THE LATE GUY A. TRAMMEL

• Document Type: CREST
• Collection: General CIA Records
• Document Number (FOIA) /ESDN (CREST): CIA-RDP67B00446R000400070018-2
• Release Decision: RIFPUB
• Original Classification: K
• Document Page Count: 15
• Document Creation Date: December 16, 2016
• Document Release Date: June 27, 2005
• Sequence Number: 18
• Publication Date: May 2, 1966
• Content Type: OPEN

May 2, 1966
Approved F %I k(L6/ {tC@I*gUN gON46R000400070018-2 8977
The Japanese are a bit exasperated by sug-
gestions along this line, pointing out that,
among other things, that their American-
dictated constitution specifically forbids the
stationing of any Japanese troops on for-
eign territory.
No doubt, there are plenty of. Americans
today Who would like to see this provision of
tit tion amended. But ever since
u
enbe over the long run, the Chinese are 'doing
very little to encourage the courtship.
ON RECOGNIZING CHINA
When it comes to the problem of recogniz-
ing China it is undoubtedly true that there
is less pressure in Japan today than 'there
was a year ago. On the matter of recogni-
tion, in fact, the Japanese are over very
much the same barrel as the United States.
Their relations with Taiwan are close and
cordial, their trade with the Nationalist
Chinese almost as great as with the main-
land. Above all, perhaps, the Japanese are
highly conscious of the fact that Taiwan
lies across their vital lines of sea communi-
oation to southeast Asia and the Middle East
and are determined that it shall remain in
friendly hands.
The debate over China policy in Washing-
ton, therefore, has aroused mixed reactions
here. The Japanese are relieved at assur-
ances from Secretary Rusk that the United
States does not expect to fight a war with
China-an assurance which they would like
to hear repeated as often and as loudly as
possible. On the other hand, as pioneers
In the business of trying to coax Peking out
of its own isolation, they are somewhat baf-
fled by glib assurances of American experts
that this can be done without simultane-
ously scuttling the Nationalist regime on
Taiwan.
On the question of Vietnam as well, the
debate in Washington has brought about
an encouraging turn of Japanese thinking.
Though Japan's antiwar bias remains strong,
there is less emotional opposition to the
military intervention of the United States
and far better understanding of the issues at
stake than before. On the question of Viet-
nam, the Japanese would seem to stand
somewhere in the vicinity, and somewhat
on the right side of Senator FULBRIGHT.
MILITARY DECISIONS
the cons
1951, when Secretary of State Dulles urged
the immediate rearming of Japan and was
politely told to go jump into the Yellow Sea,
the Japanese with the hearty approval
their neighbors have firmly insisted on a
nonmilitary posture. Yet this, too, has re-
cently become a matter of public discussion.
The Sato government itself has taken the
lead in opening a debate on basic security
questions in the Diet with the avowed pur-
pose of squelching unrealistic demands tof
the opposition for the scrapping
United States-Japan Security Treaty.
The treaty, first signed in 1951 and revised
in 1960, has been under violent attack from
the opposition from the beginning. Japan's
Socialists naturally criticise it as tying Ja-
pan too closely to American apron strings
and have played on the theme that Japan
might become involved in war as the result of
the existence of American bases on Japanese
soil.
Conservatives as well have criticized the
treaty as limiting Japan's freedom of choice
in foreign affairs. Until very recently most-
observers have felt that the Government
faced rough sledding when the treaty comes
up to review and possible renunciation in
The Japanese Foreign Office, however, does
not seem to share these fears. At least it has
come out swinging on the issue in a "unified"
view after lengthy consultations with all gov-
ernment leaders, the alternatives to the pres-
t according to this argument, would
a
t
military commitment in Vietnam, is vir-
tually hamstrung. The reaction so far has
been highly encouraging. Shorn of any mili-
tary or political implications, the new ver-
sion of Japan's ill-fated prewar coprosperity
sphere has a bright future in which many of
the free nations of Asia will be eager to share.
DESTRUCTION OF SUPPLIES IN
VIETNAM
(Mr. MIZE asked and was given per-
mission to address the House for 1 min-
ute and to revise and extend his re-
marks.)
Mr. MIZE. Mr. Speaker, I was amazed
to read the following report in Fri-
day's Wall Street Journal which would,
if true, indicate a gross inconsistency on
the part of somebody in our conduct of
certain phases of the mess in Vietnam:
Large catches of Vietcong supplies were
turned up by U.S. troops seeking jungle
terminals of the Ho Chi Minh trail near
the Cambodian border. The Americans
began destroying the hundreds of tons of
rice, salt, cooking oil, and sheet tin-one of
the richest such lodes ever unearthed in Viet-
nam.
How in heaven's name can we justify
destroying food on the one hand, con-
tinue to acknowledge a shortage of it
on the other, and do all we can to get
more out there?
J"'~'`HE LATE GUY A. TRAMMEL
(Mr. O'HARA of Illinois asked and was
given permission to address the House
for 1 minute and to revise and extend
his remarks.)
Mr. O'HARA of Illinois. Mr. Speaker,
Guy A. Trammel, who died on my birth-
day last week, is being buried today. For
years he was an employee of the Con-
gressional Hotel newsstand and was well
and affectionately known by many of my
colleagues in the House who will be
saddened by the tidings of his passing.
He is survived by his on, Richard A.
Trammel, to whom I convey expression
of the sincere sympathy of this body.
Guy Trammel was a fine American who
retained the spirit of youth well pass his
80th birthday. He lived cheerfully and
helpfully a long life on the simple rule of
understanding of and service to his
fellow man.
y,
re
env
be either unarmed neutrality which would
leave Japan "utterly defenseless" or a fully
armed neutrality, including the production
of nuclear weapons, entailing a 'tremendous
financial burden' which would be almost im-
possible for Japan."
The report concludes:
"Judging from these facts, the mainte-
nance of the current security treaty, as com-
pared with nonmilitary neutralism or mili-
tary neutralism, is the most realistic, reliable
and the least dangerous means in the present
world situation." The Socialists, no doubt
will continue to denounce this line of rea-
soning. But since there is virtually no
chance that the Socialists will come to power
between now and 1970-or for a good many
years thereafter-the outlook for the sur-
vival of the treaty would seem considerably
improved.
Japan's new role in Asia, therefore, will be
limited and conditioned by the realities of
Japan's situation. Since national security
and economic interests are dominant con-
sideraitons, Japan must remain firmly tied
to the Western World for the foreseeable fu-
ture. Within this limitation, however, Japan
can be expected to make the most of its
advantage as an Asian nation with enormous
economic potential.
The self-conscious effort to minimize polit-
ical conflicts may make for certain difficulties
with the new hawks among the Asian na-
tions, notably Korea and Taiwan. But in the
Japanese view at least, this is a risk worth
taking if it results In the establishment of
firm relations with countries of the neutralist
camp. In Indonesia alone, the Japanese see
a superb opportunity for the kind of neigh-
borly assistance which they, almost alone,
are capable of providing.
In short, the Japanese today are proposing
to begin to carry the ball in a good many
places where it badly needs carrying and
where the United States, with its essential
The decision to bomb North Vietnam took
them by surprise, they say, because they did
not understand at the time the seriousness
of the military situation in the country. The
fear that the war would escalate into a gen-
eral conflict with China-which remains the
dominant Japanese obsession-now seems to
have been somewhat allayed.
The shifting of public attitude is illus-
trated by the changing tune of the Japa-
nese press.
Last year the two leading newspapers,
Mainichi and Asahi both sent their foreign
editors on a 'trip to Hanoi, the capital of
Communist North Vietnam. The reports of
Minoru Omori of Mainichi caused a sensation
In Japan, describing in lurid detail the effects
of the American bombing attacks, including
one particularly heart-rending story of the
destruction of a leprosorium near the capi-
tal.
Shoru Hata, of Asahi, whose reports were,
less colorful, was at some disadvantage until
it was discovered that Omori's "eyewitness"
reports had been culled largely from North
Vietnamese propaganda films and Omori lost
his job.'
A growing understanding about Vietnam
does not imply, of course, a complete iden-
tity of view between Tokyo and Washington
When it comes to the larger problems of
southeast Asia. The major difference; per-
haps, is a refusal to believe that China at this
point represents much of a military threat to
the countries surrounding it. The belliger-
ancy of the leadership in Peking is read here
as a sign of weakness rather than strength.
Of all the mixed emotions which the Japa-
nese display toward' China, fear is perhaps
the least conspicuous:
Their ambition to ~atticfpate more actively
in Asian affairs, furthermore, by no means
implies a 'willingness to assume any part of
the military burden in Vietnam or elsewhere.
CONSENT CALENDAR
The SPEAKER pro tempore (Mr. AL-
BERT). This is Consent Calendar day.
The Clerk will call the first measure on
the Consent Calendar.
NATIONAL FLAG WEEK
The Clerk called the House joint res-
olution (H.J. Res. 763) authorizing the
President to proclaim the week in which
June 14 occurs as National Flag Week.
There being no objection, the Clerk
read the resolution, as follows:
H.J. RES. 763
Resolved by the Senate and House of Rep-
resentatives of the United States of America
in Congress assembled, That the President is
authorized and requested to issue annually a
proclamation designating the week in which
June 14 occurs as National Flag Week, and
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~G~it~~SIUNA RECORD - HOUSE May 2, 1966
Balling upon all citizens to display the flag of States for the observance of such a week with A motion to reconsider was laid on the
the United States on those days. appropriate proceedings and ceremonies. table.
The House joint resolution was or- With the following committee amend-
dered to be engrossed and read a third ments:
time, was read the third time, and DESTRUCTION OF UNFIT
On page line delete "in each year"
passed, and a motion to reconsider was and insert in n lieu thereof "1946 46". CURRENCY
laid on the table. On page 1, line 4, delete "Steel Mark" and The Clerk called the bill (H.R. 5305)
Mr. SMITH of California. Mr. insert in lieu thereof "Steelmark". to authorize revised procedures for the
Speaker, I am gratified that the House On page 1, line 8, delete "a week" and in- destruction of unfit Federal Reserve
has passed today my resolution to make sert "month". notes, and for other purposes.
a National Flag Week Possible and I hope The committee amendments were The SPEAKER pro tempore. Is there
that the Senate and the President will agreed to. objection to the present consideration
act quickly so that we may have our first (Mr. MOORE asked-a.nd was given per- of the bill?
National Flag Week next month. My mission to revise and extend his remarks Mr. PELLY. Mr. Speaker, reserving
bill calls for National Flag Week to be at this point in the RECORD.) the right to object, in connection with
the week in which June 14-National Mr. MOORE. Mr. Speaker, I am this bill I notice that the report snakes
Flag Day-occurs. The historic im- pleased to have authored this resolution the statement that the legislation as
portance of this date in American his- which asks the President of the United amended has been approved by the See-
tory is deserving of a longer period of States to designate the month of May retary of the Treasury and the Federal
celebration by the Government and the 1966 as Steelmark Month in recognition Reserve Board. Speaking for the ob-
public. The passage of this bill at this of the tremendous contribution made by jectors, we would like to have the actual
time also amounts to a rousing vote of the steel industry to the national security letters or reports printed right in the
confidence for our U.S. forces in Viet- and defense of our country. text of the report, and I would hope,
nam. This will show our boys we are In my congressional district alone, two since I plan to ask unanimous consent
really behind them. I can think of no majorsteel companies and related steel- to have this legislation passed over, it
more fitting tribute to our fighting using companies provide jobs for 30,000 having been scheduled to come up under
troops and to the many millions of other people along both sides of the Ohio suspension, that when it does, the legis-
Americans who revere our flag and every- River. Nationally, the steel industry pro- lative history will be strengthened dur-
thing for which it stands, than enact- vides jobs for 450,000 people alone and, ing consideration under suspension, and
ment of this legislation into law. including steel-consuming industries, ac- that the actual letter Of the Secretary of
counts for one-third of all manufactur- the Treasury and the communication
STEELMARK MONTH Ing jobs in the Nation. from the Federal Reserve Board will be
The Clerk called the House joint reso- There are about 275 companies in the included in the RECORD.
reserv-
the PATMAN. right to right to abjMr.ect, Speaker,
(H.J. Res. 1001) to provide for the tUnited States engaged in the manufac- ure and fabrication ot steel, t rning out ing Mr.
lution to
may ay I speak to
designation of the month of May in each 10,000 different products ranging from the gentleman?
year as "Steelmark Month." bobby pins to bridges and locomotives. Mr. PELLY. I still have time under
The SPEAKER pro tempore. Is there The Steelmark observance, launched my reservation of objection. I will yield
objection to the present consideration of nearly 5 years ago in my congressional to the gentleman from Texas.
the House joint resolution? district, has grown from a weeklong Mr. PATMAN. Mr. Speaker, I thought
Mr. GROSS. Mr. Speaker, reserving celebration in Weirton to a monthlong the gentleman had made a unanimous-
the right to object, I trust that during salute to steel involving Wheeling, Weir- consent request, and I was reserving the
the month that is to be designated as ton, Follansbee, and Wellsburg on the right to object.
