD - SENATE
Still, public apathy and the opposition of
commercial interests promise the conserva-
tionists a long, tough battle.
"As a visitor here," Interior's Gottschalk
remarked to the Gulf States Marine Fish-
eries Commission at Biloxi. Miss., in March,
"I detect or suspect a regional lack of
regard for the balanced picture of nat-
ural resource conservation, and a preoccu-
pation with 'economic progress' in exploiting
natural resources.
"At the same time," he added, "I note
hopeful if belated stirrings of public recog-
nition that unlimited exploration may lead
to disaster, that critical estuarine habitats
must be protected and preserved."
Such stirrings can be noted these days in
Washington as well.
June ;. ,I8
A NATURAL DISASTER WARNING Mr. President, I urge all of my col-
SYSTEM leagues to study the proposal and sup-
Mr. PEARSON. Mr. President, the Port It.
Commerce Department, through Its En-
vironmental Science Services Adminis- RETIRED HURT BY INFLATION
tration, has proposed a nationwide Nat-
ural Disaster Warning system. The sys- Mr. American SYMINGTON. Mr. President, the
tern would encompass all types of natural value of f the the Adollar, both here
disasters from tornadoes to blizzards. Prime and abcond, has always been a matter of
The Proposal, I believe, is a sound one concern.
and should be implemented. In this connection, the rising cost of
Of particular interest to me is the sec- living could soon give serious problems
tion dealing with the flow of severe to all those elderly Americans who de-
weather data from the source of the re- Pend almost entirely on social security
port to the public. The proposal notes benefit checks.
there is no single system for mass dis- The dollar saved one year ago is now worth
?my about 97?.
semination of th
i
f
e
n
ormation-that in
HELP FOR THE HOUSEWIFE IN many cases alert procedures have been This statistic, plus other observations
BUYING MEAT improvised. worthy of thought, are presented in a
Mr. LONG of Missouri. Mr. President, In my own State of Kansas, the broad- recent column by Sylvia Porter.
=B Mt L a big :M s of any President, casters have worked out a system, which Noting that the brunt of inflation is
Is 's
food budget. On average, we spend I feel deserves commendation. The borne by those living on fixed or slow
get. ~ .. - - -- - Kansas Associnti
o f Radio
_._
- - -
o
Bro
sing pe
workin
ercen ere
h
h
,
g wit
w
meat aaau
at is now the Envi-
Envi-
ea
t in point y. a good buy, then, is im- ronmental Science Services Administra-
Aid getting
portant to all of us. It is available in info, developed an expanded weather
information most food stores in the form of the Stations tbscribigiro h
re-
USDA-U.S. Department of Agricul- ceive Stat not only regular he circuit -
ture-grade mark only the rulweather inn-
The familiar shield-shaped grade mark formation from Government forecasters
appears on about 85 percent of the beef and meteorological stations across the
cuts sold In grocery stores. Shoppers State, but information from two state
who understand its meaning and are law enforcement agencies as well.
guided by it can be sure of getting the When severe weather threatens or
quality they want and pay for. strikes, the subscribers can receive, in a
matter If you want the best, you can probably Kansas H hw Patrolmen ytes, rolmen information from
find a store that sells the top grade, U.S. Turnpike Authority Hguthority ofbcers at t or near
Prime. Most cuts of this grade are very
or near
the sc
U.S. Choice is the most popular grade
of beef with most consumers and more of
it is sold than any other grade. You can
depend on Choice roasts and steaks to
be consistently tender and juicy and have
a well-developed flavor.
Thrifty shoppers often favor U.S.
Good or U.S. Standard beef, because it
has less fat than the higher grades. Beef
of, these grades is not as juicy or flavor-
ful as Choice or Prime, but is just as
nutritious.
Shoppers can depend on these USDA
guides to qualify in buying beef because
-1 ~VVIIIUWXII,
abled broadcast stations on the circuit
to provide the public with continually
updated and fresh Information about a
specific storm. They are alerting, with-
out alarming. The viewers and listeners
know where the storm is at a given mo-
ment without having to wait and see.
The system has proved invaluable
throughout the year whether an ice
storm, blizzard or severe thunderstorm
was on the way.
It is important to note this system was
the product of initiative and a feeling
of public service on the part of the Kan- . Before social security benefits were raised 7
sas Association of Radio BrnfOcactnrc
who took it upon themsel to better mum being received ooara fast year, the maxi-
graders who are experts in judging the ves
by
serve their public. the et
cents more in es buywas
-
possible quality. to jQualityudge of in beef the is almost im- quiva e Unfortunately the service costs more ing Power than than of jtheusmaximum received in
retail cut. money than the usual weather informa-. 1950.
Graders, therefore, look at the whole car- tion teletype circuit, and some stations NEW STATISTICS
cass or large wholesale cuts. Grade is cannot, financially, budget the extra ex- These statistics, compiled and to be re-
determined on the basis of U.S. stand- pease. They make their own arrange- leased soon, by the Diversified investment
ards h quality detail the requirto ents whicfor h ments, which, I might add, have met the Fund,
a
osit on of theseizw o depend iprimarily on
determine the quality grade are those social security benefits and underline the
which experience, and research, have Nevertheless, I am sure broadcasters importance of savings and investments to
shown a be related and
eating quality. h across the country would welcome an supplement retirement income. In fact, the
450 eating - improved system of natural disaster elderly who depend entirely on social se-
curity D So Some
Some 450 graders, . r them
r and Marketing Service, them betcoooordinated effort to permit th the rising cost of liv bu
provide meat grading service throughout provide their listeners there is no financial leeway for any rise in
pro dent to those who request thro g. It and viewers with the necessary data in living standards or any way to share in the
the c It time of emergency. Obviously not every Nation's prosperity.
it provided on a fee-for-service basis. group of broadcasters can, within itself,
The Consumer and Marketing Service, make the type of arrangement success- nearSin 19,50 ly doubled rto ptoday personal e out-
which administers all USDA grading pro- fully implemented by Kansas broad- pacing the 34 percent cost of living rise.
grams, makes sure that the grader in casters
i
f
rk
n rise enough to keep
ers w
^
fashion as is the grader in New York. "'"A'`'"' *bwr, can establish the
same type of arrangement which is Ares- them ahead.
Th
us consumers in all parts of this eat in Kansas. For that reason I feel In contrast, by the and of 1966 well over
ha ID65s
country can rely on the USDA grades for the proposed NADWARN system is of d w
ill of have been Social security
bybenefit increase
beef to mean the same thing no matter vital importance to the welfare of the dollar put away swallowed
at the end d of inflation. last ion. year a al-
where they live or where they shop. people, has
ready has dwindled ed in value to less than
n
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we neea to strive for savings and invest-
ments with which to supplement pension
benefits.
I ask unanimous consent that this ar-
ticle be inserted at this point in the
RECORD.
There being no objection, the article
was ordered to be printed in the REcoRD,
as follows:
[From the Evening Star, May 24, 19661
YOUR MONEY'S WORTH-RETIRED HURT BY
INFLATION
(By Sylvia Porter)
The elderly American couple who retired
in 1950 and qualified for the then $120 maxi-
mum monthly benefit is now receiving
$168.60-reflecting the increases in benefit
levels over the years. But because of the
relentless climb in living costs in these 16
years, this couple's "real" income has been
raised, not $48.60, but only $6.67 a month.
In actual comparative buying power today
the $168.60 benefit check shrinks to $126.67.
The very elderly couple who retired as far
back as 1940 and drew that year's top $68.40
in monthly social security benefits is now re-
ceiving $152.50-or more than double the
benefit a quarter-century ago. But because
of rising living costs, this couple's benefit
check will actually buy $1.32 less than in
 Approved For Rel I 0 00080019-0
pRT~f~l~fi~-~ June 1, 1966
and redistricting would create still further
problems.
One possible way out of this dilemma has
been suggested by Representative DONALD
RUMSFELD (R., Illinois). His proposal calls
for alternating two- and four-year terms for
each member. Over a twelve-year period a
member would run four times, as compared
with the present six elections: twice during
presidential years, and twice in non-presi-
dential years. This would seem to mitigate
a division of the House into two classes, one
overly responsive and the other unresponsive.
Such a proposal seems preferable to still a
fourth variation: three-year terms for House
members with one-third of the members up
for re-election every year. Yet, both run the
risk of further confusing a relatively unin-
formed, if responsible, electorate.
What are the chances that any of these
variations will end up a constitutional
amendment? In passing, let us note that
constitutional amendments are difficult to
create. More than twenty thousand have
been proposed in the history of the country
and only twenty-four have become the law
provided
of the land. The founding fathers provided
for change but they did not intend for change
to come about easily. Hence the require-
ment that constitutional amendments re-
ceive two-thirds of the votes of both Houses,
followed by ratification of three-fourths of
the state legislatures.
For the current proposals to tamper with
the two-year terms for House members, the
probabilities of adoption are becoming in-
creasingly slim. Hearings held before the
House Committee on Judiciary in February,
1966, have, if anything, dampened some of
the early enthusiasm for either the Presi-
dents' or Representative CHELF's proposal.
A January poll by the Congressional
Quarterly revealed a stiffening opposition.
Of those members who replied, the vote was
105 to 90 in favor in the House and 19 to 20
opposed in the Senate.
Among key Democrats who oppose four-
year terms are EMANUEL CELLER of New York,
chairman of the House Committee on Ju-
diciary; FRANK THOMPSON of New Jersey,
an influential House liberal; and, predictably,
a number of Southern conservatives, includ-
ing HOWARD W. SMITH of Virginia. The two
most influential House Republicans, minor-
ity leader GERALD FORD of Michigan and
Republican Conference chairman MELVIN
LAIRD of Wisconsin, have both issued state-
ments warning of the inherent dangers in
the four-year term proposals.
Most of what support remains for four-
year terms comes from the younger members
of the House, particularly those associated
with the Democratic Study Group (of which
FRANK THOMPSON is chairman), an informal
grouping of some 175 Northern and Western
Democratic moderates and liberals.
Behind the growing opposition are prac-
tical considerations as well as the constitu-
tional arguments. A major stumbling block,
heretofore, has been opposition from United
States. Senators. Without built-in restric-
tions against running for other statewide
offices, a four-year term would be virtual in-
vitation for sitting House members to take
on incumbent Senators or governors up for
re-election in the off years. Presently a
House member almost always is forced to
give up his own seat in order to campaign
against a Senator or governor. These public
officials would prefer to keep it that way. A
similar argument has been used against
three-year House terms; this arrangement
would allow state legislators with two- or
four-year terms a free crack at incumbent
House members,
The President's proposal has done away
with most Senate opposition on these
grounds by including a section which pro-
hibits rIembers of Congress from running
for the other house unless the member re-
signs thirty days prior to such an election.
The Chelf resolution goes even further. It
would prohibit a House member from seek-
ing nomination or election to any office,
other than a vacancy, unless he resigns in
advance.
A final argument from the standpoint of
practical politics Is that four-year terms may
lead to greater, not less, turnover among
House members. There is virtual unanim-
ity among successful congressmen that elec-
tions are really won in the odd years. Non-
election year acttvities provide them with
opportunities to make non-political speeches
and emphasize their role as spokesman for
all their district's interests. Incumbent con-
gressmen have many advantages, including
franking (free mailing) privileges, the as-
sistance of a trained staff of up to ten mem-
bers, and multiple chances to build good will
and develop favorable publicity. So great
is this advantage that, over the years, more
than seven out of eight incumbents who
run for reelection are victorious.
At first glance, four-year terms would seem
to improve an incumbent's chances of being
re-elected. He would, after all, have three
non-election years to solidify his position.
But this view may be misleading. If a mem-
ber were not up for re-election every two
years, the pressures on him to return to his
district would be lessened. Polls reveal that,
even now, as few as one-third of the elec-
torate can name their congressman. Elec-
tions every two years provide a congressman
with an opportunity to get his name before
the public.
The existence of off-year elections are par-
ticularly valuable, since they allow congress-
men to establish their independence from
the national ticket. This independence is
especially important in areas where the na-
tional party or its presidential candidate is
not popular. Thus, a number of Southern
liberal Democrats were able to withstand the
Goldwater tide in their states because they
had developed name-familiarity and inde-
pendence from the national ticket. Simi-
larly, a number of Northeastern liberal Re-
publicans, most notably John Lindsay, were
able successfully to divorce their 1964 cam-
paigns from a losing national cause.
Four-year terms would probably lure ad-
ditional candidates from private and pub-
lice life into competition for House seats.
District-wide races would almost inevitably
be lower in cost than state-wide Senate cam-
paigns. Young lawyers, labor leaders, busi-
nessmen, and other professionals might find
running for the House almost as at-
tractive as a Senate seat. Present incum-
bents will undoubtedly think twice before
they vote for an amendment which poses
the threat of increased competition and the
danger of potentially greater turnover among
House members.
Congressmen are overworked. Given their
high responsibilities, heavy expenses, and
the burden of frequent trips to and from
their districts, annual salaries of $30,000 make
congressmen, if anything, underpaid. Many
must start fund-raising, if not campaign-
ing, almost as soon as the last election is
over.
Yet, as the Washington Post recently com-
mented in an unusually sympathetic edi-
torial, "no one compels these men to run
for Congress. Presumably they seek elec-
tion to Congress because they like it, because
they want the salary or because they see
opportunity to render a national service, and
we surmise that they will continue to do so
regardless of how long the term is."
Tie Constitution requires that all mem-
bers of the House of Representatives be elec-
ted every two years. Every four years they
must run with the President of the Unit-
ed States, thus providing an opportunity for
a strong presidential candidate to bring
members along with him who will be sympa-
thetic to his programs. Every four years, at
midterm elections, House members have
their own contests. For the most part, these
are relatively insulated from the forces which
shape the outcomes of national presidential
elections. From time to time they provide
a mechanism for endorsing or rejecting ad-
ministration policies.
