CHRONOLOGY OF THE IRANIAN CRISIS: 1 JANUARY 1978- 15 FEBRUARY 1979

• Document Type: CREST
• Collection: General CIA Records
• Document Number (FOIA) /ESDN (CREST): CIA-RDP83M00171R001500200002-8
• Release Decision: RIFPUB
• Original Classification: K
• Document Page Count: 67
• Document Creation Date: December 16, 2016
• Document Release Date: December 18, 2004
• Sequence Number: 2
• Publication Date: October 1, 1979
• Content Type: REPORT

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AAC-WN-7906/79
OCTOBER 1979
CHRONOLOGY OF THE IRANIAN CRISIS:
1 JANUARY 1978 - 15 FEBRUARY 1979
NICKI J. COHEN
M. PAGE JONES
W. ANDREW TERRILL
ANALYTICAL ASSESSMENTS CORPORATION
Post Office Box 9758
Marina del Rey
California 90291
4640 Admiralty Way, Marina del Rey, California 90291 ? 213/822-2571
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AAC-WN-7906/79
OCTOBER 1979
CHRONOLOGY OF THE IRANIAN CRISIS:
1 JANUARY 1978 - 15 FEBRUARY 1979
NICKI J. COHEN
M. PAGE JONES
W. ANDREW TERRILL
ANALYTICAL ASSESSMENTS CORPORATION
Post Office Box 9758
Marina del Rey
California 90291
4640 Admiralty Way, Marina del Rey California 90291 ? 213/822-2571
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PREFACE
Following virtually all major crises of major changes in international
affairs the United States goes through a period of internal and external
examination. Often the underlying assumption, either explicit or implicit,
is that those charged with providing the indications and warning of these
changes may not have performed as well as expected. At best the intent
.of such efforts is to identify elements of past performance that, by
emulation or avoidance, can be used to improve future performance.
The crisis which overtook Iran in 1978, ultimately leading to the
departure of the Shah and his permanent exile, is one such event. For
a variety of reasons the U.S. Intelligence Community found itself accused
of somehow having "failed" to anticipate events in Iran sufficiently well
even prior to the Shah's departure. Critics outside and inside the Com-
munity suggested that in this case open source materials provided more
comprehensive warning than official reporting, and that such reporting
lagged events as reported in the media by a significant degree.
In light of such accusations, the present analysis reviews a full
range of open source materials that might have been available to an analyst
in the U.S. during the crisis. Included in the review were the Iranian
and other foreign broadcast media as well as newspapers and magazines
published worldwide.
The chronology contained in this document presents those salient
items from the open source literature of relevance to the Iranian internal
situation from the beginning of the broad crisis period, set at 1 January
1979, to a point approximately one month following the Shah's departure.
This work is intended to support Analytical Assessments Corporation's
research related to the Iranian crisis, as well as the Department of
Defense sponsors concerned with these efforts. The report is, however,
a product of AAC's internal research program and has not been completed
under the auspices of a U.S. Government contract.
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01 JAN 78
05 FEB
78
18 FEB
78
21 FEB
78
26 FEB 78
28 FEB 78
CHRONOLOGY OF THE IRANIAN CRISIS:
(1 January 1978 - 15 February 1979)
President Carter met with Shah Mohammed Reza Pahlavi in
Tehran. (Foreign Affairs, Vol. 57, No. 3)
Prime Minister Amuzegar presented the government budget to
the legislature. On this occasion, he praised the policies
of the Shah and stated that land speculation and waste in
consumption have been leading factors "creating inflation
and economic chaos." (Tehran Domestic Service in Persian
051000Z Feb 78)
Riots took place in Tabriz, during which banks and shops
were attacked and set on fire by "Islamic Marxists." The
rioters had held meetings prior to taking to the streets.
At least six people were killed and 125 injured before
security police broke up the demonstrations. (Tehran Dom-
estic Service in Persian 181600Z Feb 78)
Rioting broke out in Tabriz in opposition to the Shah's
reform program. (Foreign Affairs, Vol. 57, No. 3)
Minister of State Rambod stated that a full investigation
of the Tabriz riots was to take place. He went on to say
that violence was also reported in Qom and that these actions
were being backed by foreign interests. (Tehran PARS in
English 211108Z Feb 78)
The Shah ordered legal proceedings to be brought against the
officials who failed to anticipate the Tabriz riots. (Teh-
ran Domestic Service in Persian 261000Z Feb 78)
A number of officials were removed from their positions in
Tabriz, including the chief of police of eastern Azerbayan
Province. On French television, the Shah stated that the-
Tabriz riots were the result of religious reactionaries and
communists who were allied against him. He stated that
these elements were able to take advantage of the new free-
doms in Iran and that they would be dealt with by civilian
authority. (Paris Domestic Service in French 281815Z Feb
78)
Police and SAVAK officials were disciplined for their hand-
ling of the Tabriz riots. (Foreign Affairs, Vol. 57, No. 3)
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07 MAR 78
The Shah, interviewed on British television, stated that
the liberalization program and the release of political
prisoners were responsible for the rioting in Tabriz and Qom.
He stated, however, that the liberalization programs would
continue. (London BBC in English 071930Z Mar 78)
13 MAR 78 The Shah ordered 241 prisoners released. (TDS in Persian
131000Z Mar 78)
20 MAR 78 Political opposition in Iran called general strike. Vio-
lence followed in several cities. (Strategic Survey)
27 MAR 78 In Qazvin, branches of the Iranshahi Sepah and Saderat banks
were vandalized by masked persons at night. (TDS in Persian
281900Z Mar 78)
29 MAR 78
30 MAR 78
03 APR 78
04 APR 78
06 APR 78
In Esfahan, municipal buildings were set on fire by anti-
government rioters. Reports were also published in two
major Iranian newspapers that rioting involving masked per-
sons occurred in Tehran and several provincial towns. (TDS
in Persian 290900Z Mar 78)
Disturbances were reported in a number of provinces. Num-
erous schools, colleges, banks and public buildings were
attacked and set on fire. In most cases, the rioters and
saboteurs dispersed following the arrival of the police.
Numerous arrests were made and in several cases police were
fired upon. Several terrorists were killed in gunfights.
In Yazd, police used tear gas and fire-fighting equipment
to disperse a large-scale demonstration. (TDS in Persian
301500Z Mar 78)
Abdolmajid Majidi, coordinator of the Progressive Wing of
the Rastakhiz, urged the people of Iran to support the
government and take action against rioters. Disturbances
continued throughout the country at night and in the early
morning. The government stated that the elements involved
in the disturbances "are limited in number and are obviously
misled by foreigners." (TDS in Persian 030900Z Apr 78)
A Guidance and Information Committee was established for
guiding and informing Iranians both inside the country and
abroad. (TDS in Persian 040900Z Apr 78)
Iranian internal security forces arrested Ali-Akbar
Darakhshant, a former Iranian Brigadier General, as an
alleged Soviet spy. The security forces reported that
under interrogation, Darakhshant confessed and was then
taken ill. According to security forces, he was then rushed
to an army hospital where he died of cardiac arrest. (TDS
in Persian 060900Z Apr 78)
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09 APR 78
12 APR 78
16 APR 78
28 APR 78
03 MAY 78
06 MAY 78
09 MAY 78
11 MAY 78
13 MAY 78
15 MAY 78
In Tabriz over 300,000 people held a rally in support of
the government and the Shah. (TDS in Persian 090900Z Apr
78)
At a mass rally of the Rastakhiz Party, Mahmud Ja'farran
stated that the world news was exaggerating Iran's problems
and that the government was not facing any kind of serious
problem. (TDS in Persian 121500Z Apr 78)
The Shah, interviewed by The London Sunday Times, stated
that there existed no threat to the regime's internal
stability. He also stated that pro-government rallies
indicated that people "want to show their devotion [to the
government]." (FBIS, 17 Apr 78, R1)
A coup led by a group of Marxist-oriented officers took
place in Afghanistan. (Paris AFP in English 271639Z Apr 78)
Hong Kong AFP reported that the coup in Afghanistan "has
provoked an upsurge of restlessness among tribes on Iran's
eastern border." Iranian authorities also reportedly rein-
forced units deployed on the Afghan border. (Hong Kong AFP
031019Z May 78)
Iran recognized the government of Afghanistan. (TDS in Per-
sian 060910Z May 78)
Muslim extremists rioted in 34 cities; Shah postponed his
East European visit. (Foreign Affairs, Vol. 57, No. 3)
Several rioters attacked police, according to government
sources, and then were pursued into the house of an Ayatol-
lah (Shi'ite Moslem clergyman). The police then entered
the house, which is considered a santuary under Iranian
law, killed one individual and wounded another. (TDS in
Persian 130900Z May 78)
The Iranian Workers Organization (of three million members)
called upon the government to take action against individ-
uals involved in rioting or acts of terrorism. (TDS in
Persian 130200 May 78)
Severe clashes took place between demonstrators and police
in Tehran, especially around Tehran University. Motorists
in Tehran were warned not to drive on the streets because
their cars might be attacked by demonstrators. (Paris AFP
in English 151046Z May 78)
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01 JUN 78
05 JUN 78
The Shah visited Khorasan Province and stated that he would
never allow the country to be handed over to foreigners, to
whom he attributed the violence. (TDS in Persian 010900Z
Jun 78)
A general strike was called for 6 June by political and
religious opposition leaders in protest of government pol-
icies. (Paris AFP in English 161653Z Jun 78)
06 JUN 78 In Iran a general strike was called to protest against the
death of anti-Shah demonstrators. (Strategic Survey)
07 JUN 78
10 JUN 78
19 JUN 78
20 JUN 78
25 JUN 78
05 JUL 78
08 JUL 78
The general strike was observed more in the provinces than
in Tehran. In Tabriz, the nation's second largest city,
the strike was well received and many shops were closed.
(Paris AFP in English 061653Z Jun 78)
The government dismissed the SAVAK (political police) chief,
General Neimatollah Nassiri, who had headed that organization
since 1965. He was made Ambassador to Pakistan. (TDS in
Persian 061400Z Jun 78)
The Shah conferred with the new head of SAVAK, Lieutenant
General Naser Moquddam. (TDS in Persian 070900Z Jun 78)
An 8,000-kilowatt transmitter, to be used by the government-
supported Radio Azarabadegan, was set up in Bonag, about 60
miles from Tabriz, which is one of the strongest transmitters
in that part of the world. (TDS in Persian 100900Z Jun 78)
Masked rioters attacked
ting fires and throwing
(Tehran PARS in English
In an interview given
Ferdowsi University in Mashhad, set-
explosives; one guard was killed.
191015Z Jun 78)
to an Oslo newspaper, the Shah
announced that he had released over 13,000 political pris-
oners within the last year. (Oslo Aftenposten in Norwegian,
17 Jun 78, p. 13)
Prime Minister Amuzegar told a Kuwaiti interviewer that the
"period of disturbances" which the country had passed through
in the past few months was over and would definitely not re-
cur. (Kuwait As-Si yasah in Arabic 25 Jun 78, pp. 6-7)
New Iranian Ambassadors to Syria, Jordan and Sudan were ap-
pointed. (TDS in Persian 050900Z Jul 78)
Kamuran Guran, the Secretary General of CENTO, began a 7-day
visit in Iran to have talks with Iranian officials on the
present situation in Iran. (TDS in Persian 081500Z Jul 78)
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Dr. Najib is new Afghanistan Ambassador to Iran. .(TDS in
Persian Jul 78)
10 JUL 78 The Romanian envoy to Iran was replaced. (Tehran PARS in
English 100954Z Jul 78)
11 JUL 78
12 JUL 78
13 JUL 78
17 JUL 78
Turkish Ambassador to Iran returned to Turkey. (Tehran PARS
in English 101050Z Jul 78)
Prime Minister Amuzegar gave an interview regarding a bill
about demonstrations taking place in Iran. Terms of this
bill stated that advance notice must be given to local
police regarding the number of people who want to demonstrate,
where they will assemble and time of assembly so that order
would be maintained. Also apparent in the interview was
the idea that the littoral states in the Gulf should con-
clude a pact for the defense of their independence. (TDS
in Persian 101500Z Jul 78)
The Turkish Ambassador to Iran concluded his mission and
returned to Turkey. (Tehran PARS in English 110954Z Jul 78)
The Shah appointed new Iranian Ambassadors to Iraq, the
Federal Republic of Germany and Poland. (TDS in Persian
120900Z Jul 78)
Iran and Afghanistan held meetings to discuss development of
friendly relations between the two countries and Iranian
aid to Afghanistan. (TDS in Persian 130900Z Jul 78)
The conservative wing of the Rastakhiz Party issued a state-
ment calling upon its supporters to maintain vigilance in
the face of "reactionary trends," and that the Iranian
people should not allow chaos and violence to replace demo-
cratic dialogue. They claimed that destructive activities
were perpetuated by small groups who moved from town to town
creating chaos by attacking and fleeing, and that the Iranian
people should work against this and toward a free exchange
of ideas with no development of an extremist atmosphere.
(TDS in Persian 171500Z Jul 78)
18 JUL 78 Erik Langwas appointed the new Swiss Ambassador to Iran.
(Tehran PARS in English 181000Z Jul 78)
19 JUL 78
Armed forces issued a statement regarding the 21 June heli-
copter incident in which two unarmed vehicles, carrying no
photo equipment on a training flight, were caught in poor
weather and flew over Soviet territory. One was shot and
burned and the other managed to land; pilot and crew were re-
turned to Iran. (TDS in Persian 180900Z Jul 78)
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20 JUL 78
22 JUL 78
26 JUL 78
27 JUL 78
28 JUL 78
29 JUL 78
30 JUL 78
05 AUG 78
U.S. officials confirmed Shah's request for 70 additional
F-14 fighter jets. (Foreign Affairs, Vol. 57, No. 3)
Rioters attacked guardsmen at the procession of Shaykh Ahmad
Kafi Va'ez Khorasani's funeral, killing one guardsman and
wounding others. It was reported that "anti-nationalist
troublemakers were responsible for the attack." (TDS in
Persian 220900Z Jul 78)
Chairman Hua Kuo-feng scheduled to visit Iran on 28-29 Aug-
ust. Sources in Iran warned against Communist China's anti-
hegemonist policies, but that friendship with China might
be good in view of the dormant nature of its alliance with
the U.S. (Paris AFP in English 261015Z Jul 78)
Mr. Sung Chen-ming, PRC minister of petroleum industry,
scheduled to visit Iran to look over their oil industry and
discuss possible trade relations between the two countries.
(TDS in Persian 270900Z Jul 78)
The Khorasan newspaper asked its readers to furnish informa-
tion on people killed or wounded in the recent riots in
Mashhad, because a communique claimed that a large number
of people were killed or wounded at the funeral of Shaykh
Ahmad Kafi. The answer was in agreement with the official
version: I stabbed and 33 wounded, including 7 policemen.
(TDS in Persian 271500Z Jul 78)
Husni Mubarak, Vice President of Egypt, arrived in Tehran
and was received by the Shah. He presented a message from
President Sadat which briefed the Shah on the Egypt-Israeli
peace talks taking place in Leeds Castle, UK. Mubarak said
that if Israel continued to occupy territories and employed
force that there would be another war. (TDS in Persian
281700Z Jul 78)
Riots broke out in 13 cities. (Foreign Affairs, Vol. 57, No. 3)
An agreement was signed with Iran Air and Alia-Air Jordan.