Steelmark Month consideration will be West Virginia side of the Ohio River and Mr. PELLY. Mr. Speaker, I did not
given to the increasing amounts of for- Steubenville, Mingo Junction, and To- make that unanimous-consent request
eign steel that are being imported into ronto on the Ohio side. yet.
this country to deprive American work- The observance of Steelmark Month Mr. PATMAN. Mr. Speaker, will the
erA of jobs, and that during the desig- has grown into national proportions. gentleman yield?
noted month the House will at some time Most areas of the country that are identi- Mr. PELLY. I yield to the gentleman
or other give consideration to doing fied with making of steel now observe from Texas.
something about the Trade Agreements Steelmark Month. It is for this reason, Mr. PATMAN. Mr. Speaker, may I
Act when it next appears on the floor of I feel the time has come for the people invite the gentleman's attention to page
the House with r6spect to providing at of the United States to recognize the 6 of the hearings. There is a letter from
least some protection for the domestic tremendous contributions made by the Mr. Martin, Chairman of the Federal
steel industry. people of steel to our way of life, to our Reserve Board, in which he endorses this
Mr. ROGERS of Colorado. Mr. national defense and security, and to our legislation. There is also a letter from
Speaker, will the gentleman. yield? Nation's welfare. the Secretary of the Treasury support-
Mr. GROSS. I yield to the gentleman Steelmark is a symbol of high-quality, ing this legislation.
from Colorado. American-made steel and consists of I would like to put this in the RECORD
Mr. ROGERS of Colorado. I thank three four-pointed stars in a circle. One at this point, along with the letter from
the gentleman. I am sure that full at- star is colored yellow, one orange, and Mr. Martin. I ask unanimous consent to
tention will be paid to this problem dur- one blue. The yellow star signifies that do this.
ing the mont4 In question. I believe steel lightens your work. The orange The SPEAKER pro tempore. Is there
there are some amendments at the desk. star signifies that steel brightens your objection to the request of the gentleman
The SPEAKER pro fempore. Is there leisure. The blue star signifies that steel from Texas?
objection to the present consideration of widens your world. There was no objection.
the House joint resolution? I believe it is incumbent upon all of BOARD OF GOVERNORS,
There being no objection, the Clerk us in view of the growing influx of cheap, OF THE FEDERAL RESERVE SYSTEM,
read the House joint resolution, as foreign-made steel, to recognize and Washington, February 18, 1966.
follows: honor through this resolution the men Hon. WRIGHT PATMAN,
H.J. RES. 1001 and women who make steel and who Chairman, Committee on Banking and Cur-
C
ur-
Resolved by the Senate and House of Repre- work in steel-using industries in Amer- rency, House of Representatives, Wash-
D
Resolved of the United States of America ica. I urge its adoption. DEAR ling ton. CH.
in Congress assembled, That the month of letter This is 1966, response
May in each The House joint resolution was ordered to your letter of February 15, 1966, in which
y year is hereby designated as to be engrossed and read a third time, you asked for a report on H.R. 5305, to au-
"Steel Mark month" in recognition of the was read the third time, and passed. thorize revised procedures for destruction of
tremendous contribution made by the steel
industry in the United States to the national The title was amended so as to read: unfit Federal Reserve notes.
security and defense of our country. The "Joint resolution to provide for the desig- The Board urges prompt approval of the
President is requested to issue a proclama- nation of the month of May 1966 as bill, It money needed not simply because is will
tion calling upon all people of the United 'Steelmark Month'." approaching y abut when also the because al the day Reserve is banks
Federal
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r...ekMsg~A~rqkp~~9.A - Q
May 2, 1966
9019
for sale or any commercial use in the people of Polish origin scattered through The United States of America sometimes
United States"-free. out the world, as well as other freedom- called the melting pot of the world, has
been enriched with the contributions made
The, purpose of this afrxendment is to loving people, join in this cammemara- by our immigrants that came from the
reduce the unnecessary hardship on those tion of the historic Constitution Day of cradle of European democracy. Whenever the
returning American residents such as Poland. Polish people have taken domicile in the
businessmen, teachers, and missionaries, We in the Congress must continue to United States, their citizenry has proved
who of necessity have had to purchase show how strongly we support the desire second to none. They have taken an active
certain personal effects and articles for of the Polish people for the restoration part in education, religion, law, civic, so-m
affairs. their own or their families' use abroad. of freedom and a democratic govern- and pand at otism ha etbeen unexcelled. loyalty
They
Currently such effects are considered by ment which truly represents them. have carried old Glory in both war and
the Customs Bureau as falling within the Typical of the editorial comment in peace and they stand ever ready to protect
$100 personal exemption of duty-free the Polish-American press of the coun- our priceless heritage regardless of the sacri-
articles allowed returning residents. In try is an editorial in the Polish Amer- flee connected therewith.
many instances this exemption is far too ican Journal of April 30 which I insert In observing this anniversary of a great
small to cover the used wardrobe or per- in the RECORD as part of my remarks: event in the history of Poland, let us rec-ld,
brave, sonal effects of a returning family. [From the Polish American Journal, Apr. ognize that the fate e of this od and Amgreat
As the customs provisions for return- 30, 19661 nation t ion still t l list a r and Potsdam, we played
ing residents, who have been abroad over THIRD o8 MAY CONSTITUTION a role not entirely compatible with our
1 year, are currently interpreted and ap- On May 3, people of Polish background ideals. Let us all hope and pray that Po-
plied, books, furniture, and similar house- throughout the world will celebrate the an- land, the first nation in Europe to adopt
hold effects which were actually bought niversary of the adoption of the Constitution a democratic form of government, will be
and used abroad, could, after proper cer- of the Republic of Poland. It will be a most permitted to work out her own destiny
tification of such use, be brought back memorable day to all, especially this year, under a government of her own, chosen by
to the United States, free of duty. The When Poles celebrate the 1,000th anniversary her own people in a free election.
Commissioner of Customs, however, has of the country's conversion to Christianity.
stated specifically that clothing and per- We are sure that the people in Poland Another excellent commentary which
will secretly pay homage to the authors of points out how the Gomulka dictatorship
sonal effects are not included in this that great Constitution adopted on May 3, is thwarting Poland's observance of their
exemption. ' 1791, reminding themselves that "Poland is millenium of Christianity appeared in
Many American citizens,, who have not dead yet, while we are alive." the April 23 edition of the Polish Ameri-
enntion of settlingepermane tlyhouno in- Th tside of the Polish nation will bet in Czestochowa, can. I insert this column by Harry E. on May 3, the the United States, have had to buy cloth- Poland, where the greatest religious ceremony Dembkowski in the RECORD as a con-
ing and personal articles overseas for in the history of the country Will take place tinuation of my remarks:
before the miraculous picture of the Black [From the Polish American, Apr. 23, 19661
their own use. Granted that a sub- Madonna-to commemorate the millennium. THE MILLENNIUM SPOILER,
stantial allowance is made by customs it was on May 3, 1791, that Poland guar- (By Harry E. Dembkowski)
in the value of such articles by reason anteed freedom to all her citizens by adopt-
of its use or wear abroad, it is evident ing a constitution, and became the first na- Even to the most optimistic of optimists, the events as
slow
seem to quit to pay duty on used clothing ns document proclaiming the principle ofrhu- saying with unmist k nt clarity: The Year of
to, say abroad merely o added who might expense man liberty. the Polish Millennium is fast taking on the
be say a returning missionary who miCn September 1, 1939, Poland was the first appearance of a fiasco. Poland-in the past,
be coming home on furlough or for re- nation to take up arms to resist Nazi aggres- not uncommonly treated by the larger na-
assignment. The purpose of my bill is Sion-the first who had the courage to say, tions with a mixture of amusement and
to eliminate this burden on returning "No" to Hitler. Yes, Poland was first to fight, contempt-is in danger of becoming an in-
American residents. and for this honor paid dearly with the blood ternational laughing stock as its most her-celebration I believe that this amendment is of her soldiers, September campaign not only but onnd Aying alded
um, tut a into farce, decades, the millen-all n
urgently needed to clarify the personal fronts-in Norway, France, in the Battle of The latest in a chain of events that
exemption provisions of our customs s du Britain, Africa, Italy, Belgium, Normandy, prompts this unpleasant but necessary ob-
ies, as well as to reduce the customs bur- Holland, Germany-on the seas, and in the servation was the recent refusal by the
den on bona fide American citizens re- skies over Europe. Gomulka regime to grant a tourist visa to
turning from abroad. Poland was the first' ally. While Poland Pope Paul VI. A host of other church dig-
was the "mother of the United Nations," she nitaries, including Chicago's Archbishop
was excluded from the Conference of the Cody, are likewise being prevented from vis-
POLISH MILLENNIUM OF United Nations, convened on April 25, 1945, iting the country. As a result, the millen-
CHRISTIANITY at San Francisco. Yet the thought that was nium celebrations will be deprived of much
th S Francisco Con- worldwide publicity it would otherwise have
an
f
(Mr. DERWINSKI (at the request of
Mr. SKUBITZ) was granted permission
to extend his remarks at this point in
the RECORD and to include extraneous
matter.)
Mr. DERWINSKI. Mr. Speaker, May
3 is the traditional independence day of
Poland, specifically commemorating the
Polish Constitution of May 3, 1791. This
year, the 175th observance of the adop-
tion of the first democratic constitution
in Europe, has special significance for
the Polish people since they are also
commemorating their millennium of
Christianity.
Unfortunately, under the tyrannical
domination of their Communist rulers,
the brave people of Poland cannot speak
out on this day as proudly and vigorously
as they wish. The Gomulka dictator-
ship, which obviously is not representa-
tive of the freedom-loving Polish people,
forbids proper observance of the religious
and historical events of which the Po-
lish people are so rightly proud. More-
over, Americans of Polish extraction and
a
to guide the work o
ference was expressed by a Polish king In received; as a result, in other words, the
1750-Stanislaw Leszezynski, one of the early millennium is being reduced from a first-
protagonists of international cooperation, class spectacle of international importance,
who wrote a memorandum on strengthen- into a second-rate event of little importance
ing the general peace. The thought under- outside of Poland and Polonia.
lying his plan was that the community of The cause of this systematic downgrading
nations should go to the assistance of any is clear. The Gomulka regime, a Communist
country attacked. Likewise, in 1833, Poland's dictatorship which does not truly represent,
greatest poet, Adam Mickiewicz, proclaimed nor has ever represented, the Polish Nation
in his works the ideal of the common broth- as its legitimate government, is envious of
erhood of man-a genuine international or- the church's prominent position in Poland
ganization. today. It is particularly concerned about
The Polish people have pioneered and Cardinal Wyszynski's position as the nation's
cradled the cause of liberty and justice, paramount moral and spiritual leader.
not only for their country, but in many And so the regime is quite willing to play
parts of Europe and the United States of the role of spoiler. Knowing that commu-
America. nism cannot successfully compete Rvith
The Poles fought against a German in- catholicism in winning the loyalty of the
vader trying to steal other peoples' lands Polish people, and although careful to avoid
as far back as the year 963. In 1241 they any too obvious persecution of the church,
saved Europe from the invading Tartar the regime is doing all it can to nullify, as
hordes. In 1685 it was King Sobieski and much as possible, the millennium of Polish
the gallant Poles who protected and saved Christianity.,
Christianity from the ravages of the Moham- Because of the undeniable damage that is
medan sword and stopped the infidel hordes being done to the nation's international pres-
from overrunning Europe and destroying tige, this entire matter should prompt a to-
the Christian people. The liberty-loving tal reassessment by America-and especially
Poles came to the aid of our American by Polonia-of its relationship to Poland's
Colonies In, the Revolutionary War. Communist government.
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CONGRESSIONAL RECORD -HOUSE May 2, 1966
There are those who claim that the Go- dent has the widest and best sources of
mulka regime must be trea
d
i
l
te
cord
al
y be- information and there seemed to be no
cause it is Poland's sole government. This reason why he has not deserved con
regime must be respected and even aided
by the United States, it is argued, because gressional support. At home I have pub-
then and only then will the Polish Colnmu- licly stated with regard to Vietnam that
nists "mellow" and "evolve" into a lighter, President Johnson had my support, and
more pleasing shade of red, I said, too, that I was proud Republicans
But somehow this "liberal thesis" (so- in Congress were not making a partisan
called because it is principally expounded issue out of our policy in Southeast
by the Amerncan political left) has not borne -Asia.
much fruit in recent years. Since the much- Today, Mr. Speaker, I am departing
lauded "October thaw" of 1956, there has been a gradual re-freezing of the red ice from normal silence and have written
pack. Not only has the "liberalization" the President suggesting that the
trend been halted, it has reversed itself and United States might urge on various
is now proceeding in the opposite direction. contending political groups in South
Why is this? Perhaps because the "liberal Vietnam that the United Nations super-
thesis" is in error. As the recent hints of vise the upcoming elections. Thereafter,
Stalinist rehabilitation in Russia seem to under my suggestion, If it was declared
indicate, a totalitarian dictatorship is too
durable a system to simply wither away un-
der its own weight. Many hopeful observ- United States would withdraw its troops
ers--including many Poles-misjudged Go- if North Vietnam, on her part, agreed
mulka's intentions in 1956 and-with the to discontinue her aggression F
assist in achieving stability. Through the
United Nations we and other nations- would
provide economic aid to help South Vietnam
work out her own destiny.
It hardly seems possible that the Buddhists,
Catholics, and the other political groups in
Vietnam would not accept such a plan. As
to North Vietnam's willingness or good faith,
there may be some question, but certainly
another attempt to achieve peace would be
worth a try.
Meanwhile, I continue to support your
southeast Asian policy.
Respectfully,
THOMAS M. PELLY,
Member of Congress.
rom
obvious exception of the experience-wise then on it would be up to the United [Mr. BRAY'S remarks will appear
Poles--many still persist in misjudging both Nations to provide against civil disorder hereafter in the Appendix.]
him and his regime
. or to protect against extremist aggres-
To realize what the "liberal thesis" has sion. Any future military action would
consistently overlooked, one should keep in
mind a most perceptive observation made under the United Nations of which,
by Milovan Djilas in his famous critique of as with Korea, we would carry the
Communist society, "The New Class." He heaviest load. But I would hope there
wrote: would be no such action.
"ideas, philosophical principles, the na- Herewith, Mr. Speaker, is the text of
tion and the people, their history, in part my letter to President Johnson which is
even ownership-all this can be changed and dated May 2, 1966:
sacrificed. But not power. Because this
would signify communism's renunciation of CONGRESS OF THE UNITED STATES,
itself, of its own essence. Individuals can HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES,
do this. But the class, the party, the oli- Washington, D.C., May 2,1966.
garchy cannot. This is the purpose and the Hon. LYNDON B. JOHNSON,
meaning of its existence." The White House,
Gomulka is a fanatical Communist by con- Washington, D.C.
viction and an authoritarian by nature. He DEAR Mn. PRESIDENT: This letter has to do
was swept back into power on a wave of with Vietnam, but, unlike many letters which
popular enthusiasm during the "October you receive from Members of Congress, it
revolution," of which he was not the leader yo not say and in one the a breath next that I to show
but basically a bystander. Far from being your ur policies an next proceed to show
stimulated by the spontaneity of the acclaim ' lack of confidence in your judgment by urg-
he first received, he is profoundly distrust- ing escalation or deescalation of the war.
ful of the people and, in the years since then, policies Without msucherited du thicap felt reur
has steadfastly chipped away at the flattering hefl full l support I port of have Congress.
monument-that unreal image-which the achieve Knowing Knv of your continuing desire 'to
Polish people and, even more, the Western Lodge e returning with Ambassador I am
observers, had erected to him. The "retro- Lodge for consultations, am
gression from October" has mainly been of offering s a suggestion which you might think
his doing-and not simply the result of This worth discussing with him.
Soviet pressure. suggestion is very simple: namely,
that the United States use its influence with
Gomulka and his system represent a ter- the present government and the various con-
rible aberration of Poland's thousand-year- tending political groups in South Vietnam to
old cultural heritage. He cannot, therefore, try to obtain an agreement whereby the
be considered Poland's official, legal, spokes- United Nations would supervise the upcom-
man. And his mischievous acts in attempt- ing elections. If the United Nations there-
ing to scuttle the millennium merely com- after declares these elections were free and in
pound the great chasm which separates him accordance with democratic procedures, then
and.his cohorts from the overwhelming ma- the United States would withdraw its troops
jority of Poles both at home and abroad- if North Vietnam agrees to cease her aggres-
who had hoped to see, in the millennium, a Sion. It would be up to the United Nations
great event of historic dimensions. to supervise any truce or agreement and to
UNITED NATIONS INSTEAD OF THE
UNITED STATES MIGHT ASSIST
SOUTH VIETNAM WORK OUT HER
OWN DESTINY
(Mr. PELLY (at the request of Mr.
