THE SECOND WAR IN VIETNAM

• Document Type: CREST
• Collection: General CIA Records
• Document Number (FOIA) /ESDN (CREST): CIA-RDP67B00446R000400070004-7
• Release Decision: RIFPUB
• Original Classification: K
• Document Page Count: 18
• Document Creation Date: December 16, 2016
• Document Release Date: June 27, 2005
• Sequence Number: 4
• Publication Date: May 25, 1966
• Content Type: OPEN

May 25, 1966 Appro M" 0( C n Q1Ah q$W446R000400070004-7 A2825
The rating system for aptitude is a per-
centile scale ranging from one to 100-with
50 the national average.
The citywide Detroit percentile figure is
below 50, in the mid-40s.
For Northern High School students, com-
bined aptitude figure is at the 19th per-
centile, compared to Redford's near-50.
What does it mean?
It means a teacher at Northern or some
other inner city school faces a class with less
than half the cumulative fitness, inclina-
tion, ability or capacity to learn that a Red-
ford class possesses.
It means that teachers at Northern and at
any innercity school were scholastic aptitude
is low, must try continually to stir their
students to learn; to motivate them; to try
to make them understand.
"It means," said Dr. Lankton, "that inner-
city teachers are doing some hard work in
pulling achievement marks higher than
aptitude."
It means that you cannot fairly or real-
istically compare Northern High School to
Cass Technical High School, where aptitude
is high.
At Northern, last October, first-semester
seniors were reading at exactly their com-
bined aptitude percentile-19. They were
ahead of their aptitude in social studies:
23. Ahead in writing: 26. Ahead in listen-
ing comprehension: 25. Behind in science:
18. Behind in math: 17.
While scholastic aptitude is closely related
to native ability, it's also a learned ability.
It can change.
This is why the schools keep measuring
through the 12th grade. The goal in the in-
ner city is to pull the aptitude closer to that
of students in average-achievement schools.
Aptitude cannot be shaped entirely in a
classroom.
The Northern High youngsters in the pic-
tures do not all live in neat homes with
lawns, although some do. More live in fiats,
duplexes and apartments along Clairmont
and John R., an area fast becoming the most
densely populated in the city.
As the freeways have come through, more
s.nd more families have moved into the area.
There is no urban renewal. There is little
;ommunity involvement with the school.
There is little concern by the rest of the
;ity, except to drive through-quickly.
Some of the most knowledgeable, people in
the school system interviewed dozens of the
2orthern students privately following the
,ecent walkout.
Their findings were startling:
"It was as if the Northern High School
area is not a city community, but a colony,
in island," said one assistant superintendent.
"The feeling of abandonment that some
-if these youngsters have is appalling. The
Leachers they think are 'good' are the teach-
;rs who seem to like them. Almost all of
them confessed to feelings of loneliness."
The loneliness comes from many things.
Despite the feeling by many Detroiters
shat the immigration from the South has
ended, statistics show that there is a con-
stant turnover in the inner-city schools.
Dne reported a change of nearly 100 percent
in students last year.
In attempting to prepare students for high
schools, the local "feeder" junior highs and
elementary schools must work with the regu-
lars and with a constant influx of kids who
don't know how to sit down correctly, to
say nothing of how to read. It takes teach-
ers. Also skill and money.
The Northern student whose family
doesn't care what he does as long as he gets
out for the day is no exception. Nor is the
one who goes to school without sleep or
breakfast. Or the one who sleeps with five
kids in one bed and who has no place, and
no encouragement, to do his homework.
"At one PTA meeting," said a teacher, "the
only people who showed up were the ones
in charge of refreshments."
If aptitudes can be raised, and if motiva-
tion is the answer, where is it going to come
from?
"It isn't the job of the schools."
"I don't like smart kids telling off princi-
pals: I'll vote against millage."
These two viewpoints can kill whatever
hope there is for doing a good educational
job in Detroit.
One $60-million school building program
was approved a few years ago. A new East-
ern High School is being built with part of
that money.
Another $60-million school building pro-
gram was rejected, which is why biology stu-
dents are studying in drafting rooms, and
probably will continue to, at a crumbling
Northern High and an aged Northwestern
High.
About 10 years ago, Detroit became the
pilot city for the Great Cities Improvement
Program which proved itself immediately in
motivating inner city children to do better.
It isn't in all schools because of money.
Eastern High School is a Great Cities
School. Was that another reason the East-
ern kids didn't walk out last week? Be-
cause they have a summer program, an
after-school program, a school community
agent-the "visible symbols" that somebody
cares?
Great Cities costs $37 a child each year to
operate. It was two-thirds Ford Founda-
tion money and one-third Detroit money;
and its big point is that it involves parents.
"We have to involve parents or we don't
succeed," said Carl Marburger, the first di-
rector of the program and now assistant
superintendent.
"You can take any suburban school, add
the lousiest principal, the lousiest teachers.
You can still damage the children," he said,
"but they will read because of the home
reinforcement."
At Northern the remnants of yesterday's
glory are all around. It was once the pres-
tige school of Detroit, gathering its students
from the plush Boston Blvd., North Wood-
ward area.
Tarnished trophies still in the hall cases
point to a hundred champion teams; to great
school pride.
There's a fine library at Northern, access
to special classes, elective courses. Are they
as good as they should be? Are there
enough top students to fill such biasses?
- What happens to the student who trans-
fers from Redford or Cass to Northern?
"It is possible that he might slip into the
rut of acceptability," Dr. Lankton said. "He
would miss the challenge of a school where
more students were performing at a higher
level."
It is also possible that he might rebel.
What happens to highly trained teachers
working day after day under tense, strained
conditions: Crowded schoolrooms, students
needing far more time and some needing far
more discipline than the teachers have
strength to give?
It's possible that they, to might rebel.
What could come out of Northern is the
awareness by the community that this is not
a simple issue to be dismissed with cliche
judgments.
EXTENSION OF REMARKS
OF
HON. FRANK E. EVANS
OF COLORADO
IN THE HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES
Wednesday, May 25, 1966
Mr. EVANS of Colorado. Mr. Speaker,
I recently had brought to my attention
an excellent article by the editor of the
Fal'm Journal magazine on the work
which is going on behind the fighting
front in Vietnam. This article provides
an important summary of the many ef-
forts which are being undertaken to con-
solidate military victories in the field.
