FOURTH REVISION OF EIC REPORT ON COMMUNIST CHINA'S TRADE AND TRANSPORT (EIC-R1-S4)

• Document Type: CREST
• Collection: General CIA Records
• Document Number (FOIA) /ESDN (CREST): CIA-RDP85S00362R000400020002-3
• Release Decision: RIPPUB
• Original Classification: S
• Document Page Count: 220
• Document Creation Date: December 12, 2016
• Document Release Date: August 16, 2001
• Sequence Number: 2
• Publication Date: July 12, 1955
• Content Type: REPORT

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4403 KOKO TCGENCF REPORT
COMMUNIST CHI NA. 13 IMPORTS AND EXPORTS 1954:
TRADE AND TRANSPORT INVOLVED
(Approved by EEC 12 July 1955)
EIC-R1-S4
EODNOMIC INTELLIOFNCE COMMITTEE
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FORWARD
The present report is the fifth in the series of intelligence
studies on Communist China's foreign trade prepared
It differs from previous studies in
the series primarily in three respects:
l. A somewhat !lore extensive analysis of the evidence
supporting the estimated levels of trade has been
presented.
2. A more compltte examination of cargoes moving by
sea has produced a clearer picture of the movements of sea-
borne exports from Communist China to the European Satellites
and to the Free Jorld. This, in turn, has assisted in the
production of more useful estimates of the approximate
magnitude and composition of overland trade.
The discuss:on of transport and transport services
utilised in carrying Communist China's foreign trade has been
expanded to include a fuller description of overland trans-
port connectione.
Ilembers of the reached broad agreement, with
the cualifications noted in the paper, in the estimates presented as
to levels of trade, shi pire and cargo movements, and overland trans-
port cepabAities and traf-ir. Divergent interpretations of the
intelligence on minor questons of fact are indicated as appropriate
In the text but these do not affect any of the principal estimates presented?
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These es tima v,es are necessarily based on intelligence of
widely varying rel5abilitypt and in the use of Particular estimates
it is loportant Vat the reader bear in mind the assumptions and
qualifications underl,yi.ng eacho Nevertheless the general pattern
of Communist Chinage trade and related transport presented in this
report is consieered broadly reliable and embodies the intelligence
available on tie subjects presented
vtv-rit-F Irxiarsics---Ergialons Ti and Ifl (pp09-.11 and 52-53) on
value ant; volume of trade; Section IV R (p095 ff) on overland
transporl; and appendix A (p. 139 fe) on cargo intelligence for
seaborne trade movements evaluate the sources for this study.
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2,ELEN_LS
1. Summary of Major Developments During 1954 .
A. The Level of Trade
0 ? ? 0 0
00000
B. Shipping . . ?4000??a u??004
C. Overland Transport .....
0 0 0
Laza
1
7
II. Value of Trade ....... a ?0?00???00 9
A. Communist Chines Total Trade ??0000?000 9
B.
1. Introduction . . . . . . . ....
2. Chinese Communist Trade Announcements. . . . a
3. The Level and Direction of Trade
4. Imports and Exports . ? . . a . . . . . ?
Trade with Bloc Countries . . . . . . . . . . .
9
12
13
16
20
1.
Trade with Asian Satellites. .
. . . . . 0 0 .
20
2.
Trade with European Satellites
. .?.... .
21
3.
Trade with the USSR . . . . .
...... . .
22
C.
Trade with Non-Bloc Countries . .
?..?.. 00
23
1.
Total Trade . . . .... 00
a 0
23
2.
Imports . . . 04?0 .....
24
a. Recorded Imports
. ?00.90 0
24
b. Unrecorded Imports.
004,000 0
34
3.
Exports ........ . . . .
..... . .
44
III.
Volume of Principal Trade Movements .?
..?... .
52
A.
Total Communist Chinese Trade . . .
00?0000
52
1.
Introduction. . ....... .
..? 0900
52
2.