SKUBITZ) was granted permission to ex-
tend his remarks at this point in the
RECORD and to include extraneous mat-
ter.)
Mr. PELLY. Mr. Speaker, ordinarily
with regard to foreign policy I go on
the theory that "fools rush in where
angels fear to tread." However, that
does not mean lack of.interest. Rather
it is owing to the belief that the Presi-
(Mr. MOORE (at the request of Mr.
SKUBITZ) was granted permission to ex-
tend his remarks at this point in the
RECORD and to include extraneous mat-
ter.)
[Mr. MOORE'S remarks will appear
hereafter in the Appendix.]
(Mr. WIDNALL (at the request of Mr.
SKUBITZ) was granted permission to ex-
tend his remarks at this point in the
RECORD and to include extraneous mat-
ter.)
[Mr. WIDNALL'S remarks will appear
hereafter in the Appendix.]
(Mr. BRAY (at the request of Mr.
SKUBITZ) was granted permission to ex-
tend his remarks at this point in the
RECORD and to Include extraneous mat-
ter.)
CIVIL RIGHTS PROCEDURE ACT
(Mr. REID of New York (at the re-
quest of Mr. SKUBITZ) was granted per-
mission to extend his remarks at this
point in the RECORD and to include ex-
traneous matter.)
Mr. REID of New York. Mr. Speaker,
I am today introducing a bill entitled
the "Civil Rights Procedure Act."
This act will modernize and strength-
en the Federal law to make it more effec-
tive to prevent the infringement of
federally granted substantive civil rights
by unlawful State action in the form of
criminal prosecutions.
More specifically, the act will liberal-
ize the provisions of Federal law regard-
ing removal of State prosecutions to
Federal district courts in civil rights
cases and extend the jurisdiction of Fed-
eral courts to enjoin unconstitutional
State criminal proceedings.
The need for this legislation is clear.
Americans seeking to avail themselves of
their constitutionally protected rights
have been subjected to criminal proceed-
ings designed to drain them of their
financial resources and -destroy their
spirits.
This act will extend protection to citi-
zens in the exercise of the rights secured
by the Civil Rights Act of 1964 as well as
in the exercise of the rights of freedom
of speech, freedom of the press, freedom
peaceably to assemble and the guarantee
of the equal protection of the laws se-
cured by the Constitution.
The bill was drafted by the Special
Committee on Rivil Rights under law of
the Association of the Bar of the City of
New York. Under the able leadership of
its chairman, Hon. FRANCIS E. RIVERS,
the committee has performed an out-
standing public service in preparing this
legislation after exhaustive study of the
underlying problem.
We may hope that State courts will
in time assume the full burden of pro-
tecting the civil rights of our citizens.
The Federal Government must not be
remiss, however, in assuring a full meas-
ure of protection for all Americans who
seek to participate in our Government of
laws.
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 9034
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equivalent of standard 6. (In Britain only
34 percent, continue their schooling beyond
the age of 15.) Those having grades lower
than one and two in standard 6 must ac-
commodate themselves to semiskilled work.
Trade schools could play a more useful part.
The demand by Africans for this type of
training tended to be disappointingly low,
but there is now evidence of renewed interest.
Plans are in hand to provide more' facilities
for technical and vocational training.
This country long ago decided on a broad-
based education, giving more opportunity for
the bulk of the population to obtain primary
education. Most other countries in Africa
chose rather to educate a'few, as highly as
possible. For this reason, countries like
Kenya, Uganda, and Tanzania have a larger
number of G.C.E. "A" level passes than
Rhodesia, but Rhodesia has a far higher per-
centage in school, rnd thus will now rapidly
overtake those countries in the secondary
sphere.
Correspondence courses have been planned
to step up still further the campaign for sec-
ondary education. Under this scheme 20 or
more students may gather under a respon-
sible organizer, with a reduction in the
normal fees. There are, of course, night
schools in various centers, and adult educa-
tion is also being actively pressed. In 1965
there were approximatly 12,000 African stu-
dents taking secondary courses with the cor-
respondence colleges. This gives, with those
in the schools, about 24,000 who are in the
secondary sector.
All African students at our multiracial
university are eligible for Government sup-
port. In addition, certain tiiualified African
students are eligible for Government sup-
port in universities elsewhere. If these
grants, loans, or bursaries were to be issued
on a nonracial basis, purely on academic
standards, none of these African students at
the University would have qualified for them.
(This position has recently changed, since
one African student has qualified by hislbwn
1966
partisan ax to grind, made the following commanders complained that the Vietnamese
remarks: units with which they sometimes joined in
battle against the foe were no longer in-
The confusion of official tongues over Viet- terested in leaving their garrisons until the
nam is causing skepticism, doubt, and con- political situation cleared.
cern in the minds of the American people.
As a matter of fact, there aren't enough fin- Secretary McNamara on April 20, 1966,
gers on both hands to count the number of gave the Senate Foreign Relations Com-
ways our role in Vietnam has been explained mittee an appraisal of the military sit-
and justified by Government officials, uation during the civil disturbances that
At first we were to advise the South Viet- flatly contradicted that of Mr. Ball. The
namese Government. The explanation was of Defense testified:
that our role was purely advisory and the Secretary
South Vietnamese would do the fighting be- The military operations have been at a
cause the South Vietnamese Government lower level because of the political disorders
had the basic obligation to defend itself. in the last approximately 2 weeks, and you
But gradually the American role changed, can see that by the number of-the indices;
and our troops took on an increasingly the number of Vietcong killed is off 40 per-
greater combat role. The explanation of cent, the number of Vietcong killed per
our commitment also changed-and it was week last week was 600, it averaged a 1,005
stated that the vital interests of the United for the first 3 months of the year.
States were involved in South Vietnam. The number of weapons lost by Vietnamese
The question began to be asked: If the U.S. forces, the number of weapons captured is
interests in Vietnam are vital to our national also off by substantial amounts.
security, would we continue to fight if the This reduction in military activity is cus-
South Vietnamese decided to quit? tomary under conditions of political dis-
The answer has never been clear. Rather, order. It has happened every other time we
another theory was introduced-a theory have had political disorders.
that our presence in South Vietnam was No wonder, then, that the American
justified-even required-by our membership
in the Southeast Asia Treaty Organization. people are confused about Vietnam.
President Eisenhower, who signed the treaty, When administration leaders give con-
did not interpret it as a commitment to tradictory testimony, how can the pub-
send combat forces to Vietnam; President lie have a clear understanding of events
Kennedy assured the American people that in Vietnam?
combat forces would not be sent to Vietnam. Confusion increases when one attempts
It would almost appear that a new discovery to analyze successive pronouncements of
was made a few months ago.
The political turmoil of the past several administration leaders about the objec-
weeks brought more and different explana- tive of our Nation in Vietnam.
tions. At first, officials explained that the Once, according to Secretary Rusk, it
political unrest was not affecting the main was victory. Then in Baltimore at the
course of the war-which was military. Johns Hopkins University it was rede-
Then, after a few days of admitted concern, fined by the President as unconditional
the unrest was termed a "healthy" develop- negotiations with only the most ambig-
ment conceded tion
said d that military every-- uous reference to the minimum terms
ation. s we ere reials suffering, but suffering, bthat
thing would be all right, for the turmoil which the United States would insist on
was a sign of new political awareness. Sud- in negotiations.
denly, in a 180-degree turn, the political No one objects to negotiations. The
arena had become more important than the war eventually will be ended by negotia-
military. tions. But unconditional negotiations
And it is interesting to note that once are not an adequate policy objective.
again, government officials are saying that
the war must be won or lost by the South They can. be a means of attaining an ob-
Vietnamese themselves, jective, but nothing more. When the
administration commits a quarter of a
Is it any wonder that in a public opin- million troops to fight in South Vietnam,
ion poll sponsored by NBC News, 59.6 there must be some objective of such
percent answered "No" when asked, value to the Nation that it cannot be ne-
"Has the White House been giving us gotiated away. What that is has be-
all the truth about Vietnam?" come fuzzier as the administration has
The administration has consistently sought to appease the hawks of its party
sought to conceal the hard and un- in one breath and the doves in the next.
pleasant facts of the conflict from the Mr. Speaker, would the administra-
American public. This effort has gone tion settle for a coalition government in
into high gear in recent weeks as the dis- South Vietnam including Communist
turbances in Danang, Hue, and Saigon representation? The President's Press
CONFUSION REIGNS SUPREME
The SPEAKER. Under previous or-
der of the House, the gentleman from
Wisconsin [Mr. LAIRD] is recognized for
20 minutes.
Mr. LAIRD. Mr. Speaker, the confu-
sion over Vietnam should concern every
American. "We think the Vietnamese
are going through a trying period"-so
spoke President Johnson on April 22, in
response to a reporter's question asking
his evaluation of the effect of the politi-
cal turmoil in South Vietnam. This
bland evasion, however, was an advance
over the President's reply to a similar
query at his March news conference when
he said:
There is not any information that I could
give you that would add to what you have
read in the papers.
sa
l
ace u
It has become commonp
that the American people are confused caused o particular reduction in" the
about Vietnam. This is undoubtedly operations.
true, but what is the reason for this con- How false this statement was is clear
fusion? The fault lies in great part with from the ominous statistics released 2
an administration that fails to inform days later by the Defense Department
the people fully and frankly about its that American troops sustained more
objectives and about the progress of the than twice as many casualties during the
war. preceding week as did the South Viet-
Mr. Speaker, this point was recently namese.
made by the distinguished junior Sena- One able journalist, Jack Foisie, of the
tor. from Connecticut in a speech at the Los Angeles Times, reported on April 14:
University of Hartford on April 23, 1966. I spent most of the political crisis in the
On that occasion Senator ABRAHAM RIB1- northern Provinces, where much of the fight-
com who cannot be accused of having a ing occurred. A number of American Marine
threatened to topple the Ky government. Secretary looked with favor upon such a
George Ball, Under Secretary of State, proposal even as the Vice President de-
asserted on April 10, 1966, on the CBS nounced it as "putting the fox in the
program "Face the Nation" that "the chicken coop."
b
-
Now new doubts about the policy o
jectives of the administration have
arisen as a result of the scheduling of
elections in South Vietnam for mid-Au-
gust. There is speculation-in some
quarters, even a prayerful hope-that
the elections will lead to the establish-
ment of a government that will surren-
der, to the Vietcong and request the
withdrawal of U.S. forces.
What the administration would do in
these circumstances is not clear. But
this is not the real question at the mo-
ment. The important problem now is
to provide for a fair and free election in
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petence; license ought not to supplant
realistic freedom; poverty, and sloth should
not dictate to capital and enterprise; nor
ignorance to skill and experience.
There are few countries in Africa today
that can claim to equal Rhodesia's record
of democracy and racial harmony. There
are even fewer who would attempt to sub-
stantiate a claim to match Rhodesia's his-
tory of tranquillity and steady economic
progress since self-government was granted
in 1923. In the space of only 42 years
Rhodesia's economic progress, political ad-
vancement and judicial integrity can be
measured by a yardstick which not only
surpasses every country in Africa north of
the Zambezi but that of many countries else-
where in the world.
MYTH OF ILLEGALITY
The so-called illegality which other
countries would hold against Rhodesia is
shown to be a myth. The assumption of
independence merely confirmed the factual
position.
According to a South African Q.C., Mr. D.
Molteno, "any constitution rested essentially
on general acquiescence. A constitution was
not law because somebody bad made it, but
because it had been accepted." There is no
doubt whatever that the Rhodesian populace
as a whole has accepted the 1965 constitu
tion. Peace and good order have continued
to reign throughout-an example unexcelled
in Africa. Both international law and the
United Nations Charter provide for the
recognition of a de facto government once it
has been accepted by the people. By virtue
of the peace and calm that has prevailed in
the country it is Rhodesia's demonstrated
and undoubted right to be recognized forth-
with.
The historian, Lord Acton, commenting
on the American Declaration of Independ-
ence, wrote: "It was from America that the
plain Ideas that men ought to mind their
own business, and that the nation is respon-
sible to Heaven for the act of the state * ? *
burst forth like a conqueror upon the world
they were destined to transform, under the
title of the 'Rights of Man' - * * and the
principle gained ground, that a nation can
never abandon its fate to an authority it
cannot control."
And it was Thomas Jefferson. himself who
said: "A strict observance of the written
law is doubtless one of the high duties of
a good citizen but not the highest. The laws
of necessity, of self-preservation, of saving
our country when In danger are of high
obligation. To lose our country by a scru-
pulous adherence to written law, would be to
lose law itself, with life, liberty, property, and
.all those who are, enjoying them with us;
thus absurdly sacrificing the end to the
means"
Rhodesia has no intention of abandoning
its fate, nor of sacrificing the end to the
means; and, in time, the world will appreciate
the principles for which she stands.
EXTRACT FROM INFORMATION PAPER No. 1,
ENTITLED "LAND APPORTIONMENT IN RHO-
DESIA," PUBLISHED BY THE RHODESIAN IN-
FORMATION SERVICE, SALISBURY, RHODESIA
AFRICAN POPULATION
In 1962 the African population had risen
to 3,600,000 and was distributed as follows:
African rural areas-------------- 2,127,000
European areas (rural and ur-
ban) ------------------- 1,490,000
(The latter is 41 percent of the African
population.)
The tremendous increase in the African
population could not have been foreseen
during the early history of the land ques-
tion. Today's figure is 3,970,000; and at the
present rate it will double In 20 years., The
Idea that every African has an absolute
right to free land is quite untenable.
There are nearly eight times as many Afri-
cans as they were at the turn of the century;
and their cattle holdings have increased from
a mere 55,000, to well over 2 m)liion-a 36-
fold increase.
The contention that every African is en-
titled to land and stock rights is manifestly
Indefensible. Even if every European were
to leave the country, the 1,500,000 Africans
living in the existing European areas would
be no less constricted than the remainder
are in the tribal trust lands at present.
In 20 years' time (assuming the present
Increases in population continued), the po-
sition would be completely chaotic, with mil-
lions of people on a desperately low subsist-
ence level and the probability of anarchy due
to collapse of the economy for which the
Europeans are responsible. The pattern in
parts of Africa today is clear enough.
COMPARATIVE QUALITY OF LAND
Many Africans continue to complain that
t1teir areas in Rhodesia comprise the poorest,
most arid, remote and dissected or broken
regions. It should, however, be understood
that the apparent poverty and desolation of
the tribal trust lands compared with the
European areas, is due to the way the land
has been used. It cannot be seriously con-
tended that the boundary fences showing
startling contrasts between waving savannah
and stark desolation really mark different
qualities of land.