(Tehran PARS in English 301007Z Jul 78)
The Shah, speaking on the anniversary of the constitution,
reviewed the nation's past, its progress, and the coming
free vote, which are to take place about 7 September.
(TDS in Persian 151000Z Aug 78)
A coalition of leftist extremists, moderates and conservative
Muslims launched demonstrations resulting in 16 deaths as
Shah renews commitment to liberalization and parliamentary
elections. (Foreign Affairs, Vol. 57, No. 3)
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07 AUG 78
Opposition committee members assessed prospects for change.
They elaborated upon some of the problems in the Shah's
regime and its pro-national front and religious component,
stating that these will band together and can be guaranteed
support from the Carter Administration. "Their aims are
the observance of the constitution and the establishment
of a coalition government." (Milan L'Unita in Italian, 5
August 1878, p. 11)
Prime Minister Amuzegar, speaking on the government's eco-
nomic and political aims, said that there would be limits
to personal liberties; freedom of assemblies and demonstra-
tions would be restricted, and legislation is needed to
deal with that issue. (TDS in Persian 071600Z Aug 78)
09 AUG 78 The Deputy Director of the Iranian Atomic Energy Organiza-
tion stated that the United States and Iran would have a
great deal of cooperation in various areas of nuclear
energy and that Austria would give Iran uranium. (TDS in
Persian 191000Z Aug 78)
10 AUG 78
11 AUG 78
Religious riots in four cities resulted in deaths and injur-
ies as the Shah again reaffirms determination to carry out
liberalization. (Foreign Affairs, Vol. 57, No. 3)
Severe rioting took place in Esfahan, 250 miles south of
Tehran, with the Shah Abbas Hotel being totally ransacked.
During this period there was also smaller scale rioting
throughout the western part of Iran and in Tehran itself.
(Paris AFP in English 101530Z Aug 78)
Martial law was declared in Esfahan, to last for a period
of one month. A curfew was imposed, from 8 p.m. to 7 a.m.,
in Esfahan in wake of the riots of the last three days.
Additional rioting was reported in Tehran, Tabriz and Ahvaz.
(Paris AFP in English 111530Z Aug 78)
In a statement by Lieutenant General Reza Naji, military
governor of Esfahan and the suburbs, the following pro-
visions of martial law were set forth "in order to maintain
order, peace and prevent sabotage": movements were forbid-
den from one place to another from 2000Z until 0600Z the
next day; assemblies of more than three persons for any rea-
son and of any kindwere forbidden; the carrying of any weapons
in any form was forbidden; provocative measures of any kind
were forbidden; those responsible for supplying public pro-
visions (butchers, grocers, bakers, pharmacists, etc.) were
not allowed to close their businesses; curfew hours would be
from 2000Z to 0600Z until further notice; passengers leaving
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12 AUG 78
13 AUG 78
14 AUG 78
15 AUG 78
16 AUG 78
Esfahan had to be at passenger terminals or the airport
before 2000Z, travel agencies had to make arrangements
so that their services left Esfahan before 2000Z, vehicles
arriving in Esfahan had to arrive after 0700Z, and passen-
gers were not to be seen off on departure or welcomed on
arrival; and citizens were requested to report immediately
any assembly or demonstration to the nearest police station.
(TDS in Persian 111600Z Aug 78)
The Shah declared martial law in four more cities as violent
demonstrations continued. He appointed Jafaar Sharif-
Emami the new Prime Minister. (Strategic Survey)
In Shiraz, central Iran and Tabriz fighting broke out as
university students draped the university building in black
as a sign of mourning. (Paris AFP in English 121630Z Aug
78)
The airport in Esfahan was closed at night. (TDS in Persian
120300Z Aug 78)
The Khansalar Restaurant in Tehran was destroyed by an explo-
sion; fourteen people were seriously injured. The Majlis
(parliament) announced a special meeting to take place on
20 August to discuss martial law. (TDS in Persian 130400Z
Aug 78)
Lt. Gen. Naji stated that the troublemakers were an Islamic-
Marxist band. (TDS in Persian 131000Z Aug 78)
The Cabinet met under Prime Minister Amuzegar and drafted
the bill declaring martial law, which they submitted to
the Majlis for approval. (TDS in Persian 141000Z Aug 78)
Governor of Esfahan announced that the main instigators of
the recent riots were arrested. (TDS in Persian 150330Z
Aug 78)
The Shah ordered that on 18 August, for the anniversary of
the 1953 uprising and on the occasion of the 100th anniver-
sary of Reza Shah's birthday, 700 prisoners would be re-
leased. (TDS in Persian 151000Z Aug 78)
In Esfahan an announcement was made allowing people the
freedom to hold public prayers in mosques, but no demonstra-
tions or gatherings outside the mosques would be permitted.
(TDS in Persian 151000Z Aug 78)
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18 AUG 78
20 AUG 78
A PARS new agency article, pro-Shah with regard to those
responsible for the riots, stated that the people were
menaced by the country's reforms, that they lost power with
the reforms and were therefore against them. They also
came out against the fanatical elements in the society who
wanted to push the country back into the dark ages. (Tehran
PARS in English Aug 78)
Workers and businessmen announced their support of the Shah
and his suppression of the destructive elements in the soc-
iety. (Tehran PARS in English 180735Z Aug 78)
The Shah made a press statement, again a recapsulation of
history and reforms he has created, stating that he was
pro-Islam; that freedom of speech does not mean freedom to
lie; and that in no government will everyone by happy, so
his goal is for the happiness of the majority. He went on
to say that Iran has been forced to import manpower from
abroad as there are not enough Iranian people to fill all
the jobs available in Iran today. (TDS in Persian 181600Z
Aug 78)
Terrorists set fire to a cinema in Abadan, killing 377; ten
conservative Muslims were arrested. The government condemned
the act as a national tradegy, adding that action should be
taken against such acts. This was the most serious of 29
theatre incidents over a period of a few weeks. (TDS in
Persian 200700Z Aug 78)
The Shiraz cinema was destroyed by saboteurs. (TDS in Persian
200800Z Aug 78)
A bomb exploded in Maxim, a Shiraz Restaurant. (TDS in Per-
sian 201000Z Aug 78)
21 AUG 78 An export bank branch was set on fire while a staff member
was still inside. (TDS in Persian 210400Z Aug 78)
The Senate approved the declaration of martial law in Esfahan.
(TDS in Persian 211000Z Aug 78)
22 AUG 78 New Afghan and Swiss envoys arrived in Tehran. (Tehran PARS
in English 220704Z Aug 78)
Japanese Prime Minister Takeo Fukuda due to arrive in Tehran
5 September for talks on strengthening political, economic
and cultural relations with Iran. (Tehran PARS in English
220706Z Aug 78)
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23 AUG 78
Iranian opposition leader Karim Sanjabi stated that the
Abadan movie theatre fire was "like the burning of the
Reichstag." He said that the National Front was made up
of liberals, traders, intellectuals and students who wanted
real independence, democracy and a human form of socialism;
and that if his party came into power, it could not coexist
with the Shah. (Milan Corriere Della Sera in Italian, p. 1)
Sanjabi launched an attack on the Shah's reign of terror,
claiming that peaceful demonstrations were brutally broken
up. He also said that the National Front party would stand
in the coming elections only if there were freedom of press
and freedom to form new political parties, and that a mili-
tary coup was not likely in Iran unless it was prompted by
an extra-Iranian power. (Hong Kong AFP in English 232322Z
Aug 78)
In a statement the Shah said: "I am the only person with
the power, strength and authority to introduce a democratic
regime. Any person other than me would be completely over-
taken by events. It would be total anarchy." (Brussels
Domestic Service in French 231000Z Aug 78)
24 AUG 78 Kuwaiti oil minister arrived for a one-day visit. (TDS in
Persian 242000Z Aug 78)
Nationwide rioting over theatre blaze entered the third day.
(Foreign Affairs, Vol. 57, No. 3)
27 AUG 78 About 200 shops were burned down in the main Abadan bazaar.
Fires were blamed on arsonists. (TDS in Persian 270500Z
Aug 78)
Prime Minister Jamshid Amuzegar resigned and was replaced by
Ja'afar Sharif-Emami. (TDS in Persian 270800Z Aug 78)
The new Prime Minister held a press conference in which he
stressed the need for compromise between the government and
opposition in order to restore order. He also stressed the
need to honor the people's religious values. (TDS in Per-
sian 271000Z Aug 78)
Prime Minister Sharif-Emami ordered all casinos closed, to
get more religious support. The Shah, interviewed on Antenne
2 (Paris), gave the aura of a very strong Iran, not taking
orders from foreign countries, advancing rapidly in industri-
alization; and stated that the opposition forces were just
elements of destruction. (TDS in Persian 271000Z Aug 78)
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28 AUG 78
Prime Minister Ja'afar Sharif-Emami was interviewed in
Tehran, where he answered charges that the government itself
set the fire in Abadan to discredit opposition movements.
He stated that this was a widespread belief, but expressed
hope that the true saboteurs would soon be captured. (TDS
in Persian 281600Z Aug 78)
Iraqi border police captured an Iranian citizen attempting
to infiltrate into Iraq. Upon questioning, he admitted
that he was involved in the Abadan fire; Iraqi authorities
agreed to turn him over to the Iranians. (Baghdad INA in
Arabic 281620 Aug 78)
29 AUG 78 Iraq arrests a perpetrator of the Abadan cinema fire. (TDS
in Persian 290400Z Aug 78)
The new Parliament changed the official calendar to the
Islamic one. (TDS in Persian 290400Z Aug 78)
Following an announcement of freedom of political activities
by parties in Iran, a number of political groups submitted
their names and statements to evening papers in Tehran.
In a press conference, Sharif-Emami stated that there would
be no major changes in government policy, but that more con-
cessions would be made to the strong religious element of the
society. (TDS in Persian 291600Z Aug 78)
General Qarabaghi was named new Interior Minister of Iran.
(TDS in Persian 291600Z Aug 78)
Chinese Premier Hua Kuo-feng arrived in Iran. (TDS in Per-
sian 291922Z Aug 78)
30 AUG 78 The suspected arsonist captured by Iraq was returned to the
Iranians. (Tehran PARS in English 300700Z Aug 78)
31 AUG 78 The PRC and Iran signed a cultural and educational agreement
in Tehran. (TDS in Persian 311000Z Aug 78)
01 SEP 78
02 SEP 78
Prime Minister Sharif-Emami released seven opposition lead-
ers from internal exile in Iran following talks with reli-
gious leaders. (Riyadh SNA in Arabic 312135Z Aug 78)
An Esfahan atomic energy center is being established near
Zardanjan. (Tehran PARS in English 011000Z Sep 78)
More large-scale demonstrations erupted throughout Iran;
it was reported that 11 people were killed and 18 firemen
wounded in Tehran. (TDS in Persian 020500Z Sep 78)
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Religious leader Ayatollah Madari announced from Qom that
he rejected the government's offer to negotiate "because
there is nothing to negotiate about"; and that Shilite
demands would be met only when the constitution were imple-
mented by the government. (Paris AFP in English 021837Z
Sep 78)
03 SEP 78 Fires were set in Tehran at Library #19 belonging to the
children's mental development center; demonstrators attacked
firemen. (TDS in Persian 030300Z Sep 78)
04 SEP 78 More peaceful demonstrations took place in many parts of the
country following the Id al-Fitr festival; disturbances were
reported in Qom and Ilam. (TDS in Persian 041600Z Sep 78)
05 SEP 78 Ayatollah Brojerdi claimed that recent riots were caused by
false statments made by a wicked sacreligious man named
Rashid Motalag, former Minister of Information and Tourism
and now a journalist. Brojerdi called upon religious lead-
ers to pursue this man and punish him, and that Moslems
should not participate in anti-religious demonstrations
guised as religious ones. (Tehran PARS in English 050722Z
Sep 78)
06 SEP 78
Government policy favoring arbitration with religious lead-
ers; both are in constant contact. (Tehran PARS in English
050725Z Sep 78)
The Shah and the Shah Banu schedule visit to Romania from
11-17 September; Iran and the GDR cooperate in economic
and industrial fields. (TDS in Persian 051000Z Sep 78)
Japanese Prime Minister Takeo Fukuda arrived in Tehran to
discuss the purchase of oil from Iran and development of an
export refinery. (TDS in Persian 051600Z Sep 78)
A group of experts has been established to study Iran's
problems. (TDS in Persian 051600Z Sep 78)
The Shah banned demonstrations as the parliament defers con-
fidence vote in Sharif-Emami until 10 September. (Foreign
Affairs, Vol. 57, No. 3)
The government announced that all assemblies must be approved
by police in advance. (TDS in Persian 161000Z Sep 78)
A police office in Tehran was attacked by terrorists armed
with Soviet weapons; one policeman was killed. Rioting con-
tinued throughout the country. (TDS in Persian 061000Z
Sep 78)
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07 SEP 78
08 SEP 78
The Tudeh Party called for a coalition government, inviting
"all forces and groups in opposition to the Shah's regime
to form a national coalition front on the basis of a nat-
ional and democratic program, setting prejudices and quar-
rels aside so as not to miss the opportunity which presents
itself." It called for the overthrow of the Shah, release
of political prisoners, break up of SAVAK, and freedom of
speech and press. (Paris L'Humanite in French, p. 7)
Former Prime Minister Amini blamed violent uprisings on
"foreign elements," while admitting that Iran made some
economic mistakes. (TDS in Persian 071700Z Sep 78)
Ayatollah Madari claimed that foreigners may be taking
advantage of the demonstrations but that they were not the
real backing behind them. He also said that they would
give the new Cabinet one to two months and if it did not
manage it would also be ousted. (TDS in Persian 071600Z
(Sep 78)
Six-month martial law was declared which caused violent
demonstrations throughout the country and especially in
Tehran. At least 95 people were killed in Tehran when
troops opened fire on demonstrators. (TDS in Persian 08
0300Z Sep 78)
Communique #4 by the military governor of Tehran blamed
"foreigners" for the Tehran riots. (TDS in Persian 081600Z
Sep 78)
09 SEP Court Minister Amir Abbas Hoveyda resigned. (TDS in Persian
090800Z Sep 78)
Religious leaders declared this day a day of national mourn-
ing for the demonstrators killed by government troops. Dem-
onstrations continued and shops closed in many parts of the
country. (Paris AFP in English 092006Z Sep 78)
From Iraq, Khomeini issued a call for resistance against the
Shah, calling him a criminal and a violator of the consti-
tution, and called upon the Iranian army to rise up against
the Shah. (Paris AFP in English 092006Z Sep 78)
The Cabinet met to discuss the corruption rampant in the
business and industry world. (TDS in Persian 091900Z Sep
78)
The Shah postponed his trip to Romania. (TDS in Persian
091600Z Sep 78)
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10 SEP 78
11 SEP 78
None of the National Front leaders was arrested in the 8
September incident where the military opened fire on a
crowd of demonstrators, killing 58 and wounding 205. (TDS
in Persian 091930Z Sep 78)
General Zianl Hag, chief martial law administrator of
Pakistan, arrived in Tehran. (TDS in Persian 191400Z Sep
78)
The new government presented its program on economic, social
and political policies, with an emphasis on agriculture, and
once again called on the religious faction to cooperate with
them and compromise. (TDS in Persian 101000Z Sep 78)
In an interview with the Justice Minister, he stated that
martial law was only temporary and that in the close relat-
ionship between the Marxists and the religious faction, the
Marxists were using the religious people's discontent to
organize them and lead assemblies in the direction the Marx-
ists wanted. (TDS in Persian 101600Z Sep 78)
The government presented to the Majlis its 42-page program
outlining political, economic and social policies. In pre-
senting this program, the Prime Minister stated that if cor-
ruption were not fought with decisiveness and speed, the
country would not survive existing problems. (TDS in Persian
111000Z Sep 78).
