U.S. AIRMEN CHAFE AT CURBS IN VIETNAM

• Document Type: CREST
• Collection: General CIA Records
• Document Number (FOIA) /ESDN (CREST): CIA-RDP67B00446R000400080018-1
• Release Decision: RIFPUB
• Original Classification: K
• Document Page Count: 39
• Document Creation Date: December 16, 2016
• Document Release Date: June 29, 2005
• Sequence Number: 18
• Publication Date: May 10, 1966
• Content Type: OPEN

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June 2, 1966 - CONGRESSIONAL RECORD- APPENDIX
' ington'asadministratiie assistant to Senator the public-or the President-owns your
Daniels time." .p
' .' 'TO TEXAS WITH GOVERNOR hike other 'White douse aides, Jacobsen
In 1956 Jacobsen returned to Texas as ex- is high on the invitation'list of status-con-
!eeutive assistant to Governor Daniels, and sclous Washingtoii~ hostesses. But he says
entered private law practice two years later. he almost never accepts Invitations except
"I like Texas," he says in an accent which from a few friends.
testifies to his affection. SOUNDS PRETTY GOOD
"I like the warm, friendly people, and the "A White House assistant sounds pretty
open spaces-it's uncluttered geographically." good, almost as good as a Cabinet officer," he
But he explains that he had to come to observes shrewdly.
Washington when the President asked him to Leaning back In a purple chair, smoking a
do so. long slim cigar, Jacobsen admits that work-
'I feel if you have an ounce of patriotism ing for the President is demanding, but adds
or- sympathy, you can't say 'No' to a Presi- firmly that it is "no more difficult than any-
Jaeons'en, who is experiences in what has
been referred to as the bloody battleground
of Texas politics, makes a wry comparison
with the Riachination8 in the nation's
capital.
"Texas politics are tough, but compared to
this, it's nothing," he observes.
However, Jacobsen appears to be a man
who can make the best of most things.
When he moved to Washington as a White
House assistant, he promptly made himself
comfortable In a second-floor office, con-
temporary in style, with chairs upholstered
in deep purple and orange In contrast to pale
beige walls and rugs, and the bittersweet
tunes of the Nineteen Forties as background
music.
LIKES TO DESIGN COMFORT
"I like to design comfortable surroundings
and then work in them," says Jacobsen, who
,prone to haunt the
asserts that he is not
Presidents office, although he is included in
the select group which arrives daily in the
President's bedroom before breakfast to con-
fer on the day ahead.
Jacobsen reads the CONGRESSIONAL RECORD
at home before he leaves for the White House,
underlining passages relating to Administra-
tion policies or programs, to be drawn to Mr.
Johnson's attention.
But after half an hour`or so with the Pres-
ident as a beginning to the day, Jacobsen
retires to his own office to work on projects
suggested by Mr. Johnson, or relating to the
previous day's work.
CONGRESSIONAL LIAISON
Congressional liaison is one of Jacobsen's
duties, and he spends some time daily chat-
ting with contacts on Capitol Hill.
He describes himself as a "general assign-
ment" man and maintains that he has no
wish to become another Valenti,
"Jack is a lovable kind of guy, but I don't
think anybody could take his place," he says,
adding, "I don't fit the mold."
According to Jacobsen, the most important
characteristic for a White House assistant is
the ability to use his own judgment and to
A3009
duty are assigned to research and de-
velopment activities. In addition, a
small but increasing number of Army
veterinary officers are 'assigned to cer-
tain Navy installations to perform re-
search functions. The demand for vet-
erinary officers to be assigned to military
research programs exceeds the current
availability of such officers. It is to this
vital role of today's Veterinary Corps
that most of the.people may be unaware.
Because his training in medical sci-
ences parallels that of the physician, the
Army veterinary officer is qualified to
ogy, experimental surgery, and labora-
tory animal science. The professional
talents of such officers are required in
military research to provide assistance
for all projects involving the develop-
ment of subsistence items or in which
laboratory animals are employed.
Although large numbers of laboratory
animals were used for military research
in World War II, increasingly larger
numbers of such animals have been uti-
lized on an annual basis since that time.
Lt. Gen. Leonard D. Heaton, the Sur-
geon General, the Department of the
Army, has, on the occasion of its 50th
anniversary, congratulated the corps on
its many past accomplishments.
I would like to insert General Heaton's
congratulations into the RECORD:
DEPARTMENT OF THE ARMY,
OFFICE OF THE SURGEON GENERAL,
Washington, D.C., May 30, 1966.
To each member of the U.S. Army Veterinary
Corps:
I wish to extend my congratulations and
sincere appreciation to each member of the
Army Veterinary Corps on the occasion of
your Fiftieth Anniversary.
The officers of the Corps, a key member
of the Army's medical team, reflect on its role
in improving health conditions in military
and civilian communities around the globe.
In keeping pace with the progress of the
last five decades, your Corps can claim its
share of "firsts" in improving the well being
of American and Allied Armed Forces, as well
as pioneering contributions to the world's
food supply and human health.
I am certain that the challenge of the fu-
ture will be met with equal enthusiasm as it
has in the past.
Lt. Gen. LEONARD D. HEATON,
The Surgeon General.
I used to be as poor as a church mouse. I've addition to those which are strictly vet-
been demanded of all my life." erinary in nature. By virtue of post-
doctoral study, and training a sizable
number of officers of the Veterinary
Corps are now recognized specialists in
U.S. Army Veterinary Corps Celebrates a variety of disciplines such as pathol-
50th Anniversary ` ogy, microbiology, radiobiology, toxicol-
EXTENSION OF REMARKS
OF
HON. L. MENDEL RIVERS
OF SOUTH CAROLINA
IN THE HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES
Thursday, June 2, 1966
Mr. RIVERS of South Carolina. Mr.
Speaker, on Friday, June 3, the U.S.
Army will commemorate the 50th anni-
versary of the founding of its Veterinary
Corps. I take this opportunity to .offer
my congratulations to the corps on this
their 50th anniversary.
Since the inception of the Veterinary
Corps of the Army in 1916, veterinary
officers have been utilized in the conduct
of animal care, food inspection, and sup-
port of varied military research pro-
grams. The number of veterinary officers
assigned to research activities during the
first 25 years of the corps' existence were
relatively few ;compared to the number
of officers assigned to animal treatment
facilities or food inspection activities.
These early investigators made many
notable contributions to military medi-
cine, not only in the area of animal
diseases but also in the prevention of
diseases transmitted from animals to
human beings.
During World War II the Army util-
ized over 56,000 horses and mules and
state facts concisely, whether verbally or in several thousand war dogs. With such
a memorandum. a large animal population the Army
LONG MEMORANDA TABOO faced many problems related to the
"The President doesn't like long memo health of these animals, which required
randa-but then, nobody does," he notes. research programs for their solution.
His attitude toward Mr. Johnson, a man Much of the research activities of the
rumored to be both difficult and demanding military veterinarians of World War II
"I read all the stories about how hard It rather than animals per se. They col-
was to work for him," he recalls, "and I be- laborated in the development and p
ro-
lieved them because I had no reason not to. I duction of vaccines for the protection of
have simply found them to be ylntrue, at human beings against typhus and Japa-
least in my case." nese B encephalitis. Antigens were de-
"I like his. personality," he continues. "It veloped for the diagnosis of leptospiral
stimulates you to witness the operation of
his mind. He makes you think you can do infections of military animals and the
things which you don't think you can do." use of such antigens were subsequently
NO oorrsaoL of YOUR TIME extended to the diagnosis of this infec-
Jacobsen describes the White House as "like tion in human beings:
any :other public office where you have no ? 'Within the modern army the officers
.
.
control of your time." of the Veterinary ? Corps' are playing ? a concerning the restrictions on air tar-
'f'When' I ran'a law office, i set my own vital role in military research and devel- gets in Vietnam was published in the
chddule," he points out. "I could tell im-, opment'activities.: Today, over 22 per- Plain Dealer at Cleveland recently, and
portant clients when I could see them. Here, cent of all army veterinarians on active has brought considerable comment from
U.S. Airmen Chafe at Curbs in Vietnam
EXTENSION OF REMARKS
HON. FRANK T. BOW
OF OHIO
IN THE HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES
Tuesday, May 10, 1966
Mr. BOW
Mr
Speaker, an article
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CONGRESSIONAL RECORD - APPENDIX June 2, 1966
my constituents. It is a subject of con
cern to us all, and I ask leave to include
the article with my remarks as follows:
BOMBING HANOI ADVOCATED: U.S. AIRMEN
CHAFE AT CpRBS IN VrET
(By R. W. Apple, Jr.)
SAIGON.-Senior U.S. Air Force officers here
have been disheartened by the restrictions
placed on their conduct of the air war over
North Viet Nam.
"In my view," one said this week, "we can
neither win the war nor bring Ho Chi Minh
to the bargaining table unless we change the
rules. What we are doing now simply isn't
working well enough."
In private conversations, the officers con-
cede that they have been unable to stop the
flow of North Vietnamese infiltrators into
the South, despite the expenditure of thou-
sands of man-houts and millions of pounds
of ordnance.
They maintain that troops, the great ma-
jority of them moving on foot, cannot be
stopped by bombing the trails over which
they move or the areas in which they as-
semble. The United States has been bomb-
ing supply routes in North Viet Nam and
in Laos for more than a year but 20,000
North Vietnamese have still managed to
make their way South since Jan. 1.
Nor, in the opinion of these same officers,
is the Hanoi government likely to sue for
peace Or seek negotiations unless U.S. air
power threatens its survival.
"Those people have had a tough road to
hoe for a long, long time now," an officer
with wide experience in Southeast Asia said.
"We won't terrify them by knocking out
their bridges. They just rebuild the bridges
and press on."
The use of 1352s at Mu Ghia Pass has not
been successful either, according to informed
sources. The pass was reopened, they say,
within less than 24 hours after the initial
strike, which was heralded by officials as an
enormous success that had crippled enemy
supply systems.
"In fact," one key Air Force man said,
"The B52s are really not very well suited in
Viet Nam, They are good for area targets-
factories, downtown areas-but we don't get
orders to hit those here."
As matters now stand, the Air Force Com-
mand here feels that it is compelled to play
chess without the power to attack its op-
ponent's queen.
Only by smashing the war-making capacity
of the North, the officers argue, can the ability
of Hanoi to support a large army in the
South be eliminated. Only by doing this,
they say, can continuation of the war be
made painful enough for the Hanoi regime
to force it to seek some way out.
Specifically, many Air Force officers in Viet
Nam would like to bomb the military and
industrial complex of Hanoi-Haiphong. A
few would also like authority to destroy
the dams of the Red River, which would cause
widespread flooding in the delta areas where
most of the North Vietnamese live.
They insist, moreover, that it is folly not
to strik the four airfields that ring Hanoi-
at Phuob Yen to the north, Kep to the north-
east, Gia Lam to the south and Cat Bi to the
east, near Haiphong-at a time when U.S.
pilots are encountering Communist MIGs
more frequently.
All targets in the North must be-approved
by the Joint Chiefs of Staff, and, in practice,
many of them must be approved by the
White House. Currently, U.S. planes are not
permitted to strike in the neighborhood of
Hanoi or Haiphong, except to bomb anti-
aircraft or missile installations.
.Key staff members of the 7th Air Force,
chaffing under these restrictions, also resent
what they consider "unethical conduct" by
the Department of Defense during the con-
troversy over the shortage of bomb parts
that has plagued operations in South Viet
Nam for several weeks.
One source said that he had been told, in
effect, to lie, to newsmen who asked about
the problem.
Investigation teams have been sent to the
offices of staff officers suspected of having
discussed the shortage with news correspond-
ents.
"I've never seen a war where Washington
meddled so much," a colonel said. "They
want us to do the job, but they don't Want
to give us the latitude to do it. I sometimes
feel guilty about sending pilots up there
knowing that I haven't done all I could to
bring them back alive."
EXTENSION OF REMARKS
OF
HON. LESTER L. WOLFF
OF NEW YORK
IN THE HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES
Tuesday, May 3, 1966
Mr. WOLFF. Mr. Speaker, because of
the recent critical events in southeast
Asia, Communist China has become a
key area of concern to all of us. Because
of the significance of an editorial which
appeared in the April ,20, 1966, issue of
Long Island Newsday, I wish to call it to
the attention of my colleagues:
OUR CHINA POLICY
"Where there is no vision, the people perish."
-Old Testament: Proverbs XXIX, 18
Secretary of State Rusk, in diplomacy an
"old China hand," has submitted to Congress
a sane, balanced and impressive statement
of U.S. policy toward Communist China. He
spoke from a long background of knowledge,
for during World War II he served on the
staff of Gen. Joseph (Vinegar Joe) Stilwell,
commander of the China-Burma-India thea-
ter, and in 1950-51 was assistant secretary of
state for Far Eastern affairs.
The secretary's testimony was delivered be-
fore a closed hearing of the Far East Subcom-
mittee of the House Foreign Affairs Commit-
tee last month, but was not released until
last Saturday. It is a paper that serves as
further evidence that Rusk is becoming one
of our great secretaries of state. It is also
a realistic document, and a temperate one.
It does not slam the door on Red China as a
member of the world community; in fact,
it opens that door. If China will give up
aggression and its efforts to dominate its
neighbors, the U.S. is willing to extend the
hand of friendship. But until such time,
this country must keep its guard up and its
powder dry.
The secretary displayed great erudition in
referring to China's past "humiliation of 150
years of economic, cultural and political
domination by outside powers.'! The cession
of Hong Kong to Great Britain in 1842, the
forced creation of five "treaty ports" open to
foreign residents and trade, and a whole
series of invasions and civil wars transformed
a once great power into a nation fragmented
by internecine struggles. The Communists
took advantage of more than a century of
chaos. In October, 1934, Chiang Kai-shek,
as head of government, sought to wipe out
the Reds as a military power. This led to
the famous "Long March." Ninety thousand
Communists under Mao Tse-tung broke
through encircling Nationalist troops in the
Province of Kiangsi in south central China.
In one.year, after the loss of 70,000 troops,
the remaining Reds under the leadership of
Mao Tse-tung completed a 6,000-mile march
through the mountains and arrived at
Shensi Province in northwest China. This
outnumbered band, embittered but tough.
eventually drove Chiang from the mainland
to Formosa and formed a new government
Oct. 1, 1949.
OUR RECORD: A GOOD ONE
The embitterment persists, even though
there are historic ties of friendship between
the people of mainland China and those of
the U.S. Secretary Rusk reviewed our record.
and it is a good one. We have sought to
lessen tension and to normalize relations.
Peking has refused every overture, insisting
that we must first abandon our support of
the Nationalist regime of Formosa. We are
not, as the secretary clearly indicates, opposed
to China because of its ideology but because
it is hostile to the U.S. and has pursued a
course of subversion or aggression, in Korea,
in India, in Vietnam and in Africa, to men-
tion a few such places. The secretary has
listed a 10-point program for dealing with
mainland China. He hopes for peace and
for an eventual change in the attitude of
the new generation of leaders soon to come.
He does not want this country to assume
that a state of hostility is unending and
inevitable. At the same time he reels we
"should be under no illusion that by yielding
to Peking's bellicose demands today we
would in some way ease the path toward
peace in Asia."
We do not intend to wage war on China.
"We look forward hopefully, and confidently,
to a time in the future when the government
of mainland China will permit the restora-
tion of the historic ties of friendship be-
tween the people of mainland China and
ourselves." Conciliation, however, is a two-
way street down which the leaders of Red
China fear to venture. The secretary, by
stating precisely our aims and desire for
peace, has done a great service. His position
paper is a classic. It is a telling answer to
those scholastic "experts" who have argued
a policy of surrender rather than steadfast-
ness.
EXTENSION OF REMARKS
OF
HON. RICHARD T. HANNA
OF CALIFORNIA
IN THE HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES
Thursday, May 5, 1966
Mr. HANNA. Mr. Speaker, it is re-
freshing and encouraging to see a citizen
of the United States express positive
patriotic ideals. Mr. Darrell Gifford, a
teacher from Garden Grove, Calif., tired
of those who are negative in their out-
look, decided to express his sincere
patriotic feelings for the United States.
The statement entitled, "I Am a Tire-
less American," is an inspiring statement
of principles.
The statement follows :
I AM A TIRELESS AMERICAN
(By Darrell Gifford)
I am a tireless American.
I'm undaunted by epithets from tired
Americans and other critics of America. .
I'm steadfast In the face of criticism from
those countries receiving American charity.
Their right to criticize surely is no less un-
alienable than mine. I remember how some
of our patriot forefathers criticized France
as French funds, French soldiers and the
French fleet helped us force Cornwallis to
surrender at Yorktown.
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 1966 Approved F86%J&S JSNAI;/ (9R0DPA7t3ijEN
ago. What has been 'happening meanwhile
that it is only on the very eve of Medicare
that stepped-up efforts are being made to
bring it bompliaince which Is required for any
federal funds? Why do these efforts reach
the. acute stage when it could virtually nul-
lify the medical program to which the state's
and the nation's elderly citizens have been
looking forward and into which they have
poured millions of their own dollars?
It has been painfully obvious that Medi-
care will tax the facilities of every available
hospital. A shortage of beds and personnel
will undoubtedly prove the program's great-
'66t handicap. Now comes a situation in
which civil rights-and this is no attempt to
downgrade them-are being put above basic
human rights. What is going to happen if
Washington bureaucrats have not gotten
around to inspecting all hospitals-or refuse
to approve nany solely because of the Civil
Rights Act-by July?
What comes first when sickness, emergency
or death threatens-suffering patients or a
Washington guideline? The suffering will be
there regardless of race; there is no distinc-
tion of races in illness.
Beyond that, where is the repeated assur-
ance when Medicare was under debate that
there was nothing in the program to hinder
or interfere with freedom of choice in physi-
cian or hospital?
Washington hasn't heard any howl of pro-
test that will begin to compare with the out-
cry which will arise if Medicare participants
Cannot get what is coming to them because
of bureaucracy, red-tape and the para-
mountcy of any other cause over the allevia-
tion of human suffering and the saving of
human life. Mind you, we are not talking
about any segment of Medicare patients, but
all of them and just as emphatically, all the
city's, the area's, the state's and the nation's
hospitals and medical care facilities.
. What is to be held up at the cost of hu-
man life?
[From the Greensboro (N.C.) Daily Nev3e,
June 1, 1966]
"MUST" VERSUS "CAN'T"
A state-wide meeting of hospital admin-
istrators and accountants in Durham last
week was Warned by its keynote speaker that
the "Johnson Medicare system" is here and
that hospitals, whether they like it or not,
must accept it.
. The "must" from that angle sounds
strange in the ears of hospitals and public
alike since they have been hearing in re-
cent days that only 10 of North Carolina's
nearly 200 licensed hospitals-and none in
Greensboro-have been approved for ac-
ceptance of Medicare patients by the De-
partment of Health, Education and Wel-
fare.
The hospitals, their spokesmen have re-
peatedly stated, are trying to get ready to
take Medicare patients when that program
becomes effective July 1 but have yet to
learn whether they will qualify.
Inspection teams are going the hospital
rounds and hope that their task may be com-
pleted within the stipulated time. But there
is no assurance that such will be the case,
or, that the inspection will result in ap-
proval for a substantial percentage of hos-
pitals.
We agree that hospitals should and "must"
accept Medicare patients. But this "must"
becomes largely ineffective when it clashes
with a Washington "can't." When a human
life may be at stake, quibbling is little short
of criminal.
The least that can be done, amidst the
present confusion, is an extension of a rea-
sonable time in which to make adjustment
and meet standards; and meanwhile every
hospital admonished, In humanity's name, to
4ilakeready to accept the avalanche of pa-
tients which the new program is expected
to bring.
'We truly hope no death certificate will
have to attribute a single fatality to gov-
ernmental policy.
DEAR MR. KORNEGAY: Thank you very
much for your prompt reply of May 24 to my
letter of May 20. Another matter has come
to my attention about which I hope you can
do something. As you already know, Medi-
care becomes effective five weeks from to-
day. According to recent editorials in the
Greensboro papers, so far only about one-
third of the general hospitals in North Caro-
lina have been found acceptable to the Fed-
eral Government to furnish care and be re-
imbursed under the Medicare Act.
The delay seems in almost all cases to re-
volve, about compliance with Title VI of the
Civil Rights Act. I will not belabor the point
that any government contractor is, or should
be, required to comply with the Civil Rights
Act. I disagree with the Act completely and
irrevocably and feel that it is absolutely,the
worst piece of legislation any Congress has
ever passed, but this is no longer the issue.
The issue is that government inspectors
have thus far obviously placed Civil Rights
above human rights of the sick and injured
suffering populace. For example, in a recent
meeting the director of one eastern North
Carolina hospital stated that he had for years
insisted on no discrimination either among
staff or patients; there were common heating
facilities and common patient facilities.
When the inspectors from the Equal Employ-
ment. Opportunities Commission visited this
hospital, they made a major point of the fact
that the vast majority of non-white patients
were utilizing ward facilities.
There were a few in semi-private and pri-
vate rooms but the majority were in wards.
The hospital administrator pointed out, as
you and I can both appreciate, that this was
a matter of choice on the part of the patients
and that most of them simply could not af-
ford higher patient accommodations. Yet,
undoubtedly because of this concentration in
lower cost accommodations the inspectors
have yet to grant approval for this hospital
to furnish services under the Medicare Act.
They have visited this particular hospital no
less than four times-naturally at . consid-
erable expense to the taxpayers-and still
there has been no approval. The hospital to
whioh I refer is located in Ahoskie.
It is not clear to me just what influence
you might be able to exert in matters such
as this. I do feel, however, that we are faced
with two government programs, both sup-
posedly designed for the welfare of minority
groups but which are now actually opposing
each other, and in doing so denying the very
people they are supposed to benefit the
rights granted them by the Congress.
As our spokesman in Washington, I would
like you to do anything and everything pos-
sible to see that this inequity is corrected,
and I would appreciate hearing the results
of your action. Time is of the essence if we
are to avoid the possibility of a truly needy,
sick person being denied adequate medical
care and treatment simply because one
branch of our sprawling, all encompassing,
Federal Government has not yet made up Its
mind whether the facilities available to him
are suitable to the government. The blame
for any such inadmissions will have to rest
squarely upon our . Federal Government
which interferes with both the right of
choosing medical facilities and extreme need.
This could, in certain cases, be the difference
A3001
Solution in Vietnam
EXTENSION OF REMARKS
OF
HON. JOHN G. DOW
OF NEW YORK
IN THE HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES
Thursday, June 2, 1966
Mr. DOW. Mr. Speaker, yesterday a
number of Congressmen who are mem-
bers of the Democratic study group were
privileged to meet with Thich-pro-
nounced Tic-Nhat Hanh, a Buddhist
monk from South Vietnam. He is the
director of the school of social studies at
Ban Hanh University in Saigon. As
director of the youth for social service
program of the Unified Buddhist Church,
he trains young people for work in social
reconstruction in the villages. Through
this and his leadership of the Buddhist
Little Peace Corps, he has been in close
contact with the peasants-who make
up 90 percent of the Vietnamese popu-
lation.
The Venerable Nhat Hanh is the edi-
tor of the leading Buddhist weekly, Thien
My-pronounced Tien Me-and director
of the Buddhist publishing house. in
Saigon. A leader among the intellec-
tuals in Vietnam, he. is one of the coun-
try's best-known poets and the author of
10 published books.
Although he is not here as an official
representative of the Buddhist leader-
ship, he is particularly well equipped to
talk to us because of his knowledge of
both the United States and his own
country. He has been an intimate
friend of the Venerable Tri Quang for 20
years and it was Tri Quang who cabled
him in 1964 to give up his studies and
lecturing at Columbia University to re-
tuyn to Vietnam.
He speaks with the familiarity of one
who has participated in the center of the
decisionmaking group of the Buddhist
community. Thich Nhat Hanh released
the following statement under date of
June 1, 1966. It contains the thoughts
of one who is clearly close to his country.
It contains suggestions for a solution in
Vietnam that parallel ones put forth by
enlightened American leaders. In addi-
tion, it gives assurance that such solu-
tion would have to be accepted by the
Vietcong. In this respect it is most
noteworthy.
STATEMENT OF THE VENERABLE NHAT HANH,
JUNE 1, 1966
Just this morning the U. S. Consulate in
Hue was destroyed by angry Vietnamese
youths. In the past four days five Viet-
namese have immolated themselves by fire,
some of them leaving behind messages ex-
plaining that their actions were in protest
against U.S. policy in South Vietnam. Dur-
ing my short visit to your country I have
been repeatedly asked why the Vietnamese
people seem to have become so strongly anti-
American.
I wish, first of all, to assure you.that I am
not anti-American. Indeed, it is ..precisely
because I do have a great respect and admira-
tion for America that I have undertaken this
long voyage to your country, a voyage which
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CONGRESSIONAL RECORD - APPENDIX June 2, 1
entails great personal risk for me upon my
return to South Vietnam. Yet I assume this
risk willingly because I have faith that if
the American public can begin to understand
something of what the Vietnamese people
feel about what is happening in our country,
much of the unnecessary tragedy and misery
being endured by both our peoples might be
eliminated.
The demonstrations, the self-immolations,
and the protests which we are witnessing in
Vietnam are dramatic reflections of the frus-
trations which, the Vietnamese people-feel.
at being so effectively excluded from par=
ticipation in the determination of their
country's future. 80 years of French domi-
nation over Vietnam were ended by a long
and bloody struggle, waged and won by the
Vietnamese people against overwhelming
odds. During the twelve years since inde-
pendence most Vietnamese have remained
without a voice in the nation's destiny, and
this at a time when the nation is being sub-
jected to a destructive force far surpassing
anything ever before seen in our country.
If anti-Americanism seems to be emerging
as a focus for some of the recent protests,
It is because the Vietnamese people recog-
nize that it is really only the awesome U.S.
power which enables the Saigon governments
to rule without a popular mandate and to
follow policies contrary to the aspirations
of the Vietnamese people. This is not the
independence for which the Vietnamese peo-
ple fought so valiantly.
The war in Vietnam today pits brother
against brother. the Viet Cong against the
supporters of the Saigon government. Both
sides claim to represent the Vietnamese peo-
ple, but in reality neither side does. The
most effective Viet Cong propaganda says
that the Saigon governments are mere pup-
pets of the U.S., corrupt lackeys of the,
Every escalation of the war, every new
contingent of U.S. troops confirms these
charges and wins new recruits to the Viet
Cong, for the overwhelming majority of the
Vietnamese people now thirst desperately for
peace and oppose any further expansion of
the war. They see clearly that the present
policy of constant escalation only puts peace
ever further into the future and merely guar-
antees an even greater destruction of Viet-
namese society. There are now more than
300,000 Americans in my country, most of
them knowing and caring little about our
customs and practices and many of them in-
volved in destroying Vietnamese people and
property.
This creates friction which generously
feeds the anti-American propaganda, and the
fact- that the war kills far more innocent
peasants than it does Viet Cong Is a tragic:
reality of life in the Vietnamese countryside.
Those who escape death by bombings must
often abandon their destroyed villages and
seek shelter In refugee camps where life is
even more miserable than it was in the vil-
lages. In general, these people do not blame
the Viet Cong for their plight. It is the men
in the planes, who drop death and destruc-
tion from the skies, who appear to them to
be their enemies. How can they see it other-
wise?
The United States chooses to support those
elements in Vietnam which appear to be
most devoted to the U.S.'s wishes for Viet-
nam's future. But these elements have never
been viewed by the Vietnamese people as
their spokesmen. Diem was not, nor were
Diem's successors. Thus, it has been the
U.S.'s antipathy to popular government in
South Vietnam, together with Its hope for
an ultimate military solution, which has
not only contradicted the deepest aspirations
of the Vietnamese people, but actually un-
dermined the very objective for which we be-
lieve Americans to be fighting in Vietnam.
To us, America's first objective is to have
an anti-communist, or at least a non-com-
monist; Vietnam, whereas the Vietnamese
people's objective is to have peace. They dis-
like communism, but they dislike war even
more, especially after twenty years of fight-
ing and bitterness which has rotted the very
fabric of Vietnamese life. Equally impor-
tant, we now see clearly that continuance
of the war is more likely to spread commu-
nism in Vietnam than to contain it.
The new social class of military officers
and coinmercants which has been created as
a direct result of the U.S. Involvement, a
class of sycophants who support the war for
crass economic reasons, are not the people
to whom Washington should listen if it sin-
cerely wishes to hear the voice of South
Vietnam. The Vietnamese people reject with
scorn this corrupt and self-seeking class
which cares neither for Vietnam nor for the
great ideals of America, but thinks only of
its own interests.
The opinion is often expressed that there
is no alternative to the present U.S. policy in
Vietnam, neither on the political nor the
military side. The non-communist alterna-
tives to a military dictatorship are said to be
too fragmented to offer a stable alternative,
and a cease-fire and U.S. withdrawal are con-
sidered unfeasible because it is feared that
the Viet Cong will take over the country by
terror.
The Vietnamese people recognize both of
these dangers, but they also recognize the
utter futility of the present course and the
catastrophic effects which it is having on our
society. Furthermore, we do not agree that
there Is no alternative to a military dictator-
ship. The force of Vietnamese nationalism
is such an alternative. Indeed, this is the
sole force which can prevent the complete
disintegration of South Vietnam and it is the
force around which all Vietnamese can unite.
But nationalism cannot attain its effective
potential in the present Vietnamese politi-
cal climate where opposition to the govern-
ment invites open persecution upon oneself
and identification with it discredits one in
the eyes of the people.
More than a decade of this atmosphere has
served to drive many of the Vietnamese na-
tionalists into the National Liberation Front,
and many others of them into an ominous
silence. Last year an effort by a prominent
group of nationalists to circulate a mild pe-
tition requesting peace negotiations between
the South Vietnamese government and the
N.L.F. was so brutally attacked by the gov-
ernment that we are not likely to hear from
them soon again, despite their having at-
tained some 5,000 signers in less than three
days time.
Today, the means for nationalist expres-
sion rests mainly with the Vietnamese Bud-
dhists, who alone command sufficient popu-
lar support to spearhead a protest for popu-
lar government. This is not a new role for
Vietnamese Buddhism, for in the eyes of the
Vietnamese peasants, Buddhism and na-
tionalism are inseparably entwined. The
historic accident that made the populariza-
tion of Christianity in Vietnam coincident
with France's subjection of Vietnam created
this image.
The repression of our faith by the French
and by President Diem strengthened it.
And today, when the Buddhist attempt to
give expression to the long pent-up wishes
of the submerged and ignored Vietnamese
masses is met by the gunfire and tanks of the
Vietnamese army, the Vietnamese people,
Buddhist and non-Buddhist alike, clearly see
whose action reflects our national heritage
and whose action betrays this heritage.
Thus, although the Vietnamese people may
lose skirmishes because they have no foreign
sources of support, the crude victories of the
Saigon generals serve merely to weaken their
credibility while confirming the Viet Cong's
propaganda claim that the government cares
nothing about the people? The Buddhist
efforts are designed, not to weaken Vietnam's
resistance, but to create a geniune will to
resist.
Differences do exist among the Buddhists,
the Catholics, and the other sects, but they
would not be unsurmountable if - there were
a climate in Vietnam that encouraged unity.
But there are those who see a unified, popu-
lar, nationalist movement in Vietnam as a
threat to themselves. Such persons help to
sow disunity and then use the disunity which
they create as a pretext for retaining power.
No, we do not accept the evaluation that
there is no alternative to the present type of
government.
The second argument offered for continu-
ing present U.S. policy is that a cease-fire
and U.S. withdrawal would merely leave
Vietnam to the communists. This argument
we must also reject. The Viet Cong grow
stronger because of the mistakes made by
Saigon, not because of its communist ideo-
logy or its terror. If South Vietnam could
achieve a government which was clearly re-
sponsive to the basic aspirations of the Viet-
namese people and which was truly inde-
pendent, there would no longer be any basis
for popular support for the rebels. Indeed,
the rebels would have lost their reason to
rebel, and if any guerrilla activity were to
continue the Vietnamese people would have
the will to resist it for they could identify
it as being hostile to Vietnamese national-
ism, contrary to the people's longing for
peace and reconstruction, and therefore of
foreign inspiration.
Since coming to the United States I have
been asked repeatedly to outline concrete
proposals for ending the strife in Vietnam.
Although I am not a politician and cannot
therefore suggest every detail of a satisfac-
tory settlement, the general direction which
such a solution must take is quite clear to
me and to many of the Vietnamese people.
It does not involve the U.S. in any negotia-
tions with Hanoi, Peking, or the N.L.F. To
,the Vietnamese people such talks, if neces-
sary, are the proper province of Vietnamese
officials rather than of Washington.
My solution would be along the following
lines :
1. A cessation of the bombing, north and
south.
2. Limitation of all military operations by
U.S. and South Vietnamese forces to defen-
sive actions: in effect, a cease-fire if the Viet
Cong respond in kind.
3. A convincing demonstration of the U.S.
intention to withdraw its forces from Viet-
nam over a specified period of months, with
withdrawal actually beginning to take place
as a sign of sincerity.
4. A clear statement by the U.S. of its
desire to help the Vietnamese peopleto have
a government truly responsive to Vietnamese
aspirations, and concrete U.S. actions to im-
plement this statement, such as a refusal to
support one group in preference to another.
5. A generous effort to help rebuild the
destruction which has been wreaked upon
Vietnam,'such aid to be completely free of
ideological and political strings and there-
fore not viewed as an affront to Vietnamese
independence.
Such a program if implemented with suf-
ficient vigor to convince the now under-
standably sceptical Vietnamese people of its
sincerity offers the best hope for uniting
them in a constructive effort and for re-
storing stability to South Vietnam.
The plan is not perfect, for the question
remains of how can the U.S. be sure that
the South Vietnamese government- and the
Viet Cong would cooperate in such a ven-
ture. Insofar as the South Vietnamese gov-
ernment is concerned, the past statements of
Premier Ky have clearly indicated his un-
willingness to seek a peaceful end to the
war. In fact, it has been the contradiction
between the aggressive words of Saigon and
the peaceful statements of Washington
which has so discredited the so-called U.S.
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PPENDIX
peace offensive of last winter. The with-
drawal of the U.S. support for Ky may
thus be a necessary pre-condition for im-
plementation of such a plan.
It is obviously not possible to predict the
response of the Viet Cong to such a program
but the Installation of a popular government
in South Vietnam, plus a cease-fire and the
beginning of an American withdrawal, would
so undercut the Viet Cong's position that it
is likely to have no alternative but to
cooperate.
Finally, if some may question why I ask
the U.S. to take the first step, it is because
the U.S. is militarily the strongest nation
In the world. No one can accuse it, of
cowardice if it chooses to seek peace. To be
a genuine leader requires moral strength
as well as big guns. America's history sug-
gests that she has the potential to provide
the world this leadership,
L.B.J. Loan Pool Plan Unwise
EXTENSION OF REMARKS
HON. E. ROSS ADAIR
OF INDIANA
IN THE HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES
Thursday, June 2, 1966
Mr. ADAIR. Mr. Speaker, a recent
editorial in the Elkhart Truth, Elkhart,
Ind., with respect to the loan pool legis-
lation recently passed by the House of
Representatives sets forth the views of
many thoughtful Americans. It is
worth of careful consideration:
L.B.J. LOAN POOL PLAN UNWISE
Its regrettable that the U.S. House of
Representatives saw fit Tuesday to pass by
206-190 President Johnson's proposal to
form a pool of government-owned loans and
sell shares to big investors.
Under this measure, the administration
hopes to sell $4.2 billion worth of shares dur-
ing. the fiscal year starting July 1, and thus
cut federal budget spending by that amount.
On final House vote, all 206 in favor were
Democrats; against it were 64 Democrats and
126 Republicans. The bill now goes back to
the Senate, which has passed a somewhat
different version of the measure.
The GOP Policy Committee in the House
denounced the measure as "fiscal chicanery"
that would disguise the real size of the fed-
eral budget deficit, and said that it would
start a new system of back-door financing.
It was noted that these participation sales
would not count as part of the official, legal
ceiling on the federal debt.
Usual political groupings really have been
scrambled on this issue.
Fiscally-conservative southern Democrats
have backed LBJ. But such liberal groups
as Americans for Democratic Action, AFL-
CIO and National Farmers Union have sided
with the GOP.
The labor organization said the proposal
would increase interest rates and would
tighten money in the home mortgage mar-
ket.
AFL-CIO sources also agreed with GOP
critics that it stemmed from a desire to keep
the projected budget deficit for the year
starting July 1-now estimated at $1.8 bil-
lion-as low as possible,
Under -the plan, Congress would have to
approve funds to make up the difference be-
tween the lower interest rates on govern-
ment-owned loans and the higher interest
rates paid on shares in the pool to make
them attractive. to investors,
The House would not approve an amend-
ment offered' by Rep. PAUL FIND (R-N.Y.) to
encourage small-denomination sales to indi-
viduals, as he asked "why not let the little
cat share in this windfall?"
This is not good legislation. Congress will
Secret United States-China Air War in
Viet
EXTENSION OF REMARKS
OF
HON. DONALD RUMSFELD
OF ILLINOIS
IN THE HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES
Thursday, June 2, 1966
Mr. RUMSFELD. Mr. Speaker, I have
permission to insert in the RECORD the
following article from the Chicago's
American of ' May 27, 1966, by Stan
Carter, which raises new questions con-
cerning the conflict in southeast Asia:
SECRET UNITED STATES-CHINA AIR WAR IN
VIET
(By Stan Carter)
WASHINGTON,-Americans and Chinese
Communists have been shooting at each
other-and keeping quiet about it-in North
Viet Nam.
The secret battle is being waged between
United States planes and Chinese anti-air-
craft guns.
Informed sources also said that a Red
Chinese MIG-17 that Peking charged was
shot down by American planes apparently
did fall in Red Chinese territory. .
DENY SHOOTING OVER CHINA
Despite a television repbrt to the contrary,
however, the state department stuck by a
denial that the American planes that shot
down the Chinese MIG on May 12 crossed
the North Vietnamese-Chinese border.
There also is reason to believe. Russian
"advisers" have been killed in United States
air strikes against surface-to-air missile sites
in North Viet Nam and that the Kremlin has
accepted the losses without protest.
The shooting down of the Chinese MIG 2
weeks ago is the only recent direct clash
that has been publicized by either side.
DOWNED NORTH VIET PLANE
A United States air force spokesman in
Saigon said planes shot down a MIG over
North Viet Nam the same day, at about the
same time, and thought that it was North
Vietnamese instead of Chinese.
Peking produced photos of the MIG's
wreckage and a fuel tank jettisoned from an
American plane that, it claimed, were found
in China. The Red Chinese declared that
the"blood debt" owed to the United States
would be repaid.
On a news show last night, CBS state de-
partment correspondent Marvin Kalb said he
had learned that a flight of four United
States fighter planes had, in fact, crossed
the border and shot down the Chinese MIG
as Peking claimed. He said the American
planes returned safely.
WHICH SIDE OF DORDER
Other sources told the news that American
officials still aren't sure whether the Ameri-
can planes were on the North Vietnamese
or Chinese side of the border at the time of
the shooting. They said there was little
doubt it was a Chinese MIG that was downed,
however, and that it fell in China.
Sources said that, except for the propa-
ganda Peking is making about the MIG, the
point is academic. They said both sides
know they are shooting at each other regu-
larly and aren't talking about it to avoid
open confrontation.