It is a relatively simple and uncomplicated
election system which has withstood the test
of time. Occasionaly the House responds
slowly, or not at all, to the demands placed
upon it by the President and the executive
branch. On other occasions, its members
may overreact to crisis. But the House con-
tinues to come closer to reflecting the will
of the diverse local interests of our coun-
try than any branch of our national gov-
ernment.
On the whole, the House of Representa-
tives has proven its worth as a viable and
responsive legislative assembly. Two-year
terms of office have been basic to the main-
tenance of this responsiveness to the will of
7lreople.
UNREST IN SOUTH
VIETNAM
Mr. McGEE. Mr. President, in a re-
cent column carried in the Washington
Post and other newspapers, Rowland
Evans and Robert Novak put their finger
on what I, too, have come to consider the
underlying reasons for the political un-
rest in South Vietnam at present. As
Evans and Novak put it, the turmoil
resulted. not from machinations of the
other side, but from the "mad rush by
Vietnamese politicians to positions them-
selves for free elections." And all evi-
dence indicates this maneuvering began
as long ago as last January.
I know, Mr. President, that the impres-
sion I gained in Vietnam scarcely a
month ago was largely the same. In-
deed, I learned, our military efforts there
were bearing such promise for future
success that, for the first time, the local
politicians and various pressure groups,
as we could call them, were seeing the
advantages to be had from control of the
Government-or at least a share in that
control. They all wanted a piece of the
political pie, once it looked like it was
worth having. A year ago, Mr. Presi-
dent, it didn't look that way. Now it
does. That is a hopeful sign. I ask
unanimous consent that the column by
Evans and Novak be printed in the
RECORD.
There being no objection, the article
was ordered to be printed in the RECORD,
as follows:
POLITICS, SAIGON-STYLE
(By Rowland Evans and Robert Novak)
The turmoil that brought South Vietnam
to the brink of civil war and endangered the
war against the Communists resulted, iron-
ically, from a mad rush by Vietnamese
politicians to position themselves for free
elections.
Indeed, secret information available to
U.S. officials shows that the origin of the
turmoil can be traced with precision to Jan.
15, 1966, when Prime Minister Nguyen Cao
Ky first began to talk seriously about a con-
stitutional assembly and eventual elections.
Thus, the root cause of the growing chaos
in South Vietnam is not-as the U.S. peace
bloc would have it-rising neutralism and a
desire to make peace with the Communists.
What is happening today can be traced back
to Air Marshal Ky's Jan. 15 statement. It is
a story worth telling.
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sentatives. A member of the House repre-
sented but 30,000 inhabitants. Only 144 bills
were introduced in the First Congress, 108 of
which became laws.
Today, the population of the United States
numbers more than 190,000,000 people. Al-
ir..ost two-thirds of the people live in urban
areas. Social mobility, ease of travel, tele-
vision, and newspapers have brought more
and more people into communication and
contact with one another. As the federal
Government has grown and the role of gov-
ernment in the economy has increased, the
demands on Congress have multiplied. Each
House member now represents, on the aver-
age, 430,000 constituents. The workload of
Congress has Increased in volume and com-
p'lexity; over 14,000 bills were introduced in
the first session of the 89th Congress alone,
and of these, 349 became public laws. Con-
gressional sessions increasingly run for ten
months or more of the calendar year.
In his first two or three terms, a House
member's effectiveness as a legislator is re-
duced by his need to build a firm base of
district support. As he gains in experience,
of course, his ability to check upon and
ameliorate the impersonal impact of the fed-
eral bureaucracy on his constituents is in-
creased. As he begins to master the skills of
serving his campaign and his constituency,
a congressman can afford to devote more and
more of his time to committee work and in-
fluencing the outcome of legislation.
He must still face the hazards of mounting
campaign costs. Federal and state expendi-
ture ceilings are ineffective and totally un-
realistic. While campaign costs vary consid-
erably from "safe" to competitive districts
and from rural to urban districts, expendi-
tures of $50,000 to $60,000 per campaign are
not uncommon. Attempts to unseat incum-
bents can send these costs much higher.
For example, a frshman Democrat from New
York filed campaign expenditures of almost
$200,000 in a successful bid to defeat a Re-
publican incumbent in 1964.
As another freshman Democratic member
argued: "Four-year terms would prevent
congressional offices from being 80 per cent
campaign headquarters and only 20 per cent
offices for legislative activities. As it is now,
I am constantly involved in fund-raising."
The most direct approach to these prob-
lems, however, would be sensible revision of
laws governing campaign expenditures and
contributions.
Third, it is argued, four-year terms would
probably attract more and better-qualified
candidates for public office. By reducing the
frequency of elections and the costs of con-
tinual campaigning, presumably more peo-
ple would consider running for public office.
The caliber of congressmen, already quite
high, would no doubt be improved.
Sound as this argument may be, from a
political standpoint it may be self-defeating.
For this argument, unlike the others, can
cut two ways in terms of mobilizing support
for this constitutional amendment.
A fourth and crucial argument, used by
many advocates of four-year terms for
House members, is that it would enhance the
influence of the President by centralizing
party organization and making members
more responsive to presidential programs.
Members running with or against the Presi-
dent would be forced to campaign on na-
tional issues. "Coattail effects," or the ten-
dency for congressional candidates of the
same party to benefit from the size of the
vote for strong presidential candidates,
would be magnified.
President Johnson did not make use of
this argument in his presidential message.
However, Attorney General Nicholas Katzen-
bach, in testimony before the House Judici-
ary Committee, did emphasize the impact of
concurrent terms on executive-legislative
party unity. Under this proposed amend-
ment the President and Congress would be
more likely "to be able to carry out a pro-
gram without unreasonable deadlocks."
The rationale for closer harmony between
the President and Congress is given its more
positive statement in Senator JosEPH S.
CLARK's book, Congress: The Sapless Branch.
If a House member, CLARK argues,
comes from a competitive district, he
will be more of a statesman and less of an
errand boy if he runs always at the same
time and on the same ticket as the presi-
dential candidate of his party. The strength-
ening of the national interest in terms of the
effective dialogue on issues which such a
procedural change would bring about is sub-
stantial. The strengthening of the national
parties is even more so. The strengthening
of the hand of the President, who alone
speaks for all Americans, is the most sub-
stantial of all.
There rests the case, a strong one, for
longer terms for House members. The first
three arguments are especially appealing. A
much stronger case, however, can be made
for maintaining the present system of two-
year terms.
The argument turns on commitment to
the principle of coordinate branches of gov-
ernment. The practice of "separate institu-
tions sharing power" is insured by multiple
checks and balances built into our Consti-
tution. Variation in the lengths of terms
among our political leaders is one of the
most fundamental safeguards against any
single leader or institution dominating all
the others to the detriment of democratic
freedoms.
In our government, the House, Senate,
and President frequently represent quite dif-
ferent political interests. These different in-
terests deserve a hearing and need to be rec-
onciled if public policy is to reflect the will
of substantial majorities. Members of the
House act as spokesmen for local, sometimes
even parochial, interests. At the same time,
they are called upon to legislate in the na-
tional interest.
Which interest should House members
represent? Edmund Burke, in his "Speech
to the Electors of Bristol" in. 1774, presented
what has become the classic argument in
favor of representation of the national in-
terest over local concerns. As Burke said:
"Parliament is not a congress of ambassadors
from different and hostile interests; which
interests eacri must maintain, as an agent
and advocate, against other agents
and advocates; but Parliament is a de-
liberative assembly of one nation, with one
interest, that of the whole; where, not local
purposes, not local prejudices ought to guide,
but the general good, resulting from the
general reason of the whole."
What is sometimes overlooked is that hos-
tility among the electors of Bristol to Burke's
national views later forced him to withdraw
as a candidate from this constituency.
In our country, A Representative must re-
main sensitive to the wishes of his constitu-
ents. He recognizes that they can turn him
out If he does not vote in their best interests.
If a legislator decides, as he not infrequently
does, that national Interests outweigh local
considerations, then he does so at some risk.
It is this sensitivity to the will of the peo-
ple which two-year terms of office help to
preserve. This continuing tension between
local and national interests is a strength,
not a weakness, of the representative process.
Many factors in our political system are at
work to reinforce the impact of national
interests; two-year terms assure that local
needs will not be overlooked in an era in-
creasingly characterized by expanding federal
powers.
Furthermore, the elections of House mem-
bers that occur between presidential elec-
tions perform several basic functions which
add to the stability of our political system
and strengthen our two-party system. Off-
year elections provide an opportunity for a
review of presidential policies. The results
can either extend the presidential mandate,
as the election results of 1934 and 1962 were
largely interpreted, or dampen it, as in the
elections of 1918, 1946, 1954, and 1958. The
election of 1966 may well turn on the success
or failure of President Johnson's policies in
Vietnam,
Midterm elections also provide the "out"
party an opportunity to increase its strength
in Congress. Since 1900, the party which
does not control the White House has aver-
aged a net gain of thirty-eight seats in off-
year elections. In only one midterm election,
1934, was the party in power able to make a
net gain of House seats. When the same
party controls the White House for eight,
twelve, or a longer period of years, midterm
contests may become crucial for preserving
a minority that can successfully criticize and
provide alternatives to the majority.
A third and related point is that two-year
terms provide a fundamental check on the
powers of the Presidency. As the federal
government has grown, the power of the
President has Increased. Four-year terms
running concurrently with the President
would weaken Congress .at the same time
that it would enhance the powers of the
President. Some Democratic congressmen
clearly owe their seats to the length of the
President's "coattails" in the election of
1964. Yet few of these congressmen would
welcome the idea of becoming more depend-
ent upon- presidential favor and national
party, as distinct from congressional cam-
paign committee, contributions.
Supporters of four-year terms may argue
that these would give Representatives great-
er independence from Interest-group and
constituency pressures. But they can hardly
argue that it would make them less suscep-
tible to White House pressure at the same
time that they say that it would lead to
greater executive-legislative party solidarity.
Four-year terms would remove one of the
most effective shields now. used by congress-
men to withstand pressure. Almost every
congressman has, at one time or another,
found it convenient to take refuge from ex-
ecutive "arm-twisting" by the simple but
almost irrefutable argument: "My people
back home are opposed to this measure, and
I am up for re-election next year."
Thus, it is for the very reasons that Burns,
Senator CLARK, and others support four-year
terms running concurrently with the Presi-
dent, that this constitutional amendment
should be opposed. Such a change would
drastically alter the separation of powers and
checks and balances upon which our govern-
mental system is based. Congress needs to
maintain Its Independence from the Presi-
dency. Re-election every two years furthers
this independence, helps to maintain a viable
minority party, and thus promotes the bal-
ance of power within the Government.
The staggered-term proposal advocated by
Congressman CHELF would counter this
danger, but impose further problems of its
own. Each state delegation would be divided
by lot into two classes as equal as possible.
One-half of the members would run with
the President and the other half would run
in midterm elections. Such a proposal runs
the risk of splitting the House of Representa-
tives into two classes of congressmen: those
disposed to support the President, and those
members elected in the off year who would
likely oppose presidential programs. This
might well lead to greater "deadlock" and
prevent the occasional extraordinary Con-
gress, such as the 89th, where legislation
comes of age and productivity is exception-
ally high.
In short, four-year terms concurrent with
the President would promote a Congress
overly responsive to the President. Stag-
gered terms, on the other hand, would create
a class of half the members who quite likely
would be unresponsive. Reapportionment
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Less than a month after Ky's statement
pointed the way toward genuine political
and governmental changes within South
Vietnam, the militant Buddhists headed by
mystical, 'enigmatic Thich Tri Quang began
secretly to plan for future elections.
Tri Quang's plan was somewhat similar to
the political organizing of, say, a democratic
big-city boss in preparation for a presiden-
tial election in the U.S.A. If an election
were really going to be held in South-Viet-
nam, the agile, ambitious Tri Quang wanted
his agents to be ready for it.
This meant many things had to be done.
It was necessary, for example, to set up an
organization-nothing so precise as the
political organization in the precincts of an
American city, but a political organization
in rudimentary form. Militant Buddhists
who follow Tri Quang had to be assigned
specific political chores, taught how to pro-
mote candidates and conduct a campaign.
A blueprint complete to the last detail,
drawn up in January has been studies by
U.S. officials and conclusively demonstrates
that Tri Quang's political agitation pre-
dated President Johnson's celebrated meet-
ing with Ky at Honolulu Feb. 6.
This should partially lay to rest the myth
that President Johnson is personally respon-
sible for the political crisis because he put
his arm around Ky at Honolulu.
But if Tri Quang was organizing a dis-
ciplined core of student-politicians as long
ago as January, Ky's conduct after the Hono-
lulu conference unquestionably added fuel
to the political agitation.
The Johnson Administration had hoped
that when Ky returned to Saigon after
Honolulu, and later, pushed by the Bud
dhists, announced a specific date for the
election of a constitutional assembly, he
would close his eyes to pressure tactics by
the Buddhist militants in central Vietnam,
centered in Danang and Hue.
The hope was that General Ky would con-
centrate on the war, on reconstruction and
most important on talking up the election-
and let the militant Buddhists stir up a lit-
tle trouble without retaliation.
Instead, buoyed by his meeting with the
President and alarmed at Buddhist agitation
in the northern First Corps area, Ky fired
Buddhist-backed Gen. Thi, First Corps com-
mander. Ever since, the political battle has
steadily escalated.
The discovery of electioneering plans
drawn up In January illustrates one hard
fact: feuding political forces in South Viet-
nam are preparing in dead seriousness for
an election this September. The activities of
Tri Quang should be judged more in that
light than as an effort either to bring down
the Ky government or undermine the U.S.
military effort.
