FREE ELECTIONS IN SOUTH VIETNAM

• Document Type: CREST
• Collection: General CIA Records
• Document Number (FOIA) /ESDN (CREST): CIA-RDP67B00446R000400080004-6
• Release Decision: RIFPUB
• Original Classification: K
• Document Page Count: 18
• Document Creation Date: December 16, 2016
• Document Release Date: June 29, 2005
• Sequence Number: 4
• Publication Date: June 27, 1966
• Content Type: OPEN

IM70$ Approved For ReleaseWR7ESSIQNAL RECORD 46 HOUSE 00080004-6
June 27, 1966
wards' not only to our citizens but to it down from an already tight request (Mr. BINGHAM (at the request of
people the world over. It has strength- prepared at NASA after much painful Mr. PATTEN) was granted permission to
ened our defense and eor}tributed to the scrutiny, extend his remarks at this point in the
peace of the world. And we are still very The request for funds for fiscal 1967 RECORD and to include extraneous
early in the growing stage. The future was $5.012 billion-down $163 million matter.);
history. We cannot jeopardize its fu- pressures on the core of NASA's effec- "I / /FREE ELECTIONS IN SOUTH
titre or allow it to falter Li
.
__ i
ve
e
ts
munication over vast portions of the facilities that make our participation in (Mr. EDWARDS of California (at the
globe, promote our defense, and further the space age possible. request of Mr. PATTEN) was granted per-
the cause of understanding between na- The program as presented allows no mission to extend his remarks at this
tions. Weather satellites photograph margin for insurance, and no room for point in the RECORD and to include ex-
cloud cover all over the world and make error. Surely no businessman would in- traneous matter.)
the rrreteorological information available vest tens of thousands of dollars in a lo- Mr. EDWARDS of California. Mr.
to all nations. Scientific satellites re- comotive and then allow it to rust in the Speaker, I am today introducing a con-
turn information about the universe that yards for lack of a $5 part. Neither can current resolution identical to that spon-
man has sought throughout history and we invest tens Of billions in a space pro- sored by my very able colleague, Con-
enlarge our knowledge not only of the gram and leave it to falter for the lack gressman ROBERT E. SWEENEY, to express
sun and stars and planets, but of our of funds. the sense of the House of Representa-
own earth and immediate environment. We cannot put important elements of tives in support of free elections in South
Man himself, in our manned space pro- our capability into mothballs. We must Vietnam and to urge the sponsorship of
gram, has at last ventured away from use it or see it rust. Retrenchment puts these elections under an impartial inter-
his gravity-bound existence. us in the danger of seeing the Soviet national body.
The space program has provided work program surge past us again as it did in A critical look at the current situation
for 400,000 men and women working in 1957. If we cut back we may not be able in Vietnam can only relay to us a feeling
20,000 plants across the country. to develop the scientific information and of caution regarding the meaningfulness
In my own State of Louisiana, the de- advanced technology required for the of the election in September. In any na-
velopment of the Saturn facilities at needs of U.S. industry and Government. tion when leaders are chosen by the elec-
Michoud has proved of the greatest im- Critical reduction in funds will not al- toral process, there needs to be a basic
portance to the economy of the State. low us to continue to energize large seg- stability, a culture which supports the
The plant there that had built boats and ments of the scientific community or ideals and mechanisms of representative
other war items during World War- II bring our resources to bear on the critical government. In a time of internal tur-
and tank engines during the Korean con- problems of the modern world. moil, in a nation which has a previous
flict had largely been idle since 1954. It It is likely that any major setbacks at history of subverted elections, it is naive
was acquired for NASA at no cost to the this point, or any cut below the present to expect an election to be a fair reflec
Government,. and using it represented frugal level of funding, would require an tion of the desires of the people.
great savings in taxpayers' dollars. To- assessment of all of our target dates, International supervision of the elec-
day Michoud is a vital part of our pro- not only for the lunar mission in manned tions in South Vietnam is of utmost im-
gram to reach out in space as far as the flight, but for a host of other highly im- port, therefore, as at least a partial bal-
moon. Not only has it provided work for portant unmanned projects. ance to other factors jeopardizing this
nearly 10,000 people, but it has attracted Weather information from space can effort to create a more popularly based
the kind of employees that today's econ- be increased until it will be possible to civilian government. A serious obstacle
omy, oriented to science and technology, program the earth's entire atmosphere is evident in the events of recent weeks
requires. It has created thousands of on a computer and to make long-range in Hue, Danang, and Saigon. The sup-
other jobs for all of the service personnel weather forecasts for the entire world. pression and arrests of Buddhist leaders
required by this employment-for home- Some inkling of the importance of by the Ky government forecasts little
builders, storekeepers, and schoolteach- weather forecasting can be gathered if likelihood that the dissent which exists
ers. Space agency contracts amounted to you consider that it has been estimated will be allowed and expressed. Difl'icul-
more than $355 million in Louisiana in that the construction industry in the ties exist as well in the South Vietnamese
1965. United States could save up to $1 billion election law. Candidates are denied the
All of the Deep South has benefited a year by using the weather information right to campaign as an organized slate.
from the space program-indeed, the now available. Consider how much more In some situations, the same representa-
area stretching from Houston, Tex., to can be saved as our weather-forecasting tion would be given districts with 25,-
Cape Kennedy, Fla., has come to be tools improve. 000 people as districts with 125,000 peo-
known as the Space Crescent. Multipurpose communications stations pie.
Our conquest of space is a tribute to can provide TV and radio broadcasting Neither is Vietnam's past experience
the economic and political system of the +., +r,e ,.,,+;,,,, ,,,,,,,,a ____
aaac.
ceasing speed and volume of traffic on Dam have participated in elections which
We responded to the challenge of the world's airways. Satellites show have been corrupted and manipulated to
Sputnik with Explorer I. We countered promise in such various areas as ocean- insure a particular result. To call for
Gagarin with Glenn, Leonov with White, ography, studying water resources, and elections means nothing if what follows
and Luna IX with Surv9yor. detecting diseased areas of forests, is a hollow mockery of the entire proc-
We have an edge on the Soviet Union I do not believe that anyone can pre- ess. The inevitable consequence is a cyn-
in many regards. We have chalked up diet or even imagine the uses to which ical distrust and confusion and, more-
more man-hours in space. We have had our space program can be put to improve over, an understandable refusal to accept
a high degree Of success with our plane- the lot of mankind, the results.
tary probes and scientific satellites. But We can move ahead with our space The opportunity lies ahead. Under
.we have no reason for complacency. program toward these goals only if we the circumstances which I have dis-
Our position as leader. of the free world make a prudent investment. And Presi- cussed, there is no guarantee that the
demands that we forge ahead at a pace dent Johnson's request for funds for 1967 election will be a fair reflection of Viet-
consistent with our needs and our re- is indeed prudent. The Congress would namese thinking. There is no guarantee
sources. be shortsighted in the extreme if it failed that it *111 not. However, the probability
President Johnson prepared an austere to meet these minimum needs to carry of fair elections is enhanced with super-
budget for the space agency. He pared our space program forward, vision by an international body such as
Approved For Release 2005/07/13 : CIA-RDP67B00446R000400080004-6
 June 27, 1966
Approved For Release 2005/07/13 : CIA-RDP67B00446R000400080004-6
CONGRESSIONAL RECORD --HOUSE 137W
State and county
Number
of
hospi-
t
Number
of
beds
Average
daily
census
Percent P
occu-
panel
ercent I
medicare
recip-
cents
Rank
State and county
Number
of
hospi-
tals
Number
of
beds
Average
daily
census
Percent P
occu-
pancy
ercent
medicare
recip-
louts
Rank
Alabama: Shelby -----------
hita
O
1
1
55
156
u
156
100.00
100.00
8.5
9.4
18 Illinois:
16 Montgomeryy------------
1
68
13
62
660
91.18
57
92
16.0
10
1
35
73
____.._____
uac
Arkansas:
RockIsland___
3
7
.
.
92
Florida
1
25
25
100.00
6.4
15 Woodford __
1
31
29
93.55
11.4
Okcecb
Okcecbobac --------------
kcechgton_____.__.._____
Wash
1
52
62
100.00
11.0
19 Indiana: Clark
1
173
157
90.75
7.2
75
Georgia:
h
1
94
93
98.94
8.0
.
S8 Hendricks--------------
1
70
70
65
64
92.86
91
43
7.9
12
6
41
52
_________________
c
______
Camden
1
25
24
96.00
5.3
46 Jefferson ---- -----------
1
0
1
1
.
92.50
.
7.2
63
__________
Cobb-------------------
obb---
1
280
2fi6
95.00
4.8
1
50 bionroe..______------ _-
__--
10 Monro
1
36
34
94.44
13.2
29
t---------------
C
3
86
86
53
100.00
00
100
7.
2
3
______________
11 Porter --------------------
1
230
207
90.00
7. '2
90
Houston________________
1
1
63
100
97
.
97.00
.
8.4
34 , Starke ------------------
1
31
29
93.55
12.0
11
9
31
65
Laurens_________________
_________
Wayne
1
74
73
98.66
5.8
32 I Tipton _-____------------
1
1
70
74
74
68
93.67
91.89
.
14.8
85
_________
Iowa:
31
88
96
161
8
Iowa: Davis_____________
25 Kentucky: Letcher_________
2
118
107
90.08
6.7
9
Clarke__________________
Dallas___________________
1
1
32
16
16
.
100.00
.
14.6
9 Michigan:
kl
nd
36 O
3
712
672
94.38
5.5
33
PaloAlto___
1
45
43
95.56
11.5
----------------
a
a
Ogemaw________________
1
50
46
92.00
13.3
67
Kansas:
1
- 42
42
100.00
17.5
6 Ontonngon--------------
1
37
34
91.89
10.7
63
Allsn------- c_______-___
---
Grant
1
37
36
97.30
4.4
82 Mississippi:
1
30
27
90.00
10.0
44
----------------
M?.rshall----------------
1
36
36
100.00
17.1
12 Jasper-__________________
Pontotoc________________
1
56
93.33
12.1
51
Kentucky:
-
All
n
1
46
45
97.83
14.1
22 Missouri:
1
52
49
94.23
20.2
37
-------------------
e
Caldwell_________________
1
39
42
107.69
14.8
8
1 Grundy-----------------
Charles
---
3 St
1
175
- 161
92.00
7.3
76
La:.irel------------------
1
28
31
110.71
9.
-----------
.
Now Jersey: Ocean---------
3
371
838
91.11
11.8
60
Louisiana:
_____
_
Sabin
1
32
31
96.88
11.8
20 New York:
3
444
414
93.24
12.4
64
__
__________
St. Tammany__,._..------
2
104
108
103.85
8.2
9
4
2 Jefferson ----------------
_______
4 Putnam
1
51
47
92.16
9.9
38
Terrebonne____.._..______
1
1
100
67
103
64
103.00
95.62
.
7.9
_________
56 North Carolina:
8
8
94
Maryland:
1
22
22
100.00
10.5
7 Avery- ____.._____-______
2
135
122
90.37
94
29
.
0
9
39
Minnesota: Carlton.. -------
1
26
25
96.15
18.2
26 Davie ..-____-.______------
1
3b
22
.
.
Missouri: Dade --------------
North Dakota: Towner_____
1
26
25
96.15
9.3
3
14
50 Ohio:
----
6 Fa
ette
1
68
63
92.65
12.2
42
Ohio: Adams_______________
1
54
64
63
100.00
36
96
.
3
8
y
---------
40 Hancock ----------------
1
170
155
91.18
11.0
62
57
South Carolina: ]hamburg...
1
55
21
20
.
24
95
.
13
5
27 Jefferson ----------------
3
413
392
94.92
9.3
81
South Dakota: Bon Homme_
1
.
.
----------------
Lucas
8
2,212
2,021
91.37
9.8
Tennesmc:
1
76
75
00
100
9.2
...-
8 Sumrnit_________________
4
1,610
1,463
90.87
2
8.2
7
9
74
55
Cumberland____________
1
40
40
.
100.00
9.2
14 Trumbull ---------------
2
479
442
92.
8
.
M anroo_________________
Rutherford______________
1
111
109
98.20
7.7
21 Oklahoma,:
49 Cle
land
1
100
90
90.00
8.6
58
So uatchie______________
1
30
29
48
96.67
00
96
8.7
9
6
--------------- _
ve
28 Garvin -----------------
1
26
24
92.31
10.9
29
Wiliamson_____________
1
1
50
74
71
.
95.95
.
11.5
30 Puerto Rico:a
4
796
718
20
90
5.6
________
Wilson__________________
West 'Virginia;
S3
63
00
100
9
5
Pence-----------------
13 San Juan ----------------
8
1,482
1,375
.
92.78
5.0
--------
Mineral-----------------
Wyoming ---------------
1
1
60
69
.
98.33
.
4.7
23 Tennessee:
Brad
17
1
152
140
92.11
7.3
80
Wisconsin: Pepin___________
1
35
35
100.00
13.3
ibson ___ ____________
G
3
139
129
92.81
12.4
43
hilab ran
lln________________
-
1
74
67
92.97
10.2
69 Texas:
k[n
-
----
86 Ho
1
65
59
90.77
.1
16
48
Russe
Russell____________.__--
1
128
119
92.97
6.7
7
9
-----------
-
p
__ -------------
79 Webb
1
150
142
94.67
6.5
45
-----------__
Tuscaloosa
California: Siskiyou________
1
_ 2
363
148
327
137
90.08
92.57
.
9.4
-
72 Virginia:
Fairfox
---------
1
282
258
91.49
2.8
68
Florida:
2
-
103
93
29
90
8.7
---------
77 Prince George__________
1
80
72
45
90.00
90
00
2.9
4
3
95
47
Columbia---------------
Santa Rosa -------------
-
- 1
81
75
.
92.59
6.5
Anne__--_-_____
70 Prince Roanoke
1
.
so
969
919
.
94.84
.
7.5
93
Georgia:
1
162
151
93.21
5.D
_
84 Washington: Jefferson---____
1
57
62
91.23
11.1
86
Glynn------------------
Muscogee--------------
-
- 2
' 436
395
90.60
4.7
6
89 West Virginia:
_________
77 Hancock
_ 1
175
183
93.14
7,1
83
Poach__________________
_ 1
46
32
42
29
91.30
63
90
7.
9.7
______
78
---
1
95
7
92.94
0
38
11.7
13
6
71
61
Rabun-----------------
- 1
.
----------
Taylo-----
1
2
2
5
94
4
85
.
9
90.43
.
12.5
54
Wisconsin: Monroe_________
_
I Communities ranked in order of expected difficulty in meeting Increased demands average daily occupancy rates of 90 percent or higher over the past year. Lowest
es base
for ce and
nk- the percentage of amedi arehrec pients pin the dcommun ty. Allf havailable ospitals reported re2 No-gr r nnkeddbut lcul ist as a ieetin tica l .increased demand.
(Mr. HOWARD (at the request of Mr.
PATTEN) was granted permission to ex-
tend his remarks at this point in the
RECORD and to include extraneous mat-
ter. )
[Mr. HOWARD'S remarks will appear
hereafter in the Appendix.]
(Mr. GONZALEZ (at the request of Mr.
PATTEN) was granted permission to ex-
tend his remarks at this point in the
RECORD and to include extraneous mat-
ter.)
[Mr. GONZALEZ' remarks will appear
hereafter in the Appendix.]
(Mr. GONZALEZ (at the request of Mr.
PATTEN) was granted permission to ex-
tend his remarks at this point in the
RECORD and to include extraneous mat-
ter.)
IMr. GONZALEZ' remarks will appear
hereafter in the Appendix.]
ANOTHER SUCCESSFUL LAUNCH IN
THE FAMILY OF ORBITING GEO-
PHYSICAL OBSERVATORIES
(Mr. BOGGS (at the request of Mr.
PATTEN) was granted permission to ex-
tend his remarks at this point in the
RECORD and to include -extraneous
matter.)
Mr. BOGGS. Mr. Speaker, the period
recently past has been a time of high
adventure in space for the United States.
We have been witness to another success-
fullaunch in the family of orbiting geo-
physical observatories-this one carry-
ing 21 experiments out as far as 76,000
miles from earth to investigate portions
of the earth's environment never before
studied. We followed the flight of Gem-
ini 9, shared the astronauts' frustrations
and their triumphs.
I am sure, you were as elated as I with
the amazing success of the Titan - III
launch of our Department of Defense
communications satellite system-eight
relay stations in space from the power
of one rocket-and of the first Surveyor
flight. The specialists working on the
Surveyor project are reported to have
estimated the odds against accomplish-
ing a soft landing on the first attempt
at better than 100 to 1. Yet it was
achieved and Surveyor's camera has sent
back more than 10,000 photos of the
moon's surface. The detail of these pic-
tures show objects as small as a twentieth
of an inch can be seen. Remarkable as
these pictures are, it is perhaps more im-
portant that Surveyor has validated the
concept that is under development for a
manned lunar landing and ends doubt
about the adequacy of the bearing
strength of the lunar surface for the
manned mission.
These dramatic successes confirm me
in my belief that the exploration of space
is one of the most rewarding and excit-
ing programs ever undertaken by the
United States. It has challenged our
imagination, developed our resources in
manpower and material, and reaped re-
Approved For Release 2005/07/13 : CIA-RDP67B00446R000400080004-6
 June ', Approved For Rel ~ ~ ~~1~- 00 ~
the United NStions and I urge that we extend warm congratulations and best
take action to support as a collective wishes for continued progress.
body this course of Diction. The Malagasy Republic, formerly
(Mr. EDWARDS of California (at the
request of Mr. PATTEN) was granted per-
mission to extend his remarks at this
point in the RECORD and to include ex-
traneous matter.)
[Mr. EDWARDS of California's re-
marks will appear hereafter in the Ap-
(Mr. FASCELL (at the request of Mr.
PATTEN) was granted permission to ex-
tend his reinarks, at this. point in the
RECORD and to include extraneous mat-
ter.)
[Mr. FASCELL'S remarks will appear
hereafter in the Appendix.]
QN THE PASSING OF EDWARD J.
REARDON
LL (Mr. JOELSON (at the. request of Mr.
ATTEN) was granted permission to ex-
tend his remarks at this point in the
RECORD and to include extraneous mat-
ter.)
Mr. JOELSON. Mr.. Speaker, I am
sorry to have to inform my colleagues
that last week Edward J. Reardon passed
away. Ed Reardon was for many years
a respected member of the House press
corps and was a beloved figure in the
Capitol. He possessed unusual integrity
and was a newspaperman's newspaper-
man.
The core of Ed Reardon's work was
fairness and honesty. He never broke a
confidence and he never wielded a poison
pen.
Ed reported the news in such a way
that the public could always depend on
the truth of his reports and on the de-
cency of his motives.
He served the Herald News, which is
published in the congressional district
which I represent, faithfully, and I am
sure that he will be missed by his many
friends on the staff of that fine news-
paper.
I ersonally have lost a dear friend
whom' I shall never forget, and whose
memory I will always revere.
INDEPENDENCE DAY-MALAGASY
REPUBLIC
(Mr. CONYERS (at the request of Mr.