A3003
The Rhode Island Jaycees and
Mental Health
EXTENSION OF REMARKS
OF
HON. JOHN E. FOGARTY
OF RHODE ISLAND
IN THE HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES
Wednesday, June 1, 1966
Mr. FOGARTY. Mr. Speaker, under
leave to extend my remarks, I include
the following speech:
THE RHODE ISLAND JAYCEES AND
MENTAL HEALTH
(By Congressman JOHN E. FOGARTY, Glocester
Junior Chamber of Commerce, Harmony,
R.I., Nov. 20, 1965)
It is always a pleasure to be back in Har-
mony, and I am happy indeed to be here for
this charter night banquet. As most of you
know, I grew up on a farm just outside Har-
mony and I have a special feeling for these
mill towns; these woods; these lakes and
ponds.
This is the first opportunity I have had to
speak before a Junior Chamber of Commerce
group. I especially welcome it, because I am-
afraid that too many of our fellow citizens
have a mistaken notion about the.Jaycees,
I think too many of our fellow citizens
Identify you with Junior Miss Pageants and
golf and tennis tournaments and other light,
social activities. Now, there is nothing wrong
with any of those activities-but the Jaycees.
have a more serious side, which has yet to
receive the recognition it justly deserves.
What people fail to realize is that in the
45 years since the first Junior Chamber of
Commerce was founded, the Jaycees have
made an enormous and continuing contribu-
tion to community betterment all across this
Nation.
The Jaycees say that their primary purpose
Is to promote the welfare of the community
by supporting active, constructive projects.
The Jaycees say they provide the young men
of this Nation's communities with training
in leadership and awaken civic consciousness
to better the usefulness of this country's
citizens. These are not empty platitudes,
Because of our common interests in one
health area-and tonight I will speak about
it, and not about other Jaycee activities,
such as physical fitness and environmental
pollution, simply because there is not time
to discuss all these things-I want to salute
the Jaycees of Rhode Island for their activi-
ties in support of mental health.
There is no more vital area-no more
pressing need-in the health field than
mental health. Our citizens must be made
aware of the fact that some 86,000 persons in
Rhode Island need psychiatric care. Even
more important is the need for an awareness
among us that last year only 32,000 of these
more than 86,000 persons needing help were
treated, in Rhode Island. We need to keep
before us the obligation to provide more and
better services, fast, to care for these people.
I am proud that we Rhode Islanders have
one of the oldest mental health associations
in the United States. Last Spring I had the
pleasure of addressing the New England
States Citizens Action Conference on Mental
Health in Providence, where I had an op-
portunity to pay tribute to the Rhode Island
Association for Mental Health as it began
its fiftieth year of service to the people of
this State.
At that time I pointed out that for a
number of years now 'I have watched the
community mental health movement prosper
and grow. I have had a front-row seat when
budget proposals for Federal expenditures in
the health field came before my subcom-
mittee for reviews During 18 years of service
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A3004 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD- APPENDIX _ June 2, 19
on the Huse Appropriations Subcommittee dren at the Ladd School in Exeter. It is a of 'this contact you will be able to identify
I have ai?o become aware of many dressing matter of great concern to me. children in your community who have de-
needs which have still not `been ' met, and if Federal programs of assistance are to `be veloping emotional problems. You can work
I am proud that the Rhode Island Junior
Chamber of Commerce-through, its various
chapters-joined. In this collective effort to
meet these pressing needs. It did not stand
idly by, waiting for the Association for Men-
tal Health and related groups-working with
the Federal government-td do the job. It
joined forcas with us in the best tradition
of Rhode Island-and New England-cooper-
ating to achieve social goals desired by all
our citizens.
The South County chapter of the' Jaycees
has built a center for mental health rehab-
ilitation. The Chariho chapter, located-
as all of you may know-in a rural farm
district, has cleared the land donated by a
private citizen and is now in the process of
laying the foundation for a rehabilitation
facility to be called "Camp Hope."
The Barrington chapter has sponsored
fund drives resulting in a considerable
amount of financial support. And the chap-
ter in Providence is working with Father
Robert Blair at the State Mental Hospital on
the problem of the rehabilitation of institu-
tionalized persons.
Further, the State Chairman for Mental
Health and Retardation-Mr. William Mars-
land-has organized a series of orientation
meetings to acquaint local Jaycee chapters on
problems and projects in the mental health
area.
This, of course, is Glocester Chapter Char-
ter Night-the occasion being-I believe-
the extension of charter to Glocester by the
Burrillville chapter of the Jaycees. This is
a special occasion-a social occasion-a time
for celebration-but it is also a time for stock
taking-for asking yourselves what projects
you will undertake, as a chapter of the Jay-
cees.
I can think of no single area where cit-
izen action has greater opportunity for rich
rewards-no area of health which is more
challenging-than the mental health field.
The passage of the historic mental health
and mental retardation legislation in 1963
by the Congress marked the beginning of a
new era-but that era is slow in coming to
birth. Citizen action Is more important than
ever before--and I want to tell you why.
I am proud to have participated in the
activities of the 88th Congress which led to
the passage of the Mental Retardation and
Community Mental Health Centers Construc-
tion Act of 1963, and Mental Retardation
Planning Amendments of 1963. As part of
this package the Congress approved funds
for the construction of community centers
for the care and treatment of mentally ill
and retarded persons. However, at that
time funds for staffing the centers were
dropped from the bill. This year the 89th
Congress approved $73.5 million over 3 years
for initial grants, and additional sums for
continuing grants. This year, too-and a
year late-funds were also provided to meet
initial staffing costs of technical and profes-
sional personnel in community mental health
centers.
We estimate that the centers will receive
more than $225 million over the next 7 years
for staffing assistance. More than $100 mil-
lion over the next 3 years will be available to
train teachers of mentally retarded and
handicapped children.
What I have said with' these statistics Is
that the Congress has enacted laws that-if
properly implemented-can do much to as-
sist the mentally ill and retarded-and their
families-all across this Nation.
Let me repeat the words-"if properly im-
plemented." This is an important and ur-
gent point, and one that r made just a cou-
ple of weeks ago before the Rhode Island
Chapter of the Council for Exceptfonal'Chil-
Rhode Island, such groups as yours-work-
ing with the State Mental Health Associa-
tion-can do much to clear up questions of
priorities and needs in localities within the
State. The 1963 legislation specifically
called for citizen. participation in mental
health planning, and while the Mental
Health Association has the main burden of
this charge, the assistance you can provide-
as young people with plenty of know-how
at the local level-should be an invaluable
resource for the Association to draw upon.
Those in positions of leadership must not
be allowed to forget the availability of Fed-
eral support and the intense need for rapidly
getting under way a meaningful program to
ease the burden of mental ill-health on the
community. New hope for the retarded and
for their families is within Rhode Islanders'
grasp. We Rhode Islanders must not delay
in using every means to equip and assist
those who are mentally in to assume a pro-
ductive role in society.
Legislation enacted before 1965 authorized
Federal funds for State planning to supply
better services to the mentally ill and men-
tally retarded. It also provided funds to
aid in the construction of facilities to care
for exceptional children and provided a
means of giving teacher training for special
education. It is my sincere hope that Rhode
Island's State officials will soon act to take
full advantage of these financial aid pro-
grams.
In the problem of financing, you here to-
night can help raise matching funds from
foundations, other civic groups, State and
local funds, and other sources. When funds
are short, it may be necessary to support new
legislation to finance mental health pro-
grams. The times have changed, and so the
traditional role of supporting mental health
legislation must broaden to include support
of the financial means for these programs.
In this connection I cannot refrain from
quoting a recent editorial in the Providence
Journal, which pointed out that Governor
Chafee's administration can get by without
new taxes, but at the sacrifice of falling short
of the expectations of a modern and progres-
sive society. The editorial was called "Ade-
quate Government Cannot be Cheap," and I
hope that all of you-and the Governor-
read It carefully.
Of course money is not the sole solution
to this complex problem of bringing the best
possible health services to all of our citizens.
At the President's recent White House Con-
ference on Health, called to deal with the
most pressing health needs of the Nation, the
opening discussions of the conference cen-
tered on health manpower. For health man-
power--or the lack of it-is going to shape
and limit the health care we can provide and
the health protection that we can offer the
American people in the years ahead.
You do not have to be psychiatrists to
make a worthwhile contribution here. You
can, for example, help see to it that the peo-
ple in your communities know of and use
seek out and. put into practice programs de-
signed to prevent these emotional difficulties
before they occur.
Many such programs, attempted in various
school systems, have met with good success.
Often a crisis may arise when a child does
poorly in school because of language diffi-
culties. The employment of a speech thera-
pist by the school system to work on speech
difficulties has forestalled many problems
and improved school achievement. Con-
ferences scheduled with frequency between
the teacher and parents to discuss the child's
academic progress and general adjustment
have been helpful in coordinating the efforts
of parents and teachers, and in alerting
teachers to possible stress situations in the
home-such as the birth of a new brother or
sister.
Other schools have found that visits by
the school nurse to the home of children
who are frequently ill, often give school
officials insight into problems the child
might be facing in the home that produce
emotional stress.
Various orientation meetings for new
parents, open-door policies on the part of
principals to parents, and group discussion
between parents, teachers, psychologists and
mental health workers, are all helpful in
eliminating the causes of emotional prob-
lems in children.
Today, of the more than half a million
mentally ill patients in institutions in the
United States, the numbers of patients in
the 10-to-24 age group is increasing rapidly,
in contrast to the number of patients in all
other age groups. It is estimated that there
are in America a total of some four million
emotionally disturbed children.
Because one fourth of all Americans are
in our Nations' classrooms and because there
is a fundamental relationship between intel-
lectual and emotional development, the
schools-through strengthened mental health
programs-are our best hope for reversing
the waste of a considerable part of our youth.
There is at this time no health area that
is crying so loudly for the attention of our
citizens. Not only Is the challenge of help-
ing the next generation open to all-the
mentally ill and the mentally retarded of all
age groups are waiting for assistance.
This assistance is-in part, at least-being
hampered by lack of forceful efforts on the
part of the more fortunate of our citizens-
such as those of you here tonight.
This we can-and must-do something
about. In the tradition of New England-
and, of course, of Rhode Island-we must
assist our less fortunate neighbors who have
been struck by mental disease, just as our
ancestors assisted their neighbors when they
were victims of Indianattack.
If we fight this fight and win it, the day
will come when-just as the Indian names
are. preserved (on our maps)-the names of
the kinds of mental illness will be preserved
in books for the curious to read-and will
hold no terror for anyone, anymore.
available facilities, and you may be able, to
help recruit mental health manpower.
There is another thing that you can do
for Rhode Island. Most-or at least many-
of you young people are parents. Now, we
need to develop our psychiatric services for
children, and launch new programs of pri-
mary prevention along the lines being fol-
lowed by the Department of Social Welfare
and the Newport School Department-this is
a pilot project involving evaluation of chil-
dren showing problems In adjustment in
kindergarten through the third grade.
EXTENSION OF REMARKS
OF
HON. ROBERT B. DUNCAN
OF OREGON
IN THE HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES
Thursday, June 2, 1966
You, as parents, are in constant contact Mr. DUNCAN of Oregon. Mr. Speak-
with the children of Glocester. By virtue er, I believe my colleagues will find in
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11509
effort to satisfy the problems raised at each bill must contain proliferation of Arkansas said, after recounting briefly
our hearings. It does, and I think ef- jobs and agencies and power or it is not the history of the Tonkin Gulf resolu-
fectively, provide for regulation of those worth reporting for floor action. tion, that since the hearings on the
marketing practices which the hearings Mr. President, the most unfortunate resolution, "there has come to my at-
demonstrated to need most urgent atten- aspect of this legislation is the certain tention suggestions that the whole affair
tion: relative size designations-small, contribution which these provisions in was very questionable as to the char-
medium, and large comparisons-the section 5 of the bill will make to the de- acter of the attack upon our ships on
size and number of servings contained struction of competition in the American the high seas."
in some food packages, the "economy marketplace. The ultimate victim of a The Senator then went on to deliver
size" designation when in some instances lessening of competition will not be what I would construe to be an asser-
savings may be negligible or even non- American industry or American com- tion that the resolution was intended "to
existent. merce. Indeed, it will be the consumer inflame everybody" in the middle of a
Subsection (c) also permits regulation who will suffer from regimentation of campaign for
the FULBRIGHT continued in his
of the "cents off" promotion practice our commerce.
with which the witnesses as well as mem- These parts of section 5 contribute delivery by alluding to the "allegation"
bers of the committee seem to have had significantly to a recognizable pattern of by the administration that "this was a
a great amount of difficulty. control of the marketplace. deliberate and unprovoked attack on our
Had the substantive bill stopped there, They should not be permitted to r - ships upon the high seas."
at there will be no question of
So th
it would have been a highly commend- main in this bill. I
able piece of legislation. It would have the context in this matter, I read now
served the needs of the consuming pub- from pages 923 and 924 of a committee
lie as evidenced by the hearings. It GULF OF TONKIN RESOLUTION print of the hearings. Senator FUL-
would have been a bill of which our com- Mr. SIMPSON. Mr. President, I BRIGHT is speaking:
inittee could have been quite proud. should like a few moments this after- The whole thrust, I think you will admit,
Subsections (d), (e), (f), and (g) of noon to address myself to a subject which of the Tonkin Gulf resolution was there had
section 5 contain the matter which causes concerns the credibility of the adminis- been an attack on the high seas on our ships,
my differences with the majority of the tration and the administration's spokes- and the language you insist now as being of
committee to be very real and pro- men on the question of the war in great significance was more or less like a
whereas to any other resolution. It was a
riOllriced. Simply stated, these sections Vietnam. statement of general principles. It was not
provide for standardization of packaging I ask unanimous consent that materials than considered, I do not believe by any-
throughout the American marketing sys- relevant to the subject to which I shall one, and it certainly was not for me, and I
tem. It is obviously of no significance allude be printed in the RECORD at the have already publicly apologized for my neg-
to deny this import of the bill by saying conclusion of my remarks. These include ligence in not having much more thorough
that the words "package size" do not a copy of public Law 88-408, the text of hearings on that resolution, because since
appear in the power granted under these a press briefing by Defense Secretary that time there has come to my attention
subsections. The promulgating author- McNamara dated August 5, 1964, and suggestions that the whole affair was very
questionable as to the character of the at-
ity does, under these sections, possess the the text of the Defense Secretary's news tack upon our ships on the high seas.
power to standardize and control the conference of the same date. It is very easy to inflame anybody, partic-
number of types of packages which may The PRESIDING OFFICER. With- ularly in the middle of a campaign for a
be used by the manufacturer and dis- out objection, it is so ordered. Presidential election by stating that there
tributor. And, this power is his all to no (See exhibit 1.) has been an attack on the high seas on one
good purpose, for the entire effort to Mr. SIMPSON. Mr. President, with- of our ships. That was the whole purpose
regulate package sizes can immediately out opening a discussion into the legality of that resolution. Certainly everyone agrees
be nullified when those exempt from this of the American involvement in Vietnam, we ought to repel an unprovoked, deliberate
attack upon our ships on the high seas where
act exercise their perfectly proper pric- it can be stated that the so-called Gulf they had a right to be.
ing functions. of Tonkin resolution (H.J. Res. 1145) Any suggestion at the time that this might
Those subsections might possess some signed into law by the President on have been a deliberate provocation on our
redeeming factor if they would accom- August 10, 1964, is an important element part to invite the incident or that we had
plish any legitimate purpose at all. Of of our position there. been inside the territorial waters of North
course, they will provide jobs for a cer- As will be recalled, this resolution was Vietnam in connection with some boats of
tain few. So do many other Federal pro- introduced, considered in committee, and south Vietnam, and all of that was brushed
grams. But, in light of the policy state- passed by the Senate and the House with aside in the emotions that naturally arose
ment in this bill and the reasons for the the greatest of speed during the last from an allegation by the Administration
that this was a deliberate and unprovoked
legislation, job creation is not a legiti- presidential election year, and its tenets attack upon our ships upon the high seas,
mate exercise of the legislative process have been invoked countless times in the and I think you have to admit that was the
in this instance. continuing discussion of the war in main thrust.
I can think of nothing less imaginative southeast Asia. Mr. Pn my view, this
or more dull than the results of the close As is equally self-evident, the resolu- Now,
serious because the
regimentation of commercial packaging tion is predicated upon the premise that is a chairman most of one President, sid of matter , the Senate's most
as these sections of S. 985 contemplate. there were unprovoked attacks upon a
committees, ma
I hold no particular brief for the esthetic American ships on the high seas on powerful and which influential Senate's
qualities of packages of dry cereal or soap August 2 and 4, 1964. Repeated state- committee whichc opinion a in great to
powder. ments have been made by numerous ad- co n public anion regard to
to have
At the same time, I do not look forward ministration spokesmen to the effect the s in Vietnam, would seem
v
to the day when Washington decides, that these attacks were, in fact, unpro- suggested war war the hat Democratic there re was chicane on
however, sincerely, that my wife and I voked and occurred somewhere between the
then part election year and d In ree-
enough for a family of 10 healthy chil- territorial waters and were a "serious tional idren simply because there were prior to threat to international peace." ding
the taken en the the liberty debate of reading
that decision, too many sizes available I was surprised to read in the tran- I some haofve import.
on the market. script of the May 9 hearings before Sen-
This, indeed, is precisely the reason ator FULBRIGHT'S Foreign Relations matters and I would like at this point
offered in defense of these subsections of Committee, during which Secretary of to read into the RECORD a brief chronol-
section 5 of the bill-too many different State Rusk was under questioning, that ogy of events.
sizes of bags of potato chips, The very there is apparently some question in the Mr. President, as I have said, the at-
best that can be said about these'sub- mind of the chairman as to the validity tacks upon our ships occurred on the 2d
sections is that they are frivolous. - The of these major premises. and the 4th of August 1964. Upon that
very least that can be said in their favor According to the transcript, which is point there is not dispute. On the 4th
is that they represent the continuous borne out by a tape recording I have of of August, the President went on na-
thread in Great Society legislation: That the proceedings, the junior Senator from tional television during prime time to
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CONGRESSIONAL RECORD -SENATE June 2, 1966
announce that "renewed hostile actions international incident which triggered a that the relevant portions of it be made
against U.S. ships on the high seas in Senate resolution giving the President of public in answer to the questions I have
the Gulf of Tonkin have today required the United States carte blanche authority raised.
me to order the military forces of the in dealing with a war situation. ExmBrr I
United States to take action in reply." If I have read correctly the comments H. J. RES. 1145
At about midnight that night, Secre- of the Senator from Arkansas, sometime (Public Law 88-408, 88th Cong. Aug. 10, 19641
taly McNamara held a press conference prior to the hearings of May 9, the Sena- Joint resolution to promote the maintenance
in which he announced that "our de- tor has come into possession of what he or International peace and security in
stroyers have undergone two deliberate considers to be evidence that events in southeast Asia
attacks in international waters." the Gulf of Tonkin did not occur quite as Whereas naval units of the Communist
That same day at a press briefing, Sec- the administration has stated. regime in Vietnam, in violation of the
retary McNamara again asserted that Let me stress here that I do not know principles of the Charter of the United Na-
"North Vietnamese surface vessels at- from firsthand knowledge precisely what tions and of international law, have delib-
tacked U.S. destroyers operating on happened at the Gulf of Tonkin, but offi- erately and repeatedly attacked United
routine patrol in International waters in cial reports and statements, which are, States naval vessels lawfully present in in-
the Gulf of Tonkin." to the best of my knowledge, the only ternational waters, and have thereby created
On August 5 -the President requested credible account of the events, suggest a serious threat to international peace; and
the resolution on which hearings were that our ships were attacked in interna- Whereas these attacks are paig of of a de-
-
held in executive session the following tional waters. The question of provoca- gresssin e that and the e Communist m s sregime regiime res in North
rth
day. tion would, I suppose, depend upon who Vietnam has been waging against its neigh-
On that day, August 6, the measure is on the receiving end, but I have neither bors and the nations joined with them in
was reported out by the joint Senate seen nor heard-and I have been a party the collective defense of their freedom; and
committee. It passed the Senate 82-8 on to briefings by the Secretaries of State Whereas the United States is assisting the
August 7, on which date it also passed and Defense on this matter at the White Peoples or southeast Asia to protect their
the House. It was signed into law on House-any evidence which would ob- freedom and has no territorial, military or
August 10 to become Public Law 88-408. viate the commonly held premise that political ambitions in that area, but desires
The resolution says, in part: our ships were attacked in international only that these peoples should be left in
Naval units of the communist regime in waters without provocation. peace to work out their own destinies in their
Vietnam ... have deliberately and repeatedly Let me make crystal clear at this point Resolved own way: by Now, the Sen therefore, be it.
attacked United States naval vessels law- that an the basis of my past experience Representatives ate and House of
o
fully present in international waters. with the administration, I am certainly y America in of Congress the United assembled,
That the
A report submitted by the junior Sen- not wedded to the idea that everything Congress approves and supports the deter-
ator from. Arkansas to accompany Sen- the administration says is to be accepted mination of the President, as Commander in
ate Joint Resolution 189-the Senate at face value. Although I am inclined to Chief, to take all necessary measures to repel
version of the resolution-referred to the accept the White House version of Ton- any armed attack against the forces of the
unprovoked attacks by North Vietnam kin Gulf, I will certainly acknowledge , United states and to prevent further
on United States forces in international that utter candor is not a hallmark of aggression.
waters. this administration. SEC. 2. The united States regards as vital
The Senator from Arkansas, in Sen- On the basis of the Senator's state- its natio nce of International into world al peace peace
and
ate debate on this resolution August 6, ment of May 9 and the already well- security in southeast Asia. Consonant with
defended the American response to the known position of the administration, it the Constitution of the United states and
attacks and the points of fact in regard would seem that there is a fundamental the Charter of the United Nations and in ac-
ts them in a forceful and eloquent man- conflict of views. This conflict is in the cordance with its obligations under the
ner. He told the Senate that he rec- facts of an International incident from United Southeast stat tes esa is, therefore, Defense Treaty, the
ommended "the prompt and overwhelm- which came an extremely important doc- President determines, nt, take prepared, all l necessary
ing endorsement of the resolution now ument that is the basis for many of the steps, including g the use e of armed force, t, to
before the Senate"-the Tonkin Gulf administration's prerogatives in Viet- asGlsst any member or protocol state of the
resolution-and he went on to assert nam. Southeast Asia Collective Defense Treaty re-
that "the facts on the immediate situa- If the Senator from Arkansas has un- questing assistance in defense of its freedom.
tion are clear," earthed evidence or has found a body SEC. 3. This resolution shall expire when
In recounting the attacks of August 2 of fact contrary to the official version of the President shall determine that the peace
and 4, the Senator noted that both at- the Tonkin Gulf attacks, then this is a and security n the area ions create a by
tacks occurred 'without provocation and matter which is extremely important to acts n bof ithe Uniteedl Nations o or otherwise,
that they occurred in international wa- a nation which is struggling to fully except that it may be terminated earlier by
ters. He went on to say that "the ac- comprehend the history, the implica- concurrent resolution of the Congress.
tion taken by the United States was ap- tions, and the extent of our commitment Approved August 10, 1964.
propriate as policy as well as justifiable in Vietnam.
in law." In all respect to the Senator's high po- LEGISLATIVE HISTORY
But later, doubt enters the record. sition as chairman of the Committee on House Report No. 1708 (Committee on
During Senate debate on March 1 of Foreign Relations, I call upon him to ex- Foreign Affairs).
this year in the context of discussions of plain fully the nature of his statement Senate Report No. 1329 accompanying S.J.
the supplementary military and procure- during the hearings of May 9. If the Res. 189 (Committee on Foreign Relations) .
ment authorization, the junior Senator Senator has or can acquire the evidence CONGRESSIONAL RECORD, volume 110 (1964) :
from Arkansas is quoted, on page 4201, as to substantiate his statement, then it AAugust 6: Considered and Senate.
saying in regard to the Tonkin Gulf in- would, In my judgment, be in the na- in lieu of S.J. Res 1891ed and passed Senate,
cident: tional interest to fully pursue this mat- August 7: Considered and passed House.
We were told it was an unprovoked attack. ter with hearings, investigations, or pub- -
In other words, we had not done anything lie disclosures So that light can be cast NEWS CONFERENCE OF HON. ROBERT S. McNA-
which could properly be considered as prov- into an area in which darkness may now MARA, SECRETARY OF DEFPNSE, THE PENTA-
oc~ation. .. . I had no reason to doubt the prevail. GON, WEDNESDAY, AUGUST 5, 1964
factual situation. Secretary McNAMARA. Earlier tonight the
Further en in that debate , on page Mr. President, as I was preparing to President told the nation the United States
42Fu Senator inathft quoted assaying: speak I received a letter from the dis- would take appropriate action to respond to
tinguished Senator from Arkansas [Mr. the unprovoked attacks on U.S. naval vessels
I judge from the way the Senator from Ar- FULBRIGHT] in which he tells me the Sub- by torpedo boats of North Vietnam. I can tell has
sed too sure fuse exactly whiimselhappe f thaed heat Ton jest was examined in detail with repre- you that some of that action has already
In any event, Mr. President, it is, in "I would be delighted to have you exam- these carriers operating in the Gulf of
my view, a most serious business when ire the transcript of that meeting." I two Tonkin d liberate attacks in international Wa-
doubt is cast upon the basic facts of an shall examine that record and I shall ask ters, have already conducted air strikes
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June 2, 1966 CONGRESSIONAL REC0RD sE
,against the North Vietnamese bases from rived overhead and joined the defensive when the attack has been completed, what
which these PT boats have operated. Our patrol. orders the entire group has in this area?
naval aircraft have also conducted strikes At 10:52 the Maddox reported the de- Secretary MCNAMARA. We will only be able
against certain other targets which have di- stroyers were, again under attack. At mid- to tell you such information as will not re-
rectly supported the operation of the PT night, by which time the vessels were in this veal future plans or in any way jeopardize
boats. Furthermore, in view of the unpro- position (indicating), the destroyers reported our future operations.
voked attacks the deliberate attacks in inter- they had suffered no hits, no casualties, and Question. What I mean is, will they go
national waters on U.S. naval forces, the that the defense aircraft from the Ticon- back to the standing orders which they had?
United States has taken the precaution of deroga were illuminating the area and at- Secretary MCNAMARA. It will depend on
moving substantial military reinforcements tacking the enemy surface craft. circumstances at the time.
to Southeast Asia from our Pacific bases. At 12:32, at which time they were at this Question. Mr. Secretary, has the alert
In addition we are also sending reinforce- point (indicating) the patrol reported that status of the United States forces around the
ments to the Western Pacific from bases an additional enemy craft was believed to world been increased?
in the United States. I think you can un- have been sunk, and that low ceilings, poor Secretary McNAMARA. Only such units are
derstand it is not wise at the present time weather, was beginning to hamper the air- being alerted for reinforcing moves.
for me to identify these forces or to list the craft operations. Question. Has there been any long range
detailed strength of these movements, but I At 12:54, the Turner Joy, one of the two alerts to any portion of defense industrial
can assure you that the movements are ap- destroyers, reported that during the engage- base at all?
propriate to the provocation. ment, in addition to the torpedo attacks, the Secretary MCNAMARA. No, none.
Now I would like to review briefly in destroyer had been fired upon by automatic Question. Sir, were all the attacks from
chronological order of the unprovoked at- weapons while being illuminated by search the two carriers?
tacks which took place today, August 4th, lights. Secretary MCNAMARA. Yes. The only air-
on our vessels operating in international At 1:30 a.m., by which time the destroyers craft participating in the strikes are air-
waters in the Gulf of Tonkin. were in this position (indicating) they re- craft from the Ticonderoga and the Constel-
You will recall that the destroyer Maddox ported the attacking craft had apparently lation,
operating in those waters on Sunday, was broken off the engagement. The Maddox Question. You, I think, said that the car-
attacked by three PT boats., The President and Turner Joy were directed to resume their riers were in the Gulf of Tonkin?
Instructed us to add the destroyer Turner normal and routine patrol operations, and Secretary MCNAMARA. Yes.,
as being They have moved up. They
Joy to the patrol being carried out by the they are continuing them at the present Question.
Maddox, and since that time the two ves- time.
lels have operated on patrol in those waters. Now, I will endeavor to answer your Secretary McNAMARA. The Ticonderoga
You'll see their course on this map. questions. is essentially in the Gulf area and the Con-
Here is the southern portion of China, the Question. Sir, was there anything else ever stellation has been moving in this di-
coast of North Vietnam, down to the 17th seen or heard from the unidentified aircraft? rection,
parallel, below which, of course, is South Secretary MCNAMARA. No. The unidenti- Question. Sir, will this be one strike or
Vietnam. This is Hainan Island, possessed fled aircraft did not participate in the attack several strikes?
by Communist China. The course of our de- and at this moment, we have no further Secreary MCNAMARA. There are obviously
stroyers is here, operating 30, 40 to 60 miles information regarding them, more than one aircraft from each carrier
off the coast of North Vietnam in interna- Question. In which direction did they participating in it, but it is basically one
tional water, moving southward. disappear? strike, unless there are further unprovoked
At 7:40 P.M., August 4th, 7:40 P.M. local Secretary MCNAMARA, I can't tell you. attacks on our vessels.
time, Vietnamese time, August 4th, the There was no further information on them. Question. This is just a retaliatory strike,
Maddox at about this position (indicating) Question. Can you name the bases in then?
reported radar contact with unidentified sur- North Viet Nam that were attacked? Secretary McNAMARA. I simply want to
face vessels who were paralleling its course, Secretary MCNAMARA. No. I cannot. leave it as I said it.
paralleling the track of both the Turner. Question. Will you name them before the Question. Can you describe the weapons
Joy and the Maddox. Communists do? or type of aircraft being used?
At 8:36 P.M., by which time it was about Secretary MCNAMARA. We will name them Secretary McNAMARA. No, they are typical
in this position (indicating). the Maddox at a time appropriate to the safety of our aircraft from attack carriers.
established two new radar contacts with two forces. It would be inappropriate to name Question. Do you know whether the strike
unidentified surface vessels and three un- them at this time. The attack is con- has been successful at all?
identified aircraft. At this time U.S. fighter tinning at present. Secretary MCNAMARA. I am sure it will be
aircraft were launched from 'the carrier Question. Can you tell us how many bases? successful.
Ticonderaga, which was also operating in Secretary McNAMARA. No. Until such time Question. Can you tell us whether they
the Gulf of Tonkin. These fighter aircraft as the attack is completed, it would be un- have encountered any aircraft opposition or
were launched to rendezvous with the Mad- wise to comment further or to identify the any interdiction by air?
dox and Turner Joy, and provide air cover areas being attacked. Secretary MCNAMARA. The strikes are con-
to them. Question. Can you tell us if the attack is tinuing so I can't give you any progress re-
At 9:08, by which time the Maddox and currently underway? port on it.
Joy had advanced south to approximately Secretary MCNAMARA. It is currently un- Question. How many aircraft are involved
this point (indicating), the unidentified air- derway. on our part?
craft had disappeared from the destroyers' Question. You made a distinction between Secretary MCNAMARA. The aircraft from two
radar screens and the surface vessels were North Viet Nam and certain other support attack carriers.
remaining at a distance. By that time, the facilities? Question. No numbers?
aircraft from the USS Ticonderoga had Secretary MCNAMARA. I simply wanted to Secretary MCNAMARA. I can't give you any
arrived over the destroyers and they com- distinguish between patrol craft bases them- more information.
menced defensive patrol over them. selves and certain supporting installations Question. The presumption is conventional
By 9:30, the destroyers were at this point which might be separated geographically weapons.
(indicating) and at this time the initial at- from the mooring points of the craft but in Secretary MCNAMARA. Yes. Not only pre-
tack occurred. Additional vessels had by North Viet Nam. sumption, but that is the fact.
now appeared on the Maddox's radar screen, Question. There is no question that we Question. What did CIC radar show the
and these vessels were observed to close very attacked any Other place but North Viet course of the three unidentified aircraft to be
rapidly on the destroyers at speeds in excess Nam? from? Hainan?
of 40 knots. The attacking surface vessels Secretary MCNAMARA. None whatsoever. Secretary McNAMARA. We don't have any
continued to close rapidly from both the Question. Can you say if we are attack- report on the course of the aircraft.
west and the south. log Hanoi? Question. How many casualty reports on
By 9:52, the Maddox and the Turner Secretary MCNAMARA. We are not attack- the strikes?
JOY had continued south to approximately ing Hanoi. We are attacking only the patrol Secretary MCNAMARA. There have been
this point (indicating), and they reported craft bases and certain associated logistical none so far. There have been no casualties
they were under continuous torpedo attack facilities, so far.
and were engaged in defensive counterflre. Question. In that area? Question. What time was the strike
By 10:15 they had advanced approximately Secretary MCNAMARA. Not in the area of launched?
to here (indicating). They were reporting Hanoi. But in North Viet Nam. Secretary McNAMARA. I prefer not to give
they were avoiding torpedoes and that they Question. The same area as the patrol you the exact time of launch.
had sunk one of the attacking patrol craft. craft? Question. Were the aircraft from the Con-
At 10:42, the destroyers reported they had Secretary MCNAMARA. In the same area as stellation involved in the operation of the
evaded additional torpedoes and had sunk a the patrol craft are moored but separated Maddox and Joy?
second of the attacking patrol craft. Other physically from the mooring point. Secretary MCNAMARA. Yes. This is a ques-
aircraft from the Ticonderoga had ar- Question. Mr. Secretary, can you tell us tion I should clarify for you. I may not have
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11512 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD - SENATE June 2, 1966
made it clear. The question is were aircraft must have been closer than 800 yards at a ing). Of course, they were taking evasive
from the Constellation involved in the minimum, action during that period of time to avoid
protective cover during the attacks on the Question. Who opened fire first? the torpedoes which were launched against
two destroyers August 4th, and the answer is Secretary MCNAMARA. It was quite clear them.
yes. The Constellation and the Ticonderoga that the PT boats initiated the attack. Question. But if they were sufficiently
alternated in providing air cap for the Question. When was the last time that close to be illuminated by the PT boats, the
destroyers on the 4th. there were destroyers up there in the Tonkin question a reader will have is how come the
Question. Mr. Secretary, I am sure there Gulf? destroyers weren't able to nullify the PT
Is no doubt in your mind that these PT boats Secretary MCNAMARA. I prefer not to an- boats.
came from, in fact, North Vietnam? swer the question other than to say that we Secretary MCNAMARA. They did. They
Secretary MCNAMARA. There is none. The have been carrying on routine patrols in that sunk at least two.
radar made it quite clear that they were area for months. Question. Two out of how many, sir?
coming from North Vietnamese bases. Question. How far up do you go, Mr. Secre- Secretary MCNAMARA. We can't be sure. It
Question. Mr. Secretary, can you tell us the tary, before they turn back? was a night attack. We can't be certain of
distance over which this engagement oc- Secretary MCNAMARA. I prefer not to an- the total number of boats that were engaged.
curred? Is it about 60 or 65 miles? swer that, either. We don't wish to identify I will give you an estimate, just for your
Secretary MCNAMARA. These are about 60 the course of our operations in the area. own information, although I can't be ab-
miles square (indicating) so you can see Question. Can you tell us what order the solutely certain of these numbers. :r would
during this period of time from 7:40 when strike aircraft have, if they encounter inter- say between three and six boats were en-
there was an indication that an attack was ceptor aircraft in North Vietnam? gaged in the attack, of which at least two
imminent, until some time around midnight, Secretary MCNAMARA. They are to destroy were sunk.
to 1:30, when it terminated, they covered a any aircraft that are in a position to attack Question. How did you know that?
-distance of something on the order of 80 them. Question. And in which they were engaged
miles. Question. Do we have- for a period of, I believe, two hours?
QUESTION. W. Secretary, can you give us Question. On the ground? Secretary MCNAMARA. Yes.
the basic reasons for the Gulf of Tonkin Secretary MCNAMARA. In the air. Question. How did you know they were
patrol? Question. We have troops from the Far sunk, those two?
Secretary MCNAMARA. It is a routine patrol East Asia to-well, does that mean ground Question. Were these sunk by destroyer
of the type we carry out in international forces are being put into South Vietnam? fire or aircraft fire?
waters all over the world. Secretary MCNAMARA. No, it means we are Secretary MCNAMARA. I can't identify the
QUESTION. Does it have anything to do reinforcing our forces with such additional source of the sinking.
with movements of junks or whatever it is forces we believe to be required and have Question. Did you use the five inch and
back and forth? placed on alert such forces as we believe to three inch batteries? is that all?
Secretary MCNAMARA. No. It has no spe- be necessary. Secretary MCNAMARA. The five inch bat-
cial relationship to any operations in that I don't wish to identify the types or nun- teries plus certain automatic weapons avail-
area. We are carrying routine patrols of this hers or names or locations of those forces. able on the destroyers were used.
kind on all over the world all the time. Question. Can you repeat that first part Question. Mr. Secretary, the earlier state.
QuES'rrON. Mr. Secretary, do you have any about no troops in Vietnam? ment put out said they were believed to have
idea why the North Vietnamese may have Secretary MCNAMARA. The question was: been sunk. Is this later information they
done this? Have additional troops been moved into have been sunk?
Secretary MCNAMARA. None. North Vietnam, meaning have combat units Secretary MCNAMARA. It has been reported
QUESTION. M:r. Secretary, you mentioned been moved into North Vietnam-I meant to us that they were sunk. This, let me
that the destroyer at one point was under at- South Vietnam-and the answer is no. emphasize, was a night action. You must
tack by automatic weapons. Does that Question. Are we hitting only shore instal- expect certain restrictions in the amount of
mean both destroyers, or just the Maddox? lations, or do we move inland? information available under night conditions.
Secretary MCNAMARA. The report was, I Secretary MCNAMARA. I referred to patrol But the report to us from sources that we
believe, that both destroyers had been at- craft bases and supporting logistical instal- believe are reliable indicates that at least
tacked by automatic weapons. lations in close proximity to but geographi- two vessels were sunk.
QUESTION. Mr. Secretary, have we picked cally separate from. Question. Sir, are you confident that
up any survivors? Question. Mr. Secretary, have there been one PT boat was sunk on Sunday?
Secretary MCNAMARA, No, we have picked any similar aggressive actions on the part of Secretary MCNAMARA. Yes, that is correct.
up no survivors on either the second or the the North Vietnamese navy short of the tor- Question. But is this later information
fourth. pedoing that we didn't bother to report that makes it more likely that they were
QUESTION. Mr. Secretary, the reinforce- before? sunk?
ments moving from the Western Pacific and Secretary MCNAMARA. No. Secretary MCNAMARA. Just five minutes be-
the Coast, are they of all services? Question. This was the first time? fore I came down, I received a report that
Secretary MCNAMARA. Yes. Secretary MCNAMARA. That is right. I want they were sunk.
QUESTION. Mr. Secretary, has SAC and Air to emphasize that these attacks both on Question. In other words, the later in-
Defense Command been placed on an in- Sunday and today, both on the second of formation is flat?
creased alert? August and the fourth of August, occurred Secretary MCNAMARA. I just want to repeat
Secretary MCNAMARA. No, it has not. in international waters. These destroyers what I said, that the report was that two
QUESTION. Mr. Secretary, can you tell us were operating between 30 and 60 miles off PT boats at least were sunk, and a possible
when this attack, this strike, may be over, the North Vietnamese coast. third. That is right.
or when we may expect further details? Question. Can you tell us what towns, Question. Can you tell us at all whether
Secretary MCNAMARA. I would think that cities, or whatever on the Vietnamese Coast any of the damage was inflicted by five inch
you might expect some further details to- are roughly closest or parallel to the area of guns?
morrow morning. attack?