The political zeal, despite its hazards,
poses opportunities for the long-term U.S.
interest. Each of the hostile, feuding fac-
tions in South Vietnam-the Buddhists,
split into many groupings, the Catholics, the
religious sects, the military-are worried
about getting left at the gate when the elec-
tion is held. They all want a piece of the
political pie that will result from that elec-
tion.
It was an understanding of this fact that
led President Johnson to murmur to Ambas-
sador Henry Cabot Lodge, just before Lodge
returned to Saigon:
"I've been in public life for 30 years and
I've learned that the proper role of politics
is to include and not to exclude."
The basic reason for all the agitation in
South Vietnam is that every one wants to
be Included.
NEW HAVEN'S VOICE IN HART-
FORD STILL ROARING AFTER 50
YEARS
Mr. RIBICOFF. Mr. President, the
above headline appeared in the May 28
issue of the Hartford Courant, Hartford,
Conn. The article then goes on to tell
about an unusual man. For 50 years
Abe White has given information to
thousands upon thousands of travelers
who came to the big central information
desk at the Union Station in Hartford.
Abe 'knew them all-the high and the
mighty and the hesitant and the con-
fused. During all this time, his friendli-
ness and good humor was a joy to all.
He has a host of friends. Personally, it
was always a pleasure to stop and chat
with an old friend during the many
times I have had occasion to use Union
Station. His commonsense and wisdom
makes him a real down-to-earth philos-
opher. I join his many friends in wish-
ing him many more years of happiness
and service to his fellowmen.
I ask unanimous consent that the arti-
cle from the Hartford Courant be printed
in the RECORD.
There being no objection, the article
was ordered to be printed in the RECORD,
as follows:
NEW HAVEN'S VOICE IN HARTFORD STILL ROAR-
ING AFTER 50 YEARS
(By Malcolm L. Johnson)
About 30 years ago or more-Abe White
can't recall the year exactly-The Courant
sent a photographer down to Union Station
to take a picture of the great Irish tenor
John McCormack when he rolled into town.
"They wanted to black me out of the pic-
ture," says Abe White, then, as now, at the
information desk at the station.
McCormack interceded (and White does a
nice brogue to mimic him) : "If you don't
take his picture, you don't take mine."
Friday The Courant sent a photographer
to the station to get a picture of a man who's
been 50 years in railroading. And White
didn't have any trouble getting in the picture
as Trainmaster Joseph F. Daly wrote on the
information board:
"50 Years!!! Still on Time!!!" in tribute
to White's punctuality.
During a half century in the business of
portering mail and "grabbing numbers" in
the baggage room, working in the branch
engine house and-for 42 of the 50 years-
bawling out the time of arrival and de-
parture of engines, he has always-unlike the
trains-always been on time.
White, now a youthful, still sentorian 64,
recalls his first shout from the information
desk 42 years ago.
There was no public address system, at the
desk, then at the far north end of the
station.
LET IT ROAR
"That first train came in and I let out a
shout . . . there were 500 or 600 in the
waiting room in them days . . . I just
opened my mouth and let it roar out; and
the boss said 'You don't have to get mad at
the train.'"
John McCormack, who stood up for
White's right to be in a photograph long
before the New Haven Railroad decided to
give him a diamond pin and a gold pass card
for 50 years in railroading, is the man White
thinks of first when he turns his mind back
11407
to the people he's seen passing through the
station and talked to.
But as he gets talking he also recalls Bebe
Daniels and Ben Lyons coming info town to
play at the old Parsons, Rudy Vallee, Henry
Agard Wallace, Al Smith and Harry S. Tru-
man-"It was his second trip through and
as he came down the steps, two FBI men
shoved like they were the president."
RECALLS BETTER DAYS
Abe White has seen a lot of years of rail-
roading from the information desk and re-
calls the days when the New Haven line
thrived.
"For a Yale-Harvard Game," he says, "we'd
have 24 sections stringing back behind Flow-
er Street."
Now there are only 25. But, White says,
90 to 95 per cent of them are on time.
Only when the New Haven's management
"let the equipment go to hell" were there
breakdowns and delays of two or three hours
that gave the local line its now undeserved
reputation for tardiness.
Forty-two years at an information desk
have meant that Abe White has had to take
a lot of wisecracks. "What time does the
3:21 get in?" is his unfavorite. He has as
he says, also had to "take a lot of people by
the hand."
Some people, he doesn't mind helping, he
says. "My specialty has been trying to help
any individual who is handicapped or can't
speak English."
HANGOUT
And in the old days, all kinds of people
used to stop by at the Information Desk to
talk.
Lou Gehrig used to hang around the desk
when he played with the Hartford Chiefs,
Morgan B. Brainard, then president of the
Aetna Life Insurance Co., used to say: "When
I want to meet my friends I come down to
the information desk," according to White.
When he thinks back on it all, White says:
"The information Desk was actually the
crossroads of the country."
I. W. ABEL AND THE UNITED
STEELWORKERS
Mr. NELSON. Mr. President, I should
like to call to the attention of the Senate
an article in the Business Week of May 28
concerning the splendid leadership of Mr.
I. W. Abel, president of the United Steel-
workers. I think it is very significant
that this respected business publication
would carry such a laudatory article on
this exceptional labor leader, Mr. Abel.
I am also pleased with this fine article
because a key member of Mr. Abel's lead-
ership team in the Steelworkers is Mr.
Walter Burke, a distinguished leader of
the labor movement in Wisconsin who
was for many years director of District
No. 32 of the Steelworkers at Milwaukee.
Walter Burke was elected secretary-
treasurer of the Steelworkers Union at
the same time, Mr. Abel was elected pres-
ident.
I ask unanimous consent that the arti-
cle be printed in the RECORD.
There being no objection, the article
was ordered to be printed in the RECORD,
as follows:
ABEL FINDS A BROADER ROLE FOR THE USW-
HE WORKS WITH REUTHER, AND SERVES AS
A UNIFYING FACTOR IN AFL-CIO
The new attitudes that I. W. Abel brought
to the leadership of the United Steelworkers
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McDonald's inability to get along with
Reuther lessened his interest in joint proj-
ects sponsored by the federation's Indus-
trial Union Dept., of which Reuther is head.
And in later years, McDonald seemed to lose
much of his interest in AFL-CIO affairs.
"McDonald would spend about an hour and
a half in, executive council meetings, and
then disappear," says a federation spokes-
man. "Abel is there on time, stays through-
out, and takes part."
CLOSE TIES
Abel's closeness to Reuther, says an IUD
official, has led to "more participation in
IUD by more people, and by more USW lo-
cals." Under Abel, the union has thrown In
with other IUD unions for joint bargaining
and organizing efforts, more than it did in
McDonald's day.
Abel shares Reuther's economic and po-
litical beliefs so closely that in government
circles he is already being treated as Reu-
ther's alter ego. Recently, with Reuther
busy with the Auto Workers convention, Abel
was named-along with federation President
George Meany-to a subcommittee to draft a
position paper on wage guideposts for Presi-
dent Johnson's Labor-Management Advisory
Committee.
Not long ago, Reuther boasted: "When
USW and UAW are marching arm in arm,
there is no power in America that can halt
the American labor movement." Whether
the alliance will gallop as fast as Reuther's
rhetoric remains to be seen. But officials
of both unions point to practical effects of
the improved relationship. USW is helping
the Auto Workers to organize a new General
Motors plant at Lordstown, Ohio. A new
feeling of good faith is going into the solu-
tion of jurisdictional squabbles.
Pat Greathouse, Auto Workers vice-presi-
dent, points out that there was cooperation
before Abel came to power. But he-adds
that Abel is "much more available on mat-
ters of day-to-day operations-the problem
with McDonald was that he wasn't there."
A Steelworkers staff man says there are
indications that Abel's interest in avoiding
jurisdictional fights with building trades
unions is having some effect. Abel, he says,
gives "personal testimony" to understandings
reached at staff level. "McDonald," he adds,
"couldn't be bothered."
RANK-AND-FILE
Whether the new ideas being pushed by
Abel, Molony, and Burke are seeping down to
the rank-and-file is questionable. To the
locals, what Abel says to Reuther at an IUD
meeting in Washington is pretty remote;
local and plant matters are more important.
There is some rank-and-file restiveness
over the "washing out" of many local griev-
ances at the end of the contract negotia-
tions that Abel led last year. In some steel
companies, the backlog of unsettled griev-
ances has been growing, although the trend
is not industry-wide. In 1968, Abel will be
under pressure, but no over-all membership
revolt is in sight.
There is also no sign of a power struggle
being initiated by the union's middle man-
agement-where the pro-Abel movement be-
gan in 1964. Abel is giving his 30 district
directors more say, and is keeping them on
their toes. And his entrenched position in
the federation leadership helps protect him
from the sort of attack that he successfully
launched to unseat McDonald.
only a year ago are having far-reaching
effects on the labor movement.
Abel's friendship with Walter Reuther,
president of the United Auto Workers, and
the closer ties between the two largest in-
dustrial unions have altered the power struc-
ture of AFL-CIO. With the solid backing
of the 1.1-million-member Steelworkers,
"Walter is relatively stronger within AFL-
CIO than he has been for a long time." says a
federation official.
Many unionists think Abel's infiuencef ex-
tends even beyond the industrial unions.
Abel has been cementing relations with other
segments of labor, even while his appearances
at UAW and United Packinghouse Workers
conventions were being hailed as signs of a
new solidarity among AFL-CIO's industrial
unions.
CATALYST
An Israeli bond drive dinner honoring Abel
In Pittsburgh last month drew 16 interna-
tional officers of other unions; many building
trades officials were there, though their
crafts have long been cool to the Steelwork-
ers. Said a USW official, looking over a large
gathering: "Abel is the catalytic agent that
can bring unity to the labor movement
across the nation."
Abel, a pleasant, rumbling former mill-
hand, has an aura of "fundamental trade
unionism" that appeals to the old-line AFL.
Yet his concept of labor's role as "the
squeaky wheel in our Cadillac society" is
close to Reuther's brand of social unionism.
Abel isn't the only one stirring new in-
terest in USW. He is just one of the trium-
virate that runs the union; Vice-President
Joseph P. Molony and Secretary-Treasurer
Walter J. Burke also spread the union's
influence, though less visibly and at lower
levels than Abel.
These three are remaking USW into the so-
cially and politically active union that it
was under Philip Murray. Within the Steel-
workers, worry over the Abel team's policies
and bargaining effectiveness still lingers, but
in wider labor circles there is little doubt of
the impact.
MORE PARTICIPATION
An AFL-CIO spokesman says the best way
to describe the changed role of the union
in federation activities is that "the United
Steelworkers is now an active participant,
not just a dues-paying member of AFL-
CIO."
The change springs as much from a differ-
ence in attitudes and personality between
Abel and his predecessor, David J. McDon-
ald, as from any difference In basic union
philosophy. Abel is a hard-working team
player, a committee man, who believes
strongly in identifying USW's interests with
those of the whole labor movement and
society.
McDonald pursued a more independent
course; he tried to create a separate identity
for his union. Working in bursts of energy,
making his main effort in bargaining, he
often neglected the old Murray and CIO tra-
dition of broad political and social involve-
ment.
"In terms of politics," says a USW staff
man, "Abe is more liberal than Dave. In
terms of organization, he's more effective-
not because he's an organizational genius,
but because he works harder."
AND MORE COMMITMENT
It wasn't that McDonald lacked belief in
AFL-CIO (he helped set up the 1955 merger),
or in social causes such as civil rights (his
1962 steel contract contained significant se-
niority improvements for minorities). But
many unionists felt McDonald didn't push
hard enough in these and other areas.
"Dave's approach to civil rights," says a USW
man, "was something between great enthu-
siasm and complete neglect."
BARGAINING
Still to come, though, is a union-wide de-
bate on bargaining procedures. Abel has
opened the door to increased local partici-
pation in negotiations; now he must find a
way to make this more meaningful to the
locals, without drowning talks in a deluge
of local issues.
A top-level committee headed by Molony
may soon unveil recommendations for
changes in bargaining; hints dropped by
Abel suggest the changes may be in un-
expected areas. The committee discussed the
old policy of bargaining jointly with a group
of major companies, but insiders doubt there
will be substantial changes here, since sepa-
rate talks at individual companies might
raise more problems than they solve.
It is known that the committee is con-
sidering disbanding the 163-member wage-
policy committee, which ratifies steel con-
tracts. Abel recently told a press confer-
ence that he prefers the ratification meth-
od used In aluminum contracts, where a ma-
jority of locals must vote approval, and
where locals are free to strike on their own
issues.
This would be a radical departure, and
the industry is worried lest it lead to more
strikes. Already the industry and some un-
ion officials are worried over a possible re-
turn to crisis bargaining in 1968, with even-
tual government intervention. Says a union
man: "When I consider the level of this
so-called debate on bargaining in the union,
I shudder. And this inability of our union
officers to see the danger of government in-
tervention is frightening."
QUEST FOR EFFICIENCY
It's a long time to 1968, and meanwhile
the Abel team can point to internal changes
that they say make for a more efficient
union.
Most of these moves sought to shore up
an organizational structure unresponsive to
central direction, and thus to Abel's stronger
social and political efforts. For example, a
civil rights committee was reorganized after
15 years, and for the first time was put
under an international officer, Molony. A
Negro unionist, Alex Fuller, was brought in
as director, and the committee is pressing
locals, particularly in the Birmingham area,
to give up discriminatory seniority agree-
ments-now under fire from the National
Assn-for the Advancement of Colored Peo-
ple, which threatens demonstrations this
summer.
In the political area, Abel is urging officers
at all levels to take a personal interest in
labor legislation; he himself went to Wash-
ington a few months ago and "hit the Sen-
ate lobby."
EDUCATION
Abel has also set up a broad educational
program for staff and district and inter-
national officers, very similar to a Reuther-
UAW program.