Troops and armored vehicles restored order in Tehran. Presi-
dent Carter telephoned the Shah from Camp David and expressed
his hope that riots in Iran had ended, reaffirming Iran's
significance to the U.S. and the West. (TDS in Persian
111600Z Sep 78)
Eight high-ranking government and private officials were
arrested on charges of corruption. (TDS in Persian 111000Z
Sep 78)
Former Health Minister Shelkh Holislam and his officials,
Zadih and Zof, were arrested. (Paris AFP in English 110922Z
Sep 78)
Official visits abroad, for purposes of protocol only, were
forbidden. (Paris AFB in English 110922Z Sep 78)
Mr. Reza Qotbi, Director of National Iran Radio and TV, re-
signed. (TDS in Persian 111600Z)
The national oil company underwent a complete reorganization.
(TDS in Persian 111000Z Sep 78)
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In an interview, former Prime Minister Amir Abbas-Hoveyda
stated that he was not against the Shah or the new govern-
ment, just that he was tired of public office and wanted to
join the reserve of the people. (Paris Le Figaro in French)
Exiled Tudeh leader Iraj Eskandari stated that the Tudeh
Party never attacked religion and in fact had much in com-
mon with Islam, but that the party was pushing for a united
front against the Shah. (Paris L'Humanite in French)
Mosques became the center for political turmoil as they were
the only place people were allowed to meet. (Paris L'Humanite
in French)
12 SEP 78 The Qom military government reduced curfew by one hour in
Tehran. (TDS in Persian 120300Z Sep 78)
The military government arrested Shykh Yahya Nasiri (Allameh
Nuri) who was known as a subversive leader. (TDS in Persian
120500Z Sep 78)
The Minister of Justice requested that the press not publish
names of those arrested unless accusations were first proven
in court. (TDS in Persian 120500Z Sep 78)
The Shah decided against calling for a draft of eligible
Iranians. (TDS in Persian 121500Z Sep 78)
Sharif-Emami stated that he was not concerned about Khomeini.
(Paris Le Figaro in French, p. 1, 12)
Ali Amini stated that martial law was a mistake; wanted a
joint program in accord with the constitution instead. (Paris
Le Monde in French, p. 3)
13 SEP 78 The government increased social security pensions. (TDS in
Persian 130400Z Sep 78)
The censorship of books and films was partially lifted.
(TDS in Persian 131600Z Sep 78)
14 SEP 78 Curfew hours were reduced by 2.5 hours. (TDS in Persian
140900Z Sep 78)
Former Minister of Culture Mansun Ruhani and former Minister
of Agriculture and of State Fereydun Mahdari were arrested.
(TDS in Persian 141000Z Sep 78)
Former Prime Minister All Amini called for the Shah's resig-
nation in order to save the regime. (Paris Le Matin in
French, p. 9)
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15 SEP 78
16 SEP 78
After interrogation, an Iranian youth captured by the Iraqis
and returned to Iran confessed his role in the Rex cinema
fire, implicating several others who were later arrested.
(TDS in Persian 141000Z Sep 78)
Ayatollah Khomeini, still in exile from Iran, cabled Yasser
Arafat of the PLO, expressing solidarity with the Palestin-
ian struggle against Israel and thanking Arafat for support-
ing anti-government groups in Iran. (Voice of Palestine
[Clandestine] in Arabic 151500Z Sep 78)
.Government announced price increases for wheat, which pleased
Iranian farmers. (TDS: in Persian. 150400Z Sep 78)
A large-scale earthquake struck Khorasan Province, resulting
in extensive damage and numerous casualties; the Shah him-
self took charge of relief operations. (TDS in Persian
161600Z Sep 78)
The Majlis gave their vote of confidence to Sharif-Emami.
(TDS in Persian 160700Z)
According to governmental opinion, three saboteurs dressed
in military uniforms fired at soldiers in Tabriz; one civi-
lian and two saboteurs were killed. (Tehran PARS in English
to Europe 161930Z Sep 78)
The Shah announced that he had no intention of abdicating
and that his son should succeed him in proper time, while
the Shah himself would continue with democratization.
(Paris AFP in English 161846Z Sep 78)
17 SEP 78 Three days of mourning were declared for earthquake victims.
(TDS in Persian 171600Z Sep 78)
18 SEP 78 The Senate, in general, approved the government program, but
certain senators spoke out against declaration of martial
law and firing into crowds. (TDS in Persian 181000Z Sep 78)
20 SEP 78
The Senate approved imposition of martial law. Opposition
senator Jalai Nal'ini, against martial law, stated that the
blame cannot be placed on the people rioting but that the
blame lies with the previous government and their policies
and attitudes. (TDS in Persian 201000Z Sep 78)
The governor of Qom was dismissed from his post for impro-
priety; he ignored directives of the Ministry of Interior and
did not submit some necessary documents. (TDS in Persian
201000Z Sep 78)
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21 SEP 78
22 SEP 78
The Shah cancelled celebrations for 26 and 31 October and
donated those funds instead to relief work for the earth-
quake disaster. (TDS in Persian 201600Z Sep 78).
In an interview with the Shah, he stated that there was a
relationship between the process of Iran's modernization and
current unrest. He said mistakes were also made in the
economy and politics, so government had started a campaign
against corruption. He felt that international conspiracy
was one of the events occurring and that he did make mis-
takes with regard to internal events; the country's infra-
structure seemed more important than political education.
He also preferred to talk about "subversion" rather than
"unrest." (Milan Corriere Della Sera in Italian, p. 1-2)
In another interview, the Shah said that martial law had been
approved to last for six months and that Iran was not a
satellite of the United States but rather independent in
policy. (Paris Domestic Service in French 221716Z Sep 78)
23 SEP 78 Ali Qoli Ardalan was named new Court Minister, succeeding
Amir Abbas Hoveyda. (Paris ATP in English 231810Z Sep 78)
Curfew hours were again reduced. (TDS in Persian 231000Z
Sep 78)
24 SEP 78 Curfew hours in Tehran were reduced by one hour. (TDS in
Persian 241000Z Sep 78)
25 SEP 78
In an interview with a West German newspaper, Prime Minister
Sharif-Emami stated that of 1,106 individuals arrested under
martial law regulations only 117 remained in detention.
(TDS in Persian 241600Z Sep 78)
The RastakhizPartyDeputy Secretary General stated that the
party was beginning to fragment and would probably continue
to do so in the future. (TDS in Persian 251000Z Sep 78)
Javid Satid, new Secretary General of the Rastakhiz Party,
stated that the party would not be dissolved and that the
present constitution, which still considered the party an
all-liberation one, was not presently correct. (Tehran
PARS in English 252212Z Sep 78)
26 SEP 78 U.S. Ambassador Alfred Atherton met with the Shah. (TDS in
Persian 261600Z Sep 78)
Dr. All Qoli Ardalan was appointed Minister of the Imperial
Court. (TDS in Persian 261000Z Sep 78)
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01 OCT 78
02 OCT 78
03 OCT 78
04 OCT 78
A charter on the behavior of the imperial family essentially
stated that the family should refrain from any activity or
behavior thatwas contrary to their status. Influencing of
public officials for their own gains was forbidden, and
investigations into the organizations and associations of
the members of the imperial family would be undertaken.
(TDS in Persian 261000Z Sep 78)
The new Secretary General of the Rastakhiz Party, Javad Sa'id,
resigned, stating that it was no longer a unique party and
that it needed a new constitution to be like any other law-
ful party. (TDS in Persian 010333Z Oct 78)
Immunity was offered to returning foreign students and resi-
dents abroad, providing they would respect the constitution.
(TDS in Persian 010800Z Oct 78)
Lt. Col. Zamanipur of the Iranian police was killed in Mashhad
when terrorists ambushed his car. (TDS in Persian 011000Z
Oct 78)
Amnesty was declared for those involved in anti-state acti-
vities, including Ayatollah Khomeini. (Strategic Survey, 25)
Two major universities were closed, while demonstrations
took place in 13 urban centers. (Strategic Survey, 27)
The Shah dismissed 34 SAVAK officials. (Strategic Survey, 29)
Oil exports were cut by 60 percent, while over half the
public work force was on strike. (Strategic Survey, 31)
President of Bangladesh, General Ziaur Rahman, and his wife
visited Iran for talks about establishing an air route and
gas and electric projects. (TDS in Persian 021000Z Oct 78)
Cabinet met to discuss oil strikers' demands and telecommuni-
cations workers' demands; decreed that the oil strikers must
return to work. (TDS in Persian 031600Z Oct 78)
New Governor Generals were appointed to Esfahan and Fars.
(TDS in Persian 031900Z Oct 78)
Demonstrations in Kermanshah erupted into violence; five
banks, one five-story building and a bus were set on fire.
Government troops fired on the demonstrators. (TDS in Per-
sian 041000Z Oct 78)
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95 OCT 78
Following an oil workers' strike in Abadan, Prime Minister
Sharif-Emami met with the Cabinet to discuss the demands of
employees in various organizations. He also came out in
favor of free press. (TDS in Persian 041000Z Sep 78)
Doctors strike in some hospitals and other strikes and slow-
downs continued. (Tehran in English to Europe 041930Z Oct
78)
Ayatollah Ruhollah Khomeini was expelled to Paris from Iraq.
(Foreign Affairs, Vol. 57, No. 3)
Police fire on students and strikers during work stoppage
begun 1 October to protest expulsion of Khomeini. (Foreign
Affairs, Vol. 57, No. 3)
Several strikes by government employees continued, including
postal workers, hospital workers and employees of the Tavanir
Company (the organization in charge of the Iranian electric-
ity network and development). (TDS in Persian 051000Z Oct
78)
The oil workers' strike officially ended following success-
ful negotiations. Other strikes continued, however, as
well as clashes between police and demonstrators in several
areas. (TDS in Persian 051600Z Oct 78)
A law was proposed which would give total freedom to the
press. (TDS in Persian 050400Z Oct 78)
Kuwait refused to give Khomeini a visa; government of Iran
declared it did not care where Khomeini lived. (TDS in Per-
sian 051000Z Oct 78)
Arms and bombs were seized in Qazvin. (TDS in Persian
051000Z Oct 78)
Additional strikes and clashes continued throughout the
country. (TDS in Persian 051600Z Oct 78)
Syrian President al-Assad assured the Shah that Imam Musa
as-Sadr, leader of Lebanese Shi'ites, was safe and would be
returned soon. (TDS in Persian 052000Z Oct 78)
06 OCT 78 Senator Javad Sajjadi was elected as the new President of
the Senate. (TDS in Persian 060900Z Oct 78)
Khomeini arrived in Paris. (Paris Domestic Service in
French 061500Z Oct 78)
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07 OCT 78
08 OCT 78
In an address to the Maglis the Shah stated that the dis-
orders in the country "won't deter us from extending demo-
cratic freedoms in our country; there is not the slightest
doubt that the present liberalization will continue to ex-
pand . . .." (TDS in Persian 061000Z Oct 78)
Clashes between police and demonstrators in Khorramabad and
Korestan Province resulted in deaths and injuries. (Tehran
in English to Europe 071930Z Oct 78)
General Nasiri, former head of SAVAK, resigned from his post
as Iranian Ambassador to Pakistan; he was recalled to Tehran
to answer charges made against him with regard to SAVAK.
(TDS in Persian 071500Z Oct 78)
Employees of National Iranian Airlines and Railways went on
strike, which closed the airport. Strikes also closed gov-
ernment ministries and schools. (Foreign Affairs, Vol. 57, No. 3)
09 OCT 78 Students at the universities refused to attend classes.
(Hong Kong AFP in English 1911400Z Oct 78)
Moslem demonstrators marched in several cities, demanding
an end to martial law and freedom for political prisoners.
(Hong Kong An' in English 0911400Z Oct 78)
The Health Ministry staff strikes for increased salaries
and fringe benefits. (Tehran PARS in English 091154Z Oct
78)
The AWACS contract could be cancelled, along with West Ger-
man submarines and British Chieftain tanks. (Hong Kong AFP
in English 091140Z Oct 78)
Dr. Hoseyn Najafi was appointed new public prosecutor. (TDS
in Persian 091300Z Oct 78)
Dr. Mohammed Hasan was introduced as the new Minister of
Health and Welfare. (TDS in Persian 091600Z Oct 78)
The railway and TV strike supposedly ended. (TDS in Persian
091400Z Oct 78)
Many government employees returned to work upon a government
decision to grant a 12.5-percent pay raise to civil servants.
(Hong Kong AFP in English 091140Z Oct 78)
10 OCT 78 Six men attacked the Iraqi consulate in Khorramshar and killed
a guard. (Tehran PARS in English 102017Z Oct 78)
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11 OCT 78
12 OCT 78
16 OCT 78
Dr. Naseroddin was named new managing director of-National
Iran Radio and Television. (TDS in Persian 101000Z Oct 78)
Sholoddin Shafa is named new educational advisor to the
court. (Tehran PARS in English 100844Z Oct 78)
Clashes took place between students and security forces
outside Tehran University; several students were killed.
(Paris AFP in English 111121Z Oct 78)
Staffs of the two main newspapers, Ettal'at and Kayhan,
stopped work because they accused martial law officers of
trying to impose censorship. (Paris AFP in English 111121Z
Oct 78)
The Prime Minister meets with writers' representatives on
issue of freedom of the press. (TDS in Persian 111000Z Oct 78)
An agreement was reached among state railroad workers and
their work returned to normal. (TDS in Persian 111200Z Oct 78)
Coppermine workers returned to work. (TDS in Persian 111600Z
Oct 78)
The Tehran PARS news agency denied student deaths in demon-
stration clashes; UPI reported deaths. (TDS in Persian
121000Z Oct 78)
134 people arrested last week were released. (TDS in Persian
121500Z Oct 78)
The press was still striking. (TDS in Persian 120400Z Oct
78).
Two died in the Minab demonstration and Tehran shops were
closed. The Minister of State for Executive Affairs,
Manucher Azmun, declared that the deaths resulting from
the riots were cause for national mourning. (TDS in Persian
161000Z Oct 78)
Strikes continued, including the Ministry of Agriculture and
Rural Development, the Medical Emergency Service, the
Institute of Standards and Industrial Research, the Ministry
of Economic Affairs and Finance, Iranian customs, and the
administrative staff of Tehran University. (TDS in Persian
161600Z Oct 78)
100,000 marchers mourn the September 8th "Bloody Friday"
massacre by government troops. (Foreign Affairs, Vol. 57,
No. 3)
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17 OCT 78
18 OCT 78
19 OCT 78
Sporadic demonstrations occurred in some towns in which a
number of people were killed or injured, while strikes
and slowdowns continued. (TDS in Persian 171000Z Oct 78)
In an open session, the Majlis heard a motion of censure
proposed against the government by a Majlis deputy, along
with other complaints about security forces' clashes with
people in the cities. (TDS in Persian 171000Z Oct 78)
Fifty people were injured in a Kerman demonstration. (TDS
in Persian 170400Z Oct 78)
Justice Minister Bahari declared that all political prison-
ers would be released, except those who had engaged in
terrorist or "anti-state" activities. (TDS in Persian
181000Z Oct 78)
182 persons previously arrested on security charges were
released. (TDS in Persian 181600Z Oct 78)
Over 2,000 people demonstrated in Gorgan, Zahedan and Qom,
although no clashes were reported. (TDS in Persian 191000Z
Oct 78)
Students from the university and teachers' training college
demonstrated and were dispersed by police. Kindergardens
and schools in Zahedan were closed, and a new phase of
demonstrations in Qom took place. (TDS in Persian 191000Z
Oct 78)
The Senate pledged support of the anti-corruption drive.