One well-known illustration may be seen
at Domboshawa School bounded on one side
by Chinamora tribal trust land. The site
was chosen for the school In a corner of
Chinamora Reserve 40 years ago because it
had been worked out and virtually aban-
doned by the inhabitants. Today the con-
ditions on each side of the boundary fence
(where there are no differences in the basic
quality of land) show startling contrasts.
In addition, yields of up to 36 bags of maize
per acre have been consistently won from
the supposedly worthless sandveld on the
school, whilst adjoining areas present scenes
of poverty and desolation,
There is no truth whatsoever in the alle-
gation that Black areas comprise the worst
soils. (Appearances are often deceptive
when applied to specific cases.)
NO DIFFERENCE IN SOILS
According to figures supplied by the Min-
istry of Agriculture, soils in African areas are
as good as those in European areas. For
simplification, land categories are reduced to
three, in the following table:
[In percent]
p) Medium to heavy textured
soils of high inherent fer-
tility____________________
(2) Light to medium textured
soils of moderate inher.
ent fertility______________
(3) Mainly sandy soils of low
inherent fertility--------
Total-----------------
Proportion
ill
African
areas
10.4
34.8
Proportion
fri
European
areas
5.8
32.2
46.3
These figures are based on the 1956 Land
Apportionment Map, the so-called red (clay)
soil areas of Rhodesia comprise only about
4 percent of the country's area. Sandy soils
are easier to work, respond quicker to im-
proved farming techniques, have better
water-holding capacity, and comprise two-
thirds of the country's entire area. Africans
traditionally tended to avoid the heavier soils,
because they were difficult to work.
As for the complaint that African areas
comprise the drier regions, this is likewise
false. Thirty-seven percent of Rhodesia has
a rainfall above 28 inches, and half the
African areas fall within this zone.
9033
EXTRACT FROM FACT PAPER No. 10, ENTITLED
"RHODESIA: PROGRESS IN AFRICAN EDUCA-
TION," PUBLISHED BY THE MINISTRY OF IN-
FORMATION, SALISBURY, RHODESIA
Whilst authoritative figures are not always
available from other countries, the following
information provided by UNESOO is revealing.
Nearly 45 percent of the world's population
is completely illiterate. In 57 percent of the
countries less than half the school-age popu-
lation is in school. Literacy in North and
Western Europe is the highest-over 98 per-
cent. Africa and India have between 10 per-
cent and 15 percent; in Rhodesia the literacy
rate for Africans is approximately 30 percent.
In regard to the proportion of pupils in
school, accurate figures are difficult to obtain
for other countries in Africa, but indications
are that Rhodesia has the highest proportion
in school. Some of our severest critics
amongst African countries have the lowest
proportion. Rhodesia's achievements in
African education have been virtually with-
out assistance from external sources. Fi-
nance and staff are the two main barriers to
more rapid educational expansion in Rhode-
sia.
Of the 4,080,000 Rhodesian Africans today,
half are under the age of 17. This means
that there is one adult per child-in England
there are three, and they are more productive
than the average worker here.
Critics sometimes point out that about 10
times as much is spent for each European
child. There are adequate reasons for this.
In the first place, of the 643,000 pupils in
African schools, over 95 percent are in pri-
mary schools, which cost a fraction of sec-
ondary schools to build and run. In the
second place, European pupils receive no
better schooling than they. would expect
anywhere else, and their parents are the
main taxpayers who also pay for the bulk of
African education. In the third place, Afri-
cans have shown interest in education only
during the past two or three decades, and in
the light of this the expansion has been truly
phenomenal. In the fourth place, in order
to equalize African with European educa-
tion, it would cost twice Rhodesia's entire
budget. It should also be borne in mind
that nine-tenths of Africans' schooling is in
the rural areas, where they build their own
schools with the assistance of the missions.
Lowering the standards (which they have
taken generations to achieve) in order to
spend more on African education would
doubtless cause many Europeans to emigrate,
with a resultant fall in revenue; and would
also discourage expatriate teachers from
coming to Rhodesia. Raising the standards
of African education is the aim, and it calls
for more expatriate staff-already extremely
difficult to recruit. Of the 666 qualified
secondary teachers in African education to-
day, about 130 are Africans.
The main clamor today appears to be for
secondary education. This is a good deal
more expensive, and staff are at a premium;
but the places available are roughly equal
to the number of students qualifying to en-
ter. Of the 27,513 pupils sitting for stand-
ard 6 in 1965, 7,009 obtained grades 1 and 2
passes, representing 25 percent. Of these
latter, 6,059 went to secondary schools. In
1964, 768 went on to lower teacher training
and industrial courses, and were drawn from
grades 1, 2, and 3 passes. Of the remaining
small number, about 10 percent, were girls
who were not allowed by their parents to
continue. In 1956 there were 1,758 second-
ary pupils in the schools. By 1965 the figure
increased to 11,500 (plus a like number study-
ing by correspondence). This surely de-
molishes the argument that secondary edu-
cation Is being held back.
It is not normal anywhere in the world
for the whole school population to expect
secondary education. Twenty-three million
adults in the United States of America have
less than 8 years of schooling-roughly the
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 May 2, 1966 Approved F Eg, Q /~QSJ2)lEC BDPE[I?0 46R000400070018-2 9035
South Vietnam. The comments of All}- Invalidate all of the data and the effort Hamilton study, Army claims for cost
bassador Lodge about the dangers of ter- expended by the Springfield Armory reduction were washed out-eliminated
rorism and violence In connection with Technical Committee by saying: as an argument for closing the armory
the election are not reassuring. None of the cost charts displayed by the and moving nonmanufacturing func-
What I should like to hear from the technical committee at the March 22 hear- tions to Rock Island Arsenal. The very
President now is whether a genuinely ing were accurate. same thing happened to the Army study
free election is possible in South Viet- The charge that none of the cost claims regarding the cost of manufac-
nam and what steps are being taken to charts were accurate is, in my judgment, turing at the armory. The armory had
provide the kind of election which could completely unfounded. The figures that been branded as a high-cost facility in
be regarded as an expression of the will were used by the Springfield Armory manufacturing some weapons and equip-
of the people of South Vietnam. Technical Committee, in composing the ment. Perhaps in a few instances pri-
Mr. Speaker, no question Is asked more charts, were obtained from Springfield vate industry was able to beat the
often in public opinion polls than "Do Armory and Rock Island Arsenal sources. armory on unit costs where the con-
you support the President's policy in This information was taken from con- tractors had bought in on a contract
Vietnam?" I think the question is un- tracts, invitations for bid, and negotia- with an unusually low bid on the initial
answerable. No rational person can sup- tions with respect to work to be done in- order or had built the newest and most
port a policy unless he knows what that house or by private industry. The blan- efficient of modern production facili-
policy is. The only answer Is another' ket charge that the charts were inaccu- ties--with the taxpayers' money, I might
question, "What is the President's pol- rate is an attack upon the creditability add. These claims of high manufactur-
icy?" of all of us who have labored so long and ing cost for the armory were success-
The confusion of the American people so hard to reverse the decision to close fully refuted by the Armory Technical
about Vietnam is caused by the confusion the Springfield Armory. Committee and, on the issue of manu-
of the administration. I am particularly dismayed that, by in- fatting costs, the Booz, Allen & Hamil-
President Johnson must take the ference, the integrity of Mr. Henry T. ton study had this to say:
American people into his confidence and Downey, our consultant and adviser, has We find that actual costs of manufactur-
explain precisely why we are in Vietnam. been questioned. Henry Downey is an ing for the armory and for industrial con-
He must explain what our national secu- accountant lawyer of some 18 years ex- tractors which have produced small arms
rity interests are in Vietnam-both long perience, are about the same for all practical pur-
range and short range. He must advise a distinguished member of the poses. Wage rates are not significantly dif-
Hampden County and Massachusetts Bar ferent nor are most other direct costs.
us of the risks involved in protecting this Associations, ?a certified public account-
interest and he must spell out what the ant. Mr. Downey heads the largest in- With claims for cost savings out and
risks to our national security will be if dependent accounting firm in the Spring- the cost of the Vietnam war increasing
we are not successful In Vietnam. He field community. He is held in the high- rapidly, with the administration and
must explain why it is that so much sac- est esteem and regard by people in the the Congress trying to hold down Gov-
rifice is asked of so few while the vast legal and accounting professions and by ernment spending to ease inflationary
majority of our people are able to carry the citizens of the community. Henry pressures and avoid a tax increase, it is
on "business as usual." Downey is a close personal friend of mine. difficult to understand why the Secre-
Mr. Speaker, the need for leveling with I have known him for a number of years, tary persists in going ahead with the
the people has long been apparent and and I respect and admire his ability and expenditure of the additional funds
it is the President's duty and responsi- integrity. He would be the last to lend which it will be necessary to spend to
bility to do so with candor and honesty. his support to inaccurate data. effect this closure and the transfer of
The American people must be treated as Mr. Speaker, the Department of De- functions as proposed. Under the cir-
responsible adults who are capable of fense has the responsibility of proving cumstances, it would seem that the See-
bearing their responsibilities. Grandiose the sweeping indictment that all of the tary should be amendable to appeals for
schemes for transferring the Great So- charts used at the hearing before the postponing the proposed closing at least,
ciety to all of Asia are not straight an- Senate Preparedness Investigating Sub- but he is not.
swers to the questions on the public committee were inaccurate. I am re- Second. The Deputy Secretary's letter
mind. The people want to know why we questing that it do so. says:
are there, how we intend to end the con- Let me briefly tick off some of the im- There have been suggestions that the ar-
flict with honor, and when we may ex- portant facts and issues not mentioned mory must be kept open for the support of
pect the completion of the task. The or inadequately dealt with in the letter: our forces in southeast Asia. In this con-
answers are long overdue. First. The original closure order was nection, I repeat the assurance given at the
based on the proposition that closing the hearing that the closing will be phased in
Springfield Armory and moving the rem- a manner that does not in any way ieop-
THE SPRINGFIELD ARMORY CLOS- ardize supplies required for the Vietnam
URE-"PROVE INACCURACIES OF nants of the operations-research and effort.
CASE" development mainly-to Rock Island Ar-
OUR This kind of assurance referred to in
senal would, after an initial expenditure
The SPEAKER. Under previous order of $8 million, save about $5.6 million each the above paragraph The retar a little hard to
of the House, the gentleman from Mas- year. This claim for an annual cost re- swallow.
many of the a people that
at
sachusetts [Mr. BOLAND] is recognized duction overlooked a number of cost fac-
for 15 minutes. tors which were subsequently pointed out the armory are working 60 hours a week
Mr. BOLAND. Mr. Speaker, last week, by the Springfield Armory Technical to fill urgently needed orders in support
the Deputy Secretary of Defense, Cyrus Committee organized for the purpose of of the Vietnam war. He also knows that
Vance, wrote to Senator JOHN STENNIS, studying the various facets of the closure Souris has frequently showed oddter-
chairman of the Senate Preparedness proposal. It was estimated by this group so these unusual l are l
orders failed miser profits to comeimited
, or else Investigating Subcommittee of the Sen- that costs and losses resulting from the have
though on
ate Armed Services Committee, and to closure would, rather than show a saving,
Members of the Massachusetts congres- actually show a net loss each year of schedule. A recent check showed that
sional delegation saying, in effect, that over $1 million for 20 years. A subse- there were about 250 battlefield priority
Secretary of Defense Robert S. McNa- quent study by the management consult- orders being worked on at the armory.
mark is closing the door on the possibil- ing firm of Booz, Allen & Hamilton, un- Most of these orders are for items needed
ity of any further appeal to reverse the der contract with the Department, also in fairly limited quantities and in which
decision to close the Springfield Armory. refuted the Army claims for cost reduc- industry has very little interest because
I will enclose a;- copy of this letter, ad- tion. This study had this to say on costs: the profits are limited, some are for items
dressed to me, as a part of my statement. We find that the proposed move (from the which industry has failed to produce on
It is a strongly worded letter, carefully armory to Rock Island) of nonmanufactur- schedule, and some are for weapon modi-
prepared from the vast resources of staff ing fu distinctly marginal from a fications to cope with the changing re-
and data available to the Secretary. savings cost standpoint. quirements for fighting jungle guerrilla
However, the letter still evades most of Between the Springfield Armory Tech- warfare. All orders are for the types
the crucial and key issues. It tries to nical Committee and the Booz, Allen & of things for which it is customary to
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turn to a "can do" organization to our meeting of April 21 concerning the ties, some of them hit far harder by base
produce. Springfield Armory. closures than Springfield, where only 1 per-
Reaction time on urgently needed You are familiar, I know, with the series cent of the local work force is employed at
items is much faster in the armory than of studies which preceded the November 19, the armory.
It is in industry. For example, in tpro- han 1964 announcement that the armory would For example, the closure of Schilling Air
be closed and with the Booz, Allen & Hamil- Force Base indicated a projected loss of over
viding stocks for the M-1 carbine re- ton Report which, in conjunction with our 25 percent of the income of Salina, Kans.
habilitation and conversion program, the own reconsideration of the matter, led to This did not happen. Now, only 1 year later,
order was split between industry and the the reaffirmation of the closure decision on through joint efforts with community lead-
armory.' To date, the armory has pro- November 16, 1965. ers, an area vocational school, a technical in-
duced in excess of 50,000. Industry has We have carefully studied all the testi- stitute, a vocational rehabilitation school, a
yet to produce the first unit. Another mony and written material presented at the modern municipal airport and a number of
example is the drum for an Air Force March 22, 1966 hearing by the Springfield civilian employers (including two business
Armory Technical Committee witnesses. aircraft manufacturers) are located on the
aircraft weapon-the M-39A2. This Our study has revealed no basis for changing base,
drum is the guts of the machinegun it- the previous decision to close Springfield We should be pleased to work with the
self and is, I understand, a very difficult Armory and rglocate residual functions at people of Springfield, just as we have with
item to manufacture. Rock Island Arsenal. the people of Kansas and of 35 other States
The Air Force attempted to procure it The cost data presented by the technical In dealing with base closure problems.
from industry without success so turned committee witnesses was analyzed by the In conclusion, reiterating my testimony at
to the armory. This difficult and ur- Army, and the results of that analysis were the hearing, I would like to say that the de-
gently needed forwarded to the Senate Preparedness In- cision to close the armory was not lightly
piece of equipment is being vestigating Subcommittee on April 14, 1966. taken. It was based on careful, informed
delivered for ,use in Vietnam today. Although the data was offered in an attempt judgments following exhaustive analysis of
Many more examples can be provided, to prove the proposition that manufacturing the facts. Those judgments have been vali-
but perhaps the most significant work operations at the armory are more economi- dated and revalidated since the closure de-
at the armony in support of our jungle cal than in private industry, the several cision was first announced. There has been
warfare fighters has been and still is in charts and comparisons furnished by the no disagreement among the scores of re-
the arming of helicopters. The armory technical committee did not in fact support sponsible officials in the Department of De-
has been a principal leader in the field that proposition. fense, in uniform and out, who have studied
For example, the technical committee the issues of Springfield Armory's retention.