Question. Have there been any casualties, Secretary MCNAMARA. No. Secretary MCNAMARA. No. This was night
any damage, anything whatsoever with Question. Not our attack but theirs on us. time. I can't identify the type of shell that
American Forces? Secretary MCNAMARA. No. caused the damage, or even the source of the
Secretary MCNAMARA. There have been no Question. How far off was the 7:40 P.M.? damage as between destroyers on the one
casualties to American forces, either sea or Was that 60 miles? hand, and our aircraft on the other.
air, and no damage to American forces to Secretary MONAMARA. These squares are Question. Mr. Secretary, could you give us
date, either sea or air. 60 miles, so this point is on the order Of a rundown on the remaining portion of the
Question. That includes the current air 65 miles, perhaps. As you can see down North Vietnamese Navy? Jane's Fighting
strike? here, it is something a little less than that. Ships says they have a total of 16 PT boats,
Secretary MCNAMARA. Yes, but as I point Question. Mr. Secretary, some of our read- of which I figure you have sunk now one
out, the current air strikes are not completed err will find it difficult to understand how fifth.
yet. the two destroyers were chased, and appar- Secretary MCNAMARA. I don't wish to give
question. Has there been opposition? ently from this maneuver they made, they you our estimate of the number of North
Secretary MCNAMARA. I cannot report on ran from these PT boats and yet they were Vietnamese boats by type, for obvious rea-
that until we get the full mission report sufficiently- sons, but I will tell you there are two dif-
which we don't have at the present time. Secretary MCNAMARA. No, this is their ferent types. One type we identify as the
Question. What is the closest, roughly, Course of patrol (indicating). PT-4's. This is a patrol craft with a speed
that the attacking craft have come to the Question. While under attack? of approximately 50 knots. The other type
Maddox and Joy? Secretary MCNAMARA. Yes, they were pro- we identify as the Swatow type, a patrol craft
Secretary MCNAMARA. We have had reports ceeding south. with a lesser speed, approximating 40 knots.
of torpedoes 100 and 200 yards off the beam Question. Once they were engaged they We believe that both types of patrol craft
of the ships. I can't tell you how close the didn't turn? were engaged in today's operation.
attacking craft came to the vessels, although Secretary MCNAMARA. No. This is the ap- Question. How do you spell Swatow?
If they were firing automatic weapons they proximate direction they moved in (indioat- Secretary MCNAMARA. S-w-a-t-O-w.
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Question. Mr. Secretary, approximately
how many hostile torpedoes were fired at our
ships?
Secretary MCNAMARA. It is very difficult to
estimate. I don't wish to make a guess at
them.
Question. How many do they carry, sir?
Secretary MCNAMARA. I don't wish to ap-
proximate that, either.
Question. Has your government been in
touch during today or since Sunday with the
Government of the Soviet Union on those
incidents?
Secretary MCNAMARA. I would
discuss that.
Question. Mr. Secretary-'
Secretary MCNAMARA. One more question.
Question. I have three sunk in my notes.
Secretary MCNAMARA. One sunk on Sunday,
at least two sunk today, possibly a third sunk
today, for a total of possibly four, as a
possible.
Question. And the last one is a possible.
secretary MCNAMARA. The possible third
one today which would make a four possible
in total.
Question. Did you say the nearest tor-
pedoes were about 200 yards away?
i ecretary MCNAMARA. Torpedoes were re-
ported as passing between 100 and 200 yards
abeam of the ships. One more question.
Question. Can you set something up for
tomorrow?
Secretary MCNAMARA. I will see that you
are provided with whatever news we can
properly release: I will either do it myself
or arrange for others to do it.
Question. How about tonight?
Secretary MCNAMARA. I don't believe there
will be anything tonight. I will be receiving
-reports. I am going to stay in the building
tonight and receive reports every half hour
from CINCPAC. But I doubt that there will
be anything to release tonight.
The Press. Thank you, sir.
has been transferred from the First Fleet Question. Will we take reconnaissance
on the Pacific Coast to the Western Pacific. missions over there?
Secondly, interceptor and fighter bomber air- Secretary MCNAMARA. We will take such
craft have been moved into South Viet Nam. action as is necessary to determine the re-
Thirdly, fighter bomber aircraft have been sults of our operations.
moved into Thailand. Fourthly, Interceptor Question. How much of the petroleum
and fighter bomber squadrons have been supply did you say?
transf the
rred
e
et etroleum capacity of North
f the
t
t
S
p
o
an i- percen
Fifthly
the Pacific.
bases
vvance
submarine task force group has been moved Viet Nam is located at Vinh, the point that
into the South China Sea. And finally, se- was struck. Approximately 90 percent of
lected Army and Marine forces have been that 10 percent was destroyed.
alerted and readied for movement. Question, Are these the only four torpedo
I want to emphasize that the damage re- boat bases?
port which I gave to you is based on pre- Secretary MCNAMARA. These four are the
liminary reports received shortly after the main bases. With boats coastline asion suchsas they
completion of operations. of course, the Now I will take your questions and en- areas
sefor staging you tell us what percentage
deavor to answer them.
Question. Mr. Secretary, were the planes it is of their total fleet? . No, I can't, except
that we lost, the two planes, downed by Secretary
ground fire, and also, was there any air ac- that it is a Mr. Ssubstantial per cent ge ex-
tion from North Viet Nam? these attacks?
Secretary ary MC MCNAMARA. The two planes we plain
lost were downed by antiaircraft fire. There Secretary MCNAMARA. I can't explain them.
was no enemy air reaction. They were unprovoked. As I told you last
Question. Mr. Secretary, can you tell us night, our vessels were clearly in Interns,
the height of the attack? How low did they tional waters. Our vessels, when attacked,
come? were operating in this area, roughly 60 miles
Secretary MCNAMARA. Generally, the strikes off of the North Vietnamese coast.
were at low level. Question. There have been reports that
Question. And the local times, Mr. Secre- South Vietnamese vessels were showing or
tary? taking some sort of action against North
Secretary MCNAMARA. The local times Viet Nam approximately at this time.
ranged from on the order of Noon to 4:00 Secretary MCNAMARA. No, to the best of
or 5:00 o'clock in the afternoon. my knowledge, there were no operations dur-
Question. Can you tell us, sir, how long ing the period I was describing last night.
the attack- Question. Mr. Secretary, what orders now
Secretary MCNAMARA. These are local Viet- for either the Seventh Fleet or for these
namese times. partciular units of the Seventh Fleet?
Question. Can you tell us how long the commanders Secretary are McNAMARA.
to conti paers trols,
Secretary entire strike lasted? protect themselves against aggression on
hours. MCNAMARA. Roughly four to five the high seas with whatever force is neces-
Qrs.
Question. How was the weather? sary.
Secretary MCNAMARA. Bad. Question. Has there been any word-
Mr. Secretary, would you say this
Question
.
Question. Rainy?
will be all that will be necessary, that the
DEPARTMENT OF DEFENSE PRESS BRIEFING BY Secretary MCNAMARA. Low ceiling.
HON. ROBERT S. MCNAMARA, SECRETARY OF Question. What types of antiaircraft fire? attack has met its objectives?
DEFENSE, 9 A.M., WEDNESDAY, AUGUST 5, 1964 Secretary MCNAMARA. There was heavy Secretary McNAMARA. Whether this is all
Secretary MCNAMARA. As you know, on antiaircraft fire over several of the targets. that th S necessary. depends entirely on the
August 2nd, and again on August 4th, North Question. Missiles?
Vietnamese surface vessels attacked U.S. de- Secretary MCNAMARA. Guns rather than Question. Do you think the air strike ac-
stroyers a operating routine patrol Tin inter- missiles. oomplished its objectives?
national waters s in the Gulf of Tonkin. Question. Small caliber or big caliber? Secretary McNAMARA. The air strike very
unprovoked attack secretary MCNAMARA. I can't tell you the clearly made clear to the North Vietnamese
In retaliation for this
on the high seas, our forces have struck the caliber other than it was heavy antiaircraft our intention to maintain our right to op-
bases erate on the high seas. That was the objec-
caaft used, n the North Vi4tnsorties Question. Can you tell us at which of these tive. I think that has been accomplished. the were. Durand from ight, 64 attack
ier Ticon- places the planes were downed? Question. Wasn't the objective to wipe out
were launched froatiU.against carriers the four Secretary MCNAMARA. No, I can't, the PT boat fleet?
North r nd Constellaton a s and the four Question. What was the question? Secretary McNAMARA. Our objective was to
Nth Vietnamese patrol bases ocertain Secretary McNAMARA. The question was at deter the PT boat fleet from further attacks
support facilities associated with those bases. which point were the two aircraft lost. I can on our vessels. I believe we have accom-
The points are lo on this map show simply say that the heaviest antiaircraft fire plashed that.
the Gulf of T Ton kin, kin, South China, North was received at Hon Gay, the most northerly Q eeesstti n. W ereo any after to thempts
ant de, .
Viet Nam. The first base is at Hon Gay in of the bases attacked.
North Viet Nam; the second at Los Chao; Question. Is that also the largest? batteries?
the third at Phucloi; the f was at st the Secretary MCNAMARA. It is the largest; yes. Secretary McNAMARA. There were no ac-
Khe and the fifth strike was against the Question. At the torpedo bases themselves, tions against the antiaircraft batteries. The
Vinh oil storage depot, which is associated can you describe the damage itself as light attack was against the patrol boat bases and
with the Swatow torpedo base, or heavy? the associated facilities.
The oil storage depot, which contains 14 Secretary MCNAMARA. It is too early to say. Question. Mr. Secretary, last night there
tanks, approximately 10 percent of the total We will have to wait until the pilots' reports were three bogies reported, three unidenti-
petroleum storage capacity of North Viet have been assessed. fled aircraft. Did we ever find out in which
Nam, was 90 percent destroyed. Smoke was Question. And the number of American direction they came from?
observed rising to 14,000 feet. In addition to casualties? Secretary McNAMARA. We have no identi-
the damage to the torpedo boat bases and Secretary MCNAMARA. Two. Two pilots fication on those aircraft. They did not par-
their support facilities, approximately 25 of were lost, one in each of the two downed ticipate in the attacks on our vessels.
the boats were damaged or destroyed. aircraft. town
Two of our aircraft were lost, two of our Question. Are you giving out their names? Quesadjacet tiionn. . Sir, are linked there with villages these or bases? to or up
aircraft were damaged, all others have been , secretary McNAMARA. Not until their near- cretary MCNAMARA. There were no ci-
stroyers safely on the carriers. The de- eat of kin have been notified. Seyllfeccenters close to the ere were which were
stroyers Maddox and Turner Joy, which Question. That will be sometime today? attacked last night.
have been operating on routine patrol in the Secretary MCNAMARA. Yes, it will. Question. Mr. Secretary, could you give us
Gulf of Tonkin, have resumed their patrol Question. Were they picked up? the estimate of how many percent of the
operations in international waters. Secretary MCNAMARA. We believe they were North Vietnamese patrol boat fleet has been
Last night I announced' that moves were lost. destroyed or damaged?
underway to reinforce our forces in the Pa-
cific area.' These moves include the follow- Question. At sea or land? Secretary McNAMARA. No, I can't estimate
ing actions: "Mist, an attack carrier group Secretary MCNAMARA.. At sea. for you the exact percent destroyed or dam-
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aged, other than to say that it was a very
substantial percentage of their fleet.
One more question.
Question. From what you say, there are
no further actions of this kind going on at
the moment, or planned. Is that correct?
Secretary McNAMARA. No operations are
being carried on by our forces at the present
time, other than the continuation of the
routine patrol activities of the Turner Joy
and the Maddox, the two destroyers which
have been operating in international waters
in the Gulf of Tonkin.
Thank you very much.
The PaEse. Thank you, Mr. Secretary.
Mr. SIMPSON. Mr. President, I sug-
gest the absence of a quorum.
The PRESIDING OFFICER. The
clerk will call the roll.
The legislative clerk proceeded to call
the roll.
(At this point Mr. HARRIS, the Acting
President pro tempore, assumed the
chair.)
Mr. MORTON. Mr. President, I ask
unanimous consent that the order for
the quorum call be rescinded.
The ACTING PRESIDENT pro tem-
pore. Without objection, it is so
'ordered.
FAIR PACKAGING AND LABELING
ACT
The Senate resumed the consideration
of the bill (S. 985) to regulate interstate
and foreign commerce by preventing the
use of unfair or deceptive methods of
packaging or labeling of certain con-
sumer commodities distributed in such
commerce, and for other purposes.
AMENDMENT NO. 576
Mr. MORTON. Mr. President, I offer
an amendment to the pending legisla-
tion which I ask to have printed.
I assure all Senators that I will not
call it up until after the disposition of
the Cotton amendment, which I under-
stand is set for 4 o'clock on Monday
next; but I ask that this amendment be
printed, and give my colleagues notice
that I may call it up subsequent to the
vote on the Cotton amendment.
The ACTING PRESIDENT pro tem-
ore. The amendment will be received
nd printed, and will lie on the table.
%SOUTH VIETNAM REQUESTS UNITED
NATIONS OBSERVERS AT ELEC-
TIONS
Mr. RIBICOFF. Mr. President, on
May 12, 1966, I introduced a resolution
which reads as follows:
RESOL'OTION
Whereas the Republic of south Vietnam is
actively engaged in making preparations for
elections to choose a constituent assembly in
a constructive effort to bring about a more
representative government, and
Whereas the United States is dedicated to
the principle, in the conduct of its foreign
affairs, that peoples everywhere have the
right to determine their own destinies
through free participation in elected govern-
ments; and
Whereas the success of the promised elec-
tions in South Vietnam will depend on the
assurance that they will be free, fair, and
open; and
Whereas the United States has committed
its resources and the lives of its men to the
cause of freedom for the South Vietnamese
people; and
Whereas an objective and international Now the request has been made. And
presence Would make a significant contribu ` now, of Course, the problem is whether
tion to assuring that the promised elections the United Nations will a ecede to the re-
in South Vietnam are free, fair, and open,
and thus help substantially in bringing about quest of the Saigon government. In the
political stability and the establishment of final analysis, U Thant, Secretary Gen-
effective political institutions: Therefore eral, has no power independent of the
be it power given to him by the General As-
Resolved, That it is the sense of the Senate sembly and the Security Council.
that the President should encourage the The decision as to whether the 'United
Government of South Vietnam to seek United Nations will
Nations observers for its forthcoming elec- play a role in the Saigon
tions; and elections will depend- in large part upon
That the President should call upon the the Soviet Union and France. In the
United Nations to assign United Nations ob- forthcoming discussions, those two Na-
servers to the forthcoming elections in South tions will play the critical roles.
Vietnam. The Soviet Union and France have a
I am pleased to announce that United duty not to block the request which was
Press International reported a few min- made by Saigon for observers at their
utes ago from the United Nations that elections.
South Vietnam today formally requested Our Ambasador to the United Nations
United Nations observers for its elections will have something more to say at the
of a constituent assembly in September. White House, within a few minutes, and
The dispatch reads as follows: he will also make his position known be-
UNrrED NATIANS. South Vietnam today fore the United Nations. But it is very
formally requested U.N. observers for its elec- encouraging that both the President and
tions of a constituent assembly in September. Ambassador Goldberg support whole-
The request was put verbally to Secretary heartedly the request for United Nations
General Thant by Ambassador Nguyen Duy participation in the upcoming South
Lien, South Vietnamese observer to the Vietnam elections.
United Nations. It is my hope that the Secretary Gen-
It was not immediately clear whether the eral will use all his influence, all his
Saigon Government wanted the world orga- per
-
nization immediately to send observers or suasive abilities, and also the prestige of
the U.N. in the elections.
A U.S. spokesman said Lien "informed the
Secretary General that the Government of
South Vietnam intends to hold elections for
a constituent assembly in September and
requested the United Nations to send ob-
servers."
He said South Vietnam would make its re-
quest in writing later.
Only last weekend, before the request was
made, Thant said in Windsor, Out., he could
not see the use of U.N. supervision of Viet-
namese elections "at this time."
On his return from Europe on May 5,
Thant also said he saw no possibiilty of a
U.N. supervisory role in Vietnamese elections
because it would run into Soviet opposition
in the Security Council.
Mr. President, I am satisfied that the
President had a distinct role in urging
the South Vietnam Government to make
this request of the United Nations. I
think this is a most important break-
through, and very important for the fu-
ture of the entire Vietnam problem.
Mr. RIBICOFF subsequently said: Mr.
President, I have just talked with the
President of the United States and our
Ambassador to the United Nations,
Arthur Goldberg, concerning the request
of Saigon to the United Nations to send
observers for the elections which are to
take place in South Vietnam in Septem-
ber.
hers of the United Nations to accede to
the request of Saigon, to the end that
these elections will be fair; and to the end
that these elections will be of a nature
which, once held, will merit the con-
fidence not only of the people of South
Vietnam but also of the people of the
entire world.
For the forthcoming election of a con-
stituent assembly affords a great oppor-
tunity. The process will have been begun
which can lead to the election of a gov-
ernment which will truly represent the
people of South Vietnam.
I noticed that the distinguished Sen-
ator from Oregon [Mr. MORSE], who has
been making such clear statements on
this subject, whose position is so well
known throughout the country and who,
time and time again, has asked for Unit-
ed Nations participation-has just come
into the Chamber.
For the benefit of the Senator from
Oregon, let me repeat that the Govern-
ment of South Vietnam has asked for
United Nations supervision of the Sep-
tember election. This can be a great
step forward--one which I have been
urging for some time and one called for
in the Senate resolution I introduced
last month.
An international presence is essential
Both the President and Ambassador nam and the nations of the worldlareeto
Goldberg told me that the proposal from have full confidence in the outcome of
Saigon for United Nations participation the elections. Only free and honest elec-
has their wholehearted support. It is the tions can lead to a resolution of the prob-
hope of the President that the United lems that plague South Vietnam.
Nations will act on the request of the I talked today with President John-
Saigon government and send observes son and Ambassador Arthur Goldberg.
to South Vietnam to observe these most The South Vietnamese request has the
important elections. enthusiastic and strong support of the
When the suggestion that the U.N. President. Ambassador Goldberg will
play a role in the South Vietnamese elec- carry the proposal to the United Nations
tions was first made by me on May 5, it with vigor and conviction.
was welcomed by the President. But Now the matter rests with Russia and
the President was dealing with an inde- France. With their support, the United
pendent government, and it was neces- Nations can play a vital role in South
sary for Saigon itself to make the re- Vietnam. Without their support, it will
quest. be difficult. I hope that Russia responds
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CONGRESSIONAL. RECORD - SENATE June ,3, 1966
tended, while we were trying to work out
a resolution of the situation in Vietnam.
Mr. JAVITS. From our point of view,
It is best to let the people decide. When
the people have decided, then our mis-
sion, for all practical purposes, will have
been accomplished-so long, of course, as
they are permitted to implement their
decision in peace. We may have to fight
for the purpose of implementation after-
ward, but that ground is sounder than
the ground on which we now stand.
Mr. RIBICOFF. The Senator from
New York and I are in agreement.
Mr. JAVITS. I agree with the Sena-
tor from Connecticut that the Soviet
Union is involved in this situation up to
its armpits, and the world has not recog-
nized that. We know that detente
should be their first priority, as it was
with Khrushchev, It is not now their
first priority. Now their first priority is
beating the Communist Chinese for the
leadership of the Communist world.
I Join the Senator from Connecticut in
the hope that the Soviet Union will be
made to see the light by the impact of
world opinion. As we have seen many
times, world opinion has an effect upon
the Soviet Union.
DIVERSION OF WELFARE FUNDS OF
LABOR UNIONS IN NEW YORK
Mr. McCLEL LAN. Mr. President, the
Senate Permanent Subcommittee on In-
vestigations last year held hearings on
the diversion of approximately $4 mil-
lion from the walfare funds of two labor
unions in New York, the Allied Trades
Council and Teamsters Local 815. The
hearings disclosed that the funds had
been diverted to so-called research
foundations-one in Liberia and the
other in Puerto Rico, completely con-
trolled by the dominant figure in the
unions, George Barasch.
Federal officials testified that the law
was inadequate to prevent the diversion
of the welfare funds. As a result of the
hearings, I Introduced a bill, S. 2627,
which was cosponsored by seven other
members of the subcommittee, to pre-
vent such occurrences.
Immediately following the hearings,
the general counsel of the subcommittee
initiated a series of conferences with the
attorneys for George Barasch and his
associates seeking the return of the di-
verted funds to the joint welfare fund of
the unions.
Federal agencies with jurisdiction in
this matter, including the Labor, Justice,
and Treasury Departments, were con-
sulted, as were representatives of the
State of New Jersey and the New York
State Insurance Department. In late
July of 1965, the attorneys for George
Barasch and his associates expressed
their willingness to return the $4 million
forthwith.
At this juncture, however, the New
York State Insurance Department, whose
representatives had been invited to join
the conferences, asked for a delay in the
restoration of the funds in order to re-
view the record of the case to determine
whether any New York State statutes had
been violated. They indicated that an
acceptance of a settlement might corn- associates seeking the return of all of the
promise any possible prosecution. funds. Barasch was formerly the principal
Mr. President, that was about 10 officer of the two unions and the dominant
month ago. During the interim we have figure in control of the funds and the :foun-
patiently awaited the result of the re-
After ter Barasch had expressed through his
examination of this matter by the New attorneys his agreement to return the funds,
York State officials. Within the past the New York State Insurance Department,
week we learned that their work was which exercises jurisdiction over Welfare
finally completed; that apparently no Funds in New York State, asked the Senate
violations of New York State statutes Permanent Subcommittee on Investigations
had been disclosed; nor had any new to delay action for the return of these funds
information been added to supplement pending the Department's review oi the
in tt di 1 d b
a ers
o
th
b
i
S
It had been agreed between the sub-
committee's general counsel, Jerome S.
Adlerman, and counsel for the New
York State insurance department,
George Bernstein, that the subcommit-
tee would be advised, of the return of the
funds and,that the New York State offi-
cials would join this subcommittee in
a simultaneous public announcement of
the restoration of the money.
Instead, yesterday, in New York, Gov.
Nelson Rockefeller publicly released in-
formation implying that the New York
State insurance department was solely
responsible for the recovery of the wel-
fare funds. The subcommittee was in-
formed of this news release sometime
after it had been made.
I regret that the disclosure of the re-
turn of this money was made in disregard
of the agreement and understanding
previously entered into.
However, the record speaks for itself.
The New York State insurance depart-
ment awoke to the fact that a matter in
its jurisdiction warranted intensive in-
vestigation only after our committee
hearings had disclosed the misuse of the
money. I think the' State and the Fed-
eral Government should cooperate in
the protection of the rights and interests
of American workingmen, and that is
exactly what we have sought to do.
Mr. President, I have prepared a fact-
ual account of these matters for the use
and information of the press, and it has
now been released. I ask unanimous
consent that the statement I prepared
for the press be printed at this point in
the REcoan.
There being no objection, the state-
ment was ordered to be printed in the
RECORD, as follows:
Senator Jom L. MCCLELLAN (D., Ark.) to-
day announced that approximately $4,200,000
which had been diverted from the Welfare
Funds of two New York area unions, as dis-
closed during 1965 hearings of the Senate
Permanent Subcommittee on Investigations,
has been returned to the Allied Welfare Fund
on behalf of about 10,000 members. of the
Allied Trades Council and Teamsters Local
815.
Testimony in the Subcommittee hearings
last year showed that the money had been di-
verted from dormant Welfare Funds of the
unions to overseas "research" foundations,
one in Monrovia, Liberia, and the other in
Puerto Rico.
The restoration of the $4,200,000 to the
Allied Welfare Fund, which provides health
and welfare benefits to the membership of
the two unions, is the direct result of nego-
tiations Initiated by the Subcommittee in
the summer of 1965, immediately after the
hearings relating to the diversion of the
funds. The General Counsel of the Sub-
committee entered negotiations at that time
with attorneys for George Barasch and his
sc
se y
e
u
comm
ttee hear-
ings. The New York State authorities sought
to determine whether there had been any
violation of State laws in this case.
In August of 1965, Senator MCCLELLAN
acceded to the New York State request. The
State proceeded with its investigation and
apparently finally determined that New York
State statutes did not provide penalties for
the diversion of the welfare funds. The
$4,200,000 was returned to the Welfare Funds
under the supervision of the New York State
Insurance Department.
George Barasch has- resigned from his po-
sitions as lifetime trustee for each of the
several employe welfare and pension bene-
fit plans of the two unions, including the
two major plans, the Allied Welfare Fund
and the Union Mutual Fund. New employee
trustees have been selected for the funds, as
required by the provisions of the Taft-Hart-
ley Act that govern joint trust funds.
The trust agreements of the two unions
have been reviewed and revised in order to
establish proper safeguards for the rights
and interests of the rank-and-file members
of the unions who are their participants.
Senator MCCLELLAN stated that the total
sum of $4,200,000 represents all of the hold-
ings of the Cromwell Research Foundation
of Puerto Rico, the Chemical Research Foun-
dation of Liberia, and the Caribbean Educa-
tional Association of Puerto Rico. The agree-
ment between Mr. Barasch and certain as-
sociates, who are the officials of the overseas
foundations, and the new trustees of the
Allied Welfare Fund provides that the money
that has been returned will be utilized for
charitable and education purposes that will
benefit the almost 10,000 members of the Al-
lied Trades Council and Teamsters Local
# 815, and that New York State authori-
ties will supervise the administration of the
funds by the trustees.
Additionally, the overseas foundations in
Liberia and Puerto Rico will be dissolved.
The Subcommittee's report to the Senate
on the investigation into the diversion of
the welfare funds has not yet been filed.
Filing was -withheld until New York author-
ities acted upon the agreement made last
summer by attorneys for Mr. Barasch to re-
turn the diverted funds. Senator MCCLELLAN
stated that the report will be filed in the
near future.
As a result of the Subcommittee's hear-
ing on these welfare funds, Senator MCCLEL-
LAN introduced S. 2627, a bill to amend the
Welfare and Pension Plan Disclosure Act for
the purpose of providing additional safe-
guards for the rights and interests of par-
ticipants and beneficiaries of employee bene-
fit plans. The bill, which has been referred
to the Senate Committee on Labor and Pub-
lic Welfare, has as co-sponsor seven of the
other members of the Subcommittee.
Senator MCCLELLAN stated his hope that
the Subconi.mittee's hearings also have served
to alert American workers who are partici-
pants in employee benefit plans to the dan-
gers inherent in lack of interest and in fail-
ure to participate actively in union affairs.
The Subcommittee will continue to exam-
ine- the administration and disbursement of
welfare and pension funds,. and may hold
hearings in the future after additional in-
vestigations in the field.
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June 2, 1966 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD - SENATE 11517
Mr. McCLELLAN: ,_ In addition, Mr. received from ouanthe d your staff was for the the basic issues that confront the world.
President, I also have a letter addressed pensable laying The views of the Senator from New York
final result. [Mr. JAVITS], shared by the senator from
to the general counsel of the subcommit- We respectfully request that in the event Connecticut [Mr. RIBICOFF], would
tee, which he received today from the there is to be a report rendered by your corn- direct attention to the position taken by
attorneys for Mr. Barasch and his asso- mittee relative to the investigation, it should.
Gates. This letter states clearly that reflect the cooperation given by our clients, France and Russia.
'General Counsel Adlerman had obtained and that no evidence of wrongdoing on their I have directed attention to that posi-
an understanding, after the hearings al- part was shown by the testimony. tion for some 3 years on the floor of the
most 10 months ago, that the funds held Kindly accept our thanks for the time you Senate, as I have urged my Government
by these two overseas foundations would expended in assisting us with this matter, as to put France and Russia on the spot in
well as the appreciation of our clients. the United Nations and take our own
be returned to the Allied Welfare Fund. Respectfully, by urging that--thine
Mr. President, I do not necessarily en- KRIEGER, CHODASH & POLITAN, country nuntry try os off to the the spot bUb ing tdorse all of the comments in the letter. By HAROLD KEIEGER.
I refer particularly to the attorneys' re- KOSTELANETZ & RITHOLE, eluding, of course, all members of the
quest that the subcommittee's report re- By JULES RITHOLZ, Security Council, permanent and non-
flect "the cooperation given by our clients MARTIN J. MCNAMARA, Jr. permanent, and all members of the Gen-
and that no evidence of wrongdoing on Mr. McCLELLAN. Mr. President, eral Assembly-carry out their treaty
their part was shown by the testimony." there is no doubt that had not the sub- obligation.
I understand that the attorneys for Mr. committee investigated this matter and It is rather difficult for an outlaw
Barasch and his associates cooperated exposed the wrongful diversion of these country to ask other countries to enforce
very well with the subcommittee. How- welfare funds, the money never would the law, but that is what our country
ever, their clients did not cooperate have been recovered, and the working- should have done as an outlaw for the
freely with the subcommittee's staff once men for whom the funds were estab- past 3 years. Unpleasant as it is to the
they understood the purpose of our in- lished would have been robbed of the ears of many Americans, the sad fact is
vestigation. They exercised, without ex- benefits and never would have received that the United States is a shocking out-
ception, their constitutional privilege un- the benefits to which they are entitled. law in southeast Asia and has been from
der the fifth amendment. We are happy that the funds have the very beginning of the intervention
Further, while Barasch and his asso- been recovered. Although there may not for all the reasons that I have stated
ciates may not have violated any exist- have been a technical violation of law, and restated in this historic debate for
ing Federal statutes in diverting the wel- we are of the opinion that there was a some 3 years in the Senate.
fare funds, it is questionable whether violation of a moral obligation and a I shall continue to restate the reasons
they were faithful to the responsibility fiduciary responsibility on the part of because more and more people are going
and obligation imposed upon any person the officials who took the welfare funds to the record and more and more people,
acting in a fiduciary capacity. With this and established charitable foundations as the President loses more and more
comment upon the letter, I ask unani- in foreign countries and transferred all support across the land-which he de-
mous consent that it be printed at this the funds to those countries. Not only serves to lose-are beginning to recog-
point in the RECORD. did they do that, but also they made raze the sordid and sad record of the
There being no objection, the letter themselves trustees of the funds, and United States in southeast Asia.
was ordered to be printed in the RECORD, If there are going to be elections in
perpetuated themselves for life, together Vietnam, as I said earlier this afternoon,
as follows: T~ with their children l or grandchildren and d they will be characterized by fraud and
N J . OFFICES NAM A, future generations from now W
MARTIN MCNAMAR JR., by meaninglessness, for they will be con-
Washington, D.C., June 1, 1966. eternity. ducted in those areas in which that
Hon. JEROME S. ADLERMAN, shocking little tyrant by the name of
Senate Subcom General Counsel, Permanent - ELECTIONS IN VIETNAM KY, whom we have been supporting, will
mittee ,on Investigations, Old Senate ate Of O;- be in pistol control.
fee Building, Washington, D.C. Mr. MORSE. Mr. President, I had not I am at a loss to understand what
MY DEAR MR. ADLERMAN: The undersigned expected to speak today on the subject
have appeared as attorneys for respective of Vietnam. I had expected to speak makes anyone think that there will be
clients, Cromwell Research Foundation, Inc., any free elections in a situation sup-
Chemical Research Foundation, Inc., Local tomorrow. ported by an American puppet military
815 (IBT), Allied Trades Council (AFL-CIO) I have a high regard for the Senator junta which is what the government of
George Barasch and others, in the course of from Connecticut [Mr. RIBICOFF], to South Vietnam is.
an investigation conducted by the Senate whom I extend my sincere compliments
Permanent Subcommittee on Investigations. for the position that he has taken on It tion will that the be interesting to see Nations the takes posi-
Upon completion of the public hearings the Vietnam issue, with respect to the
last summer you gave graciously of your time, regard to the forthcoming request that
and joined us in a cooperative endeavor to proposal for supervised elections. When has been announced on the floor of the
meet some of the objections to the faun- I entered in the Chamber and heard the Senate this afternoon.
dations, which had been the subject matters Senator from Connecticut speaking, i interesting to see whether
of your inquiry. decided that I owed it to my record to It the will this
Uniteb. Nations, is allow se to hether
As a result of these efforts we arrived at an make a few comments on the subject,
understanding whereby the directors of the particularly in light of the colloquy that vise the selection of the candidates, or
Chemical Research Foundation, Inc., and the has occurred between the Senator from merely the balloting procedures.
$4,000,00 Inc would
to would Connecticut and the Senator from New It will be interesting to see whether
transfer r rll approximately Research Foundation,
dproxima~400000o by g York [Mr. JAVITS]. the United Nations will exercise some
the Allied Welfare Fund.
his
At this point the New York State Depart- It is interesting to note that the Presi- supervisory mission in connection with
happen to think
ment of Insurance, which had participated dent of the. United States and the U.S. the that el el eecttionsons-aand I not pane jurisd-
in the foregoing discussions, indicated a de- Ambassador to the United Nations, Mr.
sire to negotiate separately and directly with Goldberg, will announce or have an- tion over the entire threat to the peace
the parties due to certain differences in views nounced that they urge U.S. supervision of the world. What the United Nations
. me and obj ,aectvend, Thus with it yourera ac cquiescenncece, , esce to to of any elections to be held in South Viet- should do is to call all the parties to an
accounting.
consummate an understanding with that De- nam, and that the Saigon Government--
pbrtment. a reprehensible government-is asking Before the ink was dry on the Geneva
We are now pleased to advise you that we the United Nations, so the Senator from accords, which we refused to sign, but
have concluded our negotiations; executed Connecticut [Mr. RIBICOFF] said on the which our President and Secretary of
copies of the respective instruments and floor of the Senate, to participate in State in 1954 said we would respect as
grants will be forwarded to you promptly. some supervisory capacity in connection tenets of international law, we began
The directors of these foundations, as well with such elections as are held in violating them.
as Mr. George Barasch and the other individ-
uals involved, were completely cooperative in
arriving at the above disposition; however, it My reaction to this announcement is United Nations has hesitated and failed
should be emphasized that the cooperation that it is a diversionary tactic away from to call the United States to the account-
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CONGRESSIONAL 1ECORD- SENATE June 2, 1966
ing that it should have been called to
for violation of not only the Geneva ac-
cords, but also of the United Nations
Charter.
Mr. President, I ask unanimous con-
sent to have printed at this point in the
RECORD those provisions of the statement
of policy of July 1954, adopted by the
signatories to the Geneva accords, of
which the United States on the very
face of the accords stands in violation.
There being no objection, the material
was ordered to be printed in the RECORD;
as follows:
12. FINAL DECLA14.ATIO.N OF GENEVA CONFER-
ENCE,, JULY 21, 19541
Final declaration, dated July 21, 1954, of
the Geneva Conference on the problem of re-
storing peace in Indo-China, in which the
representatives of Cambodia, the Democratic
Republic of Viet-Nam, France, Laos, the
People's Republic of China, the State of Viet-
Nam, the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics,
the United Kingdom, and the United States
of America took part.
1. The Conference takes note of the agree-
ments ending hostilities in Cambodia, Laos
and Viet-Nam and organizing International
control and the supervision of the execution
of the provisions of these agreements.
2. The Conference expresses satisfaction at
the ending of hostilities in Cambodia, Laos
and Viet-Nam; the Conference expresses Its
conviction that the execution of the provi-
sions set out in the present declaration and
in the agreements on the cessation of hostili-
ties will permit Cambodia, Laos and Viet-
Nam henceforth to play their part, in full in-
dependence and sovereignty, in the peaceful
community of nations.
3. The Conference takes note of the dec-
larations made by the Governments of Cam-
bodia and of Laos of their, intention to adopt
measures permitting all citizens to take their
place in the national community, In particu-
lar by participating in the next general elec-
tions, which, in conformity with the con-
stitution of each of these countries, shall
take place in the course of the year 1955,
by secret ballot and in conditions of respect
for fundamental freedoms.
hostilities in Laos or, so long as their situ Mr. MORSE. Mr. President, the ma-
rity is not threatened, the obligation to es- terial which I have just had printed in
tablish bases on Cambodian or Laotian terri- the RECORD shows that the Geneva ac-
tory for the military forces of foreign Powers. cords prohibit-and that is the lan-
6. The Conference recognizes that the
essential purpose of the agreement relating gunge-the sending into Vietnam of any
to Viet-Nam is to settle military questions military supplies, of any military aid, or
with a,view to ending hostilities and that the of any military personnel.
military demarcation line is provisional and From the very beginning, after we took
should not in any way be interpreted as this American puppet, who was a South
constituting a political or territorial bound- Vietnamese exile, out of New York City
ary. The Conference expresses its conviction and Washington, D.C.---a man who had
that the execution of the provisions set out never fought the French-and sent him
in the present declaration and in the agree-
ment on the cessation of hostilities creates over there and financed him and set him
the necessary basis for the achievement in up as a puppet government of the United
the near future of a political settlement in States, we violated the statement of pol-
Viet-Nam. icy signed by the signatories to the
7. The Conference declares that, so far as accords.
Viet-Nam is concerned, the settlement of First, let the United Nations take note
political problems, effected on the basis of of its dereliction in not calling us to an
respect for the principles of independence, accounting for our violations. Let the
unity and territorial integrity, shall permit Secretary General of the United Nations
the Viet-Namese people to enjoy the funda-
mental freedoms, guaranteed by democratic face up to the fact that he has followed
institutions established as a result of free a very ineffective role and has failed in
general elections by secret ballot. In order his responsibilities of leadership as See-
to ensure that sufficient progress in the retary-General by not insisting that
restoration of peace has been made, and either the United Nations or the mem-
that all the necessary conditions obtain for bets of the United Nations live up to the
free expression of the national will, general
elections shall be held in July 1956, under treaty obligations, or else submit' his
the supervision of an international commis- resignation.
sion composed of representatives of the Mem- I know the argument. "Why, Sena-
ber States of the International Supervisory tor," people say to me, "what can such
Commission, referred to in the agreement people do? They cannot control the
on the cessation of hostilities. Consultations United Nations." Well, they can resign,
will be held on this subject between the com- instead of being used as pawns-in this
petent representative authorities of the two
zones from 20 July 1955 onwards. Case, as Secretary-General, or, I may
8. The provisions of the agreements on say, as U.S. Ambassador to the United
the cessation of hostilities intended to en- Nations-in aiding and abetting by keep-
sure the protection of individuals and of ing their jobs, a course that cannot be
property must be most strictly applied and justified under international law or un-
must, in particular, allow everyone in Viet- der any set of principles of morality that
Nam to decide freely in which zone he wishes we owe to mankind.
to live.
9. The competent representative authori- Anyone who reads the speeches and
ties of the Northern and Southern zones of take note of the material I have just
Viet-Nam, as well as the authorities of Laos placed in the RECORD will also observe
and Cambodia, must not permit any indi- that the statement of policy of the Gen-
vidual or collective reprisals against persons eva accords makes it very clear that the
who have collaborated in any way with one 17th paralled Is not a political line of
of the parties durin
th
g
e war or against
4. The Conference takes note of the clauses members of such persons' families. demarcation, but is a military dine.
in the agreement on the cessation of hostili- 10. The Conference takes note. of the dee- Who turned it into a political line of
ties in Viet-Nam prohibiting the introduc- laration of the Government of the French demarcation? The United States. We
tion into Viet-Nam of foreign troops and Republic to the effect that it is ready to with- are the ones who are responsible for set-
military personnel as well as of all kinds of draw its troops from the territory of Cam- ting up, in violation of the Geneva ac-
arms and munitions. The Conference also bodia, Laos, and Viet-Nam, at the request of cords, a South Vietnamese Government.
takes note of the declarations made by the the governments concerned and within pe- It has been an illegal government from
Gover on not to requeod a foreign , and aLao ids 'of heir riods which shall be fixed by agreement be- the very beginning, and the responsi-
tween the parties except in the cases where,
in war material, in personnel or in instruc- by agreement between the two parties, a cer- bility for it lies on the United States.
tors except for the purpose of the effective taro number of French troops shall remain The Geneva accords make crystal
defence of their territory and, in the case of at specified points and for a specified time. clear-the language Is Irrefutable-that
Laos, to the extent defined by the agreements 11. The Conference takes note of the decla- the 17th parallel was to be a line of milt-
on the cessation of hostilities in Laos, ration of the French Government to the ef- tary demarcation, to the south of which
5. The Conference takes note of the clauses fect that for the settlement of all the prob- thousands upon thousands of French
in the agreement on the cessation of hostil- lems connected with the re-establishment troops that were in Vietnam at the time
sties in Viet-Nam to the effect that no mili- and consolidation of peace in Cambodia, Laos
tary base under the control of a foreign State and 'Viet-Nam, the French Government will should repair; while to the north of it,
may be established in the regrouping zones proceed from the principle of respect for the Vietminh Army, that fought and de-
of the two parties, the latter having the the independence and sovereignty, unity and feated the French, should stay until, dur-
obligation to see that the zones allotted to territorial integrity of Cambodia, Laos and ing the next 2-year period, the Viet-
them shall not constitute part of any mili- Viet-Nam. namese people-not the United States-
tary alliance and shall not be utilized for 12. In their relations with Cambodia, Laos should solve the problem aimed at a
the resumption of hostilities or in the serv- and 'Viet-Nam, each member of the Geneva united Vietnam.
ice of an aggressive policy. The Conference Conference undertakes to respect the sov-
also takes note of the declarations of the ereignty, the independence, the unity and The United States, more than any
Governments of Cambodia and Laos to the the territorial integrity of the above-men- other cause, is responsible for splitting
effect that they will not join in any agree- tioned states, and to refrain from any in- Vietnam into two governments, North
ment with other States if this agreement terference in their internal affairs. and South.