The International's fiscal controls over a
sprawling, unwieldy union are being tight-
ened by Abel. Reorganization of the union's
legal department, under a new general coun-
sel, will save $250,000 a year. The union's
monthly paper, Steel Labor, will save $80,000
a year by switching to offset printing Econo-
mies in Abel's own office include cutting the
number of New York Times subscriptions
from five to one.
Abel runs executive board meetings with
a touch of formality-only board members
are admitted. In McDonald's day, depart-
ment heads, technicians, and "a whole con-
gregation of people" might be packed in the
meeting room. Where McDonald used to
travel "in an entourage of bodyguards and
flunkies," with Cadillacs awaiting him at
airports, Abel as often as not travels alone.
OTHER GOALS
The Abel team hasn't done everything it
wanted to.
In many ways, the past year has been
one of "evaluation and review." Some
changes have been put off until after the
convention in September when a reading
can be gotten on rank-and-file reaction to
the changes already made.
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'11441
Massachusetts congressional 'delegation in the words of Secretary McNamara, a VIETNAM'S ECONOMIC LESSON: 'PEACE CAN
and concerned citizens have contested a thorough and thoughtful case to the YIELD FATTER PROFITS THAN WAR
Defense Department decision to close the American people. Their only only aim (By T. George Harris, Look senior editor)
Springfield Armory. was to demonstrate that the closure of On a hot night in, Saigon not long ago, re-
When this decision was originally the Springfield Armory was not in our porters in combat boots held a martini semi-
made in November 1964, the Department Nation's interest. nar to consider the war's cost in goods and
. lives. one U.S. correspondent, just back
of Defense indicated that the Springfield Because the Defense Department has from a tank attack in the hills, doubted that
Armory operation was uneconomical and maintained its position, the Massachu- "this kind of thing can be paid for forever."
must be discontinued. Immediately, setts congressional delegation, the He was hooted down. "All it's doing is tak-
members of the Springfield community Springfield Technical Committee, and ing the slack out of the American economy,"
organized the Springfield Technical the people of Springfield have agreed said an English writer. He shares the Euro-
Committee to investigate the facts. This that the wisest course of action now is pean dogma that Yankee business needs to
committee of armory employees knew to plan for the future private use of this feed on the blood of war to stay healthy.
Back in the States, innocent millions hold
from personal experience that the facility. roughly the same thought. University of
armory operated efficiently. The objec- Consequently, Mr. Downey and the Michigan pollsters have asked people in key
tive of this committee, therefore, was to members of the Springfield Technical U.S. counties how Vietnam will affect busi-
provide the concrete analysis and solid Committee will be working with Defense ness conditions, and them. A majority-
argument to prove this fact. The Department officials, civic leaders, and percent-ex wecstmeir family budgets to
Springfield Technical Committee, led by officers from private industry to bring benefit
adults feel, 'make ul ed boom.
Mr. Henry T. Downey, a local certified about conversion of the Springfield If you belong to ake for ooty,you need a that maj
public accountant, compiled and ant- Armory facilities to private production. visit with my tough-minded friend, Dr.
lyzed data obtained from Department of It is essential that there be no doubt re- Pierre Rinfret, 42, economic adviser to a
Defense sources, and questioned the De- garding the ability and integrity of Mr. blue-chip stack of corporations. He has been
fense Department's assumptions on Downey and the members of the Spring- betting his hefty reputation, plus $4 billion
which the decision to close the armory field Technical Committee. worth of pension and other investment funds
had been based. The Massachusetts These men and women have given he manages, on a simple premise: "Vietnam
congressional delegation and the Spring- selflessly of their time for 18 months to doesn't mean boom. It means trouble."
Rinfret believes we have come quietly to
field Technical Committee met per- serve our Nation's welfare. These men an economic pivot point as important to the
sonally with Secretary McNamara On and women deserve our admiration and history of war as the first atom bomb.
February 27, 1965, to present this re- esteem. I think the Defense Depart ent Though men and women still talk "wartime
port. After hearing the arguments of should correct the impression it h so prosperity," we have at last broken, he in-
Mr. Downey, Secretary McNamara unfortunately made. \` J~ lists, the ancient bond between war and
prosperity. Already on the Vietnam casualty
stated:
a more thorough and list, little noticed, is the tradition that arms
I have never received
comprehensive and more thoughtful presen- PEACE. CAN YIELD FATTER PROFITS spending fattens the bulls of the upswing
THAN WAR and the "threat of peace" brings out the
tation... bears of the downswing. From here on, the
Because of this impressive presenta- Mr. CHURCH. Mr. President, does old war bulls and peace bears will scramble
tion, Secretary McNamara subsequently war help the economy? In a recent sur- to swap places.
," Rinfret hollows, or coos,
at sr is b bearishcompany et el. "Peace coos,
ordered a private consulting firm to con- vey, 54 percent of Americans said "Yes,"
duct a comprehensive study of the and there can be no doubt that many in- bullish."
Springfield Armory operation to deter- telligent people elsewhere in the world Why? Because, he says, "of a major revo-
mine the feasibility of its continuation. suspect this to be our outlook, and find lution in capitalism." In the New Econom-
In its report in November 1965, even this it cause for mistrusting us. its-pap label for national policy today-the
firm concluded that closure of the armory The truth is just the opposite: war, home office of capitalism has gained the skill
would result in definitely marginal cost and the Vietnam war in particular, hurt to guide its growth rate, plus the political
savings. However, because of other pal- the modern economy which depends upon will to do nothing less. The Federal Govern-
icy consideration, this firm also recom- stability, not the overtaxation of war- ment can, and has to, keep the economy
running in peacetime at its most productive
mended closing the armory. time demands. In an interview with rate. Result: War, once a shot in the arm to
The Massachusetts congressional del- Look magazine's senior editor, T. George lagging business, now throws a shock into a
egation and the Springfield Technical Harris, Dr. Pierre Rinfret, economic ad- smoothly functioning system set for peak
Committee again challenged this deci- visor to business, lays out the facts which long-term growth. To compound the shock,
sion and carried the case to the Senate prove the point. Rinfret points out: war also wastes resources, human and ma-
Preparedness Subcommittee. During in- In practical terms, wealth invested in war terial, that would otherwise flow back each
tensive hearings on March 22, 1966, the goods might as well be sunk in the ocean. year to expand the economy and, through it,
Tanks and fighters do not produce new better the lives of men.
Springfield Technical Committee and wealth. Teachers and factories do. Peace In practical terms, wealth invested in war
Mr. Downey presented their costs is the environment in which the flower of goods might as well be sunk in the ocean,"
analyses and arguments. As a result, free enterprise grows, flourishes and bears says bullnecked Rinfret. "Tanks and fight-
the chairman recommended that the fruit. ers do not produce new wealth. Teachers
Secretary of Defense review the closure and factories do. Peace is the environment
decision in light of the impressive data Rinfret expects the Vietnam war to re- in which the flower of free enterprise grows,
stilt in a recession in 1967 if war-created flourishes and bears fruit. Peace is now the
put forth by the Springfield Technical expansion levels o$. Without the war, stable ground of prosperity."
Committee and Mr. Downey. This economist, one of the freethinkers of
he says, the economy would reach great- big business, speaks with more passion than
The Defense Department in the reply er heights in 1968 than those the war a Vietnik at a peace rally. He earned his
of Deputy Secretary of Defense Cyrus now makes likely. doctorate on a Fulbright grant in France,
Vance confirmed the Department's orig- Whether Rinfret's predictions come once grew a beard to bug the Brooks Bros.
inal decision stating: true again, as they have in the past, only types. Expert in Marxian economics, he is,
None of the cost charts displayed by the time will tell, but the article "Peace Can however, a robust Republican who supports
Technical Committee at the 22 March hear- Yield Fatter Profits Than War" from the Johnson Administration's Viet policy be-
ing were (sic) accurate. ' cause "the Communists gave us no choice."
the May 31 edition of Look should help For hawk and dove alike, he feels, the crisis
It was further indicated that the peo- lay to rest the popular myth that war revises ideas about war, wealth and nations.
ple who had prepared the cost charts "makes for good times." The "good "Capitalism has stolen the march on com-
had not acted objectively. times" are like an all-night binge: they munism," he says with delight. "Marx taught
Mr. President, I feel the Department must be paid for the next morning. that acsei capitalism is chaos, and h Mato keep It-on war.
ism, of Defense has, by this reply, questioned I ask unanimous consent that the arti- twould use central m unisy to rx ar the order
the character and integrity of Mr. cle be printed in the RECORD. planned development of economic mankind.
Downey and the Springfield Technical There being no objection, the article A curious thing has now happened. Capi-
Committee. These men have given long was ordered to be printed in the RECORD, talism has bought the case against chaos, but
hours of their private time to present, as follows: rejected Marx's system. We aren't stuck
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 Approved Fo I 3 O P67 AftR000400080019:Dune
with a single master plan. We have thou- the easy dodge for those who had not seen
sands of different plans, not all of which will the peaceful pressures for boom. A best-
be wrong at one time. In our steady growth selling academic explained business opti-
and flexibility, we now have far greater sta- mism in one sentence: "The new deciding
bility than communism," factor is the escalation of war in Vietnam."
Rinfret's opinions on basic trends would His statement comforted all who think our
be less compelling If he didn't make such a economy still feeds on war. In Moscow,
fat living (he's 5' 10%%". 202 lbs.) out of Pravda used it to headline a story: "Death
them. More than any other private citizen, Merchants Count Profits."
he gets his views tested every workday by the Rinfret saw it the other way around. Cer-
precise gauges of the marketplace. He is tain that the system was already straining
board chairman and boss thinker of Lionel toward the limits of its capacity, he feared
D. Edie & Company, a top firm of economic the overload of weapons orders. "We're
consultants with 134 corporate customers. tight as a drum, and this will blow off the
So he tells business chiefs what's ahead in top." He also found out that the rise in
their businesses, and they, investing billions, war spending would be at least $8 billion,
don't tolerate mistakes. much of it hidden by accounting tricks and
Most economic forecasters sell cagey some of it to be admitted later in special
doubletalk. This rowdy near-genius revels appropriations.
intakiag an unpopular stand on hard num- "We'll have a salami budget-one slice at
bers and watching events confirm him. "We a time," he said in December. "The stock
don't equivocate," he says. "We lay it on the market will soon figure out that the Gov-
line." ernment has to slap down on inflation, but
In early '57, when many businessmen nobody knows how hard. That means un-
thought they were taking off toward the certainty."
"Soaring 'Sixties," he sneered that they would He turned around and sold hundreds of
instead wade painfully toward the "Soggy millions worth of high-priced stock well in
'Sixties." On existing policies and popula- advance of the market's February plunge.
tion trends, he forecast the '57 recession, Setting cash aside, he resolved to go on a
more frequent waverings to follow and a buying spree when the war is stabilized-
slower growth rate well into the 'Sixties. or peace breaks out.
And that's the way we went until 1963, He feared, however, that Vietnam would
When John F. Kennedy proposed to "get the destroy the U.S. hope for steady, long-term
country moving" with a whopping tax cut. growth into the late 'Sixties and early 'Sev-
(See Mr. Tax Cut, Loon, June 18, 1963.) enties. "'Sixty-six is dangerous," he said.
Businessmen balked, spooked by the thought "If we don't have the guts to face it, the
of a deliberate deficit. Rinfret understood economy will crack apart and get sicker than
the deeper issue, and badgered his conserve- it was in the middle 'Fifties. Right now,
tive clients to back the Democratic Presi- we'll make or break the next five-year
dent's bill. It treated sales and profits as trend."
the sources of economic growth and proposed Heckling both business and Government,
to expand total demand through private he worked over clients eager for price boosts.
buying, not bigger Federal programs. "It's "You're greedy," he told one basic manufac-
based." he said then, "on purely capitalistic turer, who soon ended up in a price battle,
principles." The President's advisers bor- losers with the White House. "You'll bring
rowed Rinfret's technical charts to help sell on big wage demands, maybe direct controls.
the tax cut to Congress. You'd better live with the verbal, jawbone
The tax cut ca
th
h b
me
roug
etter than the controls the President is using now.,,
Pony Express. Up charged the economy into . Then he tangled with the President him-
the longest growth period ever known, The self. The issue: How much was industry
ghost of John Maynard Keynes, father of actually going to spend on new plants? Edie
modern economic thought, came vividly alive & Co.'s survey of big companies, having
In the New Economics-which was old hat spotted the makings of a peaceful boom last
to economists, brave new stuff to politicians. September, indicated by February that our
Men were using the dismal science to drive Viet buildup had piled on a dangerous extra.
the snakes of uncertainty out of business. It showed manufacturers raising plant con-
The banishing of uncertainty brings confi- struction by 32 percent, half again as much
deuce, and confidence brings basic changes as the Government was expecting. Presi-
in the economy. Consumers become less dent Johnson, who had previously cited
afraid to live it up. Not many months after Rinfret data as gospel, took a public swipe
the big tax cut, with Medicare already' in the at this embarrassing new evidence of eco-
air, one Edie & Co. customer reported an un- nomic overload. "One does not debate with
expected surge in its car sales, mostly to peo- the President," retorted the forecaster.
ple over 40. Many other buying habits be. "Nevertheless, we'll stand by our figures"
gan to shift, upward. Why? "Prolonged The President soon backed away, in effect,
prosperity and the conviction that It's here by jawboning for restraint in factory build-
to stay," noted Rinfret, "has a snowball Ing.
effect."' He also knew that, In addition The danger has now become clear. If the
to the two-stage tax cut's lasting help, the war causes industry to create too much
economy would get a boost from population capacity, a leveling off in war demand will
trends. Not only was the postwar baby crop shut hundreds of factories and out off
growing to the family-making age, but for further plant building. The result will be
the first time in years, we were to have a net an "overcapacity" recession far rougher than
increase in the age bracket, 40-to-44, that those brought on in the `Fifties by nothing
earns and spends the most money. "The worse than inflated inventories. "We can't
middle-aged," Rinfret saw, "are making up sustain this growth rate in the long haul,"
for their youth." says Rinfret. "We'll pay for it later, in a
"Hell, we're going to have a boom on top dead economy. By this fail, you'll hear a
of a boom, he told me late in '64. He fore- lot of yelling about recession. The war
cast a bigger jump in the Gross National makes us unstable."