of helicopter armaments and as such is used a chart which purported to show that Every one has agreed that operation of the
still developing and providing much of the armory had produced 3,643 M-79 bar- armory past its scheduled closure date is not
the equipment going into this vital rels at a unit cost of $29.47, whereas in- needed for support of the Vietnam effort, and
program. dustry's bid price for the same barrel was that the closure decision is correct, is in ac-
Most of the work currently being per- $47,95, with a consequent "savings" to the cord with sound and efficient management
formed at the armory in support of Viet- Government of $67,323 through using the of the Defense establishment, and is con-
nam is there because it is the only place armory In this case. The witness who pre- sistent with and serves the public interest.
it can be done within the time schedule, sented the chart said it portrayed transac- Sincerely,
it else industry tions occurring after November 16, 1965. CYRUS VANCE.
prices have been out of Actually, the barrel order was placed with
line. The current flow of orders and the armory in May 1964 after a trivial bid- DOD SMOKESCREEN HIT BY DOWNEY
prospective orders in the pending budg.- ding technicality disqualified a private con- Accountant-lawyer, Henry T. Downey, con-
et would provide a 5-year work backlog tractor who had underbid the armory. The sultant to the Springfield Army Technical
for the present armory labor force and same contractor in October 1965 bid and Committee, today defended the committee's
more work is developing every day. won an order for 1,921 M-79 barrels at a cost charts regarding armory contracts and
These orders will go through a make or unit price of $18.40, more than $11 under the charged Deputy Secretary of Defense Cyrus
buy a orders
and, under the Cake or armory price. 'There was no saving what- Vance with laying down a "smokescreen."
stances screening freeze on the armory soever as a result of placing the earlier Mr. Downey, in a prepared statement, re-
of a Y order with the armory; rather, the opposite butted charges made by Secretary Vance in
force, a lot of the work will go to in- was the case. a letter to Senator JOHN STENNIS, Democrat,
dustry regardless of price. However, None of the cost charts displayed by the of Mississippi, chairman of the Senate Pre-
you can be certain that the difficult and technical committee at the March 22 hear- paredness 'Investigating Subcommittee, and
unique, and the small odd lot items will ing wr accurate. If they had been ac- to the Massachusetts congressional delega-
continue to wind up in the armory from curly and objectively prepared, they would tion concerning the armory closure order.
sheer convenience if nothing else as long have shown what is in fact the case, that "The contractor prices presented by the
allowed ven a to remain in operation. continued operation of the armory is neither Springfield Armory Technical Committee
as it is ra
economical nor efficient. were obtained from the procurement re-
In view of all that I have outlined, I Our studies have repeatedly led to the quests issued by Headquarters U.S. Army
again reiterate the Department of De- conclusion that the armory's manufacturing Weapons Command at Rock Island, Ill., and
fense and the Booz, Allen & Hamilton capacity is excess to our needs, and that the represented the average of the most current
management consulting firm have an abr. relocation of the nonmanufacturing func- procurement costs for each item," Mr.
solute obligation to prove the inaccuracy tions now at the armory will bring about Downey said.
significant savings. Vance, In
of our case. The private small arms industry has proved Secretary the M-79 ( the lelau dated the
the sec)bar-
As
As an example of the inaccuracy, De- its capacity, and its eagerness, to develop rem contract a an example grenade of the technical
putty Secretary Vance, in his letter to and manufacture small arms weapons and committee's fibeing inaccurate.
figures n
Senator STENNIS and the Massachusetts weapons systems for the Department of De- "On the M-79
fense-and to do so at less cost to the Gov- grenade launcher," Mr.
congressional delegation, cited that the Downey said, "wherein we stated ted a a $67,100
~00
ernment than if the work were performed
armory had produced 3,643 M-79 barrels at Springfield Armory. We are convinced savings work, from Springfield Armory er
at a unit cost of $29.47, whereas in- that systems management advantages, as ing the work, Ma Vance stated that a lower
dustry's bid price for the same barrel well as cost advantages, will accrue as a once a technicality. can industry was disqualified
was $47.95. - result of closing Springfield and relocating This is typical the
smokescreen technique with which we e have
ve
I include Secretary Vance's letter to its residual functions. been dealing in this case."
me citing this example and Accountant There have been suggestions that the Mr. Downey continued; "The word 'tech-
Henry T. Drto these ' armory must be kept open for the support nicality' was loosely used because the facts
charges of Downey's ow a rebuttal
which appeared of our forces in southeast Asia. In this regarding the firm are that they were unable
c hare April 2n issue oc Springfield, Mass., connection, I repeat the assurance given to deliver on their then current contract In-
at the hearing that the closing will be phased volving the same weapon. This is completely
Daily News at this point in the RECORD: in a manner that does not In any way spelled out in documentation on file at
THE DEPUTY SECRETARY OF DEFENSE, jeopardize supplies required for the Viet- Springfield Armory in which Colonel Dur-
Washington, D.C., April 25, 1966. nam effort. renberger referred the matter to the director
Hon. EDWARD P. BOLAND, I also repeat the assurance that every of supply and maintenance at Headquarters
House of Representatives, career employee at the armory is guaranteed Army Weapons Command at Rock Island."
Washington, D.C. at least one other suitable job offer. Further- Mr. Downey said the hard cold facts of
DEAR MR. BOLAND: Secretary McNamara more, the community of Springfield itself-if the matter were that the contractor was fail-
and I felt that we should communicate in it wishes--is guaranteed the services of the ing to deliver on the existing contract for the
writing the strong convictions which we ex- Defense Office of Economic Adjustment. grenade launcher.
pressed to you and other members of the That office has a magnificent record in "Secretary Vance describes failure to cte-
Massachusetts congressional delegation at working, on request, with other commurji- liver grenade launchers on time as a techni-
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 May 2, 1966 Approved Fee j fW 6/1&Ip-IRDP '9#46R00M00070018-2 9041
Such opportunities clearly exist for engi- students in basic concepts and principles UNITED NATIONS SUPERVISED
neers and other science graduates. Scien- and to provide graduates with the ability to ELECTIONS FOR VIETNAM
tific American magazine recently sponsored assimilate new discoveries and apply them
a study which indicated that the proportion under new circumstances. (Mr. FULTON of Tennessee (at the
of executives in the 600 largest U.S. corpora- We have also increased the science require- request of Mr. FARNUM) was granted
tions who have an engineering-science edu- ment to 2 years of science (one with lab) as permission to extend his remarks at this
cation grew from only 7 percent in 1900 to well as a year of math or logic (including point in the RECORD acid to include ex-
33 percent in 1965. This trend points not symbolic). traneous matter.)
only to opportunities, but also to the need These steps, taken with the aid of alumni Mr. FULTON of Tennessee. Mr.
of our complex industrial society for scien- and friends not only have benefited Lafay-
tist-engineers, who have broad educational ette's science and engineering offerings but Speaker, in the immediate weeks to
backgrounds and potentialities of leadership. they have worked as well to strengthen our come the world's closer attention will.
Recent studies by both governmental and excellent liberal arts program. focus on the Republic of South Vietnam
nongovernmental agencies are unanimous in This is as it should be. Just as scientist- as that nation prepares for national
concluding that the available supply of engi- engineers must be grounded in the humani- elections.
neers and other scientists over the next dec- ties and social sciences, so must liberal arts These elections, which will establish
ade or more will nowhere match even the graduates be familiar with our scientific and a constituent assembly for the purpose
most conservative projections of the de- technical heritage. The day is long past
mand for scientific manpower. when a man in any profession can work se- of writing a constitution, offer a clear
Some of you may recall a cartoon in the curely in a tight compartment, ignoring the opportunity to the people of South Viet-
New Yorker magazine showing two men in impact on modern life of developments in nam to join in concert in defining their
business suits walking off a college campus. other fields of knowledge. All the leaders of internal national goals in the true spirit
Each was holding a long pole on which an our society must have some insight into the of self-determination. This unification
engineer, still in cap and gown and clutching broad direction and meaning of science and is a must if the dissident and largely Inn-
his sheepskin, is trussed up like a moose. technology, as well as the social sciences and dependent factions dissident that country -
in to
Observes one bystander to another: "Du humanities.
Pont's got theirs." (I wish he had said, Although leading educational figures are day are to ever achieve government
"Atlas.") quite concerned the steps that must be taken beyond military directorship and if they
Seriously, competition Is stiff-and de- to increase the number of scientists avail- are to avert anarchy which will permit
mand exceeds supply. Not long ago, a able to the Nation in the years ahead, they the Communists to gain control of the
spokesman for the National Science Founda- are also discouraged about the job our government, the countryside, and even-
tion told a congressional committee that if schools and colleges are doing in acquaint-
the tually the will of the people.
United States wishes to maintain its po- ing liberal arts students with the role of Notwithstanding will of the people. that the
sition of world leadership it must find ways science and technology. This concern has Central testa ding the Saigon has ruled
of meeting growing requirements for scien- probably been expressed most eloquently by
tic manpower. He cited projections over Lord Snow, the British author-scientist, who out the possibility of Communist or neu-
this decade which show that we will fall has warned that our educational system is tralist candidates, they have given as-
short of our scientific manpower require- producing two totally different kinds of cul- surances that the elections will be rep-
ments by about 60-75,000 a year. ture-science and nonscience-with their resentative and fair.
Even more alarming, this projection is representatives unable to communicate with The integrity of these elections is of
based only on presently foreseeable needs. each other. biecause on their
hangs importrtaance, queston s whether
But new areas of opportunity for scientific Again, I think we can point with pride to paramount
manpower open up all the time-in industry Lafayette's pace-setting role in this area of integr of
research and development, in defense, space education. In the 1964-65 school year, La- or not they are to be meaningful or
and oceanography; in environmental health fayette's Department of Mechanics and En- simply another ingredient thrown into
and mass transportation, in the development gineering Fundamentals introduced a new, the bubbling pot of internal discord and
of substitutes for natural resources that may and, as far as I have been able to determine, strife.
become exhausted, and in helping to meet unique course specifically designed to intro- Any serious disruption of the demo-
the economic needs of the underdeveloped duce liberal arts students to the application erAn prooss during p this of the demo-
countries. Some of these fields were re- of computer technology to the problems of balloting will,
garded as science fiction when many of us Information retrieval as well as to the tech- in addition, tend to shatter the faith of
graduated-today they are a vital part of nological, social, and economic significance the Vietnamese people in the sincerity
our life. of computers. of the Central Government and in the
The Federal Government has launched This course, as well as the effort being value of any form of democratic gov-
various aid-to-education programs, which made to keep Lafayette's science-engineer- ernment, a form of government about
will help in expanding the output of trained ing program abreast of needs, is a testi- which most have very little, if any
manpower. But we, in the colleges and uni- monial to the vitality and initiative of the knowledge at all.
varsities, must carry the major load. faculty and administration of our college. It is obviously in the interest of the
Lafayette is trying to meet this challenge. It is also a testimonial to the support re-
We have taken a number of steps to make ceived from forward-looking alumni and United States that these elections are
certain that Lafayette's science and engi- friends. If we are to meet the challenge to carried out in as orderly a manner as
neering graduates receive the best possible our future posed by science and technology, possible.
preparation for their careers, whether in it is essential that educational institutions Just how order is to be maintained
industry, government, or teaching. continue to develop new concepts of teach-
We This will be one
cannot be complacent. Much needs to ing. We at Lafayette College have been remains
hemains tasks to b be the el seen. ectorai council which
the
be done in the years ahead. But we can doing that for more than a century. And
wit establish the electoral toral law for the
point to progress. We have: we shall continue to do so.
1. Recognized the need for a well-qualified In conclusion I want to say on behalf of elections and the guidelines for bal-
faculty by making Lafayette's salary scale the board of trustees that we are firmly loting.
competitive with those of other leading col- determined to have the best possible teach- It would seem to me that the United
leges and universities. ing and learning conditions at Lafayette. undertake the
slg cannot athesefford rd to elections even should
2. (a) Built the David Bishop Skillman We believe much has been accomplished States
Library. Trebled seating in the library and since the Second World War. We will do polici of
increased the budget Eby a factor of five to everything possible in coming years so that a the electoral council recommend this
add books and professional staff. Lafayette degree may stand in all fields for policy and the Central Government re-
(b) Reconstructed Pardee Hall as a cen- quality unexcelled. We want this for the quest it.
ter for liberal arts, humanities and social young men of the campus. We want them If responsibility is ours the responsi-
sciences, psychology, and mathematics. to share with us the glow of appreciation bility for any breakdowo n in the elective
(c) Renovated Van Wickle.Hall to secure over the years for the personal awakening racers for any bee kdo ton in Indeed we
classrooms. and growth through studies on the hill. We p us.
(d) Expanded our facilities for science and want quality also for the community and might well be. held to be a part of any
engineering including the new Charles A. for the country. They have fostered and organized effort to sabotage the elections
Dana Hall of Engineering. ' nourished the college. They will need the should such action take place.
(e) Increased space for physics and them- very best the college can turn out to meet It is in the best interest of the United
istry in Olin Hall of Science. the problems of the futurea. We want the States that we stand apart, permitting
(f) Have completed and approved plans best, finally, because with Mr. Pardee we the Vietnamese to vote beyond the
for a new biology building. believe the world will be a better place if we shadow of American military might, even
3. Continued to broaden and strengthen can develop in the young men of Lafayette
'our engineering and science curriculums. to the highest possible degree what he called though that might was present to Insure
The goal of these curriculums is to instruct the art of living. honest and peaceful balloting.
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 9042
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Who then should undertake this task,
for obviously policing will be needed.
Without it the Communists or any
other group will have carte blanche to
create havoc either through subterfuge
or overt violence.
Should it be the forces of the Central
Government?
It seems to me that the same circum-
stances which preclude this activity from
being undertaken by the United States
apply to the Army of the Republic of
Vietnam. If they should fail to main-
tain order on election day they will be
open to charges of complicity, incompe-
tence, and impropriety. And certainly,
these elections are going to be a test of
faith for the Central Government and
the forces of the ARVN.
Therefore, it seems to me that only
an outside agency such as the United
States is equipped to undertake this brief
but necessary task.
Realizing that it is the Vietnamese
themselves who must determine how the
elections will be carried out I feel that
it is nonetheless incumbent upon this
Nation, in Vietnam not only as defenders
but as advisers, to recommend as urgent-
ly as possible that the United Nations be
called upon to undertake this task. In
addition I believe that the United States,
through Ambassador Goldberg, should
call upon the United Nations to offer the
Republic of Vietnam its services in this
regard.
The fires of anarchy and internal gov-
ernmental decay glow in Vietnam. But
flickering among those fires today are the
flames of hope that through the demo-
cratic process stability and internal order
may be achieved and maintained.
Mr. Speaker, this election may well be
the last hope for South Vietnam. But,
even so, I feel it must be viewed as their
great opportunity to take that first step
toward true nationhood. They may not
choose our form of government under the
leadership of their choice.