PATTED) was granted permission to ex-
tend his remarks at this point in the
RECORD and to include extraneous mat-
ter.)
Mr. CONYERS. Mr. Speaker, the
Malagasy Republic celebrates its sixth
anniversary today as anindependent na-
tion. This day is indeed a proud and an
important one in the colorful history of
this. Island country. The people of the
United States are proud to join with the
many friends of the Malagasy Republic
in paying tribute to the Malagasy people
and government on the joyous and
?meiiioi'able occasion. To His Excellency,
President PhiljJprt Ts-irana ar d His Ex-
cellency, Mr. Louis Rakotamalala, Am-
bassador to the United States, I wish to
people of the United States. Trading
first took place between the twc coun-
tries during the last years of the 18th
century when an American buccaneer
ship brought the first Malagasy rice to
the State of North Caroling. Some 30
years later, our first American "ambassa-
dor", Trader Marks conducted a lively
trade in Malagasy goods. His small
trading operation was to herald the in-
creased commerce between the two coun-
tries. In 1881, Malagasy and the United
States signed a treaty of commerce and
friendship. Today, the United States
continues a close trade association with
Malagasy. As Malagasy's second best
customer, the United States purchases
almost 18 percent of her exports.
However, the interest of the United
States in the Malagasy Republic is not
limited to the area of trade. Although,
American investment is not large, sub-
stantial amounts of U.S. technical and
economic aid demonstrates the strong
American concern for this developing
country. In agreement with the Mala-
gasy Government, a strategic tracking
and data gathering station, part of the
American space program, has been built
by the United States on Madagascar
island.
The island of Madagascar, fourth
largest island in the world and four other
small islands comprise the Malagasy Re-
public. They are located in the Indian
Ocean 250 miles across the Mozambique
Channel from the southeast coast of
Africa. More than 6 million people make
up the 18 different ethnic groups. The
Merina closely resemble the first non-
African inhabitants of the island and
are thought to have come from the
southwest Pacific area several centures
after the birth of Christ. They hold
leadership positions in the government
and professions. President Tsirana be-
longs to the COtiers, a coastal people
who are an admixture of Arab and
Negroid blood. In addition, the large
number of Indians, Chinese and Indo-
nesians who have settled in Malagasy
make this island nation truly "Afro-
Asian." The language spoken through-
out the republic is of Malayo-Polynesian
origin.
The economy of Malagasy is heavily
agricultural with such principal crops as
sugar, manioc, coffee, tobacco, and va-
nilla. Several disadvantages such as
shortage of skilled technicians and low
world market prices for Malagasy have
restricted the expansion of the economy.
ernment has initiated a new 5-year plan
that emphasizes commercialization of
agricultural production in livestock,
sugar and coffee, and so forth. The
United States in accordance with these
goals will provide aid for agricultural ex-
pansion, police communications, main-
tenance of roadbuilding, and ground
water development.
The United States is very proud of its
long tradition of friendship with the peo-
ple of Malagasy and we look forward to
the continuing growth of friendly rela-
tions between our two countries. We are
13709
also proud of the steady, deliberate prog-
ress that is taking place in Malagasy and
again wish. the people and leaders of
Malagasy continued success and pros-
perity as they celebrate this historic
occasion.
EQUALIZATION OF MILITARY
TIREMENT PAY
(Mr. WHITE of Texas (at the request
of Mr. PATTEN) was granted permission
to extend his remarks at this point in the
RECORD and to include extraneous mat-
ter.)
Mr. WHITE of Texas. Mr. Speaker,
today I am joining a number of my col-
leagues in introducing legislation to cor-
rect a gross inequity in the pay of men
and women who served this country
bravely and well and have now retired
from the military service. My bill would
amend title 10, United States Code, to
equalize the retirement pay of all mem-
bers of the uniformed services of equal
rank and years of service.
Under present legislation, Mr. Speaker,
military personnel who retired prior to
1962 are being deprived of the benefits
of three pay raises which have been given
to the military since 1962. Certainly the
cost-of-living increases which brought
about this increase in pay scales have
had the same effect upon retired mili-
tary people as upon those who remained
in service, or those who retired later, with
higher retirement pay.
The legislation which I have intro-
duced would recompute the pay of mili-
tary personnel who retired without the
benefit of these recent increases. Even
though their service may have been as
long, and their rank as high, they are
now paid considerably less than those
who have retired under higher pay scales.
Many of the military personnal who will
benefit from this legislation are veterans
of both World War II and Korea.
Many of them have chosen my west
Texas district as the place of their retire-
ment, and I would like to join in urging
the approval by this Congress of legis-
lation which will show our appreciation
in a most practical manner.
PROGRAM FOR TOMORROW
(Mr. ALBERT asked and was given
permission to address the House for 1
minute.)
Mr. ALBERT. Mr. Speaker, I take this
time to advise the Members of the House
that tomorrow the continuing appropria-
tions resolution will be called up, and
also the four bills previously announced
from the Committee on Armed Services:
H.R. 5256, H.R. 14741, H.R. 15005, and
H.R. 12615.
LEAVE OF ABSENCE
Mr. DE LA GARZA (at the request of
Mr. ALBERT), for the remainder of the
week, on account of death in the family.
Mr. THOMPSON of New Jersey, for
June 28 through June 30, on account of
official business.
Mr. O'NEAL of Georgia (at the request
of Mr. DAVIS of Georgia), effective to-
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CONGRESSIONAL RECORD HOUSE June 27, 1966
day, on account of advice of Capitol
physician..,
Mr. NELSEN (at the request of Mr.
GERALD R. FORD), for today, on account
of illness in his family.
Mr. McDOWELL (at the request of Mr.
B3oGGS), indefinitely, on account of iIl-
ness.
Mr. MAILLIARD, for the balance of the
week, on account of official business.
Mr. Hlcxs (at the request of Mr.
ADAMS), for June 27 and 28, on account
of official business.
Mr. HAGAN of Georgia (at the request
of Mr. ALBERT), for today and tomorrow,
on account of official business.
Mr. FPLTON of Pennsylvania (at the
request of Mr. GERALD R. FORD), on ac-
count of legal business in Erie, Pa.
Mr. FLYNT (at the request of Mr.. AL-
BERT), for today, on account of official
business.
SPECIAL ORDERS GRANTED
By unanimous consent, permission to
address the House, following the legisla-
tive program and any special orders
heretofore entered, was granted to:
Mr. RousH, for 60 minutes, May 28,
1966. -
Mr. PATMAN, for 80 minutes, May 28,
1966; to revise and extend his remarks
and include extraneous matter.
Mr. ALBERT, for 60 minutes, today; to
revise and extend his remarks and in-
clude extraneous matter.
Mr. SWEENEY (at the request of Mr.
PATTEN), for 30 minutes, on June 29, and
to revise and extend his remarks and to
include extraneous matter.
Mr. SCHMIDHAUSER (at the request of
Mr. PATTEN), for 30 minutes, on June 28,
to revise and extend his remarks and to
include extraneous matter.
Mr. MURPHY of New York (at the re-
quest of Mr. PATTEN), for 60 minutes, on
July 12, to revise and extend his remarks
and to include extraneous matter.
Mr. MCGRATH (at the request of Mr.
PATTEN), for 60 minutes, on July 12, to
revise and extend his remarks and to in-
clude extraneous matter.
EXTENSION OF REMARKS
By unanimous consent, permission to
extend remarks in the Appendix of the
RECORD, or to revise and extend remarks
was granted to:
Mr. SuiEs in five instances and to in-
clude extraneous matter.
Mr. WHITENER to revise and extend his
remraks on=H.R. 15858 and to include a
letter from the National Capital Plan-
ning Commission.
Mr. EDMONDSON and to include extra-
neous material.
Mr. MATSUNAGA and to include extra-
neous matter.
Mr. CUNNINGHAM to include extraneous
material in remarks made during debate
on H.R. 14904.
(The following Members (at the re-
quest of Mr. DAVIS of Wisconsin), and to
include extraneous matter:)
Mr. HOSMER in two instances.
Mr. BROYHILL of Virginia.
Mr. DERWINSHI in two instances.
Mr. DOLE in two instances.
Mr. YOUNGER.
Mr. ARENDS.
Mr. PELLY.
Mr. MATHIAS in four instances.
Mr. QUILLEN.
Mr. CONTE in two instances.
Mr. MOORE in three instances.
Mr. WYDLER in two instances.
Mr. MORSE.
Mr. FRELINGHUYSEN.
Mr. CAHILL.
(The following Members and to in-
clude extraneous matter:)
Mr. LEGGETT.
Mr. VAN DEERLIN in two instances.
Mr. CRALEY in 10 instances.
er e rese p
struction engineering programs of the Post
Office Department, and for other purposes.
Mr. CALLAN.
Mr. ULLMAN in five instances.
BILLS PRESENTED TO THE
Mr. BOLAND in two instances.
PRESIDENT
HOWARD in five instances.
Mr
.
Mr. BURLESON, from the Committee
Mr. BINGHAM.
DUNCAN of Oregon in two in-
Mr
on House Administration, reported that
.
that committee did on this day present
stances.
bills
for his approval
President
th
t
SCHISLER
Mr
,
,
o
e
.
.
of the House of the following titles:
Mr. MOORHEAD in six instances.
H.R. 1582. An act to remove a restrictior.
Mr. WRIGHT.
on certain real property heretofore conveyer
Mr. MORRISON.
to the State of California;
Mr. DYAL in three instances.
H.11.3438. An act to amend the Bank-
Mr. ULLMAN in two instances.
ruptcy Act with respect to limiting the
Mr. GONZALEZ in two instances.
priority and nandischargeability of taxes in
Mr. HEBERT.
bankruptcy;
Mr. SCHMIDHAUSER.
H.R. 7371. An act to amend the Bank Hold-
MCFALL in two instances.
Mr
ing Company Act of 1956;
.
Mr. TENZER in five instances.
H.R.10721. An act to amend the Federal
Emplo ees' Compensation Act to improve its
Mr. DINGELL.
Mr. FASCELL In four instances.
Mr. EVERETT in two instances.
Mr. KASTENMEIER in three Instances.
Mr. LoyE in two instances.
Mr. O'BRIEN.
Mr. BOGGS.
Mr. MILLER in five instances.
Mr. PATTEN.
SENATE BILLS AND CONCURRENT
RESOLUTION REFERRED
Bills and a concurrent resolution of
the Senate of the following titles were
taken from the Speaker's table and, un-
der the rule, referred as follows:
S. 3005. An act to provide for a coordi-
nated national safety program and estab-
lishment of. safety standards for motor ve-
hicles in interstate commerce to reduce ac-
cidents involving motor vehicles and to re-
duce the deaths and injuries occurring in
such accidents; to the Committee on Inter-
state and Foreign Commerce.
S. 3484. An act to amend the act of June 3,
1966 (Public Law 89-441, 80 Stat. 192), re-
lating to the Great Salt Lake relicted lands;
to the Committee on Interior and Insular
Affairs.
S. Con. Res. 98. Concurrent resolution to
provide for the printing of additional copies
of the pamphlet entitled "Our Capitol"; to
the Committee on House Administration.
SENATE ENROLLED BILL SIGNED
The SPEAKER announced his signa-
ture to an enrolled bill of the Senate of
the following title:
S. 3368. An act to amend section 14(b) of
the Federal Reserve Act, as amended, to ex-
tend for 2 years the authority of Federal
Reserve Banks to purchase United States
obligations directly from the Treasury.
ENROLLED BILLS S?JGNED
Mr. BURLESON, from the Committee
on House Administration, reported t1litt
that committee had examined and found
truly enrolled bills of the House of the
following titles, which were thereupon
signed by the Speaker:
H.R. 136. An act to amend sections 1, 17a,
64a(5), 67(b), 67c, and 70c of the Bank-
ruptcy Act, and for other purposes;
H.R. 13431. An act to extend the Renego-
tiation Act of 1951; and
H.R. 13822. An act to provide for an addi-
tional Assistant Postmaster General to fur-
ment and con-
arch and develo
th
th
y
benefits, and for other purposes; and
H.R. 12270. An act to authorize the Secre-
tary of Defense to lend certain Army, Navy,
and Air Force equipment and to provide
transportation and other services to the Boy
Scouts of America in connection with the
12th Boy Scouts World Jamboree and 21st
Boy Scouts World Conference to be held in
the United States of America in 1967, and
for other purposes.
ADJOURNMENT
Mr. PATTEN. Mr. Speaker, I move
that the House do now adjourn.
The motion was agreed to; accordingly
(at 6 o'clock and 25 minutes p. m.) the
House adjourned until tomorrow, Tues-
day, June 28, 1966, at 12 o'clock noon.
EXECUTIVE COMMUNICATIONS,
ETC.
Under clause 2 of rule XXIV, executive
communications were taken from the
Speaker's table and referred as follows:
2514. A letter from the Deputy Secretary
of Defense, transmitting reports of violations
of section 3679, Revised Statutes, and De-
partment of Defense Directive 7200.1, pur-
suant to the provisions of section 3679(i) (2).
Revised Statutes; to the Committee on Ap-
propriations.
2515. A letter from the Secretary of State,
transmitting a draft of proposed legislation
to except real property owned by the Gov-
ernment of New Zealand from the provisions
of certain laws regulating the locations of
chanceries and other business offices of for-
eign governments in the District of Colum-
bia; to the Committee on the District of Co-
lumbia.
2516. A letter from the Secretary of Health,
Education, and Welfare, transmitting the
fourth semiannual report on the problem of
air pollution caused by motor vehicles, and
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June 27, 1966 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD - SENATE
he will shortly renew our urgent pursuit of
a treaty to prevent the spread of nuclear
weapons.
It is a source of great strength to me to
know that, in dealing with this vitally urgent
problem, I have the support of the United
States Senate.
Sincerely,
LYNDON B. JOHNSON.
Mr. President, I have permission to
release this letter, and I believe the re-
lease serves a useful purpose. I think
the Senate should know, and the Ameri-
can people should know-indeed, the en-
tire world should know-that this ad-
ministration is committed unequivocally
to a nonproliferation policy. I am very
happy to confirm that commitment, and
I am sure the Senate and the people of
the world are happy to have this official
assurance.
THE TYONEK STORY
Mr. GRUENING, Mr. President, an
excellent summary of the good fortune
that has befallen an Indian. village in
Alaska, and the intelligent way in which
its people have utilized it, is found in the
current July 1, issue of Time magazine.
The second half of this premise-
namely, the wise use of the financial
windfall that has come to the people of
Tyonek-is due in very large part to one
non-Indian individual. He is Stanley
J. McCutcheon, Anchorage attorney,
former territorial legislator, and speaker
of the house of representatives in pre-
statehood days. As a boy, he played with
Tyonek youngsters, had developed a keen
affection for these long-disadvantaged
aboriginal inhabitants, and later, as an
attorney, had given them legal and other
advice, free of charge.
When the prospects of oil deposits ap-
peared, McCutcheon moved swiftly to
foreclose the inevitable efforts of the
Bureau of Indian Affairs. to take charge
and run the village's affairs which would
have spelled the imposition of a wardship
that he-and the villagers-considered
undesirable and needless restriction on
their freedom. It was his legal know-
how that secured for the villagers the
best possible terms for their oil poten-
tial. His efforts have been ably seconded
by village chief Albert Kaloa. The grat-
ifying results of self-rule under the en-
lightened guidance of a dedicated and
competent adviser are visible in the fine
new homes, the school and other proj-
ects for self-help and community im-
provement and in the evident hope and
happiness in the Tyonek villagers' hearts
and minds.
I ask unanimous consent that the
article ent4tled: "Alaska: The Tycoons of
Tyonek," bye printed at this point in my
remarks :
There being no objection, the article
was ordered to be- printed in the RECORD,
as follows:
ALASKA: THE TYCOONS or TYONEK
Perched on the rugged shore of Cook Inlet,
the remote Alaskan community of Tyonek
might well pass for an upper-middle-class
Midwestern suburb, Its 60 houses (average
price: $25,000), all equipped with modern
appliances and television, stand along wind-
ing, tree-lined streets., it has a glistening
community hall, its own airstrip and guest-
house. Construction is under way on a.mod-
ern $737,000 schoolhouse; in the works are a
power plant, fire station and store. Yet
Tyonek's conspicuous prosperity is a remark-
able recent phenomenon: until the last year
or so, the Athabasca Indians who largely
make up the village's population of 270 lived
in dismal shacks, barely subsisting by trap-
ping and fishing. Just a decade ago, resi-
dents'recall vividly, donated food had to be
airlifted from Anchorage to save them from
starvation.
The sudden transformation was wrought
by the prospect of petroleum deposits on the
Tyonek Indians' 27,000-acre Moquawkie res-
ervation. Even so, the ill-clothed, disease-
ridden villagers needed pluck as well as luck
to reap the benefits. They also needed the
dedicated help of Attorney Stanley McCutch-
eon, 4.8, onetime speaker of Alaska's territor-
ial legislature, who, as a young man, had be-
friended the Indians on business trips to
Tyonek, and was determined to keep them
from being exploited.
DOWN FROM KILIMANJARO
The villagers' first intimation of possible
underground riches came in the late 1950s;
in 1962, oil companies moved onto the In-
dians' ancestral hunting grounds with rigs
and drilling permits from the U.S. Interior
Department. The Indians, who had not been
consulted, countered by winning a court in-
junction and $15,000 in fees for the right to
drip. But the funds were under the control
of the Bureau of Indian Affairs, and when the
Tyonek village council tried to tap the ac-
count for needed improvements, the bureau
was slow to respond. The Tyoneks were even
more unhappy when the Interior Department
in 1963 began soliciting bids for the long-
range leasing of exploration rights on the
reservation. Though the proceeds were to
be held in escrow pending a decision as to
whether the Indians legally owned the rights,
Tyonek's elders went to court once again
and succeeded in stopping the bids.
At one point in the dispute, Village Chief
Albert S. Kaloa dispatched a telegram in-
forming Interior Secretary Stewart Udall:
"We are not savages but civilized human be-
ings in need. If we were savages, we would
have your bloody scalp in the potlatch im-
mediately," Added Kaloa: "`We suggest you
come down off Kilimanjaro and attend to the
needs of the people of Alaska as we pay you
to do." Such ,badgering had its effect: de-
claring in 1964 that the Indians were the
rightful owners of any mineral deposits, the
Interior Department provided federal help in
working out an economic-development pro-
gram for the suddenly wealthy village. The
windfall: $11.2 million in exploration rights,
plus royalties that could amount to $60 mil-
lion a year in case of a big strike.
What followed was a spending spree-but
one plotted with care. Tyonek Business
Manager Seraphim Stephan Sr. took a course
in tribal-business administration in New
Mexico. An outside accounting firm was
hired. Carefully investing their fortune, the
Indians bought into the Anchorage construc-
tion firm that built their new homes, are
acquiring an interest in an air-taxi service
whose owner flew countless mercy missions
for them before prosperity struck.