Indeed, our best hope for peace in Viet-
nam and for the eventual stability of the
country is to win this second war. I wish
to commend the following article to my
colleagues' attention:
THAT SECOND WAR IN VIETNAM
(NOTE.-The most crucial struggle is the
one not in the news. A valiant army of Viet-
namese aided by brave U.S. AID technicians,
IVS farm-boy volunteers, Chinese, Japanese,
Koreans, are doing some amazing things to
win the people to our side.)
As this is written-April 11-the scene in
Vietnam is changing hourly. No one can say _
whether a stable government can emerge
which we or anybody can prop up. As I
reported from that country last month, there
is no front. There are probably 100,000 Viet
Cong right in Saigon, to say nothing of those
elsewhere in "our" part of Vietnam.
Militarily we are winning, but whether the
South Vietnamese can pull themselves to-
gether remains to be seen. If they can-
Vietnam could be one of the garden spots
of the world, and ironically the war could
help it become just that.
If so, a valiant band of American ag spe-
cialists, ex-county agents, educators, doctors
and other civilians will have had a large hand
in it. Their deeds are one of the great un-
told stories of the war.
Some of our ag specialists over there say
that the fabulous Mekong Delta, one of the
great rice bowls of the world, could produce
eight 'times more. If the war will allow
they'll show it how. They've done a lot al-
ready. The highland plateaus of the interior,
practically unfarmed now except for an oc-
casional rubber or tea plantation, could be
raising good grain crops and grazing a lot of
cattle.
The farmers are hard-working, intelligent
and "just pretty wonderful people," says Jim
Linn of New Jersey, one of our International
Voluntary Services boys who lives and works
out among them.
Most Vietnamese would like to be on our
side and will be anytime (1) we can Con-
vince them we are going to be the winners
(nobody here dares be caught among the
losers), (2) when their own government can
give them security and a We bed at night,
and (3) when they see that we can really
bring them a better life. Last month I dis-
cussed the military and village-security
aspects. Now let's look at the "farm war,"
equally important.
We've shipped mountains of supplies-
fertilizer, insecticides, seed, feed, cement,
galvanized roofing, reinforcing bars, pumps,
windmills, knapsacks, sprayers, Rhode Island
Red roosters, Yorkshire and Berkshire hogs,
Santa Gertrudis bulls, and rat poison.
We have sent over 25 excellent, hard-
working ag scientists, who are exposed to
danger daily. (We need three times that
many, but more are on the way.)
Also, we have 13 IVS boys there and we're
aiming to have 40 more. International Vol-
untary Services, a non-governmental outfit
of fellows in their 20s, pre-dated the Peace
Corps by several years and furnished the pat-
tern for it. "They're absolutely tops," says
Karl van Haeften, chief of our ag mission
in Vietnam, and I agree.
Other countries are in this second war
with us, too. The Chinese, from Taiwan,
have 72 men here in agriculture, (300 in all
counting industrial projects) and do a great
job. These men are Asiatics, not white
Americans. They know Asiatic farming.
They've plowed with water buffaloes. Bare-
footed, they get right in the field alongside
Vietnamese farmers.
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 A2826 Approved For Rel M l( ~ )1FI ft 00 070004-7 May 25, 1966
The Japanese have helped boost Vietnam's
fish harvest from the sea and farm ponds five
times over since 1959, have motorized 10,500
sampans, introduced nylon nets, and bigger
boats. We have built bigger wharfs and
cold storage.
Americans in Vietnam are working a, dozen
unpublicized miracles.
Let's start with rats, which in 1962 in
some areas were gobbling 351;,, of all the
grain. It was estimated there were 1,000 rats
per person!
When Ray Russell of U.S. AID tried to
move out a big cache of rice captured from
the VC he couldn't find a single gunny sack
du the whole province without a rat hole in
it. He flew in 50,000 bags.
We shipped in ten tons of rat poison.
organized village rat-control committees,
with no less than the village chiefs as chair-
men, paid be per tail for all tails over 100.
fit three years. some 88 million rats were
exterminated. The savings in food were
enough to feed all Vietnam for 18 days. Bu-
bonic, plague, carried by rat-borne fleas, sub-
siced. And the whole campaign cost only
y 1,30,000 of U.S. AID.
T'here'sa a catch, though. Rats still abound
in. farm country held by the VC tan that's
mast of it), and reinfested the rest.
Vic!,uamese farmers are enthusiastic about
fertilizer. They're clamoring for more-at
least three times more--and will gladly pay
Inc it. We don't have to give it to them.
'T'rouble is we can't deliver it because most
roads ire controlled by the VC. We're about
to land it on beaches by the same landing
craft that brought the Marines in.
Fill now, farmers there have accepted in-
sccas u; :;n act of God. Now everywhere you
nee nien and women with knapsack sprayers,
poisoning bugs on crops. And nowhere have
I seen so many to poison.
'sue thriving project interrupted by the
iva.r was the pig-corn deal. We shipped in
ex';nent to build thousands of floors for little
pig sties, plus a great pile of our surplus corn
(much (it it wormy, incidentally).
A good many pig sties are empty now be-
cause the VC blocks the supply of feed. Open
the roads, and you'll soon find a lot of hogs
in Vietnam. Good hogs, too. The native pig
is a, pathetic little creature with a sway back
and a belly nearly dragging the ground, but
tfie good Berks and Yorks brought in from
the U.S., Taiwan and Japan are fixing that.
[noirlentally, the biggest hog operation I
saw is owned by a Catholic priest, Father
Viich r,ot' of Can Tho. He has 150 head.
The increase in crop yields has been phe-
namenaJ-25%, to 1001;,, and in the case of a
yarn (Ukinawa 100) it is 250'; . We brought
in 74 varieties of sugar cane and from them
finally selected three. The eight experiment
stations :n the country have tried 800 varie-
tics of rice, settling on 25.
l'he Chinese and the U.S. have introduced
seven entirely new crops that are now good
money-reakers: Irish potatoes, strawberries,
avocados, big white onions, garlic, cow peas
and sorghum.