Includes the military alliance obligation
conformity p ii with the 13. The members of the Conference agree Mr. President, many people do not
of the Charter of the United Na- to consult one another on any question which wish to face up to it yet, but this contest,
principles may be referred to them by the International
tions or, in the case of Laos, with the prin- Supervisory Commission in order to study this war, this strife will go on for how-
ciples of the agreement on the cessation of such measures as may -prove necessary to ever many decades it takes for the Viet-
ensure that the agreements on the cessation namese people to unite their country.
I IC/43/Rev. 2, 21 July 1954; Original: of hostilities in Cambodia, Laos and Viet- Tens of thousands of American boys Will
French Nam are respected. be sacrificed unjustifiably and unwar-
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June 2, 1966 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD -SENATE
'1 t 'f f a 'do not world that we intend to stop the killing Article 2
-;-',q-
I
th
t
11519
a
rantedly in
cLvl s rI e, stop it. of American boys and of Asians, too. The Organization and its Members, in pur-
Mr. President, the Geneva accords That is why I have been urging- suit of the Purposes stated in Article 1, shall
in accordance with the following
made perfectly clear that no bases were to to be allowed to be established by a for-
eign government. We established bases,
we maintain them, we are responsible
for them. We are guilty of illegal con-
duct in constructing those bases and in
the military aid we sent to South Viet-
nam as early as 1955.
Mr. President, the accords, as will be
seen from the material I have intro-
duced, also made perfectly clear that
from July 1954 to July 1956 plans were
to 'be made for the holding of elections in
Vietnam-all of Vietnam-to the end of
selecting their officers and working out
the procedure for a unified Vietnam.
And why should it not be unified?
These are one people, engaged in a civil
war. Within South Vietnam itself, there
is a civil war. The State Department
does not like to have that phrase used;
but it is interesting that more and more
editors are using it now. The senior
Senator from Oregon and the Senator
from Alaska [Mr. GRUENING] have been
criticized emphatically and in many in-
stances viciously, in the last 3 years, be-
cause we have pointed out the undeni-
able fact that it is a civil war, with over-
tones and undertones of a religious war
also, in which we are unjustifiably kill-
ing American boys.
Mr. President, the United Nations will
have to face up to the fact that the
United States stopped those elections
that were planned for July 1956 because
our intelligence reports were that if they
were held, Ho Chi Minh would be elected
president. And of course we have set
ourselves up unilaterally to tell the world
that we are going to determine the inter-
nal affairs of countries that we think are
threatened with a Communist takeover,
irrespective of what the wishes of the
people may be.
That policy is getting us into greater
and greater trouble. In my judgment,
it is creating great internal stresses in
this country, which will become worse,
until eventually the American people, in
my judgment, will repudiate any govern-
ment that continues to sacrifice Amer-
ican boys by increasing thousands, as
will come to pass if we do not stop our
participation in the war. We have al-
ready killed over 3,200 of them-young
American men who never 'should have
been sent there in the first place. The
Pentagon admits that we have wounded the principles of justice and international
over 15,000 of them-more to be wounded law, adjustment or settlement of interna-
and more to die as our President keeps tional disputes or situations which might
indicating further and further escalation lead to a breach of the peace;
Of this war. 2. To develop friendly relations among
nations based on respect for the principle of
Mr. President, these so-called elections equal rights and self-determination of peo-
in the metropolitan areas of South Viet- ples, and to take other appropirate measures
nam controlled by this military junta are to strengthen universal peace;
not fundamental to the problems that 3. To achieve international cooperation in
exists in southeast Asia. What is funds- solving international problems of an eco-
mental is that we obtain a cease-fire. nomcc, social, cultural, or humanitarian
Senator from New York Mr. ing character, and in promoting and encourag-
The JAVITS] talked about a cease-fire for the respect for human rights and for funda-
mental freedoms for all without distinction
elections. Let me say, Mr. President, as to race, sex, language, or religion; and
what we need is a cease-fire, period. 4. To be a center for harmonizing the
What we need is a stopping of the actions of nations in the attainment of these
killing, and a serving of notice to the 'common ends.
No. 91-7
and it is more important now, may I say
to my President, after he has announced
today his support of some United Na-
tions supervision of elections-that my
President go to New York and ask the
United Nations to-take over the threat
completely.
That is the obligation of the United
Nations. If the Security Council does
not wish to do it, then let my President,
as I have said so many times, make a
plea to the General Assembly for a cease-
fire order, with the pledge of the mem-
bers of the General Assembly-and that
is the responsibility the Charter places
upon them-to send over whatever num-
ber of men are necessary to enforce a
cease-fire. That is quite a different
thing from making war, as the United
States is making it, in South Vietnam.
That is what the President of the United
States ought to be asking the United
Nations to do-not asking them to su-
pervise the "election" of the govern-
ment's candidates.
Oh, that will get public attention, and
create the false impression in the minds
of many that the United States is seek-
ing United Nations intervention. But
the test of whether or not the United
States is seeking United Nations inter-
vention is whether or not my President
and yours will say to the United Nations,
"Take over this threat to the peace of
the world in southeast Asia." And noth-
ing less than that carries out my Presi-
dent's responsibilities under the Charter.
Therefore, Mr. President, I ask unan-
imous consent that there be printed in
the RECORD at this point a series of the
articles in the United Nations Charter
of which, in my judgment, the United
States has violated by its intervention.
The PRESIDING OFFICER (Mr. Ty-
DINGS in the chair). Without objection,
it is so ordered.
The portions of the United Nations
Charter ordered to be printed in the
RECORD are as follows:
CHAPTER I. PURPOSE AND PRINCIPLES
' Article I
The Purposes of the United Nations are:
1. To maintain international peace and
security, and to that end: to take effective
collective measures for the prevention and
removal of threats to the peace, and for
the suppression of acts of aggression or other
breaches of the peace, and to bring about
by peaceful means, and in conformity with
Principles.
1. The Organization is based on the prin-
ciple of the sovereign equality of all its
Members.
2. All Members, In order to ensure to all
of them the rights and benefits resulting
from membership, shall fulfill in good faith
the obligations assumed by them in accord-
ance with the present Charter.
3. All Members shall settle their interna-
tional disputes by peaceful means in such
a manner that international peace and se-
curity, and justice, are not endangered.
4. All Members shall refrain in their inter-
national relations from the threat or use of
force against the territorial integrity or polit-
ical independence of any state, or in any
other manner inconsistent with the Purposes
of the United Nations.
5. All Members shall give the United Na-
tions every assistance in any action it takes
in accordance with the present Charter, and
shall refrain from giving assistance to any
state against which the United Nations is
taking preventive or enforcement action.
6. The Organization shall ensure that
states which are not Members of the United
Nations act in accordance with these Prin-
ciples so far' as may be necessary for the
maintenance of international peace and se-
curity.
7. Nothing contained in the present
Charter shall authorize the United Nations
to intervene in matters which are essentially
within the domestic jurisdiction of any state
or shall require the Members to submit such
matters to settlement under the present
Charter; but this principle shall. not prej-
udice the application of enforcement meas-
ures under Chapter VII.
s
CHAPTER VI. PACIFIC SETTLEMENT OF DISPUTES '
Article 33
1. The parties to any dispute, the continu-
ance of which is likely to endanger the main-
tenance of international peace and security,
shall, first of all, seek a solution by negotia-
tion, enquiry, mediation, conciliation, arbi-
tration, judicial settlement, resort to regional
agencies or arrangements, or other peaceful
means of their own choice.
2. The Security Council shall, when it
deems necessary, call upon the parties to set-
tle their dispute by such means.
Article 34
The Security Council may investigate any
dispute, or any sluation which might lead to
International friction or give rise to a dis-
pute, in order to determine whether the con-
tinuance of the dispute or situation Is likely
to endanger the maintenance of international
peace and security.
Article 35
1. Any Member of the United Nations may
bring any dispute, or any situation of the
nature referred to in Article 34, to the atten-
tion of the Security Council or of the Gen-
eral Assembly.
2. A state which is not a Member of the
United Nations may bring to the attention of
the Security Council or of the General As-
sembly any dispute to which it is a party if
it accepts in advance, for the purposes of the
dispute, the obligations of pacific settlement
provided In the present Charter.
3. The proceedings of the General Assem-
bly in respect of matters brought to its at-
tention under this Article will be subject to
the provisions of Articles 11 and 12.
Article 36
1. The Security Council may, at any stage
of a dispute of the nature referred to in Ar-
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CONGRESSIONAL RECORD - SENATE June 2, 1966
title 33 or of a situation of like nature, rec-
ommend appropriate procedures or methods
of adjustment.
2. The Security Council should take into
Consideration any procedures for the settle-
ment of the dispute which have already been
adopted by the parties.
3. In making recommendations under this
Article the Security Council should also take
into consideration that legal disputes should
as a general rule be referred by the parties
to the International Court of Justice in ac-
cordance with the provisions of the Statute
of the Court.
Article 37
1. Should the parties to a dispute of the
nature referred to in Article 33 fail to settle
it by the means indicated in that Article,
they shall refer it to the Security Council.
2. If the Security Council deems that the
Continuance of the dispute is In fact likely
to endanger the maintenance of international
peace and security, it shall decide whether
to take action under Article 38 or to recom-
mend such terms of settlement as it may
consider appropriate.
Article 38
Without prejudice to the provisions of
Articles 33 to 37, the Security Council may,
if all the parties to any dispute so request,
make recommendations to the parties with a
view to a pacific settlement of the dispute.
CHAPTER VII. ACTION.wrrH RESPECT TO THREATS
TO THE PEACE, BREACHES OF THE PEACE, AND
ACTS OR AGGRESSION
Article 39
The Security Council shall determine the
existence of any threat to the peace, breach
of the peace, or act of aggression and shall
make recommendations, or decide what meas-
ures shall be taken in accordance with Arti-
cles 41 and 42, to maintain or restore in-
ternational peace and security.
Article 40
In order to prevent an aggravation of the
situation, the Security Council may, before
making the recommendations or deciding
upon the measures provided for in Article
$9, call upon the parties concerned to comply
with such provisional measures as it deems
necessary or desirable. Such provisional
measures shall be without prejudice to the
rights, claims, or position of the parties con-
cerned. The Security Council shall duly
take account of failure to comply with such
provisional measures.
Article 41
The Security Council may decide what
measures not involving the use of armed
force are to be employed to give effect to
Its decisions, and it may call upon the Mem-
bers of the United Nations to apply such
measures. These may include complete or
partial interruption of economic relations
and of rail, sea, air, postal, telegraphic, radio,
and other means of communication, and the
severance of diplomatic relations.
Article 42
Should the Security Council consider that
measures provided for in Article 41 would
be inadequate or have proved to be inade-
quate, it may take such action by air, sea,
or land forces as may be necessary to main-
tain or restore international peace and se-
curity. Such action may include demonstra-
tions, blockade, and other operations by air,
sea, or land forces of Members of the United
Nations.
Article 50
If preventive or enforcement measures
against any state are taken by the Security
Council, any other state, whether a Member
of the United Nations or not, which fords
itself confronted with special economic prob-
lems arising from the carrying out of those
measures shall have the right to consult the
Security Council with regard to a solution of
those problems.
Article 51
Nothing In the present Charter shall im-
pair the inherent right of individual or col-
lective self-defense it an armed attack oc-
curs against a Member of the United Nations
until the Security Council has taken the
measures necessary to maintain interna-
tional peace and security. Measures taken
by Members in. the exercise of this right of
self-defense shall be immediately reported
to the Security Council and shall not in any
way affect the authority and responsibility of
the Security Council under the present
Charter to take at any time such action as
it deems necessary in order to maintain or
restore international peace and security.
CHAPTER VIII. REGIONAL ARRANGMENTS
Article 52
1. Nothing in the present Charter pre-
cludes the existence of regional arrange-
ments or agencies for dealing with such
matters relating to the maintenance of inter-
national peace and security as are appro-
priate for regional action, provided that such
arrangements or agencies and their activities
are consistent with the Purposes and Prin-
ciples of the United Nations.
2. The Members of the United Nations
entering into such arrangements or consti-
tuting such agencies shall make every effort
to achieve pacific settlement of local disputes
through such regional arrangements or by
such regional agencies before referring them
to the Security Council.
3? The Security Council shall encourage
the development of pacific settlement of local
disputes through such regional arrangements
or by such regional agencies either on the
initiative of the states concerned or by refer-
ence from the Security Council.
4. This Article In no way impairs the ap-
plication of Articles 34 and 35.
Article 53
1. The Security Council shall, where appro-
priate, utilize such regional arrangements or
agencies for enforcement action under its
authority. But no enforcement action shall
be taken under regional arrangements or by
regional agencies without the authorization
of the Security Council, with the exception
of measures against any enemy state, as de-
fined in paragraph 2 of this Article, provided
for pursuant to Article 107 or in regional
arrangements directed against renewal of ag-
gressive policy on the part of any such state,
until such time as the Orangization may, on
request of the Governments concerned, be
charged with the responsibility for prevent-
ing further aggression by such a state.
2. The term enemy state as used in para-
graph I of this Article applies to any state
which during the Second World War has
been an enemy of any signatory of the
present Charter.
Article 54
The Security Council shall at all times be
kept fully informed of activities undertaken
or in contemplation under regional arrange-
ments or by regional agencies for the mainte-
nance of international peace and security.
Mr. MORSE. Mr. President, the
Senator from New York [Mr. JAVITS], in
his colloquy with the Senator from Con-
necticut [Mr. RIHICOFF], mentioned the
supervisory role the United Nations has
played in the Congo, and in the dispute
between Israel and other countries of
the Middle East.
I do not know what he means by a
supervisory role. The United Nations
took over in the Congo. I was one of
the representatives of this Government
as a delegate in the United Nations when
it did. But we had a Secretary-Gen-
eral of the United Nations at that time
by the name of Dag Hammarskjold, who
did not engage in evasions with regard
to his responsibilities. That courageous
Secretary-General, Dag Hammarskjold,
left no room for doubt as to where he
thought the United Nations should stand
In regard to maintaining the peace of
the world In the Congo. But Mr. U
Thant has. In my judgment, in so do-
ing he has failed in his responsibilities
and obligations as Secretary-General of
the United Nations. All his supporters
are saying Russia, France, the United
States, Great Britain; and the other
great powers wish him to remain as
Secretary-General. If that be true, I
suspect that his over-all do-nothing
policy is probably why they want him
to remain.
What we must have, if we are to stop
this killing in southeast Asia, and the
danger of a massive war and more mas-
sive killing spreading through Asia and
throughout the world, is for the United
Nations to proceed to act. Our country
ought to put the United Nations on the
spot now, by asking them to declare the
cease-fire and take action. Anything
short of that, may I say, on the part of
our President and our Ambassador to
the United Nations is failing to carry
out what is our clear obligation, in order
to preserve peace in the world.
Mr. President, there is such a growing
insistence across this country that we
change our course of action in southeast
Asia that I am greatly encouraged from
the reaction of the people of this country.
That gives cause for renewed hope be-
cause as increasing millions make clearer
and clearer to our President that they
want this policy changed, I think there is
some hope that we will stop slaughtering
these American boys and also slaughter-
ing Asians by the course of action we are
following in southeast Asia.
But, Mr. President, we can redeem our-
selves. We can redeem ourselves by
changing our course of action in :rela-
tionship to the United Nations itself.
We can redeem ourselves by our
President announcing, as he should
be announcing, a cease-fire as far as
U.S. operations in South Vietnam are
concerned.
When there is this internal turmoil
going on in South Vietnam, when there
is the situation of South Vietnamese
fighting themselves, when the South
Vietnamese troops of the junta govern-
ment devote so much time and effort to
suppressing opposition and insurrection
in the areas not even controlled by the
Vietcong, it is about time that the Presi-
dent gave the assurance to the American
people that he is going to stop ordering
the killing of American boys in South
Vietnam in that inexcusable, immoral,
and sinful war.
That is what the American people
should demand from the President, be-
cause the President can stop the killing
of American boys in South Vietnam by
issuing an order of cease-fire as far as
American troops are concerned. The
President can stop the killing of Ameri-
can boys in an escalating war by adopt-
ing the recommendation of General
Ridgway, General Gavin, George Ken-
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CONGRESSIONAL RECORD - SENATE 11521
nan, and others, who point out that we
must adopt the enclave strategy in South
Vietnam in order to stop increasing hour
by hour the serious danger of an all-out
massive war in Asia with both China and
Russia.
I was interested in the comments of
the Senator from New York [Mr. JAVITS]
and the Senator from Connecticut [Mr.
RIBIcoFF] about the responsibilities and
obligations of Russia and Japan. They
do have responsibilities and obligations.
Both of them have been derelict. But
there is another side to that coin, too.
How fortunate the United States and
mankind are that Russia has not joined
the United States in outlawry in south-
east Asia. How fortunate the people of
the United States and the people of the
world are that Russia thus far has exer-
cised the restraint of not constructing
Soviet bases in North Vietnam, not send-
ing Soviet troops in to the assistance of
the Vietnamese, not sending in her air
power, which we all know would mean
world war III if she should start doing it.
If one looks at that side of the coin
the sad fact is that Russia has to be
given credit for not starting world war
III yet. Although she has made very
clear her complete disaproval of our pol-
icy in Vietnam, although she has given
some military aid to the North Vietnam-
ese and to the Vietcong, the fact remains
that the restraint of Russia in regard to
the Vietnamese situation has prevented
the beginning of world war III. How
long she will restrain herself I think only
God knows. So, it is increasingly im-
portant that our country stop risking
world war III, t
It is saddening to listen to spokesmen
ive reassurances to
n
t
G
I should like to hear the President
repudiate the war hawks. In fact, I
should like to have my President face up
to his obligation under article I, section
8, of the Constitution, and stop making
war without a declaration of war. That
is a clear obligation of this President of
ours to the American people. Let the
American people have this war issue
clearly drawn. Let the President send a
war message to Congress, and let Con-
gress decide whether we want a legal
war in the sense that a legal war can be
conducted only under a. declarations of
war. Our constitutional fathers taught
us that lesson in the constitutional de-
bates, when they wrote article I, section
8, of the Constitution. They denied to
the President the power to wage war
without a declaration of war.
The great statesmen from that time on
have made that perfectly clear, as have
great constitutional scholars. I placed
in the RECORD last Friday an article pub-
lished in the June issue of the Diplomat,
an article written by a man considered
by many as the greatest living American
historian, but I should say he is among
the first three-Henry Commager, of
Amherst -University.
He not only devastatingly answers the
argument of those who claim that the
President can make war without a
declaration of war, but he devastatingly
answers the chain of non sequiturs and
policies of Dean Rusk, who tries to jus-
tify the killing in Vietnam under
SEATO.
Let my President face up to his con-
stitutional duty. Let my President take
to the American people a proposal for
a declaration of war, as Woodrow Wil-
son did on the night of April 2, 1917, as
g
overnme
of our
the American people day in and day out I have said in my speeches on the floor
that things are looking better in South of the Senate at least 20 times in the
Vietnam because we are making military last 3 years, and shall continue to say
progress. We are killing more. We are it, because by repetition, repetition, and
devastating more. We are despoiling repetition, more and more people are be-
more. We have some of our war hawks, ginning ow understand.
ing that historic
such as Admiral Radford, advocating the night of April Wilson, a o,n personally ap-
mining of Haiphong Harbor and bomb- eartd before a joint session of Gap-
Con-
ing Hanoi, or any point that these mill- p eared
recommended a declaration of
tarists suggest. The American militar- gress
lets are the greatest threat to the peace war against the German Imperialist
of the world because it happens to be the Government. In the first paragraph of
American militarists in the service, and that Great War message, President Wil-
some of those retired, such as Admiral son said there were decisions to be made
Radford or General LeMay, who are ad- that it was neither right nor constitu-
vocating our following an even more ac- tional that he make. He meant the de-
celerated course of American outlawry in cision of war or peace.
Asia without a declaration of war and President Wilson did not seek to jus-
proceeding on an aggressive course of ac- tify making war against Germany on
tion that, in my judgment, would be the basis of the fallacious argument of
bound to bring in Russia. many Senators, and at the White House,
But these militarists have to be an- that the President, as Commander in
swered and I would like to hear my Pres- Chief, has the power to respond to the
ident answer them for once. Just once. self-defense of the Nation.
He spends a lot of time and uses many Of course he does, but for a very, very
occasions to answer those Who want the limited period of time, and only in order
war deescalated. But he has no answer, to meet that emergency and get his rec-
no rebuke, for those in his official family ommendations and reasons prepared for
or in his own party, who want the war a declaration of war, and then come be-
enlarged. Nor does he care to take issue fpre a joint session of Congress and rec-
with the military officers who want to ommend it. That is the limit of the
use the situation to exercise their mili- President's so-called power as Com-
tary muscles. mander in Chief to respond to the self-
The reason for this distribution of defense needs of the Republic.
presidential attention is simple: It Is No, Mr. President, it is meaningless
limiting and ending the war that has the for the President today to tell the Amer-
most appeal to the American public. loan people that he is for United Nations
supervision of elections in South Viet-
nam, when those elections will allow no
choice among policies and will not cover
the whole of the population of Vietnam,
because it will eliminate completely one
side to the war; namely, the Vietcong..
What kind of elections will they be?
Stacked, -controlled, and rigged. It is
one thing for the President to ask for
supervision of those elections by the
United Nations, but I ask the President
again, "Why do your not call upon the
United Nations to declare a cease-fire
and declare that we will support a cease-
fire."
That is the President's responsibility
under the United Nations Charter, as
it is the President's responsibility under
the Constitution, either to propose a
declaration of war or to stop being re-
sponsible for the killing of increasing,
numbers of American boys in South
Vietnam.
That is the issue.
Eventually, the American people will
determine it.
Mr. President, I made these comments
today, not expecting to make them until
I heard the Senator from Connecticut
and the Senator from New York, and
until I heard about the announcement
which is coming out of the White House
from our President and our Ambassador
to the United Nations.
I say to the American people that the
President and Ambassador Goldberg deal
with a very superficial phase of this
problem. They do not go to the heart
of the problem, nor do they carry out
the clear responsibility of our President
and our Ambassador in the United Na-
tions concerning our obligations to man-
kind to stop the butchery in South Viet-
nam.
Mr. President, I ask unanimous con-
sent to have printed in the RECORD cer-
tain materials, letters, and telegrams
which I have received in support of the
position I have taken in opposition to
the President's war in South Vietnam.
There being no objection, the material
was ordered to be printed in the RECORD,
as follows:
DAYTON, VA.,
May 31, 1966.
Hon. WAYNE MORSE,
Senate Office Building,
Washington, D.C.,
DEAR SENATOR MORSE: May I add my thank
you to those that are pouring in upon you
concerning your courageous stand against
the administration's position in Southeast
Asia and Vietnam. Please continue your ef-
forts for world peace.
I believe some members of the present ad-
ministration would do well to remember
these words of President Kennedy: "We are
not afraid to entrust the American people
with unpleasant facts, foreign ideas, alien
philosophies and competitive values. For a
nation that is afraid to let its people judge
the truth and falsehood in an open market
is a nation that is afraid of its people."
Yours sincerely,
ELLEN V. SWOPE
Miss Ellen V. Swope.
SAN DIEGO, CALIF.,
May 23, 1966.
DEAR SENATOR MORSE: I want to express my
admiration for your courageous stand on
the Vietnam war. As a former "colonial"
resident of what used to be French Indo-
china, I feel better qualified than many of
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our top decision-makers. I wonder often at
the nature of their motivation. What drives
these people to ignore the facts of the situa-
tion? Is it selfish economic interest: there
is a perhaps apocryphal story to the effect
that when approached at some recent gov-
ernors' conference about the possibility of
seriously trying to end the Vietnam war, Mr.
Johnson asked: "Do you want an economic
crisis or continued prosperity?". , Is It a
short-sighted view of our interest in Asia
from a military stand-point? Is it because
the military are more and. more ruling this
country, therefore imposing their views on
the necessity of war? Is it just pure ig-
norance, or arrogance as Senator FULBRIGHT
put it, or self-delusion in imagining our-
selves the rightful, legitimate policemen of
the world? If you, have no time to answer
these questions, can you answer at least this
one: how can I, as a responsible (or shall
I say too-timorous-to-jump-on-the-barri-
cades) citizen, best help the peace move-
ment? Not being a wild-eyed radical ready
to make a lot of noise, or a famous personal-
ity who might command a modicum of re-
spect, I feel quite helpless and yet categori-
cally impelled TO DO SOMETHING to help
steer this country away from the hysterical,
jingoist path to senseless destruction?
A very worried American,
JEAN-PAUL DE CHEZET.
Senator WAYNE MoRsE,
U.S. Senate,
Washington, D.C.
BRONX, N.Y.,
May 27, 1966.
DEAR SENATOR MORSE: I am Writing to you
With my view on the war against Viet Nam
because you have taken a consistent and
unequivocal stand in opposition to the war.
During the past few months I have read
many newspaper and magazine articles re-
ferring to tortures and atrocities committed
against prisoners of war and even civilians.
I have seen color photographs of prisoners
being tortured In magazines such as Life.
And on May 23, the New York Times printed
a photograph on page i of a soldier who had
surrendered and was holding his hands above
his head, but who was nevertheless shot a
few seconds later by one of his captors. Are
there no laws of morality left in this coun-
try?
Furthermore, I believe that the use of
noxious gases by the United States is a viola-
tion of the Geneva Protocol of 1925. I be-
lieve that it is a crime to use chemical
defoliants on the peoples' crops. I think the
dropping of napalm bombs will bring un-
ending shame to this country.
I strongly suspect that what the admin-
istration describes as the bombing of stra-
tegic military targets is, in fact, in many
cases the bombing of innocent civilians. I
view with horror the photographs I have
seen of our soldiers burning whole villages
and leaving only desolation for the impover-
ished peasants. As a citizen I must speak out
against what I believe is wrong and what I
have seen of this war convinces me that my
country is wrong.
The situation is not entirely hopeless as
long as there are men with your courage to
remind the administration that what it is
doing is immoral and evil. I want to tell you
how much I appreciate the show of bravery
you have made in speaking out against a
president who does not welcome opposing
views. I hope you will continue your neces-
sary work until we see some indication that
our leaders are more concerned with the prac-
tice of democracy than with the winning of
military victories. History will record that
at least one brave man was heard in the
Congress at a time when the United States
made a terrible mistake,
Very sincerely yours,
GEORGE W. COOKE.
EL CERRrro, CALIF.,
Senator WAYNE Moasz; May 23,196
Senate Office Building,
Washington, D.C.
DEAR Sea: I cannot tell you what it means
to me to have a spokesman in the Senate
who keeps pounding away at the injustice of
the Vietnam conflict. Today we are fighting
the Buddhists, the Viet Cong, and the North
Vietnamese. One wonders who is with us.
In addition to my horror at our participa-
tion in this war as a country, I have the prob-
lem of two sons who oppose our action there.
The older, aged twenty, is a junior at the
University of California at Berkeley. He has
affiliated with groups opposing the war, but
does not believe in militant opposition, sit-
ins, or suport of communistic organizations
which oppose the war. Like me, the boys
believe that if we had the support of the
people in that country and could really stop
communist aggression in the Far East, the
war would make some sense.
We are almost overwhelmed with the fu-
tility of protest. We are disheartened at
the punishment dealt out to young men who
refuse to serve in the armed services while
such a war is in progress.
This older son, Richard, will not return to
College next semester. He cannot sign up
as a conscientious objector as he is not a
paciflist and would fight to protect his coun-
try or to protect other countries where the
people support our participation.
He will not join the armed services under
the non-combat provision as he will not
promote an unjust war in any way. He
would allow himself to be drafted and trained
if not made to serve where the conflict is
unjust, but we understand that draftees
have no choice.
'We have read of other young men who
have tried to act with integrity under the
same circumstances. One is serving a four
year prison term and was fined $10,000. In
our own city, a fine young man has been
sent to jail more than once for refusing to
serve. This seems like double jeopardy.
Richard is convinced that he will be jailed
in defense of his principles. He is discour-
aged of course. I told him that there might
be a possibility that he would not be jailed
and that he should make some plans. He
replied that he could not do so as his plans
might become so appealing to him and im-
prisonment so hard to taste in comparison
that he would sacrifice his ideals.
It is a heartbreaking decision and he has
made it. The younger boy graduates from
high school now and will be in college and
able to avoid the issue for a while. The
thought of our older son in jail is almost
too much to bear. If I had my children to
raise over again, I think that I might raise
them to be tough and unfeeling. They were
taught ethics and kindliness from the start.
Logical thought and sensitivity seem out of
place In modern society. Do you have any
suggestions?
Whether you answer or not, once again, my
heartfelt appreciation for your courageous
stand.
Sincerely,
Mrs. R. C. WILKINS.
HILLSBORO, KANS.,
Senator WAYNE MORSE,
Senate Office Building,
Washington, D.C.
DEAR SENATOR MORSE: I have watched your
courageous and noble service in the Senate
for some time. Your firm position and that
of a few others has challenged and en-
couraged me to stand up to the apathy,
ignorance, and prejudice surrounding a small
minority in Kansas.
1. have read your "Legal Issues of U.S.
Position in Vietnam." It is so clear that we
are violating Constitutional and interna-
tional laws by being in Vietnam. It's such
a let-down to know that decency and intel-
ligence and justice have been replaced by
the craven and mean. That makes your
leadership in Washington all the more im-
portant. I hope God spares you until the
light of truth breaks over the American
people.
The defeat of your Oregon candidate was
deeply disappointing.
I thank you sincerely for your untiring
fight in trying to save our nation. I hope
we have not gone too far at this point and
that our "cup is full".
Very Sincerely,
Los ANGELES, CALIF.,
May 24, 1966.
DEAR SIR: Just these few words to thank
you for your splendid efforts In the cause of
peace. Almost without exception everyone
that I know and talk to is behind your
courageous crusade. If ever there is a sequel
to President Kennedy's Profiles in Courage
you are sure to head the list.
Respectfully,
DON DEVLIN.
TOLEDO, OHIO,
May 28,1966.
DEAR SENATOR MORSE: I am writing this
on my way to Columbus to hear Senator
GRUENING and to take part in a march on
the State House.
I think every democrat should contrib-
ute to Gov. Hatfield's campaign and thus
follow your lead in supporting him. My son
is returning from Somalia after serving
two years in the Peace Corps. He graduated
from the University of Oregon and is an
Oregon voter. He is very enthused by your
leadership and sees the real work of the
present generation as educating, helping &
succoring rather than in destroying.
Our movement is growing. There was no
Toledo Committee for a Reasonable Settle-
ment last November. There are 300 members
with hundreds of others we have not "been
Involved positively" yet. We are very much
encouraged but we have no hope that the
President will listen until forced to polit-
ically.
Sincerely yours,
F TLLERTON, CALIF.,
May 25, 1965.
Senator WAYNE MORSE.
Sue: Excuse the pencil please, since I feel
it is no time to hunt for a pen. I support
your position on Vietnam. And feel that
the Administration is totally wrong. Which
is beside the point I am about to make.
And that is that-We should call for a
constitutional amendment which would put
a moratorium on all profits-in regards to
war appropriations, or defense spending by
the Government. I am aware that the im-
plications of this constitutional amendment
are far reaching. However I believe that
to call for such an amendment at this time
in history, will have far reaching reper-
cussions and get at the root of the con-
tradictions of the administration. They pro-
fess to seek no wider war-so let them put
their profits where there mouth IS.
Sincerely yours,
DETRorr LAKES, MINN.,
May 27, 1966.
DEAR SENATOR MORSE: Please continue your
efforts to get us out of Viet Nam.
Many thanks for your efforts.
Sincerely,
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BELLEVUE, WASH.,
May 24, 1966.
Hon. WAYNE MORSE,
U.S. Senate,
Washington, D.C.
DEAR SENATOR MORSE: I wish merely to ex-
press my appreciation for your continued
courageous efforts to critically assess our role
and policies in Viet-Nam. In wishing you
success I am not only expressing my hope
that an erroneous and immoral foreign policy
nay be terminated, but also that the reason-
able expression of disagreement and dissatis-
faction with handling of specific affairs by
the administration may retain an honored
place in our society.
Sincerely yours,
GERALD J. OPPENHEIMER.
EL CERRITO, CALIF.,
May 25, 1966.
It is about time that the legislative branch
of government recognize their responsibilities
to the electorate and withhold from the Presi-
dent the privilege of sending abroad our
youth to die on foreign soil without our
nation being wantonly attacked beforehand.
Here, we send 250,000 men and billions of
dollars to fight a war we cannot win, just
as we did in Korea and yet a Communist
pipsqueak-Fidel Castro defies us success-
fully just 80 miles off our shoreline.
My wife and I are the parents of 5 boys
and girls (now parents themselves) who were
involved in two previous wars and we are
sick and tired of American involvement in
the political wars of other nations. Everyone
of us would defend our shoreline with every
drop of blood we possess but not one drop to
defend foreign religious and political factions,
in their internal disputes.
I believe our views are those of the majority
of Americans who have felt the pangs of war
and see nothing but tragedy ahead in the
present policy of U.S.A. Involvement in every
part of the world.
We have a responsibility to those unborn
to leave to them a nation-free from bank-
ruptcy and a national debt they cannot pos-
sibly pay off. If Congress would enact tax-
ation to cover the cost of wars as they are
being waged-there would be such a clamor
from the American people to end the conflict
immediately-the administration would be
forced to act accordingly.
Keep up the good work-you are truly a
patriotic Senator-despite the opinion of the
opposition.
Sincerely your,
ARTHUR It. ROBINSON.
Hon. WAYNE MORSE,
The U.S. Senate,
Washington, D.C.
DEAR SIR: As a Californian I cannot cast
my ballot for you and thereby express my
faith and belief in your stand against the
Vietnam war which you are taking. There-
fore, as a citizen of the United States,.I would
like to offer you my utmost gratitude and
sincere support of your policies and of your
work in which you are now engaged. I am
convinced that we need more leaders such as
you in our Senate and whole-heartedly wish
you every success. It is my fervent hope that
more and more persons will adhere to your
concepts.
Yours truly,
PHYLLIS KANTER'
(Mrs. Joseph Kanter).
PALO ALTO, CALIF.,
May 26, 1966.
Senator WAYNE MORSE,
U.S. Senate Building,
Washington, D.C.
DEAR SENATOR MORSE: I have recently read
with great care your statement to the Senate
in the Congressional Record of March 17,
1966 which was kindly forwarded to me by
Mr. Big Rosenblum of New York City. Since
the statement was made, the situation in
Vietnam has only deteriorated further. I
thoroughly agree that in respect to foreign
policy our President and politicians have
betrayed and failed us.
What seems to me to be equally frustrating
is that even through the ballot there appears
to be so little the public can do to alter
the situation. The candidates for public
office, on the whole, seem to prefer to vie
with one another in display of their "patriot-
ism" and support of administration policies
rather than to take a position based on
morality and, in this case, common sense.
The sad truth that the administration has
failed to realize is that dishonesty and im-
morality in national policy abroad is gener-
ating similar degeneracy here at home. For
this, I fear, history will judge the present
administration harshly. I am proud of your
stand and outspoken criticism and wish to
express my support of your position.
Sincerely yours,
SEYMOUR KESSLER.
DAYTONA BEACH, FLA.,
May 27, 1696.
Hon. WAYNE MORSE,
Senator From Oregon,
Washington, D.C.
MY DEAR SENATOR MORSE: Having watched
the Senate hearings on television and the
positive position you and Senator FULBRIGHT
have taken on the Vietnam fiasco, even
thopgh not popular with the executive
branch of our government-I wish to con-
gratulate you and ask that you continue to
press for a complete withdrawal of the flower
of our nation from this rathole which is
draining the manpower of our nation.
KERRVILLE, TEx.,
May 25,1966.
Hon. WAYNE MORSE,
U.S. Senate,
Washington, D:C.
DEAR SENATOR MORSE: I want to thank you
for your efforts to get our boys out of Viet
Nam. I wish we had 98 more Senators like
you and Senator Fulbright.
We have nothing to gain in Viet Nam, and
much to lose. It is one of the most useless,
idiotic, and brutal wars in the history of
the world.
I value the life of just one American boy
far more than all Viet Nam. And think of
the billions of dollars of taxpayers' money
that is being wasted!
More power to you. Keep up the good
work.
Sincerely,
RAYMOND ORR,
A Grassroot Taxpayer.
BAN MATEO, CALIF.,
May 22,1966.
Mr. L. B. JOHNSON,
President of the United States,
Washington, D.C.
DEAR MR. PRESIDENT: I want you 1.o know
you have lost two ardent supporters and two
votes in the next election. We have great
sympathy for the Buddhists and great dis-
dain for your clumsy Vietnam involvement.
You can be sure we will vote against any
public official who supports this bloodthirsty
and highly dangerous "policy".
LOURENE M. BOYER.
RONALD S. BOYER
(COpy to: J. W. FGLBRIGHT, WAYNE MORSE.)
Keep up the good work!
Senator WAYNE MORSE,
Senate Office Building,
Washington, D.C.
DEAR SENATOR: Thank you for your coura-
geous stand on Vietnam. It is only through
a very limited number of voices that the
public at large becomes aware of many is-
sues that might otherwise be unknown to
them by miasma of silence.
Respectfully yours,
Dr. JOSEPH BAYLUS.
MANHATTAN BEACH, CALIF.,
May 23, 1966.
Senator WAYNE MORSE,
Senate Office Building,
Washington, D.C.
DEAR SENATOR MORSE: As a fellow lawyer I
feel proud that you are a member of that
profession.
To hear the A.B.A. speak of "Rule of Law"
and to see what our government is doing to
it with our action in Vietnam is a travesty.
Keep up the hard work.
Sincerely,
DARBY N. SILVERBERG.
cc: President Johnson.
WILTON MONTHLY MEETING OF THE
RELIGIOUS SOCIETY OF FRIENDS,
Wilton, Conn., May 23, 1966.
Senator WAYNE MORSE,
Senate Office Building,
Washington, D.C.
DEAR SENATOR MORSE: We would like to call
your attention to the enclosed copy of an
advertisement placed recently by the Wilton
Friends Meeting to express support of the
traditional Quaker stand against violence of
any kind.
Though this is a well-known statement of
the position of Quakers, we feel there is a
particular necessity for its re-emphasis today.
We appreciate the courageous stand you
have taken in this matter.
Sincerely yours,
MISS MARGARET A. PICKETT,
Chairman, Peace and Service Committee.