TAKING THE HINT
Having won their struggle with the Fed-
eral Government with such heady results,
the new-found tycoons of Tyonek were ready
for other challenges. When their decision to _
construct a $1,000,000 office building in
Anchorage was blocked by the city council,
the Indians pointedly went to Seattle to buy
$1,500,000 worth of home furnishings. Local
merchants took the hint, pressured the au-
thorities in Anchorage into issuing a permit
for the building-whose first tenant will be
the Bureau of Indian Affairs. Tyonek next
outflanked an electrical cooperative that had
been pushing for higher rates for serving the
13739
village. By a stroke of luck, gas had just
been discovered, and the village decided to
use it to generate its own electricity. If all
goes well, the Tyonek Indians may become
Alaska's biggest power producers.
Even more promising is the emphasis that
Tyonek elders have put on education and
jobs. The village council authorized a $5,000
grant for everybody on the tribal roll,
specified that most of it had to be applied
toward home construction-except when in-
vested in schooling. Already three Tyonek
Indians have enrolled to study oil-rig work
in California, another has learned diesel en-
gineering in Chicago. Moreover, every con-
struction contract entered into by the village
provides for the hiring of local residents,
many of whom are thereby learning to be
carpenters, plumbers and electricians.
In fact, the Tyoneks expect to fish and
trap only for sport in the future. "We will
always work," said Village Council Secretary
Emil McCord, 33, as his two sons watched a
TV We to t week in their new living
room. t'O o se, it won't be so hard."
NDING BOMBING IS RISKY
Mr. HARTKE. Mr. President, last
Wednesday Marquis Childs, the noted
columnist, wrote a most discerning col-
umn under the title "Mapping the Risk
of Wider Bombing." He spoke of the
President's press conference and inter-
preted its "warning that the war may
be enlarged" as meaning increased
bombing around Hanoi and Haiphong.
As Mr. Childs notes, the American
public has not been told the nature and
extent of the risk that has been involved,
a risk which has been clearly spelled out
by Mr. Childs. He notes the specific
geography involved, and shows how the
involvement may very well increase our
encounters with Chinese planes, with re-
sultant pressure on us to strike their
Chinese bases over the border.
Mr. President, I ask unanimous consent
that the Childs' article from the June 22
Washington Pbst may appear in the
CONGRESSIONAL RECORD.
There being no objection, the article
was ordered to be printed in the RECORD,
as follows:
MAPPING THE RISK OF WIDER BOMBING
(By Marquis Childs)
On the top secret maps in the situation
room in the White House are the target
areas in North Vietnam. Because the Pres-
ident and the President alone determines
the range of the American bombers from day
to day, he studies these maps with the in-
tense concentration he brings to every de-
cision large and small.
His press conference warning that the
war may be enlarged seemed to mean just
one thing: Bombing will strike the indus-
tralized area around Hanoi, the capital, and
Haiphong, the port through which military
supplies continue to come. This is what the
Joint Chiefs of Staff urge with a growing in-
sistence.
But a strike against Hanoi-Haiphong will
risk, as has been clearly spelled out in a half-
dozen memoranda passing across the Presi-
dent's desk, greatly expanding the war. That
risk is one reason the President and Secre-
tary of Defense Robert S. McNamara have
until now resisted the pressure of the joint
chiefs.
As with so many aspects of this unde-
clared war, the American public has not been
told the nature of that risk. It is clearly
spelled out on the maps the President stud-
ies with such care. They show three air
bases close to Hanoi and three around Hal-
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1.3740 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD - SENATE June 27, 1966
phong. The largest base, in the Hanoi area., took ' in the Dominican Republic last no more turmoil. The Communists may
Li Phue Yen, which can handle MUG-21 year. continue to create trouble wherever they
eupersonio aircraft. Phuc Yen is 15 miles The latest to come to my attention is in can.
:north-northwest of Hanoi and 81 miles from the Wyoming Eagle, which recalls that And, even if political stability is achieved,
the nearest point on Red China's border. there will be a tremendous job of economic
That means, at supersonic speeds, that China the President was criticized for sending reconstruction ahead.
is only minutes away. U.S. troops to protect our citizens and But, as of now, the Dominican Republic
The other two fields are Bae Mai, three frustrate a Communist takeover in San- is not another Cuba in the Western Hemi-
iniles south of Hanoi, and Gia Lam, two to Domingo. sphere.
:Hiles south of the capital city. Each has But now the Dominicans have held an The newly-elected President will be in-
a potential for taking jets, according to in- orderly election and taken an important augurated on July 1, and it may be possible
for
telligence estimates. step along the road to recovery, the the peace-keeping forces to be withdrawn,
Two air fields for the defense of Haiphong Cheyenne newspaper notes. And this, leaving the new administration with com-
are Kien An and Cat Bi. Potentially they plate sovereignty.
can take jets, but it is doubted that either in the newspaper's opinion, adds up to a The Dominican Republic has taken an
weld can handle them at the present time. major victory for the United States and important step along the road to recovery.
A third big field, Kep, is in the Hanoi- for the Johnson administration. And, although there are still the critics, it
:Haiphong complex, 32 miles northeast of I ask unanimous consent that the edi- appears that President Johnson's actions
:Hanoi along a railroad line. Kep can take torial be printed in the RECORD. more than a year ago may have been "the
jets and probably the advanced MIG-21s. A There being no objection, the editorial stitch in time".
half-dozen times bridges on the nearby rail was ordered to be printed in the RECORD,
line have been hit.
The important fact, however, is that up as follows: JUDGE RUDOLPH I. MINTZ
to now not one of these bases has been hit. [From the Cheyene (Wyo.) Eagle, President, recently
Before the oil and other installations in and June 11, 1966] Mr. of the ERVIN. Mr. outstanding Presid it North
around Haiphong can be bombed-leaving STITCH rN TIME one oneo f t received an honorary doctor h
out Hanoi, with the potential of large civilian There was a very important election the
casualties-the bases and the related ground- other day-in the Dominican Republic. laws degree from his alma mater, North
to-air missile sites must in large part be Joaquin Balaguer, a conservative, was Carolina State University. Judge
neutralized. elected president of that strife-torn Carib- Rudolph I. Mintz is one of the ablest
But what happens at the first radar warn- bean island in an election that was described legal craftsmen on the North Carolina
trig of an impending attack on the air bases? as "unusually orderly for Latin America. bench and bar. He has been honored by
The MIGs take off for bases already pre- His election was seen as an overwhelming his hometown newspaper as the subject
pared just across the border in Red China rejection of the Communists who have been
a few minutes away. From there they would stirring up trouble in the Dominican Re- of two articles in the Wilmington Morn-
have virtually the same capability for attack- ing Star of June 5, 1966.
ing American bombers and fighter-bombers. public for more than a year. The election was a big step in the direc- Mr. President, I ask unanimous con-
At that point, beyond a doubt, the pressure tion of political stability. sent that these articles be printed at this
from the military would be turned on to And it could point toward economic re- point in the RECORD.
take out the Chinese bases. And from the covery. There being no objection, the articles
viewpoint of military logic, trying to secure Balaguer said his government would con- were ordered to be printed in the RECORD,
the American strike against the Hanoi- centrate on economic reconstruction to get as follows:
Haiphong industrial complex, this pressure the nation back to solvency.
would be hard to resist. Meanwhile, it was announced in the wake [From the Wilmington (N.C.) Morning Star,
That is the warning from those who fear of the election that, if all goes well, the June 5, 19661
the risk of an enlarged Asian war. They 5,700 American peacekeeping troops still JUDGE Mix= A SELF-MADE MAN
believe that if China received a direct blow, serving in the Dominican Republic may be (By Jerry Tillotson, staff writer)
wiping out some of its air bases, it would withdrawn by July 1. Judge Rudolph I. Mintz, Superior Court
feel impelled to retaliate with a massive The orderly election and the sound rejec- Judge of the Fifth Judicial District, is a
reprisal. What form the reprisal would take tion of the Communists added up to a major self-made man, but he doesn't tell you this.
they do not presume to say. victory for the United States-and for Presi- Yet, it won him sufficient recognition for his
The administration line is that discontent dent Johnson's administration.
over the Vietnam War reflected in the polls It will be recalled that President Johnson Alma Mater to grant him an honorary de-
over largely from the "hawk" side, from gree.
sent American troops into the Dominican you discover it accidentally through con-
those demanding expanded bombing on the Republic in late April and early May, 1965, versation with him, with his law cohorts or
get-it-over-with-and-get-out theory. This to protect U.S. citizens and to prevent the
coincides with growing uncertainty over the by researching his professional development.
inside China. The specula- establishment of another Communist re- In a career that began with his job as
power struggle gime in the Western Hemisphere. Brunswick County register of deeds in South-
tion familiarout of Hong Kong and Tokyo has a He declared that what had begun as a port, he has built himself a position as a
fam ring. Reports of who's up and who's . , popular democratic revolution" dedicated
down sound like the theorizing after the pop leading state figure in educational and legal
death of Stalin as his heirs quarreled over to democracy and social justice had been issues.
the successorship. Much of that specula- taken over "by a band of Communist Last week he sat in a favorite chair in the
conspirators." study of his home. The room was notable
tion was egregiously wrong. After arrival of American troops, a cease-
The thesis is of of China as a helpless giant may "firm truce" were established in the for its distinctive personality reflected in
have a factual base. But to act on this as- fire and the pipe-rack, the book-lined walls and a
revolt-torn island. crystal jar of beans on the mantleptece.
dangerangeroouus would wishful seem to thinking. be If a indulging wide- - A few days later in May, 1965, the Organi- jelly
dangerous Mintz is a slender man of medium
zation of American States (OAS) voted to height. His face is a plateau of serene lines
spread power struggle resolved in favor underway of f the send an inter-American peacekeeping force and deltas.
hrd-liners could s n e sto an American at- to police the Dominican Republic. Under He was resting up for what he terms the
har e response
ases.- the resolution, the OAS would be in com- most difficult aspect of his work: traveling.
tack -lk This is, bases. fete control of the peacekeeping force. "There's nothing glamorous about being a
This
, of course, e say nothing about the subsequent months, President
reaction of f the e Soviet t Union. The extent to to p g judge. It's drudgery but there is some
which Soviet personnel man the air bases and Johnson was subjected to considerable crit- prestige, influence and professional pride
the missile sites and train the Vietnamese icism for sending American troops into the that goes along with the job." The smile he
pilots is an unknown "X," with the intelli- troubled island. flashed took the bite out of his description.
gence estimates of it a carefully guarded But his prompt and decisive action did He remarks on the importance of his work
secret. prevent a Communist take-over-and it did that "it's a sizeable decision to determine
An end to the war by bombing has a popu- point the way toward the day when the citi- whether a man or woman retains a child or
lax appeal, as Republicans, notably Rep. tens of the island, through self-determina- whether both parents keep him."
GERALD FORD and Richard Nixon, are demon- tion, could reestablish a firm government- When he first started out as judge his
strating. President Johnson, studying his a non-Communist government. reaction toward the plaintiff would shift.
maps, can feel the hot breath of the In effect, President Johnson had given He said: "I wondered why a person did what
bombers-military and political-on his neck. new meaning and new life to the doctrine he did. I had to restrain myself from mak-
laid down by President James Monroe on ing suggestions or prompting. This mental
Dec. 2, 1823. state didn't last long."
DOMINICAN "STITCH IN TIME" Certainly, no one could say at this point He came from a large family in Brunswick
that all of the problems of the Dominican County, the second son of Harry L. and Minta
Mr. McGEE. Mr. President, there has Republic have been solved. Catherine Mintz. His career began when he
been a continuing expression of editorial While the election was very encouraging, entered State college in 1925 on a tuition
praise for the action President Johnson it by no means guarantees there will be scholarship.
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'742 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD .- SENATE June 27, 1966
A PROPOSAL TO SAVE OUR PARKS expressway along the length of this charm-
AND HISTORIC SITES ing tourist attraction, cutting it and, even
more disastrously, its charming Jackson
Mr. YARBOROUGH, Mr. President, Square, from the Mississippi River.
an article by the distinguished architec-
tural critic, Wolf Von Eckhardt, in the
Sunday, June 26, Washington Post, points
out the need for a new policy in highway
building which will give adequate con-
sideration to preserving parks and his-
toric sites:
The highway builders won another impor-
tant battle a few days ago in New Orleans
with the approval of an elevated freeway-
Mr. Von Eckhardt writes
But even so, there is cause for hope that the
monstrous concrete ribbon that .will reck-
lessly slash through the city's picturesque
Vieux Carre might be the last of its kind.
I hope that we may see the day when
architects, city planners, and highway
engineers can sit down and develop sen-
sible proposals that will help ease our
urban traffic problems without making
our cities places which are fine for cars
but unfit for people.
Toward that end I have introduced an
amendment to the Federal Highway Act
which would create a national policy that
in building highways under the Federal
aid highway program "maximum effort
should be made to preserve Federal, State
and local government parklands and his-
toric sites and the beauty and historic
value of such lands and sites." We need
such a national policy now, before more
irreplaceable parks have been ground to
bits under the engineer's bulldozer.
Already New Orleans, San Francisco,
Washington, Philadelphia, Cleveland,
Boston, Baltimore, and New York have
had cause to regret the loss of parks and
historic sites to the onrushing freeways.
I ask unanimous consent that excerpts
from Mr. Von Eckhardt's article be
printed at this point in the RECORD.
There being no objection, the article
was ordered to be printed in the RECORD,
as follows:
CITYSCAPE FINDS HOPE: FREEWAYS RUN INTO
A BLOCKADE .
(By Wolf Von Eckardt)
The highway builders won. another im-
portant battle a few days ago in New Orleans
with the approval of an elevated freeway.
But even so, there is cause for hope that the
monstrous concrete ribbon that will reck-
lessly slash through the city's picturesque
Vieux Carre might be the last of its kind.
There is a revolt against the senseless
indignity of urban freeways ruining cities
and parks, and on the Federal level, at least,
the highway builders are beginning to take
it seriously. The revolt started in San Fran-
cisco and spread to other cities, notably
Washington, New Orleans, Philadelphia,
Cleveland, Boston, Baltimore and New York,
But what troubles the Bureau of Public
Roads is that the revolt is beginning to
reach. Capitol Hill-the most important place
of all to a Federal agency.
Sen. JOSEPH S. CLAR$ ID. Pa.) told the
Senate recently: "It is time that Congress
took a look at the highway program be-
cause it Is presently being operated by bar-
barians, and we ought to have some civilized
understanding of just what we do to spots
of historic interest and great beauty by the
building of eight-lane highways through the
middle of our cities,
New Orleans' Vieux Carre, or French
Quarter, is, of course, just such a spot of his-
toric beauty. For years the Louisiana State
Highway Department planned an elevated
As elsewhere, study after highway depart-
ment-sponsored study "proved" the infalli-
bility of the highway department's decision.
As elsewhere, the city planners failed to do
any planning and therefore could not pro-
pose any alternatives.
It was a long and bitter battle that at-
tracted national interest because of the Vieux
Carre's significance as the legacy of French
culture in America.
Those concerned with our cultural heritage
felt badly betrayed last winter when the Fed-
eral Highway Administrator, Rex M. Whitton,
approved the destructive expressway. He had
just returned from a tour through Europe
where, at the invitation of a private founda-
tion, he and other Government officials stud-
ied means of historic preservation.
The pressures won out when the New
Orleans City Council voted five to two to go
ahead with the freeway. No alternatives were
considered; no reprieve for further study was
granted.
Whitton however, has said that he is "still
open to any consideration to enhance the
area." Just what that means, nobody knows,
but it seems to hold some faint chance that
the Vieux Carre can be saved. The Louisiana
highway builders have rejected the idea of
tunneling the expressway as infeasible and
too expensive. As presently conceived, a 20
foot high structure filled with trucks and
care will blight Jackson Square much as the
Embarcadero Freeway blights downtown San
Francisco or the Whitehurst Freeway blights
Georgetown's waterfront. Our children will
not thank us for it.
But Whitton and the Bureau of Roads
seem to realize that the battle of New Orleans
may be their last victory. They agree with
Sen. CLARKE that "we must find new and
more imaginative ways to design urban high-
ways and the necessary dollars to finance
them."
A test of the Bureau's true willingness to
find such ways is now imminent in Phila-
delphia. There, too, an elevated freeway was
to cut a historic area-Society Hill and
nearby Independence Hall-from the water-
front. Whitton seemed to feel that the high-
way builders had made all the concessions
they could to beauty and sentiment when
they agreed to some rerouting to save historic
buildings and to depressing the freeway. The
Philadelphia Planning Commission agreed.
But a committee of Philadelphia archi-
tects supported by some 80 organizations
and no less than 10,000 individuals felt
otherwise. The committee has drawn up a
well,-studied and documented plan whereby
the ten-lane Delaware Expressway would be
completely covered for six blocks along So.
ciety Hill. Thus city and waterfront would
be united and the expressway cover would
be turned into a handsome 15-acre park
with room for playgrounds and other ameni-
ties.
Although he feels that urban freeways
should enhance areas through which they
run, Whitton is opposed to this much en-
hancement. He fears the expense and is
worried about drivers who might feel unsafe
in the tunnel and miss the view.
The committee retorts that on the basis
of land acquisition cost, increased land val-
ues and tourist spending, the long-range
economic advantages of the tunnel far
exceed the added $25 million construc-
tion cost, As to motorists, the com-
mittee asserts that an imaginative tun-
nel design with improved lighting could be
both safe and attractive. It points out that
a, view from a trench is no prettier than
from a tunnel. This is an interstate and
commuter freeway and not a scenic recrea-
tion facility for motorists.
The question, in short, is whether the
highway builders will seriously consider and
accept urban freeway design when it is of-
fered. The American Institute of Archi-
tects is discouraged on this point. Citing
the New Orleans elevated expressway as an
example, AIA's president, Morris Ketchum,
Jr., charged that Federal policies on the de-
sign of highways within cities are producing
disastrous results.
He resigned from the National Advisory
Committee on Highway Beautification be-
cause AIA could not be placed in "a position
of tolerating, or even approving, policies of
which it disapproves-policies which are also
in direct opposition to those of President
Lyndon B. Johnson."
Besides the official beautification commit-
tee, Whitton has informally asked eight lead-
ing city planners, architects and engineers
to advise him on route location and urban
freeway design. The group includes out-
standing landscape architects Michael Ra-
puano, Lawrence Halprin and John O. Si-
monds and architect Kevin Roche, an asso-
ciate of the late Eero Saarinen.
The group is now working on a sort of
white paper which will set forth design stand-
ards and ideas for a new kind of limited
access roads in a city.
The group may also recommend a National
Design Review board to assist state highway
departments with a more creative approach,
This thinking coincides with that of the
AIA, which may, at its forthcoming conven-
tion, urge creation of an advisory task force
on urban freeways. It also coincides with
recent proposals in Congress, notably those
of Sen. CLARK and Sen. CLIFFORD P, CASE
(R.-N.J.).
The Bureau of Roads, meanwhile, is doing
some hard new thinking of its own. A part
of its $20 million annual investment in high-
way research is devoted to urban transpor-
tation and design problems. Among the
emerging new Ideas is use of air rights over
freeways and the phased redevelopment of
entire city blocks in a combination of high-
way construction and urban renewal to pro-
vide housing for those who are displaced;
It is too early to tell, however, just hove far
and how soon more creative and constructive
highway design will come about. Up to now,
the state highway departments have largely
ignored various missives from Washington
urging them to be more responsive to their
social and esthetic responsibilities and "to
be more considerate of all human values."