[doyd C'lyburn, our agricultural advisor for
five northern provinces, discovered that al-
mo'it; no one had a garden. Using Extension
hnothocls from back in Texas, he now has 7,000
~g-ardens. They look good, too.
r`leii'k Simmons of ITS, a Negro boy from
Teeth Carolina, has pushed better poultry.
'the, native hen is the size of a prairie chicken
nand umost as wild, Chuck brought in
Rhode Island Red roosters and doled them
out to Lirmers who promised to kill their
native roosters. The one thing in which the
native cocks are far superior is fighting.
They can kill a meaty Rhode Island Red in a
fit try.
All his works because Vietnam has a fairly
goad i';xtension Service.
it elan helps that Vietnam has 1,200 4-T
Clubs (modeled on. our 4-H) with 46,000
millnbrrs, all the wavy from school children
to 40-year-olds.
Even among one primitive mountain tribe,
Don Wadley of Pleasant Valley, Utah has 300
girls learning to sew on 32 machines.
Our personnel are careful to see that the
Vietnamese know these are their programs,
and that we are there only to advise.
"Vie welcome your help and need more of
it," ][,am Van 'Fri, the able Minister of Agri-
Culture told Inc. "Please convey to the
farmers of America, our deep gratitude in our
struggle in this difficult time."
Self-help projects-where we furnish the
materials and the Vietnamese do the work-
have built hundreds of schools, warehouses,
village wells, landings along canals, etc. It's
a , good idea. What they build is theirs, not
ours. The VC know how the people feel and
are careful not to destroy tliese objects of
community pride.
Our aid to education has been brilliant.
Here. as everywhere, the quickest way to win
a friend is to do something or his children.
Moreover, the Vietnamese, like the Chinese,
have a deep respect, for leaning. The man
most admired is not the richest but the
wisest.
Since early 1963 we have furnished mate-
rials for 5,500 classrooms and money to train
5,600 teachers. We've distributed six million
textbooks-the first school books these kids
ever had. Some of these children proudly
showed me their new books and read for me.
Our ":Doctors in 'Vietnam" project is keep-
ing 30 to 40 American physicians over there
for two months each. "At home I'm a sur-
geon." Dr. J. C. McBratney i.il' South Dart-
moulh, Mass., told me, "o?.er here I'm a
country doctor."
A military adviser, Lt. Col. Bob Storm of
Avon, Conn., saw so many children with
harelip and cleft palate that sae induced Dr.
Josetph O'Malley, to journey from Danang up
to Qua.ng Tri to demonstrate 28 cleft palate
operations in three days before local doctors.
One grateful father told O'M: lley. "You have
just given each little girl a husband and each
little bay a wife."
ITr.s all this a chance? Can our good works
prevail over terrorism, war-weariness and
civil war?
That will depend. on whether the govern-
menl, whatever it turns out to be, wants its
to go on or happens to invite us to get out
of the country.
We can win the military b;rttle, in fact we
are winning it. Slut whether it is possible
to build. a viable country can the political
and religious sands of South Vietnam is still
a good question. It's too early to tell. Also
it's too early to despair. The news is discon-
certing, even disca;iraging, Fitt the game is
by no means up.
One thing sure: whatever happens, Viet-
nam will forever be better off because a
valiant band of Americans ha,e been showing
the people there how to raise food, keep well,
and cducr.te their children. That much will
last.
BicenteBrlial Commemoration of Birth of
Sequoya
l X`CENSION OF REMARKS
OF GEORGIA
IN THE HOUSE OF REPRFStENTATIVES
Wednesd,.;y, May 25, 1966
Mr. MACKAY Mr. Speaker, this
morning at 9 a.m. a gigantic sequoia
redwood tree 'was presented on the Capi-
tol grounds. This tree was provided by
Mrs. Sidney Ruskin, knows. to the Chero-
kee as Princess Chewani.
The ceremony was molt. Impressive,
and the significance of the symbol that
this sequoia redwood maintains gave
emphasis to the occasion.
The tree is a dedication to the mem-
ory of the great Chief Sequoya who, even
though he was an illiterate, is listed as
one of the 12 men in all human history
who has invented an alphabet. Sequoya
gave his people an alphabet which
worked a revolution. It gave the Chero-
kee an opportunity to become educated.
It greatly helped the early missionaries
to convert the Cherokees to Christianity
by making possible the translations of
the New Testament, sermons, and
hymns, into their native language.
Mrs. Ruskin, Princess Chewani of the
Cherokee, was the national chairman
of the bicentennial commemoration of
the birth of Sequoya in 1960. She in-
stigated programs honoring the great
leader in all the States where he lived.
Mrs. Ruskin is my constituent from the
Fourth District of Georgia. This great
woman, who is dedicated to the memory
of Sequoya, donated the gigantic se-
quoia redwood tree to the Capitol in
1961. This morning we presented in a
formal ceremony that tree which has
grown from a 2-foot seedling to 12 feet
in height since 1961. It now stands in
its permanent place of growth. on the
lawn of the Capitol under the Grotto.
I would like to include at this point in
the Appendix a report of the activities
of Princess Chewani:
THE BICENTENNIAL COMWASOIATION OF THE*
BIRTH OF SEQUOYA, 1960-02 ACTIVITIES Or
MRS. SIDNEY H. RUSKIN, DECATUR, GA..
NATION WIDE CHAIRMAN OF? PI1,)CRAM: ; HONOR-
INC SEQUOYA
As National Chairman of if-,,, Bicentennial
Commemoration of the Birth of Sequoya in
1960, Mrs. Ruskin instigated piograrns holnor-
ing the great leader In all the states where
he lived and labored. Because of the many
people who wanted a part in honoring this
famous Cherokee Indian on his 200th birth-
day anniversary, permission was granted to
extend the Observances into the year 1962.
There is no documented evidence as to
the exact date of Sequoya's b:rt.h. However
the Smithsonian Institution i.. our he:;t evi-
dence. Dr. James Mooney, in his Nineteenth
Annual Report, Bureau of American Euhnol-
ogy, Smithsonian Institution, states;: 11. .
according to personal inform.ction of James
Watford, who knew him (,I~equoyal well,
being his second cousin, Sequoya was prob-
ably born about the year 1160. Dr.
William H. Gilbert, Head of Research in the
Library of Congress writes: ' . . to the
best of my present knowled?=,e, lire date given
by James Mooney for Sequoyye's birth ha'
not been invalidated . . . this mast serve
only as a best possible guess at an unknown
fact.'