[From the Wilton monthly meeting of the
Religious Society of Friends]
A QUAKER STATEMENT ABOUT WAR
Today, in these troubled times, we would
like to share the following messages with
our neighbors:
A declaration from the harmless and inno-
cent people of God, called Quakers, presented
to Charles II, 1660.
We utterly deny all outward wars and
strife, and fightings with outward weapons,
for any end, or under any pretense whatso-
ever; this is our testimony to the whole
world. The Spirit of Christ, by which we
are guided, is not changeable, so as once
to command us from a thing as evil, and
again to move unto it; and we certainly
know, and testify to the world, that Spirit
of Christ, which leads us into all truth, will
never move us to fight and war against any
man with outward weapons, neither for the
Kingdom of Christ, nor for the kingdoms of
the world ... Therefore, we cannot learn
war any more.
The Wilton Peace Minute, from Wilton
monthly meeting to Friends everywhere, 1960.
It is now 300 years since Friends first
declared "we cannot learn war any more."
Now as then, the spirit of Jesus Christ can
never move us to violence, neither in per-
sonal conflict nor in public life. His way
leads only to peace with all men. His way
is opened by that of God in every man; and
by the helping hand of God available to all.
Today, His way can save the world. Though
every individual owes loyalty to the state,
he owes higher loyalty to the inner light
that is of God. And so with special urgency
we invite all who hear to utterly renounce
war-now the real and final enemy of man-
and daily to seek ways to practice the life
that knows no occasion for war, and to learn
the ways of peace without which all men
perish,
Friends, like so many others, believe that
war brings only misery. War does not-and
never has-led to permanent achievement
of freedom, justice and security. Even when
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CONGRESSIONAL RECORD--: SENATE June 2, 1966
the Issue is righteous and conflict seems
justified there are higher and more effective
ways than violence to oppose evil. War
begets only war.
Friends have found, by long experiment,
that suspicion, distrust, fear, and violence
itself, are healed only by the reconciling
power of love.
We urge all men and women whose hearts
are sickened by the suffering of war victims
to join us in prayer and constructive work
for peace.
(Wilton Friends Meeting, 317 New Canaan
Avenue, Wilton, Conn., by George S. Hast-
ings, clerk.)
Hon. WAYNE MORSE,
U.S. Senate,
Washington, D.C.
READING, PA.,
May 26, 1966.
MY DEAR SENATOR MORSE: Thank you for
waging such a vigorous and dynamic cam-
paign in the furtherance of the interest of
peace in this world. It is encouraging in-
deed to see men of such original American
independence and such courageous un-
daunted faith "stand up" and proclaim the
truth to the American people.
There are, indeed, many things of ques-
tionable character in the conduct of the
war in Viet Nam-about this there seems
to be little question indeed in the minds
of most all of your fellow Americans. There
is undoubtedly great restiveness pervading
the Ameircan people at the present time,
and Viet Nam and the many undesirable
things occurring there are one of the great-
est topics of discussion of the present time
and the American people are crying out in
anguish against the present conduct of af-
fairs relating to the Viet Nam situation.
All these distorted views, etc., presented
by the advocates of further involvement and
further advocates of carnage and radicalism,
bespeak not of a free structure-but invari-
ably are closely synonimous with the very
dictatorial ideals against which we free peo-
ple in America have so long been in opposi-
tion.
You have presented, a true challenge to
the entire problem and have truthfully at-
tempted to expose that which needs expo-
sure, and your attempt at truthfullness is
most certainly deeply appreciated both by
your constituents as well as by grave men
everywhere.
Kindest regards.
Sincerely yours,
ARLINGTON, 28,1VA.,966.
HOD. WAYNE MORSE, May
Senate Office Building,
Washington, D.C.
DEAR SENATOR MORSE: I have just finished
reading excerpts from your speech on The
President and Vietnam, from the CONGRES-
SIONAL RECORD of May 16, 1966 and I want to
extend my congratulations.
I feel that the American people are ex-
tremely fortunate to have a Senator, like
yourself, who is courageous enough to speak-
out against the President and this Admin-
istration who listen only to the voices of the
Hawks, constantly tells us how hard they
are working for Peace yet continues to es-
calate our troops in Vietnam, and gives
whole-hearted support to General Ky.
I worked hard to get President Johnson
elected because Mr. Goldwater continually
talked war during the campaign, while Mr.
Johnson assured us that if he were elected
there would be no war. Since the President
was not honest during his campaign, I don't
believe him now when I hear him say he is
working day and night for a peaceful solu-
tion to end the war., I agree fully with you
when you say "the President must be stopped
with ballots, for it is the only way left to
stop his bullets".
Already, I am being urged to vote for this
man and that man in the coming State elec-
tions. I have resolved to find out from each
candidate whom I might be interested in,
how he stands on the Vietnam issue. If he
supports the President and the Administra-
tion, he loses my support. For the first time
in the many years that I have been voting
the Democratic ticket, the coming elections
might prove the exception, and it is even
possible that for the first time r will have'
to forego my vote if there is no difference
in the candidates positions. I can assure
you that my vote will not send to Congress
any man or women who will rubber-stamp
the President in carrying on this Vietnamese
disaster.
Thank you for again speaking-out and
sharing your feelings and your ideas with
the American people.
Sincerely yours,
DOROTHY E. MARBLE.
OAKLAND, CALIF.,
May 26, 1966.
Senator WAYNE MORSE,
Senate of the United States,
Washington, D.C.
DEAR SENATOR MORSE: We support your op-
position to President Johnson's disastrous
Vietnam policies.
Note the attached letter to President John-
son.
Sincerely,
Mr. and Mrs. JOHN B. DYKSTRA.
OAKLAND, CALIF.,
President of the United States, May 26,1966.
Washington, D.C.
Mr. LYNDON B. JOHNSON,
DEAR PRESIDENT JOHNSON: You may feel
that the Oregon primary was a victory for
you and an endorsement of your policies.
However in California, among my friends
(most of whom voted for you in opposition
to Goldwater In 1964), I know of none who
will vote for you again in view of your disas-
trous Vietnam policies.
Sincerely,
JOHN B. DYKSTRA.
cc: Senator FULBRIGHT, Senator MORSE.
Senator WAYNE MORSE,
Senate Office Building,
Washington, D.C.
DEAR SENATOR MORSE: I should have writ-
ten much sooner about this, but I heard you
on the open debate with Rusk concerning
the American policy in Vietnam. I want to
commend you on your stand. I am sure
you made at least a few listeners have sec-
ond thoughts about our position there.
Thank you for all you have done to chal-
lenge the administration's policies. Keep up
the good work-I am behind you all the way.
Sincerely,
SUE RosrNsoN.
Hon. WAYNE MORSE,
The U.S. Senate,
Washington, D.C.
EL CERRITO, CALIF.,
May 25, 1966.
DEAR Sue: Let me offer you my praise and
support of your stand in the Senate on Viet-
nam and other Issues our country is floun-
dering with.
I admire the courage it must take to take
the stand you have in the face of such oppo-
sition with which you are meeting. I say
this its a former Oregonian and as a staunch
and loyal citizen of our country.
Yours truly,
JOSEPH KANTER, D.M.D.
Senator WAYNE MORSE,. .
Salem, Oreg.
DEAR SENATOR MORSE: Keep up the good
fight to get our boys out of Viet Nam. We
are with you and your views 100 percent.
This can be accomplished and be done
gracefully without losing face and our boys.
Mrs. MARGARET NESBIT.
ST. CLOUD, FLA.
SACRAMENTO, CALIF.,
May 11, 1966.
DEAR SENATOR MORSE: Enclosed is a copy of
a letter from 60 Junior College Instructors
and Administrators of Sacramento to Presi-
dent Johnson. We want you to know that
the example you are setting in Washington
is being followed In Sacramento and that
people here are voicing their disapproval of
the administration's policies in Vietnam.
We praise you for your forthright stand on
this controversial issue and we urge you to
continue voicing your opposition to the ad-
ministration's policies in Vietnam.
Charles Myers, Stanley Jerome, Robert
Bester, Philip Onstott, Clifton Gordon,
Larry Welden, Marvin W. Cragun? Nor-
man Thornburg, Albert Byrd, Clifford
Curtice, Dories Bohr, Sam Kipp, Dar-
rel Forney, Robert J. Bader, Fred Itt-
ner, Duncan Courvoisier, Jack Fiedler,
Tom Schmidt, Harry Cole, Will Solo-
mon.
Richard Miller, Lloyd Bruno, Ray Harker,
Charles Nadler, Patricia McHugh,
Ritchie Thomas, Richard Shimasaki,
Al Kwolek, Edgar Meyer, Maria Brugge,
Gene Tarr, Charles Slater, Muriel Fol-
lansbee, John Miller, Eugene Volz, Wil-
liam McCrory, Betty Robinson, Hal
MeMurrough, Guilbert DuMont, Steve
Strenamel.
Walter Kaufmann, Nona M. Anderson,
Larry Malmgren, Margaret Harrison,
Fred Schmid, Fred Milstein, John Va-
lone, Paul Gould, Frank E. Bush,
George Anastasiow, William Mariano,
Willard L. Melton, Allan Bravitz, Clive
Mefford, Albert Wuesthoff, Paul Larch,
Donald Jewell, Leo McCauley, Byron
Patterson, Joseph F. Martin, Junior
College Instructors & Administrators
of Sacramento.
SACRAMENTO, CALIF.,
March 22,1966.
PRESIDENT JOHNSON: For nearly twelve
years the United States has been pursuing a
course of improvised disaster in Vietnam.
The time has now come for concerned citi-
zens to protest the apparent hypocrisy of
their government.
We claim to be in Vietnam at the invita-
tion of a beleaquered government, but that
government, like its sixteen predecessors
since 1954, is our creature, and could not :have
been established, nor could it long survive
Without American force.
We claim to desire self-determination for
the Vietnamese people, but this claim hardly
has the ring of truth, since the war is a
result of our refusal to allow the elections
stipulated by the Geneva Accords of 1954.
We claim to desire no bases in Vietnam,
but the bases are being built.
We claim to desire a negotiated peace, but
we have steadfastly refused to negotiate with
the people whom we are fighting-the Na-
tional Liberation Front.
We claim to fear Chinese aggressiveness,
when the presence of 235,000 American
soldiers In Vietnam would suggest that we
might more reasonably fear our own.
We claim to be in Vietnam to protect the
Vietnamese from aggression, but our use of
toxic chemicals, napalm and torture, and the
large numbers of non-cwnbatant dead indi-
cate that the South Vietnamese need protec-
tion from their friends rather than their
..enemies,"
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6 CONGRESSTONAT. REDO
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96
It is, thus, abundantly clear that Ameri-
can acts in Vietnam are totally inconsistent
with the lofty aims which we claim to pur-
sue. We, therefore, vehemently urge that
the government take such steps as are nec-
essaxy to extricate the United States from
what can only become an increasingly cyni-
cal and increasingly hazardous attempt to
pursue American interests at the expense
of the suffering people of Vietnam.
PHOENIX, OREG ,
May 22, 1966.
Hon. WAYNE MORSE,
U.S. Senate,
Washington, D.C.
DEAR SENATOR MORSE: The enclosed clip-
pings were printed in today's Oregonian.
They reflect the growing concern of Orego-
nians and of the whole nation about the
Vietnam war. Most of them express their
confidence in you that you so richly deserve.
I hope that in reading these you will find
renewed faith in the voting public and re-
newed vigor in your battle to present the
facts about the other side of the Vietnam
war.
I am a college student who opposes a war
that is unconstitutional, to begin with, but
is also stupid, cruel and wasteful of lives and
educational (etc.) monies.
Most of the people I talk to at college are
in support,of you, Senator MORSE. Though
we are silent, shy to write letters and reluc-
tant to start calling names. I am sure you
realize that we admire and respect what you
are doing. The Senators KENNEDY and FUL-
BRIGHT, Dr. Benjamin Spock, and the count-
less educators, clergymen and citizens who
agree with you about Vietnam think of you
as an honest and most courageous man.
In short, continue your fight. As these
clippings 'show, there is a growing number
of citizens who support you to the hilt.
Why must good men like Senators MORSE
and FULBRIGHT be persecuted? They are the
best Americans of all.
EUGENE.
To the EDITOR:
Johnson's claim that the use of power in-
volves agony reminds one of the parent who
insists to his child, "This hurts me worse
than it hurts you," and then proceeds to lay
on the club. Such an excuse for violence is
disgusting in a parent and it is equally dis-
gusting in a President.
Of course, it could be that the agony re-
sults from his conscience. If that is the
case, let him make some genuine effort to
end this brutal war against the Asian people
and to bring home the brave and innocent
young Americans whose lives are being
wasted on a cause that is not only hopeless
To the EDITOR:
Your calling the Foreign Relations Com-
mittee's hearings a "sickening show" proves
that there is none so blind as those that
will not see. Correct your myopic vision
and take a good look at Viet Nam if you
are to see a real sick and insane drama being
enacted. Our only hope in getting the cur-
tain down on this sad and infamous specta-
cle is by honorable and courageous men such
as Senators MORSE and FULBRIGHT.
I sincerely feel sorry for Secretary Rusk
as he hopelessly tries to justify this comedy
of errors by repetitiously parroting these
words: "We are in Viet Nam at the request
of the South Vietnamese government." My
greatest concern though is for the 250,000
of our young men over there who cannot
help but wonder which, if any, government
they are jeopardizing their lives for.
I believe the people of Oregon are the most
intelligent electorate in the nation and will
never, sen& a senator or representative to
Washington again who will permit such a
small group in government to precipitate
such a crisis as Viet Nam without question-
ing every ramification that it may create.
We are fortunate to have such choices in
men such as Howard Morgan, Mark Hatfield
To the EDrroR:
My Voter's Pamphlet states that Robert
Duncan "firmly supports our nation's policy
of resisting Communist aggression without
becoming involved in a nuclear third world
war."
Political hogwash. Who of us wants nu-
clear war? But, we are heading in that
direction faster than most of us realize.
Our nation's policy? If the United States
has a defensible policy for Americans killing
Asians (on their own soil) and vice versa, I
have yet to hear of it.
Can Mr. Rusk or Mr. Duncan tell us how
American fighting men can distinguish a
Viet Cong man from a South Vietnamese?
Press pictures show both to be undernour-
ished and childish looking.
Two warring factions never filled anybody's
empty belly. If these people feel a Viet Cong
victory will benefit their wretched condi-
tion, can we blame them for fighting the op-
position? No matter which faction wins the
poor will be as wretched as before.
JEWELL ETHEL`RICE.
TILLAMOOH.
To the EDITOR : Why do you depict Senators MORSE and
FULBRIGHT as hooded Klansmen? Why do
you belittle these men?
It is not they whom you are trying to
silence, it is the millions of people in the
United States who dare to question our over-
bearing, militaristic foreign policy.
You are shutting off debate by making
Viet Nam opposition unpatriotic (unpopu-
lar). Only those with independent financial
means can afford to speak out in opposition.
We used to refer to these tactics as "dirty
pool--.
11525
most advanced nation on earth, just does not
feel to me to be in accord with the will of
God. There must be a better way.
GERALD G. EMERSON,
Pastor.
NEWBERG First Presbyterian Church.
Newberg.
PEACE WITH HONOR
To the EDrroR:
ROBERT DUNCAN'S position is firm support
of Mr. Johnson's present Viet policy, includ-
ing the refusal to negotiate with the Viet
Cong. But this refusal rules out meaning-
ful negotiations and makes our present pol-
icy, with its repeated escalations of the war,
a policy which in fact seeks a military solu-
tion of the problem in Viet Nam. Pursuit
of this policy of military victory will require
increasing commitments of U.S. troops due
to the stepped-up infiltration of regular Vieli
troops from the north and to the steady
deterioration of the South Viet army as an
effective fighting force (it had 100,000 deser-
tions last year). It is hard to believe that
China will not be forced eventually to enter
this conflict. (Imagine our reaction if the
Chinese were fighting a war in Mexico or
Guatemala, 250,000 troops on the ground,
Chinese planes occasionally straying across
the U.S. border.)
One could agree with Mr. DUNCAN'S desire
to contain Chinese power and influence, and
yet insist that U.S. Involvement in a massive
land war in Asia will defeat that purpose.
Howard Morgan has made clear his opposi-
tion to the present policy of seeking a mili-
tary solution to what is essentially a political
problem. He insists that both U.S. and Viet-
namese interests will best be served by estab-
lishment of a politically independent Viet
Nam government. To promote a climate
conducive to political reconstruction, Morgan
would de-escalate both the air and ground
war, and agree to include all belligerents in
negotiations. To this reader, Morgans Viet
policies offer the best chance for the U.S.
disengaging itself honorably from a hopeless
military conflict in Asia.
JOHN L. HAMMOND.
RICHMOND, VA.,
May 26, 1966.
Hon. WAYNE MORSE,
U.S. Senate,
Washington, D.C.
DEAR SENATOR MORSE: This IS to tell you
that I am back of you in all you are saying
and doing to try to stop this sacrifice of
young Americans in that sea of human cor-
ruption that is Viet Nam.
One of the things I have to teach my
class is the psychology of leadership. They
study that there are three types of leader-
ship: Authoritarian
Laissez-faire
Democratic
We are now testing which type we, indeed,
have in the United States. Surely if it is
democratic, as we hope and pray it is, voices
like mine all over the country will be heard.
I am a patriotic American whose family
has been in all of the wars in which the
United States has taken part, and one mem-
ber lies buried in Arlington. I am a con-
servative,-not a pacifist, and it goes without
saying-not a Communist. This war in Viet
Nam is, to my mind, aiding the Communists
for it is capable of wearing us out (as one
of the steps of Lenin foretold). The corrup-
tion on ALL sides there makes our partici-
pation a form of mass insanity.
May your efforts succeed in awakening the
American people and arousing them to ac-
tion that will be listened to by those in high
places.
Sincerely yours,
DR. PORTIA HAMILTON.
To the EDITOR:
As I hear the reports and see the pictures
of the people being killed in Viet Nam it just
doesn't seem to make sense to me. It does
not somehow seem right that the most pow-
erful nation on earth should be sending the
mightiest sea, air and artillery power against
such small, desperately poor people, many of
whom are utterly illiterate and ignorant of
the so-called civilized world.
Why shouldn't we let them alone, or let
them all vote-north and south-as planned
in the Geneva Convention of 1954? We say
they are Communist, but the Japanese pho-
tographer who interviewed the second in
command, who some say is more powerful
than Ho Chi Minh, says he is not Communist
at all but "economic socialist."
But supposing l;Ie is Communist. We are
not shooting and killing the 40 per cent in
Italy who voted Communist, nor the Com-
munists or economic socialists In France, in
the Scandinavian countries, nor in India,
China, Russia, Albania, etc. The slaughter
of these wretched Orientals seems especially
wrong to me, as a Christian.
To love a child-and as I see these people
they are as ignorant little children-we must
not spoil them, no. But to bomb their
bridges, highways, power plants, railways, to
kill them in such numbers with the greatest
air and sea power, napalm, mortar fire of the
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DEAR SENATOR MORSE: Hurrah for the cour-
age you show. I could say many things
but you know it all and would be a waste
of time for both of us. My children know
of no young men who have any desire to
fight in Viet-Nam. One young man we
know has served in Santo Domingo as a
Para-trooper. He would have stayed in the
service and made it his career, but he did
not wish to risk being sent to another hole
such as Viet-Nam. It isn't a lack of patriot-
ism as they are willing to defend and fight
for our country but to go where we're de-
spised and not wanted.
Every war we fight, the common man hears
it rumored that we are fighting for the rich
business men who have holdings of some
kind in these countries, but of course will
never sure as patriotism as the lack of it
is always pushed down our throats. I've
often heard it said if these 40 to 50 year old
men had to go to fight the wars there
wouldn't be any.
Thank you.
Sincerely
Senator WAYNE MORSE,
Washington, D.C.
DEAR SIB: I have been listening to your
speeches and hope you keep up the good
work. I just can't think that anything In
south east Asia is worth one of our boys'
lives. I believe we should help the people in
our own country to vote, to get jobs and
decent wages and houses to live in. There
are more people than you realize that agree
withyour views. Most mothers of boys sure
do and I hope that we get out of this ter-
rible war.
Sincerely
Mrs. H. J. FRAHM.
Senator MORSE: I thought I'd take time
out from studies to applaud your stand on
our Vietnam policy. I'm sorry to hear that
they don't heed yours and Senator FvL-
BRIGHT's warnings (recent boost in our troop
commitment). Perhaps history will re-
member that there were a few sane "peace-
niks" attempting to stop the flow of world
blood. However, history has been kindest
to the war mongers, both "good and bad"
if such a significance is possible.
I have found that those pepole who sup-
port the war, support it for the wrong rea-
sons. I've never had the privilege of carry-
ing a sign-frankly I've been too busy with
studies-however, I'd rather be labeled a
"beatnik" than a "warnik." A revolution
or insurgency must have the support of the
people and after twenty years it would seem
logical that we might get the hint. The
ugly American is on stage again, taking an-
other bow. Please, sir, make yourself heard.
With sincere appreciation,
TIMOTHY B. MCGRATH.
SEATTLE, WASH.,
May 19, 1966.
DEAR SENATOR MORSE: What a great service to all the people, you are in the Senate.
To the American people, world's people
and the people of Viet Nam. For it is upon
your success rests their fragile fate.
I often wonder how the Nazis would have
fared If someone had taken them on the
way you have. I can understand why they
call you the "Tiger of the Senate."
I am doing what I can on my level to help
get us out of the war.
It is a pleasure to be living in your gen-
eration. Please send me any facts or
speeches which would be helpful in the
fight.
Sincerely,
The Senate, Washington, D.C., United States.
DEAR SIR: I am an American voter living
in Canada. I am a student and, a teaching
fellow at the University of Toronto. I would
like to add my voice to yours in protest of
President Johnson's policy in Vietnam. Alone
I feel helpless in the face of the President's
arrogant refusal to recognize criticism. My
first letter to the President went unacknowl-
edged. My second letter was forwarded to
the American Consulate in Toronto. The
Consul sent me a letter explaining that he
appreciated my concern and that the Pres-
ident was also concerned.
I am more than concerned. I am angry.
I feel betrayed by the President's actions.
His actions are inconsistent with his cam-
paign promises. I feel frightened that one
man can possess so much power in a demo-
cracy. I think that Mr. Johnson has trans-
gressed his legal power as Commander-in-
Chief of the Armed Forces. His refusal to
recognize criticism is an arrogant misuse of
power. His name calling is beneath the dig-
nity of the office of the Presidency. i am
not it "nervous nelIie" and I hope you point
this out to the President of "all the people."
Sincerely yours,
HAL BURNHAM.
COLORADO SPRINGS
COLO
,
.
SENATOR WAYNE MORSE,
Washington, D.C.
DEAR SENATOR MORSE: Thank you very much
for sending me the material concerning the
U.S. position in Vietnam. I sincerely agree
with the lawyers' Committee and am passing
around the record among friends. I shall
certainly refuse to vote for anyone who will
not promise to work for speedy withdrawal
from Vietnam and cessation of this immoral
and Illegal war. Keep up the good work!
ESTHER VANUE.
MCHENRY, ILL.,
Hon. WAYNE MORSE, May 24, 1966.
Senate Office Building, Washington, D.C.
DEAR MR. MORSE: Please continue in your
efforts to halt this mess in Viet Nam. Are
we going to be fighting the Viet Cong, the
North Vietnamese, and the South Viet-
namese? Who is going to be left in that poor
mutilated country to help us win their(?)
war for freedom (and ours for their natural
resources) ? ! !?
From a grateful American family who
deeply appreciate your convictions and pray
for your continuing strength to fight for
them.
Sincerely,
BRUNO C. and MARGARET KARAS.
Hon. WAYNE MORSE,
Senator, Eugene, Oreg.
DEAR SENATOR: Keep up the good work and
get our boys out of Viet Nam. Don't give
up the fight, we're with you.
Mrs. MARGARET NESBIT.
ST. CLOUD, FLA.
Hon. WAYNE MORSE,
The U.S. Senate,
Washington, D.C.
TozonTo, ONTARIO, your efforts to end this war. You say so
PARK FOREST, ILL,,
May 25, 1966.
DEAR SIR: I thank you for your fine tele-
vision appearances. I appreciate more than
words can say your - views on the Vietnam
War. Your words, "We have the right to
dissent" made me feel America still has some
of the real spirit left of its original founders.
I have one son in the service and another of
the draft age. Should this war be furthered
who knows about another son who will be
a freshman this fall. Thank you for all of
eloquently all the words I think and feel to
be true.
Yours truly,
Mrs. DONALD H. ALESHIRE.
Mr. WAYNE MORSE,
U.S. Senate,
Washington, D.C.
GREENVILLE, OHIO,
May 24, 1966.
DEAR Sin: I wish to compliment you for the
conscience and fortitude you displayed dur-
ing the Senate Committee hearing (televised
the evening of May-11) when Mr. McNamara
was interrogated. I deeply appreciate the
disturbance that you, Mr. FULBRIGHT and
others are making at this time.
There are "computer men" who walk
among us as humans. (Are they repro-
ducing? Heaven forbid!)
Mr. McNamara's case is one of mistaken
identity. He thought he could charge
through like a knight of old, armed with a
computer, and the war would be won by
precision. Now he continues to face his ad-
versary because he is afraid to turn his back
and run.
A "simple-minded" solution for the war is
this: retreat and make "enclaves" and then
evacuate all who wish to leave. This would
be more soulful than war, and certainly more
economical of everything, even if it took
more than a year to accomplish it.
Here is a quote I think pertinent in this
situation: "" s * it is not America but
Russia, holding vast lands once belonging to
the Middle Kingdom, who has most to fear
a clash with an aggressive China."
Sincerely,
Mrs. T. !K. WENRICIi.
Senator WAYNE MORSE,
U.S. Senate,
Washington, D.C.
NEWBURCH, N.Y.,
May 25, 1966.
DEAR SENATOR MORSE: I am writing you to
thank you for your criticism of our adminis-
tration's stand in Viet Nam.
So many of us feel strongly that we do
not have the moral right to be there but It is
like a voice crying in the wilderness. Our
objections do not seem to be listened to and
with each passing day, more of our young
men are being killed. How very tragic for
the families involved. How can people bear
the loss of loved ones for a reason in which
they cannot believe.
I pray that you will continue voicing your
opposition.
Sincerely,
MARION W. RmER
Mrs. M. J. Rider..
PALO ALTO, CALK'.,
May 23, 1966.
DEAR SIR: I'm not a pacifist but I'm shocked
to the Vietnam situation. How could
we get so involved? I can't believe it. It's a
nightmare to most of us.
It must be worse than a nightmare to the
average Vietnamese. No wonder we're un-
popular. The only people who seem to want
us to stay are the profiteers and the Ky
government.
Thank you for having the courage to ex-
press your opinions. I'm sure most Amer-
icans agree with you.
Sincerely,
COUNCIL BLUFFS, IOWA,
May 24, 1966'.
MY DEAR SENATOR: I wish to express :my
disapproval of the war In Viet Naim. Our
boys are being killed a few at a time and
this war could go on for years and years.
Most of the people don't feel this war unless
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they have boys in the service. I have two
sons in the service and it seems to me that
Robert S. McNamara is trying to prolong this
war at the, expense of the lives of our boys.
I have read in our paper where our boys
have been cut short on materials, and weap-
ons. We seem to be short of planes and
bombs.
What is our committment to this country?
They have no form of government. Are our
boys dying for nothing? If our boys die one
at a time what will this solve in this country?
This war is not ours, this is needless blood-
shed and loss of our boys lives. Each and
every boy is precious to their families. They
deserve the chance to live and have families
of their own.
I have heard your views on Viet Nam and
I hope you know that most of the people that
I know share your views. Help us to stop
this needless slaughter of our boys. Surely
there is another way to help these people
without the needless death of our boys. If
this war is necessary then we should not hold
back on the bombs, Bomb the strategic
places like Hanoi.
Mrs. HELEN L. GREENE.
FLUSHING, N.Y., May 26, 1966.
Senator MORSE,
U.S. Senate,
Washington, D.C.
DEAR SENATOR MORSE: Attached is a letter
we wrote to President Johnson protesting
our involvement in the War in Vietnam.
We would like you to know we support your
courageous stand against the War In the
Senate and on the Foreign Relations Com-
mittee. We believe you are helping democ-
racy to survive in this country at a time
when it is being seriously challenged by the
actions of the President and his Administra-
tion.
We urge you to continue to bring the truth
about the War to the American people in
the face of all opposition from the White
House because we believe that the people are
beginning to realize the illegality, brutality,
and shamefulness of this destructive policy
which has not advanced our country's ideals
at all in Vietnam or the rest of the world.
Very truly yours,
LARRY FANTL.
SVSAN FANTL.
"FLusHING, N.Y., May 24, 1966.
"President JOHNSON,
"White House,
"Washington, D.C.
"DEAR PRESIDENT JOHNSON: We would like
to register our opposition as citizens of the
United States and as human beings, to this
country's role in the present conflicts in
Viet Nam. We oppose our open support of
the military, anti-constitutional government
of General Ky against the National Libera-
tion Front, and our tacit, indirect support
of Ky against the Buddhists who are seeking
constitutional government. (Ky could not
combat the Buddhists so successfully without
the military equipment provided him by the
U.S. Government.)
"The brutal war we are waging against the
National Liberation Front (NLF) and North
Viet Nam (we make a distinction) are mor-
ally and legally wrong, and diplomatically
and tactically damaging this country's do-
In any case, we have created a situation in
which Ky's government is as much hated as
the NLF by anti-communists like the Budd-
hists, which comprise a majority of the na-
tion's population.
"2. We are provoking Communist China by
repeated bombings of North Viet Nam, closer
and closer to the Chinese border. This does
not even take into account the fact that
these bombings have not brought us military
victory. We must consider also the crudity
and illegality of bombing North Vietnam,
Laos, and Cambodia, which have never been
proven indispensible and sole sustainers of
the NLF in South Vietnam.
"3. We are retarding relations with Russia
and with France, a potential friend and a
former one, by persisting in these aggressive
actions in S.E. Asia.
"4. The war has retarded social progress
domestically, holding back the two primary
programs of your administration, the Poverty
Program and the Civil Rights Program.
"5. By escalating the war and by bombing
North Vietnam, you have betrayed the voters
who elected you instead of Barry Goldwater
because you supposedly stood for fair-minded
political action and a minimum of military
action in South Vietnam.
"6. You have betrayed the voters who
favored your liberal and humanitarian pro-
gram of social legislation at home. To us,
it is the nation's disgrace that Medicare and
the Civil Rights Act, and the War on Poverty,
should be accompanied by a war on Vietnam
which obliterates human rights, increases
poverty and suffering. The acts at home are
constructive and laudable, and will give your
administration an honored place in this na-
tion's history for generations. But the acts
of war abroad have already made your na-me
and administration infamous to many, and
the damage done to our national reputa-
tion, to the U.N., to international diplo-
ma tic relations In Europe as well as Asia, and
to the Vietnamese people will take as many
generations to rectify.
"We support the statements of Senators
FULBRIGHT, MORSE, and KENNEDY, and all
others who have spoken out against the War.
We ask:
"1. That you cease immediately the bomb-
ing of North Vietnam.
"2..That you initiate no more attacks on
the NLF In the South.
"3. That you hinge your military support
of Ky on his guarantees of elections Sep-
tember 12, and his promise not to destroy
the Buddhist movement which opposes him.
(CONTROL KY, DON'T LET HIM OONTROL
OUR FOREIGN POLICY)
"4. That you reconvene the Geneva Con-
ference and reinvite the U.N, to provide sug-
gestions whenever it feels it can.
"5. That you offer to negotiate immedi-
ately and unconditionally with NLF as a
major party of all discussions.
"6. That you campaign for peace, not as
you did last January with accompanying
escalations of the number of troops in Viet-
nam, etc., but honorably and sincerely, and
for as long as it takes to reach a peaceful,
satisfactory political settlement.
"As things stand, Mr. President, we have
discovered that it is possible to be ashamed
of being an American, and that our fears of
world conflict and nuclear holocaust are not
mestio programs and international bargain- focused on Moscow or Peking, but on Wash-
ing position and prestige. ington, D.C.
"1. More Americans are now being killed "We ask you to remove the shame and en-
than Vietnamese. We have been fighting for able this country to return to the much more
at least two years with no concrete military compelling, honorable struggle of defeating
victories ever being achieved and maintained. poverty, disease, ignorance, and fear within
Obviously a military victory in Viet Nam is our own boundaries, and anywhere else these
impossible. Obviously the bulk of the Viet- forces prevail. ,
namese population is either positively sup- "Very sincerely yours,
porting the NLF , or else not enough opposed "LARRY FANTL,
to it to actively work for the Ky government. "SUSAN FANTL."
ALAMEDA, CALIF., May 6, 1966.
DEAR SENATOR: This senseless war in Viet
Nam is the most terrible thing that has ever
happened to our country. It is none of our
business what the countries of Asia do.
The power to send troops to foreign lands
and to get us into war, should be taken
away from the President and restored to
Congress, where our Constitution placed it.
The people of Viet Nam have their own
ideas of how to live and cannot understand
anything different. Of course they all want
the money we so lavishly pour in.
I am seventy years old and am more wor-
ried about the fate of our country than ever
before.
I thank you for trying to get us out of this
mess. I am a native of Oregon and am proud
to think that the representative of that state
is making such a good fight.
All of the hand-outs the President can
make does not compensate for the loss of our
wonderful young men. They are like sheep
led to be slaughtered,
MANHASSET, LONG ISLAND, N.Y.,
May 25, 1966.
DEAR SENATOR MORSE: We are so grateful
for your courageous leadership in opposing
U.S. official policy in Vietnam.
PHILADELPHIA, PA., May 25, 1966.
Senator WAYNE MORSE,
U.S. Senate,
Washington, D.C.
DEAR SENATOR: I would like to express my
support of the position you have taken con-
cerning United States foreign policy, espe-
cially in Vietnam. Your courageous deter-
mination in speaking out against whatever
you believe to be wrong will, I hope, continue.
Thank you for putting your country's future
ahead of your own political future.
And thank you, thank you for your recent
observation that were John F. Kennedy our
president today, he most probably would not
have us in this unholy mess! I became
annoyed when editorialists claim that there
is no difference between the Johnson and
what would have been the Kennedy policy.
In fact, I see grounds for the impeachment
of President Johnson for his total disregard
of the constitution concerning declaration of
war. Also, his claim that we are preserving
freedom for the people of Asia (by burning
and bombing them and their villages and
supporting a military dictator whose hero is
Hitler) sickens me.
Again, I urge you to continue your opposi-
tion to our presence in Vietnam.
Senator WAYNE MORSE,
U.S. Senate,
Washington, D.C.
DEAR SENATOR MORSE: I endorse your stand
on our position in the Vietnam war and think
it is wonderful that the United States Senate
has such an able spokesman for liberalism.
The American people welcome the debate
and investigation of the awesome issues of
this terrible dilemma.
Sincerely yours,
BAYSIDE, N.Y., May -20, 1966.
DEAR SENATOR MORSE: We wish to thank
you for everything you have done and said
about Vietnam. We are very lucky to have
had the opportunity of hearing your views
presented at the Senate Foreign Relations
hearings on television.
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We are not organization people, we never
marched, nor sat in; or were we ever strongly
committed to any cause. This letter is the
beginning of our commitment. We thank
you for your leadership and inspiration.
As much as you need us, senator, we need
you more. Our strength and our hope lies
in you.
Sincerely yours,
GLORIA & PAUL LITTMAN.
Senator WAYNE MORSE,
U.S. Senate,
Washington, D.C.
DEAR SENATOR MoasE: May I respectfully
commend you on your firm stand against our
Involvement in Vietnam and express my com-
plete agreement with your views.
Yours sincerely,
DOROTHY BLASS.
MESQUITE, TEx, May 11, 1966.
Senator W. MoasE,
U.S. Senate,
Washington, D.C.
DEAR SIR: Please let me once again assure
you of my support in your fight against our
involvement in Viet Nam. Please continue
to do all you can to inform the country about
this senseless and dangerous war. I keep
hoping that finally good sense and not ill in-
spired emotions will prevail and result in our
disengagement.
Very truly yours,
ALBANY, N.Y., May 23, 1966.
DEAR SIR: Such strength of mind and char-
acter is an inspiration to all of us.
God bless you.
ROUSTON, TEx., May 25,1966.
SENATOR WAYNE MORSE: I heard you on Tel.
& I think we need .a few more talkers like
you that will speak out against this terrible
slaughter of our men in Viet Nam. Surely
with all the brains & educated people there
should be better means of ending a war, that
seems to be dragging us in further.
Please write me & tell me what we women
Can do in our small way.
I know you are a Democrat but I'm hoping
a Republican will he our next Pres. for
the main reason, that all the wars, r can re-
member of have been under Democratic
Pres.
I'm just now hearing reports on radio tell-
ing what effect the war is having on this
country & that war with China is unavoid-
able. That makes us shudder.
Why can't you be instrumental in doing
something about this useless killing. I'd say
pull out & settle with talks, negotiations
policing or anything. I think if we stop the
aggression they will stop.
Go to them & make some sacrificing before
our country goes bankrupt. We have too
many irons in the fire.
BERKELEY, CALIF., May 25, 1966.
Senator WAYNE MORSE,
Washington, D.C.
DEAR SIR: I wish to inform you of my com-
plete support of your opposition to the
President's Vietnam policy. I beg you to
continue it, and prevent the disastrous con-
sequences which the President has chosen
to weigh his country.
Sincerely,
ROBERT H. MANDEL.
LITTLETON, COLO., May 26, 1966.
Senator WAYNE MORSE,
Washington, D.C.
DEAR MR. MORSE: I am in complete agree-
ment with your views on the war in Viet
Nam. I am thankful that there are still
men, like you, around-who can view situa-
tions of this nature, realistically, placing the
security of our own nation in first place.
I find, however, that my own objections
are a little bit different than yours. So I
am sending you this letter that I am also
sending to the Denver Post, in the hopes
that you may find in it a germ of an idea
that can be used to defend your position.
These are not only my views, but repre-
sent the views of my 23 year old son, and
his friends, who have fought in that war
in Viet Nam. They know what those people
are like, from their own experiences with
them. They believe the cause to be hope-
less and feel deeply discouraged with our
commitment to defend all of Asia. From
their point of view, this could involve the
rest of their lives and the lives of their chil-
dren, as well-if Americans could last that
long.
I wish, with all of my heart, that you, or
someone like you, could be our president.
Thank you.
Mrs. BERNICE R. HOWE.
"LITTLETON, COLO., May 26,1966.
"Aren't we kidding ourselves about the
war in Viet Nam?
"While President Johnson states and re-
states with monotonous regularity that we
must stop the Communists in Viet Nam to
prevent them from taking over all of Asia,
Raul Castro, Cuban Armed Forces Minister,
determines to redouble Cuban's aid to Com-
munists revolutions in the belief that these
revolutions are the Achilles heel of the
United States. (Rocky Mountain News ar-
ticle, page 3, May 24, 1966)
"Mr. Johnson seems to be under the im-
pression that when and if the Communists
realize that they cannot take over South
Viet Nam by force, they will somehow or
other be intimidated or discouraged from
further aggression in other countries. I
wonder why it has not occurred to Mr. John-
son that we have already forced the Com-
munists to realize that they could not win
in Korea, Berlin, and . we did show them
that they could not bring those missiles into
Cuba. They were not intimidated by these
experiences with our determination, yet, Mr.
Johnson asks us to forget the past and be-
lieve that this time it is going to be differ-
ent. This time the Communists are going
to learn their lesson, once and for all.