United Nations supervision of the elec-
tions can assure this choice without in-
timidation.
NATIONAL CEMETERY IN
GLOCESTER, R.I.
(Mr. ST GERMAIN (at the request of
Mr. FARNUM) was granted permission
to extend his remarks at this point in
the RECORD and to include extraneous
matter.)
Mr. ST GERMAIN. Mr. Speaker, each
year we, who seek proper burial facili..
ties for our honored veterans, hear the
same statement voiced: that with the
exception of Arlington National Ceme??
tery, further expansion of the cemetery
system is inadvisable. However, each
year I also hear the vociferous plea from
Innumerable constituents and State vet-
eran organizations for proper burial fa-
cilities in our home State of Rhode Is-,
land or in some neighboring area.
From the Civil War until 1899, 81 na-
tional cemeteries were established.
Since 1900, 17 national cemeteries have
been established. Yet we in New Eng-
land, who gave birth to this great Na-
tion, are deprived of national facilities
for-the burial of our honored veterans.
In the State of Rhode Island, which I
am privileged to represent, we have
available to us suitable land owned by the
Federal Government that could be used
for the purpose of providing proper
burial facilities for our veterans. This
land, presently known as George Wash-
ington Park in Glocester, R.I., could serve
as a national cemetery for southern New
England or, for that matter, all of New
England.
In New England there are 1,412,000
veterans but there is not one national
cemetery. Whereas in the South At-
lantic region, which has 2,976,000 veter-
ans there are 24 national cemeteries. In
every region of the country there are at
least four national cemeteries, but in
New England there are no national ceme-
teries.
The distinguished national com-
mander of the Disabled American Vet-
eran , Mr. Claude Callegary, in an ad-
dress' before the Committee on Veteran
Affairs on February 16, 1966, stated:
[That] which deeply concerns the DAV
[is] the growing lack of burial space in the
existing national cemetery system.
In Rhode Island, and all of New Eng-
land, our concern is not the growing
lack of burial space but rather the com-
plete absence of a national cemetery.
Mr. Speaker, I feel that it is both in-
tolerable and disgraceful that such an
historically rich area as New England
and, in particular, the State of Rhode
Island which has contributed so much to
the greatness and security of this Na-
tion should be denied a national ceme-
tery.
Therefore, at this time I would like
to introduce a bill directing the Secre-
tary of the Army to establish a national
cemetery in George Washington Park
in the town of Glocester, R.I.
TRAFFIC SAFETY
(Mr. FARNSLEY (at the request of
Mr. FARNUM) was granted permission to
extend his remarks at this point in the
RECORD and to include extraneous mat-
ter.)
Mr. FARNSLEY. Mr. Speaker, in the
Interstate and Foreign Commerce Com-
mittee hearings last week we made great
progress for the cause of traffic safety.
The Automobile Manufacturers Associa-
tion came before us and stated their
agreement with the proposition in my
bill to establish a National Traffic Safety
Agency that Federal safety performance
standards for the manufacture of auto-
mobiles should be mandatorily set by the
Secretary of Commerce.
But, Mr. Speaker, thus far we have not
given attention to a major casual ele-
ment of traffic accidents and the result-
ing, deaths and injuries. I have been
stressing and pressing for action by the
Commerce Department, the automotive
industry, and others, on the proper illu-
mination of our highways and roads.
But my inquiries have received com-
placent replies. I asked Secretary of
Commerce Connor at our hearings in
March about lighting up the highways
and he replied :
The whole Interstate Highway System, of
course, is not lighted, by any means. But
May 2, 1966
at places where experience indicates that
lighting is needed, such as interchanges,
these are well lighted.
Well, I do not know what experience
he is talking about. The facts are that
nighttime traffic is only one-third that
of daytime hours, and yet the night death
rate is 21/2 times as great as the day
rate-10 deaths per 100 million vehicle
miles at night as compaxed with 4 deaths
per 100 million vehicle miles during the
day. In other words, although two-thirds
of the traffic leaves the roads before
dusk, well over half of all traffic accident
deaths occur at night.
Translated into numbers, this means
that over 25,000 people died on our roads
and highways in the nighttime hours
last year. The experts say that con-
gestion is a contributing factor in acci-
dent causation, and accidents cause
death. But the fact is, darkness, the
lack of vision, also causes death. It has
been conservatively estimated that about
10,000 of the nighttime deaths result di-
rectly from deficiency of lighting. In the
evening drivers are inclined to be phys-
ically tired and mentally irritated. Who
could deny that the driver needs every
form of assistance possible under these
conditions?
I shudder when I say that the more
than 25,000 deaths that occur after dark
are not so terrible as the injuries-those
that leave the driver and his passengers
disabled, hospitalized, incapacitated.
Studies have been made in several
communities which prove that proper
lighting-not the 1907 type we have here
in Washington, but modern lighting that
gives the road the appearance of being
lit by sunlight without the glare-
drastically reduces this terrible carnage.
And lighting has another direct and
immediately desirable benefit; it has been
shown that crimes of violence, such as
murder, rape, assault, and armed rob-
bery, breed in dark places and do not
exist where the darkness has been
banished.
I do not profess that lighting is the
only answer to our traffic death-and-
injury toll, but I am forced into the posi-
tion of a crusader because this aspect of
the problem has been virtually ignored.
Mr. Speaker, on behalf of the Amer-
ican people, I intend to introduce shortly
an amendment to the Traffic Safety Act
of 1966 which will provide that no Fed-
eral aid highway funds can be parceled
out to the States unless their highway
building programs include provision for
proper lighting of the roads they build,
and that within a specified reasonable
period of time they illuminate all their
roadways. This will be expensive, but it
will amount to nothing in comparison to
the enormous amounts we are losing
every year from the deaths, injuries, and
property damage of over 25,000 of our
citizens-something exceeding $4 billion
in economic terms and an incalculable
loss of human life.
THE 1,000TH ANNIVERSARY OF PO-
LAND'S CONVERSION TO CHRIS-
TENDOM
(Mr. FOUNTAIN (at the request of
Mr. FARNUM) was granted permission to
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 For F it?gg wAt : t 6ZBA # 400070018-2 May 2; 1966
This year in America the Methodist Church
is 200 years old: To mark its founding, the
bicentennial meeting is being held in Balti-
more, Md.
From the far reaches of the country, 12
Methodist ministers-including 'Rev. Sid-
ney Dillinger of' McCracken __'Saddled Old
Faithful and are riding there, or have
arrived, on horseback. And like the circuit
rider of long ago,, they have stopped along
the way to bring the Word of God to listeners.
The meaning of this-the symbolism-goes
beyond merely honoring the Methodist cir-
cuit rider. It even goes beyond honoring
the pbineer preacher of whatever faith.
Rather, the honor is to a nation whose
founders in the Declaration of Independence
forthrightly stated "with a firm reliance on
the protection of divine providence."
11-Bomb Recovery
EXTENSION OF REMARKS
aF
HON. JOSEPH E. KARTH
OF MINNESOTA
IN THE HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES
Monday, May 2, 1366.
es
Mr. KARTH. Mr. Speaker, it is a
unique privilege to be able to recognize
within our lifetime, the vision of a group
of men who participated in the opening
of the earth's last frontier. In early
April a hydrogen bomb, lost for almost 3
months, was recovered from the floor of
the ocean. What is important here is
that a two-man submarine-named Al-
vin-designed and built by American in-
dustry in the State of Minnesota, dra-
tion and courage. This outstanding from Nanning in China to Hanoi. But ships
achievement may provide us with the still move freely into the port of Haiphong,
needed, force to accelerate the Nation's among them Communist bottoms bearing
thousan
program to develop the potential wealth supplies. of tons of arms and military
of the sea for all mankind. Effective blockade and effective bombard-
The remarkable submarine Alvin, de- ment of North Vietnam are essential to vic-
veloped and built by Litton Industries in tory; until they are implemented, neither
Minnesota, is officially classified as a Hanoi nor the American people will be con-
deep submergence vehicle. It is a tri- vinced that we mean business. Have we de-
umph of technical know-how and ad- cided to win? This is still the great unan-
vanced industrial skills. Alvin has swered question about our policy, and one
successfully performed research and that stalks every command post in Vietnam,
For it provokes in the mind of every com-
study tests at depths below 6,000 feet, mander another question: "Are my men
High intensity floodlights, a mechanical dying in vain?"
arm, and complete maneuverability en- Our fighting men in Vietnam believe that
able this two-man vehicle to accomplish the war they are fighting is worth while,
a variety of underocean assignments that-in the words of one of them-"Viet-
more than a mile below the surface. nam is the right war in the right place at the
The, hydrogen bomb rescue effort was a right time." They know that it is a war
against aggression and to keep a country
very sensitive and demanding job re- free, a war to hold communism at arm's
quiring outstanding skill and precision. length from America-and that unless we
Minnesota is proud of its industrial con- win it, the consequences, now and to fu-
tribution to technology, personified in tore generations, will be disastrous. More-
this case by Litton Industries and Alvin. over, without exception, the responsible com-
Now that the urgency of the search is manders believe that Vietnam is a "win-
over and the mission accomplished, nable war," that it can indeed be won-
Alvin is being returned to Woods Hole though not quickly or easily, and certainly
not with
aboard the ship ' that served as her half measures.
mother ship in Spain. There she will EASY ROUTES
be refitted and will return to the realm The arms and other war materials (such
as oil) come to North Vietnam from Russia,
of scientific research. But I hope all of China and other Communist states. They
us will remember that while the world come in three ways: by sea, by rail from
followed the retrieval of a bomb, we here China, and by land from China over roads
should not lose sight of the true rii}ission and trails. The sea route-principally to the
of undersea exploration. port of Haiphong-is the easiest and cheap-
d
Why Not Blockade North Vietnam?
EXTENSION OF REMARKS
OF
HON. BOB WILSON
matically demonstrated that man now
can go down to the bottom of the ocean
and perform useful work. The search
and recovery was a prophetic fulfillment
of the remarks of James H. Wakelin, for-
mer Assistant Secretary of the Navy dur-
ing dedication ceremonies at Woods Hole
Oceanographic Institution on June 5,
1964, He said Alvin would be responsive
to the interests of the Nation and its
people. He went on to say :
This first deep-diving submarine to go into
operation anywhere will go places and do
things that will undoubtedly make news for
many years to come.
Athelstan Spilhaus, dean of the Uni-
versity of Minnesota's Institute of Tech-
nology was on a National Academy of
Sciences Committee that in 1959 urged
a broad new attack on the oceans in-
eluding development of a deep-diving
craft. On the same committee was Al-
lyn Vine, for whom Alvin was named.
Vine led the early definition of require-
ments for vehicles to perform oceano-
graphic research at great depths and was
a. key figure in gaining Office of Naval-
Research support.
In the hands of its capable crew,
Alvin has made over 150 dives. It has
within its potential range an area of the
occai moor -greater than the area of the
"'surface of th:e moon. Chief ?ilot WiT-
liam O "Rainnie, Naval Academy grad-
uate ?agd his alternate copilots, Marvin
J. McCamis `and Valentine 'Wilson, by
finding and initially securing a tether to
the lcff}bs,,performed a feat requiring
fires t technical competence" and opera=
tional skill as well as personal dedica-
OF CALIFORNIA
IN THE HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES
Monday, May 2, 1966
Mr. BOB WILSON. Mr. Speaker, the
Reader's Digest recently carried an ex-
cellent article entitled "Why Not Block-
ade North Vietnam?" which I feel every
one of my colleagues will benefit from
reading.
It was written by Hanson W. Baldwin,
a graduate of the U.S. Naval Academy
who served as an officer aboard battle-
ships and a destroyer before switching
to journalism. Baldwin has authored
many books and has been the military
editor of the New York Times since 1942.
A DISTINGUISHED MILITARY OBSERVER WHO
HAS JUST RETURNED FROM A 3-MONTH
SURVEY OF SOUTHEAST ASIA POSES A COGENT
QUESTION: WHY NOT BLOCKADE NORTH
VIETNAM?
(By Hanson W. Baldwin)
Soon-or never-the Nation must take the
steps essential to victory in Vietnam. The
alternative is to face the terrible conse-
quences of stalemate or defeat.
President Johnson has increased our com-
mitment in men and money in South Viet-
nam. But until the Navy and the Air Force
are authorized to cut off the flow of arms
Into North Vietnam, our biggest guns are
still muted, our strongest cards unplayed.
"If you want to cut off a stream of water,
you turn off the faucet," an Air Force officer
said recently in Vietnam. So far, we haven't
-seriously attempted to turn off the faucet of
weapons supply for North Vietnam. We have
bombed-though in low key-the railroad
est. Under the U.S. self-imposed groun
rules, the docks at Haiphong so far have
been immune to bombing. Ships under
Communist and other flags steam past our
carriers and destroyers in the Gulf of Ton-
kin and, without molestation, unload anti-
aircraft weapons, arms and ammunition. To
the fighting man, this makes no sense. Why
bomb at all if we are going to let the enemy
bring in weapons that will increase the cost
of our bombing, decrease its effectiveness, and
raise the casualty figures among U.S. soldiers
fighting in the south?
U.S. attempts to use peaceful persuasions
to decrease the seaborne flow have met with
some success. Japan, Greece, Norway, Cy-
prus, Liberia, and Lebanon have eliminated
or reduced visits by their ships to North
Vietnam. The number of non-Communist-
flag ships calling at North Vietnamese ports
was down to an average of about 13 per
month In late 1965, compared to 34 per
month in 1964. However, these vessels car-
ried mostly nonmilitary items.
British ships, many of them coastal craft,
most of them registered in Hong Kong, are
still engaged in trade with North Vietnam,
and London has shown reluctance to do any-
thing about it. The reluctance is under-
standable if undesirable. Many of the ships
are manned by polyglot crews, including
many Chinese seamen; and British, Hong
Kong, and other nationals share their owner-
ship, Britain is extremely conscious of the
vulnerable position of her colonialism dia-
dem, Hong Kong, which remains nominally
British only as long as this is convenient to
Peking. Hence she is reluctant to initiate
steps which might increase friction with
China. All the more reason for blockade.
If we faced this issue squarely, it would take
London off the hook.
More important, only a blockade will halt
the flow of war goods in Communist-flag
ships. These have brought a variety of ad-
vanced arms and military equipment, prin-
cipally from Russia, and are still doing so.
SHALLOW AND NARROW
Geographic facts would simplify any sea
interdiction program. Haiphong is the only
good port. It lies inside the Gulf of Tonkin,
and its approaches are shallow, narrow, and
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OQNESIONAL RECORD
APPENDIX A23
49
,
;
The bill passed by the House demon- proposal and submitted to the Congress.
strates the concern of an interested pub- Hopefully, such legislation will have all of
lic, a responsible press, and an enlight- the essential features that would give us se-
ened medical community. curity in our own minds that these animals
During recent hearings before the are being handled properly and well.