Product than any other big-name pro. The Johnson Administration can, with
Chomping his Corona, he huffed at others businessmen's help, keep the crisis in bounds.
for predicting a mid-'65 slump. Rinfret had All of us feel Johnson's pressure right now in
it right. By last September, his survey of the bigger tax withholdings from our pay-
corporate plane to expand showed a boom so checks. LBJ has plenty more muscle. In
big that many pros could not believe the addition to tax bites, tight money and a
figures. hammerlock on the budget, he knows dozens
The argument over the future growth rate of sneaky pressure points: slow processing
led to disagreement over the economics of of FHA mortgage applications; delay in pay-
peace and ware When U.S. Spending on ing bills and a deliberate squeeze in every
Vietnam rose sharply `last fall, war became area where bureaucracy reaches the private
1, 1966
sector- But most politicians doubt that
Democrats will do this unpopular job joyfully
in an election year.
Worse yet,. the political split over Vietnam
policy makes for fudging on the economic
front. Conservatives, all-out for action in
Vietnam, are slow to admit its cost at home.
Liberals, eager to pass more Great Society
programs-now! have been dismally slow
to admit how badly the economy is strained.
And both sides seem uneasy in this strange
new world in which war itself, no longer a
practical stimulant, produces neither hidden
benefits nor the chance to cry against war
profits. Perhaps too many of us are silenced
by the knowledge that we have been acci-
dental beneficiaries of past wars. Even
Negroes, left out of most breaks, got their
first fair chance at factory jobs in World
War II.
There is, happily, one irresistible force
pushing in the right direction: Lyndon John-
son's ego. He is not running this year, but
he will be up in '68. If he lets the economy
blow the roof off now, it will fall back too
hard in '67 to be raised by November '68.
But if he holds the lid down for the rest of
this year, he can keep the '67 recession shal-
low, and we will be back on the healthy,
peaceful growth curve by voters' day, '68.
The President's advisers, I find, have ex-
plained the arithmetic to him.
To show what's ahead, forecaster Rinfret
has projected the President's alternatives for
Look (see chart below). [Chart not printed
in REcoRD.] We've been riding the top line
Into danger. But what is good for the coun-
try in this situation is just as good for LBJ,
and he's begun to look like a strong man.
with both the jawbone and the hold-down
powers of his office.
The power to control economic growth, or
to fall to, is, In a quiet way, as shocking as
the power to command nuclear weapons.
Both give fallible men the capacity-and with
it, the necessity-to make deliberate deci-
sions that nobody may be wise enough to
make. Yet, for Lyndon Johnson, the promise
is as great as the menace. He has the chance,
with luck, to turn the New Economics into
a practical equivalent of war.
A NATIONAL EDUCATIONAL TELE-
VISION VIEW ON VENEZUELA
Mr. WILLIAMS of New Jersey. Mr.
President, National Educational Televi-
sion has given its audience many valu-
able insights into major issues of our
times. One recent production-"Vene-
zuela, Last Chance for Democracy' =was
especially timely and helpful to anyone
who wishes to understand the deep-
rooted challenges confronting the Alli-
ance for Progress and other efforts to
strengthen democracy in South America
by improving the lives of its, people.
NET and Its series on the "Changing
World" are to be commended for this
latest production. I ask unanimous con-
sent to have the transcript of the pro-
duction printed in the RECORD.
There being no objection, the tran-
script was ordered to be printed in the
RECORD, as follows:
A COMPLETE TRANSCRIPT OF NATIONAL EovCA-
TIONAL TELEVISION'S CHANGING WORLD #12:
VENEZUELA-LAST CHANCE FOR DEMOCRACY
From: National Educational Television, 10
Columbus Circle, Now York, New York
10019.
This documentary report from Venezuela-
the richest country -in Latin- America and
the number one target for communist ac-
tivity-is the story of people, described by
a Latin American journalist as "the faceless
ones"-the people who will decide ultimately
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CONGRESSIONAL RECORD -SENATE June 1, 1966
.year. The question which is not easy to
answer is: Where will the fish meal be found
to meet a demand which has not stopped
.growing with the fish catch?
This is a world fish meal problem which
will, no doubt, be anxiously discussed when
manufacturers gather In Cape Town in April
for the yearly conference of the International
Association of Fish Meal Manufacturers.
In the meantime what of Peru and the
still callow giant of an industry nourished
by the anchoveta? Many of the country's
160 or so fish meal factories and some 1,700
boats supplying them must be feeling the
effects of the 1965 decline. Even In record
1964 Peruvian plants overall were working
at only about 65 per cent of capacity.
As any fish meal plant owner or operator
will explain, factories of the type operating
in the major fish meal countries are expen-
sive to set up and carry high fixed costs.
They are geared to large-scale production of
abundant raw material and, unless the fac-
tory owner has accumulated reserve funds, a
drop in the catch quickly sends up the
danger signs. For Peru, therefore, the next
few years may be a period of factory closings
far more rapid than have been taking place
since an earlier period of consolidation in
1962 and 1963.
Unfortunately for Peru the boom in an-
choveta has not extended to other fish
species. Writing in the Yearbook of the
Peruvian fishing magazine Pesce, marine
biologist Isaac Vasquez points out that 98
per cent of total landings in 1964 consisted
of anchoveta. In recent years an effort has
been made with the assistance of FAO to
develop other fishing activities along the
South American west coast. But there is no
apparent substitute for the little fish which
gave us the most astonishing of all fishing
booms and which now seems to have no n%Qre
S
ON
SOME PERTINENT COMMENT
VIETNAM
Mr. GRTJENING. 'Mr. President, as
confusion becomes compounded in South
Vietnam and the folly of our military
involvement there grows more evident
with the steady growth of that involve-
ment, it is pertinent and useful to in-
clude some diverse . comments which
point up some of the unfortunate con-
comitants of our misguided entry into a
civil war which did not jeopardize or
involve our security or national interest.
Three recently published articles de-
serve to be read. They are first, "An-
other Turn of the Screw," by Walter
Lippmann; second, "The Costs of War in
Civilian Skills," by Marquis Childs; and
third, "No Exit Government," by Joseph
Kraft, all from recent issues of the
Washington Post.
I ask unanimous consent that they
be printed in the RECORD, and urge their
reading by both my colleagues and
others.
There being no objection, the articles
were ordered to be printed in the REc-
ORD, as follows :
[From the Washington Post, May 31, 19661
TODAY AND, TOMORROW-ANOTHER TURN or
THE SCREW
(By Walter Lippmann)'
Now even the semblance of. American aloof-
ness and impartiality in the internal affairs
of. South Vietnam, has disappeared and the
United States is giving General Ky military
and moral support in fighting his opponents
at home. In Washington at, least, though
perhaps not in Saigon, the Administration
would have preferred to keep its hands off the
internal conflict, and to be regarded as wait-
ing dispassionately for the verdict of the
South Vietnamese voters in the promised
elections. But the Administration in Wash-
ington has not controlled what happens in
Saigon. Against its will, contrary to its
hopes, perhaps contrary even to its own or-
ders, it has become inextricably entangled
with the actions of the Ky government.
The development Is not surprising. In-
deed it was bound to occur, and no one not
the victim of the official illusions could ever
have supposed that there could be an Inde-
pendent government in Saigon or free elec-
tions in South Vietnam while the preponder-
ant military and economic power in the
country, is foreign. It does not follow that
General Ky Is a United States puppet, and
that Ambassador Lodge pulls the strings. It
can easily be, and indeed it is, that General
Ky is pulling the strings and that Ambassa-
dor Lodge has now to respond.
For the situation in South Vietnam is be-
coming more uncontrolled as it becomes more
tangled, and it is increasingly doubtful
whether the Administration can exercise any
decisive influence In Vietnam beyond the
reach of the guns of its troops. Increasing-
ly it Is true that the United States controls
only the ground on which its soldiers stand.
There can be little question that in support-
ing General Ky we have opened up a widen-
ing gulf between ourselves and the Buddhists.
It will not be easy to close it. For General
Ky has identified himself with an intermin-
able war for victory and with a regime of
corruption and privilege and Inefficiency
while the interminable war goes on. Yet we
cannot replace him. It is impossible to see
our forces doing almost all the fighting and
at the same time providing good government
in the thousands of villages of Vietnam.
Although the situation Is bad and our en-
tanglement is deep and dangerous, it would
not be Impossible, even now, to regain control
of our Intervention to shape events for a
rational solution. But this cannot be done
by a President who- thinks that any course
of action different from the one he is taking
is "abject surrender." In the realm of states-
manship, to believe that is to be a defeatist.
Losing control of the war can lead to an
irrestible demand in this country to go all
out by using airpower to destroy North Viet-
nam and the Vietcong territory in South
Vietnam. Or, if the President rejects this
catastrophic solution, losing control of the
war can mean that South Vietnam will come
apart at the seams and will become un-
ravelled as a state capable of waging war.
To regain control of the American Inter-
intervention the President will have to set
limits on our purposes and on the power
we are willing to commit to them. Now any
serious setting of limits is tantamount to
adopting the holding strategy which General
Gavin and General Ridgway have advised us
to use. With a limitation of forces there
must necessarily be a limitation of our ob-
jectives. Even if we fix the military commit-
ment at the high level of 400 thousand men,
we must reduce our present objectives which
are to reconquer the whole territory so com-
pletely that General Ky's junta is able to
govern it.
Such a limitation on our means and ends
'would not be abject surrender. It would be
honorable in that it would provide asylum
for the Vietnamese who need it or want it,
and it would be enormously significant in
that it would without fail set in motion the
negotiations which we profess to desire.
For if we take the position that we will
not use unlimited American forces to con-
quer and occupy the whole of South Viet-
nam, and at the same time we say that we
will not evacuate Vietnam without a politi-
cal agreement, the Vietnamese themselves
will soon be compelled to negotiate their
own arrangements.
[From the Washington (D.C.) Post, May 30,
1966]
THE COSTS OF WAR IN CIVILIAN ,SKILLS
(By Marquis Childs)
Part of the cost of the spreading conflict in
Vietnam can be lumped under the heading
of the brain drain. The military to one side,
the concentration of brains, skill, ability in
Southeast Asia has put a strain on a half-
dozen civilian agencies.
Roughly one-tenth of the total American
staff of the United States Information Agen-
cy Is there. The State Department, the
Central Intelligence Agency and other
branches of government are feeling the
pinch. More often than not the ablest and
most dedicated men are singled out for serv-
ice in Vietnam.
Agencies such as Agriculture and Health,
Education and Welfare, charged with a share
in the program of rehabilitation, must as-
sign experts to the difficult task of trying to
rebuild the countryside and win the allegi-
ance of the peasantry as the war continues.
The inroads of disease-with a new virulent
form of malaria that defies normally effec-
tive drugs and viral hepatitis-are taxing
medical resources in Vietnam, both civilian
and military. As the President's economy
drive pinches the budgets of most agencies
the demands growing out of the Vietnam
commitment cut deeper into normal func-
tions and the responsibilities of government
at home and abroad.
It is in foreign policy that the conse-
quences are felt most acutely. The number
of hours spent on Vietnam by the President's
principal advisers add up to an overwhelm-
ing total. This means, along with the drain
of skilled and able manpower, the neglect of
other vital areas of American Involvement.
Certain of the President's advisers are
aware of,how costly this can be. With gov-
ernment resources and public attention con-
centrated on Southeast Asia the slippage in
other areas goes almost unnoticed. There
are signs that the Soviet Union is taking
advantage of this country's absorbtion in a
war that will shortly ?ee 400,000 American
troops on the ground in Asia.
The Middle East is a prime example. A
blowup can come this summer. The degree
to which Premier Aleksei Kosygin backed
President Gamal Abdel Nasser during Kosy-
gin's recent visit to Cairo is not clear. But
the Soviet Union has provided Egypt with
massive arms aid and has made loans avail-
able up to a half-billion dollars for the
Aswan dam.
Nasser continues to keep more than 50,000
troops in Yemen. Knowledgeable observers
here fear that he may launch a direct attack
on Saudi Arabia over control of the primi-
tive desert state belatedly moving out of the
remote past. This could involve Jordan,
since King Hussein has aligned his nation
with Saudi Arabia.
In 1958 President Eisenhower :ordered
10,000 Marines Into Lebanon at the request
of the Lebanese government. The area was
In an uproar with leftists in Iraq violently
overthrowing a Western-oriented govern-
ment. Lebanon today is said to be far more
stai?le. Yet if a request should come from,
say, Jordan or Saudi Arabia for help in the
face of an Egyptian attack, with the threat
of the whole area going up in flames, Ameri-
can resources would be strained in view of
the ever-widening Vietnam commitment.
Africa is another area in which the drift
of events can present Washington with grim,
if not impossible, choices. Increasingly the
militancy of black Africa is directed at the
remaining enclaves of white supremacy, no-
tably South Africa and Rhodesia. The Presi-
dent's initiative in his address to the ambas-
sadors representing the Organization of Af-
rican Unity was a recognition of the need
for a new approach.
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CONGRESSIONAL RECORD -SENATE 11451
it has become clear, was protecting her bor-
ders while she rapidly developed her own
society. In general, Russia, succeeded. And
it is now also clear that the strongest barrier
to Russian national expansion is the national
identity of neighboring states which, even
under Communist governments, resist ab-
sorption and seek peaceful relations with
both East and West.