"But, if we stop to view this situation from
Maj. Castro's point of view, it does seem
that It might be much more profitable for
the Communist world powers to involve the
Americans in a series of small wars rather
than risk their own manpower, their own
economic resources, and especially their own
reputations in one Big War.
"If this were their intention, they could
instigate little wars in all of these 39 other
countries that we are now obligated to de-
fend. If they could keep a war going In each
of these countries for as short a time as three
years per country, they could keep us pretty
busy for the next 117 years. While we were
expending our strengths in these wars, the
Communists would have more than sufficient
time to develop their home projects, es-
pecially their space projects, and we could
wake up one morning to discover that we
were being controlled by a "Man in the
Moon" and that man would not be an
American.
"It seems to me that we must stop, some-
where along the line, take a clear, hard, cold
look at our 'enemy' and wonder if we are not
playing this game just exactly the way he
wants it played.
"It seems to me, that we must stop, some-.
where along the line, and evaluate this situa-
tion from different points of view, consider-
ing other methods of dealing with this prob-
lem or we could wake up one morning and
discover ourselves to be so weakened from a
long series of little wars that the Commu-
nists have won by default.
"I, personally, do not believe that the Com-
munists plan to stop when the war in Viet
Nam is over, I personally, do not believe that
the Communists care whether or not they
win or lose the war. I believe that their
purpose was served when the first American
dollar was spent and the First American boy
died over there.
"Even as we sit here wondering about it all,
I suspect that the Communists are already
planning their next adventure. Where will
it be? They have a pretty wide choice. We
may have Thailand and Malaysia well pro-
tected, but that leaves India, Egypt, Israel,
Cuba, South America.
"Let's face the hard, cold, revolting facts.
If we are going to commit our military and
our economy to every Communist-instigated
revolution that comes along, the Communists
are going to have us dancing. Just like the
old-time Western bully could keep the town
drunk dancing by shooting bullets around
his feet, the Communists could keep us
dancing by Instigating revolutions.
"And, just as that town drunk would be
considered a fool if he felt victorious for hav-
ing avoided all of the bullets, I think we are
kidding ourselves if we believe, for one
moment, that a victory in Viet Nam is a real
victory over Communism.
"BERNICE R. HOWE."
YOUNOSTOWN, OHIO, May 25, 1966.
Hon. Senator WAYNE MORSE,
Senate Office Building,
Washington, D.C.
DEAR SENATOR MORSE: Thank you for speak-
ing out so strongly on our policy in Vietnam
during the hearings that were televised two
weeks ago. Please continue to pressure for
a change in our policy. I find more and
more people who think that it is imperative
that we stop this military action.
Sincerely yours,
ELIZABETH STERENBERG.
Senator WAYNE MORSE,
Washington, D.C.
We love you.
Keep working for peace in Vietnam.
THE MARROWS.
SOUTH BEND, IND, May 24, 1966.
Senator WAYNE MORSE,
Senate Office Building,
Washington, D.C.
DEAR SENATOR MoasE: As a long-time con-
servative Republican I feel compelled to
write to voice my support for your stand on
Vietnam. We have put ourselves in the posi-
tion of saving these people from themselves
even if it means killing them all off to do so.
The entire Vietnam situation has been a
series of errors in judgment (misjudgment is
human) but instead of rectifying these er-
rors the administration has bulled its way
along trying to cover them up by applying
more force. Unfortunately this force means
heavy loss of life on all sides. Like it or not
we are the hand that is manipulating the
military puppet ruling Vietnam.
Keep up the fight.
Very truly yours,
THE REYNOLDSBURG METHODIST CHURCH,
Reynoldsburg, Ohio, May 23, 1966.
Senator WAYNE MORSE,
U.S. Senate Office Building,
Washington, D.C.
DEAR SENATOR MORSE: Thank you very
much for the section of a recent CONGRES-
SIONAL RECORD discussing our involvement in
Vietnam.
Many of us agree with you wholeheartedly
and want to encourage you as you become
the conscience of the nation in regard toOur
Involvement in Southeast Asia. We greatly
admire your courage in taking this very un-
popular stand and want you to know that
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CONGRESSIONAL RECORD - SENATE 11529
many of us share with you the deep concern
about our commitments there and the treat-
ment of the Vietnamese people. Keep up
the good 'work and let me assure you of the
gratitude of the many persons who share
your concerns.
Sincerely,
son left for the service (drafted) and he was
sent to Korea during the conflict there. The
youngest son was drafted after he was mar-
ried a year. He has been in the service six
months. He is home on furlough from
Camp Gordon, Georgia. When his leave
has ended, he is being sent to Viet Nam.
CHARLES D. KatSCH. I have had an exceptionally hard life as a
_ mother. My husband is not well. He works
MAY 23 1966 at a light job, all he can stand. And some-
We further wish you all the success in your
work for this human cause.
We remain sincerely yours,
KURT STOKEL,
President.
JOHN TAVIAR,
Secretary.
ANDREW BOZIEH,
Treasurer.
UNITED STATES CONSTRUCTION CORP.,
Sarasota, Fla., May 25, 1966.
Hon. WAYNE MORSE,
U.S. Senate,
Washington, D.C.
MY DEAR SENATOR MORSE: If the great
Americans of yesteryear could, come back,
they would recognize, as I do, your constant
and dedicated contribution to keep these
wonderful United States free and strong.
Sincerely yours,
SANDE ROCKE.
PALM DESERT, CALIF.,
May 26, 1966.
Senator WAYNE MORSE,
U.S. Senate,
Washington, D.C.
MY DEAR SENATOR: Inclosed is a copy of
some of the paragraphs from the letters I
received from a friend who was drafted and
fighting in Vietnam. We correspond regu-
larly and I received a letter from him twice
a week. Now I have had no letter for over
a month. I trust and pray he is not another
casualty in Vietnam's stupid religious war.
Outside of protecting our oil interests, what
reason have we for mixing in this civil strife?
If you know of any other reason I would like
to know.
You deserve great credit for your tire-
less work in the televised Senate Foreign
Relations Committee hearings, Please carry
on for a helpless American public.
You have my humble thanks and good
wishes,
DEAR SENATOR MORSE: I Wish to let YOU times hardly able to go to work. I Wrote
know of my gratitude to you for your President Johnson just explaining to him
courageous labors in trying to bring sanity that I've been through so much and since
to our country's headlong drive in a war of we did share our (2) sons in foreign duty
hate and terror. just asking him if the third son could not
I also wish to tell you that all of my family, be stationed in the States to complete his
all of my friends and acquaintances have duty to his country~e cHe Is ould have commander-in-
been against this war from the first- chief of the Army. said Yes,
(Where does this "consensus" come from? and had him stationed here. I had a letter
It can only be from those people who do not from Julian Wilson saying he was asked to
read except superficially, and from the hate- answer it for President Johnson, And the
d nditions that could not
o
i
t
mongers and reactionaries.)
In deepest gratitude,
IRENE DONNELLY.
PHILADELPHIA, PA.
BRYAN, TEx., May 18,1966.
Hon. WAYNE MORSE,
U.S. Senate,
Washington, D.C.
DEAR SIMATOR MORSE: I wish to express my
deep appreciation and gratefulness to you
for the stands you have been and are taking
before our present Administration regarding
their foreign policy programs-namely Viet
Nam. Because of this you have taken
criticism but, nevertheless, have been con-
stant and untiring in your effort-the sign of
a great man.
It is-my hope that our president will soon
take more advice from people such as your-
self than he seems to be taking at this par-
ticular time.
May God bless you and work with you in
,your efforts to bring peace to this troubled
world.
Respectfully yours,
MARY E. PARRETT.
MAY 20, 1966.
Senator WAYNE MORSE,
Senate Office Building,
Washington, D.C.
SENATOR: When you feel like running for
the Presidency-count on my vote. I refer
to your Viet Nam position.
I am recommending it to the President and
my other elected representatives. Thank you
for a kind of patriotism that appeals to the
HUNTINGTON PARK, CALIF.
MONTOURSVILLE, PA., May 24, 1966.
Senator WAYNE MORSE,
U.S. Senftte Building,
Washington, D.C.
n c
a
letter con
be met as I will not go out to exaggerate
the conditions and that was "only the pres-
ence of the son would eliminate the prob-
lems with which I'm faced. And that would
just be telling a falsehood. And I would
not go out to embarrass my son to fill out
papers to that effect. I have had many
problems which works a hardship on me.
But this is the worst problem I've had to
try to get through with. Senator MORSE,
mothers' hearts are aching and bleeding all
over the world tonight because of this war
in Viet Nam. When I sat before my tele-
vision, and watched a film of the bloody
riot in Da Nang tonight reported by Ron
Nessin, our reporter there, and saw and
heard mothers screaming and crying over
their little children who had been shot to
death, plus many more heartbreaking scenes.
God help us and help us quickly to get out
of Viet Nam. You would be surprised to
hear that in such a small community where
I live, people are talking of demonstrations
in Washington. I would never think of
coming to Washington as a demonstrator.
But I'm appealing to you, if you have any
Influence in the White House, to ask Presi-
dent Johnson not to send my son to Viet
Nam. And to bring those boys who are
already there home. God has been so good
to us as a nation, but so help me, if we
go over there to kill and plunder like is going
on over there, destroying life, and their
homes, some day we will suffer because God
promised it. And It will come to our home-
land. Just what is happening over there.
'Let us stop it before it is too late, I would
be glad for an answer.
Sincerely,
Mrs. HAROLD BIGGER. -
P.S.-We shall pray daily for your guid-
ance as a Senator who means so much to our
country, and we shall be Influenced as we
go to the polls by those who let the Ameri-
can people know what's going on and will
plead for the wrong things to be made right.
God bless you and direct you in all you do.
Julian Wilson is Personnel in the Dept. of
the Army in which I think you surely would
know. He is not to be blamed for the answer
to my request. He has his duty to perform
and he did the best he could.
DEAR SIR: I'm writing you this letter in
regards to my views on the Viet Nam War.
To me this is one of the worst wars ever
fought between mankind. I've watched you
and listened to you and Senator DIRKSEN and
FULDRIGHT as you plead and present your
views on this horrible war to stop it. And
you are being greatly admired for your ac-
have taken especially when you
i
ons you
t
FEDERATION OF SLOVENIAN PEN-
questioned the Defense Secretary, MacNa-
mara, in those hearings in the Senate, and SIONERS OF METROPOLITAN CLEVE-
we didn't get it from the press, your views. LAND,
It came live by television. And that we dare Cleveland, Ohio, May 25, 1966.
to believe. Hon. WAYNE MORSE,
I'm sending you a clipping from our daily Washington, D.C.
newspaper, and I also listened to him on HONORABLE SENATOR: This Petition is just
television and watched him, U Thant, as he to let you know that 1200 members of the
spoke from Atlantic City. - - Federation of Slovenian Pensioners of Cleve-
Senator MORSE; I have three sons (all the land, Ohio, fully agree with your peace policy
children we haye). The oldest was drafted to stop the war in South Viet Nam, and we
and he served a portion of his two years in appreciate your efforts and courage to bring
Germany. Just as he got home the other this brutal war to an end.
BARBARA KNAPP.
"I'll really be crazy when I get back to
the States. I don't think I'll be able to live
with myself."
"When I die I'll go to heaven because I've
spent my time in hell (Vietnam)."
"One reason we haven't won this conflict
yet is because you can't see the V.C. It's
like fighting a ghost. Nearly all the tunnels
they have are eight stories deep."
"We only lost one man on this last opera-
tion-but that was one too many."
"We find villagers and figure they aren't
V.C. and let them go, but if it were up to
me, I would kill them all (women, children
and old men). They're all helping the V.C.
one way or another. Every village we go into
there are women, children and old men, but
no young men from the ages of 17 to 45 and
they're out fighting us. That's why I would
kill them all. You would understand if you
were over here in my place-most everybody
would, but they aren't over here. Really, I
can't put it in writing how I feel, all I can
say is that it's a silly and stupid damn war.
The V.C. don't even know what they're fight-
ing for."
"This next operation we go on I'm going
to kill anything I see, women or children.
You probably think I'm nuts, but if you've
ever been next to one of your best buddies
and he gets shot through the stomach and
you see his guts hanging out and he dies
right beside you, would have the same feeling
I do about any V.C."
'They only have two seasons over here-
hot and dry and hot and wet. It has been
kind of hot the last week-around 120'."
"It's Hell over here, Pure Hell, no one
knows how it is over here unless they've been
here."
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11530
CONGRESSIONAL RECORD - SENATE
June 2, 1966
. FULTON, Mo., May 25, 1966. many highly educated men In government ALTOONA, ALA.,
Ron. WAYNE MORSE, they're developing fat between their ears. May 31, 1966.
Senate Office .Building, Certainly hope Senator MORSE you keep at Senator WAYNE MORSE,
Washington, D.C. It, Washington, D.C.
DEAR SENATOR MORSE: Thanks very much Sincerely, Senator MORSE: I appreciate your stand on
for the CoNGREasIONAL RECORD "Legal issues HAROLD H. LEVORA. Vietnam during the recent debate. I wish
Of U.S. Position In Vietnam". I shall study Alabama's senators had stood with you. I
it diligently. There is a bountiful flow of "The President of the United States feel you spoke for me and the majority, if
propaganda through this section of the coun- "L. B. Johnson not all, of this state's- citizens. We can still
try, and I am certainly grateful for some- "DEAR MR. PRESIDENT: Sunday nits May 15 hope "Even in the midst of the Great So-
thing that can be depended upon to be the I watched my only son Jim and 120 others ciety" as long as we have men of your caliber
truth. I appreciate Your effort to get the in his Co. come thru San Francisco Airport in Washington.
truth to the people of America. In full combat equipment headed for Da I am a widow of a WWI veteran, a mother
Senator MORSE words would fail me to ex- Nang. I witnessed their debarkation from and grandmother and I care about this na-
press my appreciation of You in your strug- the plane with mixed emotions and as Jim tion's tomorrows. I feel Oregon is proud of
gle for the Nation's welfare. I wish I could and his group approached the ramp I turned you. I am,
be of more help, at least be able to send more and looked down to see an 18 or 19 year Gratefully,
encouragement Your
M
way.
any of us do old Sailor coming up the ramp on crutches-
look to You to bring out the truth. We one leg gone below the knee. Not even
have.great admiration for You, and esteem thinking of past casualties---or future-I
You very highly as one of America's great wondered if this whole Viet affair was worth
statesmen. And I might add a great force that boy's leg.
in our hope for our nation. "Jim like many others has been in an out
Our prayers will be dirrected your way, of college and while in an interim period
and we do pray that God will continue to between work and college he was drafted
bless you with health and wisdom to carry May 9, 1965, At the time he was under the
on the good work, as you have in the past. care of our family physician as result of an
Cordially, accident that closed one side of his nose.
E. J. MILLER. Our.Dr. referred him to a Specialistand the
PAWTUCKET, 11.1.,
May 31, 1966.
Senator WAYNE MORSE,
Senate Office Building,
Washington, D.C.
DEAR SENATOR MORSE: I want to let you
know that I approve of your efforts and posi-
tion on the Viet Nam Issue.
I hope you will continue your efforts and
wish you every success.
Sincerely yours,
ROSS DAGATA.
Senator WAYNE MORSE,
Washington, D.C.
DEAR SENATOR MORSE: Enclosed copy of a
letter I have just sent President Johnson
regarding the Draft and. Viet Nam. When
I lived in Beaverton, Oregon I supported
you, not because I completely agreed with
you but because I felt you did have the
courage of your convictions and were and
are by modern standards a Most Honest
Man-I still reel the same.
I'm a salesman, contacting and conversing
with people at many levels and degrees of
thinking and intelligence, you could say the
mass or group who are the heart of our
country. You are right this great mass are
rapidly changing their attitude on Viet Nam,
the Draft, Poverty Program, Great Society,
etc. and if national elections could be held
right now the Administration would be in
for a shock. Unless it's done by a Master,
people will only be sheep for so long and I
think that's happening now, the sheep are
returning to people, glib words won't do.
Last Week, House Furnishing Daily, a Fair-
childs Publication published a story on A.I.D.
to Viet Nam. The reporter really laid it out
and we are apparently grossly undermanned
and mismanaged and supporting the Viet
Cong along with everyone else in food, drugs,
and clothing.
I listened and read President Johnson,
Mr, Rusk, Mr. McNamara and quite a few
more but they're. not reaching me with the
old platitudes and worn out phrases. I'm
not against military service, strong defense
or help for anyone who needs it but watch-
ing the newscasts from Viet Nam and the
action of the various factions I'd like some-
one in Government to explain in language
we could understand, why we're over there
and why we're staying over there-I don't
think those people would know or care in
the majority if they were Communist or a
Democracy. Is it possible we are getting so
Operation. Three Weeks after the surgery
when he wasn't even permitted to blow his
nose to avoid puncturing the membrane and
with an allergy to dust, he was inducted into
the Armed Services. At Ft. Leonard wood,
where he took basic, the Medics discovered
he was also allergic to grass but he made it
thru with his unit because of personal pride
and self determination. His induction under
these circumstances was hard to understand
altho we had at that time considerable ad-
verse publicity from groups at Cal. and San
Jose state on how to avoid the draft.
"After basic he was to go to Ft. Knox but
Was held and then assigned to Ft. Gordon,
attached to HQ Co. and while there he volun-
teered for overseas duty with 29th Civil Af-
fairs Co. where, as PFC Jim J. Levora, U.S.
66401293 he is one of few Draftees in this
Regular Army unit. Sunday Jim told me if
he had had any idea the Viet Nam civil situ-
ation would be as- it is he'd not have volun-
teered. Looking at all the officers and men
in the group I didn't see many smiles.
"I'm proud of Jim-all the way-for his
conduct thru this entire course of events
but personally unhappy under the circum-
stances and present conditions. There are
so many inequities In our Draft System of
which you are aware-deferments of many
kinds-CLASS deferments-to dumb-to
smart-to rich-to poor and there's the pro
athlete. Pro football players can get hit by
plenty of muscle-August thru January but
are unfit for military service-this is hog-
wash.
"I figure I'm Mr. Joe Average American
and as such am entitled to be heard, even
tho this never reaches you. I'm not a well
educated man and can't bandy the words
around like you Mr. President or Mr. Rusk,
but I am a registered Democrat of 34 years
and articulate enough to have actively helped
the Party until recent years when I have
leaned more to the independent. I'm in
contact with people every day -I should say
PEOPLE-and even the hard core pro Viet
Nam are turning, saying they're sick of this
whole stinking mess. I intend to write
everyone I've supported or support to let
them know -my views.
FIRST PRESBYTERIAN CHURCH
Sodus, N.Y., May 31, 1966.
Hon. WAYNE MORSE,
U.S. Senate Office Building,
Washington, D.C.
DEAR SENATOR MORSE: I have recently re-
ceived your CONGRESSIONAL RECORD statement
outlining your views on our Involvement in
Viet Nam, and I have followed yours and
others' statements on T.V. upholding the
same views.
May I express my heartiest agreement with
this position. Keep up the good work, and
it is a good work. Before it is too late let us
hope that wisdom will prevail over hysteria
and expediency.
Most sincerely,
STATE UNIVERSITY OF NEW YORK,
Little Neck, N.Y., May 31, 1966.
Senator WAYNE MORSE,
Senate Office Building,
Washington, D.C.
DEAR SENATOR MORSE: The American peo-
ple and the world have come to expect your
continued courageous voice in opposition to
the outrageous war we are waging In Viet-
nam.
Thank you very much.
Sincerely yours,
MICHAEL Tosser.
DEAR SENATOR: Today I heard the latest
casualty list of this undeclared war. 146
dead and 820 wounded.
When I read or hear something on the
radio or TV on what your views are on this
undeclared war I am in agreement with you.
I to, do not believe our government has
any right supporting a military regime,
which is not an elected government of the
people. Backing Ky as we are, is the same
as asking ourselves in.
I believe there would be more opposition
to this undeclared war but for One reason:
The average person does not read the
newspapers (as he should) or listen to news
broadcasts or read extensively. Some way
must be found to reach this type of person.
They do not really care about this undeclared
war as long as it does not include or affect
them.
What would happen if the hearings were
re-opened and the people were to hear wit-
nesses on the following:
1. What is the estimated cost to our gov-
ernment that will have to be paid out to
South Viet Nam in reparations? (Repara-
tions will have to be explained.) What will
this cost be to the individual taxpayer?
2. What would the public reaction be if
someone from the HEW de
art
t b
l
p
men
o
d the
"In your position r can appreciate it's hell public about the malaria and other diseases
if you do and hell if you don't but with the the American soldiers are contracting in
deterioration of an already bad situation, it South Viet Nam? What possibility is there
might be better to do what someone said- of them bringing these foreign diseases back
fight and run away to live to fight another home with them? Will our doctors be able
day to recognize them and treat them if they
"Sincerely, - are contagious and spread to our civilian
"HAROLD R. LEVORA." population?
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June 2, 1966 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD - SENATE
This is something I have always wondered owners who have made the poverty of the
and I think the rest of the public should country and thus the NLF, and the U.S.
know this too. If you took the total popu- This is the shame of America in Viet Nam.
lation of South Viet Nam and divided it into Please keep up your criticism of our policy.
the total cost of all the money our govern- You will have those who really love their
ment has spent in that country so far, how country behind you. But when someone
much would this be per person? quotes the famous saying "my country, may
How much is one billion dollars? she always be right, but my country, right
1. How many $3,000 cars would it buy? or wrong," remember that this is probably
2. How many $15,000 homes? what some Nazi said when he shoved a Jew
3. How many four year college educations in a gas chamber. Keep this in mind in-
at $3,000 a year? stead, "my country, may she always be right,
4. If you had carpeting at ten dollars a but when she's wrong, may God give me the
square yard how many miles of carpet could strength to help make her right."
you buy for one billion dollars? Sincerely, Lovls Kovncx.
5. How many men would it take, earning
10,000 a year to earn a billion dollars in 20
years? OSWEGO UNITED PRESBYTERIAN CHURCH,
One billion dollars is just a word or a Oswego, Ill., May 31, 1966.
name. Break this myth word down so that Hon. WAYNE MORSE, -
the public knows what one billion dollars Senate Office Building,
These are things I have wonaered about.
1. What happens to the weapons of the
deserting South Viet Nam soldier? I heard
on the radio today they are deserting at the
rate of 6000 a month.fi Where do they go?
What do they do? Is there any punishment
for this? Could they reenlist again and do
the same thing over again?
2. What kind of people live in South Viet
Nam?
3. What is a Buddhist monk?
Many times what you say is taken out of
context and your meaning Is lost and dis-
torted. I wish you could go on national tele-
vision and let the people know your views
in their entirety. I would feel privileged to
contribute to such a cause.
Sincerely,
A NERVOUS NELLIE WHO Is GETTING
MORE NERVOUS.
SANTA CRUZ,. CALIF.,
May 30, 1966.
DEAR SENATOR WAYNE MORSE: Please accept
my thanks for being a man with the courage
to stand up for his beliefs.
I agree with you-this is a war we should
not be fighting.
Let's not save face. Let's save lives. God
bless you.
Sincerely,
for sending me the copy from the CONGRES-
SIONAL RECORD of your speech in the Senate
last February 25, inserting in the RECORD the
report of the Lawyers Committee On Ameri-
can Policy Toward Viet Nam.
I have read this with great interest.
I want you to know that I support the
stand which you are taking on Viet Nam. I
preached on this subject along with a large
number of the ministers in this area last
Sunday and I found your speech very help-
ful. I will be glad to receive copies of fur-
ther speeches which you may make on this
question. Thank you.
PEORIA, ILL.,
May 30, 1966.
Senator WAYNE MORSE,
U.S. Senate,
Washington, D.C.
SENATOR: I believe that after hearing some
of Sec. U Thants recent speech it might be
a good time to press for some sort of peace
talks through the UN. I think that world
opinion must be very strong against as at
this time. Given the Buddist civil war and
their clear call to all the world to get the U,S.
off their backs the time is ripe to make a
real effort in the UN to stop this war. I
think that U Thant was clearly asking the
American people to take a stand and demand
that this war be stopped.
Senator Morse, what this country is do-
ing in Viet Nam is a disgrace. I am so
ashamed of my country it just sickens me.
Is there no way to stop this administra-
tion?
Its clear to most anyone that this country
is looking for a pretext to start a war with
China. Then this country will have had it.
Signed
VERY WORRIED CITIZEN WHO DOESN'T
KNOW WHERE TO TURN,
most of the people feel whether their sons are
over in Viet Nam or not. "I object vigorously
to the sacrifice of these young men in sup-
port of a policy that cannot win."
Why should we police the world? The
function of the military is to defend our
shores and why should we try to fight for
some insane war which is just what the Viet
Nam war is and particularly when these
people don't want us there but want a chance
to work out "their way of life" for them-
selves. Right now we have the Russians
fishing on the west coast, the Cubans stirring
up trouble again and the Viet Nam war also
the Santo Domingo crisis.
I can't see where my son who has been
gone two weeks now and we haven't heard a
word and all the other boys who left when
he did besides the thousands of others who
are over there and have been for sometime
do any good when they are told "to go home."
Why should these Vietmese make "torches"
of themselves and blame us-we were trying
to help but they don't want us.
Sincerely,
A Mom.
IDEALISTIC AND PRACTICAL
BEAVERTON, OREG.
To the EDITOR:
I am a conscientious objector, age 53. I
object to the present foreign policy of my
country and to the war we are waging in
Viet Nam.
I qm the father of two girls and four boys
and anticipate my first son-in-law within
six weeks. I believe in and enjoy the teen-
agers and young people of our community,
state, and country. I object vigorously to
the sacrifice of these young men in support
of a policy that cannot win.
My objections are based on principles that
are both idealistic and practical in philoso-
phy.
In my opinion we are faced with three al-
ternatives in Viet Nam. All discussion and
all policy must relate to three choices. Un-
fortunately- we are letting our governmental
officials avoid facing up to these alternatives
which are as follows:
(1) Smash all those who would resist us in
Viet Nam. Bomb them, kill them, destroy
them until they yield to our command, our
will, our purpose, and our plans for them.
Ultimately in pursuit of this alternative we
may have to cross the border into China to
impose our will on the Chinese. Smash
them. Our will must prevail. Our flag
over all is the ultimate in this direction. I
believe that it is agreed that we cannot ac-
complish these goals. -
(2) Fight until we can negotiate a treaty
and draw a line which we can defend from
now until doomsday. We are defending a
line in Germany, in Korea, and a perimeter
in the Caribbean. We have taken upon our-
selves the function of policing the world and
responding in force to every conflagration
in the world. We can't win this way either.
There is no end to this way.
(3) The third alternative to which a grow-
ing number of people are subscribing is to
get out of Viet Nam. We recognize a host of
objections and difficulties but we are sure
that we must accomplish a complete and
strategic retreat.
The violent screams of shock of those who
want to fight communism rend the air at this
alternative. Our question to them is, why,
when there is apparently as much commu-
nism in Cuba and South America as in Viet
Nam, do we fight a war 10,000 miles away?
Why did we not fight in Cuba?
We are not going to win even though we
bomb and bomb and finally smash and wreck
this little country of Viet Nam.
It is not our purpose as a country to rule
the world. If we are enlightened as some of
our politicians claim, it is not practical or
idealistic to share our enlightenment via the
CHICAGO, ILL.
May 28, 1966.
DEAR SENATOR MORSE: I have never before
written to a Senator from a state other than
my own. But I felt it necessary to write
you and express my gratitude for your cour-
ageous stand on the VIET NAM war issue.
One often reads of a Senator's mail running
in a certain ratio on an issue. So I felt I
should add this letter to those approving
your stand.
The Viet Namese war is indeed a tragedy,
not only because it involves great suffering
for the Viet Namese people, but because the
United State is disgracing its proud tradi-
tion of the defender of' freedom around the
world. What freedom are we defending in
Viet Nam? The National Liberation Front
does not represent freedom, but neither does
the cruel Ky dictatorship that our dollars
and men are defending. It comes down to
a question of a right wing or a left wing dic-
tatorship, and I don't think any kind of
dictatorship is worth one American life.
The- question of aggression is also absurd.
North and South Viet Nam have almost equal
pdpulations, so if South Viet Nam had her
people behind her, she could easily defend
against aggression. The truth is we have be-
come involved in a three sided civil war.
The Buddhists who are truly the freedom
fighters are opposed by the Saigon dictator-
ship. The NLF who helped rid the country
of the French is also opposed by the Saigon
government and the U.S. The ones who back
the Saigon government are the rich land
ST. ALBAN'S EPISCOPAL CHURCH,
Jacksonville, Fla., May 30, 1966.
Hon. WAYNE MORSE,
U.S. Senate,
Washington, D.C.
SIR: I have always supported the President
and for a long time I thought that you were
dead wrong. I now find that I cannot allow
the proposed (Post election????) build up
and escalation of the Viet Nam war to go
without registering protest.
Keep up the good fight. God bless you.
Respectfully;
ROBERT C. JOHNSON, Jr.,
Vicar..
MAY 31, 1966.
DEAR SENATOR MORSE: I have written to you
before in behalf of the mothers of Portland
and this time I have read an article that I
think is excellent and shows exactly how
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military who threaten devastation with every
penetration.
The function of our military is to defend
our shores. We are wasting our purpose, our
goals, and our power in this insane war some
10,000 miles from our shores.
(We must continue to believe in freedom,
in enlightenment, in peaceful methods and
we must then allow other peoples of this
World to proceed with their own freedom and
beliefs.)
There are many methods by which we can
share our beliefs, our hopes, and our help ex-
tended to the people of the earth without
Imposing our force and arrogance. Our mili-
tary power and strength must be conserved
and used wisely whenever anyone threatens
us at our shores or in the air above.
The world is not ours to rule, it is ours to
live in with others.
Our present course will continue towards a
complete dissipation of military strength and
spiritual and moral power.
It's time to turn away. It's time to back
out. It's no time to force ourselves blindly
forward in order to save face. The price is
too great. (My children and my neighbor's
children are very special to me. Bring them
home.) Shorten our lines of communica-
tion and turn the other cheek.
Our final choice is to choose between con-
quering the world or living in it freely and
letting others live as they would choose to
live. We can never five freely as conquerors.
It's never been done. It's never to be done.
Only the third alternative will lead us to
peace. Let us rapidly de-escalate our war
effort, negotiate at every opportunity, and
pursue every avenue of peace even at the ex-
pense of our world image, at the expense of
our world status and with a willingness to
lose face, all the time remaining strong and
ready to defend our own shores.
VERNON D. HANSEN, M.D.
FORT LAUDERDALE, FLA.,
May 27, 1966.
DEAR SENATOR MORSE: Last night (May 26,
1966) on a Miami Radio Station WINZ on an
Open Phone discussion program conducted
by Alan Courtney, I was so mad when he
called both you and Sen. FuLBRIGxr "Com-
mies"-"termites" in your outspoken crit-
icism of the was in Vietnam. Usually a
smart conductor of these programs refrains
from comment and lets the public phone
in their views (unless they become too
obnoxious). Dissent is the right of a true
Democracy unless one advocates the over-
throw of our government; but not false
vilification.
Our government has constantly called
So. Vietnam a Republic-when in truth it
has been ruled by coup after coup. We
now have there a civil war-Catholics
against Buddhists that puts the burden
on U.S.A.
In the last Foreign Relations Committee
hearing on Vietnam on T.V. It seemed to me
most members were doubtful of our wis-
dom in being in this insignificant little
Asian Country
In the mean time our fine young men are
dead or wounded; our big planes and mili-
tary equipment are lost, by a so-called com-
mitment in which we seem to be the-heaviest
participator.
Hope the Fall elections will more clearly
show the will of the taxpayers.
Sincerely,
Hon. WAYNE MORSE,
Senate Office Building,
Washington, D.C.
HELEN B. BRICE.
TAYLOR, TEx.,
June 1, 1966.
DEAR MR. MORSE: I have followed with
great interest your position on various leg-
islative and governmental affairs and want
to congratulate you on your independence
of thought and action, knowing that it would
be much easier for you to conform to the
thinking of the majority.
I would like to add that I often disagree
with your viewpoint but feel convinced that
honest and constructive opposition and ex-
pression of one's thoughts are the true mark
of a statesman.
Feeling that you may be getting letters
of the "other kind", I simply want to give
you a bit of encouragement in this letter.
Yours very truly,
L. D. HAMMACK.
Senator WAYNE MORSE,
Senate Office Building,
Washington, D,C.
DEAR. SIR.: I hope you don't feel too dis-
couraged over Mr. Morgan's defeat in Ore-
gon. I think you are doing a wonderful job
of opposing a monstrous evil and I know mil-
lions of people are thankful for your con-
tinuous efforts to bring some sanity into our
insane foreign policy.
Sincerely,
LLOYD M. ALLEN.
PHILADELPHIA, PA.,
Senator WAYNE MORSE,
Senate Office Building,
Washington, D.C. -
DEAR SENATOR MORSE: I am thankful there
are more and more voices of sanity speaking
out against this useless, wicked, costly war
in Vietnam. Your leadership toward ending
the war and working to rebuild normal rela-
tions with Communist China is heartening.
Sincerely,
JOSEPHINE M. BENTON,
BETHLEHEM LUTHERAN CHURCH,
Brodhead, Wis., May 26, 1966.
Hon. WAYNE MORSE,
Senate Office Building,
Washington, D.C.
DEAR SENATOR MORSE: Thank you for send-
Ing me recently the speech you gave in the
Senate of the United States, on Friday, Feb-
ruary 26th of this year regarding the legal
Issues of this country's position in Viet Nam-
I am Impressed with your excellent anal-
ysis of this situation and I find myself com-
pelled in most every angle to agree with you.
I have followed your reasoning and admire
your courage.
Recently Congressman KASTENMETER wrote
me regarding the position of Senator FuL-
BRIGHT and I am pleased that the concern of
this country is being guided by men of wis-
dom such as yours.
Sincerely,
Rev. LOWELL H. MAYS, Pastor
[From the New York (N.Y.) Post,
May 18, 19661
A GI Wmow's QUESTION: WHY VIET NAM?
(By Barry Cunningham)
The young widow's eyes were reddened from
anger as well as tears. Under her glasses, the
skin puffed out in raw circles. Her eyelids
Were damp and sore.
"I've been crying since last Saturday," she
said, stamping out a cigaret, "What good does
it do?"
She buried the butt in a taper napkin.
And rolled the napkin into a tight wad to
dry her eyes.
"This war is useless," she snapped. "My
husband said so in his letters.before he died.
He hated the whole slimy war."
Juanita Butcher's marriage to a Viet Nam
combat hero ended in tragedy last weekend
when Sgt. Reubin Butcher, of 146-12 115th
Ave., Jamaica, Queens, strayed Into a barrage
of his own unit's artillery fire.
June 2, 1966
BODY COMING HOME
Sometime today, the 23-year-old 1st
Cavalry Division soldier's body will be flown
to New York in a metal casket.
Meanwhile, his 22-year-old widow struggles
within herself to find some word that will
help to explain the bewilderment and an-
guish. -
Her father, Robert L. James, a Transit Au-
thority employe, cries-crossed the living room
of the family home yesterday, banging his
fists against the walls.
"Gangsters," he growled, jabbing his finger
at the Defense Department telegram. The
words, "died of wounds from friendly artil-
lery fire" were underlined in pencil.
"To me, that sounds like a bunch of gang-
sters shooting at one another in the same
room," he said. "We don't know who we're
fighting over there, do we? We're just shoot-
ing and killing every which way."
The husky subway worker said his son-in-
law was first wounded during a Viet Cong
sneak attack last February.
Grenade shrapnel ripped into the soldier's
right arm and leg, taking him out of combat,
the father-in-law said, making his death on
Saturday even more bewildering.
James said Sgt. Butcher "worried about
not being able to write to Juanita" because
of his wounds.
Three unopened letters postmarked "Viet
Nam" were spread out on the dining room
table as James spoke. All were addressed to
Juanita from her husband.. James said he
wouldn't show them to 'his daughter until
sedatives given by their family doctor had
worn off.
SHE'S UNABLE TO EAT
He went back to the living room.
"You ought to eat something," he urged
Juanita, who had refused food since
Saturday.
She had heard him mention the letters.
Instantly, she went into hysterics. The
sedatives started to take effect and a few
moments later she quieted. She fidgeted
with the straps on a pair of white fur slip-
pers and talked of her job as a Wall Street
secretary.
Then her eyes shifted to the mantel. She
gazed at a glossy photograph of her husband
in uniform, remembering how he had written
"everything is so desolate in Korea" during
his 13-month tour of duty there in 1963.
EVEN WORSE IN VIETNAM
"It's twice as bad in Vietnam," he wrote
to her last December. A graduate of Eli
Whitney HS in Queens, Sgt. Butcher married
Juanita-his high school sweetheart while
on leave in the winter of 1963. -
"He had big plans to come home and start
raising a family," his widow recalled in a
halting voice choked with grief. "We had
only nine more weeks to wait for each
other."
Then the expression on her face went dead.
"He wrote to me that he had killed a man.
He saw some of his friends killed. I couldn't
take it any more.
"I told him to keep writing me, but please
don't say anything about the blood."
As she spoke, her father continued to pace
back and forth across the carpet.
OPPOSES THE WAR
"I've been listening to this man from
Arkansas-Mr. [Sen.] FULBRIGHT." he said,
"and [Sen.] MORSE, too.
"They say we're getting nowhere In Viet-
nam. I agree with them.
"These pickets and the boys who burn
their draft cards aren't crazy."
He said his son-in-law had written home
that "most of us don't know who we're
fighting or why we're here."
James tugged at his moustache.
"You don't have freedom of speech when
you're in uniform," he said. "You are afraid
to say anything.
R
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"I know. I'm a city worker. I'm afraid
to say anything. In fact, maybe I shouldn't
say this, but my son-in-law's death was a
waste."
the New York (N.Y.) Post,
May 21, 19661
PACK IT IN
(By Pete Hamill)
The guy was wearing the green beret of
the Special Forces, and he was standing in a
bar on Tu Do St. In Saigon, drinking in a
kind of desperate silence.
He would not talk, even to the slim young
bar hostess opposite him, who was happily
taking his money. After three whiskeys, he
stood up, cursed Saigon, and lurched out the
door. The girls all giggled.
I saw him again a few days later, being
helped by an MP into a jeep. His face was
mashed and bloody, and some of his teeth
were gone. I guess he had been mugged.
Three young Vietnamese in white shirts stood
on the corner, laughing.
So when I think about Saigon now, or
look at the photographs coming in on the
photo printers, Ialways remember the way
the girls laughed at that man, and the in-
credibly cruel faces of those boys, standing in
safety, enjoying his torment. I am sure
that when the moral giants of the United
Buddhist Church call out the civilian troops,
they are with them.
Those young men are free in Saigon, while
the sons of Americans are being killed in the
countryside. For the third time in recent
weeks, more American soldiers were killed
in that war than Vietnamese, which means
that the Vietnamese have simply stopped
fighting. They are more interested in killing
each other in places like Da Nang or Hue
than they are in fighting the Viet Cong, and
that means we will do the fighting for them.
That means that all this year, the Ameri-
can dead will be piling up while the sweet
propaganda comes smoothly out of Washing-
ton telling us that they will not be dying in
vain. It says here that Washington is lying.
Those men are now dying in vain. for
There is a case to be made, I suppose,
fighting for the ideals which this country
once represented, and at its best, still does.
Anyone who has ever visited a Communist
country knows that freedom is not a cheap
word, even when it becomes debased. I need
not apologize for saying that after seeing a
lot of other countries, I love this more than
all.