(TDS in Persian 191000Z Oct 78)
In a speech given by the Shah, he stated that it was the
national and divine duty of the Shah to govern his people
since the Shandom was a divine gift. (TDS in Persian
191000Z Oct 78)
22 OCT 78 In Hamadan demonstrations took place in which one policeman
was killed. (TDS in Persian 221000Z Oct 78)
More demonstrations occurred in Qom where a grenade wounded
four soldiers. (TDS in Persian 221600Z Oct 78)
Minister of State Azmun declared that there would no longer
be limits on the media and that government and ministries
must give reporters news. (Tehran PARS in English 221735Z
Oct 78)
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23 OCT 78
24 OCT 78
25 OCT 78
Egyptian Vice President Husni Mubarak arrived in Tehran.
(TDS in Persian 221800Z Oct 78)
A number of demonstrators were killed in Hamadan during a
clash with police in a protest demonstration. (Tehran
PARS in English 230655Z Oct 78)
It was announced that students imprisoned for political
reasons would be released and the bill on university inde-
pendence withdrawn. (TDS in Persian 231600Z Oct 78)
Sharif-Emaml's government was the object of considerable
criticism within the Majlis, including the hearing of a
motion of censure against the government. The government
was given a two-week ultimatum to answer these charges.
(TDS in Persian 241000Z Oct 78)
Egyptian Vice President Mubarak praised the good relations
between Iran and Egypt and Iran's efforts as a supporter of
peace movements. (Tehran PARS in English 240728Z Oct 78)
On the occasion of the Shah's birthday it was announced that
1,451 prisoners would be pardoned and released. (Tehran PARS
in English 240710Z Oct 78)
More demonstrations took place throughout Iran, mainly around
religious centers and with religious leaders' participation.
The military government of Qom advanced curfew hours because
of rioting, and Tehran University barred non-students from
its campus. (TDS in Persian 241600Z Oct 78)
Oil workers throughout Iran went on strike for the abolition
of martial law and "Iranianization" of the oil industry.
(TDS in Persian 251000Z Oct 78)
New Majlis factions were formed. Iranians' Aspiration [Amane
Iranian] was led by Hoseyn Tajaddad and aimed to safeguard
the imperial order, the constitution and the territorial in-
tegrity of the country, and to expand education and training
of Iran's youth to strengthen moral standards and teach that
improper bureaucracywas wrong. (TDS in Persian 251000Z
Oct 78)
Pezeshkpur, in a nationalist speech, stated that no other
country had the right to interfere with the changes going on
in Iran and that Iran would defend its honor and sovereignty.
In particular, he warned the British against any involvement.
(TDS in Persian 251000Z Oct 78)
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26 OCT 78
Additional Majlis factions were formed, including the
National Unity faction [Fahdat-e Melli], led by Mostafa
Alamuti, deputy from Rudbar and Almut; and the Nation's
Path faction [Rah-e Mellet], led by Dr. Mohammad Sattari,
representative of Rasht. (TDS in Persian 251000Z Oct 78)
1,451 prisoners, including 1,126 political and 325 non-
political prisoners, were freed in honor of the Shah's
birthday. (Tehran PARS in English 251930Z Oct 78)
The city's educators of Gorgan issued a statement saying
that the demonstrations were needless and contrary to reli-
gious and moral principles, and asked the people to identify
the leaders and notify judicial authorities. (TDS in Per-
sian 261000Z Oct 78)
Qom was in total shutdown following anti-Shah demonstrations,
with more military seen in the city. (TDS in Persian
26100Z Oct 78)
Inhabitants of Shahabad-e Gharb demonstrated in favor of the
Shah. (TDS in Persian 261600Z Oct 78)
A march was staged in Ahvaz City, :residents of Rasht demon-
strated and attacked the residence of the Gilan governor
general, and Rasht police warned that if more demonstrations
occurred they would resort to harsh treatment. (TDS in
Persian 261000Z Oct 78)
28 OCT 78 Massive demonstrations were reported throughout Iran, demand-
ing the full establishment of democracy. Most of the col-
leges and universities were closed. (TDS in Persian 281000Z
Oct 78)
29 OCT 78
Ayatollah Madari, leader of Iran's Shi'ite Moslems, warned
that his follwers might take up arms to set up an Islamic
democracy in Iran. (Paris AFP in English 280832Z Oct 78)
Ayatollah Khomeini, living in Paris, called upon the Iranian
people not to abandon their quest for freedom in Iran.
(Paris AFP in English 280832Z Oct 78)
In a massive reorganization, 34 senior members of SAVAK were
dismissed, which involved officials generally favoring
especially harsh and repressive measures. (TDS in Persian
291600Z Oct 78)
30 OCT 78 Iranian opposition leader Sanjabi met with Khomeini in Paris.
Khomeini wanted an Islamic government, while Sanjabi favored
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a democratic government with a free and general election.
Sanjabi stated that he was not sure the Shah wanted to
return to the complete implementation of the constitutional
law, and that he would not join a government under present
circumstances even if asked to do so. (Paris Domestic Ser-
vice in French 301200Z Oct 78)
Mohammad Reza 'Ameli-Tehrani, Minister of Information and
Tourism, gave a press conference in which he stated that
the problems in Iran stemmed from what has occurred in the
past 15 years, the actions of the Tudeh Party, and other
foreign influences. He also denied the resignation of
Minister of State Azmun, expressed hope that there would be
no civil war, and stated that there was no need for concern
about the safety of foreigners leaving Iran. (TDS in Persian
301600Z Oct 78)
Ayatollah Mara'shi led a march in Sabzerav; educators con-
tinued their strikes and marches, and demonstrations in
Sandandaj and Paveh left 11 dead. (TDS in Persian 301600Z
Oct 78)
Oil exports were totally halted by striking workers, while
fears continued of a complete domestic stoppage. Strikers'
demands included full support for the demands of educators
and students and full Iranianization of the oil industry.
(TDS in Persian 301600Z Oct 78)
Demonstrations continued in Tehran, Ahvaz and Esfahan, while
rallies and speeches took place on university campuses.
Schools were closed again, and many educators were jailed
overnight. (TDS in Persian 301600Z Oct 78)
The Iran Banking Association declared support for the Nat-
ional Association of Iran Academics, with a possible strike
in the offing. (TDS in Persian 301600Z Oct 78)
Justice Minister Mohammad Bahari and Minister of State Man-
ucher Azmun resigned. (Madrid EFE in Spanish 301912Z Oct
78)
More protests against the Shah's regime took place, and
25,000 staged a sit-down protest of curfew in Mashhad.
(Madrid EFE in Spanish 301912Z Oct 78)
Professors at Jondi and Shapur University went on hunger
strike protesting arrest of two directors of the writers'
association. (Madrid EFE in Spanish 301912Z Oct 78)
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31 OCT 78
The Shah ordered the release of Ayatollah Montazori and
Hojjatol Eslam. (TDS in Persian 301600Z Oct 78)
Mr. Hoseyn Najafi was named new Minister of Justice, and
Mr. Mostafa Payder was named new Minister for Executive
Affairs. (TDS in Persian 301600Z Oct 78)
The strike at the general port of Bushehr reportedly ended.
(TDS in Persian 301600Z Oct 78)
Ayatollah Talegani was released from jail. (Paris AFP in
English 302015Z Oct 78)
Reports from Iranian opposition in exile stated that the
governor of Kermanshah province, General Ja'afar Shafagat,
resigned, although it was denied by official Iran news.
(Paris AFP in English 302015Z Oct 78)
An open session of the Majlis met to hear the reply by Sharif-
Enami's government to the censure motion. Most of the dep-
uties walked out, while the opposition deputies did not even
attend the session. (TDS in Persian 310800Z Oct 78)
The Majlis gave the government a vote of confidence: 176
for, 35 against, and 7 abstaining. (TDS in Persian 311000Z
Oct 78)
Oil exports were completely halted due to the oil workers'
strike. Military technicians were brought in "to prevent
stagnation of production," and troops were utilized to pro-
tect workers who did not wish to go on strike and to protect
various installations from sabotage. (TDS in Persian
311000Z Oct 78)
The government announced that it planned to spend less on
arms purchases and that it would accept whatever OPEC
decided. with regard to oil prices. (Tehran PARS in English
310700Z Oct 78)
The Prime Minister stated that encouraging oil workers to
strikewas treachery, and opposition to the government should
not become opposition to the country. (TDS in Persian
311000Z Oct 78)
Demonstrations continued throughout Iran; a mass rally took
place on the Tehran University campus; and 11 people were
killed in Paveh, which the government claimed was the result
of a conflict between two quarreling groups and not between
police and demonstrators. (TDS in Persian 312000Z Oct 78)
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01 NOV 78
02 NOV 78
The managing director of the National Iranian Radio and Tele-
vision organization agreed to meet workers' demands for the
abolition of censorship on news broadcasts. (Tehran PARS
in English 311930Z Oct 78)
University students in Esfahan demonstrated for the release
of political prisoners. (Tehran in English to Europe
311930Z Oct 78)
29 political detainees were granted amnesty. (TDS in Persian
311500Z Oct 78)
The national bank strike ended. (Tehran PARS in English
310935Z Oct 78)
Some oil workers returned to work but the
cutting oil exports by 40 percent at a daily cost of $360
million. (Tehran in English to Europe 011930Z Nov 78)
Mr. Martin Daftari, an ex-senator, demanded unconditional
release of all political prisoners. (TDS in Persian 011600Z
Nov 78)
In a speech by Ayatollah Sharitat Madari, he stated that
all laws should be judged by five religious leaders, and
that these five leaders will be sent to the Majlis only
when it is a parliament that justly represents the nation.
In addition, he stated that it would be the duty of those
with other beliefs to adjust themselves to Islam. (Tehran
PARS in English 010704Z Nov 78)
The Justice Minister declared that all political prisoners
would be released. (TDS in Persian 010500Z Nov 78)
The majority of workers continued to strike at the Abadan
oil refinery. (Tehran PARS in English 011036Z Nov 78)
In Tehran, a march consisting of 100,000 demonstrators
took place to congratulate Ayatollah Talegani on his release
from prison. The march was in defiance of the martial laW
ban on public meetings. (Paris ARP in English 011336 Nov
78)
Wildcat strikes ground Air Iran; walkouts by oil workers
spread. (Foreign Affairs, Vol. 57, No. 3)
Demonstrations continued throughout the country, and in
Esfahan demonstrators attacked several banks and the general
post office. (TDS in Persian 021000Z Nov 78)
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Students of the Universities of Qom, Amirkabir and Aryamehr
of Tehran staged hunger strikes. (TDS in Persian 021000Z
Nov 78)
Residents of Abadan marched, and at the end of the march a
14-point resolution was issued by the clergy. (TDS in Per-
sian 021600Z Nov 78)
03 NOV 78 A statement by Vance endorsed the Shah's efforts to restore
order and liberalize the government. (Foreign Affairs)
04 NOV 78
Opposition leader Sandjabi announced that he would not join
a coalition government with Vice Premier 'Ali Amini. (Paris
APP in English 032043 Nov 78)
In Qom, a tremendous religious rally took place which was
orderly and joined by people from Tehran. (TDS in Persian
031000Z Nov 78)
A protest march was staged in Kerman. (TDS in Persian
032000Z Nov 78)
Mashhad teachers planned a strike for 4 November. (TDS in
Persian 031000Z Nov 78)
University of Rezatiyeb teachers and staff continued to
strike, with postal workers expressing solidarity with them.
(TDS in Persian 031600Z Nov 78)
A University of Shiraz gathering took place in which red
flags were observed in the crowd; many participants left
protesting the communist-oriented nature of the gathering.
(TDS in Persian 032000Z Nov 78)
Dr. Manucher Azmun, former Minister of State, announced the
formation of the United People's Party of Iran for Iranian
workers with collective leadership; the party would not have
a chairman or leader but decisions would be made at lower
levels and move up. (TDS in Persian 032000Z Nov 78)
Islamic precepts would be taught in Iranian schools. (TDS
in Persian 031000Z Nov 78)
Strikes continued in oil refineries, telecommunications and
meat plants. (TDS in Persian 041600Z Nov 78)
Several people were killed in demonstrations which took place
in front of the University in Tehran. (TDS in Persian
041600Z Nov 78)
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05 NOV 78
The speaker of the National Consultative Assembly i Salar
Jafe, was placed under temporary house arrest in the Majlis
building. He was accused of cutting phone lines, breaking
communications between Kermanshah and Paveh. (TDS in Persian
041000Z Nov 78)
Mr. Ahmad Bani Ahmad, Tabriz deputy to the National Consul-
tative Assembly, resigned his post in the Majlis. (TDS in
Persian 041000Z Nov 78)
It was discovered that supporters of Salar Jafe cut the phone
lines. (TDS in Persian 041600Z Nov 78)
The former head of SAVAK, General Nasiri, and Parviz Sabeti
were forbidden to leave Iran. (TDS in Persian 041600Z Nov
78)
Rallies in Ilam occurred protesting the killing of defense-
less people during demonstrations. (TDS in Persian 041000Z
Nov 78)
All Mashhadjudges resigned en masse to express solidarity
with judges in the country who were subjected to oppression.
(TDS in Persian 051600Z Nov 78)
Prime Minister Sharif-Emami resigned due to continued vio-
lence; the Shah appointed General Azhari as the new Prime
Minister. (Paris AFP in English 050933Z Nov 78)
Tanks were brought into Tehran to disperse demonstrators;
numerous banks, shops, theaters and other buildings were
set on fire and the Minister of Information was attacked
and injured. (Paris AFP in English 050933Z Nov 78)
The government ordered petroleum employees back to work; 60
percent return. (Strategic Survey)
Brezhnev warned the U.S. against intervention in Iran.
(Strategic Survey)
The Minister of Science and Higher Education resigned his
post because of events at Tehran University. (TDS in
Persian 050400Z Nov 78)
The British embassy was set on fire. (Paris AY? in English
051520Z Nov 78)
Sanjabi and Khomeini called for an Islamic government.
(Foreign Affairs)
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06 NOV 78
Opposition leader Sanjabi was arrested. (Strategic Survey)
The National Front aligned itself with Ayatollah Khomeini,
who called for the removal of the Shah and declared that
anyone who accepted a post in the present Iranian govern-
ment would be expelled by the people, calling the Pahlavi
dynasty illegal. (Paris AFP in English 051405Z Nov 78)
Some doctors, health and hospital workers went on strike.