Labor and Health, Education, and Wel- Accompanying this there is a recom-
mendation ion that that there be standards for coin-
fare Appropriations Subcommittee, on pliance. If these committees are not set up,
which I serve, I had the opportunity of the departments which make grants or con-
discussing the need for such legislation tracts or awards should withhold funds un-
with Dr. James A. Shannon, Director, til objective evidence is produced that the
National Institutes of Health. Dr. Shan- institution meets the minimal criteria.
non acknowledged that this is a real Quite frankly, it has been a long time. We
problem which must be met by respon- Proposed legislation which is not very dif-
ferent about a year ago. It was decided at
Under the leave to extend my remarks that time to defer it until this year. I hope
it will not be deferred again. We, too, get
in the RECORD, I include the testimony letters. I think we have a sense of urgency
of Dr. Shannon in response to my ques- that this is a real problem. We feel it should
tion on a reasonable and responsible ap- be faced up to by the responsible people in
proach to the care and treatment of dogs the biomedical community, and we believe
and cats used in research: that there are ways of handling this without
CARE AND TREATMENT OF LABORATORY ANIMALS in any way deterring the advancement of
terms subsidies provided credit unions. I
eak Mr. O'Keefe it a need for credit unions
does l'iOt exist, why is it that nearly 20 mil-
lion Americans are members of credit unions?
And, if a need for that credit unions does not
exist, why is It that servicemen throughout
the world have written the Banking and
Currency Committee asking about the pros-
pects of establishing a_ credit union at their
installation. And, it Mr. O'Keefe is unhappy
with subsidies granted to financial institu-
tions, let him look no further than commor-
cial banking, which is the most subsidized
industry In the United states.
What other industry receives millions of
dollars in free Government funds for invest-
snent in the form of tax and loan accounts?
What other industry has the exclusive right
to create money? And, what other industry
is provided hundreds of millions of dollars
worth of free governmental services each
year?
Mr. O'Keefe carefully avoids mentioning
that the credit union movement is operated
almost exclusively on a voluntary basis. He
fails to mention that at many military in-
stallations credit unions' volunteer officers
use their lunch hours and their vacations to
perform credit union work. And if Mr.
O'Keefe is worried that credit unions may be
cutting into the profits of his company, then
I suggest that perhaps his company should
consider reducing Mr. O'Keefe's annual re-
muneration which, in 1965, amounted to
$48,150. Incidentally, that is $3,510 more
than the salary of the Vice President of the
United States.
There can be no question as to the wonder-
ful service that credit unions have performed
for the American people. But when orga-
nizations, such as Mr. O'Keefe's, launch a
,mbar campaign, credit unions can no longer
rest on their "white hat" reputation. To
counter these attacks, make certain that the
people in your community and in the busi-
ness and factories that you serve, know of
the, work you are doing. Fight Mr. O'Keefe
and his group with facts and fight him hard.
Keep your Congressman up to date on the
work of your credit union. Let him know
your legislative positions on key bills. Do
not be.afraid to tell your success stories to
the public. If you do this, I cannot promise
that it will prevent the formation of groups
seeking to undermine the work of credit
unions, but I will promise that these groups
will gain little public sympathy and will have
to operate in a completely secret manner.
. Ladles and gentlemen, thank you so much
for your kind attention this morning.
Care and Treatment of Laboratory
Animals
EXTENSION OF REMARKS
or
HON. GARNER E. SHRIVER
OF KANSAS
IN THE MOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES
Monday, May 2, 1966
Mr. SHRIVER. Mr. Speaker, the
House of Representatives. last Thursday
passed by an overwhelming vote H.R.
13881, a bill to authorize the Secretary
of Agriculture to regulate the transpor-
tation, sale, and handling of dogs and
cats intended to be used for purposes of
research and experimentation. Since
coming to Congress in 1961.1 have had
continuing correspondence from citizens
expressing the need for such legislation
to provide for the humane treatment of
animals used In scientific and medical
:research.
Mr. SIIRivsm., Last year you discussed this
matter. We consistently get a great deal of
mail on it. There has been a lot of discussion
about maltreatment of dogs and other ani-
mals. There are a number of bills this year
before the Congress.
What is your judgment as to a reasonable
and responsible approach to take?
Dr. SHANNON, We have recommended to
the Secretary that he seek broad legislative
authority to deal with what, indeed, is a
pressing problem. The National Academy of
Sciences conducted a study 2 years ago
which showed that too many laboratories
have inadequate resources for handling ani-
mals in a satisfactory way.
This is unsatisfactory, whether viewed
from the standpoint of the comfort of the
animal or the success of the biological
experiment.
It is our conviction that the use of ex-
perimental animals can be undertaken with
care and consideration, but with the pri-
mary purpose being the good of man. The
needs of the animal must be subservient to
the needs of man.
To move from a situ ation of inadequate
resources to one of adequate resources to
insure humane treatment, we must do three
things:
First, if we are not to impair the already
established biomedical activity we have to
broaden the resources available for the care
of animals. This means actual construction.
Second, we have to provide for better train-
ing in animal caretaking. Too few biological
laboratories have full-fledged veterinarians in
charge of their animal-facilities. They, in
turn, have too few properly trained people
to take care of" the animals.
Finally, there has to be, I think, an objec-
tive assessment of the care provisions. We
feel that this could be done through certify-
ing procedures in precisely the same way as
we now use private agencies to certify the
adequacy of hospitals through the Joint
Commission on the Accreditation of Hos-
pitals. We were instrumental in supporting
the initiation and development of such a
certifying agency which went into business
and is now on a trial basis. It has been
operating about 9 months.
We feel, furthermore, that in view of the
criticism, some of it justified-I am afraid
a great deal of it is not but some is justi-
fied-institutions have to accept a broad
responsibility for what goes on in their own
environs. They have to develop a conscious-
ness of their own obligation to exercise dis-
cipline over the operation within their fa-
cilities. We are pretty much convinced that
this can best be done as we do it in our own
institutes, by the establishment of a formal
committee which concerns itself with the
care and the utilization of animals.
We have recommended to the,'Secretary
that these elements of an animal care pro-
gram be incorporated in a new legislative
science. We hope a legislative proposal will
be brought up for consideration.
Mr. SHRIvrR. A good answer.
Two Hundredth Anniversary
EXTENSION OF REMARKS
or
HON. ROBERT DOLE
OF KANSAS
IN THE HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES
Monday, May 2, 1966
Mr. DOLE. Mr. Speaker, 1966 marks
the 200th anniversary of the Methodist
Church in America. Baltimore was
selected as the site for the bicentennial
meeting to commemorate this occasion.
Recently 12 Methodist ministers in
various parts of the United States
saddled horses and headed for Baltimore,
and in the tradition of circuit riders of
long ago, preached the Gospel as they
went. One of the twelve to undertake
this arduous journey was Rev. Sidney
Dillinger of McCracken, Kans.
Following is an editorial from the
April 24, 1966, issue of the Hays Daily
News, Hays, Kans., reminding us of the
important role played by Methodist cir-
cuit riders in the development of our
country, and saluting Reverend Dillinger
for his participation in this event:
CIRCUIT RIDERS-A LA 1966
History today records that nothing did
more to make America great than the tough
breed of hardy pioneers who opened up the
West. From the earliest days when the
country was but a smattering of not co-
hesive States strung along the Atlantic sea-
board, the urge of men and women was to
push to the West.
The overwhelming desire, we would sup-
pose, was to find a better life for their chil-
dren, to find for them something they were
denied in their current environment, for
them to grow up to be somebody.
Fertile land, the material things of life,
were desired. But for their children to
achieve the noble goals sought, they were
wise enough to know this was not enough.
This explains why, once the land was
cleared and the cabin built or cave dug, the
first thing they did was send for a school-
marm and preacher.
In numerous instances that preacher was
a Methodist. And because people were
mighty few and far between in the wide-open
spaces, the preacher more often than not had
to be a circuit rider.
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 19 66 Approves F gg 0 ~pft4-BD P 8006400070018-2 A2351
easily blocked. A formal naval blockade
maintained by the surface ships and planes
of the 7th Fleet could easily seal off the
gulf and- the coast of North Vietnam. A
blockade is generally considered an act of
war, and usually follows.a formal war dec-
laration. It would mean stopping and
searching all ves'sels bringing goods to North
Vietnam, including Soviet-flag vessels-a
risk, but on the scene there would be noth-
ing much that Russia could do about it. It
would involve essentially the same risk as
the sea embargo established by our fleet at
the time of the Cuban missile crisis.
A variation of the formal blockade, which
might ease some of the international com-
plications, would be an "embargo" or "quar-
antine," or a so-called "pacific blockade."
(See appendix.)
Still another possibility, one favored by
some of our Air Force officers as least likely
to cause international complications, en-
visages the mining of approaches to North
Vietnamese ports and of the ports them-
selves. The minefields, laid by Navy surface
ships and "filled in," if necessary, by mine
laying from the air, would be limited to
North Vietnamese coastal waters, thus avoid-
ing the laying of mines in international seas.
Nearly all Communist states claim a 12-mile
limit, and the shallow Gulf of Tonkin makes
mines a particularly effective weapon. All
nations would be warned that their ships
would approach the mined coastal waters
at their own risk. But no attempt would
be made to stop and search the vessels.
RESTRICTED BOMBING
Any of these measures could halt the bulk
of the seaborne arms flow into North Viet-
nam, at little risk of escalation. However,
most of our military men agree that, to re-
duce the arms flow, the limitations on our
bombing of railroads, roads, and land targets
in North Vietnam must also be eased. (See
"What We Must Do To Win in Asia," the
Reader's Digest, November 19`65.) For the
bulk of the ground weapons that equip the
Vietcong and North Vietnamese forces comes
from China, by land routes-principally by
the railroad from Nanning in China to Hanoi.
This railroad changes gage at the North
Vietnam border; it passes through defiles and
tunnels, over scores of vulnerable bridges
and culverts. Bombing has already inter-
rupted it to some degree. But the limita-
tions upon our bombers are many.
First of all, every bombing mission over
North Vietnam must be specifically author-
ized in Washington. In addition, our fliers
must not bomb closer than 30 miles from
the Chinese frontier; they must stay out
of a circle of 30 miles diameter around Hanoi;
they must stay out of a circle of 10'miles
diameter around Haiphong. Twice last year
the Navy was permitted to bomb an impor-
tant bridge between Hanoi and Haiphong.
We have bombed missile sites within the
30-mile circle around Hanoi, a power station
within the 10-mile circle around Haiphong
but these are exceptions, not the rule.
A sea blockade would be immeasurably
helped by bombing the Haiphong docks.
Some of North Vietnam's most important
petroleum-storage facilities, many of her
powerplants, and all the airports where
Mfg's and IL-28's are based are out of
.bounds to our fliers. Easing of these bomb-
ing restrictions and intensification of the
attacks upon the Hanoi-Nanning railway
line-but well south of the Chinese frontier-
would {Hake it more difficult for North Viet-
Ham. to maintain her antiaircraft batteries
and missile sites, and to supply the Com-
munist forces in South Vietnam. E1imiria-
tion of her electric power and petroleum
supplies would reduce considerably Hanoi's
warmaking potential, and also "reduce the
use of trucks for weapons deliveries to South
Vietnam.
WHAT RESPONSE?
To compensate the North Vietnamese
would undoubtedly utilize their manpower
in prodigal numbers (as they did at the
battle of Dienbienphu) to move in arms
from China. But the roads are few and tor-
tuous, and air attack could make road run-
ning difficult, as our air attacks upon the
Communist-held corridor in Laos are show-
ing.
So long as we do not bomb China itself,
large-scale, overt Chinese intervention is un-
likely. China has everything to lose by it,
including the very existence of the Peking
Government and all of its hard-won indus-
trial and economic gains.
Korea demonstrated that air and sea in-
terdiction, no matter how intensive, will
never completely stop the primitive man-
back supply route. Some arms will always
get through. But applied against North
Vietnam and in the corridor in Laos, and
coupled with heavy, continuing offensive
pressure in South Vietnam, these measures
may well confront the enemy with a crisis
of supply. Certainly they will make it far
more difficult for him to continue fighting,
and so will reduce U.S. casualties. While
these measures alone will not win the Viet-
namese war, we probably cannot win without
them. If we try to, the increased price will
be in blood-American blood.
APPENDIX
A BLOODLESS USE OF SUPERIOR FORCE
(By Raymond Moley, condensed from
Newsweek)
only because Britain dominated the sealanes
of the world, keeping them free to commerce
in peace but restricting them in war. Now
the United States carries the burden and re-
sponsibility of that dominance. Yet we are
permitting the ships of our friends, as well
as of the Soviet Union and of Red China, to
supply through the port of Haiphong the
goods of war to Hanoi and the Vietcong
guerrillas. Our enemies are enjoying the
benefits of a license that we ourselves have
created. '
The U.S. Navy should be used to cut off
all sea traffic in war material into North Viet-
nam. This is a bloodless use of superior
force. Ships carrying contraband are turned
back. Thus seapower can choke off the
means of warfare, lessen and ultimately stop
the conflict.
There are ample precedents for a "Pacific
blockade." When the Soviets, in 1962, used
the sealanes to build a mortal threat to the
United States in Cuba, there were many who
said we should impose a blockade, only to be
met by the argument that a blockade is an
act of war. So when President Kennedy
acted-after the missiles were installed-the
blockade was call a "quarantine." Whatever
the name, the reality was the U.S. capacity
to bar access at sea. And the subsequent re-
action of the Soviet Union made it clear that
the Kremlin understood the nature and ca-
pability of dominant seapower. The Soviet
ships submitted, stopped and turned back.
The "Pacific blockade" was repeatedly used
by Britain and France in the 19th century to
enforce their rights or preserve the peace of
Europe-in 1824, 1837, 1884, and 1886. It
was used in 1902 and 1903, by Germany and
Britain, and then by Germany alone, to
bring to negotiation a Venezuelan dictator
(who name, incidentally, was Cipriano Cas-
tro). It is still a legitimate means of arrest-
ing traffic where a state of war does not for-
mally exist.
To repeat: It Is U.S. naval power that
makes freedom of the seas possible. During
periods of belligerence, that freedom is sub-
ject to control. The bloody Ho Chi Minh
trail, by which war materials move from
North Vietnam into South Vietnam, is long
and winding. It begins at sea.
What It Takes To Win in Vietnam?
EXTENSION OF REMARKS
OF
HON. JOHN J. RHODES
OF ARIZONA
IN THE HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES
Monday, May 2, 1966
Mr. RHODES of Arizona. Mr. Speak-
er, in the past I have inserted in the CON-
GRESSIONAL RECORD editorials published
by Mr. William R. Mathews on our for-
eign policy in Asia. Mr. Mathews on
April 24, 1966, published in the Arizona
Daily Star another editorial of such in-
cisive nature, I felt it should be made
available to all of the Members.