But it is becoming increasingly difficult to
accept certain things. We civilians run this
Lyndon Johnson, Dean Rusk and
country
them, feed their bank accounts, populate Some Americans, in bitter frustration, feel
their brothels, sleep with their women for that the strands of history have become so
them; if they ask, we shall certainly oblige. hopelessly entangled that nothing can now
Forget about Harlem. Forget about Bed- be done to unravel an unwanted war. This
ford-Stuyvesant, and Hazard, Kentucky, and seems plausible only In the context of the
the backwoods of Alabama. The people who Administration's present policy, which is to
live there will fend for themselves. We have back the Ky government's violent suppres-
more important things to consider. We have sion of popolar yearnings for peace and to
to take care of My Tho and Da Nang and Qui continue escalation of the war.
Nohn and Cam Ne. It will only cost 18 bil- If the basic decision were made to accept
lion dollars this year. Who cares if there a negotiated settlement instead of chasing
are rats in the Red Hook schoolrooms? First the illusion of military victory; if we sup-
things first. We have to keep those three ported the Viet Namese forces that favor
kids on the Saigon street corner out of the reconciliation, rather than an armed dic-
insidious clutches of Ho Chi Minh. tatorship which opposes it; if we adopted as
I have two brothers in the Army now and our policy the establishment of a compro-
my mother has three more waiting in the mise, neutral government permitting our
wings. The supply of kids like that is now ultimate withdrawal, instead of trying to
deemed inexhaustible, so we can keep the war establish an anti-Communist government
going for as long as we want. that could only exist under our permanent
Enough: I am no pacifist, but this war has military protection-in this context, many
lasted too long. Those men who are dying doors to peace and mediation would open.
there tonight are dying like men, with tour- No vital national interest of ours keeps
age and tenacity. But with Buddhists riot- the doors closed. It is pride and arrogance
ing in the streets, General Ky shooting down and illusion-the illusion that we are en-
civilians, Henry Cabot Lodge nodding In ap- gaged in a holy ideological war. U Thant is
proval, while we apologize again and add that right In saying that the somber course of
more men are on the way, then someone had events has probably left to the Viet Namese
better think of something to tell their par- people no ideology at all except a passion for
ents. national identity or even survival. He is
If one more dies under the present con- right in saying that no government or people
ditions, someone is guilty of a murderous sin. is "likely to lose in stature or dignity or
Now, finally, we should pack It in. worldly advantage" from coming to terms
with. the world in which we actually live.
[From the St. Louis (Mo.) Post-Dispatch, He is right in calling upon those who have
May 27, 1966] the power and the responsibility "to search
U THANT'S COUNSEL objectively and without rancor for ways to
end this historic tragedy."
is one of
Truth, as U Thant once observed,
the first victims of war. HIS words were con-
firmed once again this week as Secretary of
State Rusk and Vice President HUMPHREY
once again proclaimed the Administration's
dedication to the search for peace in Viet
Nam. Mr. Rusk repeated his offer to go to
Geneva whenever anybody was there to nego-
tiate with. Mr. HUMPHREY detailed anew the
various peace offensive of the past and de-
voutly adopted U Thant's "prayer and wish"
for peace as our own.
What is the simple truth? It is that the
Administration spurned peace talk feelers re-
peatedly In 1964 and 1965. It is that U
Thant's own efforts to arrange talks have
been repeatedly and roughly rejected. It is
that while publicly taking no sides in South
Viet Nam's political turmoil the Adminis-
[From the Washington (D.C.) Star,
June 1, 1966]
U.N. HAS VITAL ROLE rN VIET NAM
(By David Lawrence)
The United States has only one way out
of the Viet Nam dilemma--only one way that
is honorable and consistent with the un-
selfish effort to save a small nation from the
loss of its independence. That way is
through the United Nations. The same
principles which prompted the U.N. to send
under its own auspices an allied army to
repel aggression in Korea can be reaffirmed
now.
What is blocking such a course? The
answer is: A confident belief by the Com-
munists-derived from reports of internal
dissension in the United States-that if the
undercover support of a Saigon military junta war is prolonged this country will abjectly
whose first article of faith is an utter rejec- surrender. Secretary of State Dean Rusk in
tion of peace negotiations. It is that while a speech last Saturday at Williamsburg, Va.,
paying lip-service to U Thant's "prayer and deplored the misconceptions that are being
wish" the Administration obstinately refuses spread abroad about American policy. He
to heed U Thant's realistic counsel on the said:
steps necessary to make peace. "Professional diplomacy requires a certain
The Secretary General of the UN renewed amount of temporary secrecy: Secret infor-
that counsel in his moving address to the mation, secret discussions and negotiations.
Amalgamated Clothing Workers this week. Public discussion of certain situations at
Military methods, he said, will not restore certain times may be distorted by lack of
peace; President Johnson once agreed with knowledge of facts that are available to the
that. "This war must be stopped," said President and secretary of state-yet which
U Thant, "on the initiative of the partici- they cannot at the moment fully divulge.
pants, lest it get, out of hand." And he re- "There must also be considered the prac-
peated what he has often said, that the nec- tical fact that a show of division among our
essary conditions for peace include a return people can complicate the conduct of our
to the Geneva agreements, which were based foreign affairs. For example, there is the
on the principle of military neutralization of danger that a foreign government may mis-
ail Viet Nam; a prior scaling down of military oalulate our intentions. There are strong
operations (which would include an end to reasons to believe that the militant Com-
the bombing of North Viet Nam); and an munists of Asia have been sustained by the
agreement to negotiate with the actual com- conviction that world opinion or internal dis-
batants-in other words, the National Liber- sension within the United States will cause
ation Front as well as North Viet Nam. us to withdraw from South Viet Nam. That
,
Robert McNamara work for us: we do not
work for them. And in our name, they are
saying that our children and our brothers
must die because Satanism in the form of
the Red Chinese and the Viet Cong has sud-
denly sprung up in a half-country in South-
east Asia, The representatives of Satanism
are striking evil blows at a pure and shining
legitimate government, and we, the Ameri-
can people, will risk even death to defend
that government.
But that government has never governed
anything. It does not govern in the coun-
tryside. It must kill its citizens in places like
Da Nang and Hue to even come close to gov-
erning-there. It governs Saigon the way a
rather cynical madam handles a brothel.
They will fight to the death to control Saig-
gon, all right, because that is where the
Americans sign the tabs.
But they will not be fighting much out in
So
Ha
-
????6 w -----
-
to do that. My kid brothers and your cuu- genuinely the ouwouave.
dren will do that for them. They will not United States rejects U Thant's counsel, As a matter of fact, just three days after
even defend themselves politically. They which expresses the conscience of the world the secretary's speech, a news dispatch from
have Dean Rusk to do that for them, organization to which we so often pay verbal Hong Kong quoted the Red China News
They have the most powerful nation in tribute, our verbal reiteration of peaceful Agency as describing, in a 1,500-word article,
the world to do everything for them now. intentions will fall on unbeliving ears a decline in the support of America's post-
We'll fight for them, apologize for them, feed throughout the world. tion in the Viet Nam war.
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CONGRESSIONALRECORD -SENATE June 2, 1966
"The United States is being forsaken every- ante of the cost allocated to
where by power shall be The legislative clerk proceeded to call
Communist Clpar ears and followers," the determined by the Secretary of the Treasury the roll.
agency said. "A new as of the beginning of the fiscal year in
and still greater anti-U.S. storm of revolu- which the initial request for appropriations Mr. JACKSON. Mr. President, I ask
tionary struggle is gathering." fir the construction of the third powerplant unanimous consent that the order for
The news agency quoted both Republicans is made, by computing the average interest the quorum call be rescinded.
and Democrats in the United States as say- rate payable by the Treasury on all interest- The PRESIDING OFFICER. Without
ing American prestige in the world has fallen bearing marketable public debt obligations of objection, it is so ordered.
because of the Viet Nam war. the United States then outstanding which,
Rusk, further on in his speech, laid stress upon original issue, had terms to maturity Mr. JACKSON. Mr. President, the
on the opportunity of the United Nations to of fifteen years or more, and by adjusting third powerplant, when constructed, will
maintain peace in the world. He said: such average rate to the next lowest multiple make Grand Coulee Dam once again the
"The paramount issue of our time is of one-eighth of one per centum. world's largest hydroelectric project. To
w ete rror not the freedom, i to be organized (b) Construction of the third powerplant demonstrate his strong support, Presi-es of
ace
erta
sts ine co-existence sketched out in. the pd genu-
determinatdton of theiSecretary w ll aseicnuthate dent Johnson took the unusual
and Articles 1 and 2 of the United Nations the fullest, most beneficial, and most eoo_ lure in a bill of this nature of personally
onally
chaster. To that end, the American people nomic utilization of the waters of the Co1um- submitting the legislation to Congress in
have exerted large and unremitting efforts bia River. April of last year, and my Senior Col-
during the last 20 years." SEC. 2. The Secretary of the Interior shall league and I introduced it in the Senate.
Many people will wonder why the U.N. has prepare, maintain, and present annually to He advised the Congress in his January
not stepped in already to stop the war in Viet the President and the Congress a consoli- 1966 budget message that he is prepared
Nam. secretary-general. of excuses have been made dated financial statement for all projects to request funds to start construction
by the cretary-general. There was no hesi- heretofore or hereafter authorized, including immediately upon authorization.
tation, however, by the U.N. in helping out in the third powerplant at Grand Coulee Darn,
Africa a few years ago or in intervening re- from or by means of which commercial power Almost a year ago, the Senate passed
cently in the Rhodesion controversy. and energy is marketed through the facilities S. 1761 without amendment other than
"Peace-keeping" has been heralded as one of the Federal Columbia River power system a dollar limitation on the total amount
of the primary functions of the U.N. But to- and for all other projects associated there- of appropriations authorized. However,
day, while the principles are the same as they with to the extent that the costs of these in acting on H.R. 7406, a companion bill
were when "peace-keeping" was carried on in projects are required by law to be charged to S. 1761, the House of Representatives
the Congo, the situation in international po1- to and returned from net revenues derived amended it in several respects. I intend
itics is different. The Communists now have from the power and energy, or any power and
lined up enough countries to block U.N. In- energy, so marketed, and he shall, if said to ask that the Senate accept S. 1761 as
tervention. The free world is inexplicably consolidated statement indicates that the amended by the House of Representa-
silent. Only by discussion and open criti- reimbursable construction costs of the proj- tives.
cism of the United Nations for its failure to ects, or any of the projects, covered thereby The need for immediate authorization
solve the Viet Nam problem can any progress which are chargeable to and returnable from of the third powerplant, and its close re-
really be made, the commercial power and energy so mar- lationship to the Columbia River Treaty
The objective of such a crusade would be keted are likely not to be returned within between the United States and Canada,
to secure acceptance of a plan whereby the the period prescribed by law, take prompt were thoroughly presented in hearings
U.N. would demand assurances from both Red action to adjust the rates charged for such
China and the Soviet Union that they would power and energy to the extent necessary to on S. 1761 last year before the Senate
cease their aid to the aggressors in North Viet assure such return. Section 9, subsection. Interior Committee, and on the floor
Nam. If this were done, the U.N. could pledge (c) of the Act of August 20, 1937 (50 stat. of the Senate when S. 1761 was unani-
itself to arrange for the withdrawal of Amer- 736), as amended (16 U.S.C. 832h) is hereby mouSly passed. I am advised by SeC-
ican troops. The whole settlement could repealed. retary of the Interior Stewart L. Udall
then be supervised iunder rnLtio al aus-
any Portion of the construction cost of that the need for the third powerplant,
p lees p y project hereafter authorized to be con- and Its economic justification, are even
has been ftlcan be tried again i in- Secretary of the Interior under the Federal
ion insists upon it. The United States has reclamation laws (Act of June 17, 1902, 32 case at the time of the Senate hearings.
an opportunity to mobilize the free world in Stat. 388, and Acts amendatory thereof or I will therefore direct my remarks today
order to utilize the U.N.'s "peace-keeping" supplementary thereto) within the Pacific Principally toward the amendments to
powers in Viet Nam. Northwest which, though allocated to Irriga- S. 1761 adopted by the House of Repre-
Mr. MORSE. Mr. President, I yield tion, is beyond the ability of the irrigation sentatives. Because certain of these
water users to repay within the repayment amendments vitally concern both the
the floor. , period prescribed by law for that project and
power users f th P ifl
a
N
THIRD POWERPLANT AT GRAND
COULEE DAM, COLUMBIA BASIN
PROJECT, 'WASHINGTON
The PRESIDING OFFICER laid be-
fore the Senate the amendment of the
House of Representatives to the bill (S.
1761) to authorize the Secretary of the
Interior to construct, operate, and main-
tain a third powerplant at the Grand
Coulee Dam, Columbia Basin project,
Washington, and for other purposes,
which was, to strike out all after the
enacting clause and insert:
That (a) the Secretary of the Interior is
hereby authorized to construct, operate, and
maintain a third powerplant with a rated
capacity of approximately three million six
hundred thousand kilowatts, and necessary
appurtenant works, including a visitor cen-
ter, at Grand Coulee Dam as an addition to
and an integral part of the Columbia Basin
Federal reclamation project. The construc-
tion cost of the third powerplant allocated
to power and associated with each stage of
development shall be repaid with interest
within fifty years from the time that stage
becomes revenue producing. The interest
rate used for computing interest during con-
struction and interest on the unpaid bal-
e ac a
orthwest, and
cannot be returned within { same Period
the reClamationists of that region, I want
from other project sources of revenue shall
be charged to and returned within that pe- the legislative history as to the intent of
riod from net revenues derived from the mar- Congress in approving these amend-
keting of commercial power and energy ments to be crystal clear.
through the Federal Columbia River power Two of the House amendments con-
system, unless otherwise provided by law. tern the interest rate to be paid on the
As used in this Act, the term "Pacific North- Federal investment in the third power-
west" has the meaning ascribed to it in sec-
tion 1 of the Act of August 31, 1964 (78 plant, and the dollar limitation on the
Stat. 756) . appropriations authorized by the bill.
SEe. 3. There is hereby authorized to be Section 1 of H.R. 7406, as it passed the
appropriated, for construction of the third House, establishes as the formula for
powerplant and necessary appurtenant works computing the interest rate on that part
including a visitor. center at Grand coulee of the investment allocated to power the
Dam, the sum of $390,000,000, based on es- same formula as provided in Senate Doc-
timated costs as of April 1966, plus or minus
such
such amounts, if any, as may be justified son, and No. 97, 87th Congress, 2d ses-
reason of ordinary fluctuations in con- son, is substantially the same formu-
struction costs as indicated by engineering la used elsewhere by the Department Of
cost indexes applicable to the types of con- the Interior in water resource develop-
struction involved herein_ ment. It is also the same formula that
Mr. MANSFIELD. Mr. President, will the Bonneville Power . Administration
the Senator from Washington yield now follows, and the bill merely makes
without losing his right to the floor? mandatory what Bonneville is already do-
ing administratively. Section 3 of H.R.
to the Senator from Montana. 7406 differs from S. 1761 by changing
the
dollar Mr. MANSFIELD. Mr. President, I of aprorop priatian limitation tiau authorized the amount
of b by total by the bill
suggest the absence of a quorum, from $364,310,000, based on April 1964
The PRESIDING OFFICER. The costs, to $390 million, based on April
clerk will call the roll. 1966 costs,
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 -ft!
11494
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fessional health and retirement benefits. I
want to see them backed up with the most
modern equipment and facilities-and here
let me put in a special word about precinct
stations. Many are a shame and a disgrace.
Policemen have to spend a lot of their work-
ing lives in these stations-and they should
spend it in comfort and dignity.
I want Americans young and old, to trust
and respect the than with the badge-not
merely because he wears it, but because he
wears it with honor.
Men of the National Academy, as you re-
turn home to resume rightful places of lead-
ership and service in your communities, I ask
that you carry proudly the torch of under-
standing earned during your 12 weeks of in-
tensive study with the FBI. In the tradition
of those who have preceded you across this
graduation platform, use that torch to light
beacons of knowledge and enlightenment
and insight and truth-beacons of greater
service to humanity.
PROPOSED UNIVERSAL GOVERN-
MENT SERVICE FOR YOUNG
AMERICANS
Mr. TOWER. Mr. President, within
the last few weeks, Secretary McNamara
proposed that all young Americans give
2 years of their life to the Federal Gov-
ernment. Two Texas radio stations,
KHOU of Houston, and KMHT of Mar-
shall, have responded with editorials
most quickly and most perceptively to
this unfeasible proposal. These two edi-
torials point out with awareness the con-
sequences and the dissatisfaction that
this unwise program would incur.
I ask unanimous consent that these
two radio editorials be printed in the
RECORD.
There being no objection, the editorials
were ordered to be printed in the RECORD,
as follows:
[An editorial from Houston, Tex., KHOU,
May 23, 1966]
THIS IS A SOLUTION?
The latest brainstorm from Washington is
simply unbelievable.
It's the proposal by the Secretary of De-
fense for all young Americans to give two
years of their time to the federal government.
Proposed to answer complaints that col-
lege draft exemptions are unfair, it is a
strange solution of surrender.
A military draft we can understand, even
though we all regret the necessity of calling
young men to military service, but to force
our youngsters to give up two years of their
lives to work in some federal program that
probably shouldn't exist in the first place
does not make sense.
in time of war it is necessary to build up
our armed forces quickly, and the draft is
the only immediately apparent way to ac-
complish this end, but if there are not enough
volunteers to staff the pet programs of our
politicians, the programs should be curtailed
or abolished.
The draft of youngsters into civilian gov-
ernmental service will only be another step
toward the regimentation of our young
r This prograrlk deserves the whole-hearted,
unqualified gpp4sition of every loyal Ameri-
BONANZA FOR VIET CONG
The subcommittee-Convinced that "hun-
dreds of millions of dollars' worth" of sup-
plies financed by the U.S. Agency for Inter-
national Development have been diverted to
the Viet Cong-went to South Vietnam dur-
ing May for an on-the-spot investigation.
On their return to Washington, some mem-
bers of the subcommittee were outspoken in
charging laxity of controls over the AID's
commodity-import program. That program
accounts for 370 million dollars of the 641
million in U.S. economic aid going to Viet-
nam in the year to end June 30, 1966. Cost
of the commodity-import program for the
year beginning July 1 is estimated at 420
million. Combined military and economic
assistance will be running at a billion dollars
or more.
WHAT'S BEING STOLEN
In Vietnam such examples of costly "leak-
age" as these are cited:
Cement, steel, drainage tiles and alumi-
num roofing paid for by the U.S. are diverted
to the Viet Cong and wind up in communist
fortifications, field hospitals and camps.
Steel pipe, shipped from the U.S., is ac-
quired by the Communists who use it for
mortar barrels or for the outer shells of ter-
rorist bombs.
U.S.-made radios, parts and tubes assist
Red communications networks. American-
financed medicines or drugs save the lives of
wounded Viet Cong.
How do the Communists get these and
other items?
The answer Is: In a variety of ways. Mate-
rial is stolen from docks by Viet Cong agents
or by thieves who sell it to Viet Cong repre-
sentatives operating under cover. Goods
going into regular channels of trade are sold
to the Viet Cong-knowingly or unknowingly.
Vietnamese guards at docks or warehouses
often can be bribed.
Viet Cong agents in Saigon mastermind
smuggling operations in which materials are
transported to the Reds via the river and
canal system that radiates from the capital
into the delta.
IF VILLAGE CHIEF SAYS "NO"
Diversion of construction materials, such
as cement, generally takes place on the dis-
trict level. An example of one way it is
done: A project to build a school, market-
place or village well is approved. When con-
struction supplies arrive, the Viet Cong un-
derground demands that 5 per cent or 10
per cent of them be diverted to the Commu-
nist guerrillas. If the district of village chief
ECOfq6MIC AID TO VIETNAM
Mr. BAYH. Mr. President, during re-
cent months I have brought to the at-
tention of the Senate what appears to
be an unwise use of U.S. AID funds for
economic assistance to Vietnam. As I
have indicated previously, we have been
purchasing Japanese made, Korean gal-
vanized steel sheeting for Vietnam which
has been of inferior quality at an inflated
price.
If an article which appeared in the
June 6, 1966, edition of U. S. News &
World Report is correct, this is only one
example of the misuse of economic aid
which may have occurred. It is ex-
tremely difficult, Mr. President, to assist
in developing the resources of a nation
while its soil Is being ravaged by war.
It is even more difficult to do so when
black marketeering, theft and corruption
apparently take place an the scale which
has been reported.
I ask unanimous consent, Mr. Presi-
dent, that this article from the U.S. News
& World Report, together with an edito-
rial commenting on the purchase of gal-
vanized sheet steel for Vietnam, which
appeared in the Richmond, Va., Palla-
dium-Item on May 23, be printed in the
RECORD.
There being no objection, the article
and editorial were ordered to be printed
in the RECORD, as follows:
Beyond that, it is difficult to believe it is [From the U.S. News & World Report, June 6, What is being done to curb this costly flow
a serious suggestion. 1966] of U.S.-financed materials to the Viet Cong?
In solving the college draft exemption A WAR WHERE U.S. SUPPLIES ARE GETTING TO The answer you get in Saigon is that at-
problem, it would ... for its first two years BOTH SIDES tempts to tighten controls are bringing some
of operation, totally eliminate new college
enrollments. (Reported from Saigon and Washington) efficiency, but that much more needs to be
Basesd on Job Corps and Poverty Program It's another strange aspect of a frustrating done.
experience, where it costs $10,000 a year to war. Vast amounts of U.S. supplies are Take the problem of pharmaceuticals.
take care of each youngster involved ... winding up in Communist hands. There are 3,000 outlets in Saigon alone. In
and based on the statistics that more than A stepped-up effort to curb the flow is theory, drugs are sold only in limited quan-
7 million youngsters reach the age of 13 under way. But widespread corruption in tities-such as 200 penicillin tablets-and
only upon presentation of identity cards.
every two years ... it would cost more than South Vietnam makes it a tough job. But most stores have ignored the regulations.
$70-billion a year to handle such a program- Corruption on a huge scale is turning out Now police in plain clothes spot-check stores
two-thirds of our present federal budget. to be a vital ally of the Communists in at intervals. Storekeepers found violating
And the only answer to either problem Vietnam. the regulations are jailed.
would be to set up a system of exemp- Graft, theft, black-marketing are common Vigilence at road checkpoints is increasing.
Lions which would put us right back to every war. But what makes this war dif- Almost daily, individuals are nabbed carry-
[An 'editorial from Marshall, Tex., radio
station KMHT]
Robert McNamara, the U.S. Secretary of
Defense, has come up with another typical
jewel of his political philosophy. McNamara
says he believes that every American young-
ster should be required to spend two years in
service to the government, either in military
service or a civilian job. This idea is about
as well thought out as the decision to manu-
facture the Edsel.
ferent is that corruption is channeling to the ing contraband items or too much currency.
enemy enormous amounts of materials paid In a recent interception on the outskirts of
for by U.S. taxpayers and needed in the fight Saigon, mobile police seized a truck carrying
against the Viet Cong. 250 rolls of electric wire, 200 shovels, 15
Meanwhile, Vietnamese who find it profit- sheets of brass, a carton of antibiotics, a case
able to trade with the enemy are getting of printing materials and two tape recorders.
richer and richer at the expense of the U.S. Canals and rivers now are being patrolled
What is described as a "sizzling" report by South Vietnam's first squadron of river
on misuse of the U.S. economic aid program police, operating small, fast U.S.-made boats.
in Vietnam is expected from a subcommittee Day by day, the number of suspected smug-
of the House Government Operations Com- hglers' aul of intsrsearched contraband is Increasing i and, the
mittee.
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 June z, i v u b CONGRESSIONAL RECORD - SENATE 11493
PHREY, gave the main address before the Courageous, efficient law enforcement is wrong, a menace to the body politic, soon
graduates of the 77th session of the one of the many blessings which we Ameri- slips from view.
Academy. _ cans have come to take for granted. It is Many years ago, a wise man of Athens was
Courageous, efficient law enforcement is achieved only at great personal sacrifice by asked when he believed injustice would be
one of the many efficient law Aerto went of selfless devotion to duty-men of abolished. Let me quote for you his apt
one have blessings
take for valor and virtue too seldom recognized and reply. It will be abolished, he said, "when
cans come to granted. It to too seldom extolled. those who are not wronged achieved only at great personal sacrifice by Since I first came to Washington as a as those who are." wax as Indignant
men of selfless devotion to duty-men of Senator, I have had occasion to travel ex- I assure you that this Administration fully
valor and virtue too seldom recognized and tensively as an official representative of the recognizes Its responsibility for urgent and
too seldom extolled. United States. effective action against crime. In a special
These are the words of the Vice Presi- In country after country, I have found that message to Congress last year, President
dent, who then went on to say that "in a one of the most reliable barometers of the Johnson outlined a three-pronged attack
democracy such as ours, the preservation. true national atmosphere is the attitude of upon crime and lawlessness.
de law and ucher begins with the- the people toward their law enforcement This message constituted a call to action-
agencies. and action did follow, including the passage
vidual. Within the limit of his capabil- Are they looked upon as public servants, or and the signing into law of measures such
ities, every American has an obligation as instruments to suppress the public will? as the Law Enforcement Assistance Act of
not only to uphold the law, but to support Here in America we have found that it is 1965, through which millions of dollars of
it with all reasonable means at his corn- not enough for the law enforcement agency federal funds are being channeled into
mand." to win the respect of the people. That re- worthwhile state and local police uses, and
in other words, each of us must give spect has to be maintained and strengthened. the appointment of a President's Commis-
our full support words, and encouragement, give It is here that the special police units for Sion on Law Enforcement and the Adminis-
a continuing basis, to our law enforce- human
titles varynhave such a timely and es- trInoMarch of tthis year, the President sub-
ment officials. sential job to do. The officers who head mitted a second message to Congress on the
Without this, the best training and the them, and the policemen who man them, topic of crime and law enforcement.
highest dedication to duty will not meet have a difficult and highly responsible assign- I was delighted to observe, Director Hoover,
and master the serious crime and en- ment, and they must be carefully selected that the FBI National Academy occupies a
YOTCemerit problems we face today. and trained, position of prominence in that message. The
I ask n pro l ems f consent today.
this in- We do confront a very serious problem in President reported to Congress that a six-
the enforcement of the law, and we shall fold expansion of the National Academy is
spiring address by our distinguished Vice need the widest possible public support to currently being planned. Following oon-
President be printed in the RECORD SO meet and master it. struction of your new Academy building at
that my colleagues will have a chance Since 1958, crime has risen six times as Quantlco, Virginia, 1,200 law enforcement of-
to read it. fast as our national population. ficers-rather than the present maximum of
There being no objection, the address Last year alone, more than 2,700,000 serious 200-will be able to participate each year
was ordered to be printed in the RECORD, crimes were reported to police departments in this outstanding training course.
w follows rder throughout the United States. That is an The Administration has also taken meas-
all-time record. It means not only that more ures to prevent crime --an aspect of law en-
REMAnKs OF VICE PRESIDENT HusEST Hum- crimes are being committed, but that the forcement which progressive police depart-
PHREY AT THE GRADUATION EXERCISES OF, victims of crime are mounting at a greater ments have been stressing for many years.
THE FBI NATIONAL ACADEMY, WASHINGTON, rate than ever before. The war on poverty which the President
D.C., MAY 25, 1966 I do not have to tell the members of this launched two years ago is bein
It is indeed a pleasure to g planned and
participate in National Academy class that a disproportion- administered to eradicate the stagnant pools
this graduation ceremony of the FBI National ate number of victims come from the ranks of of bitterness and frgstration which breed
Academy-a professional training school law enforcement-particularly the local much of our present-day crime.
which has had a profound effect upon law police. The historic measures enacted last year to
enforcement. Last year alone, more than 80 law enforce- support elementary and secondary education
When Director Hoover founded this Acad- ment officers gave their lives in line of duty- have, as their principal objective, helping to
emy in 1935, the skeptics far outnumbered 53 of them killed by dangerous felons and make our schools useful, meaningful end
those who thought that such an advanced, gunmen. worthwhile to poor and educationally-handi-
formal training program for law enforce- Only last week an FBI agent was tragically capped children--so that fewer of them will
ment officers could succeed. slain-the 20th to give his life in the service join the ranks of the "drop-outs" from which
Today, as evidenced by the graduates of of the Bureau. so many juvenile delinquents are recruited.
this 77th Session, the FBI National Academy Thousands of other law enforcement 0111- , Some of you may have heard about crime
enjoys a position not only of national, but of cers came to physical harm last year. Sta- in Washington. I think that you will be
international respect and prestige. tistics compiled by the FBI clearly show pleased to hear that the incidence of seri-
This is bn one of them pre achievements that, year after year, about one of every 10 ous crime in this city has been falling, in
of J. Edgar Hoover and the FBI, police officers is the victim of violent assault. comparison with last year's levels, ever since
Too often, this assault is carried out before November.
During his 42 years as head of the Bureau, the eyes of impassive bystanders who are I congratulate Chief Layton and his men
J. Edgar Hoover has made a truly outstand- otherwise responsible citizens.
ing record of public service. This is deeply disturbing. For, in a of for the their hr effeco tive work. But I think some anti- More than any other American, he is re- democracy such as ours, the preservation of c s which began to of belongs take the hold ld last um-
sponsible for creating a new image of the law and order begins with the individual. rprograms the edu utioover-crowding in
law enforcement officer-an image well ex- Within the limit of his capabilities, every our , schools, toolshhe reduction or ive miin
, a and the less eestrecti adminis-
pressed bthe motto othis Acadmy: American has an obligation it with all rea- tration of our public welfare system.
"Knowledge, Courage. Integrity." hold the law, but to support
t the conditions which lead
I am delighted to see a friend of long means at his command. to crime Action does againsrp.
standsng g What specifically ho, Inspector Donald Dwyer of Min- does this mean? It means But law enforcement officers are still, as
neapolis Police Department, among the 100 taking a genuine Interest in the problems of President Johnson has said, our "frontline
outstanding men receiving diplomas today. crime and in the obstacles--legal, budgetary soldiers in the war against crime."
I am delighted also to see representatives or otherwise--confronting honest, impartial, They deserve the full support
effective crime control. of the com-
from Chile, Argentina, Japan, Malaysia, the means mi doy-moral and
peach thi
Philippines, Thailand and the United Arab duty; responding
appearing to as call of jury I don't merely preach ths. pr Mayor of
Republic-as well as the Virgin Islands-in willingly proceedings; promptly PP; ar witness in Minneapolis two decades ago I it.
criminal proceereporting the e practiced ce
this graduating class. Director Hoover has When
,facts concerning violations of law; and, most I took office, underworld influence
told me how much these officers have con- fundamental of all, conscientiously observ- was strong in the eity. I called the church,
tributed to the success of the 77th Session. ing both the letter and the spirit of the law. business, and other civic leaders together,
I can think of no greater reward for their Every American does have a very im and I said:
efforts over the past 12 weeks than the ac- stake in the proper enforcement f 1 w
portant . At "I want your backing. I can't clean up this
curate impression of American law enforce- times this personal interest is more obvious city alone. I want to be able to pay the best
ment-not only its equipment, procedures than at others-for example, when a particu- policemen the best salaries we can, because
and techniques, but also its forthright prin- larly atrocious murder or beating sends a we simply can't afford anything less than the
ciples and the high caliber of leadership- shock wave of fear throughout a community best."
which these visiting officers have obtained and captures local headlines. They did in fact back me up. And we
from the National Academy program and However, indignation has a tendency to be did get a clean police force and a clean
from their association with the other out- short-lived. All but those most personally city.
,standing men, representing 39 states, on the affected tend to quickly forget. The prin- I want to see our law enforcement officers
roster of this class. ciple that every act of crime is a public paid at a professional level, and with pro-
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June 2, 1966 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD - SENATE
For the first time, there is evidence of co-
operation and hard work by the U.S. and
South Vietnamese Governments in efforts
that cut across the entire spectrum of cor-
ruption that has grown to enormous
proportions since the massive build-up of
U.S. power began more than a year ago.
An economic-warfare committee, set up by
the U.S. to advise the Vietnamese Govern-
ment, became operational in March. When
all authorized posts are filled, more than 200
American experts will be working exclusively
on the economic war. Serving in this force
are former FBI agents, U.S. customs officers
on loan, Treasury Department men, Govern.
ment auditors and controllers.
So far, the committee has had two major
successes. It started investigations that
halted shipments of Unicel-100 and silver
nitrate that could have aided the Viet Cong.
Unicel-100, a chemical compound devel-
oped by an American firm, is mixed with
rubber to make a pliable substance used in
manufacturing sandals. Ten tons had been
imported-enough to make 500,000 slippers,
the maximum capacity of Vietnamese plants
working full time for 18 months. Several
times as much tonnage was aboard ships
bound for Saigon when an AID official, sus-
picious of the large quantities ordered, de-
manded a check on the chemical qualities of
the material.
The check disclosed that Unicel-100 in its
pure state had an explosive power equal to
that of TNT,
The economic-warfare committee became
suspicious of the large quantities of silver
nitrate being imported for "film processing."
Committee officials who speak Chinese visited'
Chinese firms in Saigon that had bought the
compound. They discovered that the Chinese
were "cooking" the silver nitrate and extract-
ing 5.8 pounds of pure silver from 10 pounds
of the compound.
This was extremely profitable for the
Chinese-but there was another, and grim-
mer, disclosure. The nitrate left over from
the cooking could easily be converted to ex-
plosives for making bombs and the Claymore
mines used by Viet Cong terrorists in Saigon.
As a result of the investigation, shipments
of silver nitrate valued at more than a mil-
lion dollars were halted.
Now, the economic-warfare group is com-
bing the entire list of commodity imports,
searching for items that might help the
Communists.
PROFITEERING ON U.S. FUNDS
The committee's primary function is to de-
prive the Viet Cong of things they need to
keep going. But it also is involved in actions
to prevent misuse of All) funds, waste of
American aid goods, black-market profiteer-
ing and illegal currency transactions.
Stealing from U.S. stockpiles has been cut
down by more extensive use of armed guards.
American military officials say that the black
market in goods stolen or otherwise im-
properly obtained from post exchanges is
dwindling as a result of a sharp crackdown.
The crackdown on the black market in
U.S. dollars is more difficult. Although
American servicemen now are paid in scrip,
not cash, soldiers who go to Hong Kong,
Bangkok or Singapore on leave can get dollars
there. In the Saigon black market run by
Chinese and Indian currency dealers, service-
men can get 160 to 170 Vietnamese piastres
for a dollar bill, but only 118 for scrip ex-
changed for piastres on their bases.
Just recently, a U.S. soldier was caught
smuggling in $7,000 in greenbacks. Since
November, 1964, a total of 148 Americans-
military men and civilians-faced investiga-
tion in connection with illegal currency
manipulations. -The US. Internal Revenue
Service has dispatched agents to Saigon to
look into tax aspects of black-market deal-
ings.
Defense Department files show that a num-
ber of American civilians, including some
employes of 'defense contractors, have left
Vietnam with unexplained sums ranging
from $11,000 to $42,000. The IRS is investi-
gating tax returns of these people.
It's admitted in Saigon that profiteering
and black-marketing by the Vietnamese
themselves and by importers of various other
nationalities are almost impossible to control.
Importers make tremendous profits, be-
cause goods are imported at rates varying
from 40 to 118 piastres to the dollar and sold
at fantastically inflated prices. Imported
goods are supposed to be price-controlled, but
machinery for effective control is lacking.
The economic-warfare committee says that
it is curbing another aspect of corruption-
misuse of AID funds in payment of exorbit-
ant prices for items purchased in Taiwan,
Korea and' Hong Kong. Those governments
are prosecuting sellers of lathes, bulldozers
and other equipment that did not pass qual-
ity and price checks in Saigon. Importers in
Saigon are being questioned about "kick-
backs."
On a related matter, Senator BIRCH BAYH,
Democrat, of Indiana, declared in Washing-
ton:
"The prices paid by Vietnam with AID fin-
ancing for inferior products were outrage-
ously exorbitant. * * *
"While Korea was selling a galvanized ton
of 32-gauge sheet steel to Vietnam for $260
plus shipping and handling, it was buying
black plate from Japan for $140 a ton.
"Thus, Korea was adding about $120 a ton
for galvanizing and handling. Now most
American companies-using twice the
amount of zinc per square foot and paying
their labor many times what Korean laborers
are apid-charge approximately $60 to $70
a ton for galvanizing sheet steel.
"The reason for this odd circumstance is
ensconced in documents currently classified
as secret. Suffice it to say, however, that a
system of kickbacks, collusion and corrup-
tion is at the root of the problem."
American officials concede that, at best,
profiteering by Vietnamese Government per-
sonnel, even some Army officers, can only be
curtailed, not ended.
For one thing, in Vietnam as in the rest
of Asia, the "squeeze" is a way of life, more
so than ever when men on relatively low pay
are trapped in a highly inflationary economy.
It's easy to bribe a policeman to overlook
possession of black-market items. It's easy
to bribe an official to issue an import license.
Big, French-owned import firms and Viet-
namese-Chinese companies know how much
"squeeze" to pay for high priority in getting
ships unloaded and getting goods through
customs.
GRAFT IN THE PROVINCES
Corruption is traditional in district gov-
ernments. A Vietnamese district chief can
pad payrolls and pocket the pay of phantom
workers. Province chiefs can do the same on
a bigger scale-and also extract kickbacks
from district bosses.
Charges are made that Vietnamese Army
officers use their troops and AID materials to
build houses which they then rent at high
rates to Americans.
In Vietnam, family relationships are so in-
tricate and loyalties so interwoven that few
Vietnamese Government officials or military
officers will move to expose corrupt associates.
There is no tradition that the law trans-
cends personal relationships.
It is inflation that is largely blamed for
the breakdown of morality and the rapid in-
crease in corruption that is proving to be a
valuable ally of the Communists in Vietnam.
In the years since 1960 the South Viet-
namese Government's expenditures on the
civilian side have doubled, while In the same
period military expenditures have increased
11495
sixfold. The Government's deficit, 16.4 bil-
lion piastres in 1964, jumped to 26.7 billion
piastres last year. The deficit was covered
by printing-press money.
This year, Government income from the
U.S. AID program will exceed the total of
other national revenues. Pressure is added
by the U.S. military-construction program
which this year, in cumulative total, will
pass the billion-dollar mark. The average GI
in Vietnam spends about $40 on goods and
services each month. That adds to the in-
flationary pressure.
U.S. HOPE: CUT IN CORRUPTION
As U.S. officials see it, as long as a program
of such size continues, not much can be done
about small-scale corruption.
What the U. S. hopes is that efforts now
being pressed in a big way can halt the
major corruption that plays into the hands
of the enemy-and slow down appreciably
dispersal of U. S. AID material to the Viet
Cong.
[From the Richmond, (Ind.) Palladium-
Item, May 23, 19661
BAYH'S CHARGES UPHELD
After two and a half months the Agency
for International Development (AID) has
finally admitted that Senator BIRCH BATH
was correct in his charge that it was buying
interior Japanese-made and Korean-gal-
vanized steel sheeting.
The sheeting was purchased for use in
Viet Nam and BATH had charged in late
February that it "has been rotting out in
less than a year" whereas American steel
"lasts about 12 years."
AID Deputy Administrator William S.
Guad admitted also that "with respect to
prices, we found indications of possible col-
lusion and kickbacks by suppliers to Viet-
namese buyers."
A release from the office of Indiana's junior
Democratic senator said, "This was AID's
first public acknowledgement of the accuracy
of BAYH'S charges." It earlier denied any
collusion.
Gaud said future purchases of steel sheet-
ing will have to meet U.S. commercial stand-
ards and that half of it must be purchased
in the United States. "We also will set rea-
sonable price ceilings above which awards
will not be made," Gaud promised.
Formerly 90 per cent of American foreign
aid funds for such products as galvanized
steel had to be spent in the U.S. but on Jan.
31, AID waived this rule for galvanized steel.
BATH wants all pregalvanized steel to be
purchased in this country. He plans to push
an amendment to the 1967 foreign aid bill
for that purpose.