Dr. Frank If. H. Roberts. Jr., present. Di-
rector of the Bureau of Ameri~?an Ethnology.
Smithsonian Institution, in n letter. com-
mends the Bicentennial Observances saying.
"I think it, fitting than you people are hold-
ing a Bicentennial Commemoration of the
Birth of Sequoyah, the famous Charokee
leader. He certainly merits such recogni-
tion."
EVENTS TAKING PLACE IN 19130 INSTIGATED nY
THE NATIONAL CHAIRMAN, MRS. RUSKIN
Mr. Leon V. Langan, Acting Commissioner,
bureau of Indian Affairs, ri'quest.ed Mrs.
Sidney Ruskin to submit a resolution memo-
rializing Sequoya on his 200th birtlidoy an-
niversary. Such a resolution was to be ap-
proved by Chiefs W. W. Keller and O. B.
Saunooke and submitted to 'T'he Congress
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 May ,25, .1966 Appro]R'NWD&ILLlA-ADP$Db3T46R000400070004-7 A2819
This Nation has committed its moral
resources to the eradication of poverty.
I suggest that now is the time to commit
our material resources. A vote for to-
day's minimum wage proposal is one
weapon we can all provide our army
against poverty. I Intend to vote jos ,pit.
Operation: Moral Support-Vietnam
EXTENSION OF REMARKS
OF
HON. ROY A. TAYLOR
OF NORTH CAROLINA
IN THE HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES
Wednesday, May 25, 1966
Mr. TAYLOR. Mr. Speaker, the at-
tached letter from the president of the
Jaycettes of Asheville, N.C., outlines a
program that is of value as a morale
builder to military personnel in Viet-
nam and is also rewarding to the Jay-
cette members participating. I recom-
mend it to my colleagues and to civic or-
,ganizations in other cities and com-
munities :
ASHEVILLE JAYCETTES,
Asheville, N.C., May 9, 1966.
Hon. Roy A. TAYLOR,
Congress of the United States,
House of Representatives,
Washington, D.C.
DEAR REPRESENTATIVE TAYLOR: Please allow
me to take this opportunity to convey a de-
layed thank-you for your help in starting
one of the most worthwhile projects the
Asheville Jaycette Club has ever attempted.
You may recall that I wrote to you in De-
cember asking for suggestions as to what
Asheville and particularly the Jaycettes could
do to help, in some small way, the Viet Nam
situation. You referred my letter to As-
sistant Secretary of Defense, Arthur Sylves-
ter, and he, in turn, gave us many helpful
ideas. These ideas helped us kick off what
we call Operation: Moral Support-Viet Nam.
Perhaps you have kept up with the news
from our area through the Citizen-Times. If
so, you may be familiar with our project, but
in case you are not, I will give you some
idea of what we are doing.
In March, our club made a public appeal
through the local news media for the names
and address and other information of the
men from the Asheville-Buncombe County
area. The response was overwhelming. We
had no idea there were so many men from
this area in Viet Nam, and even though we
felt that these men would like to hear from
"hometown folks", we were surprised at the
reaction from the families of these men.
They are very appreciative and for the first
few weeks after our news releases, our phones
were busy constantly.
At this writing, we have the names and
information of 170 men. Each Jaycette has
three or four names. In other words, her
family has adopted three or four GIs and
following an initial letter from me, as presi-
dent, Introducing him to his "adopted fam-
ily" each family will follow up with mail
and packages on special occasions such as
birthdays and holidays, We had planned to
take all the expenses from our own pockets,
but due to the large response we have had to
ask the local merchants clubs and general
public for help in the way of postage mail-
able merchandise money or anything they
could offer. The response has been good and
we have close to $400 and hope for more in
order to keep this project going in the effec-
tive way we want it to. The money we have
will help buy gifts.
I know this letter is long but we did want
you to know what we are doing and to thank
you and Mr. Sylverster for your help. We
would like to let other clubs and cities know
what we are doing and if you can offer any
suggestions along this line we would be more
than appreciative.
This project, we hope, has helped a little
to boost the morale of our home-town men,
but it has done even more for us. I believe
each family participating is more aware of
our situation in Viet Nam and certainly
listens more carefully and reads everything
available regarding the situation. But even
more important than the news media is the
word we receive personally from those who
are there. We have a close and personal
contact now and feel much more aware and
involved in a far-away war which is, or will,
effect the lives of all of us.
Thank you again for your help and please
feel free to offer any advise or suggestions
you may have.
Very sincerely yours,
Mrs. JOANN E. ROGERS,
President.
Prayer on Behalf of President Lyndon
Baines Johnson, McCormick Place,
May 17, 1966, Delivered by Dr. Sey-
mour J. Cohen, Spiritual Leader of the
Anshe Emet Synagogue, President of
the Synagogue Council of America
EXTENSION OF REMARKS
OF
HON. SIDNEY R. YATES
OF ILLINOIS
IN THE HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES
Tuesday, May 24, 1966
Mr. YATES. Mr. Speaker, Rabbi
Seymour J. Cohen of the Anshe Emet
Synagogue is one of the great spiritual
leaders of the city of Chicago. His
eloquent benediction following the Pres-
ident's address at the dinner of the Cook
County Democratic organization in Chi-
cago on May 17 struck a responsive chord
in the hearts of the thousands who were
there. The benediction follows:
Our God and God of all mankind who
dwells on high yet is near to the prayers of
men, humbly to Thee we turn.
As this historic occasion comes to a close,
an evening in which our community has
been honored by the presence of the Presi-
dent of the United States and his gracious
lady, we join heart and voice in common
prayer to Thee for their well-being.
In this unprecedented hour which truly
tests the souls of all men, we mourn like the
prophet of old that "the whole head is sick
and the whole heart is faint."
Heavenly Father, we ask that Thou bless
our Chief Executive as he stands on the
lonely summit of national leadership and
global responsibility.
Out of the depths of our being we ask that
Thou sustain Lyndon Baines Johnson by
the beneficence as he bears the most awe-
some burdens of decision which affect the
destiny of all mankind.
May he continue to teach us to remain
ever sensitive to the agony of the poor, the
anguish of the oppressed, and the cry of
those who long to be free.