One frequently hears that the United
States is doing in Viet. Nam what it did in
Greece. under the Truman Doctrine-build-
ing a barrier of armed power against a Com-
munist tide rolling on toward world con-
quest; and it is assumed that our stand in
Greece triumphed. The truth is we might
be engaged there yet had not Tito closed
the Communist supply route after falling
out with Stalin. In other words, what saved
Greece was not primarily our military and
economic power but the indigenous national-
ism of Communist Yugoslavia.
The one great lessen of the cold war with
Russia is that national interests, and not
Communist ideology, are controlling on both
sides. The Russians, like the Chinese, have
talked a lot about their revolution some day
embracing the world, but at the critical
points they have invariably acted in behalf
of Russian interests rather than of Marist
dogma.
National interests can be accommodated,
when the will to reconcile them exists on
both sides. By and large, the United States
and Russia have learned after 20 years of
cold war that their conflicts must be recon-
c1led-that in the nuclear age neither can
undertake an ideological war against the
other. Only the Viet Nam issue stands in the
way of a steady improvement in relations
that would, in effect, end the cold war with
Russia.
Can we not apply these lessons of the past
to our future with China? Must we go
through another period of ideological con-
flict in which vast portions of our national
energies are devoted to military power at
the expense of our social and cultural
development?
We must now possess, many times over.
the military power necessary to defend our-
selves and to deter overt aggression any-
where. It would be a national tragedy if,
nevertheless, we embarked on a new nuclear
arras race and a series of peripheral wars
designed to "contain" Chinese Communism
by military encirclement, Ideas cannot be
so contained. Revolutions cannot be perma-
nently suppressed with guns. Not all revo-
lutions are against our national interest. We
cannot impose our will everywhere, and we
defeat our purposes by trying. The way to
meet Communist boasts of coming world rev-
olution is not to believe them, but to help
free peoples create the conditions that make
Communism. impossible.
Just as we have learned at great cost and
hazard to live at peace with Russia, weshall
some day have to make up our minds to
accept Red China's existence, to respect her
legitimate interests, to meet her challenge
by other means than military containment.
It would be the part of wisdom to make this
decision before, rather than after, another
20 years of cold war and arms race. Man-
kind may not get a second chance to avoid
nuclear suicide.
FISHERY CONSERVATION NEEDS OF
THE WORLD
Mr. MAGNUSON. Mr. President, I
have spoken often on this floor on the
subject of the fishery conservation needs
of the world. I feel very deeply about
this and am constantly heartened by
growing world opinion and concern that
the high seas operations of many of the
coastal and fishing nations are not- being
operated with enough regard for the fu-
ture.
Today, off the coast of my State, as well
as off Oregon and Alaska, huge Soviet
fleets are harvesting the fishery resources
above the Continental Shelf; and it is my
conviction that the conservation consid-
eration is inadequate. The very fact
that this huge fleet has spread down
from the Bering Sea, first to the Gulf of
Alaska, then to British Columbia, then
Washington, and finally Oregon, is ample
evidence that depletion is being left in its
wake. There are now explorations by
Soviet vessels off the coast of California,
and it is quite obvious that a fleet will
soon be working in those waters as well.
Mr. President, we cannot afford to
glibly cast off the fishermen's com-
plaints of fishery depletion by these for-
eign fleets on the assumption that we do
not know the conservation requirements
of our coastal stocks. The Soviet and
Japanese fleets have been operating for
more than 5 years in the Gulf of Alaska,
and the fact that they would now journey
so much further to fish off Oregon is
ample demonstration that the yield has
seriously declined. It is my feeling that
we must move to protect our special in-
terest as a coastal State and accept our
responsibilities toward the conservation
of the fishery resources.
We should learn by experience, and we
have such experience in this area of fish-
ery conservation. There is a recent ex-
ample for our consideration.
The leading nation in world fishery
production on the basis of the most re-
cent Food and Agricultural Organiza-
tion statistics is our South American
neighbor Peru. In 1958, the fabulous off-
shore fishery for anchoveta was close
to 1 million tons, and 3 years later it had
reached the unbelievable total of 51/2 mil-
lion tons with some 840,000 tons of meal
entering the world market. In 1964, that
nation exported a total of 1.426 million
tons.
But today, Mr. President, Peru's grasp
of the No. 1 production position in world
fisheries is faltering, and I would suggest
that recent declines may be the result
of overfishing. More important, per-'
haps, is the uncertainty of the situation;
we really do not know whether the fish-
ery off Peru has merely reached a sort
of production plateau at around 8 million
tons, or whether the production may de-
cline and evaporate as with the Cali-
fornia sardine.
It is increasingly obvious to me that the
coastal and fishery nations of the world
must hasten to the conference table, not
to further selfish individual desires by
garnering more fishery stocks for them-
selves, but to take a long, hard and prac-
tical look at the ocean resources as we
know them and to come forward with
some conservation rationale in the in-
terest of mankind. -
Mr. President, I pray for the day
when America's fishery industry may
take its rightful place in this question of
world production. But I do not wish for
the United States to do so at the sacri-
fice of a resource.
We have a responsibility to the entire
world in this question of fishery conser-
vation, and I am convinced that others
will be prepared to meet their responsi-
bilities in this regard when we can sit
down at the conference table. As you
know, the State Department is now pro-
ceeding with plans for a World Fisheries
Conference, as suggested unanimously in
resolution by this body more than 3
years ago. The State Department ac-
tion is long overdue, but that depart-
ment of government should reassess its
timetable, with a determination to bring
the conference about even sooner than
present plans dictate. There is no time
for delay.
Mr. President, as I mentioned earlier
in my remarks, others are becoming
concerned about this conservation prob-
lem. The British fishery trade journal,
Fishing News International, has regu-
larly called attention to such world
needs.
I ask unanimous consent to have
printed in the REcoan the text of that
publication's recent editorial on the
problems in Peru.
There being no objection, the editorial
was ordered to be printed in the RECORD,
as follows:
PEau, FISH MEAS. AND THE END or An ERe
In the Peruvian fish meal industry the
end of an era may have been reached. With
this observation the US Embassy in Lima
rounded off a review written in September
last year of the short- and long-term out-
look for the industry. Events since then
have tended to confirm that the soaring
rocket that has been the Peruvian fish meal
industry since the middle 1950's has levelled
off in its flight. In future the strongest in-
fluence on it may well be the gravitational
pull of a pelagic shoal fish resource ex-
ploited very near to or perhaps even beyond
safe limits.
A fishing world conditioned almost to
planned developments, restrains in the in-
terests of conservation and other such in-
fluences stared agog at the fishery explosion
that took place in Peru. Growth is too mild
a word todescribe what happened there. It
was a rampant, joyous surge of free enter-
prise. Suddenly the small anchoveta, which
had contributed only about 30 per cent of
a yearly catch around 130,000 tons, became
the most exciting of all fish pulled out of
the oceans.
By 1958 Peru's catch was touching one
million tons; three years later a 51/2 million
ton catch had pushed 840,000 tons of fish
meal into world markets. In those three
years the amount of meal in international
trade rose from 657,000 tons to 1,350,000 tons.
Prices tumbled and one major exporting
country alone dropped #1 million in earn-
ings from a higher catch.
While this alarmed meal exporting coun-
tries. its long-term effect was to open up a
vast new market. The lower prices en-
couraged previous importers to use more
meal in their growing output of fortified
feeds; new buyers appeared and by 1964, even
with exports at 2.4 million tons and total
world production at 3.8 million tons, the
price was reaching its pre-1961 level. By
then 30 per cent of the world's catch was
being fed into reduction plants, compared
with 15 per cent ten years before. Other
fishing nations-Norway, Iceland, Chile and
South and South West Africa-were all con-
tributing to the rise in production. But
Peru, with exports in 1964 of 1.426 million
tons, was the colossus in markets which
were already taking all the meal available.
Now the halt appears to have come. Dur-
ing the last three months of 1965 there was
the expected drop in the Peru catch and this
may level air at around eight million tons a
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The growing tenslofi throughout'black`Af-
rice. is related to the drift in the United Na-
tions. Control in the U.N. is passing to peo-
ples of color under the one-nation, one-vote
rule. With the prospect of the admission of
Red China in the not-too-distant future the
domination by `Asian and African nations
aimed at the little _plateau. of white superior-
ity, as gauged by the economic indices, is an
ominous portent for the V.N.
This has been Ambassador Arthur Gold-
berg's increasing concern. But he finds it
difficult to get attention focused in Wash-
ington on what can happen to the` U.N.
Goldberg has scarcely concealed his unhap-
piness over certain administration policies.
The plain fact is that resources of trained
and able civilians, as well as the supply bf
money, are limited. The more they are
drawn into the vortex of Vietnam the fewer
there are_for other urgent needs.
[From the Washington (D.C.) Post, May 30,
(By Joseph Kraft)
Marshal Ky's show of force in Danang and
Hue has been hailed by his admirers in the
Saigon Embassy, the State Department and
the press as a great success. But for whom?
Not, certainly for the United States. For
,the chief result of the recent events is to
identify the American stake even more
closely to the fate of the Ky regime. But
whatever its immediate ups and downs, the
Ky government is a no-exit government-a
government without a future.
,It cannot fight a war. Still less can it
pacify the country in the wake of American
military success. Least of all can it work
out an agreement with the other side.
The basic weakness of the Ky regime is
that it, is not a government so much as a
,ramshackle collection of opportunists who
have risen to the top through a crazy suc-
cession of military coups. Far from working
together on government business accord-
ingly, the chief military figures in the regime
tend to pursue their own private and local
interests. And nothing shows it better than
the basic military command built around
the four Army Corps.
The III Corps around Saigon, because of
its proximity to the capital, has in general
been responsive to central direction. `But
the I Corps has been mainly taken up, one
way or another, with the Buddhists. 'The
IV Corps in the rich delta region has been
largely a fief for the accumulation of per-
sonal fortunes. The II Corps, embracing the
highland district, the scene of most of the
American military activity, has been much
the same.
In these circumstances, morale in the Viet-
namese army has steadily sunk. Desertions,
which gre mainly cases of men going home,
have been running at the rate of at least
7500 per month. The capacity and interest
of the Vietnamese army in fighting the war
have dropped accordingly. And thus it hap-
pens that Americans are doing most of the
fighting and now absorbing most of the
casualties.
? The weaknesses that debar the Ky regime
.from waging the war effectively are even
more critical when it comes to pacification.
For pacification involves chiefly winning the
confidence of local people through civil po-
lice actions and social reforms.
But the Ky regime, after the fashion of
most military regimes, has only contempt
for the civil police function; the police re-
main among the poorest paid and worst
trained officials in South Vietnam. As to
social reforms, they are constantly being
obstructed and diluted by the corruption
endemic in the regime. Even absent cor-
ruption, the true condition of social reform
,fe the one thing the Ky regime seems unable
to admit-that is a feely elected civil gov-
ernment with popular support.
'Lastly, with respect to wrapping the war
up through negotiations, the Ky regime is
doing so poorly in fighting and in pacifica-
tion, that the insurgents are bound to be-
lieve that time is working on their side. The
transparent ineptitude of the regime, in other
words, can only encourage the rebels to step
up their activities-the more so as they
must now see the prospect of enlisting some
of the Buddhists.
Moreover, even if the time came when the
other side was ready to negotiate, the Ky
regime would constitute an insuperable ob-
stacle to talks. Most of its leading members,
including Marshal Ky himself, fail to pass
the acid test of nationalism. In the Indo-
chinese' struggle for independence, they
fought with the French against their own
people. It is not thinkable that the Viet-
cong, or Hanoi, or Peking would deal with
such men.
In these circumstances, it is sheer folly
for American officials to celebrate -Marshal
Ky's victories and to imagine that some
glowing future presents itself. The fact is
that Marshal Ky's victories are American
defeats. The American interest at this junc-
ture is to take distances from Marshal Ky,
while searching for occasions to promote a
shuffle in the Saigon government. The truth
is that so long as the Ky regime stays in
power, for so long, the United States will be
obliged to intensify its own war effort.
Mr. LONG of Missouri. Mr. President,
recently I commented on a Federal Data
Center that is being considered, into
which all Government-held information
.about individual citizens would be fed.
Such a center would take from Ameri-
cans any chance they might have for
individualism. The citizen would be-
come merely a number and much of his
life's history could be retrieved from the
computer.
.. Last Sunday's Outlook section of the
Washington Post contained a most in-
teresting article entitled "There's a Dos-
sier on You," written by Richard Har-
wood. Mr. Harwood points out that an
enormous industry has been created- in
the United States for the purpose of com-
piling dossiers on our innocent citizens.
Mr. Harwood suggests Government
"security" reports on private citizens
often end up in the hands of private em-
ployers and vice versa.
Mr. President, the Subcommittee on
Administrative Practice and Procedure
is presently investigating this so-called
Federal Data Center, and we intend to
hold hearings on this "dossier concept"
in the near future.
I ask unanimous consent to have
printed at this point in the RECORD the
article published in the Washington Post
of May 29, 1966.
Tilere being no objection, the article
was ordered to be printed in the RECORD,
as follows:
THERE'S A DOSSIER ON You-IT MIGHT NOT
BE IN CIA OR FBI FILES; IT MIGHT ONLY
BE FHA's CHECK ON MARITAL STABILITY
(By Richard Harwood)
On an ordinary working day, the Federal
Housing Administration puts away in its
files "confidential" reports on the marital
stability of approximately 4,000 prospective
home buyers. More than a million of these
reports were collected for the Government
last year by private tinve'stigating agencies
whose assignment is to spot people likely to
wind up in a divorce court.
Their snooping is done so discreetly (and
often so superficially) that few if any FHA
loan applicants are aware that their domestic
problems are the subject of public interest.