Lately, however, the Federal highway
builders have been using plainer language.
Thomas G. McGarry, Whitton's special assist-
ant, recently told a meeting of public works
officials: "We can respond to our responsibil-
ities out of our own initiative and our sincere
concern fort the public interest, or we can be
dragged ki ing and screaming to them by
I(rON METROPOLITAN WATER
PROJECT
Mr. INOUYE. Mr. President, over
many months past, the deep concern
which each of us shares over the course
of events in Vietnam has been expressed
in many different ways. While for the
most part reports from that area have
been anything but cheerful, from time to
time a ray of sunshine does come
through which is more than just an ex-
pression of hope. It is tangible evidence
of the greater promise in store not only
for South Vietnam, but for all southeast
Asia when peace in that area can be
secured with honor.
It is my pleasure to call the Senate's
attention to the completion of a water
treatment plant for the city of Saigon.
On June 18th last, raw water began to
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44
?
June 27, 1966 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD - SENATE 137
He worked his way through school, hold- Jean is a head nurse on the surgical floor mostly light and medium arms and replace-
ing a number of jobs which limited his time of the Medical College in Richmond, Va. ments of outmoded equipment, have run to
for campus activities. Rudolph Jr. is a junior in the medical about $25 million more. Now, under an
Upon graduation in 1929 with a B.S. degree school of the University of North Carolina amendment sponsored by Senator FULBEXONT,
in civil engineering, he took a job with Bell at Chapel Hill. the $55 million would become a ceiling that
Telephone Company of Pennsylvania until The judge's philosophy has always worked would have to cover all arms sales and mili-
1931. for him and he uses it everyday. "I have al- tary technical assistance as well as grants.
He returned to Brunswick County to as- ways had the desire to work; the harder you The result would be to out the existing pro-
sume the duties of his deceased brother as work, the better luck you have." gram by more than half.
register of deeds in Southport. It is easy to assume that this is a way
His constant association with lawyers in [From the Wilmington (N.C.) Morning to discourage military regimes. But the
this job-made him think of the possibility of Star, June 5, 1966] facts indicate otherwise. The major aims of
entering law. HONORED sY STATE the military assistance program have been,
He nments establish internal
"It was in Southport that I got my first first, to help gover
Judge Rudolph I. Mintz of Wilmington re-
taste I ye it," is the jownudge under er the ceived an honorary degreee of Doctor of Laws security and carry out counter-insurgency
He b beggan n to studdy on his training (some of the aid for these purposes
guidance al a practitioner and received much from North Carolina State University at is in communications equipment) ; and, see-
Raleigh a week ago
wife. nd The Commencement program statement ond, to provide civic action programs-road
profession
age nt from from arent lawyers
encouragement feofo his pare y Stuart u wibuilding, community development and the
an former
He married
d aderst Cran- "Son follows: of North Carolina and of North Caro- like. In some Latin-American countries the anding mer in 19t and o talk an w. Mrs. Mints military is presently the most effective
ally Nv to line State University. Rudolph Ivey Mintz
has tud it came and tasking taw. Mrs. Mintz exemplifies those qualities of service and agency for these civic purposes.
has studi ed law and has us saciced it. leadership upon which the well-being of the Three democratic governments in Latin
Bemuse s his rigoro card studying
Law Examiners rs commonwealth depends. America-Colombia, Peru and Venezuela-are
in 1f 9ally passed the Board of Law "Leaving his alma mater as an engineer, he coping with active insurgent movements.
wouldn't turned his interest to politics and Another country where a new Social Demo-
that way," he advise anyone "It's to do it the law, in which, although without formal cratic President is about to be inaugurated,
that way," he commented. "Ins law very, today very training, he achieved a preeminence acknowl- Guatemala, faces a similar threat. In Chile
should A man interested in
should attend a good school." edged by his appointment to the Superior the democratic government of President
Eduardo Frei is under opposition fire for fail-
He developed his private mitted at rac t ce Bench. But ure to provide adequate internal security.
in port from and was practice "For many, this would have s. Drastically reducing military assistance is
the State e Courts of North rth Carolina. to these accomplishments we must tdadd d a a hotel the way to assist such countries to
In 1940 he was admitted to practice in the distinguished military career, service in the y
General Assembly, and above all continued maintain order and progress.
Ds t is States District Court for the Eastern devotion to the sound health and develop- American military assistance of one kind
DiWorl of North me rupt ment of the University. or another goes to all the Latin countries
World War interrupted his career. "Now rounding out his 20th year as a except Haiti, although Venezuela and Mexico
to dlieu- uty Trustee, in addition to his service on the receive no grant aid. Few heavy arms have
As a reserve from officer he first went s eo active
acommth ding executive committee, he helped. to draft the been supplied, and the effect of the military
to ant co colonel. lieutenant
tenant on the as served n E gl the 'University's administrative code and par- assistance has not been to promote an arms
Troop p officer Carrier three ree bases I Command. In England with t ticipated in the selection both of the Presi- race. In the net the aid averages only about
Troop of the University and of the Chancellor 4 per cent of total Latin defense budgets.
He 6 and raan unoppe osed of for the Southport a Seenof this institution. To one so disposed, ac- Latin-American military spending is rela-
in :tor and Tenth SDistrict, Staistrictte Nom- Sen- tivity in alumni and civic affairs comes as a tively low in relation to gross national prod-
posed the Brunswick Tenth Senatorial and Colu , nom matter of course. uct; and U.S. military aid is only 7 or 8
posed 47 he served in the State StSenate with Se ate w it"A University's good name depends mainly Per cent of the total assistance from this
In 19 o he teed assignments being on the service of her alumni. For sons country.
to-
major coons Co amittee, s being the Ap- such as Judge Mintz we are grateful and In point of fact the happily brief trend to-propria Committee, Committee, I e, Committee. Utilities proudly acknowledge our gratitude by con- ward military dictatorship in Latin America
Committee, Judiciary Ciseferring upon him the degree of Doctor of has been significantly reversed. Haiti, which
He was also active
four-year medical the session which Laws Honoris Causa." receives no aid, has the only really ferocious est Department th of the
Health thA at the school Univer- dictatorship, although the durable regime
shoo for rolina and the Initial ro- of General Stroessner in Paraguay has dicta-
priaions for Carolina aPo the u hor y, and TALK ON LATIN AMERICA tonal facets. Bolivia, where a popular mili-
oi uto for the State Ports Authority, and tary junta has been in control, will have
coHe practiced of the "Truck Act." Mr. SMATHERS. Mr. President, the what promises to be a reasonably free elec-
to practiced law in Wilmington from 1947 Washington Post editorial section today tion next month. In Ecuador a military Burgwin and Mi n. with Fro the m firm 1951 m o to of 1959 he Stevens, was senior was sentor r includes some very cogent commentary junta has yielded to a de facto civilian gov-
presi-
parMt;ner In his own firm. on our foreign-aid posture with regard ernment. eBrazil this will fall have that an may no indirect t be as
Governor Luther Hodges appointed him as to Latin America. It seems that even demise election lec representative as some a would wish, t but the
resident judge of the Fifth Judicial District among the Committee on Foreign Rela- worst excesses of military rule so far have
in 1959. tions there remain some old myths, as been avoided. In Central America there is a
In 1960 he was nominated and elected the Post editorial so accurately points heartening trend away from caudillo-type
without opposition to complete the unex- out. Because I have studied our Latin regimes.
pired term and in 1962 he was nominated
and elected for a full eight-year term. American policies for some years, I be- In short, the familiar cliches about mili-
He occasionally hears from some de- lieve the Washington Post editorialist tary governments scarcely pertain to reality
Pendant he has sentenced. "Every now and has correctly separated fact from fanta in Latin America. There is of course a risk
sy, that military aid could be used to prop up
then I receive letters from prisoners who say: and I commend to my colleagues the a rotten government that deserved to be
"I've learned my lesson so can you cut my editorial which appeared today. ousted. There have been instances in which
time In half?" I ask unanimous consent that the edit military regimes have upset elected govern-
VVhetepe dye men go straight after re- tonal entitled "The Arms Reflex," which ments and become oppressors. But there
Mintz lease says. n "If on they the were environ guilty m of ent, fJudge was published in the Washington Post of also have been instances in which regimes
felonious have come to power by military means
assault a crime of passion the perser, June 27, 1966, be printed at this point that have been more progressive and representa-
tive goes straight afterwards; however, in the RECORD: than the fictionally "democratic" gov-
the person committing a premeditated act There being no objection, the edi- ernments they replaced. It is doubtful in
bears close scrutiny after release." torial was ordered to be printed in the most of these situations that American mili-
Fle notices that a basic and outstanding RECORD, as follows: tary aid has been a significant factor in the
aspect of crime in general is the widespread THE ARMS REFLEX military overthrow of a government. But
ditesnect toward law and order across the military assistance can be a significant factor
Naation. In slashing the authorization for arms in enabling elected democratic govern-
Judge Mintz feels that he has many things assistance to Latin-American countries, the m enabling now constitute a democratic over--
now which have completed his life's dream. Senate Foreign Relations Committee seem- in protect their countries against external
He has seen his children build their own fngly has been influenced by a series of out subversion and preserve the internal order
niches successfully in life. model cliches about military dictatorships.
Mary Mintz is living in France with her For some years the United States has been that is a necessary prerequisite for public
surgeon husband, Dr. Stephen David -Bour- furnishing some $55 million a year in grants confidence and social and economic develop-
geofs of the United States Air Force. of military hardware to Latin America, Sales, ment.
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Jul. ,2 7,
1966 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD - SENATE
be pumped from the Deng Nai River
through the new treatment plant which
provides the city of Saigon with its first
supply of pure, treated water in its
history.
-This event marks the culmination of
many years of planning and construction
effort. In 1958 our International Co-
operation. Agency reviewed a survey and
feasibility report covering the need for
Improvement and expansion of the in-
adequate and contaminated water sup-
ply system of the metropolitan area of
the city of Saigon. As a result, on No-
vember 2, 1960, the development loan
fund loan agreement No. 62 was executed
between the Republic of South Vietnam
and our International Cooperation Ad-
ministration, now a part of AID, for the
Saigon metropolitan water project. The
loan was for $17,500,000 to be furnished
by the United States with an additional
$10 million to be put up by the Govern-
ment of South Vietnam.
On April 25, 1963, bids were received
for the construction of. the intake. and
,treatment complex which was the initial
phase of the project in the amount of
$11 million, and on September 23, 1963,
the contract was awarded to a joint ven-
ture known as Hawaiian Dredging-Sai-
gon with headquarters in Honolulu, Ha-
waii. However, because of a, crisis in-
volving a radical change of government
prevailing at that time in South Vietnam,
-AID approval for proceeding with the
contract was withheld until late Decem-
ber 1964.
Hawaiian Dredging-Saigon, the joint
venture contractor for the project,
started' work on January 9, 1964. In the
intervening 30 months construction pe-
riod from January 9, 1964, until its com-
pletion on June 17, 1966, the work force
consisted of 25 American supervisors, 25
nonresident specialists, and 1,100 South
Vietnamese workmen of various classi-
fications. -
To give you some idea as to the magni-
tude and significance of the project in
terms of benefits to be derived by the
residents of Saigon, I. will briefly out-
line a few pertinent statistics. The
treatment plant is located 10 miles out-
side of the city of Saigon adjacent to
the main highway running between Sai-
gon and Bien Hoa, which is on the Dong
Nai River 17 miles northeast of Saigon.
During the period of construction, I
might add, this location was not by any
means secure from possible infiltration
and exposure to Vietcong attack. The
Intake point at which the water is drawn
from the Dong Nai River is approxi-
mately' miles from the treatment plant,
opposite Bien Hoa and adjacent to one
of the most impenetrable Vietcong
strongholds. The water is pumped from
the intake site through a 72-inch diam-
eter pipe to the treatment plant where
It is, chemically treated, settled, filtered,
stored and ultimately pumped 10 miles
to Saigon through a 78-inch pipeline by
5 pumps with over 6,000 combined horse-
power.
The treatment plant is capable of pro-
ducing 125 million gallons of pure,
treated water per day meeting U.S. stand-
ards in all respects, and in an amount
sufficient to supply the over 2 million
inhabitants living in Metropolitan Sai-
gon-a population equal to about one-
third that of Greater Los Angeles.
The difficulties encountered by the
contractor were staggering and difficult
to imagine viewed from almost any point
in the United States. Not Only did the
joint venture have to contend with long
interrupted lines of supply, unskilled
labor, intense heat, and monsoons, but
in addition, there was political unrest,
inflation, escalation of the war effort, and
the ever-present threat of Vietcong
attack. Notwithstanding these difficul-
ties, the project was successfully com-
pleted on June 18, 1966, and safe drink-
ing water is now available to the inhabit-
ants of Saigon.
The completion of this phase of the
Saigon metropolitan water project, it
seems to me, stands for much more than
just the completion of another facility
regardless of its importance. "It is more
than a significant technical achieve-
ment bringing the most modern water
treatment plant to the Far East. It is
not just a monument to U.S. architec-
tural design and building standards,
which adds a dramatic touch to the land-
scape along a major South Vietnam high-
way. In my opinion this project stands
as a symbol of hope amid chaos and an
illustration of what could be provided on
a far broader scale if the area could only
be returned to peaceful pursuits.
It stands as a reminder of the part the
United States is capable and willing to
play in helping free men everywhere-not
just as a part of the U.S. mutual security
project. It is an eloquent example of
what President Johnson has generally
proposed for all southeast Asia in return
for a peaceful and just settlement in the
area.
I think I may be forgiven for express-
ing pride in this accomplishment. It is
a tribute to America's generosity and con-
structive helpfulness to a developing new
nation as well as to American construc-
tion skill and knowledge. The fact that
our Government and an American con-
tractor have combined money, men, and
equipment in the face of hardship, delay,
inflation, and personal danger in order
to provide delivery of pure water on
schedule to a people long deprived of
such a facility, should not go unrecog-
nized.
May this example of what can be done
inspire us all to continue our dedicated
efforts in the uplifting of mankind
everywhere, and may God guide us and
bless us in this endeavor.
COMMENCEMENT SPEECH AT THE
COLLEGE OF WILLIAM AND MARY
BY HENRY H. FOWLER, SECRE-
TARY OF THE TREASURY
Mr. HARTKE. Mr. President, on June
12, 1966, the Honorable Henry H. Fowler,
Secretary of the Treasury, addressed the
graduating class of the College of Wil-
liam and Mary at Williamsburg, Va.
Secretary Fowler said:
It is no longer possible for any of us to fol-
low Voltaire's advice and, fenced off from
the rest of the world, to cultivate our pri-
vate gardens-to engage In our private pur-
suits and leave public problems to those who
occupy public positions. A bomb that ex-
plodes in Watts or Saigon shatters windows
in Washington and Williamsburg as well.
No longer can we close ourselves up In our
personal ambitions and concerns, our per-
sonal interests and endeavors, for at every
step of the way we will encounter larger in-
terests and wider concerns to challenge our
conscience and to engage our efforts and our
energies. In todays' world, we are all-in
varying degrees-public servants.
I ask unanimous consent for the in-
sertion of Secretary Fowler's speech in
the CONGRESSIONAL RECORD.
There being no objection, the address
was ordered to be printed in the RECORD,
as follows:
REMARKS BY THE HONORABLE HENRY H.
FOWLER, SECRETARY OF THE TREASURY, AT
COMMENCEMENT EXERCISES, WILLIAM AND
MARY COLLEGE, WILLIAMSBURG, VA., SUNDAY,
JUNE 12, 1966
There are in this country few places whose
roots reach farther and deeper back into this
nation's beginnings, into the origins of all
that as a people we are and try to be, than
this city of Williamsburg and this college of
William and Mary.
Here, more than two centuries ago, came
the young Thomas Jefferson, eager to explore _
all man had done and dreamed so that he
could better understand all that man was
and could be.
And today, two centuries later, it is
through his voice still, and the vision that
he held forth, that we understand most
deeply all that America is and can be--a land
where every man can and not only infinite
promise but abundant opportunity for a full
and free life.
And today, two centuries later, it is Jeffer-
son's vision of all America is and can be that
still summons -forth our best efforts and
energies-the vision set forth so eloquently
for our time in President Johnson's call to
the building of a Great Society in whose
abundant life every man could share to the
fullest measure of his ability and his desire.
But if the vision is the same-if the dream
and the ideals remain unchanged-the world
in which we seek to realize them bears little
resemblance to the world of Jefferson's day.
We can no longer seek-as a nation or as
individuals-to pursue our dreams alone and
apart from the world around us. As a na-
tion and as individuals, we are all inescapa-
bly caught up in events and changes whose
pace and scale seem-in contrast to earlier
eras-so much larger than life. No sooner
do we begin to become accustomed to one
environment, to one situation, to one set of
circumstances, than we discover that another
has taken its place. The late Professor Nor-
bert Wiener observed of "modern technique"
that "every apparatus, every method is obso-
lete by the time it is used. Techniques are
developing so rapidly that we cannot, unless
we are going to have a large period of chaos,
allow our thinking to lag behind the tech-
niques and the possible modes of develop-
ment." And what is true of technological
events is equally true of human affairs.
It is no longer possible for any of us to
follow Voltaire's advice and, fenced off from
the rest of the world, to cultivate our private
gardens-to engage in our private pursuits
and leave public problems to those who oc-
cupy public positions. A bomb that ex-
plodes in Watts or Saigon shatters windows
in Washington and Williamsburg as well.
No longer can we close ourselves up in our
personal ambitions and concerns, our per-
sonal interests and endeavors, for at every
step of the way we will encounter larger in-
terests and wider concerns to challenge our
conscience and to engage our efforts and our
energies. In today's world, we are all-in
varying degrees-public servants.