Endow him with that wisdom that can
only come from Thee so that his heart's
deepest prayer and his most fervent passion
to serve our people as "the President of
peace" may be fulfilled.
May our beloved land under Thy divine
providence be an influence only for good
throughout the world, may there be fulfilled
the ancient promise heard first in Judea of
old that the day will come when "the work
of righteousness shall be peace, and the effect
of righteousness, quietness, and confidence
forever."-Isaiah 32: 17. Amen.
Fair Labor Standards Amendments of
1966
SPEECH
OF
HON. GLENN ANDREWS
OF ALABAMA
IN THE HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES
Tuesday, May 24, 1966
The House in Committee of the Whole
House on the State of the Union had under
consideration the bill (H.R. 13712) to amend
the Fair Labor Standards Act of 1938 to ex-
tend its protection to additional employees,
to raise the minimum wage, and for other
purposes.
Mr. BELL. Mr. Chairman, I yield 3
minutes to the gentleman from Alabama
[Mr. GLENN ANDREWS].
Mr. GLENN ANDREWS. Mr. Chair-
man, we have been surrounded this
afternoon by a substantial group of gen-
tlemen from California, with their rich
soil, their irrigated fields, and their huge
cats drawing eight tractors behind them;
and their superior cotton staple.
Mr. Chairman, I am interested in the
real import of this bill which I do not
think really has been expressed on the
floor of the House, but the gentleman
from New York [Mr. RYAN) came rather
close to it.
I have never met so many proponents
of the minimum wage bill for agricul-
ture as I have from the fine State of
California with its very well known fine
climate and rich soil, and their relative
position of so-called inferiority because
of freight rates-something that I have
heard of for so many years as a monop-
oly enjoyed by the Southern States.
I would like to ask the gentleman, any
of them from the State of California, to
please answer me-what the effect gen-
erally is going to be on the upland cotton
produced throughout the Southern
States when the pegged price or the sup-
port price is $165 and when the Cotton
Council estimates that when the mini-
mum wage comes in, the production of
cotton will cost $200 a bale.
I would like to ask the gentlemen from
California who produce five bales of cot-
ton per acre on their land, what they
really expect is going to happen as a re-
sult of this minimum wage deal in up-
land cotton production throughout the
southern United States.
I would like an expression from the
chairman of the subcommittee, the gen-
tleman from Pennsylvania [Mr. DENT1
as to what his answer to that problem
would be. What will happen to the pro-
duction of southern upland cotton if it
will cost $200 a bale to produce it and
the price is $165?
Mr. DENT. Is the gentleman from
Alabama asking me that question?
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Mr. GLENN ANDREWS. I will ask
anyone from California to answer that
question.
Mr. DENT. I am not from California,
but I would say that cotton happens to
be one of those products that is under
the price support program. If the farmer
has to pay a higher price to grow cotton
than he gets from the present subsidized
plan, we will raise the money to give it
to him.
Mr. GLENN ANDREWS. That is a
great big "if," and an enormous promise.
Mr. BELL. Mr. Chairman, will the
gentleman yield?
Mr. GLENN ANDREWS. I yield to the
gentleman from California.
Mr.. BELL. 1 would like to say to the
gentleman, first of all, that the industrial
situation in California and in the Nation
as a whole has not been hurt by any
minimum wage changes. I do not mean
merely agriculture; I mean any type of
industry in the Nation.
M:r, GLENN ANDREWS. The gentle-
man realizes that up until now agricul-
ture has not been affected by minimum
Wages.
Mr. BELL. I do not think it will be
adversely affected. I think it will be
improved.
Mr. GLENN ANDREWS. Are you
speaking of California agriculture?
Mr. BELL. I am speaking of all agri-
culture, agriculture generally. I do wish
to say that California, despite the point
which the gentleman from Alabama has
made relative to the advantages that
California has, does have a very definite
disadvantage in shipping and hauling
costs, and yet despite that disadvantage
California has been continuing its oper-
ation and is operating on a minimum
wage today. California has in effect a
m i.nimuin wage today, and there has
been no loss and no problem of unem-
ployment. There are no problems
in other areas the gentleman. has
mentioned.
I think perhaps if the gentleman
would try to work with the minimum
wage program such as this bill, when it
posses, will bring to the whole Nation,
I think he will find that the conditions
in his State may improve substantially.
I might add that a considerable number
of people from his State have moved to
California, as tourists and so forth, and
apparently they enjoy it. I know we
have a large population of people from
your State there.
The CHAIRMAN. The time of the
gentleman has expired.
LION. JOHN R. SCHMIDHAUSER
OF IOWA
IN THE HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES
Wednesday, May 25, 1966
Mr. SCHMIDHAUSER. Mr. Speaker,
I would like to take this opportunity to
pay tribute, on the occasion of her mi]-
le nium, to Poland and her people, so
many of whom she has contributed -to
America. This year and especially this
month has seen many ceremonies in Po-
land celebrating this millennium, and it
is only fitting that we join in spirit in
these celebrations which mean so much
to the many fine Polish Americans who
have enriched. the life of our Nation.
Poland became a part of Western cul-
ture in 966 when Catholicism was ac-
cepted from Rome and in the 1,000 years
that followed, Poland has developed as a
symbol of a gallant people's struggle for
freedom from aul,horitarian rule. The
Poles have suffered many kinds of op-
pression and for centuries, have been a
pawn in the strwl gle between Germany
and Russia for control of Eastern Europe.
Throughout this period, the Polish peo-
ple have continued to maintain their love
of liberty and to work constantly to re-
gain it.
I salute this love of liberty and freedom
which has ever given life to the Polish
people and would like to express my
earnest wish that their desire for self-
governrnent finally bear fn tit,
EXTENSION OF REMARKS
OF
HON. GEORGE M. RHODES
Uri' P]1NNSYLVAa IA
IN THE HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES
Tuesday, May 3, 1966
Mr. RHODES of Pennsylvania. Mr.
Speaker, in a recent issue of The New
Era, Reading, Pa., its editor, Bob Ger-
hart, wrote an interesting column on the
John Birch Society's TV programs.