The editorial follows:
WHAT IT TAKES To WIN IN VIETNAM?
(By William R. Mathews)
If there were anything easy to predict, it
would be to forecast that the troubled domes-
tic political situation in Vietnam amounts
to a continuation of what has gone on in
the past, and will continue in the future.
There will be elections within 5 months, prob-
ably. Once the tallies are made public, there
will be losers and victors. The losers will
cry about fraud.
If a civilian government is established, the
chances are that it will last not many months,
and possibly only weeks. Another civilian
government will succeed it, and it will go
through much the same process. Finally
another dictatorship, probably a military
one, will take over. It, too, will last only
some months, unless Washington gets tough
with the religious and political leaders of the
country, which will include some generals.
There are some good reasons to justify this
forecast. One of the most powerful is war-
weariness, which generates religious and pa-
triotic passions, and divides a country into
warring political fragments. Because South
Vietnam is a country of fragmented political
parties, civilian life will continue in a state
of anarchy and thus weaken the military ef-
fort.
Amid all of this development, America will
continue to wage war against the Vietcong
as best it can. The South Vietnam Army
obviously will be weakened, and will be un-
able to carry its share of the war load. Our
bombing will continue and will have to be
enlarged against basic targets, like oil stor-
age farms in North Vietnam. It should be
realized that North Vietnam has trucks, and
that they run supplies and men south using
gasoline or diesel fuel which we permit North
Vietnam to import, store and use. If we
finally hit those oil installations, the trucks
would lack fuel. The supply line would be
weakened at the source of its strength.
Thus the situation we Americans find our-
selves in will continue probably for years-
certainly until we get tired of it, or get
tough with the leaders of the numerous re-
ligious and political factions. If enough
of them do not agree to unify and create a
war government with militant leadership,
that will not tolerate any organized oppo-
sition during the period of the war, we should
pull out. Unite and fight must- be our pol-
icy, and we should mean it and not apologize
for it. Our patience is no longer a virtue,
because it is taken as a sign of weakness.
That it obviously has encouraged the lead-
ers of North Vietnam is proven by their scorn
of our failure to develop a unified war effort
in South Vietnam. Until we do that, and
add to it the extension of our bombing
against military targets in all of North Viet-
nam, the leaders of North Vietnam will re-
main firm in their unwillingness to talk.
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 H.GOa4 ^NNIvveaa vI vI vv' 'vv' G
May 9'-" r.
' We have to break the will of their Political and our own best efforts,
P rounded by enemies, and it also is now 18 of the World Court a
and military leaders to resist. No war is Won years old. majority in the Assembly was not pre-
or even stalemated, until the will of such The Americans of 1807 did not waste pared to impose upon the delinquent mem-
leaciets is impaired or broken. Our Civil time worrying. Instead, they worked, bar states the penalty laid down in article 19
War. was not won until the will of Gen. of the charter-namely, the loss of their vote
Robert E. Lee was broken. World War i conquered a wilderness, and they laid in the General Assembly.
was not won, until the will of Von Hindeil- the foundation for the great Nation we In this situation it fell to me to announce
bur
..
1.....k
- -
" 1- -- enjoy t-d` ~ -- .. ..
g
as
littl
e suffic ent
rliancl that nip Kaiser abdicate.
In World War II, the Germans were de-
nied victory in their invasion of the Soviet
Union by the will of Stalin to unite the
efforts of his people in "the great patriotic
war." The war.was not won until the will
of Hitler .was broken by his own suicide.
The Korean war was not, won by us because
we did not have the will,, to win it. The
persistency of the Chinese, led by Mao, en-
dured long enough to win a compromise from
us.
The war in Vietnam will not be won until
we and South Vietnam unit with the deter-
mination to win it, For us to imagine that
anarchy prevails in South Vietnam, and our
political leaders openly proclaim our reason-
ableness, is wishful thinking.
The leaders of North Vietnam will not talk
reasonably until the political Government of
South Vietnam unites with our Army, Air
Force, and Navy to wage war with a unity that
can win and can hurt North Vietnam.
Consequently, if we are going to pet and
pamper the political leaders of South Viet-
nam, - and meticulously stand aside and
thereby encourage anarchy and disunity, we
will be stuck in Vietnam with an. ever-in-
creasi,Iig cost in American lives and wealth.
That could become a devastating political
issued by 1968 at least, and possibly in,1966.
our intensified bombing. of North Vietnam
could be decisive if it were, backed by a uni-
fled and competent Government of South
Vietnam, whose armies would unite with ours
In sea, land, and air operations that would
drive the invaders from the country. The
Vietcong will not give up until they see that
they are licked, and neither will North Viet-
nam.
Speeches by Ambassador Goldberg, Senator
MANSFIELD,- and Secretary Rusk during the
past, week have, been most unfortunate.
These expressions of reasonableness will
cause the VC and the political leaders of
Hanoi to be more adamant than ever. They
see them as proof of our political weakness,
and our lack of will to wage war.
In $uch circumstances, the confusion in
Vietnam will continue; our soldiers out-there
will be more confused; so will many Senators
and Congressmen. This confusion will. grow
among; the people of the United States.
No woaoer the Chinese people speak of us
as a paper tiger.
Israel's 18th Birthday
SPEECH
or I
HON. JOHN N. ERLENBORN
OF ILLINOIS
IN THE HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES
Monday, April 25, 1966
Mr. ERLENBORN. Mr. Speaker, in
1807, when the United ' States was 18
years old, we were a little nation situated
along the eastern seaboard of a strange
land across the sea. We were sur-
rotlncjed.,by spine.enemies who were sav-
ayes, the Indians, and some, enemies who
were civilized but who acted like savages,
the English and the French.
Now, there is a little land across the
sea, situated along a seaboard, sur-
year-old land across the sea-in Israel-
the Israelis are not spending their time
worrying.
They are working. They are conquer-
ing, not a wilderness, but a desert. And
they are laying the foundations for a
great nation to come.in the Middle East.
U.S. Mission to the United Nations
EXTENSION OF REMARKS
OF
HON. JONATHAN B. BINGHAM
OF NEW YORK
IN THE-HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES
Monday, May 2, 1966
Mr. BINGHAM. Mr. Speaker, one of
the outstanding public servants of our
day is Ambassador Arthur J. Goldberg.
In a speech at the National Press Club
on April 19, Ambassador Goldberg had
some trenchant and enlightening com-
ments to make on the state of the U.N.
and its possible contribution to the Viet-
nam problem, on Communist China, and
on Rhodesia. I commend this speech to
my colleagues and other readers of the
CONGRESSIONAL RECORD.
ADDRESS.BY AMBASSADOR ARTHUR J. GOLDBERG,
U.S. REPRESENTATIVE TO THE UNITED
NATIONS
This is a very welcome experience for me.
I well remember my first appearance at a
National Press Club luncheon early in 1961,
in fact less than 2 weeks after I had been
sworn in as Secretary of Labor. Mr. Cos-
grove has been more generous this time and
has allowed me 9 months in which to learn
my job before facing this board of examiners.
Your Invitation gives me an Opportunity
which I value highly, because I know well
the vital importance of close and frank con-
tact between public officials and you gentle-
men of the working press. And there is no
area in which this contact is more neces-
sary than in the arduous and complex
search for international peace which we
pursue at the United Nat-ions.
Today I would like to give you a short
progress report on the major questions that
have taken up most of our time and energy
at the United Nations in these 9 months
since it fell to me to suceed-I will not say
"replace," because nobody could replace
him--the illustrious Adlai Stevenson.
The major questions have been, first, the
crisis over the financing of certain U.N.
peacekeeping operations; then the Kashmir
crisis; then the Vietnamese question which
we laid before the Security Council. In
the background of Vietnam we have also the
question of Red China's relation to the world
community and specifically to the U.N.
Finally, and most recently, we have had the
crisis over Rhodesia. I would like to take
up these topics in order, and then I will reply
to your questions.
FINANCING AND PEACEKEEPING
When I arrived at the U.N., the organiza-
tion was virtually paralyzed by the contro-
versy over the obligation of member states to.
pay their assessed share for its peacekeeping
operations in the Middle East and the Congo.
It had become clear that, despite the opinion
our distasteful decision to agree that the
General Assembly should resume its normal
functioning with all members voting. I have
no regrets over this decision. What was
most immediately urgent was that the orga-
nization be enabled to continue to carry on
its business.
But in the long run the U.N. has no more
important objective than that of developing
its peacekeeping capacity, and we remain very
active in promoting that objective. Next
week in New York the 33-member Special
Committee on Peacekeeping Operations will
meet to consider changes in U.N. procedures
for authorizing and financing peacekeeping
operations. We attach great importance to
the work of this body. The capacity of the
United Nations to help in keeping the peace
must not be weakened-it must be made
stronger-and the United States will join
wholeheartedly with those In the Committee
and in the Assembly who work to make it
stronger.
KASHMIR
Of course, even now, despite the financing
crisis, the U.N. remains a potent peacekeeper.
This was proven last September when the
long-smoldering conflict over Kashmir
erupted into large-scale violence. The
United Nations was thereby confronted with
what was perhaps the most serious armed
clash between two member states with which
it had ever dealt. It was, of course, all the
more alarming -to the United States because
India and Pakistan are two very important
nations whose friendship and progress we
highly value-and because just over the
Himalayas, Red China was sitting, eagerly
waiting for a chance to pick up the pieces.
The cease-fire-which was the prerequisite
to all the steps that followed-was achieved
on September 22 as a direct outgrowth of the
Security Council resolution 2 days earlier.
This in turn paved the way for the Tashkent
agreement which followed in January, lead-
ing to the withdrawal of forces. Tashkent,
incidentally, offers a vivid illustration of a
situation in which the Soviet Union per-
ceives that its interest in a step toward peace
runs parallel to that of the vast majority of
nations of the world. May there be more
such situations.
Of course the Kashmir question remains
on the Security Council's agenda. It is a
deep-lying issue involving long-entrenched
interests and emotions on both sides. But
by moving the immediate conflict off the bat-
tlefield and into the conference room, we
achieved something substantial not only for
India and Pakistan, but for the peace of the
world. If the U.N. had done nothing else
in 1965, that achievement alone would justify
many times over the annual cost of the
United Nations.
VIETNAM
Now let me comment briefly on activity
at the United Nations relating to the con-
flict in Vietnam.
One of my first actions after presenting
my credentials last July was to send a letter
to the President of the Security Council,
emphasizing the United States continued
willingness to collaborate unconditionally
with members of the Council in finding a
formula which would restore peace to Viet-
nam. This was only one step in a con-
tinuous process of consultation with Secre-
tary General U Thant and with many mem-
ber states-particularly members of the
Council.
Then in early January we informed all :117
members of the U.N. of our unprecedented
diplomatic effort-unprecedented in :In-
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 VV
ON V TE E1PECTED
Analysts Spa - r*ont Intends
By R. W. -11 plx M.
special to Thel w ilbr'k Times
SA,P lON, May 1 - 211.e, Na-
tional Liberation Frg,,par-;
entl intends to b ott thg
forthcoming South V n ,e
Inational elections while
tempting at the same time.- to
fdo everything possible to dis-
rupt them.
These are the conclusions of
analysts who have studied`news-
paper and radio pronouncgments
,made during April b the frpnt,
,,the political, organization Qf #je
V ietcpng.
The analysts' saidPfoday that
there was virti4aiiy no possi-
ibility that. the Co#iimunists
,would atte , t to elect Tepre-
i'entatives to ,~onst1c'co n as-
sembly, either o eflly or vert-
,ly. Nor was it likely they said,
that the front wo~ endprs0
,the candidates p ?,groups'
'friendly to it.
In public statements, the
front's leadership has. assailed
the whole process leading to-
ward a civilian government as 21
i"deceitful farce."
Referring to the poliical con
gress that laid the groundwork
for the transition from mill,
y un-
tary to legislative rule, tfie.fmask and smash all politi-
'front'
adi
i
_ wa
th
o sa
d it
s r
s
e
beginning of the farce of hold-
ing dishonest general elections
to maintain the dictatorial and
:country-selling regime."
The congress, convened by Air
Vice Marshal Nguyen Cao Ky,
South Vietnam's Premier, con-
sisted of 49 members, four of
whom represented the Govern-
mnent. Aug. 15 was tentatively
Set as the date for elections
for a constitutionI convention,
which is referred to by the Viet:
namese as a cdhsfituent as-
sembly.
The military' government,
which says it controls about
54 per cent; of the population,
has been siolicerned about pos-
sible attempts by the Commu-
nists to cast ballots. This will
apparently not be a problem,
the analysts said.
'Western diplomats In Saigon
said that the front was obliged
to cp}yinc its adherents, that
anything sponsored by the mili-
tary junta and at least .tacitly
blections,k which the front has'
had not brought the American
been seein a' :fnr manv vaa rc. __
,
elep
t
df f
It Woulu, beificulto e
Communists to persuade their
followers to vote in an election
they have already begun to try
to discredit
Urged to Lncouurage Extremists
Therefore, the ' aatia9ysts
said, the next to icaal ste for
ApIxrie te~l;tB 1t $tetl,005
vei}t_ , t}e ections by encourag-
l ug extremist elements to con-
Associated Press
SCORED BY THE N,L.F.:
Thich Tam Chan, Buddhist
monk, was denounced as an
"arm of U.S. octopus" by
National Liberation Front,
Vietcong's political arm. I
the regime of Premier Ky. Such
an effort has already begun in
the Saigon area.
In a statement issued on April,
23, the front's capital district
[committee called on the people
of Saigon to "resolutel
cal maneuvers of the enemy"-
meaning: the United States and
the Ky Government.
"Let all classes of people in
Saigon continue to fan the
flames of national indignation,"
the statement said. It also urged
the continuation of mass meet-
ings, demonstrations, ' strikes
and other unrest.
Apparently appealing to radi-
cal Buddhists, the statement
assailed Thich Tam Chau, a
Buddhist monk, as one of "the
arms of the J. S. octopus." It
did not mention Thich Tri
Quant, the other principal
leader of the political Buddhists.
Another front publication con-
centrated its abuse on the Unit-
ed States, asserting that the
political congress had taken
place "under the guidance of
the old-fox, ''? Ambassador Henry
Terrorism Expected
it said. "But who can believe in
the honeyed words df a band
If they fail to block the elec-
tions' the Com> }w wx
the voting. One expert in Viet-
cong tactics said he expected to
see "an. assassination, or, ,two"
ti- R ndidates
In addition, the analysts said,!
the Government is unlikely to
be able to prevent agents of the
front from Intimidating peas-
ants who want to vote-any
more than it is able to prevent
such intimidation in day-to-day
life.
Before departing for the Unit-
ed States for consultations on
the war, Ambassador Lodge in-
dicated in an broadcast over the
Columbia Broadcasting System
that he feared the Com-
munists would so terrorize the
countryside that the elections
would. be deprived of much ofI
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