Total Imports . ....... a
0041 000 .
53
3.
Total EXports . . . . . . a 0 ?
o?aa0a.
53
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B. Trade with Nan-Bloc Cot .tries a. ,
reee
IS imports a . a 0 ? ? 0 do fia? 0* a 6 0 a a
2. Exports a . a 0 a 0 66 a a* a a 0 a
C. Trade with the Soviet Bloc . , ? . a a 1.
56
'Si
1. Trade with the IISER . a a a a? a. a a 0 0 4 ? 01.
2. Commodity Trade with the European Satelliten
(in terms of estimated actual origin and
destinatier or carenes) Oa a *Oa a a 0 a a 7?
3. Trade with the Far East . *a 0 ? a a a? a a 74
N. Transport and Transport z:.41rvices
V 0 0 0
13 ?
76
A. Ocean Shipping a , , . ? 0 a 0 a a a. a a Oa 76
1. Introduction . 4400 a ? *Oa .04 0
2O Non-Bloc Shipping . a OOOOOOO a aa aft
3,? Soviet Bloc Shipping W000peo.000
4. Connunist China,s Port Capacities a. a a a a
5. Comparisor of !Thippine Capacity and the
Volume of '.:.eaborne Careoes
93
B. Interior Transport Connections . 4,44160 *a a 9
1. Relative Ymportance or Various Means or
Connectine Transport....? woa000
2. Estimated Capability of interior Cennectin
Routes between Communiet China and Aelacen
Coiintrtes.19La. a... ? ... 9 9q
Comparison of Overland Trade and Cepaility
of Inteeler Trensportation Connections . a a a 107a
96
V. Assistance to the ino-Soviet Bloc by Non-l'iloc
Shipping and Shippine Servicesa. a . . a . a o 0 Cr 110
A:, Total Involvement of on-Eilec Vessels (ineludine
Chinese Coastal Mevements) , . . . . 0 a oroa a a 110
B. Scheduled Voyaeee of Non-Bloc Ships *a 0?6 a . 112
C. Charter of Non-BIoc Vessels. . . . . ? a a a 0 a a 112
D. Significance of Nov-Bloc Shippine in the China
Trade . . oa0.0.0?.? 0 0 a a a a Ba a v 115.
1. Nature of the Service a a a . a . a a a1.1e7
2. Evaluation of the importance of the Servtoe. IIP
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Non-Bloc Deliveries of Shins to the Bloc . 120
Non-Bloc Repairs to Soviet Bloc Vessels 127
U0 13unker1ng ? ? ? ?? 0? ?
It t ? ? ? ? ? ? ? * ? ? 120
. Evasion of Con trol s 3 4, R S RSIS AAA !AAA A 129
.Inner
Developnents Durinr, the Pr8t Quarter of 1955 ? ? ? ? 13h
Aa Recorded Imports fronNon-Comnunist Countri
8, Seaborne Imports .fror Soviet Bloc Forts in
14.;astern Europe ? . . ? . atka 0??? *A 00 137
Ck, Volume of Shippin.7. Enr'aged in the China Trade in the
First 4uarter of 19.c 5 ? ? 118
New Developments in Overland Transport Facilities . ? 1.38
)endix A
1..soussion of Sources, Methodolory? and liel. abili.ty or
Basic Worksheet Data on Ocean Shippirp and CarRoes ? . .. ? 139
Mcrvements a. Ala ? a a** a? 001100 a aefto ?? 1'39
?? Cargoes . ? 00 Aaa? a0.000, A ??????? 0 1110
Auendix_B .
An alysie of interior Transport Connections ? 00 G000 a 111P
1. Description of Routes Known to have been used in
19514, and Nature of the Srvice ? . ? . ? ? . a a . ?