(TDS in Persian 051000Z Nov 78)
Tehran demonstrators set fire to the Paramount Theatre and
banks and shops selling alcoholic beverages. (TDS in Persian
051600Z Nov 78)
Schools were closed in Tehran. (TDS in Persian 051900Z Nov
78)
The Shah's address to the nation stressed peace and working
together to prevent the collapse of Iran, and he said that
he instructed the army to restore order so that his policy
of liberalization would continue. (TDS in Persian 060800Z
Nov 78)
Khomeini also asked that demonstrators refrain from violence.
(TDS in Persian 060400Z Nov 78)
Lt. Gen. Bograt J'farian was appointed new Governor General
of Khuzestan. (TDS in Persian 061000Z Nov 78)
A clandestine radio announcement attacked the Shah and his
earlier address claiming that the Shah had made idle promises
in the past. (National Voice of Iran [Clandestine] in Per-
sian to Iran 061730Z Nov 78)
In a West German interview, Khomeini reaffirmed his opposi-
tion to the Shah and stated that the end of the Shah's reign
was near. Khomeini declared that he did not advocate a
violent takeover but that the Shah had misjudged the situa-
tion and was leading it in that direction.
In an interview on Paris radio with Salamatian, representative
of the Iranian National Front, he stated that "The national
and Islamic movement of Iran cannot give its agreement to
the formation of any government under conditions of . . . the
illegal monarchy," and that the National Front was not reac-
tionary; it had contested the state of affairs in the Pahlavi
dynasty from the beginning. (Paris Domestic Service in French
061200Z Nov 78)
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06 NOV 78
07 NOV 78
08 NOV 78
10 NOV 78
Khomeini announced that he would be in Iran soon, after
ousting the Shah, and stated that Iran's problems stemmed
from the British occupation as they installed the original
Shah and have constantly supported that family. (London
BBC Domestic TV Service in English 062300Z Nov 78)
Many high officials, including the Chief of SAVAK, were
arrested as part of the Shah's campaign against corruption.
(TDS in Persian 071600Z Nov 78)
In a speech given by the Shah, he called for peace, saying
that he was responding to his people's demands and guaran-
teeing that the Iranian government in the future would be a
constitutional one rather than a corrupt government. (TDS
in Persian 071000Z Nov 78)
It was announced in Qom by the military governor that martial
law would be implemented. (TDS in Persian 071000Z Nov 78)
According to Jalil Shoraka, director general of the National
Bank of Iran, there would presently be no restrictions on
currency export. (TDS in Persian 072000Z Nov 78)
The National Iranian Gas Company was set on fire. (TDS in
Persian 071000Z Nov 78)
NIOC workers in Abadan announced an end to their strike
because the country was going into debt. (TDS in Persian
081000Z Nov 78)
Five were killed and 47 injured when the army opened fire on
anti-Shah demonstrators in Zanjan. (Paris AFP in English
08 1158Z Nov 78)
The former President of Iran Air, General Mohammed Khadeni,
was murdered by terrorists. (Paris AFP in English 080758Z
Nov 78)
The Shah ordered the arrest of Hoveyda. (Foreign Affairs)
As part of the anti-corruption campaign, a review of the
work of the Pahlavi Foundation was scheduled to take place.
(TDS in Persian 081000Z Nov 78)
General Reza Azhari offered to talk with Sanjabi upon his
return from Paris, but Sanjabi was prevented from giving
his first press conference since his return to Iran.
(Paris AFP in English 100953Z Nov 78)
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11 NOV 78
Sanjabi called for a continuation of strikes except in
essential services, and told newsmen at the airport
that the National Front would continue to act legally.
(Paris AFP in English 100953Z Nov 78)
Sanjabi was taken into custody by Iranian authorities
and charged with anti-national and anti-constitutional
activities. (Paris AFP in English 111456Z Nov 78)
Demonstrations continued in Tehran. (TDS in Persian
111000Z Nov 78)
Prayer restrictions were lifted, while schools in Tehran
were closed. (TDS in Persian 111030Z Nov 78)
12 NOV 78 All Qoli Ardalan was named new deputy director of the Pahlavi
Foundation. (TDS in Persian 121030Z Nov 78)
13 NOV 78
Some oil workers at Ahvaz resumed work. (Paris AFP in Eng-
lish 120957Z Nov 78)
The former mayor of Tehran was arrested. (TDS in Persian
121530Z Nov 78)
Khomeini issued a statement from Paris reproaching the
United States for protecting the Shah, stating that the
protection complicated the crisis in Iran and incited the
Iranian nation to intensify its struggle. (Paris Domestic
Service in French 121400Z Nov 78)
A nationwide general strike closed shops and stopped public
transportation. Unrest continued, but tanks and security
officials maintained a relative calm. (Paris APP in English
120957Z Nov 78)
Khomeini declared that after the revolution his own rule
would be "to lay down guidelines for the general behavior
of the people." (Paris AFP in English 131032Z Nov 78)
Pro-Shah demonstrations occurred in Zahedan at Pahlavi
Square. (Tehran in English to Europe 1320002 Nov 78)
Ayatollah Qomi stated that the religious faction would re-
sort to armed struggle against the military government if
necessary. (Paris Le blonde in French, p. 3)
Khomeini stated that the military governship was intended
to crush the people into submission; that the Soviet Union,
like the U.S., would probably be against an Islamic regime
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14 NOV 78
15 NOV 78
because they both desired to plunder Iran's resources; and
that he [Khomeini] did not plan to head up the government
after the Shah was ousted. (Paris An-Nahar in Arabic, p. 16)
Iranian radio announced that the oil workers' strike was
over in Abadan, although there was not evidence of this.
(TDS in Persian 141030Z Nov 78)
The closure of shops and the bazaar in Zanjun now in its
eighth day. (TDS in Persian 141630Z Nov 78)
The gas line to the U.S.S.R. was beginning to be engineered.
(TDS in Persian 141530Z Nov 78)
As the campaign against corruption continued, some of the
accused escaped but many were arrested, such as Tehran's
ex-mayor Gholamieza Nikpey. (TDS in Persian 140430Z Nov
78)
A large-scale demonstration occurred in Qom, but it was dis-
persed without police intervention. (TDS in Persian 151030Z
Nov 78)
Khomeini denied that the opposition was violent in nature
and said he did not intend to plunge Iran back into medieval
times. He blamed rioting on the SAVAK and their provoca-
teurs. (Rome ANSA in English 150840Z Nov 78)
Khomeini instructed oil workers to continue their strike.
(Paris AFP in English 151738Z Nov 78)
Khomeini stated that the Shah's pleading innocent to cor-
ruption and torture and his ignorance of the situation were
not acceptable or believed, and that "nobody can exercise
absolute power without the consent of the people." (Paris
Le Monde in French, p. 3)
NIOC announced that oil production was on the increase.
(TDS in Persian 151030Z Nov 78)
The city of Qom remained closed for the 11th day due to
numerous demonstrations. (TDS in Persian 151030Z Nov 78)
While attempting to set fire to a cinema in Esfahan, two
arsonists were attacked by a crowd; one arsonist was
killed and the other escaped. (TDS in Persian 151030Z
Nov 78)
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16 NOV 78
The Iranian Bank announced that it would buy exporters'
foreign currency earnings in excess of market require-
ments. (TDS in Persian 151530Z Nov 78)
The Shah received eight new Cabinet ministers: Muhammad
Hasan Murshid, Health and Welfare; Mustafa Paydar, State for
Executive Affairs; Izat Allah Humayunfar, State for Social
and Political Affairs; Ahmad Nazimi, State for Parliamentary
Affairs; Manuchihr Bahrun, Housing and Urban Development;
Shams al-Din Mufidi, Science and Higher Education; Muhsin
Furughi, Culture and Art; and Huhsin Shari'atmadar, State.
(The New York Times)
Troops clashed with demonstrators protesting against the
Shah in Mashhad, Esfahan and other cities. (The New York
Times)
On imperial army day, the Shah expressed his appreciation
for the army, its strength, loyalty and power. (TDS in
Persian 161530Z Nov 78)
The Tehran public prosecutor published additional informa-
tion about individuals charged with misappropriation.
(TDS in Persian 161630Z Nov 78)
17 NOV 78 Behrgan oil workers ended their strike. (TDS in Persian
170430Z Nov 78)
The Justice Minister announced that corruption trials of
high officials and others would be made public. (TDS in
Persian 172030Z Nov 78)
A statement by the acting Chief of Staff, Hushang Hatam,
pledged to preserve the constitution and the monarchy.
(The New York Times)
Demonstrations tooks place in 11 cities; troops fired on
demonstrators in Mashhad, killing at least three people.
(The New York Times)
18 NOV 78 Empress Farah left Tehran for a visit to Baghdad and al-
Najaf in Iraq. (The New York Times)
Soviet President Leonid Brezhnev declared that the Soviet
Union was against "any foreign interference in the internal
affairs of Iran by anyone." (The New York Times)
Azhari announced his six-point law and order program. (For-
eign Affairs, Vol. 57, No. 3)
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19 NOV 78
The principle mission of the new temporary government was
to restore security and order, and the laws restricting
the power of the justice authorities would be abrogated so
that they would have flexibility to fight corruption.
(TDS in Persian 181030Z Nov 78)
Violent street demonstrations occurred in Mashhad; clashes
in eastern Iran left 12 killed. (Paris AP? in English
181750Z Nov 78)
In a formal rejoinder to Brezhnev's warning of 18 November,
Vance denied any intention by the U.S. to intervene. (For-
eign Affairs, Vol. 57, No. 3)
The Shah ordered the release of 210 prisoners held for
security violations. (TDS in Persian 190930Z Nov 78)
20 NOV 78 The bazaar of Tehran reopened for business, ending the strike
lasting more than one month. (The New York Times)
21 NOV 78
A direct order was given for security officers to arrest
agitators of the peace. (TDS in Persian 201030Z Nov 78)
In an interview with Khomeini, he declared that the uprising
came about because the people were dissatisfied with the
Shah and the Shah's destruction of all economic, political,
social and cultural principles; and that the attacks on
banks were due to the banks' exploitation of the people.
(Hamburg Des Spiegel in German, pp. 156-158)
In Khomeini's desire to free Iran from dependence on foreign
economies, he stated that "society will be free, all causes
of repression and oppression will be done for good." (TDS
in Persian 201030Z Nov 78)
Tehran radio announced that oil workers were gradually
returning to work, but that oil production continued to
fall. (TDS in Persian 201030 Nov 78)
French President Valery Giscard d'Estaing warned Khomeini
not to call for violence in Iran from French territory.
(The New York Times)
The army took over operation of an electric power station
near Tehran after a strike by workers blacked out the capi-
tal. (The New York Times )
U.S. Treasury Secretary Michael Blumenthal met with the Shah
in Tehran to discuss oil matters. (The New York Times)
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Azhari stated that his program had three phases: a return
to normalcy to get violence off the streets, stability
brought about by a general return to work, and an increased
focus on the anti-corruption campaign. He went on to say
that he was in control, not the Shah; and that even though
he was answerable to the Shah, he could make important de-
cisions on his own, claiming that he made the decision to
arrest Hoveyda. Azhari said that he would welcome those
(including National Front leaders) who supported the con-
stitution. (London The Times, p. 1, 6)
Khomeini, claiming that the military government would fail,
said that a good government would have the 1906 constitution
amended in order to eliminate laws contrary to Islamic laws
and to abolish the monarchy. (Rome ANSA in English 211945Z
Nov 78)
Embezzlement trials began for some officials. (TDS in Per-
sian 211030Z Nov 78)
The head of the PLO political department, Faruq Qaddumi, met
with Khomeini for talks about joint opposition to "imperial-
ism." (London Ash-Sharq Al-Awsat in Arabic, p. 1)
Khomeini again rejected U.S. interests in Iran and called
for a new constitution adhering strictly to Islamic laws.
(Paris Le Matin, p. 8)
22 NOV 78 Hoseyn Jahanshai, a former minister, was arrested for em-
bezzlement. (TDS in Persian 221530Z Nov 78)
23 NOV 78
The Majlis passed a vote of confidence for the government
of General Azhari with 191 votes for, 27 votes against,
and 6 abstentions. (TDS in Persian 221030Z Nov 78)
Troops clashed with demonstrators in the bazaar of Tehran;
the government reported that three people had been killed
in the past two days in demonstrations in Shiraz. (The
New York Times)
The Shah declared that he would not resign over domestic
violence, and that civil war would follow his departure
with the army dividing into rival factions. (London The
London Sunday Times, p. 1)
From Paris, Khomeini appealed to Iranians to block the
nation's oil exports that "buy weapons which kill our
women and our men." He also stated that some of the oil
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24 NOV 78
26 NOV 78
27 NOV 78
was earmarked for Israel, "the enemy of the Moslems," and
that blocking oil exports would help force the Shah to
abdicate. (Rome ANSA in English 231515Z Nov 78)
267 more prisoners were granted amnesty. (TDS in Persian
231530Z Nov 78)
Iran announced that it would extradite all those who did not
return to Iran for a court summons. (TDS in Persian 230530Z
Nov 78)
Prime Minister Azhari addressed the Majlis and the Senate,
stating that his position was only temporary and that he
needed the cooperation of the people. (TDS in Persian
231030Z Nov 78)
Clashes between demonstrators and security forces in two
towns near Shiraz left two people dead. (The New York
Times)
Ex-Prime Minister Ali Amini suggested a compromise of a
civilian transitional government in order to prevent Iran
from further chaos. He would not participate in that gov-
ernment, however, since the army would not be ready to with-
draw for another year and he would be out of active politics
by that time. (Vienna Domestic Service in German 241122Z
Nov 78)
A committee was formed to investigate the royal family's
wealth and the Rastakhiz Party accounts. (TDS in Persian
261030Z Nov 78)
Scattered demonstrations took place throughout Iran, and
a general strike was carried out in all major cities in
response to a call for a one-day strike by opposition and
religious leaders. (The New York Times)
At least nine people were killed in demonstrations in Gorgan.
(The New York Times)
Jordanian King Husan arrived in Tehran for talks. (Middle
East Economic Digest)
Large-scale demonstrations took place throughout the coun-
try, and in Tehran an estimated 23 people died in clashes
between demonstrators and police. (Paris AFP in English
270911Z Nov 78)
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28 NOV 78
Tudeh leader Iraq Eskandari stated his regret that he re-
ceived "no response" to the call for a united front which
would incorporate all opposition forces. (Paris L'Humanite
in French Nov 78)
Azhari announced a ban on all processions during the holy
month of Muharram and banned all religious gatherings not
cleared in advance. It was also announced that laws in
Iran would be revised "to conform with Islamic principles."
(The New York Times)
30 NOV 78 The Shah designated Shahpour Bakhtiar the Prime Minister of
the new civilian government. (Strategic Survey)
Six new undersecretaries were introduced: parliamentary
affairs, expenditure and chief treasurer, tax revenues,
financial affairs, customs, and internal affairs. (TDS
in Persian 300730Z Nov 78)
In an interview with Khomeini, he stated that there would
be no civil war or armed struggle when the Shah fell from
power: "we will shrink from nothing to rid ourselves of
the Shah and his criminal regime . . ." (Lisbon Expresso
in Portuguese, p. 9)
01 DEC 78 120 political prisoners were scheduled to be released.
(TDS in Persian 010330Z Dec 78)
02 DEC 78
Production of liquid gas was up to 45,000 barrels a day
and crude oil exports were at 4.4 million barrels a day.