I include, herewith, the editorial which
illustrates how :heavily financed radio
and TV programs promoted by rightwing
extremist elements are spreading confu-
sion.. disunity, suspicion, and distrust of
representative government
Ju;at about two weeks ago I was eating
breakfast and watching TV when suddenly
a meeting of a John Birch :ociety group in
New York popped onto the screen. This
could be jolting enough in mid-afternoon or
early evening but imagine tC.,, impact before
you've poured down the first cup of coffee in
the morning!
Tone of the meeting was et immediately
by ta]e reading of a "prayer for the United
States." Among other things, Divine as-
natance was invoked to "rcpt out internal
sedition," presumably comminism. Yet the
prayer o:riginaa.ted In 1794 from the mouth of
George Washington who w,ts mainly pre-
occupied with Redcoats. I s ppose that the
purp.]se of the prayer was to draw a parallel
between modern tmies and Revolutionary
Days and implant the thougi;t that our na-
i,iim is in as great danger today from com-
munism as we were in 1794 froin the tyranny
of British kings. With our FBI and military
iitigirt and unprecedented productivity, I
can't quite feel that we're that close to col-
lapse!
TLe living room Birchers lit the TV report
included a wide variety of people-a stock-
broker, It secretary who paid )1,000 for a life-
time membership, a bakery owner, a police.
man's wife, a sailor and a housewife. Obvi-
ously, the Birch Society offered them an
answer to all society's ills, including it reduc-
tion in assaults and muggings.
An agenda ranging from recruiting new
members to impeaching Supreme Court Chief
Justice Earl Warren charted the meeting's
course. Members reported on their activity
in each category-and each one expressed
what appeared to be an obvious fear for the
future. They firmly believed that America is
being taken over by a foreign power from
within, and the theme, "communist con-
spiracy," lurked behind every : ofa and under
every table and in every socially progressive
piece of legislation-and even in our con-
duct of the Vietnam war.
If this TV Bircher meeting is symbolic of
all other chapters, the "hawks" are winging
high on the Vietnam issue. "Get this thing
over with," said the sailor. He didn't say
how. "If we aren't going to win this war we
should get the hell out-one, two, three." Or
take this comment: "When arc we going to
win this war? It didn't take 1) years to beat
Germany and Japan." fie client consider a
global conflict with Russia, and China. The
whole approach implies that a sinister plot is
underfoot by commies in our rlovernmont to
prolong the war deliberately ,o weaken the
country and thereby aid a foreign takeover.
True, they didn't say it that way but you
got the idea.
My impression of the Birchc r attitude and
comments was that they have little faith in
our nation, little faith in oi:r democratic-
ally-elected leaders and little faith hi new
solutions to new problems. You get the
feeling they want to return to the "good old
clays" of segregation and isolation in world
affairs, and a form of rugged individualism
which ignores the concept that we are our
brother's keeper.
I find it difficult to understand how tiny-
one-yes, anyone---can suhscr,be to a creed
written by Birch Society Founder Welsii who
said that President Eisenhower was an Lin-
witting agent of the communists. The
Birchers attribute every problem, every frus-
tration to hidden comnumis, conspirators.
They are in the civil rights movement. They
dominate the United Nationu (from which
the Birchers want to withdraw). They in-
fluence our Vietnam policy. They are trying
to influence police departments. It's just
one great big bad dream, in the Birchers'
confused imagination. But yo,.l don't have to
leave the Reading area to find it cell of
Birchers at work. We're crawling with them.
EXTENSION OF REMARKS
OF
HON. BEN REIFEL
OF SOUTH rAKOTi
IN THE HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES
Wednesday, May 25, 1966
Mr. REIFEL. Mr. Speaker, it was my
pleasure yesterday to attend the national
awards luncheon of the National Educa-
tion Association-Thom McAn School
Board Awards program where the Sisse-
ton, S. Dak., Independent School 3oard
of my district was cited as one of two na-
tional winners.
This outstanding school board was se-
lected for its leadership in providing
quality education in its community. It
received the citation in competition with
thousands of other school ooards repre-
senting schools of less than 3,000 etlroll-
ment.
This program was initiated last, yea:'
for the purpose of focusing public atten-
tion on the school board's contribution
to its community and to br)aden respeci.
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chances that more nations will make ir-
reversible decisions to develop nuclear
weapons, and that such decisions will en-
courage still others to follow suit. If
nothing further is done, nations of all
types, of all degrees of stability, of all
degrees of responsibility, will have in
their hands the, power of life and death
over the whole planet. Security for all
will then be gravely diminished, and the
chances of nuclear catastrophe immeas-
urably increased.
Constructive steps to meet the problem
of nuclear proliferation need to be taken
now. I therefore commend the Senate
for passing Senate Resolution 179, and
join the overwhelming majority of my
colleagues who voted for the resolution
in commending current efforts to nego-
tiate international agreements limiting
the spread of nuclear weapons and sup-
porting future efforts to bring about solu-
PRESS FOR VIET ELECTIONS NOW
Mr. BOGGS. Mr. President, an edi-
torial in today's Wilmington, Del,, Morn-
ing News makes the point that now that
the rebel elements in South Vietnam
have been put down by the Government,
it is incumbent upon the United States
to increase pressure to hold national
elections.
I believe the editorial's point is well
taken and I ask unanimous consent that
the editorial be inserted at this point in
the RECORD.
There being no objection, the editorial
was ordered to be printed in the RECORD,
as follows:
PRESS FOR VIET ELECTIONS Now
Now that Premier Ky has crushed the rebel
elements in Da Nang and gone a long way
toward establishing the suzerainty of the
Saigon government over the northern prov-
inces, the United States should step up the
pressure on his government to hold national
elections in the fall.
This will take will power in Washington,
where there have been obvious differences of
opinion on the desirability of holding Viet-
namese elections for several months. Those
men in the Administration who favor stick-
ingwith Ky and letting Vietnamese political
evolution wait until after the Viet Cong are
defeated will undoub edly find themselves
in a stronger positio at the White House
now that Ky has made it clear that the
Buddhists were not the formidable force they
seemed to some.
But if their view should prevail, it will be
a mistake. The United States would again
be ignoring the basic problem in Viet Nam,
the effort of the Vietnamese people to bring
about a political revolution that is Viet-
namese in character. This is an effort that
was begun even bofer World War II and an
effort that has been frustrated since then.