Fastimated Capability of Interior Connectirir Routes
between Communist China and Adjacent Countries,
19ta. 0 a 0 ape la a A000 OOOOO 0 ? ? a ? 321:' 2
Vta,
:),A`,AAA-:?Aif,0?7",4?Al
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Anoendlx,
amtailed Dram on Yerchant :=Minninr Involved in Trade with
(lomunilt Cb1ia a V P ? a0001.1.00000
Tab A. Tn.bles ltrylor t1-1.11 Tskh 1'011p:tot ifteirvAlly. to 4,c,tions
in the mnin body of the renort concnrnr.d 14-ivr mrpo-
eryinp ee.nrcity Pr 3 tl'e orir?ir 7,3n1 eiestinntion of
voy1.01.11,
"Vor&P.nt $M1 Arrivaim::07,174.1111,St CIA xat,
LTO n 1, 19t4a 0 era a?la a a?S a???? O0
A-7 Nom100! !i--erchant 5hionin is.rrivinr in lormunist
eThinese Pots byNontrti? 19Eit ? ? ? ? ? ? ? . ?
A
Non-Floc RepiRterr,f1 1nrrht!Thi'brine Arrivinr
in -:%orm-rianicat Chinose Porte. 'by lolantry of
Etr7 Ar0. RestrImOn of Benelicirkl Ovners,
1.14n40 5,0 0910 4000000, ?0a0 a 0
A-4 Oririn of 1jo7npo53 of !:on-'31oo l'ori.tore!1.
Merchant S'hinolnr- Arrivinr? in lorimuniqt Chine
rorts? 19E4 ? Ai 0
A-5 DestinFttinn of Voyares of V"ion-Ploo 14Ftristereql
I-"rehtint Shirrninr Arrivtnr in Cortmtnirq 7:hinele
Ports. 1`..,4 ? 0?00 000000 000,100
'3$,Isurr.r of (OVIIr V,Pn Oeji
OveT 71,nr)9 cr'P,T) C1zriy np Yorl for
19fA ? ? ? ? tk 0 ? a aV V?
Sorint 1n lorTntolit
f.".",hinose Forts. 117 rnr.ths, LrJr00 ?
0.0 s ? a
f.-"Irtrin of V 07,y,twr..3 f ovit 1ocP.e.rizotor,A
r&rrt3binninir. ?.t.rrivin--- tr. -orry-tinist Tilineee
Ports, 1?54 0 0 0 . 0i, 01.000,0V? 0
1estinetlIn f Voynrel of FmviPt 'non
'1,1trintPred r:ernhnnt itqnninr, ArrivinpIn
-1.,omrforrhA C:hinc,s03 Forts, 19:74 ? . . ? . ? ? .
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Tab B. Tables under this Tab relete to the analysis of
export shipning section II A 2, I/ n 2. and
III A 1 in the main body of the report.
Merchart Ship Departures from Communist China,
byMonths. 1954 eeeeeeeeeeeeeee 004401,000V000.0eGe9
B.e2, Non.aloc Registered Merchant Shirping Departing
from Communist Chinese Ports, by Months. 1954....
Non-Bloc Registered Merchant Shinning Departing
from Communist Chinese Ports by Country of
Regitry and Residence of Beneficial Owners in
1954. eeeeeeeeeeeee Oas000 eeeeeeeeeeeeee ooleillemolAy09
B.-4. Origin of Voyages of Yon-Bloc Registered
Merchant Shinning Departing from Communist
Chinese Ports in 1954......... .......... .....
B-5. Destinations of Voyages of Non-Bloc Registered
Merchant Shippinp Departing from Communist
Chinese Ports in 1954
13-8. Soviet Bloc Shinning Denerting Communist Chinese
Ports, by Months. 19F4
B-7. Orlpin of Voyages of Soviet Aloe Reristered
Merchant Shipninp lepartinp from Communitt
Chinese Ports, 1954.e?e?eeeDOW1300000?9090000000
74-8. Destination of Voyeres of Soviet Bloc
Registered Merchant Sbinuinr rypartinp from
Communist Chinese Ports, 1954....... ...... .......