(Tehran PARS in English 010451Z Dec 78)
An estimated 1,000 demonstrators in Tehran were killed as
troops fired into crowds of rioters ignoring parade ban,
while an estimated 2,000 were wounded. (Paris AFP in
English 021751Z Dec 78)
Other protests defying a ban on marches on the first day of
Muharram occurred in Esfahan, Shiraz and Bushire, leaving
at least seven people dead. (The New York Times)
The 78th session of the Supreme Council of the Chambers of
Guilds was held and its dissolution was announced. (TDS
in Persian 021030Z Dec 78)
In a meeting with 100 representatives of citizens groups,
Prime Minister Azhari decided not to ban prayer meetings,
although he declared that he was against the Tudeh Party's
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03 DEC 78
04 DEC 78
spred of pamphlets instructing the people how to stage
demonstrations during the mourning ceremonies. (TDS in
Persian 021630Z Dec 78)
Prime Minister Azhari appealed to religious leaders to
keep people from demonstrating in the streets, and said
that the Tudeh Party was working against the government
and the Iranian people by encouraging street demonstrations
and strikes. (TDS in Persian 021030Z Dec 78)
In a message to the Iranian people, Khomeini called for the
Shah's soldiers to desert the army and for the oil industry
workers to continue their wildcat strikes, adding that Iran's
"bloody massacres" were the Shah's fault. (Paris AFP in
English 031436Z Dec 78)
Anti-government demonstrations again broke out in Tehran.
(Paris AFP in English 031846Z Dec 78)
Three reporters working for Newsweek and the Daily Telegraph,
Loren Jenkins, Barry Clean and Kenneth Clark, were arrested
for taking part in demonstrations and attacking a martial
officer, forcing him to release a demonstrator. All three
were later released. (Tehran PARS in English 030750Z Dec 78)
The Shah toured an air command training center. (TDS in
Persian 031630Z Dec 78)
Pan-Am oil company workers on Kharg Island went on strike.
(Paris ATP in English 031606Z Dec 78)
The Iranian government came out against what it considered
false reporting on the riots and demonstrations, stating
that the reports used sensationalism rather than facts.
(TDS in Persian 031030Z Dec 78)
Three censure motions were presented by the Pan-Iranian
group and the deputies from Tabriz and Fasa concerning the
rioting of the past two days. (TDS in Persian 031030Z Dec
78)
Renewed strikes crippled oil production, while urban guer-
rillas attacked a police station with grenades, killing one
policeman. (The New York Times)
The government announced that it was not considering a
regency council to take over the Shah's functions. (London
Reuter in English 031358Z Dec 78)
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05 DEC 78
Demonstrations died down in Tehran and power was cut off
in the entire city. (Paris AFP in English 041959Z Dec 78)
Iran and Poland signed their 1979 trade protocol in Warsaw,
which primarily involved trade of oil for food. (TDS in
Persian 041630Z Dec 78)
French officials announced that they would call on Khomeini
to inform him that his tourist visa would expire next month
and to warn Khomeini once again to be discreet while in
France. (Paris Domestic Service in French 031200Z Dec 78)
Prime Minister Azhari announced that Khomeini would be per-
mitted to return to Iran if he wished. (Paris Domestic
Service in French 051400Z Dec 78)
Azhari blamed the strife in Iran on "saboteurs who are the
tools of foreigners." (The New York Times)
The Shi'ite opposition announced that it would defy govern-
ment orders and hold a march on 10 December, the eve of
Ashura, led by Ayatollah Talegani. (Paris AFP in English
052009Z Dec 78)
Curfew hours were advanced in Shiraz to 9 p.m. and street
demonstrations were prohibited. (Paris AFP in English
051047Z Dec 78)
Azhari announced that resident foreigners in Iran would
enjoy full government protection. (TDS in Persian 051630Z
Dec 78)
In an interview with Khomeini, he announced that oil would
be sold to anyone who wanted it; the Islamic republic
would maintain relations with those who accepted it and
would not interfere; and the new leaders of the republic
would be announced. (Brussels Le Soir in French, p. 3)
Khomeini declared that armed struggle would take place
soon and that he was not interested in dealing with the
moderate opposition wing (Madari, Sanjabi or 'Ali Amini).
Khomeini's new slogan for the people was "To kill or be
killed on Allah's path leads to paradise." (Brussels
Le Soir in French, p. 3.)
Palestinian resistance was helping to train Iranian oppo-
sition and supply it with arms. (Brussels Le Soir in
French, p. 3)
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06 DEC 78 Opposition leader Karim Sanjabi was released from-prison.
(The New York Times)
07 DEC 78
Pamphlets published by the various communist factions sug-
gested that men should disguise themselves as soldiers and
create terror which would create the impression that the
army was behind the violence. (TDS in Persian 061830Z
Dec 78)
Sanjabi predicted more violence in the next few days.
(Paris Domestic Service in French 061800Z Dec 78)
120 people convicted of anti-security activities and 352
convicted of military tribunals were pardoned. (TDS in
Persian 060930Z Dec 78)
In an address before the Senate, Azhari said that he was
fighting a psychological war, asking to be voted out of
power if they did not find martial law necessary. (TDS in
Persian 061030Z Dec 78)
When asked if there were any chance the Shah would step
down voluntarily, Azhari answered "no" and defended the
Shah against recent false statements about the Shah.
(London BBC Domestic Television Service in English 061245Z
Dec 78)
The military government of Gazvin ordered curfew hours for
its cities. (TDS in Persian 061030Z Dec 78)
Khomeini rejected the French government's plea to keep his
activities more quiet and to act in moderation, claiming
that his mission was to rescue Iranian people from the Shah.
(Paris Domestic Service in French 071100Z Dec 78)
National Front leader Sanjabi said he would refuse to join
any coalition government under "the illegal monarchy."
(The New York Times)
The U.S. announced it would allow dependents to leave Iran
at government expence. (The New York Times)
233 more prisoners were released. (TDS in Persian 071030Z
Dec 78)
The Shah cancelled Azarbayjan Liberation Day ceremonies
because they concided with the Muharran mourning period.
(TDS in Persian 071030Z Dec 78)
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The Shah received new undersecretaries: Hamshid Khozeymeh,
administrative and financial affairs; Reza Qannadian, par-
liamentary affairs and coordination; and Mbrteza Zamani,
undersecretary for trade. (TDS in Persian 071030Z Dec 78)
A hideout where pamphlets were made for anti-government dis-
tribution was found and the people involved were arrested.
(TDS in Persian 071630Z Dec 78)
A curfew was imposed on Ahvaz. (Ahvaz Domestic Service
071130Z Dec 78)
Sanjabi declared that he would take part in religious pro-
cessions during Muharran as long as they were not violent.
(Paris AFP in English 070943Z Dec 78)
The Majlis criticized government policy on several counts.
(TDS in Persian 071030Z Dec 78)
An earthquake (5.5 on the Richter Scale) occurred, but no
casualties were reported. (TDS in Persian 070330Z Dec 78)
Khuzestan tribes pledged their support to the Shah. (Ahvaz
Domestic Service in Persian 071333Z Dec 78)
08 DEC 78 Azhari lifted the ban on processions for a 48-hour period of
holy day of Ashura. (The New York Times)
09 DEC 78
10 DEC 78
A curfew order was issued in Abadan. (Abadan National Oil
Radio in Persian 081810Z Dec 78)
Curfew was turned back two hours to allow for the processions
and no soldiers were to line their routes, but the government
called on citizens to report troublemakers and to adhere to
certain restrictions on the processions. (Ahvaz Domestic
Service in Persian 091550Z Dec 78)
A reported one million people marched in Tehran shouting
religious slogans and mourning the death of Moslem leader
Husayn ibn 'Ali. Security forces kept away from the mar-
chers, and the government claimed that the march did not
have a political character. (Paris AFP in English 100758Z
Dec 78)
Sanjabi claimed that the march was anti-Shah in nature.
(Paris Deomstic Service in French 091800Z Dec 78)
Smaller demonstrations took place in Qom, Mashhad, Tabriz
and other cities throughout Iran. (The New York Times)
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11 DEC 78
The government reported freeing 705 prisoners. (TDS in
Persian 101912Z Dec 78)
In an interview with Sharliat Madari, he claimed that
there were some differences between his tactics and those
of Khomeini, but not in what they were against and what they
wanted changed. (Budapest MTI in English 101710Z Dec 78)
The Shah prayed for success in his message given on the
nation's Human Rights Day. (TDS in Persian 101630Z Dec 78)
Authorities in Ahvaz requested the people to remain calm.
(Ahvaz Domestic Service in Persian 101327Z Dec 78)
Religious processions in Tehran were orderly and peaceful,
with people chanting "Allah is great" and "Khomeini, you
are our leader, we reject tyranny." (Paris AFP in English
100758Z Dec 78)
Massive demonstrations continued in Tehran and other cities.
In Esfahan, troops clashed with rioting demonstrators, kill-
ing five people. (The New York Times)
An estimated five million people participated in the demon-
strations throughout Iran, with two and one-half million
people in the streets of Tehran shouting such slogans as
"Death to the Shah!" (Paris ATP in English 111653Z Dec 78)
Amnesty International accused Iran of continuing to torture
political prisoners. (The New York Times)
A National Front leader warned the Shah to leave the country,
claiming that if he did not follow the people's will they
would become more violent. He also stated that the National
Front was ready to assume leadership and step into the
"political vacuum" that currently existed in Iran. (Tokyo
Kyodo in English 110020Z Dec 78
In an interview, Khomeini stated that he would not sell oil
to countries supporting the Shah, and called on army officers
and soldiers to leave their posts and "ally themselves with
the people." (Paris AFP in English 111515Z Dec 78)
Demonstrators claimed that "The Americans have ruined us.
Carter is responsible for the chaos in our country . . .
the Shah has been the disgrace of the Iranian people for
25 years." (Rome ANSA in English 110800Z Dec 78)
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12 DEC 78
The tone of the demonstrations was tougher than the day
before, but they were peaceful and the military continued
to keep a low profile. Slogans shouted were anti-Shah,
pro-Khomeini and religious, with some communist party
slogans as well. (Paris AFP in English 110924Z Dec 78)
Dr. Sanjabi claimed that the massive demonstrations were a
"spontaneous referendum" indicating that the Shah was un-
questionably going to lose power. Sanjabi did not rule out
the idea of the crown prince remaining as a constitutional
monarch, but stated that Khomeini "dominates the situation
at this time." (London The Guardian in English, p. 15)
Soldiers fired at rioters in Esfahan-, killing an estimated
40 people. (The New York Times)
Most oil workers refused to return to work at the oil fields.
(The New York Times)
President Carter said that "uncontrolled statements made from
foreign nations" encouraging violence had exacerbated the
situation in Iran. He stated that the Shah had the "support"
and "confidence" of the U.S. but that the U.S. had "no in-
tention of interfering in the internal affairs of Iran."
(The New York Times)
The army moved back into the main cities and pro-Shah demon-
strators called for a return of tranquility. (Paris AFP in
English 122104Z Dec 78)
In an interview with Sanjabi, he stated that he would not
talk with the Shah as this was against the will of the
people and would not join a coalition government. He called
upon the army to remain strong, stating that dissertions
were dangerous to the country. (London The Guardian in
English)
The Shah ordered that all people on the corruption list
who took foreign currency out of the country were not to
be allowed to leave Iran. (TDS in Persian 121030Z Dec 78)
More riots and demonstrations occurred in Esfahan. (Paris
AFP in English 120938Z Dec 78)
Primary schools in Tehran were scheduled to reopen. (TDS
in Persian 120330Z Dec 78)
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13 DEC 78
14 DEC 78
Khomeini asked several U.S. congressmen to ask President
Carter about his reasons for supporting "a regime to which
the Iranian people are unanimously opposed." He also indi-
cated that a future Islamic government could cease to sup-
ply oil to countries such as the U.S. which continue to
support the Shah. (Paris Le Monde in French, p. 3)
Pro-Shah demonstrations were reported in various parts of
the country involving "thousands" of people. (TDS in Per-
sian 131030Z Dec 78)
Prime Minister Azhari announced that Iran had been forced
to import oil for kerosene and that it would be up to other
OPEC members to make policy since Iran was no longer in a
position to do so. (TDS in Persian 131630Z Dec 78)
Khomeini said that henceforth "any head of state who sup-
ports the Shah will be deprived of Iranian oil and all
treaties with his country will be considered annulled."
(The New York Times)
Troops in Esfahan led demonstrations in support of the Shah
and forced some motorists to join the demonstration. (The
New York Times)
An earthquake hit the city of Khorramabad. (TDS in Persian
131030Z Dec 78)
Public schools in Khuzestan reopened. (Ahvaz Domestic Ser-
vice in Persian 131330Z Dec 78)
Ahvaz issued a draftee callup notice and forbade employment
in other jobs. (Ahvaz Domestic Service in Persian 131330Z
Dec 78)
Dr. Sanjabi met with the Shah and told him that he would not
take part in any government in its present circumstances.
(Paris AFP in English 140653Z Dec 78)
Demonstrations for and against the Shah confronted each dther
in Esfahan and other cities. (The New York Times)
Three men in military uniforms opened fire at the Levizan
military camp. (The New York Times)
A political figure reportedly informed a Belgrade interviewer
that a civilian government might be set up soon, incorporat-
ing a National Front spirit but without Sanjabi as its leader.