If one asks what interest the Government
has in, say, the indiscretions of an Arlington
suburbanite, he is given an answer worthy
of the counting house:
"The reputation and marital amicability
of an applicant for a mortgage loan ... are
a vital part of our risk determination. One
of the leading causes of foreclosure is
divorce."
The same sort of logic is used to justify
snooping of every description into the per-
sonal affairs of American citizens by both
public and private institutions in our society.
"The ideal," as a security official at the
Defense Department has put it, "is to elimi-
nate risk in advance."
A SIX-MONTH BAG
In pursuit of this ideal, Defense has
created an elaborate investigative apparatus
which in a recent six-month period turned
up 22 sexual perverts, three alcoholics and
ten "psychiatric cases." They were all
private citizens who required "security clear-
ances" because their companies held defense
contracts.
. The military, of course, is not alone in this
business. The Civil Service Commission
spends more than half its budget probing
into the lives of present and prospective job-
holders. In the past five years it has dis-
covered a dozen communists and several
thousand homosexuals, excessive drinkers
and otherwise "immoral" people.
The National Aeronautics and Space Ad-
ministration inquires into every facet of
the lives of its astronauts and their families
and weighs the findings against the model
"public image" it seeks. (The process broke
down last year when an astronaut unpre-
dictably was sued for divorce.)
The Passport Office. demands detailed per-
sonal histories from all passport applicants
who have been married more than twice.
It also engages in a curious political sur-
veillance program which, in theory at least,
could deprive a Senator like J. WILLIAM FUL-
BRIGHT Or WAYNE MORSE of the right to travel
abroad.
The Immigration and Naturalization Serv-
ice snoops on an international scale. It has
dossiers bn "sex-deviates," prostitutes,
rapists and criminals in countries all over
the world.
To harvest and handle information of this
kind, an enormous industry has been created
in the United States in the past 30 years.
It spends hundreds of millions of dollars and
engages the talents and inquisitive instincts
of thousands. The Federal Government
alone employs far more investigators than
doctors-40,000-plus-although they are not
all compiling personal dossiers.
The Retail Credit Co., largest of the pri-
vate investigating concerns, grosses more
than $100 million a year from activities that
have little to do with "retail credit." The
Federal Civil Service Commision spends $17
million a year on personnel investigations.
For the same purpose, Defense spent $45
million last year, the Internal Revenue
Service spent $10.3 million, the Atomic
Energy Commission spent $5.6 million. The
$170 million FBI budget included about $145
million for "security" and criminal investi-
gations.
The fruit of these investments is tangible.
The names and numbers of virtually all of
us can be found in somebody's filing cabinet
and for millions of us there are extensive life
histories with intimate details of our sexual
habits, friendships, financial affairs, oddi-
ties and political and religious beliefs.
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 11454
110 FBI MONOPOLY
One automatically thinks, In this con-
nection, of the FBI with 17614 million
Sets pf nuts, its bulky dossiers on
11.000 ` t Party' members and 160-
000 Communist "sympat izers and Its su-
perse t list of people to be arrested im-
me4ately In the event of war. But the
I has no .monopoly in these affairs.
The Retail Credit Co.'q,7000 investigators
malntaig, dossiers on 42 .million people at
any given time. Some of diem contain such
incriminating information that they are kept
under lock and key in the offices of the com-
pany's top personnel.
The Defense Department has a central
index of 21.6 million name card* plus 14
million life histories compiled in the course
of Its security investigations. The disclo-
sure of Information in its possession could
wreck the lives and careers of thousands
of men and women.
The Civil Service Commission has the same
power. Its files include eight million secret
dossiers on people investigated for Federal
employment. They contain thousands of
allegations (and in many cases proof) of
"criminal conduct," "immoral conduct,"
i'dishonest conduct" and "notoriously dis-
graceful and Infamous conduct."
M6' Credit Bureau, Inc., the largest of
Washington's credit-rating companies, has
records *Oh 2.5 Million past and present resi-
fients and has access to millions of similar
records in cities all over the United States.
'its regular reports to the FBI and other
Government agencies often are sufficiently
damaging to costa mad his job. The FBI,
foe example, on the basis of Credit Bureau
reports, weeded out a large number of peo-
pie chosen to work for Sargent Shriver's
Office of Economic Opportunity.
AA ADMrrrm TIM AT
The Government's chief personnel investi-
gator, Kimbell Johnson of the Civil Service
Commission, is conscious of the power he
and other investigators could wield.
"Whenever a, bureaucracy amasses files
about its citizens," " he says, "an inherent
threat to liberty exists."
Vale Prof. Staughton Lynd experienced
this "threat" a few months ago when the
State Department revoked his passport, in
part, because of "anti-American statements"
in his dossier. They had been collebted_ by
State Department investigators who trailed
him to public meetings in this country and
ftlonitored his speeches for criticisms of
American policy in Vietnam. These criti-
cisms then became factors in the decision of
the Passport Office to deny Lynd the liberty
to travel abroad.
Another case involved Harvard Prof. H.
Stuart Hughes, whose plans to visit Europe
next fall were known months in a4vance to
the FBI. Drawing on Hughes's political dos-
sier, the FBI asked the State Department and
United States agents overseas to place the
professor under surveillance when he reached
Europe.
These Incidents suggest, if nothing else,
that the sweep of the Government's investi-
gative Interests is far broader than a citizen
might assume in a free society.
saoozrTY "OBLIGATION"
In both the public and private sectors of
American life, investigations are defended in
terms of the search for security and certi-
tude. And Institution, It is argued, has an
obligation to know who it is hiring, who it
is lending money to and who may threaten
its existence.
The inherent dangers in the process are
everywhere recognized. Retail Credit, for
example, acknowledges that some of its dos-
siers would be a gold mine for blackmailers;
hence, they are handled even within the
agency like top-secret documents. Wash-
ington's Credit Bureau, Inc., uses a compli-
June 1966
It holds from failing into the wrong hands. Even CIA people concede that it is useless
The FBI, Defense and the Civil Service Com- when the subject is a congenital liar.
mission make a fetish of protecting their A CRIPPLING PARADOX
"raw files." To Johnson and Deputy Assistant Secre-
Thus, the investigators claim, dangers to
the y of Defense Walter Skallerup, the whole
citizenry from snooping areminimal. process of personnel investigation is dis-
"No one need worry," one is old, "about toned by the preoccupation with turning up
the unauthorized use of his file."
dirt." They urge a system aimed at di~-
The record, however, does not support this covering talent rather than spotless
claim. What a man reveals about himself mediocrity.
in an application for department store credit Finally, there is a paradox in the present
may later prove the crucial factor in the loss system that makes absolute "security" unat-
Of a Government job. A "confidential" re- tamable even if it were desirable in a free
lpart-discrediting a reporter for The Wash- society. The people privy to the highest
gton Post-which later proved to be totally secrets of the Government and the men on
false-went all the way from the State De- whose judgment and emotional stability the
partment to the White House, the CIA, the world's fate may hang are exempt from the
Defense Department and, ultimately, to the screenings of the investigators.
managers of the newspaper. "Who," asked a CIA man not long ago,
Government "security" reports on private "is going to give Lyndon Johnson a polygraph
citizens often end up in the hands of private test or a psychological examination?"
employers, and the reverse is true. The Civil The members of Congress who deal with
Service Commission, the FBI and credit- these matters are never checked out by the
rating agencies work hand in glove. The FBI. Psychologists do not probe the mind
confidential" FAA reports on applicants for of the Secretary of Defense the way they
housing loans are available to mortgage lend- probe the minds of some of his underlings.
ers for $1.50.
IN HIGH PLACES A DALLAS AFTERMATH
Nor are disclosures of this kind always In the aftermath of President Kennedy's
accidental. A President of the United assassination, there was irltense concern with
States-h-'-sing office in the 1900s-has dis- the problem of presidential security. There
cussed at "off-the-record" meeting with were suggestions that thousands of potential
journalists the contents of a secret report security risks he arrested or at least confined
on the sexual Indiscretions of a Senator. to vhe homes whenever the President was
The governor of a Mid-South state has, travelin ng.
within the past five years, tried to peddle to you would "That," call totalitarian Hoover
security replied, "is what
newsmen the Federal income tax returns of think you can have th that at kind of . I security nn
a political opponent. The same thing has this country without great wave of
happened with politicians in other states, having a great wave of
notably Florida and Ohio. criticism it "
If a visitor stumbles. onto the right There e are e signs that a similar reaction is
pri- setting in against snooping. General Motors
vats detective in Washington, he may be has promised that there will be no more
shown photographs of a prominent political Ralph Nader investigations. Secretary of
figure in bed with the wife of a prominent State Dean Rusk has promised to curtail
socialite. Getting information out of the the surveillance of American citizens travel-
"closed files" of the House Un-American Ac- ing abroad. The Civil Service Commission
tivities Committee is about as difficult as is having second thoughts about psychologi-
getting a weather report. cal testing. The President has ordered a cur-
Just a couple of years ago, a foreign lob- tailment of electronic eavesdropping.
byist obtained an HUAC report on the lobby- Meanwhile, however, the dossiers continue
ing activities of a Senate staff member. The to pile up. in the offices of Government and
report was taken to the White House in an industry. What will become of them, nobody
effort to discredit the staffer. knows.
Whenever things of this sort occur, men
of good will in Government or private in-
dustry respond with new suggestions for
protecting the "sanctity" of the files. But
it is obvious, as they concede, that so long
as dossiers exist, they will be abused to one
extent or another.
A trusted secretary In Johnson's office In
the Civil Service Commission divulged a
great deal of information about Government
personnel to the late Sen. Joseph R.
McCarthy (R-Wis.), She acted out of patri-
otic motives and she was finally fired. But
the damage was done.
The more difficultquestion is whether the
millions of dossiers piling up in Government
and private offices are really necessary. How
much does one need to know before hiring a
man or lending him money? Not even the
investigators have those answers.
The retail credit agencies, for example,
acknowledge that even though credit is freer
and easier today than at any other time in
history, the loss rate from deadbeats remains
infinitesimal. The FHA justifies its ques-
tions about marital stability in terms of the
foreclosure problem. But it has no figures
to support the claim that "one of the lead-
ing causes of foreclosure is divorce."
The CIA and the National Security
Agency compel job applicants to take an
offensive Ile detector test that include such
questions as: "Have you engaged in homo-
sexual acts since the age of 16?" But there
is great controversy over the value of these
tests. The Civil Service Commission's John-
DEATH IN VIETNAM-CAPT. JOSEPH
J. POLONKO, JR., OF PLUCKEMIN,
N.J.
Mr. Wn,r.rA vIS of New Jersey. Mr.
President, a constitutent of mine, Capt.
Joseph J. Polonko, Jr., of Pluckemin, N.J.,
recently lost his life while serving on
active duty in South Vietnam. A close
friend of his has brought to my attention
a letter he wrote, describing the life and
work of Captain Polonko, to the Somer-
ville Messenger-Gazette. This eloquent
letter describes Captain Polonko's cour-
ageous service to his Nation and the out-
standing job he did as a member of our
Armed Forces presently assisting the
Vietnamese people. I know that this let-
ter will be of interest to my colleagues,
and I ask unanimous consent that it be
printed in the RECORD at this point.
There being no objection, the letter
was ordered to be printed in the RECORD,
as follows:
ARLINGTON, VA., May 7, 1966.
EDITOR, SOMERVILLE MESSENGER-GAZETTE,
Somerville, N.J,
. DEAR SIR: On Friday, the sixth of May,
1966, Joseph J. Polonko, Jr., of Pluckemin,
New Jersey, Somerville High School, Rutgers
University, the UD114W States Army, and Kien
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CONGRESSIONAL RECORD - SENATE
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June 1, 1966 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD -SENATE
ADDITIONAL COSPONSORS OF
BILLS AND JOINT RESOLUTION
Mr. PROXMIRE. Mr. President, I ask
unanimous consent that the name of the
junior Senator from Kansas [Mr. PEAR-
sox] be added to S. 3273, the Dairy Im-
port Act of 1966, as a cosponsor at the
next printing of the bill.
The ACTING PRESIDENT pro tem-
pore. Without objection, it is so ordered.
Mr. DIRKSEN. Mr. President, I ask
unanimous consent that on the next
printing of Senate Joint Resolution
148, the name of the junior Senator from
Michigan [Mr. GRIrrIN] be added as a
cosponsor.
The ACTING PRESIDENT pro tem-
pore. Without objection, it is so ordered.
Mr. MANSFIELD. Mr. President, I
ask unanimous consent that at the next
printing of the bill, S. 3107, to provide
for a comprehensive review of national
water resource problems and programs,
and for other purposes, the names of
Senators CHURCH and NELSON be added
as cosponsors.
The ACTING PRESIDENT pro tem-
pore. Without objection, it is so or-
dered.
NOTICE OF HEARINGS ON CIVIL
RIGHTS
Mr. BAYH. Mr. President, due to a
viral infection recently suffered by the
chairman of the Subcommittee on Con-
stitutional Rights, hearings originally
scheduled to commence June 2. 1966, on
S. 3296, the administration's Civil Rights
Act of 1966, six other civil rights bills,
and an amendment to S. 3296, have been
postponed for 4 days. Hearings have
been rescheduled to begin June 6, 1966,
at 10:30 a.m., In room 2228, New Senate
Office Building, Arrangements made for
the receipt of testimony are expected to
remain the same.
ADDRESSES, EDITORIALS, ARTI-
CLES, ETC., PRINTED IN THE AP-
PENDIX
On request, and by unanimous con-
sent, addresses, editorials, articles, etc.,
were ordered to be printed in the Ap-
pendix, as follows:
By Mr. JAVITS:
Address by Hon. Charles H. Silver, con-
sultant to mayor of New York and president,
Beth Israel Medical Center, delivered at dedi-
cation of Belle and Jack Linsky. Pavilion,
Beth Israel Medical Center; Now York City.