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What, then, is the job before us-at home First, the challenge posed by the Commu-
and broad? nist commitment to world conquest-and in
At home, we face first of all the job of sus- particular by the Communists' effort to im-
+taining our unprecedented economic pros- pose their will and extend their influence
parity, for it is this prosperity that must by outright aggression and by subversion
underlie our efforts to achieve all our other backed by the threat of aggression.
goals at home and abroad. To sustain that Second, the challenge posed by the col-
prosperity will require that we continue to lapse of colonialism and the emergence of
follow a policy mix that is inclusive rather new nations-thus far more than fifty in
than exclusive, that seeks not one economic number-coupled with the growing demands
goal at the expense of all others, but all of of underprivileged peoples everywhere for
our major economic goals at one and the full and immediate deliverance from the
same time-our paramount goals. of strong hunger and the disease and the illiteracy
and steady economic growth, of full employ- and the grinding poverty that had ruled
anent, of reasonable price stability, and of their lives for centuries.
relative equilibrium in our international Third, the challenge posed by the spread-
balance of payments. To sustain that pros- 'ing outbreak of excessive nationalism-most
perity will require that all segments of our noticeable and understandable in some of
economy-government and business and the less developed countries, but highly vis-
labor-continue to work together in a grow- ible as well in some of the world's more
:ing partnership for prosperity. developed nations-that considerably com-
But prosperity is not nearly enough. The plicates the efforts of nations to work to-
time has long passed-if, indeed, there ever gether on a multilateral basis to attack com-
'was a time--when the task of sustaining a mon problems and to achieve common
high level of economic advance seemed chal- 'objectives.
lenge enough to occupy the bulk of our ef- These are the overriding challenges that
fort and attention. The time has long since will, continue to require our fullest energies
passed-if, indeed, there ever was a time- and efforts for long, hard years to come. For
when we could justify a prosperity that surely there is not one of us who has not long
meant only more for those who already had ago shed-if, indeed, we ever entertained-
enough, that meant only a growing gap be- the illusion that these challenges will sur-
tween those who share and those who failed render to sudden or simple solutions.
to share in its fruits-if it meant continued And surely we realize as well that our re-
neglect of needs too long left unmet and of sponsibilities in the world are not ours alone
problems whose solution has been too long either to determine or to bear. For our re-
postponed. sponsibilities are determined by the realities
We seek prosperity-we strive to sustain and events of the world in which we live,
it-because it alone will enable us to better realities and events which are often open to
achieve our goals as individuals and as a na- our influence but beyond our control. And
tion. We seek it because through it alone they are shared by all the other nations of
can we develop a society that deserves to be the Free World-by all nations who cherish
called great. their freedom and independence as we do
That is the task to which President John- and who equally labor to further the cause
son has awakened us anew-the task to of peace and justice and freedom and well-
which he has already aroused and engaged being throughout the world.
so much of our efforts and energies-the task To meet the great and common challenges
in which already he has led us to such bold before us-the opportunities as well as the
beginnings. dangers-will continue to require of us and
We have begun to make real inroads upon our allies the highest qualities of leadership
the acute social ills too long obscured or on two major fronts:
ignored in the life of our land-the ills of First, leadership in standing firm and
poverty and prejudice and ignorance-. We united against Communist aggression and
have begun to make real advances toward the subversion with sufficient force and power
day when ability to learn rather than abil- to deter such efforts and to demonstrate be-
tty to pay will be the sole standard of educa- yond any doubt that they are too unreward-
tional opportunity in America-toward the ing and dangerous to be worth the risk.
day when no American need fear the eco- Second, leadership in assisting on a multi-
nomic consequences of unemployment, of old lateral basis the new nations in their struggle
age or of ill health-toward the day, in short, to achieve both essential stability and suffi-
when every American can enjoy the opportu- dent progress toward meeting the rising
pity of a full and free life. needs and demands of their people.
I do not suggest that the millennium is at On both of these fronts-over a period of
hand. The tasks ahead are staggering. And two decades and under the leadership of four
today, as in times past, the distance between Presidents--ours is a record of the most un-
deed and ideal is long and difficult. But relenting effort and the most enduring ac-
while I would not underestimate the difficul- complishment toward the preservation of
ties ahead, neither would I underestimate peace, the protection of freedom and the
our capacities to overcome them. promotion of human rights and human wel-
Not the least of those difficulties is the fact fare.
that we must pursue our goals at home in We have helped counter aggression in all its
full awareness and full acceptance of our re- guises-whether open or concealed-on near-
sponsibilities for leadership in a deeply in- ly every continent on the globe, in countries
terdependent world, great and small-in Greece, on Turkey and
No longer can it be said of us-as Lloyd in Berlin; in Lebanon, in Iran and in India;
George said of us when we rejected our in Taiwan, in the Congo, in Laos and now in
world responsibilities in the aftermath of Vietnam.
World War I: "The Americans appeared to We have sought, not to act alone and
assume responsibility for the sole guardian- apart, but to join with other nations in forg-
ship of the Ten Commandments and for the ing effective alliances against aggression-
Sermon on the Mount; yet when it came to aggression in the Atlantic Community
a practical question of assistance and re- through the North Atlantic Treaty Organi-
sponsibility, they absolutely refused to ac- zation, aggression in Southeast Asia and the
cept it." Pacific through the Southeast Asia Treaty
For we understand-and our deeds have Organization, aggression in Latin America
demonstrated our understanding-that they through the Organization of American States,
way in which the United States exercises its and aggression anywhere in the world
international leadership will do such to de- through the United Nations.
termine the future for the world and for We have made the required sacrifices, and
succeeding generations of Americans. we have borne the required costs.
The challenges before us are many, but Nor have we been found wanting on the
surely these are three of the most basic: second front-where also we have led the
way toward helping assure throughout the
Free World the economic development and
the social progress that alone will enable men
to better their lives. There has been in the
decades since World War Ir no great multi-
lateral organization or effort for peace and
for the works of peace whose advent and
whose accomplishments do not reflect, in
large measure, our leadership and our sup-
port-the United Nations, the International
Monetary Fund, the World Bank, the Mar-
shall Plan, the Inter-American Develop-
Bank, the Alliance for Progress and most re-
cently the Asian Development Bank-a ven-
ture in which we have joined with 31 other
nations, including 12 nations outside Asia,
and which seeks to open up for the peoples
of Asia far fuller opportunities for sharing
in the economic abundance and social prog-
ress that so much of the rest of the world
can take for granted.
Through these multilateral efforts, through
bilateral government aid, and through num-
erous private channels, we have devoted a
vast share of our wealth and our resources
to the task of helping others increase their
share of the world's abundance. In the
postwar decades we have contributed a net
total of some $100 billion of our national
wealth to helping better the lives of others
through our major government foreign as-
sistance programs.
Indeed, in meeting the great challenges of
our times, we have not been found wanting.
Never in the memory of man has any nation
done so much and at such great cost, not to
gain dominion over the lives or the resources
or the territory of others, but to help others
gain full and free dominion over their own
destinies.
We do not say we have always been right.
We do not say we have always been success-
ful.
But no man and no nation can justly deny
what history makes manifest: in the hour
of need, we have not been found wanting.
And we will not be found wanting now.
We must continue to yield to no nation
the patient pursuit of peace and the works
of peace-and continue to demonstrate, as
we do in Vietnam, that we have the will and
the weapons to resist aggression.
? We must be willing to bear the burdens
and accept the uncertainties and the un-
pleasantness and the imperfections that
come with such a war as Vietnam. For Viet-
nam is a war of wills as well as a war of
weapons. It is a test of our willingness to
survive-to surmount-the strain of con-
stant, continual conflict whose end is never
clearly in sight.
At the same time we must continue-to-
gether with other developed nations of the
Free World-to carry our share of the bur-
den of leadership in the common task of
helping the devolping nations of the world
to realize their destiny and enrich the lives
of their people in dignity and freedom. And
we are taking the initiative in these endeav-
ors-seeking assiduously in both quiet and
public diplomacy to enlist the cooperation
of our allies in bold new efforts to promote
free trade, to strengthen the international
monetary system, and to make available to
needy peoples everywhere the opportunity
and the means and the incentives for con-
quering hunger and disease, and for living
under the liberating light of education and
knowledge.
For we seek for others no more than we
seek for ourselves-the opportunity for a
full and free life. Abroad as at home, our
efforts reflect our awareness that with might
must come maturity, with wealth and riches
must come wisdom and responsibility, and
with success must come sacrifice.
This, indeed, must be our awareness-not
only as a nation but as individuals-in the
days ahead. For the challenges before us
are too great and the world is too small for
any of us to retire into an island of purely
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Ji ne:?27, 1966 CONGRESSIONAL R15CORD - SENATE
private concern-into what one observer has
called the "cult of private sunshine and se-
cluded complacency."
I do not share the view, held by some, that
these years of academic education you are
now completing have been years of isolation
from the world, from life and its problems.
I know, on the contrary, that they have been,
in the profoundest sense, years of entrance
into the world, years of real encounter with
life and with its problems and its promise-
years for deepening and developing in a
multitude of ways that understanding that
Alfred North Whitehead deemed the most
essential end of education-"the understand-
ing of an inelstent present." The present,
Whitehead rightly declared, "contains all
there is. It is holy ground; for it is the past,
and it is the future." I know that it is your
experience here at William and Mary-and
that of others like you at colleges and uni-
versities throughout our land-that helps us
heed the warning uttered by that same
thinker half a century ago: "In the condi-
tions of modern life th rule is absolute, the
race which does not yalue trained intelli-
gence is doomed."
But, as I have tried to suggest in all I have
said-as, indeed, all the awesome and awful
events of recent decades so unanswerably
argue-the "trained intelligence" alone is not
nearly enough. For as individuals and as a
nation, we can accomplish all we seek to ac-
complish, and avoid all we seek to avoid,
only to the extent that we exhibit in abun-
dance, not only the trained intelligence, but
the active and engaged intelligence, the in-
formed and awakened imagination, the
aroused concern and the committed con-
science.
As one who has known the privilege of
spending many of his years in formal public
service, I hope very deeply that some of you
will seek to know that privilege. I would
urge, indeed, that all of you ' give serious
thought to the possibilities of public service,
not only on the national level, but on the
state and local level as well. Everywhere
throughout the country our states and our
cities struggle to cope with the most stagger-
ing problems, and everywhere those citizens
who have most to offer are often the most
reluctant to become involved in local and
state affairs.
I know that only some of us can-that
only some of us should-enter formal public
service. But all of us can and all of us
must, in the broader sense, accept the obli-
gations and opportunities for public service
that in today's world exist in such abund-
ance.
I urge each of you, whatever your career,
to interest and involve yourselves-for you
have so much to give-in all those issues and
affairs that so critically affect our lives but
lie beyond the narrow boundaries of our own
personal pursuits.
I urge-you to do all you can In every way
you can to bring to life in your businesses
and your professions, in your towns and
your communities, in your cities and your
states, in your nation and your world, that
vision evoked for all time by Thomas Jef-
ferson two centuries ago-and set forth so
eloquently for our own time by President
Johnson-the vision of an America and a
world in which men and men's hopes can
not only survive, but flourish.
OUR "GO-IT-ALONE" POLICY
Mr. HARTICE. Mr. President, while
it is impossible to capture the full flavor
of a political cartoon in words, I should
like to note that the Washington Post
yesterday reprinted a noteworthy car-
toon from the St. Louis Post-Dispatch.
It captured and summed up very well
No. 105-15
the fact that we are standing virtually
alone in South Vietnam, that despite the
claims of the State Department of sup-
port from numerous nations, we have no
real support,.
The cartoon shows a line of men, rifles
to shoulder, stepping off in parade uni-
form with every boot in lockstep. Over
them floats a banner labeled "Western
Alliance." But in the foreground, hur-
rying in the opposite direction, is a
familiar figure, battle-uniformed and
jungle-helmeted with full equipment, in-
cluding a shoulder bag labeled "U.S.
Position in Vietnam." From the corner
of his mouth he is grimly saying:
I don't think y'all realize it, but every-
body's out of step but me!
In a speech on April 19 at Ball State
University in Muncie, Ind., I commented
on that situation, in which we have pro-
duced for ourselves a new isolationism
by the rejection of the rest of the world
of our policies in Vietnam. Here are
some of the facts I noted then, which
has not changed.
Our SEATO allies include Great Brit-
ain, which has furnished assistance
through 11 police instructors, a professor
of English, and some technical and con-
struction equipment.
France belongs to SEATO. France has
sent 600 educators, medical, and tech-
nical personnel.
Of the others among the 39 nations
which the State Department says are
helping in our struggle, Italy's assistance
is a 9-man surgical team and science
scholarships. Belgium has contributed
some medicines. Pakistan has given
some clothing and $10,000 for flood relief.
Thailand, like Pakistan a SEATO mem-
ber, has furnished cement and some as-
sistance of a classified nature. Iran's
assistance is a 22-man medical team and
1,000 tons of petroleum. India has given
only clothing for flood relief.
So it goes down the list. This is what
is meant when the press speaks of "token
assistance." And it is this of which
Clayton Fritchey spoke recently in his
Washington Star column under the cap-
tion, "Most Nations Oppose U.S. Asia
Role."
Mr. President, I ask unanimous con-
sent that Mr. Fritchey's article of June
13 may appear in the CONGRESSIONAL
RECORD.
There being no objection, the article
was orded to be printed in the RECORD,
as follows:
[From the Washington (D.C.) Star, June 13,
19661
MOST NATIONS OPPOSE U.S. ASIA ROLE
(By Clayton Fritchey)
Secretary of State Dean Rusk has returned
from the Brussels' metting of the North At-
lantic Treaty Organization with little to
show for American leadership or general sup-
port ofU.S. foreign policy. It was the same
story at the last two previous meetings of
NATO.
Yet just before leaving for Brussels, Rusk
made a major speech In which he foolishly
and incautiously said, "I have found that the
objectives of American foreign policy are
widely understood, respected and supported."
He added that " a large majority" of the na-
tions of the free world are "sympathetic to
our efforts in Southeast Asia
This statement is so palpably wide of the
mark that it is embarrassing. It does dis-
close, however, the administration's present
capacity to deceive itself.
Other nations may be wrong, or misguided,
but that is another argument. Rusk's con-
tention is not that they should back the
United States, but that they do. The pain-
fully evident fact is, they don't.
The Johnson administration .likes to be-
lieve that President Charles de Gaulle's op-
position is personal and spiteful, and does
not reflect French public opinion. Yet the
most recent French poll showed (1) strong
support for De Gaulle's anti-U.S. policy, and
(2) no confidence in U.S. leadership. Our
other great European ally, West Germany,
has just given the State Department fits by
agreeing to finance a large steel plant in
Communist China.
In the non-aligned world, it is the same.
And Nasser denounces. the United States at
every opportunity. Tito accuses the United
States of "Jeopardizing world peace." When
Dr: Nurredin Attassi recently became the new
Syrian chief of state, he promptly charged
that U.S. policy in Viet Nam "springs from
nothing but-lust to dominate the peoples."
The African nations have demonstrated
time and again in the United Nations their
lack of confidence in U.S. policy, just as in
the Organization of American States most
of the important Latin nations have frowned
on American interventionism in this hemi-
sphere and elsewhere.
The United States has repeatedly said it is
in Asia to protect Asians, but it is an eloqu-
ent fact that no large power In that area
backs the policy that Rusk says is so "re-
spected" and "supported." Despite an. Amer-
ican combination of arm-twisting, vast for-
eign aid, and cajolery, India, Pakistan,
Japan (and now even anti-Communist In-
donesia) want no part of our Viet Nam
adventure.
India's new prime minister, Indira Gandhi,
publicly rebuffed Vice President HUBERT
HUMPHREY when he coupled a plea for sup-
port in Viet Nam with the announcement of
a $100 million dollar loan. President Ayub
Khan of Pakistan says, "There is no danger
to the subcontient from China provided no
uncalled for provocation is aimed against
that country."
The Japanese government like the British
government, feels compelled to pay lip serv-
ice to U.S. policy, but no one pretends this
reflects popular feeling in those countries. A
poll taken by Asahi, Japan's largest news-
paper, showed 75 percent of the people
against the Viet Nam war.
To sum up, there are 116 nations in the
United Nations but only two (plus our pup-
pet, South Korea) are supporting us with
troops in Viet Nam. New Zealand has sent
150 men, and Australia, 1,400. The United
States has 300,000 in the theater.
Despite this, the President and Rusk keep
telling the American people that over 40 na-
tions are providing, assistance to Viet Nam.
Actually only 31 nations (mostly under U.S.
pressure) have made any contributions, and
even they are merely token offerings.
It may be tha the United States is a de-
serving maid, b not even Rusk can make
her look lik th belle of the international
ball. f Ulide t Johnson administration,
Miss A. as all to obviously become a
ERIC SEVAREID ON VIETNAM
Mr. GRUENING. Mr. President, that
noted and distinguished broadcaster,
commentator, and columnist, Eric Sev-
areid, has just returned from a visit to
southeast Asia, the theater of our un-
declared war. He has reported his find-
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CONGRESSIONAL RECORD - SENATE June 27,,,19v6
ings and feelings over the CBS television
network. His reportage provides much
material for study and soul searching.
Why, for instance, must the United
States--in addition to its 300,000 men in
uniform in Europe-have an additional
669,000 men in the Pacific with major
troop installations in 10 Pacific coun-
tries and areas?
Why is it, that non-Communist coun-
tries much closer to China, such as
Japan, are much more unconcerned and
relaxed about the possible menace of
Chinese aggression than our policymak-
ers?
Mr. Sevaried obviously is doubtful
about the administration's contentions
that our invasion of Vietnam is the way
to stop the advance of Chinese commu-
nism. He fears that our policy will in-
volve us in a greater war.
He is clear that it is a civil war which
we got ourselves into-which the admin-
istration seeks to deny-and he finds
little to sustain its justification for its
policies and actions, He points out, also,
how deceptive are our reports of
casualties.
He points out what has been painfully
evident to a few of us who have voiced
our dissent from our administration's
policy for over nearly two and a half
years-that "there is not a single leader
of countrywide prestige in South Viet-
nam," and that our attempts "to apply
Western logic and experience to this
oriental land" are futile.
Mr. Sevareid's views on our military
activities in southeast Asia have under-
gone some modification over the last 2
years. So have those of others-despite
the misleading propaganda that comes
from the seats of U.S. power, There
is a gratifying change of public senti-
ment as the truth emerges, but thus far
it seems not to have registered effectively
with those who are responsible for send-
ing our young men to fight and die in a
cause that does not correspond to the
fictions which are advanced to justify
this needless slaughter.
I ask unanimous consent that the
CBS news special report entitled "Viet-
nam: Eric Sevareid's Personal Report,"
which was broadcast over its television
network on Tuesday, June 21, 1966, be
printed in the RECORD at this point in
my remarks.
There being no objection, the report
was ordered to be printed in the RECORD,
as follows:
"VIETNAM: ERIC SEVAREID'S PERSONAL REPORT,"
AS BROADCAST OVER THE CBS TELEVISION
NETWORK, TUESDAY, JUNE 21, 1966
Good evening. I'm Eric Sevareid. I pro-
pose to sit here for the next thirty minutes
and talk about America in Asia, about war
and about truth. This may set television
back a long way. We'll find out.
I am not an authority on Asia. Asia is
:far too big, changing far too rapidly for
many certainties.
I am not an expert on war, There is no
such thing as military science. War is a rude
art, in which human character, will and faith
play at least as great a role as figures and
logic.
About truth, I hope I know more. It is
a reporter's business to tell appearance from
reality, rhetoric from fact. He often falls.
In this Vietnam war, he fails unusually
often because he is normally a stranger to
the land, its language and its people. And
because at every level-military, political,
economic, psychological-the truth is frag-
mented In a thousand pieces. At each level
it is a jigsaw puzzle that no single man is
able to piece together.
We are therefore confronted with an ex-
traordinary condition: no honest man can
return a convincing answer to the great and
obvious questions that all men ask:
Is our action there Insurance against
eventual war with China, as the Administra-
tion asserts, or is it increasing the risk of
such a war? Will the Vietnamese pull them-
selves together politically, or fall further
apart? Are we winning this war? Do we
have a clear strategy for winning it? How
many years and men will it take?