Tab C. Tables under this Tab present details of the
shinping involved in Communist chinas trade end
related princinally to section V in the main body
of the report.
ExulanAtion of the Term Involvement
C-1 Non-Bloc Registered Merchant Shinninr Involved
in Communist Chinese Seaborne Trade, by
Country of Repistry and Residence of Beneficial
Owners, 1954
?
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C-0 Von-Bloc BegAstered Merchant Shinoinr nroute
to or from CommuAist Chinese Ports from or
to ron7Chinese Ports by :er,istry, 1954.........
ron-Bloc Repistered Merchant Shioninr '%nraute
to or from Communist Chinese Forts - from or
to ron-Chinese Porte by Pesidence of Beneficial
Owners, 1954.... 00000 0o0sone0*600000 00000 0000000
1-4, Non-Bloe Aeristered Yerchant $hineinr in
(;ommunist Chinese Coastal Trade, 19$4,....,.,,
C-54, Volume of Soviet Bloc Shinninr Involved in
Communist Chinese Seaborne Trade, by Youths,
1954.???000?0"00000430?00????aeo0a00"???ausw?9
Mon-Bloc nap Veanels in Communist Chinese
Coastal Trale? 1954.000... ...... 004000000M000 00%
e. Communist Owned Merchant Vessels 'Olose
Panamanian Repistries Are Ynown to RAID? Been
Cancelled in Accordance yith the Panamanian
Covernment's Decree rumher 6S1...............
?F0
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Page
Tables
1. Summary of Communist China's Estimated Imports, 1954 . ? ? 3
2. Summary of Communist China's Estimated Exports, 1954 . ? 4
3. communist China's Estilated Imports and Exports, 1954. 19
4, Recorded Chinese Communist Imports from Non-Communist
Countries, 19514
4a. Volume of Recorded Chinese communist Eenborne Imports
from Non-Communist Countries, 1954 0 ?
5. Colaodity composition of Recorded Communist Chinese
Imports from ::ong Kong (galue)0 1954
a, zstimated Commodity Composition of Recorded Chinese
Communist Imports from Non-Communist Countries, 1950-54. ? 33
? ? 0 25
? 0 31
? ,
7. Recorded Chinese Comnunist Exports to Non-Communist
Countries, 1954 and Comparative 1953 45
7a. Volume of Recorded Chinese Communist Exports to Non-
Communist Countries, 19514 h9
0 Commodity Composition of Recorded Communist Chinese
Exports to Hong Long (Value), 1954
9. Summary of Communist China's Estimated Trade
10. Communist Chinese and :lacao Recorded Imports
Hong hong (Volume) . ....... a ? ?
? 0 0 ?
Jovements 0
from
0 0 ? ?
51
0 ? 57
11. Commodity Comrosition of -13mmunist C 'ma's Seaborne Import
Cargoes Originating from Non-Bice Countries, 1954 * 0
12. Commodity Composition of Communist China's Ex -ort Cargoes
to Non-Bloc Countries. 1954 ....... a e . a ? 62
ec)
13. Shipping - Summary of Arrivals in Communist China, 1954. . 77
13a0 Estimated Daily Capacities of ?rincipal Communist Chinese
Ports 92
1L. Estimated Freight Traffic Capabilities of Interior Con-
necting Routes between Communist China and Adjacent
Countries in Use 1954 0 0 ...... ? ? ? 0 00 106
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15. Estimated Freight Traffic Capabilities of Potential
Interior Connecting Routes betwem Communist China
and Adjacent Countries in 1954
15a. Comparison of Estimates of Communist Chinals 1954
Overland Trade and Inland Transportation Capabili ties?
16. Shipping -
Trade 0
170 Shipping
Scheduled
Registry,
Summary of Involvement in Conmunist Chinese
O a 0 e 0 0 0 ****** 000?0
- Non-Bloc Merchant Vessels Enraged in
Voyages, Europe-China, By Owner and By
Arriving During 1954 . . . . 6 . . 6 . .