(Belgrade Tanjug in English 141921Z Dec 78)
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A government statement was issued instructing governors and
law enforcement people to take strong measures to prevent
demonstrations. (TDS in Persian 141530Z Dec 78)
In an interview with Azhari, he stated that Iranian oil
production was very low and that Iran was now buying oil
from abroad. (TDS in Persian 141030Z Dec 78)
The Majlis held an open-session meeting. (TDS in Persian
141030Z Dec 78)
A Voice of Lebanon broadcast announced that Khomeini would
go to Lebanon after Paris. (Voice of Lebanon in Arabic
141215Z Dec 78)
Supporters of Khomeini threatened the U.S. with an oil em-
bargo and warned France that they would take action if that
country turned against Khomeini. (Paris France Soir in
French, p. 7)
Khomeini declared that there would be freedom of press
(except if the Tudeh Party still alligned itself with
communist policy) and that Israel would not receive any
oil from Iran, but that Palestinians would be protected
and the rights of Jews in Iran guaranteed. (Paris France
Soir in French, p. 7)
Azhari spoke out about the oil shortage and Iran's policy
to abide by the majority decision of OPEC. (TDS in Persian
141630Z Dec 78)
An Iranian radio broadcast blamed the U.S. and Carter's
policy for much of the rioting in Iran, and stated that if
the U.S. wanted to buy oil it should pay for it with pro-
ductive industrial goods rather than weapons. It also
claimed that the armywas wavering in its loyalty to the
Shah. (National Voice of Iran [Clandestine] in Persian
141730Z Dec 78)
15 DEC 78 In a pro-Shah versus an anti-Shah demonstration five were
killed and 23 wounded. (TDS in Persian 151030Z Dec 78)
In Mashhad, soldiers and government officials were driven
away from the city by townspeople and Colonel Afshin of
SAVAK was lynched. Many houses in Mashhad were decorated
with a picture of a 20-year-old soldier who had been killed
by an officer for refusing to fire on demonstrators. (Paris
AFP in English 151717Z Dec 78)
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Dr. Sanjabi asked the Shah to abdicate for the good of
Iran and rejected the Shah's offer of a post in the govern-
ment. (TDS in Persian 151900Z Dec 78)
Khomeini called for a continuation of strikes, claiming
that "in conformity with Islam and the law it is the duty
of the people to disobey the Shah and his government, to
refuse to pay taxes and to continue with the strikes, par-
ticularly with the strike in the oil industry." (Paris AFP
in English 151330Z Dec 78)
In Esfahan, a car carrying incendiaries was seized and the
people arrested. (TDS in Persian 151630Z Dec 78)
An estimated 57 people died in street clashes, including
those in Najafabad, Esfahan and Qom. (Paris AFP in English
151847Z Dec 78)
The citizens of Mashhad were reportedly in control of that
city, directing traffic and guarding the hospital which had
been attack by 150 soldiers. (Paris AFP in English
151717 Dec 78)
A new leftist group, the Democratic Union of the Iranian
People, was formed with Behazin as its main leader. They
were not aligned with the Tudeh Party, admitted that they
were not strong, and stated that Khomeini was the only one
in position to overthrow the Shah. They were also convinced
that Moscow would intervene if the military seized power or
if Khomeini did not attempt to liberate them. (Paris Le
Figaro in French, p. 4)
The Iranian Union of Journalists protested against the mili-
tary government's closure of Iran's two biggest newspapers,
Ettela'at and Kayhan. (Paris AFP in English 151617Z Dec 78)
16 DEC 78 An earthquake struck southwestern Iran, killing 42 people.
(The New York Times)
The Iranian information ministry denied a report by an un-
specified news agency which claimed that mutinies had
occurred at Levizan military camp. (Paris AFP in English
171030Z Dec 78)
It was announced that Ayatollah Montazori, released from
prison two months ago, would visit Khomeini to express his
support. (Paris Domestic Service in French 161300Z Dec 78)
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17 DEC 78
18 DEC 78
Dr. Sanjabi asked the Shah to abdicate as a revolutionary
solution, but would retain the Queen to help establish a
council of state. The Shah refused and instead asked
Sanjabi to participate in a coalition government. Sanjabi
said he could not do so because the present monarchy was
illegal, no coalition could be formed with the present
regime, and a new system needed to be built on principles
of democracy, independence and Islamic laws. (Stockholm
Dagens Nv-Eter in Swedish)
The governor of Khuzes tan claimed that many oil workers had
returned to work in Gachsaran and Abadan. (TDS in Persian
171030Z Dec 78)
Khomeini sharply attacked President Carter's statements on
Iran and indirectly blamed him for deaths there. (Paris AFP
in English 170144Z Dec 78)
Prime Minister Azhari assigned a commission to investigate
the hospital incident in Mashhad and it was learned that
soldiers attacked on their own accord, proving that the
community's protest was justified. A dictate was sent to
all governors stating that security officers were not to
enter hospitals. (TDS in Persian 171630Z Dec 78)
Khomeini claimed that "every time Carter supports the Shah,
the people are massacred by the Shah the next day.' (Paris
AFP in English 170144Z Dec 78)
It was reported that oil production was up 600,000,000
barrels to about 2.8 million barrels per day, which repre-
sented a vast increase over the past several weeks.
(London Reuter in English)
Troops in Tabriz refused to fire on anti-Shah protestors.
(The New York Times)
A day of mourning was held for those killed in demonstra-
tions, while clashes took place in Qom and Tabriz. (The
New York Tires)
Khomeini called for a strike and a day of silent mourning.
(London Reuter in English 180901Z Dec 78)
Oil production reached 2.8 million barrels per day.
MS in Persian 181030Z Dec 78)
Government sources were cited as saying that the Shah had
ruled out a regency council as a solution to the political
crisis. (The New York Times)
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20 DEC 78
Ayatollah Montazori claimed that he had been tortured by
the Iranian intelligence agency SAVAK while in prison.
(The New York Times)
NIOC announced that oil production was up to 3.3 million
barrels per day. (TDS in Persian 191630Z Dec 78)
The Shah met with Hoseyn Sadigi, a former deputy premier of
Mohammad Mossadeg, and suggested that he form a new Iranian
government. Sadigi said that we would reply within two
weeks. (Paris AFP in English 191714Z Dec 78)
Ali Amini claimed that he had asked the Shah to resign and
leave the government to him but that agreement was not
possible. (Rome ANSA in English 191530Z Dec 78)
Khomeini again stated his desire to create an Islamic repub-
lic in Iran. He also said that the U.S.S.R. was among the
countries which had greatly harmed Iran and that the Soviets
would have no influence on the new government. (Paris
Domestic Service in French 202200Z Dec 78)
Several high-ranking health officials were arrested for mis-
appropriation of public funds. Other investigations were
to continue. (TDS in Persian 201030Z Dec 78)
Another clash occurred in the Tehran bazaar area. (London
Reuter in English 201021Z Dec 78)
It was announced that all schools were to be reopened on
23 December. (TDS in Persian 201030Z Dec 78)
100 more people in Iran were charged with illegally export-
ing capital, including two members of the royal family.
(Paris AFP in English 200631Z Dec 78)
Senator Jalali Natini called for an end to martial law.
(TDS in Persian 201030Z Dec 78)
Postal workers continued their strike, and kindergardens
and primary schools were closed. (TDS in Persian 201030Z
Dec 78)
Professors called for the reopening of Tehran University
and staged a sit-in. Troops surrounded the building but
allowed food to be brought in. (Paris AFP in English
201949Z Dec 78)
An explosion occurred in the Gachsaran crude oil pipeline.
(TDS in Persian 201107Z Dec 78)
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21 DEC 78
22 DEC 78
23 DEC 78
In an open session of the Majlis, which called for under-
standing and peace among the people, it was disclosed that
11 billion tomans of non-commercial foreign currency had
been exported from the country. (TDS in Persian 211030Z
Dec 78)
Employees at Abadan's petrochemical complex ended their
strike and returned to work. (Tehran in English 212000Z
Dec 78)
Sanjabi ruled out the possibility of the Front's participa-
tion in a civilian government headed by Sadigi. (Paris AFP
in English 211059Z Dec 78)
The Tehran gas pipeline resumed oepration. (TDS in Persian
210538Z Dec 78)
Doctors and dentists went on strike in Esfahan to demand the
release of three doctors arrested in an incident in Nadjaflood.
(Paris AFP in English 221110Z Dec 78)
70 professors continued to occupy the chancellor's office
of Tehran University, demanding that the university be re-
opened. (Paris AFP in English 221110Z Dec 78)
Sanjabi again called for the Shah to abdicate. (National
Voice of Iran [Clandestine] in Persian 221745Z Dec 78)
When asked if he would accept the Shah's son as an eventual
monarch, Khomeini replied that the Iranian people reject
the monarchy and that anyone who considers a solution to the
problem with the Shah still in power is a traitor. He also
called on Christians for their help in ousting the Shah.
(Paris AFP in English 230813Z Dec 78)
Soldiers opened fire on demonstrators in Mashhad, killing
13 people, while gunmen murdered a U.S. oil executive and
and Iranian oil official in separate attacks tear Ahvaz.
(The New York Times)
In Mashhad, ten were killed and 100 injured in clashes that
took place outside Ayatollah Shirazi's house. (Paris AFP
in English 232018Z Dec 78)
Students demonstrated in Tehran, and U.S. Embassy guards fired
into a crowd gathered outside the Embassy when projectiles
were thrown into the Embassy grounds. (The New York Times)
24 DEC 78 Anti-Shah demonstrators lynched three soldiers dressed in
civilian clothes. (Paris ATP in English 240941Z Dec 78)
?
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25 DEC 78
Demonstrations and a funeral march took place in Mashhad,
while demonstrations continued in Tehran. (Paris AFP in
English 240941Z Dec 78)
At a rally of 4,000 supporters, Sanjabi stated that "the
only solution" would be for the Shah to abdicate. (The
New York Times)
Several urban and rural cooperative officials were sentenced
to jail terns and fined for graft. (TDS in Persian
250930Z Dec 78)
The General Directorate of Protocol of the Prime Ministry
was dissolved. (TDS in Persian 251630Z Dec 78)
In a statement made by Bakhtiar, he expressed his goal to
form a party somewhat left of center, but since the Shah
would not tolerate that and cannot perform his duties he
should abdicate. He stressed the need for the fight against
corruption, and said he would cooperate with Khomeini but
that he was not a follower of his. (Hamburg Der Spiegel
in German, pp. 94-95)
The Senate set up a committee to deal with the country's
problems. (TDS in Persian 251030Z Dec 78)
26 DEC 78 Petroleum exports were halted as production declined to the
level of domestic consumption. (The New York Times)
Sadigi told the Shah he needed more time to form a new
government, saying that he wanted to finalize more reform
projects. (Paris AFP in English 260716Z Dec 78)
Large anti-Shah demonstrations in Mashhad were coupled with
a general strike which crippled the city. (Paris AFP in
English 260843Z Dec 78)
An Iranian delegation was to arrive in Kuwait to discuss the
possibility of oil importations. (Kuwait Kuna in Arabic
260700Z Dec 78)
The new military governor of Esfahan assumed his duties, while
widespread demonstrations occurred in Tehran. (TDS in Per-
sian 261030Z Dec 78)
Mr. Kamran Nejatollahi, a member of the academic staff of
the polytechnic, was shot and killed. The Cabinet held a
meeting and expressed regret over this incident. (TDS in
Persian 261050Z Dec 78)
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In the general strike which continued throughout Iran,
oil production dropped to its lowest level since the
beginning of the crisis (to 500,000 barrels per day).
Oil exports were halted and national airline flights were
grounded by the strike. (TDS in Persian 261050Z Dec 78)
27 DEC 78 Soldiers in Tehran fired into a procession, killing their
own colonel and five other people (The New York Times)
28 DEC 78
Demonstrations in Tehran turned into riots. (The New York
Tines)
The U.S. said it believed the Shah had "an important role
to play" in the transition to a stable political situation.
(The New York Tines)
Several officials of the west Tehran customs office were
jailed for misappropriation of funds. (TDS in Persian
271030Z Dec 78)
Tanks appeared in Tehran in large numbers to quell demon-
strators. (Paris AFP in English 270843Z Dec 78)
In Paris, Ayatollah Montazori called for Christian help
in toppling the Shah and said that the Moslem world was
unhappy with the Pope's answer to Khomeini: a prayer for
peace instead of supporting the revolution. (Paris Le
Monde in French, p. 3)
4,212 oil workers submitted a collective resignation in pro-
test over government threats that striking workers would
face trial before a military court. The NIOC announced that
it would hold talks with strikers in Khuzestan to attempt
to get them to return to work. (Paris AFP in English
271647Z Dec 78)
Demonstrations in Tehran were becoming more violent, while
other demonstrations took place throughout the country.
(TDS in Persian 271030Z Dec 78)
Iranian troops fired on demonstrators in Tehran, killing at
least one person. (Paris AFP in English 271226Z Dec 78)
Strikes in all sectors of the economy closed the central bank,
stores, airlines and refineries; gas rationing was insti-
tuted. (Foreign Affairs, Vol. 57, No. 3)
The communist party newspaper, Pravda, said that a "special
group" had been sent to the U.S. Embassy in Tehran to help
keep the Shah in power. (The New York Times)
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29 DEC 78
Demonstrations were held in Tehran, Rezatiyeh and Esfahan;
fire engines were set on fire. (TDS in Persian 281030Z
Dec 78)
There were long gas and bread lines. (TDS in Persian
2815302 Dec 78)
Khomeini called for 30 December to be a day of mourning
for those killed in Iran. (Rome ANSA in English 281515Z
Dec 78)
U.S. officials said an aircraft carrier task force had been
ordered to depart from the Philippines for possible movement
to the Persian Gulf. (The New York Times)
Bakhtiar told the Shah that he had obtained a number of
important concessions and was now ready to consult with
leaders of the National Front to form a civilian government.
Bakhtiar's plan called for the implementation of the 1906
constitution, which the Shah opposed and which caused
demonstrations against Bakhtiar. (The Washington Post)
The U.S. State Department said that the Shah's mother had
arrived in the U.S. (The New York Times)
Khomeini requested a renewal of his French visa. (Paris AFP
in English 290940Z Dec 78)
Oil workers offered to refine enough oil for the country's
internal needs if the government guaranteed that the oil
would be used for internal purposes only, if representatives
of the strikers monitored its distribution, and if the gov-
ernment did not export any oil, especially to Israel.
(Paris AFP in English 290718Z Dec 78)
Khomeini opposed the formation of any Cabinet while the
Shah remained in power and criticized Bakhtiar for doing so.
He also ordered continuation of the general strike but
said that enough oil workers should return to work in order
to provide for Iran's basic needs. (Paris ATP in Englishi
291324Z Dec 78)
Ayatollah Talegani told the people not to be swayed by gov-
ernment propaganda, and that Iran must have oil reserves
controlled by the army so that reports of severe oil shor-
tages were false. (Hong Kong AFP in English 291712Z Dec 78)
Iran's oil output met only one-third of the nation's needs
due to the strikes. (TDS in Persian 201630Z Dec 78)
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30 DEC 78 The National Front expelled Bakhtiar. (The New York Times)
31 DEC 78
01 JAN 79
Demonstrators in Mashhad hanged three police agents.
Troops arrived on the scene and fired into the crowds.
(The New York Times)
Prime Minister Azhari resumed his work following hospital
confinement for a "heart ailment." (TDS in Persian 300730Z
Dec 78)
American and British buildings in Ahvaz, Shiraz, Mashhad
and Tehran were attacked by anti-Shah demonstrators. (Lon-
don Reuter in English 301453Z Dec 78)
The U.S. advised dependents of Americans in Iran to leave
the country and similar recommendations were made by Canada
and Great Britain. (The New York Times)
Nationwide rioting continued and oil production fell to a
record low of 225,000 barrels a day. (Foreign Affairs)
Bakhtiar said he would piece together a civilian Cabinet.
He also said that the Shah had agreed to his proposal but
that an agreement could not be reached with Sanjabi. (TDS
in Persian 310630Z Dec 78)
The West German Embassy urged all Germans to leave Iran un-
less it were absolutely necessary to remain. (Hamburg DPA
in German 3107092 Dec 78)
The death toll from violence in Mashhad the previous two
days was reported to be 170. (The New York Tires)
The Shah said that he would like to take "a vacation" if
the situation permitted. (The New York Times)
Air traffic controllers went on strike in Tehran, closing
down the airport. (The New York Times)
Iranian doctors in Mashhad appealed to Secretary General
Waldheim to intervene in Iran to halt bloodshed and "stop
massacres by the army." (Paris AFP in English 011048Z Jan
79)
Scattered and violent demonstrations continued throughout
the country. (TDS in Persian 0110302 Jan 79)
The Canadian Defense Ministry sent two planes to Rasht to
evacuate 300 Canadians employed in that area. (Paris AY?.
in English 010839Z Jan 70)
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Bakhtiar presented the mandates for forming a new-govern-
ment: the Shah's departure and replacement by a regency
council; disbanding SAVAK; bringing to justice those res-
ponsible for recent outrages; and total control of the
Foreign Ministry of the civilian government. (Paris Domes-
tic Service in French 010200Z Jan 79)
Bakhtiar also demanded the release of political prisoners,
propagation of the Islamic religion, the abolition of
martial law, freedom of the press, restoration of the
freedoms declared in the constitution, and punishment for
those abusing public funds. (TDS in Persian 010630Z Jan 79)
Mr. Salamatian, a National Front spokesman, said that Bakhtiar
would not succeed in forming a civilian Cabinet because he
did not take the will of the people into account and that
his plan was part of the old system and therefore would not
work. (Paris Domestic Service in French 011800Z Jan 79)
Azhari submitted his resignation to the Shah, which the Shah
verbally accepted, but Azhari is still to remain in control
and administer the country's affairs until the formation of
a new Cabinet. (TDS in Persian 011030Z Jan 79)
02 JAN 79 Violence in Kazvin left an undetermined number of casual-
ties. (The New York Times)
Troops at Tehran airport were reinforced to enable foreign-
ers to depart Iran. (The New York Times)
Iranian demonstrators marched on the home of the Shah's
sister in Beverly Hills, California, setting fires and
causing damage. (The New York Times)
The Parliament agreed to Bakhtiar's nomination. (TDS in
Persian 021030Z Jan 79)
A palace spokesman demied that the Shah planned to leave
the country, but Bakhtiar confirmed on Paris radio that
the Shah planned to take a "long holiday." The people of
Iran rejoiced in the streets, it was reported. (TDS
in Persian 021030Z Jan 79)
Iran cancelled a helicopter contract with a U.S. firm.