To each question the official rhetoric of
Washington gives the optimistic response.
These officials speak from faith, not fact.
The total of the known facts does not deny
their optimism, but It does not confirm it,
either.
Through this fog of uncertainties the
reporter must pick his way; he must report
out of instinct, experience and impression.
He can guess, estimate, and try to project
what seem to him the probabilities. And his
first task is to break through the crust of
his own pre-conceived notions.
I think I was only dimly aware of what the
American power In the Pacific world really
means. As you fly the great arcs to Alaska
and Japan, and down the eastern rim of
Asia's land mass, you begin to understand.
The vast Pacific. and the skies above it belong
to American power. America-its men,
money and machines-is intermingled with
the affairs of governments everywhere, the
daily lives of hundreds of millions of people.
Consider the world of the Pacific Ocean
and the southern seas in this American era:
Alaska, 30,000 military men; Hawaii, 100,000
military men; Guam, 20,000; Okinawa, 25,-
000; Japan, 39.000; Korea, 55,000; Taiwan,
10,000; the Philippines, 25,000; Vietnam,
about 285,000; Thailand, 20,000. Besides, of
course, the 7th Fleet itself-60,000 to 70,000
men.
This is the legacy of the defeat of Japan
in World War II; of the take-over of China
by the Communists; of the collapse of Euro-
pean rule; of the Korean War; and now, of
the fighting in Vietnam. It is also the legacy
of habit, of the military man's fear of ever
giving up any salient, of the idea that Com-
munist China is bent upon military aggres-
sion, as were Hitler's Germany and Stalin's
Russia.
There is a strange phenomenon that comes
Into play in the relationship between impres-
sions and reality. It has to do with time and
space. For distance lends not only enchant-
ment, but apprehension. So to Americans at
home, the Buddhist riots in Saigon mean
that all Saigon is in turmoil. But the man
sitting in a cafe a block from the riots is
relaxed; he knows it is not. So to us at
home, China appears a frightening monster,
straining at the leash, eager to smash her
neighbors.
But some of her neighbors are far more
relaxed than we. This is true of the govern-
ment of Japan, the most powerful non-Com-
munist society of eastern Asia. Their view
of China as an aggressive threat is closer to
the view of Senator FULSRIGHT than to that of
Secretary Rusk. They believe that China Is
already contained. She is contained by the
existence of the nuclear bomb, by the simple
knowledge that If she marches over the bor-
der of a friendly country that we are able to
help, we shall immediately help. She is con-
tained by this gigantic ring of steel built by
the United States along her eastern and
southern borders and by Russia's ring of
steel along four thousand miles of her west-
ern border. if she feels encircled, no big
power ever had more right to feel that way.
She fears what the United States may do
more than some of her neighbors fear what
she may do.
China can try the methods of subversion
In Southeast Asia; she has and she does.
But it is doubtful how successful she would
be, even without our presence and resist-
ance, in Vietnam. Nationalism is basically
stronger than any ideology. Most nations
are not dominoes that fall over with a click.
These nations of Southeast Asia, like Thai-
land or Burma, are more like sponges. Their
edges can become waterlogged with Commu-
nist-trained resistance groups, but there are
a thousand natural obstacles to the water
seeping through the whole organism. One Is
the historic dislike and distrust of the Chi-
nese throughout these regions.
A crucial question is whether our resist-
ance in Vietnam is preventing the spread of
Chinese dominance in other Asian countries
through their propaganda, Infiltration and
subversion. The Administration points to
Indonesia, where the powerful Chinese-in-
spired Communist apparatus was smashed
not long ago. That would never have hap-
pened, they like to think, were we not there,
In Vietnam.
If this is true, all of us would feel very
much better about this war in Vietnam. My
personal Opinion is that it's not true. Indeed,
it was the conclusion of Japan's ambassadors
to Southeast Asian countries, in recent con-
sultation, that Vietnam had nothing to do
with those events in Indonesia; that internal,
domestic pressures alone were responsible.
Korea in the north and Thailand in the
south are exceptions to this line of thought.
The men who rule Thailand have thrown in
their lot with the United States and its argu-
ment, contrary to Burma on their west and
Cambodia on their east. They do fear China
and communism In general, and they have
given welcome and facilities to American
power.
The Thai government tries to keep as
much of this secret as it can; and we helped
them in this out of diplomatic considera-
tions. But the truth is that we have up-
wards of 20,000 military men in Thailand,
mostly on the great bomber bases from which
we hit North Vietnam and the Ho Chi Minh
trails. Reporters are not permitted to see
these bases. Twenty thousand is more men
than we had In Vietnam itself when Mr.
Johnson became President.
Our military wanted, at one time, to put
ground combat units into Northeast Thai-
land, where skirmishes go on with Chinese-
trained guerrillas. Our diplomats stopped
that; but we have more than a few Special
Forces and advisory fighting teams in the
Northeast. And there one sees how war tends
to spread and of why military men must be
kept in constant check by political men..
Laos, technically neutral by the Geneva
Agreements, is thoroughly engulfed in the
war already. The North Vietnamese run
their supplies and fresh soldiers through
much of Laos; and therefore we bomb it con-
stantly. We admit to no men on the ground
in Laos. My information, from people I con-
sider reliable, is that we have several thou-
sand soldiers inside Laos, including spotter
groups and Special Forces teams. When an
American is killed in or over Laos, his death
is officially registered as having occurred in
Vietnam.
Cambodia Is becoming more and more
deeply involved in the fighting. We have
bombed and shelled Cambodian territory,
more than once, for some time back because
we have had to. I believe our front line in-
telligence reports and our eyewitnesses.
When General Larsen, Commander of our
Second Corps, whose boundaries lie along the
Cambodian line, said there are heavy North
Vietnamese troop concentrations inside Cam-
bodia I am inclined to believe him rather
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27, 1966 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD SENATE
than the Pentagon's immediate denial of this.
After all, he is on the scene.
This, then, is how war spreads-in spite of
all the official proclamations that we shall
not allow It to spread.
War has a logic, a momentum, fmperatives
of its own.' And in this process, language Is
adulterated, reason twisted, policy follows in
the wake of actions, instead of the other
way around, and the inner sequence of cause
and effect is lost to man's comprehension.
And so the Administration argues that un-
less we stop communism, or China, or both
in Vietnam now, other nations will fall, as
happened in Europe in the thirties, until the
grand confrontation of World War III with
China will be forced upon the world.
It seems to me that it is quite ' as logical
to argue that our very presence in Vietnam,
with this inevitable osmotic spread of hostili-
ties across other borders, is just as likely to
produce war with China, unless we are ex-
tremely careful and extremely lucky. And if
that happens, it will be like World War I, if
not World Wear II. Men still argue how
World War I got started, as actions led to
reactions and still further reactions, en-
gulfing nation by nation. If we are sucked
Into collision with China in these regions, we
will never be sure of the precise point in
space or time when it happened. How the
Vienam war goes will be the test of all this;
Vietnam is the anvil on which our future
relations with vast, emerging China are be-
ing hammered out, and the sparks fly in all
directions.
Until we got into it, the Vietnam war was
essentially a civil war; a civil war and a so-
cial revolution and a struggle for national
identity and freedom from European rule.
For legal and diplomatic reasons, Washington
must argue that it is not a civil war at all,
but an aggression and an Invasion by an
external power. But when men speaking the
same language, living within the same cul-
tural context, raised in the same cities and
villages fight one another by the thousands
that is civil war. When men of the North
(including Prime Minister Ky) are part of
the government of the South, and vice versa,
it is civil war. Even the Geneva Agreements
called the two "zones" of the one country,
not sovereign states.
North Vietnam has gone to the Chinese
weapons system; their material help from
China and Russia Is considerable. But no
Chinese officer or soldier has ever been found
among the enemy's fighting cadres, to my
knowledge.
It is the apparent conviction of Washing-
ton that if North Vietnam will just stop its
infiltration into the South the war could be
settled. Not necessarily, not unless Hanoi
also ordered a cease-fire all down the line.
One of our leading generals there argues
strongly that the units from the North need
the local guerrillas far more than the guer-
rillas need them. The guerrillas are home;
they need ammuniton but not trucks or oil
or great depots of rites.
How many men are coming down from the
North? Last fall, Secretary McNamara said
it was 4500 a month; this April we were told
in Saigon that it had gone higher and might
reach 7,000. The other day the Pentagon
again said 4500. These figures are educated
guesses, no more.
How many in all have come down? At the
Saigon headquarters you are told there are,
at a generous estimate, fifty battalions of
North Vietnamese now in the South. Their
battalions are far smaller than ours-perhaps
four or Ave hundred men. That means about
25,000 Northerners In their own combat units.
That in turn, is only ten per cent of the
estimated total of a quarter million orga-
nized and semi-organized fighting men that
we and the South Vietnamese now face.
On both sides, it is a much bigger war than
a year' ago, when it was nearly lost and when
President Johnson ordered the massive in-
fusions of American troops. Our Intelligence
people out there believe that the enemy is
now better armed, man for man, than our
South Vietnamese allies. Far worse armed,
of course, than we.
Our fighting men, our weapons and devices,
our tactical ingenuity-all are profoundly
Impressive. We could not fight this war at
all were it not our side that enjoys the real
"privileged sanctuaries"-the sea and the
sky. Both are denied to the enemy.
If our tactics are ingenious, our grand
strategy remains a mystery, at least to me.
We are fighting what is essentially a war of
attrition, the most disagreeable kind of war,
counting progress by the number of enemy
bodies. The count Is accurate when our men
can actually go among the bodies; when the
Air Force claims so many Vietcong killed from
bombing and strafing runs, those are foolish
guesses. The claims of enemy killed by the
South Vietnamese forces-and the figures on
their own casualties-may be approximately
right or wildly wrong; none of us can really
check.
It might be better if we in the news busi-
ness reported weekly progress in terms of
hamlets restored or re-settled, classrooms
built, village chiefs who feel it safe to go
back and sleep in their own houses. That,
after all, is what the war is about. And in
this respect there is progress. It is some-
thing to see tough American Marines acting
as dedicated social workers; it is a fact worth
knowing that of the three thousand Marines
who have voluntarily extended their term of
duty in Vietnam, most are those men who
work daily with the ordinary people. Prog-
ress, but painfully slow progress, and against
it must be set the great numbers of refugees
who come into our secured areas. About a
million of them now. Not all of them, by
any means, fleeing from Vietcong terror;
many fleeing from the terror of our napalm
and high explosives which have inescapably
killed and maimed hundreds of innocent
people.
We Are not really conquering territory.
Our official statement is that at the end of
last year eight and a half per cent of the
total land area was considered secure; at the
end of February nine and a half per cent;
all the rest is In enemy hands or disputed and
unsafe, or empty. About eight million peo-
ple, a bit over half the population, are in
secure allied controlled areas.
We are using giant sledgehammers to kill
hornets. The Vietcong's National Liberation
Front in the South has an annual budget
estimated at about ten million dollars. Our
annual costs in this war run to about fifteen
billion. The enemy needs an estimated
eighty-seven tons of supplies each day; the
American establishment alone needs about
twenty thousand tons a day. In terms of
last year's total expenditure for the war, each
enemy soldier killed last year cost us well
over a million dollars.
What of our human Investment and hu-
man losses? Of the total American military
in-country, say 285,000, only a distinct mi-
nority do the real fighting, on the ground
and in the air. They alone are the heroes.
All the rest, in the enormous support and
supply echelons, in the cities and ports, In
the countless offices-they may occasionally
court danger, but their life is wholly differ-
ent, usually comfortable, for a great many
enjoyable.
We had, when I left, five combat divisions
and, two brigades in the field, around 85,000
men. Add to that the Special Forces teams
and the combat filers. Of these I would
guess, generously, that about 60,000 can be
defined as men in frequent combat. Now
this is an arbitrary definition, but neces-
sary-some definition's necessary-if we are
to think at all about our human Investment
and losses. And thinking from this lough
definition, one feels obliged to say that our
casualties are high, not low. They are low
13747
in relation to the total number in Vietnam,
mostly men who never or rarely ever see the
enemy, and low compared to-enemy losses.
But our losses in combat dead and wounded
have mounted rapidly to the current rate of
about 30,000 a year. One year is a man's
term of service there. On the simple statis-
tical face of it, then, the chances for the
individual fighting soldier in an active com-
bat zone avoiding death or wounds in his
twelve months are not great, about fifty-
fifty. What lengthens his odds is the in-
creasing rotation of more units, not just
between home and Vietnam, but between
the fighting zones and the rest zones. And if
enemy attacks slacken off, that, of course,
will improve the odds. For every man ad-
mitted to hospital in Vietnam for combat
wounds, three times as many are admitted
for non-combat injuries and disease. In
terms of the combat troops, one is then
forced to the conclusion that we lose the
,equivalent of about a battalion a week; most
of them, of course, to return later on. But
this is a rather constant process, and the
need for more men and more rotation in
combat operations would seem obvious.
In this sense, our casualties are high, not
low. And by the other relevant measuring
rod, the lasting gain from the average com-
bat operation-some Vietcong killed, some
rice destroyed, a village cleaned out, much
of which the enemy will later replace and
recover-by this measure, too, the casualties
must be considered high, not low.
Last summer began the big increase in the
American fighting force. So this summer,
tens of thousands of men will leave Vietnam,
but they will be replaced, these veterans, by
green troops. However good their training
at home, all soldiers are green until they have
gone through at least one real battle. And
greenness does cost lives. One green com-
pany of my acquaintance recently lost 130
men, killed and badly wounded, out of its
170, in one engagement. In the official hand-
out later, the casualties of that action were
described as "moderate," presumably because
other units were also involved or because the
enemy lost even more. The phrase "heavy
casualties" I don't think I ever saw in those
handout statistics.
I do not believe we are losing this war or
will lose it. I am not sure one can call it a
stalemate, as some men do. The Vietcong in
the South and those units from the North
are getting badly hurt. That is why the
Vietcong is now recruiting kids as young as
thirteen from their homes in the South, tax-
ing the people more heavily and thus losing
some of their popular support. That is why
some of those Northern units are not at all
well-trained; that is why those who desert
to the other side are nearly all the enemy
fighters, not'South Vietnamese or, of course,
Americans.
Hanoi may have to call it off, though we see
no signs yet that it will. We are not playing
chess. Both sides are playing poker, doub-
ling each lost bet. It is a test of political
will.
But, like some others, when I try to en-
visage the process of winning, I am haunted
by a spectre. The spectre of this fragmen-
tized, weary Vietnamese society.
It was our official belief and the argument
of among many of the so-called Hawks, that
as we stopped losing this war-which we've
done-and as we started winning it, which
we've not quite done-the bitterly conflicting
political and social factions in South Vietnam
would start to pull together, in their na-
tional interest. The trouble is that Vietnam
is only a society, not a nation, There is not
a single leader of countrywide prestige in
South Vietnam. The people have had little
experience in responding to general laws and
impersonal institutions. They respond to lo-
cal personalities, cliques, religious groupings,
or their own private interest. The resistance
and rioting of the most militant Buddhists
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CONGRESSIONAL RECORD - SENATE June 27, 19`
low.
seems to mean that they hate the central
government more than they hate the Com-
munist enemy.
We try to apply Western logic and exper-
ience to this Oriental land. So we encourage
the elections, envisage a parliament and
eventual civilian rule, representing groups
and regions. My own guess is that this pro-
cess of democratizing would produce years of
political turmoil before stability is reached.
It will probably, though not certainly, open a
whole new Pandora's box, all the quarrels in
the country bursting into the open. Viet-
nam, I think myself, Is not to be compared
with Korea or Greece, where we were suc-
cessful, in these respects; a strong national
sense, strong leaders existed there.
If this proves to be the trend, as we try to
democratize government in Vietnam, then
the immediate consequence would be a
nightmare for us, for we should then have to
involve ourselves deeper and deeper into their
politics, their economy and more and more
of the fighting and dying would be done by
Americans and less and less by the Viet-
namese.
Ten days ago, Secretary McNamara asserted
that Vietnamese politics would not hinder
our war effort there. It is part of the duty
of national leaders to speak from their faith,
not from their fears. But it is part of the
duty of the press to examine their faith, to
raise the questions that officials never pub-
licly raise.
The hypothetical alternatives in Vietnam
remain about what they were: bomb more
of North Vietnam's industry and see what
happens while nervously watching. nervous
China; halt the bombing and pull back to
our base areas and see what happens; en-
courage the various third nation efforts to
get negotiations started; quit Vietnam en-
tirely; keep the pressure on, as we are doing,
and wait for Hanoi's will to break. As of
now, the prospect is more pressure-more
and heavier war; that is the meaning of the
stepped-up draft, the new troop shipments,
the longer lanes of cargo vessels plowing the
South China Sea, the increasing roar of the
airplanes settling on to those ever-increasing
airfields.
I should like to mention, before I end this
long and not very happy discourse, two mat-
ters: a bit cosmic perhaps, but of funda-
mental consequence for Qur future affairs.
One is the fantastic size of our military es-
tablishment and the fantastic speed by which
its cost increases. This can consume our
marginal substance. This is what General
Eisenhower warned about in his last words
as President. He said we must guard against
undue power by a military industrial com-
plex. It will take a very convincing peace and
a very strong President to put our military
genie back in the bottle.
The other thing is this: the deepest,
strongest forces motivating the people of
Asia are not those we picture as we sit here
at home. From here, one has the illusion
that Asia is clanking armies, colliding ideol-
ogies, aggression and fear, that Asia is
politics.
But the deepest forces moving Asian peo-
ples now are not these at all, but the forces
of the modern scientific-industrial revolu-
tion. Asians have discovered the great secret,
so long hidden from their hope : that man is
not born to a short life of pain and work and
poverty. They see the marvelous evidence,
nearly everywhere they look: Japan, a boom-
ing economic colossus whose production may
soon pass Great Britain's. Korea, prosperous
enough to do without direct American aid.
Taiwan, where food production has doubled
in 15 years and where new hotels, highways,
factories open every month. Thailand, whose
cities boom and grow. Indonesia, which has
Stopped its ridiculous war with Malaysia and
now wants to join the real procession. Even
Communist China, where basic comfort now
seems assured for most, and where a new gen-
eration of economists, engineers, builders Is
slowly but surely coming to replace the old
men of politics and war as they were replaced
in Russia when Stalin died.
In Taiwan I had a Chinese driver, name
of Jimmy. A mainlander who had to flee
the Chinese Communists and has no love for
them at all. But he said to me, "If only
American and China can learn to get along-
what a wonderful thing for us all."
Jimmy perceives what Asia and life can
be. Our government perceives it, as attested
by the Johnson plans for Southeast Asia's
economic development.
But if this war in Vietnam goes wrong
and the great collision does come, all this
will be lost, and that would break history's
heart.
This reporter, like most, even among those
who fear and doubt, still believes that'God
and the stars will again indulge their no-
torious weakness for Americans and bring
us through this unhappy Vietnamese trans-
action in safety and peace. There, like the
government officials, I speak from faith, not
from the facts; knowing, as they know, that
faith-even blind faith-can sometimes
change the facts.