He is willing as a reward for Seoul's active
support in the war in Viet Nam to let Korean
firms continue to galvanize the sheeting if
they upgrade to American standards.
BATH was alert in being concerned when
AID-financed purchases of inferior steel were
affecting the jobs of 80,000 Indian steel work-
ers whose taxes help support AID.
AID bungled when it agreed to buy foreign
sheeting without first checking its quality.
Even if the foreign sheeting were equal to
American steel, Its purchase, as BAYH pointed
out, aggravates the unfavorable U.S. balance
of trade.
The profiteering on foreign galvanized
steel is another example of American tax
money dispensed without adequate controls
or supervision. AID is funneling $370 million
into South Viet Nam this year but has only
two persons checking to see how the money is
spent.
While AID officials are finally moving to
prevent the waste now that Senator BAYH
has made it hot for them, there- is no excuse
for previous lack of concern. American and
South Vietnamese troops have been dying
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CONGRESSIONAL- RECORD - SENATE
while AID has allowed U.S. funds to be
squandered and siphoned off by profiteers.
THE ROLE OF PACKAGING IN THE
ECONOMY
Mr. COTTON. Mr. President, a most
interesting, and timely, study of the role
of packaging in the U.S. economy has
recently been published. Undertaken by
Arthur D. Little, Inc. for the American
Foundation for Management Research,
the study sheds new light on the value
of packaging to the total economy and
its place in our consumer-oriented mar-
ket.
The study shows that the value of
packaging to consumers is increasing, de-
spite the relative decline in industry
spending for packaging. It indicates
that packaging has a long-term salutary
effect on general economic health because
it reduces production and marketing
costs, increases consumer demand for
products, and accelerates the rate of
market penetration.
These conclusions derived from the
work of one of the Nation's most respect-
ed research organizations, should be es-
pecially Interesting to the Senate as it
considers the so-called truth in pack-
aging bill, some parts of which are based
on the philosophy that packaging is a
dark-hued villian intent on robbing the
defenseless housewife. This survey may
help to set the record straight. Unfor-
tunately it Is too lengthy, 113 pages, to
include in the CONGRESSIONAL RECORD, but
the magazine Modem Packaging has
published a useful summation of the
report's major findings and conclusions,
which I ask unanimous consent to have
Inserted at this point in the RECORD.
There being no objection, the article
was ordered to be printed in the RECORD,
as follows:
[From Modern Packaging, May 1966]
PACKAGING: A GIANT MATURES
Impartial report gives statistical proof of
packaging's contributions to the nation's eco-
nomic growth and to corporate profits and
shows how it Is Increasing value of the con-
sumer's food dollar.
A long-awaited "white paper" on pack-
aging's contributions to the U.S. economy
has just been released. Some of its findings
may surprise; others reinforce the validity of
profit philosophies that have been translated
into action by many of the nation's leading
packagers and suppliers. Among the report's
major conclusions:
The value of packaging to consumers. is in-
creasing-despite claims to the contrary by
proponents of tighter Federal controls over
packaging and labeling. Packaging is, In
fact, reducing consumer purchase and con-
sumption risk to "an historic low."
Packaging Is not growing quite as fast as
the U.S. economy as a whole, indicating that
it has become a mature service vital to gen-
eral economic health.
The over-all value of packaging, currently
pegged at $22 billion, should grow to $29 bil-
lion by 1975.
The level of packaging prices corresponds
closely with the general wholesale-price in-
dex.
So vital an Influence is packaging on corpo-
rate profits that the packaging function must
be considered as a centralized management-
level responsibility.
Despite the onrush of plastics, most tradi-
tional materials are maintaining a 'steady
share of market.
These data are contained in an impartial
statistical survey by Arthur D. Little, Inc.,
titled "The Role of Packaging_ in the U.S.
Economy," made by the research firm for the
American Foundation for Management Re-
search, a non-profit affiliate of the American
Management Assn. Covering the decade
from 1954 to 1963, it Is the end product of
broad-scope interviews among suppliers,
package users, industry associations and Gov-
ernment agencies. Detailed analyses of eco-
nomic aspects of the report will appear in
forthcoming Issues Of MODERN PACKAGING.
It remains to be seen what effect this eco-
nomic report will have on such pending legis-
lation as the Hart Bill, which is predicated
on the assumption that much of packaging
does a disservice to American consumers.
Little's study makes a contrary case. It re-
veals that consumers spent an average of
$5.01 for packaging-materials per $100 of
food-product purchases in 1963, compared
with $5.14 per $100 in 1954. During the same
decade, consumer earning power rose sharply.
. The report concludes, therefore, that "the
combined effect of this rise in consumer
earnings and a continued stability in pack-
aging-material prices has meant that the
consumer received nearly 25% more value
for his packaging dollar in 1963 than he did
in 1954, and nearly 30% more in 1963 than in
1958."
A further caution against applying check-
reins to packaging is implied in the survey
finding that packaging has a long-term
salutary effect on general economic health
because it reduces production and marketing
costs, increases consumer demand for prod-
ucts and accelerates the rate of market pene-
tration.
The fact that packaging is not growing
quite as fast as Gross National Product
(4.2% annually for the former, 5.6% for the
latter during the period 1958-83) is proof
that packaging has matured as a service In
the U.S. economy, according to the- report.
The reasons given for the slower growth rate
of packaging are (1) distribution of pack-
aging material: over major market segments
has remained relatively constant over the
past decade; (2) unexplolted opportunities
for packaging are fewer today, and (3) as
the economy becomes more geared to mass
consumption, spending for services increases
and the portion of total spending for pack-
aged products declines.
An interesting note on the distribution of
packaging materials is that such old stand-
bys as metal, glass, paper and paperboard did
not lose ground in the decade between 1954
and 1963-even though plastic materials
doubled in volume, from 2.7% to 5.8% of
the total packaging market.
Packaging's role in fostering corporate
success gets a big boost from the survey. It
urges that management recognize the need
to centralize the packaging function in
corporate strategy and decision-making,
rather than delegate responsibility to one
sector or another of the corporation-each
with it own biases. Only by broad-spectrum
management control, the report concludes,
can the potential of packaging be realized
fully.
Copies of the full report, at $2.75, are avail-
able from the American Foundation for Man-
agement Research, Inc., 135 W. 50 St., New
York 10020.
GIANT RESEARCH TOOL
Mr. LONG of Missouri. Mr. President,
it is with great pleasure that I bring
to the attention of the Senate the dedi-
cation last Sunday, May 28, in Columbia,
Mo., of the most powerful university
research reactor in the country.
The completion of this reactor Is a
great step forward for the development
June 2, 1966
of high level research in Missouri. It
Is clear evidence that Missouri is willing
and able to shoulder the responsibilities
of the nation's major research needs.
Five times more powerful than the
second ranking reactor-which is at
Massachusetts Institute of Technology-
the new reactor at Columbia represents
a new design concept. With an output
of 10 megawatts-thermal, it is more
powerful than several industrial testing
reactors, and more powerful than sev-
eral of the Atomic Energy Commission's
own research reactors.
The Policy of the University concern-
ing use of the reactor Is that:
The research reactor facility shall be avail-
able for research utilization by any member
of the faculty of the University of Missouri
and of the Universities comprising the Mid-
America Association of State Universities.
Priorities for the use by faculty members
of any specialized facilities shall be estab-
lished by the simple technique of "who asked
first." In the event that questions arise as
to the advisability of such a priority assign-
ment, these questions will be negotiated
with the Reactor Advisory Committee and
their findings shall be final."
With respect to faculty, graduate stu-
dents, other educational institutions and
industry, the priority of use shall be as
follows:
First. Faculty and graduate students
of the University of Missouri and other
universities in the Mid-American Asso-
ciation of State Universities.
Second. Faculty and graduate students
of other educational institutions.
Third. Faculty and graduate students
from out-of-State educational institu-
tions.
Fourth. Industrial contract research.
I would like to point out that the
university policy also says that wherever
possible the research reactor and its
facilities will be available to industrial
users, where the industrial research will
further teaching and academic pro-
grams. I find it an interesting and pro-
gressive step that the University is
ready to consider participation by in-
dustry to the extent it is compatible with
educational research activities. The
blending of industrial and academic re-
search In many ways can open the way
to fruitful new combinations of ideas,
new insights that can bring both
scientific and technological progress.
The university is fortunate to have as
Director of the Research Reactor Facil-
ity, Dr. Ardath H. Emmons, who is also
a professor of nuclear engineering and
a professor of radiology. He was born
in Albert Lea, Minn., on March 12, 1924.
He took his bachelors of Science in chem-
istry at Dubuque in 1948, his master's
in chemistry at the University of Mich-
igan in 1954 and his Ph.D. there in 1960.
On February 1, 1960, he was appointed
to the faculty of the university. Since
then he has been a pivotal figure in
bringing this reactor project into reality.
Many companies from Missouri have
had an important part in bringing the
reactor into being. The Internuclear Co.
of St. Louis did the prelimiary design
study, the design and the specification
writing. It also prepared the studies and
reports required by the Atomic Energy
Commission to justify the AEC's issuing
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CONGRESSIONAL RECORD - SENATE June 2, 1966
The Federal Water Projects Recreation yet see the need for our efforts and expendi-
Act of 1965 is designed to give full consid- tures to protect, preserve and develop our
eration to outdoor recreation and to fish basin resources for the America of 1980 and
and wildlife enhancement in connection with the year 2000. Understanding by the people
federal water resource projects. in these basins, now and in the future, of
An amendment, also in 1965, to Public the benefits that will accrue from wise plan-
Law 566, the Watershed Protection and Flood ning of our water and related land resources
Prevention Act, increases the authorized and from installation of needed improve-
floodwater detention capacity of reservoirs ments will clear the way for the teamwork
built under this upstream watershed pro- we must have.
gram from 5,000 to 12,500 acre-feet. This We face the challenge to engage the entire
increase enables communities, in develop- cross-section of interests in a basin in the
ing the resources of their watersheds, to development of a plan. Local participation
utilize storage sites more in keeping with and cooperation are essential. The plan
their potential, without reducing the level must represent the concern, the vision and
of flood protection provided. the imagination of many people, and it must
The Water Quality Act of 1965 amends the be a product of the democratic process in
Water Pollution Control Act of 1956 to give it its preparation and its final form. As I
added strength and to create the Federal suggested at the recent Oklahoma SCS con-
Water Pollution Control Administration. vention in Tulsa, the soil conservation dis-
This Administration has now been trans- trict may well be the vehicle which can
ferred from the Department of Health, Edu- bring about this participation by local in-
cation and Welfare to the Department of In- terests, watershed by watershed, and district
terior. by district, down to the last acre, the last
There are two interesting proposals now be- home or factory site, or playground, the
fore Congress which fit into our overall In- last creek and rivulet.
terests. These are, first, the Clean Rivers Re- We face the challenge of bringing togeth-
storation Bills (S. 2987 and H.R. 13104), which er the interests far upstream with those far
would provide for the cleaning of entire river downstream and of making sure that, in the
basins, with maximum cooperation by all upstream planning, we are not focusing our
levels of government. This program would attention on a single purpose, such as flood
have for its ultimate objective the restora- prevention, when there are many other
tion of selected rivers to an adequate stand- values to be considered. We face an un-
ard of water quality for future health, wel- ending challenge in making sure that in all
fare and resource needs. our work in river basin planning and devel-
The other is the Wild Rivers Bill, which opment we do not lose sight of the basic
would provide for retaining in perpetuity purpose of our efforts-to accomplish these
open. It is late, but not too late. Demands
upon our resources will increase, but we have
the know-how and the advances in tech-
nology and science to come to grips with our
basin problems.
Oliver Wendell Holmes pointed out that it
is not so much where we stand that is im-
portant. It is where we are going.
I am confident that our nation's natural re-
sources are in safe hands. We are going to
meet the challenges of the 1960's in the use
and development of our basin resources with
intelligence and confidence.
There will come a day when we will be able
to look down from the air upon any water-
shed, no matter where we may be, and see a
coutryside secure and beautiful. Trees will
be where they should be, and grass will be
where it should be. Cropland will be pro-
tected by all the needed conservation meas-
ures. Streams will be clean and clear, their
flow steady and abundant. Recreation areas
will be where our people can enjoy them.
And, most Important, the people who dwell
in these -places will be healthy, strong, keen
of mind and happy-because man and nature
will be in harmony.
This organization, and the organizations
you represent here in this Congress, have
made vast contributions to our progress in
dealing with the problems of our basin re-
sources. No one realizes more than you the
importance of it, and the challenges we face.
I congratulate you on what you have done in
stimulating our thought and lending us
guida cei and I wish you continued success
in yo4 vtal efforts.
certain, still-unspoiled stretches of our more things, in basin and watershed, for the total I'
scenic and inspiring streams. good.
Chronologically, the Water Resources Plan- Senate Document No. 97 (May 29, 1962) MORE AMERICAN STEEL IN
in the list I have read, but I purposely saved The basic objective in this planning is
it to last. This act bears the date July 22, to provide the best use, or combination of
1965, and it- establishes a Water Resources uses, of water and related land use re-
Council, made up of the Secretaries of Agri- sources to meet all foreseeable short and
culture, Army, Interior, Health-Education- long-term needs."
Welfare and the chairman of the Federal John Graves, described in the Interim Re-
Power Commission. (The Secretary of the port on the Potomac as "one of the fine river
Interior has been designated by the Presi- historians of our country," writes in his own
dent as Council chairman.) appraisal of the river's plight in these words:
This law provides for the establishment, by "The Potomac Basin, well-watered and
the President, of River Basin Commissions reasonably rich and agreeably varied, has
on request by the Council, or by a concerned few problems aside from modern man; one
state in a basin, with concurrence by the might almost say aside from modernized
Council, if at least half of the concerned man . . . By hard concerted thinking and
states wholly or partly in the basin concur. effort and desire and the expenditure of
It provides for the appropriation of federal money, the Basin can be cleaned up and
funds to be allotted to states to finance in- protected for a while. In a country that
creased participation by the states in water can muster the brain and cash to shoot for
and related land resources planning. the moon, it will be a dark shame if this is
The River Basin Commissions will be made not done, along the Potomac and everywhere
up of representatives of the concerned states else there is a good piece of country to save
and of the federal agencies involved, with the for people's decent living and wholeness."
chairman (who will not be an employee of a "Yet finally and again it is necessary to
federal agency) to be named by the President. note that anything we do for the Potomac
Requests for the establishment of commis- Basin or any other place, at whatever effort
sions under this act have been received from and whatever expense, will be temporary if
the governors of the New England States and we keep trotting down our present casual
from the governors of the Great Lakes States. road toward numbers and nothingness. No
Similar requests are in process by other river or piece of country is going to be able
groups of states. to stand the kind of pressure that will gen-
The budgets of the various agencies in- erate, and it is fairly certain that we won't be
volved in comprehensive river basin investi- able to stand it ourselves."
gation and planning were coordinated for This, too, is one of our challenges in our
several years by the ad hoc Water Resources concept of the cleaning, the repairing and the
,Council is continuing this necessary proce-
dure for assuring that all concerned agen-
cies participate in an adequate and timely
manner in such studies.
So, our strides out of the maze of difficul-
ties, which we have as a nation created for
ourselves, have been long and swift; but we
have made only a beginning. We have far
Mr. SYMINGTON. Mr. President, last
March 10, the distinguished Senator from
Indiana [Mr. BAYHI submitted an
amendment to H.R. 12169, the supple-
mental appropriation act for Vietnam,
which was adopted by the Senate, but
eliminated in conference.
The amendment proposed to correct
existing AID practices which resulted in
the purchase of Japanese steel, galva-
nized in Korea, at a cost considerably
higher, but with lower quality than com-
parable steel could be purchased in the
United States.
At that time, I stated my support of
the position of the Senator from Indiana
and urged the unanimous approval of
that amendment.
It has come to my attention that the
Iron Age magazine has printed an arti-
cle in the April 28, 1966, issue which
describes the continuing efforts of the
Senator from Indiana to assure an ap-
propriate change in AID policy.
I ask unanimous consent to have
printed in the RECORD the article entitled
"Senator BAYH Urges Use of More Amer-
ican Steel in Vietnam."
There being no objection, the article
sources-to keep our work in place, our as follows:
achievement sufficiently appreciated by our BAYH URGES USE OF MORE
children and their children-and the gen- SENATOR AMERICAN STEEL IN SE OF VIETNAM
erations beyond-so that our basins can re-
main safe, beautiful and fully usable. Sen. BIRCH BAYH (D., Ind.) continues to
Everyone in this audience this morning exert pressure for a diversion of Vietnam
realizes very well that we can no longer steel production from foreign to U.S. mills.
-f orA to be complacent regarding the re- Steel products purchased by Vietnam with
toward our objective in river basin work are upon which our very existence as a nation made components, BAYH demands. He urges
by no means beyond our successful response. depends. Our living standard is the marvel the Agency for International Deveeopment to
One of them, as I see it, is to overcome the of the world, and our fabulous natural re- change its present policy. This policy now
apathy, the human inertia, we encounter as sources have been its foundation. We have allows the Vietnam government to buy for-
we consider basin development needs and too often been heedless and wanton in our eign galvanized steel sheet from foreign sup-
potentials. We find still those who do not use of these resources, but now our eyes are pliers and pay for it with AID funds.
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June 2, 1966 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD - SENATE 11487
essential ... if we are to get enough water in The story of Sandstone Creek farther up terim report indicates-the postponement of
the next 20 years." the watershed In western Oklahoma has be- certain steps, just as it may urge the taking
A paragraph or so later in his book Senator come widely known also. It was the first of of another step much sooner than anyone
Kerr warned: the small, creek-size watersheds in the Wash- had Imagined. It may advise the building
"The mobilization will require the par- ita to be given full-dress treatment for the (as the Potomac report does) of certain small
ticipation of all levels of government, guided reduction of flooding, through a system of impoundments for supply purposes and the
and aided by an alert, informed citizenry. floodwater dams and conservation treatment delay of a much larger one that had been
The people in each locality must work to- of the drainage area. thought to be urgently needed soon.
gether to At their own projects into the Most of you know this story how the But the gathering of a group of interested
broader pattern." flooding was reduced so that it has been of citizens around a conference table for the
The Senator and so many of you had seen little consequence, how the creek that once purpose of determining the needs of their
the distress of the drought years, and in 1943 stayed dry most months of the year has been basin, the opportunities for the protection
he had witnessed, as had many others of us, flowing a steady, sparkling stream, how the of its many values for the future and the
the tragedy of a mighty disaster on the people in that area now enjoy the recrea- development of others for the next few
Arkansas River. He had watched the re- tional advantages this development affords, years-this is the way a basin must be
peated floods on the two branches of the and how the well-being of an entire com- planned, with all its values in mind and
Canadian River, and he was thoroughly munity has enjoyed a tremendous uplift as with all its citizens having a voice in the
abreast of the long and determined fight by a result of this joint investment by the decisions that are to be made.
the people in the Washita River watershed to people and their government. This is a In recent years, we have seen a remarkable
control the frequent flooding and to develop story that my friend L. L. (Red) Males, long and fortunate change in our national at-
that rich resource into an obedient and use- a supervisor of the Upper Washita Sgil Con- titude toward water resources. A genera-
ful servant. servation District, has told hundreds of times tion ago, because of a spectacular kind of
So, it was a natural consequence that, as throughout the nation. It is a story that disaster that focused attention on what was
Governor of Oklahoma, he would come to grows more in significance as the years pass. happening to our soil resources, we launched
have an unyielding determination to lead the On the national level we are engaged now a broad program of action for their protec-
people of his state into a program which in a unique program on the Potomac River tion. As an outgrowth of this new concern
would lessen the harm of drought and flood Basin. The President on February 8, 1965, the states passed legislation providing local
and produce continuing benefits through directed the Secretary of the Interior to pre- citizens the means of organizing to carry out
conservation and development of basin and pare a plan to make the Potomac "a model of their own programs of soil, water, plant and
watershed values. conservation." That is being done in coop- wildlife conservation. I would like to note
Only a few months ago, the President of eration with other federal, local and state here that Oklahoma and its neighboring
the United States, addressing the Interna- agencies. state, Arkansas, were the first to pass state
tional Symposium of Desalination, pointed In the Potomac, a river which should be a enabling legislation for this purpose.
out that fresh water has been one of human- demonstration project for all those Ameri- But back to this new attitude of ours to-
ity's most precious needs. Wars have been cans and those from foreign lands who visit ward water resources. Drought during the
fought for it throughout history, he said, our nation's capitol, we have an example of past four years in the Northeast-an area
and without it whole civilizations have what has happened to many of our beautiful where you normally don't hear much about
vanished from the earth; and he added that streams and of what is now happening to drought-obviously has helped to stimulate
over various areas of the world today water many others in this country. Year by year, American thinking along this line. Also.
is the key to man's prosperity or poverty. decade by decade, it has been going on--the there has been developing a more sensitive
As a member of our State Senate in Okla- ruining of a river through an amazing short- national conscience, an awareness of what
homa for eight years, it was my privilege to sightedness and the complete absence of any we had been doing, through neglect and
have a part in the conservation progress we thought to planning. It would have cost abuse, to these vital resources.
have made in this state, to the work of our us in taxes and in interest on bonds, perhaps, In New York City the "well was running
soil conservation districts and the landown- to have prevented this spoilage of a fine re-
dry; ' and when the average citizen had to
ers who are cooperating with them toward source; but this cost would have been a small ask for a glass of water before he could
the conservation, use, and development of percentage of the billions it will cost now to get it, and the cafe owner was subject to a
our land, water, plant and wildlife- resources. correct the mistakes we have made on this $25 fine if he permitted his employees to
And I'm proud to have an opportunity to one river alone. serve water without a request, he began to
continue that interest and effort as a mem- We can have a Potomac River you can swim realize how important this resource was to
her of the Senate of the United States, its in if you like, as clean as it Is beautiful, but him as an individual. The city was alarmed
Committee on Public Works and Its Subcom- it will take time, money, and a gerat deal of and reaching out for a supply, when at the
mittees on Air and 'Water Pollution and desire and effort. Not one of us doubts that city's doorstep millions of gallons of water
Rivers and Harbors and Flood Control. such an investment will have great value. a day were flowing seaward, too filthy for
You will find our people here in Oklahoma Our regret should be that we are so late with any use by man or animal.
heartily in accord with the programs we have our recognition of the symptoms and with Our awakening, overdue as we may now
under way, a majority thoroughly conversant our diagnosis and remedies. regard it, has been marked by a series of
with the problems that we have faced and But what is it that has made America's recent and forthright actions designed to
the things we must do and are doing to rivers unclean and unclear? We have long set our water resource house in order.
correct them. It has been an effort of team- been aware of the garbage, the sewage and First, based on a recommendation of the
work, not only throughout the levels of gov- the industrial wastes which are going into Senate Select Committee on National Water
ernment, but, more Importantly, among the our rivers. We have not, as a nation of Resources, comprehensive framework studies
many groups and interests of our citizens. resource stewards, been so conscious of are in process on five of our major water re-
Earlier. I mentioned the Washita project. another costly source of pollution. For ex- source regions in America, and the 1967
This was one of 11 authorized by the Con- ample, did you know that 50 million tons of budget provides for initiation of three more
gress in 1944 for the Department of Agri- soil are eroded annually in the Potomac Basin such studies-California, the Upper Colorado
culture, under the leadership of the Soil and that 234 million tons of sediment from and the Lower Colorado. Detailed surveys
Conservation Service and with the help of the skinned-off real estate developments, the also are under way in 16 other river basin
the Forest Service and other federal and unprotected fields, the cuts and fills for areas.
state agencies, to carry on a special program roadways, the denuded construction sites and So, we are on our way, although perhaps as
of flood prevention and accelerated land parking areas are discharged into the Poto- yet we have not begun to catch up.
treatment, with cost-sharing and technical mac estuary each year. This sediment fouls The Water Resources Research Act of 1964
assistance to help the local people with their the river, adding to the cost of making the provides for cooperation by the Secretary of
flood problems. water suitable for use, and damaging the the Interior with theLand Grant Colleges of
Many of you know the story of the Wash- aquatic life we would like It to sustain in the several states in establishing and carry-
Its, how the people over the years had strug- abundance. ing on water resources research institutes.
gled for some kind of control program, hop- My purpose is to emphasize that the devel- One aspect of the Appalachian Regional
ing at first for a system of big reservoirs to opment of a plan for a river basin; with all Development Act is a survey of the water
contain the floodwaters. Then when they its varied Interests, its needs and its op- and related resources of the area to learn
had heard thee new proposal and had studied portunities, is a vital, demanding thing. It the extent to which their development-with
y, they agreed that it offered a most can't be done in a week or two, nor can it an investment of public funds-may con-
practical solution for their dilemma be done alone by one group or another. It tribute to the local economy. These studies
And so it has been. That day near Cordell, is a job that requires careful Investigation, will draw on and add to Information avail-
when the first of the floodwater retarding the collection and analysis of pertinent data, able from other basin surveys in progress in
dams In the Washita project was dedicated- the patient study of possibilities, searching portions of the area Experience in these'
;my distinguished senior Colleague. Senator looks into the distant future, and the in- programs will have value, too, as we move4
MIKE MONaONEY, took part In that sere- volvement of many people representing all - into the Ozarks, Upper Great Lakes, and the
mony--was an important day for Oklahoma, the Interests In the basin. New England Economic Development pro-
and for the nation. Planning may Involve--as the Potomac In- grams.
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June 2, 1966 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD - SENATE
INPT.AT'ED PRICIES
BAYH has rejeased tile results of two In-
dependent studies supporting his charges
that steel purchased by Vietnam with Amer-
ican aid is of inferior quality and overpriced.
He claim that Vietnam, using American
aid, paid inflated prices for inferior steel
manufactured in Japan and galvanized with
insufficient zinc in Korea.
A study conducted by the General Account-
ing Office, at BAYH'S request shows that
prices for steel purchased by Vietnam "in-
cluded certain improper costs ultimately
paid for by the Agency of International De-
velopment." BATH says the "improper costs"
amounted to $90 a ton.
The second study, conducted by the So-
ciete De Surveillance, a Geneva-based orga-
nization, shows that Korean galvanizing
mills use Japanese steel which "is processed
chiefly from salvaged scrap." The study says
the Koreans added to the steel sheets a "de-
fectuous coating which Is quickly weather-
worn."
As a result of these findings, BAYH reports,
AID has taken steps to assure quality con-
trol and deal with the problem of inflated
prices. But BAYH is not satisfied.
BUT AMERICAN
He thinks steel purchased by Vietnam
with foreign aid dollars should be manufac-
tured by American companies. Good quality
products would be assured without incur-
ring the expense of imposing and policing
quality control standards. American aid
dollars would flow directly back to the U.S.
in the form of taxes, wages and additional
man-hours of work. No improper costs
would creep into the prices paid for these
products.
BAYH says AID is now considering a policy
change. However, if the change does not
incorporate his 90% American-made com-
ponent plan, BAYH Intends to seek "appro-
priate legislation."
The Senate earlier adopted BAYH'S proposal
as an amendment to a supplemental foreign
aid bill. But House-Senate conferees re-
moved the amendment.
Mr. SYMING'''ON. Putting it mildly,
Mr. President, this article points out how
right was the position taken by the able
Senator from Indiana.
Mr. President, I suggest the absence of
a quorum.
The ACTING PRESIDENT pro tem-
pore. The clerk will call the roll.
The legislative clerk proceeded to call
the roll.
Mr. SYMINGTON. Mr. President, I
ask unanimous consent that the order
for the quorum call be rescinded.
The ACTING PRESIDENT pro tem-
pore. Without objection, it is so
ordered. .
UNTRUTHFUL ATTACKS ON
THE CIA
Mr. LAUSCHE. Mr. President, ear-
lier today, the Senator from Missouri
[Mr. SYMINGTON] made a statement
dealing with attacks that are now cur-
rently being made upon the Central In-
telligence Agency.
He stated:
A favorite "sport" now current among
various groups which appears to be growing
in volume is to attack the Central Intelli-
gence Agency.
He further stated:
These charges are made by many people,
including enemy aliens in defense of their
activities, and those who have been charged
with illegal activities. From the standpoint
of sport, at times it would appear comparable
to shooting fish in a barrel, because the
nature of the work of the CIA means it
cannot defend itself.
Mr. President, I want to use this state-
ment of the Senator from Missouri as a
premise for what I shall now have to say.
I concur with him completely that be-
cause the CIA cannot defend itself and of
necessity, by reason of its work, must
remain silent, inducement has been pro-
vided by those who bear ill will toward
certain individuals in the Agency to make
attacks upon it.
The most recent attacks have dealt
with the cases of James R. Christensen,
with a Cuban exile, who was captured in
Cuba and charged by Castro with having
been hired by the Central Intelligence
Agency to assassinate Castro, and in the
third case, in relation to John R. Hawke.
These attacks have been made with great
bitterness. The Central Intelligence
Agency. has not been able to answer.
The claims that have been made
against the agency are false.
I take the floor today to emphasize the
fact that the interests of the United
States are not being served by the attacks
which are being made upon this Agency.
The ACTING PRESIDENT pro tem-
pore. The time of the Senator from Ohio
has expired.
Mr. SYMINGTON. Mr. President, I
ask unanimous consent that the able
Senator from Ohio be allowed to pro-
ceed for 5 additional minutes.
The ACTING PRESIDENT pro tem-
pore. Without objection, it is so ordered.
Mr. LAUSCHE. The office of the Cen-
tral Intelligence Agency is headed by
Adm. W. F. Raborn. His assistant Is
Richard Helms. He has a legislative
counsel and the staff of the Central In-
telligence Agency.
The important aspect of the services
rendered by this Agency, which are not
being considered by'\those within our
own ranks who are attacking the Agency,
is the fact that the Agency works directly
under the President. The Agency is sub-
ject to the supervision and direction of'
the National Security Council.
Who are the members of the National
Security Council?
Lyndon B. Johnson, the President of
the United States. HUBERT H. HuM-
PHREY, the Vice President. Dean Rusk,
the Secretary of State. Robert S. Mc-
Namara, the Secretary of Defense. Bu-
ford Ellington, the Director of the Office
of Emergency Planning. Then there is
the Special Assistant to the President for
National Security Affairs, McGeorge
Bundy, and Executive Secretary Brom-
ley Smith.
Mr. President, I submit to all Senators
that whatever attacks are being made
upon that Agency are an implied attack
upon the President, the Vice President,
the Secretary of State, the Secretary of
Defense, and the Chief of Emergency
Planning.
For the past 20 years especially, it has
been the objective of the Communists in
the cold war to blacken the character of
the Intelligence Agency of the United
States. One of their principal tech-
niques has been to lay at the doorstep of
the Intelligence Agency the charges that
11489
it is indulging in practices common and
inherent to the Communists of the world..
With the Communists making the at-
tacks, when support Is given to those at-
tacks by men on the Senate floor and by
persons in our own Nation, it provides a
great instrumentality for the Commu-
nists to publicize throughout the world
that, within the Chambers of the U.S.
Senate, these remarks have been
made by officials of the U.S. Government,
condemning the activity of this Agency.
It is with great hesitancy that I enter
upon the discussion of the subject that I
shall now undertake. One statement
was made several months ago that the
Central Intelligence Agency dressed its
agents in the garb of Vietcong Commu-
nists and sent them among the innocent
South Vietnamese to rape women and
kill old men and children, and then to
place the blame on the Vietcong.
That charge was denied most emphat-
ically.
I want to repeat that charge-that the
Agency, operating under the President,
Vice President, Secretary of State, and
Secretary of Defense, dressed its agents
in the uniform of the Vietcong Commu-
nists and that they raped women and
killed old men and children, solely to
place the blame on the Vietcong.
When that statement was made, nat-
urally Peking and Moscow picked it up
and publicized it throughout all the
world. Peking and Moscow quoted what
was said, and stated:
United States official confirms the charges
we have been making about the activities of
the agents of the Central Intelligence
Agency.
Mr. President, I think the time has
come to quit blackening the character of
the United States and whitening that of
the Communists, unless it can be estab-
lished and proved that the charges we
are'making are true. Tragically, that is
not the situation now.
The attacks are frequent. The at-
tacks have been in some instances denied
and labeled as false. But they still go
on.
I cannot bring myself to believe for one
moment that the members of the Na-
tional Security Council would tolerate
for one second the retention of Admiral
Raborn and his assistants if there were
one semblance of truth to the indictment
that has been heaped upon them.
I have remained silent on this issue. I
have said nothing about it. But I have
seethed with agony and indignation in
the knowledge of what has been going on.
The ACTING PRESIDENT pro tern-
Pore. The time of the Senator from
Ohio has expired.
Mr. SYMINGTON. Mr. President, I
ask unanimous consent that the Senator
from Ohio may proceed for 3 additional
minutes.
The ACTING PRESIDENT pro tem-
pore. Without objection, it is so ordered.
Mr. LAUSCHE. I join fully and whole-
heartedly in the statement made by the
senior Senator from Missouri [Mr.
SYMINGTON] this morning.
My hopes are that the people of the
United States will understand what a
well-organized technique has been
adopted by the Communists to discredit
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CONGRESSIONAL RECORD - SENATE June 2, 1966
the Central Intelligence Agency and how Ing votes of the two Houses on the coordinate current marine activities until
unfortunate we are that additional amendments of the House to the bill a final Federal framework is achieved, so
strength has been given to that attack (S. 944) to provide for expanded research that we will not lose time in this impor-
by the conduct and words of officials of and development in the marine environ- tant field. In the event that a Federal
the U.S. Government. ment of the United States, to establish a reorganization in this activity is not ef-
I yield the floor. National Council on Marine Resources fective by the expiration time of the
Mr. SYMINGTON. Mr. President, will and Engineering Development, and a Council, then the President may, by Ex-
the Senator yield? Commission on Marine Science, Engi- ecutive order or requesting legislation, if
Mr. LAUSCHE. I yield to the Senator neering, and Resources, and for other he so wishes, extend its life until it is
from Missouri. purposes. I ask unanimous consent for replaced by other mechanisms for de-
Mr. SYMINGTON. I thank the able the presesnt consideration of the report. veloping and implementing marine sci-
senior Senator from Ohio for comment- The PRESIDING OFFICER (Mr. ence and resource programs.
ing on the remarks I made this morn- YouNG of Ohio in the chair). The report The answer to the second matter of
ing. will be read for the information of the concern is that the President himself,
The thrust of my statement was that Senate. when he was a Senator, very wisely laid
before such charges are given such wide The legislative clerk read the report. the groundwork for our present space
and continued publicity, a reasonable ef- (For conference report, see House program in the National Aeronautics and
fort should be made to have them proceedings of May 24, 1966, p. 10729.) Space Act which created in the Executive
checked. The PRESIDING OFFICER. Is there offices the National Aeronautics and
I was Interested in what the distin- objection to the present consideration of Space Council. His wisdom then will be
guished Senator said about reactions of the report? matched by similar wisdom as we meet
the foreign press to such charges made There being no objection, the Senate our responsibilities in knowing and using
in this country. proceeded to consider the report. that 70 percent of the earth's surface
I have recently read about 100 press Mr. MAGNUSON. Mr. President, this that is covered by water.
stories, articles, and comments from the bill is commonly known as the broad Before describing the bill in detail let
foreign press, free world and Iron Cur- oceanographic bill, in the field of marine me pay deep and sincere tribute to the
tain countries, about recent articles con- science and resource development, which House Members who worked on the meas-
cerning the structure and functioning of the Senator from New Hampshire and I, ure, and particularly to their chairman,
the CIA. The distortion of those articles and some of the rest of us, have been ALTON LENNON. Under his wise leader-
in their presentation by the foreign press, working on for many, many months-as ship they have mastered the field of ma-
in most cases out of context, furnishes a a matter of fact, for some three or four rine science and resource development
sad story for those to read who are in- sessions of the Congress. both in its essential principles as well as
terested in the security and prosperity In the field of marine science and rein its precise details. This country is
of the United States. source development the United States fortunate indeed to have men of this
Mr. LAUSCHE. Mr. President, may I has been late but not, I believe, too late. caliber and commitment working in a
have 2 additional minutes, by unanimous Time is in the final analysis our most field that is yet to develop the necessary
consent? precious assets and time has not been on overwhelming public concern and focus.
The ACTING PRESIDENT pro- tem- our side in the knowledge and use of the The time will come when their foresight
pore. Is there objection? Without objec- oceans. S. 944 is a major step in chang- will be recognized widely; until then,
tion, it is so ordered. ing this. S. 944 as agreed upon by the they are continuing to promote this vital
Mr. LAUSCHE. Mr. President, my dis- Senate and House managers will lay the work.
cussion this morning will be about the groundwork for a coordinated, coopera- NATIONAL COUNCIL ON MARINE RESOURCES AND
irresponsibility of making statements. tive, and comprehensive marine science ENGINEERING DEVELOPMENT
One which was quoted, relating to the and resource development program. The Senate bill establishes in the Ex-
charge that Central Intelligence agents The bill does the following three ecutive Office of the President a National
raped women and killed innocent men things: Council on Marine Resources and Engi-
and women, was later repudiated and re- First. Sets a statutory base of policy neering Development, composed of the
called by the person who had made it. and objectives to guide and promote vice President as Chairman, the Secre-
But the damage was done. oceanographic programs in the coming taries of State, Navy, Interior, Commerce,
On my desk I have a copy of a press period of essential expansion; Health, Education, and Welfare, and the
release out of Moscow, sent throughout Second. Establishes a National Coun- Chairman of the Atomic Energy Com-
the world, stating that the statement was cil on Marine Resources and Engineering mission, and Director of the National
made by a public official of the United Development to coordinate and encour- Science Foundation.
States that the atrocities I have just de- age these programs until a longer-range The Council will assist and advise the
scribed were being perpetrated by agents governmental organization is effected; President in connection with a number of
of the United States Central Intelligence and his enumerated responsibilities which in-
Agency. Third. Creates an Independent Com- elude a survey of all significant marine
There is irresponsibility in the making mission on Marine Science, Engineering, science activities, development of a co-
6f such statements. How damaging they and Resources to recommend appropri- ordinated marine science program, and
can be, and how widely they are used by ate programs and propose the Federal designation of responsibility for the
the Communists, is not fully compre- structure that will best implement such conduct of such activities by Federal de-
hended. All the world knows that when programs. partments and agencies.
a condemnation is made about this coun- The major difference- between the two Included also in the program will be
try, it is used by the Communists. Yet we bills that made the conference necessary marine engineering, sof air-sea
continue to hear Americans repeating was that the House measure did not pro- interaction, transmission studies e energy and
these charges announced and made vide for a Council. The managers for communications, and exploitation and
against the Central Intelligence Agency, the House were concerned about the conservation of the resources of the
Council on two grounds: First, that it
prejudged the structure that would fi- marine environment.
MARINE RESOURCES AND ENGI- nally be recommended by the Commis- The Council would further assist the
VEERING DEVELOPMENT ACT OF Sion by appearing to be a congressionally President in studies of legal problems
preferred structure and second, based arising out of the management, develop-
1966-CONFERENCE REPORT upon testimony before the House and ment, and use of marine resources, and
Mr. MAGNUSON. Mr. President, It is Senate Committees by certain witnesses in long-range studies of benefits to be
my pleasure to report that the Senate from the administration, the President gained from marine science and re-
and House conferees have agreed to a might veto the bill. The first issue was sources in the interest of the Nation's
conference report on S. 944, and have clarified by limiting the Council to a life economy, security, health, and welfare.
favorably reported the conference of 120 days after the submission.of the The Council may employ a staff to be
report final report by the Commission. This headed by a civilian executive secretary
Mr. President, I submit a report of the makes it clear that the purpose of the appointed by the President, and this staff
committee of conference on the disagree- Council is a short-range one-that is, to may include professionals of whom not
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