It is the revolution that Premier Diem sub-
verted and the revolution that the Commu-
nists are trying to subvert now.
No one inside or outside Saigon knows
how it is going to come out once it has run
its course, but that should be no reason for
refusing to encourage it, just as Gen. Ky's
predilection for labeling as Communist any-
one who opposes him is not justification for
dismissing as disruptive any Vietnamese who
is convinced that the military junta isn't
the group to accomplish the Vietnamese
political revolution.
It is difficult to fight the kind of war that
is being waged in South Viet Nam, that's
WAPA=R-M446 R000400070004-7 10941
admitted. But will it not be even more
difficult if the enemy not only is the Viet
Cong, but also the Buddhist, the Catholic,
the Montagnard and the Hao, Hao; the stu-
dent, the politician, the intellectual and the
monk; all those many, many other individ-
uals and groups who believe that they too
should have something to say about running,
their country and fighting the Viet Cong?
The answer to that question is obvious.
The United States has no real choice but to
press for an election so that all these people
will have some reason to hope, some reason
to continue the fight against the Commu-
nists. The United States has no real choice
but to press for an election for its own sake,
too, for if the only reason the Johnson Ad-
ministration has for fighting in Viet Nam
is to save face, then it has no reason at all.
OPEN HOUSING
Mr: KENNEDY of Massachusetts.
Mr. President, the Denver Post has pub-
lished what I consider to be a serious
and provocative editorial on President
Johnson's new civil rights bill, especially
as it pertains to housing.
The newspaper warns of a truly mas-
sive problem, the expanding Negro ghet-
tos in American cities. Once creeping
segregation has gained momentum, re-
versing it or even slowing its progress is
a massive job, it is pointed out.
A fair housing law such as the President
has proposed won't do this job by itself-
The paper declares, adding that a
coordinated effort at all levels-backed
by effective law-will be required.
The Post editorial provides much food
for thought. I ask unanimous consent
that it be printed in the RECORD.
There being no objection, the editorial
was ordered to be printed in the RECORD,
as follows:
OPEN HOUSING: WORTH CONGRESS' STUDY
Columnists and other pundits are predict-
ing, we note, that the housing desegregation
section of President Johnson's 1966 civil
rights bill will never get past Congress.
Well, the pundits were wrong on some
predictions like that about the Civil Rights
Act of 1964, but this time they could be
right. Housing is the area of civil rights
where resistance is the best organized, and
Negro leadership is the least militant. As a
result, this is the only area where racial
segregation in America is still increasing.
If the housing section of the administra-
tion's bill is doomed to rejection, we hope
that it at least stirs plenty of debate, because
this proposal opens up for the first time in
Congress a truly massive problem: the ex-
panding Negro ghettos in American cities.
Consider the facts: Washington, as every-
one knows, is already more than 50 per cent
Negro-the first major city in the country
to achieve this unnatural distinction. But
Baltimore and New Orleans are more than
30 per cent Negro and, according to students
of population trends, may well pass the 50
per cent mark by 1970. Philadelphia, Detroit,
Cleveland and St. Louis, now more than 25
per cent Negro, all could have Negro majori-
ties by or before 1980. And Chicago and
Houston, now more than 20 per cent Negro,
would be next.
On this score alone, the problem is worthy
of the Congress' most serious study and
action. But reciting mere population
changes does not begin to hint at the real
troubles such changes are already starting
to cause.
School administrators, of course, are well
aware of those troubles. In cities all over
the nation, including Denver, they are
wrestling with the educational problems
caused by racial change. Oncoming segre-
gation casts a long shadow ahead of it in
the schools. In Philadelphia, for instance,
though the city is still nearly 70 per cent
white, the public schools are already 57 per
cent non-white.
Mayors in many cities also are becoming
sharply aware of the problem. They see
high-income white taxpayers moving to the
suburbs, being replaced by lower-income tax-
payers who need more city services; they see
civic leaders being replaced by people who
know little or nothing of such valuable
techniques.
City businessmen, too, are fighting the
problem-though it's doubtful whether many
realize it. In many cities, they busy them-
selves trying to rejuvenate downtown areas,
ignoring the hard fact that ghettos expand-
ing around the inner city are displacing their
closest affluent customers and cutting them
off from suburban customers.
This process, of course, can be reversed.
It has been done in Georgetown, Washing-
ton's most fashionable residential area. It
is being done in several other cities-includ-
ing, possibly, Denver's Park Hill. But once
creeping segregation has gained momentum,
reversing it, or even slowing its progress, is
a massive job.
A fair housing law such as the President
has proposed won't do this job by itself. In
most cities, this job will require a coordi-
nated, cooperative effort of civil rights lead-
ers, city officials, school officials and business
and real estate leaders-backed by an effec-
tive law.
The reason even such a potent civic power
coalition would need a law can be seen in a
statistic from Philadelphia. George Scher-
mer, a well-known Philadelphia human re-
lations expert, estimates that merely to keep
Philadelphia's Negro ghettos at their present
size would require the movement of 6,000
Negro families a year out of those ghettos,
for years to come. Can anyone conceive of
any Negro exodus on this scale unless white
neighborhoods are legally opened to non-
whites?
So there is good reason for Congress to
study and debate the problem. And if con-
gressmen do nothing this year, they can feel
uncomfortably sure the problem, bigger and
harder to solve than ever, will keep coming
back to haunt thg until they do act.
THE TURNING POINT IN VIETNAM
Mr. CHURCH. Mr. President, one of
the most distinguished foreign corre-
spondents reporting on the Vietnam
conflict is the Frenchman Jean Lacou-
ture of Le Monde. He concluded a re-
cent article in the May 12 issue of the
New York Review by saying:
We can only hope that it is not too late
to attempt a different policy, one that would
place reliance on the Vietnamese them-
selves-all the Vietnamese-to maintain
their integrity in the face of whatever forces
may threaten it.
This article which is entitled "Viet-
nam: The Turning Point" makes several
concrete suggestions which might assist
in, bringing about a truce or even a peace.
It deserves the attention of my col-
leagues:
I ask unanimous consent that it be
printed in its entirety in the RECORD.