FEDERAL SUPPORT FOR ADULT
EDUCATION
Mr. HARTKE. Mr. President, I
should like to call attention to the fact
that in its deliberations today and to-
morrow, the Education Subcommittee of
the Labor and Public Welfare Committee
is considering the inclusion of an amend-
ment to the elementary and secondary
education bill dealing with adult educa-
tion. I sincerely hope they will report
favorably, and that the Senate will pass
such a measure.
Specifically, the proposals under con-
sideration are those contained in my bill
S. 3012, on which testimony was received
last month and which bears the endorse-
ment of 17 other Senators as cosponsors.
I believe it is high time that we moved
forward into the area which is now the
neediest in the education field, that of
adult education. My bill, which I hope
will become a title of the elementary and
secondary education proposals, calls for
primary use of the public schools as the
great existing resource for the upgrading
of educational opportunity for adults.
Adult education is considered in these
proposals under the two heads of adult
basic education and of adult supplemen-
tal education. The concept of adult
basic education as contemplated at pres-
ent under the Economic Opportunity Act
is enlarged to include instruction and
services for adults who do not have a
secondary education or its equivalent-
in other words, all who have not finished
high school. Supplemental adult edu-
cation is the area which includes, in the
language of the bill, Such items as citi-
zenship training, parent education, and
consumer education.
I have previously, both in the Senate
and before the committee, spoken of the
advantages of giving support to the ex-
pansion of such programs through the
public schools. There are other avenues
of adult education through which per-
sons may forward their knoweldge and
understanding in an organized way.
While the schools were providing, ac-
cording to a survey some 5 years ago,
adult education for nearly 2 million
people, adult education activities of
churches and synagogues reached nearly
31/2 million and colleges and universities
3,440,000.
The problems of the college and uni-
versity in dealing with adult education
through extension courses are discussed
in a recent Christian Science Monitor ar-
ticle by Wesley Max, writing from Los
Angeles. He points to the "economic
squeeze" faced by extension courses as
State support, pressed hard by the needs
for the regular university curriculum,
has dwindled. In California, the State
budget has declined from 20 to 7 percent
of the cost of the courses, and those who
often need such study the most are being
hard pressed by the need to pay fees
averaging $45 per course.
This article, at this time when adult
education is under consideration in the
committee, is worthy of attention. Mr.
President, I ask unanimous consent that
it may appear in the CONGRESSIONAL
RECORD.
There being no objection, the article
was ordered to be printed in the RECORD,
as follows:
AN ECONOMIC SQUEEZE: THE STRANGE WAYS
OF ADULT EDUCATION
Los ANGELES.-Any university that would
consider curtailing education in liberal arts
and social sciences while retaining courses
in Wine I, Chinese Cooking, and Skills in
Social Dance-Advanced would generally be
considered an educational degenerate. Yet
the highly regarded University of California
Extension (or adult-education division) finds
it faces just such an embarrassing predica-
ment.
This predicament arises from a maxim that
has plagued the remarkable growth of adult
education at the university level over the
nation: Courses must make money in order
to make the curriculum. This cost consci-
ousness often also means that the people
who need the courses most are least able to
pay for them.
At California, Wines I, Chinese Cooking,
and Social Dance-Advanced make money;
some liberal-arts and social-sciences courses
do not. At the same time state support of
the extension's budget, now $15,000,000, has
dwindled from 20 to 7 per cent in the past
several years. One recent legislative report
recommends that extension services, normally
supported largely by student fees, be sup-
ported entirely by them, a proposal that ex-
tension officials decry.
It is this economic squeeze that prompted
Extension Dean Paul Sheats to warn recently
that decreasing state support would "force
us increasingly into an elitist type of pro-
gram." Courses that fail to attract a suffi-
cient and affluent clientele will be dropped.
An affluent clientele is necessary because
student fees now average $45 per course
for the 133,000 students who are enrolled at
175 state-wide extension branches.
KEEPING UP TO SNUFF
Says Dean Sheats: "In general we don't
have problems in engineering, science, busi-
ness, and law because many firms reimburse
employes for extension work. They realize it
is necessary to keep their people up to snuff."
Although they are not reimbursed, teachers,
too, are willing to pay the increased fees be-
cause they need the courses in order to be
promoted. But lower-income groups like so-
cial workers, labor personnel, some night stu-
dents, and municipal employes are often
thwarted by the higher fees.
The pressures of the enrollment economy
as it is often called among extension officials
are being felt in other university-extensior
of state support than the California Exten-
systems. Many systems enjoy a higher lever
of state support than the California Exten-
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June 27, 1966 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD SENATE
now from a crazy- quilt,- unsettling high in-
terest rate pattern.
On the other hand, candor demands one
.note that the protax increase group mis-
judged the actual strength of the economy
this year.
VIETNAM THE KEY
A tax increase might have put a real crimp
in the economy. -Recession? I doubt it, but
that "lull" might have been more painful.
To be sure, there has instead been an in-
flation of prices, damaging, but not crip-
pling. This has. been the "trade off" for
keeping unemployment low.
But what of the future? The only thing
that is certain is that Vietnam is the key.
If Tobin's, hunch is right, then 1967 could
see a cost push inflation (wages and prices
out of hand) s pplementing today's demand
pull inflation (loo many dollars chasing too
Then the 4eb to will start all over again,
and eco o c logic,new" or "old," will
again% de is tax boost.
PENIVGON EXPERT STUDIES HOW
TO STEM VIETNAM INFLATION
Mr. PROXMIRE. One of the ablest
young men with whom I have worked
closely in recent years is Leslie Aspin.
He comes from Wisconsin and is a grad-
uate of Yale summa cum laude, 1960.
He then studied at Oxford and received
his master's degree in 1962 in economics.
He completed his doctorate study at the
Massachusetts Institute of Technology.
For some months he has served in the
Pentagon as an outstanding economist.
A few days ago, he was sent to Saigon
by Secretary McNamara to make a
study and report on inflation in Vietnam.
The Aspin report on Vietnam could be
extremely significant. We all know how
vital it is to win political stability in
South Vietnam if we are to have a
chance to negotiate peace and self deter-
mination. It is vital that we succeed in
stemming Vietnam's rampant inflation,
if we are todevelop the basis for political
stability.
The Aspin study will contribute to that
vital objective.
I ask unanimous consent to have an
article published in the Milwaukee Sen-
tinel, entitled "Shorewood Economist
Aids Saigon Fight on Inflation," written
by James G. Wieghart, printed in the
RECORD.
There being no objection, the article
was ordered to be printed in the RECORD,
as follows:
SItOREWOOD ECONOMIST AIDS SAIGON FIGHT
. ON INFLATION
(By James G. Wieghart)
WASHINGTON, D.C.-A Shorewood econ-
omist left for Saigon Thursday to help fight
inflation-which next to the Vietcong poses
the most serious threat to the South Vietna-
mese government,
He Is-Leslie Aspin, 27, of 3935 N. Ridgefield
circle, an economic advisor to'Defense Sec-
retary McNamara.
Aspin will spend two to three weeks tour-
Ong South Vietnam to determine if the recent
anti-inflationary steps taken by the United
States government will be sufficient to save
that country's economy. -
The South Vietnamese government last
Saturday announced a massive devaluation
of its piaster currency, Which had been de-
preciating alarmingly under the onslaught
of inflation.
As a result of the devaluation, the com-
mercial exchange rate of the piaster to the
dollar was raised from 60 to 1 to 118 to 1.
The new rates consist of an 80 to 1 exchange
plus a 38 plaster tax, for a total of 118
piasters per $1.
Aspin conceded that the American govern-
ment views the Vietnamese economic crisis
just as seriously as it does the political crisis
brought on by Buddhist dissidents who have
sought to unseat the Saigon government.
He said that the country is undergoing
an almost classical wartime inflation brought
on by a decline and dislocation in agricul-
tural and industrial production due to the
war.
This is aggravated by mounting govern-
ment defense expenditures and falling rev-
enue caused by decreasing tax collections.
On top of all this is the tremendous eco-
nomic pressure generated by the presence
of 260,000 American troops plus the tremen-
dous United States spending for port and
other facilities.
Just how serious inflation has become In
Vietnam is evidenced by the increase in the
money supply from 25 billion piasters in
April, 1964, to more than 57 billion now,
Aspin said. He said the cost of living has
risen 130% since January, 1962.
He pointed out that food prices alone have
jumped 84% since the eve of the American
buildup in January, 1965, and have risen
15% in the last six weeks.
A recent report from Vietnam lists the
price for the most common brand of rice
eaten in Saigon at 1,120 piasters for about
200 pounds. In January, the '-ost of the
same quantity was estimated at about 800
piasters. The report said the average Viet-
namese family spends about 13% of its bud-
get for rice.
Aspin said that efforts to bring the South
Vietnamese economy in line is a joint one
between the South Vietnamese government,
the International monetary fund and the
American government, particularly the de-
fense and state departments.
He said he will check on methods for dis-
tributing the defense department's massive
spending to avoid disrupting the economy.
One way to do this, he said, is for the de-
fense department to buy as much of its sup-
plies as possible from sources outside of South
Vietnam.
The American government also is helping
to increase the supply of goods by releasing
160 million dollars to the South Vietnamese
treasury for imports between now and Sep-
tember.
Aspin has been an economic adviser to Mc-
Namara since he received his Ph.D. from the
Massachusetts Institute of Technology' last,
February.
He was graduated from Shorewood high
school In 1956, and received his bachelor's de-
gree in history from Yale university where
he was graduated summa cum laude In 1960.
He received his master's degree in econom-
ics,.politics and philosophy at Oxford (Eng-
land) university in 1962.
Aspin also has been active behind the
scenes in Wisconsin politics. In the sum-
mer of 1960 he worked in the r'ffice of Sen.
PROXMIRE (D-Wis.). From February to No-
vember, 1964, he was campaign director for
PROXMIRE.
In July, 1965, he directed a fund raising
dinner for PROXMIRE and in August 1965,
he was director of a fund raising dinner for
Lt. Gov. Patrick J. Lucey.
Aspin also has had experience as an eco-
nomic consultant. In the summer of 1961,
he was economic adviser to the United Af-
rica Co., Freetown, Sierra Leone- in western
Africa.
In the summer of 1963 he was assistant to
Walter Holler, another former Shorewood
man who was then chairman of the coun-
cil of economic advisers in the Kennedy ad-
ministration.
His mother, Mrs. Leslie Aspin, lives at the
Shorewood address.
13763
SCHOOL MILK PROGRAM SHOULD
NOT BE MERGED WITH LUNCH
PROGRAM
Mr. PROXMIRE. Mr. President, when
Secretary of Agriculture Orville Freeman
testified before the Senate Agriculture
Committee on June 21, he endorsed a
permanent special milk program for
schoolchildren with no authorization
ceiling. Of course, this greatly pleased
those of us who have been fighting for a
continuation of the program in its pres-
ent form.
However, it was a matter of some con-
cern to me that in his statement Secre-
tary Freeman alluded to the milk pro-
gram only once-in a single paragraph.
This concerns me, because it indicates
that the milk program might be swal-
lowed up in the school lunch program if
it is included as a part of that program.
For example, the - lunch program re-
quires one-half pint of milk to be served
with a school lunch if the Federal Gov-
ernment is to contribute to the cost of
that lunch. However, the Federal con-
tribution does not go toward the cost of
the milk. On the other hand, the school
milk program provides for Federal reim-
bursement for half-pints 'of milk - con-
sumed at midmorning and midafternoon
milk breaks.
It is quite possible that, if these two
programs were merged, the school milk
program might in the years ahead be used
to pay for that half-pint of milk at lunch
without a corresponding increase in the
funds available. This, of course, would
require a cutback in the amount of milk
provided in midmorning and midafter-
noon.
This is just one of the problems that
could arise if the programs are merged.
It is enough to indicate, however, the
dangerous precedent we would be setting.
Consequently, I sincerely hope that the
Senate Committee on Agriculture and
Forestry will take action to insure the in-
-tegrity of the school milk program at this
vital juncture in its history.
FISH PROTEIN CONCENTRATE
The Senate resumed the consideration
of the bill (S. 2720) to authorize the
Secretary of the Interior to develop,
through the use of experiment and dem-
onstration plants, practicable and eco-
nomic means for the production by the
commercial fishing industry of fish pro-
tein concentrate.
The PRESIDING OFFICER. The
question is on agreeing to the committee
amendments en bloc.
The committee amendments were
agreed to en bloc.
The PRESIDING OFFICER. The
bill is open to further amendment.
Mr. WILLIAMS of Delaware. Mr.
President, I send to the desk two amend-
ments and ask that they be stated.
The PRESIDING OFFICER. The
amendments will be stated for the in-
formation of the Senate.
The legislative clerk read the amend-
ments, as follows:
On page 2, lines 13 and 14, strike out the
words "not to exceed five experimental and
demonstration plants" and insert "one ex-
perimental and demonstration plant"; and
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13764
CONGRESSIONAL. RECORD - SENATE June 27, 1966
Mr. KUCHEL. On the basis that it
concerns the revitalization of my po-
litical party.
Mr. GORE. Mr. President, I withdraw
my objection on that ground. [Laugh-
ter.l
The PRESIDING OFFICER. Is there
objection to the request of the Senator
from California? The Chair hears none,
and the yea-and-nay vote will therefore
be at 2:30 o'clock p.m.
Mr. KUCHEL. I thank the Chair.
Mr. WILLIAMS of Delaware. Mr.
President, I am not going to delay the
bill, but I should like to restate the ques-
tion.
The purpose of the amendments is
merely to bring to bill in line with the
recommendations of the administration
and every agency affected. I see no
reason why the bill should provide for
five experimental pilot plants when the
agency says they cannot efficiently use
but one at this time.
I ask unanimous consent to have
printed in the RECORD excerpts from the
letter of Director Donald F. Horning,
from the Office of Science and Tech-
nology in the Executive Office of the
President, which endorses the legislation
in principle, but specifically recommends
that one pilot plant be constructed.
There being no objection, the excerpt
was ordered to be printed in the RECORD,
as follows:
I am fully in support of the objectives of
S. 2720 and agree with its approach. On the
basis of the experience gained by the Bureau
of Commercial Fisheries in developing a,
promising laboratory process, I believe that
there is need for the construction of a single
experimental and demonstration pilot plant
which would pave the way for the subse-
quent construction of semicoinmercial and
full-scale production plants. I
We now have a fragmented, hand-operated
laboratory process. A necessary next step is
to construct a relatively small experimental
continuous process plant with maximum
flexibiity for the conduct of engineering re-
search studies under a wide range of
conditions.
Mr. WILLIAMS of Delaware. I also
ask unanimous consent to have printed
in the REcaan excerpts from the letter
of the Department of the Interior, and
an excerpt from the letter of the Comp-
troller General.
There being no objection, the excerpts
were ordered to be printed in the RECORD,
as follows:
on page 4, line 5, strike out "$5,000,000" and
insert in lieu thereof "$1,000,000".
Mr. WILLIAMS of Delaware. Mr.
President, I ask unanimous consent that
;these amendments be considered en bloc.
The PRESIDING OFFICER. Without
objection, it is so ordered.
Mr. WILLIAMS of Delaware. Mr.
President, I ask for the yeas and nays on
the amendments.
The yeas and nays were ordered.
Mr. KUCHEL, Mr. President, will the
Senator from Delaware yield on a pro-
cedural question?
Mr. WILLIAMS of Delaware. I yield
to the Senator from California.
UNANIMOUS-CONSENT AGREEMENT
Mr. KUCHEL. Mr. President, as I
suggested informally to my colleagues
on the majority side, members of the
mincrity leadership are necessarily ab-
sent at an important luncheon down-
town. If, however, we were able to
agree on a time certain for the yea-and-
nay vote which has just been ordered, it
would accommodate them. Therefore I
ask unanimous consent that the yea-
and-nay vote take place at 2:30 p.m.
The PRESIDING OFFICER. Is there
objection?
Mr, MAGNUSON. Mr. President, re-
serving the right to object, this is a bill
which, of course, is very important to us
in the fishery States but it is a bill that
I believe is not of great interest to some
`Senators. We told the Senate on Friday
that the bill would be brought up today
and that it. would be the only business
for today. The Senator from Alaska and
I would not mind putting this over until
tomorrow, but we found that in tomor-
row. the calendar of the Senate will be
wholly preoccupied with another im-
portant, major bill and we probably
would not get the opportunity to get our
bill through. I do not know whether
there is anything else before the Senate
between now and 2:30 o'clock. I did not
now so many Senators were interested
in having a yea-and-nay vote on the
amendments of the Senator from Del-
aware [Mr. WILLIAMS].
There is one other point I would like
to make. That is many of us ha'-e been
very, patient with the Food and Drug
Administration while they have been
considering the proposal from the Bu-
reau of Commercial Fisheries. I hope
these apparent recent delays will not
become serious and disturb this fine un-
derstanding and relationship.
Mr. WILLIAMS of Delaware. I have
no objection to
Mr, KUCHEL. Mr. President, putting
the question, has my unanimous-consent
request been acted upon?
Mr. MAGNUSON. Mr. President, I
am not going to object, but I hope that
we can dispose of this matter and get
On our way with other important legis-
lation. There is not much more to de-
bate between now and 2:30 o'clock on
the Senator's amendments, unless he has
something more to say.
Mr. GORE. Mr. President, reserving
the right to object, would the able Sen-
ator from California CMr. KuCHELI in-
dicate on what basis he concludes that
this luncheon downtown is important?
INTERIOR COMMENTS
We recommend the enactment of the bill
with the amendments suggested herein.
S. 2720 authorizes the Secretary of the
Interior to increase his present fish protein
concentrate research and experimentation
program and to build five experiment and
demonstration plants to produce this con-
centrate. The bill authorizes a maximum
appropriation of $5 million to construct
these plants and additional sums for opera-
tion and maintenance and the program itself.
Our amendments and comments thereon
are as follows:
1. On page 2, lines 4 and 5, delete the
words "not to exceed five experiment and
demonstration plants" and insert "one ex-
periment and demonstration plant."
2. Delete the last sentence in subsection
2(a) of the bill.
3. On )age 2, lines 6, 15, 18, and on page 3,
lines 1, 21, and 24 delete "plants" and insert
4. On page 2, line 23, delete "or plants".
5. On page 3, line 4, delete "Each con-
structed" and substitute "The".
These changes reduce the number of au-
thorized plants from five to one. This plant
would be an expanded version of the exist-
ing model-scale solvent system developed by
the Bureau of Commercial Fisheries of this
Department. Studies utilizing the current-
ly available model unit have indicated that a
highly nutritions fish protein concentrate
(FPC) can be produced using solvent extrac-
tion procedures.
It is now necessary to determine whether
a similar product can be manufactured on
a commercial scale within the economic
limits required. It is, also necessary to pro-
duce larger quantities of FPC for testing
purposes-to determine and demonstrate
where and to what extent it can be used as
a supplement with other food stuffs.
These needs justify the construction and
operation of one experiment and demonstra-
tion plant by the Federal Government at this
time.