By Mr. CHURCH:
Excerpts from speech, entitled "Public
Affairs; The Demanding Seventies," delivered
by Sol Linowitz, chairman of the board of
the Xerox Corp., before a conference of the
National Industrial Conference Board.
Review of the motion picture "Born Free,"
written by Richard Schickel, and printed in
Life magazine of April 8, 1966.
By Mr. MORTON:
Editorial entitled "The Revisionists," pub-
lished in the Washington Post of Thursday,
May 26, 1966.
NATIONAL FLAG WEEK
Mr. DIRKSEN. Mr. President, at the
request of the chairman of the Commit-
tee on the Judiciary, the Senator from
Mississippi [Mr. EASTLAND],, I submit a
resolution, and ask for its immediate
consideration.
The ACTING PRESIDENT pro tern-
pore. Is there objection?
There being no objection, the resolu-
tion (S. Res. 269) was read, considered,
and agreed to as follows:
Resolved, That the Committee on the Ju-
diciary be, and hereby Is, discharged from
further consideration of the House joint
resolution (H.J. Res. 763), authorizing the
President to proclaim the week in which
June 14 occurs as "National Flag Week."
Mr, DIRKSEN, Mr. President, I ask
unanimous consent that the Senate pro-
ceed to the consideration of I-louse Joint
Resolution 763.
The ACTING PRESIDENT pro tem-
pore. The joint resolution will be
stated by title for the inforintion of the
Senate.
The LEGISLATIVE CLERK, A joint res-
olution (H.J. Res. 763) authorizing the
President to proclaim the week in which
June 14 occurs as National Flag Week.
The ACTING PRESIDENT pro tern-
pore. Is there objection to the present
consideration of the joint resolution?
There being no objection, the Senate
proceeded to consider the joint resolu-
tion.
Mr, DIRKSEN. Mr. President, al-
though June 14 is the date usually ob-
served as Flag Day, it is observed in some
States at different times. It has been
suggested by a great many patriotic or-
ganizations that instead of fixing the
date, we accept the week in which June
14 falls as the week in which to observe
Flag Day; and this resolution calls on
the President to make such a proclama-
tion.
The ACTING PRESIDENT pro tem-
pore. The joint resolution is before the
Senate and open to amendment. If
there be no amendment to be offered, the
question is on the third reading and
passage of the joint resolution.
The joint resolution (H.J. Res. 763)
was ordered to a third reading, was read
the third time, and passed.
Mr. YOUNG of Ohio. Mr. President,
in June 1965, 10 South Vietnamese gen-
erals spearheaded a military coup, over-
turned the civilian government and then
selected flamboyant Air Marshal Ky as
Prime Minister. Unfortunately, as fur-
ther evidence that the United States has
become involved in a miserable civil war
in Vietnam, the fact is that Ky was born
and reared near Hanoi considerably
north of the 17th parallel. Throughout
the last 12 months that militarist regime,
although supported by our Armed Forces
and the CIA, has never won control over
the major part of the area south of the
17th parallel and termed "South Viet-
nam" in the Geneva agreement. The
facts are at the present time this mili-
tarist regime has only questionable con-
trol of one-fourth of the area of South
Vietnam. Lacking the support of our
Armed Forces and the CIA, Ky could not
have maintained himself as Prime Min-
ister,. Ky very definitely is on his way
out as Prime Minister.
At the Honolulu conference he was
embraced by our President. Then he
announced he was going to bring democ-
racy to South Vietnam and hold elec-
tions in August, Despite the fact that
our leaders tried to make a sweet-smell-
Ing geranium of Ky, throughout the en-
tire period from the time of the military
coup, he had never made any effort nor
taken any steps whatever toward civilian
rule to displace the militarists who seized
power. In retrospect, the Honolulu con-
ference, about which so much has been
said by administration leaders, was an
unfortunate episode in the recent history
of our country.
With revolt and unrest glowing daily
in South Vietnam, it is evident Ky could
not last as Prime Minister for even a few
days except for our support. It is obvi-
ous that his time as Prime Minister is
rapidly drawing to a close.
It is evident that this administration
has involved our Nation in an unpopular
war in Vietnam. There is no viable gov-
ernment in South Vietnam. Sallust, the
Roman philosopher said:
It Is always easy to begin a war, but very
difficult to stop one, since its beginning and
end are not under the control. of the same
man.
A recent editorial in the St. Louis Post
Dispatch quoted Walter Lippmann's
statement that it is becoming plainer
every day that "The American Inter-
vention in South Vietnam is the most
unpopular war within the memory of
living Americans."
I ask unanimous consent that this edi-
torial, entitled "Unpopular War," be
printed in the RECORD at this point as a
part of my remarks.
There being no objection, the editorial
was ordered to be printed in the RECORD,
as follows:
In his column the other day Walter Lipp-
mann said what is becoming plainer every
hour, that "The American Intervention in
South Vietnam is the most unpopular war
within the memory of living Americans."
Indicators such as academic demonstrations
amply support this judgment; the Gallup
poll shows public approval of the way Presi-
dent Johnson is handling the Vietnam situa-
tion continues to slip.
The basic reason for the American attitude
is simply that the people are not persuaded
the effort Is either wise or necessary. They
are not convinced a few Asian guerrillas
10,000 miles away constitute a genuine
threat to the security of the United States,
Should the United States be attacked, or
genuinely threatened, by an adversary
worthy of its steel, we are sure the people
would rally just as they did after the attack
on Pearl Harbor.
The unrealistic arguments of Administra-
tion spokesmen, and President Johnson's
continued sniping at his critics, seem to us
to be having the effect of increasing popular
discontent. Mr. Johnson's speech to a
Democratic fund-raising dinner in Chicago is
a case in point. The President said the
American effort would continue "until the
gallant people of South Vietnam have their
own choice of their own government." He
spoke of aiding "this young nation."
Everyone who reads the newspapers knows
this does not reflect the real situation, Even
as Mr, Johnson spoke "the gallant people of
South Viet Nam", were engaging in fratricidal
strife. What began as a civil war between
the Saigon regime and Communist-led guer-
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CONGRESSIONAL RECORD -SENATE June 1, 1966
rillas, with the United states supporting who fought against the nationalist forces,
Saigon and North Viet Nam the guerrillas, then termed Vietminh, fighting for free-
was turning into a second civil war between dom from French Colonialists, and then
the crumbling Saigon regime and dissident returned to civilian life. Many from the
military, student and Buddhist factions in north migrated to the south as they were
central Viet Nam.
In his Chicago address Mr. Johnson char- despised by some of their neighbors who
longed "those who speak and write about fought for liberation. On the other
Viet Nam to say clearly what other policy hand, many from South Vietnam whose
they would pursue," as though his critics sympathies were with the Vietminh or
had offered no constructive counsel. On the who had actually fought with the Viet-
contrary, as the public knows, Mr. Johnson's minh migrated to the north.
critics have urged that the escalation of the President Diem, who was installed as
war be stopped, that the bombing of North
Viet Nam be halted, that the buildup of
American troops and bases be stopped, and
that a credible effort be made to secure
negotiations.
If this advice had been followed months
ago perhaps the present upheaval could have
been avoided; after all; fighters on all sides
are using American weapons. At least it
should be clear that South Viet Nam is no
more a nation now than it over was, and that
the United States has been supporting a
transitory coalition of warlords who have a
personal stake in keeping the military strug-
gle alive and who are incapable of governing.
Washington cannot very well interfere in
a fight between two factions of its "allies."
But it can count on a still more rapid de-
cline of American support for the war if the,
"allies" do not stop killing each other. The
United States supposedly is in Viet Nam at
the- request of a duly-constituted govern-
ment; what if there is no government?
We do not believe Mr. Johnson can ever
make the war popular, but he could increase
his own stature, and perhaps begin to pave
the way for an honorable withdrawal, by
convincing the people that he is honestly
and clearly facing the facts as they are, not
as he would like them to be. We do not
know of any morale in Saigon that now could
be damaged by such a frank appraisal.
Secretary of Defense McNamara made a
remark in his Montreal speech that seems
particularly apropos. "The realistic mind,"
he said, "is a restlessly creative mind-free
of naive delusions, but full of practical
alternatives." We hope Mr. Johnson was
listening.
Mr. YOUNG of Ohio. The great Eng-
lish statesman Edmund Burke stated:
Wax never leaves ...,.ere it found a nation.
President of the Saigon Government, re-
fused to permit the elections called for
by the Geneva agreement, which our
Government approved. General Eisen-
hower, in his reminiscences, stated it was
well understood that Ho Chi Minh, re-
garded as the George Washington of
Vietnam who had led the fight for the
nation's freedom from French colonial-
ism, would have received 80 percent of
the vote in both North and South Viet-
nam had the elections been held, and the
question of reunification of all of Viet-
nam would have been resolved. Without
a doubt, the sinister hand of the CIA
participated not only in installing Diem
as President, but in directing his policies.
Many years ago Martin Luther, in a
sermon, stated:
War is the greatest plague that can afflict
humanity. It -destroys religion, it destroys
states, it destroys families. Any scourge is
preferable to it.
He said this centuries before war-
planes, heavy artillery and napalm
bombing.
The ACTING PRESIDENT pro tem-
pore. The time of the Senator has ex-
pired.
Mr. YOUNG of Ohio. Mr. President,
I ask unanimous consent that I may pro-
ceed for 3 additional minutes.
The ACTING PRESIDENT pro tem-
pore. Without objection, it is so ordered.
Mr. YOUNG of Ohio. The primary
reason for our being in Vietnam today
is our stubborn refusal to admit a mis-
Ch
,
MoRs
inese a ti?
in Vietnam, with our tremendous fire- pro-American and an anti-
I introduce President Johnson's
E
power and napalm bombing we are en- More than anything else, we are fighting KUCHEL, Act
of 1 gaged in defoliating and depopulating a to avoid admitting failure. We lost face pro osed Election nimouRefo ent that i19l66 at
nation of approximately 32 million men, by messing into a miserable civil war in I as i week o permit additionat
women, and children living in an area Vietnam in the first place. We would the the desk desk for or join as cosponsors;
I
about 21/3 times the area of the State of not lose face were we to withdraw our Senators to ask that the text of she bill and
Ohio where we have some 10 million forces to our coastal bases. As Walter further he thPresident's text omessage and
ccompan the message be
people. In Vietnam in the north-cen- Lippmann bluntly put it: the e text , ask of the
tral area and in the northwest there We are fighting to save face. - May
printed in 66, accomp at the the bill, be
are vast mountain ranges and rice in paddies other We would save face and win respect of my remarks. coliclusioA
areas nnh rivers, s, , by withdrawing our forces from Vietnam. The ACTING PRESIDENT pro tem-
and uninhabitable jungpungles. Let it not be written by future his-
Secretary of State Rusk continually torians that American boys died need- pore. The bill will be received and ap-
talks of aggression from the north as if ately referred; and, without ob-
talks in far distant jungles because of Jectio ection, the bill will be held at the desk,
North Vietnam were a foreign aggres- weakness of diplomats and indifference as requested by the Senator from Penn-
sor nation. Very definitely it is not. The of politicans. I wish I had as much con- sylvania; and, without objection, the
Geneva agreement which Secretary of fidence in the skill and intelligence of text of the bill and the text of the Presi
State John Foster Dulles approved, spe- our diplomats in trying to settle this war dent's message will be printed in the
cifically stated: as I do in the bravery and high compe- RECORD.
The military demarcation line at the 17th tence of our soldiers fighting the war. (See exhibit 1.)
parallel is provisional and should not in any I was in southeast Asia most of the
way be considered as constituting a political time from last September 28 to October Mr. CLARK. Mr. President, without
or territorial boundary. 19. In South Vietnam I was in the field describing at length the various provi-
Historically, there is no North Vietnam at every airbase, was at Camranh Bay sions of this bill, I should like to call to
nor South Vietnam. The Vietnamese are and on a carrier off the coast. In addi- the attention of Senators three key
one people. tion, I made observations in Thailand features which I find particularly com-
In 1954 the French forces numbering from whence our bombers have been mendable:
200,000 were supplemented by thousands striking targets in North Vietnam. My First, It would close the existing loop-
of Vietnamese, the Tories of that time conclusions, based on my observations hole under which State political commit-
and conferences with Generals West-
moreland, Stilwell, Prime Minister Ky,
and others, changed from my views be-
fore making this on-the-spot survey. I
had been led to believe that the Vietcong
fighting us were Communist infiltrators
from the north. Instead, I was informed
by General Stilwell that 80 percent of
the Vietcong fighting us in the Mekong
Delta were born and reared in the
Mekong Delta in what is called South
Vietnam. General Westmoreland stated
that the bulk of the Vietcong fighting the
Americans and other Vietnamese were
born and reared in South Vietnam.
Of course, there can be no armistice or
cease-fire unless representatives of the
Vietcong or National Liberation Front
are seated as delegates along with dele-
gates of the Saigon government, either
the present regime or the one that will
probably be-succeeding the Ky regime.
Also, delegates from Hanoi, as well as
delegates representing the United States.
Let us hope that administration leaders
will be guided by the wisdom of U Thant,
Secretary General of the United Nations,
and will earnestly seek a cease-fire and
withdraw our forces to coastal bases in
South Vietnam and then withdraw alto-
gether from what has become an Amer-
scan war.
Mr. President, every possible effort
should be made to extricate ourselves
from this miserable civil war in a land
which is of no strategic importance what-
ever to the defense of the United States.
We must not only explore alternatives
to winning what is, in reality, an impos-
sible war to win. Administration leaders
must also give more serious consideration
to the alternatives for deescalation of the
war and eventual withdrawal-painful
though that may be.
ELECTION REFORM ACT OF 1966
Mr. CLARK. Mr. President, on behalf
of myself and Senators NEUBERGER,
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