VIETNAM: THE TURNING POINT
(By Jean Lacouture)
On the screen an old peasant woman
stands amidst devastated houses and fields;
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Like twenty-five million men and women in
both parts of her country she wears black
silk pajamas. Her left sleeve hangs empty.
The picture dissolves quickly and those who
sea her on the television film that James
Cameron. an English newspaperman, has
brought back from North Vietnam will for-
got but -- unless they have also read his book,
here Is Your Enemy.' It is dedicated to
the "old lady who lives in the village of Naah
Ngang, in the 'I'hanh Hoa province of North
Vietnam which is unfortunately near a stra-
te;ica.ll.y important bridge."
"I'he bridge as far as we know still stands."
I Cameron writes 1, "but the old lady had her
lest assn blown off by one of the bombs that
went astray. She was more fortunate than
her (laughter, who was killed. She said: 'I
:;appose there is a reason for all this but I
tin not understand what it is. I think I am
Luo old now ever to find out.' "
Most Americans are now too old to under-
;Lrnd and are living far enough from the
bombed bridges to appraise soberly the Viet-
ns.ail policy pursued in their name. Indeed
they have more information available to
liens about the wa.r than any other nation
that hilt, ever fought in a remote foreign
land. Now, at a moment when the war seems
to be reaching a turning point, James Cam-
eron's hook and film give us the first per-
c,eptive report we have had in years on the
lives, reactions, ideas, and leaders of the
enemy in the North.
Cameron was the first Western correspond-
ent admitted to Hanoi since the beginning
,,I the bombings. "Why I was selected out
of a clamoring multitude of serious news-
papermen is an enigma to me," he writes.
"It could have been the fact that I had in-
sisted on going, if I went, on my own terms,
uncommitted and unsoonsored." In any
case, it was it forty-vate choice. Cameron
ii not a neutral observer-he has been crit-
ical of both the Conservatives and Labour
positions on Vietnam-but he seems less
at,c?eptihle to the passions and resentment
we might have expected from a French or
American reporter. An English liberal with
long experience in Asia, lie is able to distin-
guish, between the totalitarian Communist
apparatus which rules in North Vietnam and
1.1,e authentic drive for national identity and
independence which has made the Vietna-
cn-ese revolution possible.
Much of Cameron's book will be familiar
tr, tlcose who read his dispatches in The
Now York Times and the London Evening
S"ra.mndcrrd fast September. What emerges
tixrst clearly from the second reading is his
s?r use of the ordinary Vietnamese people he
nisi, during the winter of 1965 when Amer-
ican bombs were falling on the transport
and coinrnimication s :-systems throughout the
-ourti.ry. Cameron is not it sentimentalist.
Ltt he was enormously impressed by the re-
rcarkable courage and cheerfulness of the
VieLmitncse in the face of death. Indeed the
iro:a; important contribution of his book is
to show that the stoicism of the Vietnamese
5 one of the most important. and most ne-
Leered, factors in the debate over Vietnam--
:is important as the follies of French colon-
ialit;m, or the calculations of Secretary Rusk.
Western leaders have not understood that
t, mlhinlr operations that might produce
flails and disruption in their own countries
have hart remarkably little effect on a. people
who resisted F'rencn "mopping up" opera-
-!.ions it,r eight years and are led by an old
oats who has spent one third of his life in
prison :aid another third shaking off the
uenl s of various colonial police forces.
`1:> tar from terrorizing and disrupting
lie leeoole" ICameron writesI "the bombing
teemed i.e me both st'snulated and oonsoli?-
daa.!:i them, By the oatw?e of the attacks
lire is Your Enemy, by James Cameron,
I' sl . Pinehart & Winston, 160 pp., $3.95.
so far, civilian casualties had not been very
great, but they had been great enough to
provide the government of the Vietnam re-
public with the most totally unchallenge-
able propaganda they could ever have
dreamed of. A. nation of peasants and man-
ual workers who might have felt restive or
dissatisfied under the stress of totalitarian
conditions had been obliged to forget all
their differences in the common sense of
resistance and sell--defense. From the mo-
ment the ;United States d ?opped its first
bomb on the North of Vietnam, she welded
the nation together unshakably . even
in their own int.,::rests the U.S. planners
failed to recognize the real! t.y of a society
like this. A bomb here, a bomb there; a
family eliminated here or there; . these
were troublesome, infuriat,ng; they were
not disabling. The destruc?,ion of a bridge
or a road--in W,-,:;tern terms it could be
disasstrous. Here it was a nuisance."
One might add that since the resumption
of the bombing, the rate of North Vietnamese
infiltration into the South !tas quadrupled;
tae number of American casualties has risen;
Northern influence in the South has in-
creased along with the prestige of the Com-
munist cadres in the Vietcong. Moreover,
the membership of the PRP, the Commu-
nist organization within. the National Libera-
tion Front, has tripled during the last year.
No doubt Cameron's book will be dis-
miamied---as his articles were dismissed by
i fence its a "conduit for North Vietnamese
oeopagaahda," calve in tts uiicritical presen-
i.:.triun of talks- with North Vietnamese lead-
{ffs. But Cameron writes, "if, seemed to me
riot; ttre beginning that I cf all people was
iuost likely to be ]candled with circumspec-
tion and to receive in official conversations
l lie most. distilled official line.'' On the other
lint nil, his observat:.L:in of the effects of the war
on t!ie North Vietnamese are his own and
they are important. Those who have served
,. a. "conduit -if r,ot as a scarce--for official
American propaganda justifying the borrib-
rags can learn from Cameron's report how
tardy this policy has failed
"f:ro events of tho past month make Cam-
cr'.et :s book all the more pertinent. The
bombings in the North have become even
mire severe, while the demonstrations in the
South seem to have: made a nolitical solution
more possible. At least some of the more
;ral;;le American myths have been exploded
and the hard political que:. tions that have
been obscured by Washing.n's rhetoric are
coming into the open. Can the war be justi-
fied as a "defense of free men against a for-
eigrr invasion" when thousands of people
Ix.ve been openly clemandin , an end to die-
t:it.r:rial government, not :o mention the
American presence itself? Do all the non-
C'nna;nunists really want a powerful
Amer-.'n rtm'nty to fight in Vietn.'no until the last
Vietcong is killed or driven North? If not,
whs,t is the basis of the American commit-
inenl.?
'Heise questions can at last be raised
la