(Paris AFP in English 020941Z Jan 79)
There was renewed rioting and demonstrating in Tehran after
Bakhtiar's speech. The peoples' reaction was that Bakhtiar
made vague promises and said nothing. (Paris AFP in English
021200Z Jan 79)
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03 JAN 79
04 JAN 79
06 JAN 79
07 JAN 79
08 JAN 79
Bakhtiar announced that he had formed a Cabinet. Both
houses of Parliament passed "votes of intent" formally
inviting him to head a government. (The New York Times)
The Shah appointed Abbas Qarahbaghi as Chief of Staff.
(Foreign Broadcast Information Service)
The Shah signed a decree appointing Bakhtiar Prime Minister
and then left Tehran for a holiday in a nearby resort.
(The New York Times)
The U.S. announced that it was prepared "to cooperate fully"
with the new government. (The New York Times)
Army Commander Ghulam All Uvaysi left Iran for the U.S. It
was reported that he had resigned. (The New York Times)
The new Cabinet was presented to the Shah: Shahpur Bakhtiar,
Premier and Interior; Yahya Sadiqi Yazdi, Justice; Faridun
Jam, War; Ahmad Mir Fandaraski, Foreign Affairs; Muhammad
Amin Riyahi, Education and Training; Manuchihr Razmara,
Health and Welfare; Manuchihr Aryana, Labor and Social
Affairs; Javad Khadimi Abadi, Housing and Urban Development;
Sirus Amuzgar, State and Supervisor of Information and Tour-
ism; Rustum Pirastah, Economic Affairs and Finance; Lutf
'Ali Samiti, PTT; Manuchihr Kazimi, Agriculture and Natural
Resources; Abbas 'Ali Bakhtiar, Industries and Mines; and
Muhammad Mushiri Yazdi, Deputy Premier. (Foreign Broadcast
Information Service)
Khomeini called the new Cabinet illegal and a "plot against
the people." (The New York Times)
The Shah appointed Mihdi Rahimi military governor of Tehran.
(Foreign Broadcast Information Service)
Newspapers were published for the first time in two months.
(The New York Times)
The Shah announced that he would "take a rest" after he was
"confident aboutwhat is happening in the country." (The
New York Times)
Demonstrations occurred in Tehran and other cities. (The
New York Times)
It was reported that Faridun Jam refused to serve as War Min-
ister. (The New York Times)
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An anti-government demonstration was held in Qom.- (The
New York Times)
U.S. officials said the U.S. had advised the Shah it would
be best for stability in Iran if he left the country tem-
porarily. (The New York Times)
It was reported that Azhari had left the country for "health"
reasons. (The New York Times)
09 JAN 79 Strikes and demonstrations continued in Tehran and other
cities. (The New York Times)
10 JAN 79
It was announced that the Shah would turn over the private
holdings of the royal family to the Pahlavi Foundation.
(The New York Times)
The government ended martial law in Shiraz. (Middle East
Economic Digest)
The Shah named abd al-Ali Badrali Commander of the Army.
(Foreign Broadcast Information Service)
Khomeini said that relations with the U.S. "would be good"
as long as the U.S. left Iran to decide its own destiny.
(The New York Times)
11 JAN 79 Jalfar Shafaqat was named War Minister. (The New York Times)
12 JAN 79
13 JAN 79
Vance said that the Shah's decision to form a regency coun-
cil and leave the country had been "a sound decision" and
said the new government should be given "every chance" to
find a peaceful solution. (The New York Times)
Bakhtiar pledged to disband SAVAK, to abolish martial law,
and free all political prisoners. He announced that 868
political prisoners had been released earlier that day.
(The New York Times)
The U.S. announced that it had "urged the military to give
its full support" to the government. (The New York Times)
A regency council to carry out the Shah's duties after his
departure was announced. Its members were Bakhtiar,
Abdallah Intizam, Jalal al-Din Tihrani, Muhammad 'Ali
Varastah, 'Abd al-Husayn, 'Ali Abadi, Abbas Qarabaghi,
'Ali Quli Ardalan, Muhammad Sajjadi and Javad Satid. (The
New York Times)
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Khomeini announced the formation of a Council of the Islamic
Revolution that would be charged with selecting and install-
ing a "provisional government" in Iran. (The New York Times)
Demonstrators marched in Tehran after the reopening ceremon-
ies of Tehran University. (The New York Times)
14 JAN 79 Supporters of Khomeini demonstrated in Tehran. (The New
York Times)
15 JAN 79 The Senate approved the appointment of Bakhtiar. (The New
York Times)
16 JAN 79
Ten diplomats at the Iranian Embassy in the U.S. announced
that they would not work with Ambassador Ardashir Zahidi.
(The New York Times)
The Shah left Iran and flew to Egypt to meet with Egyptian
President Sadat. (The New York Times)
Khomeini hailed the departure of the Shah as "the preface to
our victory." (The New York Times)
The Majlis approved the appointment of Bakhtiar. (The New
York Times)
An earthquake struck Khorasan province, killing at least
129 people. (The New York Times)
17 JAN 79 Khomeini called on Cabinet ministers to resign their
"illegal posts." (The New York Times)
18 JAN 79
Carter urged Khomeini to give the present government "a
chance to succeed." (The New York Times)
The death toll from the earthquake reached 199. (The New
York Times)
"Renegade" troops in tanks and jeeps fired on anti-government
demonstrators in Ahvaz, killing ten people. (The New York
Times)
It was reported that Justice Minister Yazdi had resigned.
(The New York Times)
Ayatollah Sharitat Madari expressed fear that Iran might be
faced with "terrible turmoil" if the government were toppled
suddenly. (The New York Times)
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The head of the Regency Council, Jalal al-Din Tihrani,
went to France to meet with Khomeini. (The New York Times)
Clashes between demonstrators and troops took place in Ahvaz
and Dizful. (The New York Times)
19 JAN 79 Khomeini refused to see Tihrani unless he resigned his post.
(The New York Times)
.20 JAN 79
21 JAN 79
22 JAN 79
23 JAN 79
24 JAN 79
Hundreds of thousands of demonstrators marched in Tehran in
support of Khomeini. (The New York Times)
Khomeini announced that he would return to Iran "in a few
days." (The New York Times)
Bakhtiar declared that he was the "legitimate ruler" of Iran
and would defend his post. (The New York Times)
Ayatollah Talegani warned that the Iranian people might under-
take a "holy war" against the army if it attempted a coup.
(The New York Times)
Tehrani resigned from the Regency Council and delivered his
resignation to Khomeini. (The New York Times)
The Shah arrived in Marrakesh on a "private visit" and was
met by Moroccan King Hasan. (The New York Times)
About 1,200 special troops marched in support of the Shah in
Tehran. (The New York Times)
The State Department said that the U.S. had agreed to send
200,000 barrels of diesel fuel and gasoline to Iran. (The
New York Times)
25 JAN 79 The government closed the airport in Tehran. (The New York
Times)
Khomeini postponed a scheduled return to Iran and condemned
the government of "treasonously" closing the airport. (The
New York Times)
More than 50,000 people gathered in Tehran to demonstrate in
support of the government. (The New York Times)
The government announced that it would begin enforcing a
prohibition on public demonstrations. (The New York Times)
26 JAN 79 At least 15 people were killed when soldiers fired on anti-
government demonstrators in Tehran. (The New York Times)
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27 JAN 79
28 JAN 79
Troops clashed with demonstrators in Tabriz. (The New York
Times)
Demonstrations continued in Tehran after the closure of
all airports was extended "until further notice." (The
New York Times)
Bakhtiar announced that he would fly to France "to discuss
the future of the nation" with Khomeini. (The New York
Times)
Khomeini said he would not meet with Bakhtiar unless the
Premier would first resign, and he urged Iranians to strug-
gle for an Islamic republic "to the last drop of blood."
(The New York Times)
Troops fired on demonstrators in Tehran, killing 35 people.
(The New York Times)
29 JAN 79 The government announced it would reopen airports the follow-
ing day. (The New York Times)
Demonstrators rioted in Tehran. (The New York Times)
The U.S. Consul in Esfahan was beaten by a hostile crowd.
(The New York Times)
The government announced that a $6.2-billion contract for
construction of two nuclear plants by a French concern had
been cancelled. (The New York Times)
30 JAN 79 The government authorized Khomeini's return to Iran. (The
New York Times)
31 JAN 79
01 FEB 79
The U.S. Embassy ordered all government dependents to leave
Iran. (The New York Times)
Troops moved through Tehran in support of the government.
(The New York Times)
Khomeini returned to Iran from France and was greeted in
the streets by at least three million people. (The New York
Times)
Khomeini declared that he would "arrest" Bakhtiar if he re-
fused to resign, and condemned the presence of foreigners in
Iran. (The New York Times)
A U.S. Air Force plane crashed south of Tehran, killing
five people. (The New York Times)
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02 FEB 79 Bakhtiar offered to accept his opponents into a government
of "national unity." (The New York Times)
03 FEB 79
04 FEB 79
05 FEB 79
06 FEB 79
Khomeini called on the people to "destroy the terrible mon-
archy and its illegal government." (The New York Times)
Khomeini announced that his movement had drafted a republi-
can constitution. (The New York Times)
Demonstrations in support of Khomeini took place in Tehran.
(The New York Times)
Khomeini named Mihdi Bazargan to head a "provisional govern-
ment." (The New York Times)
Peaceful demonstrations in support of Khomeini occurred in
Tehran, while military aircraft were flown over the demon-
strations. (The New York Times)
The U.S. reiterated its support of the Bakhtiar government
and the "constitutional process" in Iran. (The New York
Times)
07 FEB 79 Peaceful demonstrations in support of Khomeini took place in
Tehran, Esfahan and other cities. (The New York Times)
08 FEB 79
' 09 FEB 79
10 FEB 79
U.S. Ambassador Andrew Young praised Islam as "a vibrant cul-
tural force in today's world" and said that Khomeini would
eventually be hailed as "somewhat of a saint." (The New York
Times)
More than one million demonstrators marched in Tehran in
support of Khomeini, with armed forces personnel among the
demonstrators. (The New York Times)
Clashes in Gorgan between demonstrators and security forces
left nine people dead. (The New York Times)
Troops rounded up Air Force technicians loyal to Khomeini
and killed at least 20 of them in Tehran. (The New York -
Times)
Troops from the Imperial Guard clashed with deserting Air
Force cadets and technicians at an air force base in Tehran.
More than 100 people were killed. (The New York Times)
A correspondent for the Los Angeles Times was killed in Teh-
ran during a clash between soldiers and Air Force cadets.
(The New York Times)
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11 FEB 79
12 FEB 79
The army Supreme Council ordered troops to return to their
garrisons and announced its "neutrality" in the political
crisis "to prevent further anarchy and bloodshed." (The
New York Times)
It was reported that Bakhtiar had resigned following with-
drawal of army support. (The New York Times)
Rahimi, the military governor of Tehran, was captured by
revolutionary forces. (The New York Times)
Rioters stormed the central prison in Tehran and freed the
inmates. (The New York Times)
The U.S. said it was sending a detachment of marines and
helicopters to Turkey for use in possible evacuation of
U.S. nationals in the future. (The New York Times)
Commander of the army Badrati was killed by Khomeini suppor-
ters. (The New York Times)
"Provisional government" Premier Bazargan named three Deputy
Premiers: Muhammad Hashim Sabaghi, Amir Intizam and Ibrahim
Yazdi. (The New York Times)
Khomeini's supporters captured Niavaran Palace and other
centers of resistance in Tehran. A U.S. military advisory
mission in northern Tehran was attacked after erroneous
reports were broadcast that "some Americans" were involved
in fighting at the headquarters of the Imperial Guards.
(The New York Times)
Bazargan named Muhammad Wali Qaranah as Chief of Staff.
(The New York Times)
Satid Mihdiyan was named Air Force Commander. (Foreign
Broadcast Information Service)
Khomeini called on his supporters to "leave the streets"
and obey the orders of Bazargan. (The New York Times)
Turkey said it would allow U.S. helicopters into Turkey only
if Iran approved an evacuation of Americans. (The New York
Times)
The U.S. State Department said it had suspended plans to send
marines and helicopters to Turkey. (The New York Times)
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13 FEB 79
14 FEB 79
15 FEB 79
Carter said that the U.S. would "attempt to work closely
with the existing government" of Iran. (The New York Times)
Khomeini's supporters took control of the Iranian Embassy in
Washington. (The New York Times)
Pakistan and the Soviet Union recognized the provisional
government. (The New York Times)
The following appointments to the Cabinet were made:
Karim Sanjabi, Foreign Affairs; Daryush Faruhar, Labor and
Social Welfare; Ahmad Sadr Javadi, interior; Mustafa Katira'i,
Housing and Urban Affairs; Yusuf Tahiri Qazvini, Roads and
Transportation; 'Ali Akbar Mu'infar, State for Planning and
Budget; and Kazim Sami, Health. (The New York Times)
Bakhtiar was reportedly arrested. (The New York Times)
Rival guerrilla groups fought at the gates of Tehran Uni-
versity. (The New York Times)
Khomeini called on Iranians to turn in their weapons and
prevent attacks on government installations and public
property. (The New York Times)
Guerrillas attacked the U.S. Embassy in Tehran, trapping the
Ambassador and about 100 staff members. The Americans were
later freed by forces of Khomeini's led by Deputy Premier
Yazdi. (The New York Times)
Fighting was reported in Tabriz between supporters of the
Shah and revolutionary forces. (The New York Times)
The People's Fidatiyin issued a statement saying that they
would not obey the orders of Khomeini to turn in weapons
because it was their "duty to safeguard the people's vic-
tories." (The New York Times)
The following four generals were executed: NI:mat Allah
Nasiri, Mihdi Rahimi, Manuchihr Khusrawdad, and Riza Naji%
(The New York Times)
Deputy Premier Sabaghichargedthat the attacks in Tehran
on government installations and foreign embassies were the
work of the People's Fida'iyin. (The New York Tines)
The Shah left Marrakesh to move into a residence in Rabat.
(The New York Times)
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Heavy fighting in Tabriz took place between supporters of
Khomeini and "counter-revolutionary elements." (The
Jerusalem Post)
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