It is possible, however, that when the
studies on other families of fishes are com-
pleted, additional plants may be needed. At
that time, the operation of the single plant
proposed herein will permit us to design
more efficient solvent-extraction plants,
tailored to the specific characteristics of
these other families of fishes. In addition,
work is underway on two other basic proc-
esses for the production of FPC--namely,
an enzymatic digestion process and a.physi-
cal cell disruption process.
It should be emphasized that we do not
now have a marketable product. Nor do we
know whether it can be manufactured on
a commercial scale within reasonable eco-
nomic limits.
COMPTROLLER GENERAL COMMENTS
It is our understanding that as of October
31, 1965, the Food and Drug Administration
has not approved whole fish protein concen-
trate for human consumption. According-
ly, you may wish to consider amending this
section of the bill to provide for deferment
of plant construction until such time as the
Secretary of the Interior shall ascertain that
the Food and Drug Administration will ap-
prove a whole ' fish protein concentrate for
human consumption.
Mr. WILLIAMS of Delaware. Mr.
President, each of these agencies heartily
endorses_the principle that we need but
one pilot plant. at this particular time.
They agree that it would be a waste of
money to build five pilot plants at this
time. I think It would be the height of
folly for the Senate to pass this bill au-
thorizing the expenditure of five times as
much as the agencies themselves say they
need or think they can spend efficiently,
particularly at a time when we are al-
ready operating on a deficit of several
million dollars per day.
Mr. President, I suggest the absence
of a quorum.
The PRESIDING OFFICER. The
clerk will call the roll.
The legislative clerk proceeded to call
the roll.
Mr. PASTORE. Mr. President, I ask
unanimous consent that the order for
the quorum call be rescinded.
The PRESIDING OFFICER. Without
objection, it is so ordered.
Mr. SALTONSTALL. Mr. President, ]:
am sure that most Members of this body
are familiar with fish protein concentrate
and the efforts which a number of us
have made to have it included in our
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they had been led, bound and barefoot, at the
end of ropes.
MARCH
On June 14 they were marched to another
prison camp and Sgt. Dodson told Cpl. Eckes
they were heading north, toward Da Nang.
On the` evening of June 18, Sgt. Dodson
said, he and Cpl. Eckes were sitting in a
circle with three Viet Cong guards eating
rice.
"I kept looking over there toward the car-
bines, trying to figure the distance, how
quick I could jump over there," Sgt. Dodson
said. For a while I almost backed out of
it.',
But Sgt. Dodson said he jumped up, ran
toward the tree, grabbed a carbine, cocked it
and whirled about.
"When I turned they were on their feet,
but they still had their rice dishes in their
hands,"', he said.-"I was scared, kind of
shaking."
"They looked at me," he said. "I looked
at them. Then they ran."
Sgt. Dodson said he then grabbed another
carbine and threw it to Cpl. Eckes.
"We just kept a canteen we had taken
from one of the VC packs and a little bag of
hard candy," Sgt. Dodson said. "We had
three pieces of candy each day."
On the second night they were almost re-
captured,
DANGER
.The Viet Cong must have had a search
party out," Sgt. Dodson said. "We could hear
them all around. We stayed as quiet as we
could. We'd decided earlier, tho, we'd fight
it out with them before they could capture
us again. But I was so scared I thought
they'd hear my heart beating. They went
right by us."
Cpl. Eckes said that at least three Viet
Gong walked within two or three feet of
where he and Sgt. Dodson were lying. They
passed two villages, one where the villagers
took after them with shovels and the other
where they were fed rice.
On the fourth night they saw "a light go-
ing round and round way off in the distance."
"We both figured it must be a light from the
Da Nang air base," Sgt. Dodson said.
They walked up a mountain to get a better
look.
"When we got up there we could seethe
lights of Da Nang," Sgt. Dodson said. "Man,
did that feel good"
ORDEAL OF Two MARINES: IN PRISON
DA NANG, June 27.-The Viet Cong segre-
gated a Negro U.S. Marine from a white Ma-
rine in a mountain prison camp to preach to
the Negro about the evils of segregation."
"You're a black American," they told Sgt.
James S. Dodson, 23, of York, Pa. "Why
should you fight the white man's battles for
him?
"Your, own people at home are fighting for
the same things we are."
When Sgt. Dodson remained silent, they
asked:
"Do you like the way your people are being
treated at home?"
"I approve to a certain extent," the Marine
said he answered. "Some things aren't right,
but many things are."
Sgt. Dodson and Cpl. Walter W. Eckes Jr.,
23, of New York are now back inside our
lines.' They escaped June 20 after disarming
their Red guards in the mountains.
Sgt. Dodson's interrogators bare down
heavily on alleged American injustices to
Negroes.
IMPERIALISTS
Cpl. Eckes said "every other word was about
(President) Johnson or (Defense Secretary)
McNamara" i4,th4tr questioning of him.
"They told me Johnson and McNamara
were , imperialists and kept repeating that
over, and over. They said the President and
McNamara weren't concerned with the little
people fighting their war, but only in making
money."
Later the two, Marines were interrogated
jointly and denounced as "imperialist Yankee
dogs."
"It seemed like the guy was angry when
he said it, but then he grinned," Sgt. Dodson
recalled.
Sgt. Dodson said morale among the Viet
Cong seemed high. They saw no signs of
defeatism or discouragement.
"They believe they're winning this war,"
Sgt. Dodson said, "and why shouldn't they?
They made us listen to Radio Hanoi every
day. They hear the same thing. If they're
shooting down 200 Yankee planes a day-
and Radio Hanoi tells them they are-they're
not going to think anything else but in terms
of winning,"
How does a man feel when he realizes
he's a prisoner?
"It's a hollow, sunk feeling," Cpl. Eckes
said. "You're lost. You don't think you
have any chance to escape. You think about
all those years ahead."
"You think about being sent to some kind
of concentration camp," said Sgt. Dodson.
"That's the hard part."
NO SIGNATURES
Both men said they were urged to sign
papers, but refused. Their captors did not
press them. Each prisoner gave only his
name, rank and serial number.
Neither man was forced to work or abused.
They spent their time playing cards and
reading. Sgt. Dodson taught Eckes Whist.
Their guards taught them a French game
called Lecarte. i
ou Vietnam Policy
,EXTENSION OF REMARKS
OF
HON. ROBERT B. DUNCAN
OF OREGON
IN THE HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES
Monday, June 27, 1966
Mr. DUNCAN of Oregon. Mr. Speaker,
the Washington Post published in its
editions of June 20, 1966, a lead editorial
that summed up in clear fashion the ob-
jectives of the administration in re,pect
to Vietnam. It also properly touched on
the many ambiguities, distress, and the
distaste that we must acknowledge as we
pursue and support our legitimate ob-
jectives in that unhappy land. I ask
that the editorial be published in the
Appendix of the RECORD.
SOUTH VIETNAM POLICY
President Johnson's press conference state-
ments on American policy in South Vietnam
put firmly on the record the intention of
the Government to persist in its present
policy until it achieves the objective of a
peace under which the independence of
South Vietnam is assured.
The President's assertion that "we must
continue to raise the cost of aggression at
Its source" by further attacks on military
targets in North Vietnam' wilt give disquiet
to many who would like to limit or diminish
the air attack. It well may foretell a long-
deferred assault upon petroleum storage fa-
cilities that ground and air military experts
long have desired. The air war seems bound
to escalate to include every military target in
the country eventually; but there is no in-
dication of an assault beyond military tar-
ets, At the same time, any air effort against
the the great fuel dumps at Haiphong and else-
where no doubt will involve. some civilian
casualties.
The casualties reported by the President
reflect the rising intensity of the conflict.
Dismay at the loss of 2200 Americans will
not be diminished by the knowledge that
the enemy has lost 22,500. The people of
this country will grieve over the calamity
that war visits upon both friend and foe;
no one will exult over the death of the un-
fortunate Vietnamese who have been har-
nessed to an aggressive military machine
by Communist power.
The President's plea for peace and an end
to the war will find an echo in every Ameri-
can heart; and most Americans will support
him as well in his determination to carry
on until an honorable peace is obtained.
It is, as the President says, a "bitter and an
ugly war." It also is a war the end of which
cannot now be foreseen. It seems likely to
go on for a long time. And it is also likely
that if the war in South Vietnam ends,
there will be aggression elsewhere. There
may be aggression at other points in the area
even while the war in South Vietnam con-
tinues.
The President spoke again of this Nation's
"responsibility and its commitment to help
Vietnam turn. back aggression from the
North." There can be disagreement and
difference over the legal basis for that re-
sponsibility and commitment. But beyond
the legal niceties and diplomatic detail there
lies a responsibility and a commitment from
which we cannot escape, no matter how hard
we may struggle or how much we repine.
We must be reconciled to the "price of great-
ness" to which Winston Churchill referred in
his Harvard speech in 1943: "One cannot
rise to be in many ways the leading com-
munity in the civilized world without being
involved in its problems, without being con-
vulsed by its agonies and inspired by its
causes."
The late E. W. Scripps predicted in 1915:
"Within two or three, or four decades, of
necessity, the American people will be inter-
vening in all international and world af-
fairs, settling disputes between nations and
suppressing such international conflicts as
may, by disturbing the world's peace, disturb
the serenity of the American people."
The destiny that Churchill foretold in
1943 and that Scripps envisioned in 1915 has
come upon us. It is a destiny that few Amer-
icans view with relish and one from which
many recoil with revulsion and dismay; but
we cannot retreat into the womb of history
and the prenatal comforts of gestating polit-
ical might. We find ourselves in a world
where great and powerful nations are using
force and the threat of force against small
countries. In such a world, the decision to
use or the decision not to use our power,
must determine the fate of many nations.
As anguishing as the price of war in South
Vietnam may be, in the lives of Americans
and in the lives of the soldiers of the coun-
tries allied with us, it is difficult to see any
alternative that would not exchange pres-
ent for future danger, inspire new aggress-
sion elsewhere and confirm in all aggressors
renewed faith in force as an instrument of
policy.
EXTENSION OF REMARKS
OF
HON. ROBERT A. EVERETT
OF TENNESSEE
IN THE HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES
Monday, June 27, 1966
Mr. EVERETT, Mr.. Speaker, there
appeared an editorial entitled "Pathetic
Gesture" in the Wednesday morning,
June 1, Commercial Appeal, an outstand-
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 June 27, 1966
where in the nearby mountains. About 12
South Vietnamese army prisoners also were
there,
After Several weeks of confinement in a
alil.all enemy prison camp somewhere south-
west of Danang, Dodson and Eckes were
taken by three guards on a march toward a
different prison camp.
They estimated the date at June 14 when
the trip began.
As the march progressed the marines noted
that their captors were careless with their
American-made captured carbines.
"They weren't carrying them in a position
where they could fire them immediately,"
Dodson said, "So we started planning how
we could get away from them."
On the evening of June 16 the two marines
were seated In a circle with their three cap-
,tors eating rice. The guerrillas had left their
.30-caliber carbines leaning against a tree
about 10 feet away.
"I kept looking over there toward the car-
bines, trying to figure the distance-how
quick I could jump over there," Dodson said.
`ALMOST BACKED OUT'
"For a while I almost backed out of it," he
added.
Finally, however, Dodson jumped up and
raced to the tree, grasping a carbine, cocking
It and whirling around.
"When I turned they were on their feet,
but they still had their rice dishes In their
hands," he said. "I was scared, kind of
shaking.
"They looked at me. I looked at them.
And then they ran."
Eckes took another carbine and Dodson
carried the third as they made ready to flee.
Eckes had boots but Dodson had only a pair
of sandals. Both men were dressed in Viet-
Iiamese peasant black pajamas but still had
their Marine fatigue uniforms in their packs.
"We went down the side of a mountain,"
said Dodson, "we kept going all night. We
wanted to get as far away as we could."
To lighten their burdens they threw away
their rice and subsisted for the next four
days on three pieces of hard candy a day for
each man.
On the second night of their escape they
were almost recaptured when, on a mountain
top, they heard voices and noise. The two
marines took cover in deep "elephant grass."
During the next two days they were almost
run over by the stampeding water buffaloes
and wandered until they reached a point
where they saw the lights of Danang.
"Man did that feel good," said Dodson.
Dodson's weight dropped from 195 to less
than 185 pounds and Eckes from 135 to 105
pounds. Both men were treated for ex-
haustion, lacerations from thorns and brush
and sore feet.
[From the Harrisburg (Pa.) Patriot,
June 27,19661
GRABS CONG RIFLE, ESCAPES WITH BUDDY:
YORK GI OUTWITS RED CAPTORS
DA NANG, SOUTH VIETNAM., The U.S. Ma-
rine prisoner made a desperate leap, grabbed
the carbine of one of his captors, cocked it,
and looked straight down the barrel at the
three surprised Viet Cong.
And then it was a whole new ball game.
This was part of a harrowing tale revealed
yesterday-the story of how two Leather-
necks, captured in separate Incidents in early
May, escaped from their captors and walked
for four days before finally reaching friendly
lines.
The Marines are Sgt. James S. Dodson, 23,
of York, Pa., and Lance Cpl. Walter W. Eckes,
20, of New York City.
The two met for the first time on May 12
in a Communist detention camp where they
had been led-bound and barefoot-at the
end,pf ropes.
They were suffering from hunger, minor
lacerations, infections and near exhaustion
Approved FCONGRESSIONAL 1RECORDDP6APPENDIX00400080004-6
when they made contact with a Marine unit
last Monday at An Hoag 20 miles southwest
of Da Nang.
They had survived the last four days of
their ordeal on water from streams and rice
paddies and a few pieces of candy a day.
Their overall condition was described as
good.
On one occasion they came within a few
feet of being recaptured.
Dodson, who arrived in Viet Nam in July,
1965, is a member .of the 3rd Engineer Bat-
talion, 3rd Marine Division. 'He holds the
purple heart for a leg wound sustained last
December. He has a 10-month-old son he
has never seen.
He was working on a roadbuilding project
seven miles southeast of Da Nang when he
was captured.
He had walked forward to check the area
where the road was to extend. There was
a cluster of huts and he was walking around
one when "something hit me on the side of
the head. It stunned me and I fell."
He said there were six Viet Cong and they
subdued him and bound his hands with
rope, then removed his boots.
They started dragging him by a 10-foot
rope but Dodson said he managed to get to
his feet. His captors then started running,
pulling him behind them.
"We got to a river, crossed it In a boat,
then started running some more," Dodson
said. "Then we stopped and were met by a
whole group of VC, maybe 30 or 40, all
armed."
After a while, he said, four of them led
him off in a. southwesterly direction. They
walked for three days and nights until they
arrived at the detention camp.
During the journey, the sergeant said, he
and his captors passed through several vil-
alges and bypassed others. He said the
people in the villages they went through
"seemed to be friendly," and some of the
people gave him bananas and cookies.
Dodson said his captors did not treat him
roughly during the trip and that they gave
him rice and water. He said they arrived at
the camp in the mountains on May 9.
Eckes, a radio operator with an artillery
forward observer team attached to "Charlie"
Company, 9th Marine Regiment, was hitch-
hiking back to his company from regimental
headquarters at the time of his capture on
May 10.
He said three armed. Vietnamese, whom he
thought were South Vietnamese soldiers,
leveled rifles at him.
"I was stunned and it was too late to do
anything," said Eckes.
The Viet Cong took his .45-cal. automatic,
bound him and took him to a nearby village.
He later was led toward the south. Two
days later he reached the camp where Dod-
son was held.
Both men reported that when they arrived
at the camp their feet were blistered, cut and
swollen. They said a Vietnamese doctor
treated them. They were also taken to a
stream to wash and given more rice.
Each evening, the Marines said, the Viet
Cong leader of the camp came to the hut
where they were held. They were taken
from the hut and forced to listen for a half
hour to an English-language newscast from
Radio Hanoi. They also were given Commu-
nist newspapers and pamphlets to read.
The Marines said that on occasions they
were questioned about military matters but
refused to answer. They said there were no
attempts to force information from them.
Dodson and Eckes said they often discussed
the possibility of escaping.
'On June 14 they were being taken to an-
other camp.
"They said they were going to take us there
to school us about the National Liberation
Front and other things," Dodson said.
"I told Eckes we were heading north, to-
ward De Nang," Dodson said. "Then after
A341!)
some time we could even hear the artillery
firing and I knew we were heading toward
De Nang."
Dodson said that on the evening of June 16
he and Eckes were seated in a circle with
three Viet Cong guards eating rice. He said
their captors had left their carbines against
a tree about 10 feet away.
"I kept looking over there toward the
carbines, trying to figure the distance, how
quick I could jump over there," Dodson said.
"For a while I almost backed out of it."
But Dodson said he jumped up, ran toward
the tree, grabbed a carbine, cocked it and
whirled about.
"When I turned they were on their feet,
but they still had their rice dishes in their
hands," Dodson said. "I was scared, kind
of shaking."
"They looked at me," the sergeant said.
"I looked at them. And then they ran."
Dodson said that when the three Viet Cong
guards ran he grabbed another carbine and
threw it to Eckes.
Dodson said he picked up the third car-
bine and a pack he had been carrying.
Dodson said the next morning they threw
away the extra carbine because it was too
much to carry.
"We just kept a canteen we had taken
from one of the VC packs and a little bag of
hard candy," he said. "There was a lot of
rice but we did not want to carry it along.
Besides, we couldn't take a chance on cook-
ing it."
The Marines said they limited themselves
to three pieces of candy each day of their
four-day trek.
On the second night they were almost re-
captured.
"They must have had a search party out,"
Dodson said. "We could hear them all
around. We stayed quiet as we could. We'd
decided earlier, though, we'd fight it out
with them before they could capture us
again. But I was so scared I thought they'd
hear my heart beating. They went right by
Eckes said that at least three Viet Cong
walked within two or three feet of where
he and Dodson were lying.
"We just stayed in the same spot the
rest of the night," he said.
On the fourth night they saw "a light
going round and round way off in the dis-
tance," Dodson said. "We both figured it
must be a light from the Da Nang air
base."
They walked up a mountain to get a bet-
ter look.
"When we got up there we could see the
lights of Da Nang," Dodson said. "Man did
that feel good."
The two Marines spent the night on the
mountaintop.
Dodson said they had hoped to signal a
plane with a mirror Eckes had stolen from
the shaving kit of one of his captors. But
they were unsuccessful in signaling a plane.
They started moving again. Finally they
came to a South Vietnamese military out-
post.
Dodson, who ordinarily weighs. 195 pounds,
had lost over 30 pounds. Eckes was down to
.105 pounds from his usual 135.
[From the Washington (D.C.) Daily News,
June 27, 19661
ORDEAL OF Two MARINES: ESCAPE
DA NANG, S. VIET NAM, June 27.-Sgt.
James S. Dodson, of York, Pa., held a rice
bowl in his shaky hand. His eyes were glued
to three carbines his Viet Cong captors
stacked against a tree.
In one desperate leap, Sgt. Dodson seized
one of the carbines, and aimed It at the three
Viet Cong. The Viet Cong fled and so did
Sgt. Dodson, 23, and a fellow Marine corporal,
Walter W. Eckes, 20, of New Bork City.
The two Marines met for the first time
May ' 12 in a communist prison camp where
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