18,, Shipping - Non-Bloc Vessels on Charter to the Soviet
Bloc, 1954
00000003 OOOOOOOOOOOO
19? Ships and Services Acquired by the Soviet Bloc troll
the West during 19514 0 0 . ? 9000000000
200 Shipping - Stmanary of Soviet Bloc Merchant Fleets -
31 December 1954
210 Recorded Imports from Non-Ccelmunist Countries, 000
22? Seaborne Imports from Soviet Bloc Ports in Eaotern
Europe (Firet tzuarter of 1955).???0?00000
6
*a-Ve
107
109
o UI
113
O liii
O 121
O 126
0
6 137
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MINUNIST CHINA'S IMPORTS AND EITORTS, 19514:
TRADE AND TRANSPORT INVOLVED
I. SummEL.2111gor DevelopmenE2E121991E*
(Note: The figures quoted in this summary are estimates based
on intelligence of varying degrees of reliability and
on Chinese Communist announcements. The introductions
to Sections II and III, (pp. 9-11 and 52-53), on value
and volume of trade; Section IV, B (p, 95 if), on
overland transport; and Appendix A, (p, 139 ff)? on
cargo intelligence for seaborne trade movements evaluate
the sources for this study and should be referred to
when using any of these estimates, In particular, in
order to avoid misunderstandl.ig with respect to over-
latul and unused capability, attention is
directed to the definition of "capability" on page 99.)
A. The Level of Trade (see Tables 1 and 2 - on pp. 3 and 40
following)
Communist China's foreign trade in 1954 is estimated at
approximately $2,5 billion as compared with $2.2 billion in 1953
and, as in 1953, is believed to have been approximately balanced
between imports and exports, The trade increased over 1953 levels
with Asian Bloc countries (largely because of Chinese Communist
grant aid) and with the European Satellites, remained at the same
levels with the USSR, and declined with non-Bloc countries.
The total tonnage of Communist China's trade is estimated
at close to 1104 million tans - including 305 million tons of
imports (machinery, petroleum, and other industrial materials)
and nearly 7.9 million tons of exports (agricultural products,
minerals, etc.). Of this total tonnage, some 501 million tons
were seaborne and approximately 6025 million tons were shipped
averland.
41---Airirritre?rffaif.iiin on developments during the 1st quarter of
1955 is summarized in an Annex, p, 134 if
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Me trend toWard 1r :ii narticipati,ah -voaty.t lAnal7
ardio-n trade dei:timed lo 1954 when the Bloc account fur MOrt:, than
!Iree-quarters or total Olina tra(:e even after ariw.stments hav,
made (e.go,,, for the
non-Bloc lountiles)
grow-Ifir European Liatellite re-sales or '!Iales, to
In t.:" the deo:line. in Corry-Mini t, Cidina's
V
the ;' ?ee>rJ tra,le -Ath japan and k'aiet:7,in increased
eharply.
The decline in tolal imports from non-21oc countri
ri unrecode, as well as In recorded,imports. Unr",o4re,4 'mports in
"194 were about $50 Uor as compared to estimat anc! ?
t? mil:1Jan for 14$7, arl IS respectively,. Aon1', ths? ',:k4vIt?t 3.1.dd
has supplied an 1!5creesnr pr000rtlon of L;emmuoast, :1L.p4
,Itilrement roods dcntrolied by. Cil.110JK countrleI r thlt Chinese 1!
Communist efforts to ottain strateric roods throur!% amulth channels
1,11 Hong Konr and Macao 'aave slackened in 1953 and '054 as cOrIpar(50 Ath
1952, and trinss'ripment/ or strateric goods of aestern -.4,1rOpean nrigin
rhroumh Bloc Ports in itstern tAxrcK',e, adr)arently declined about on-Oalf
in 1994. as compared witr. 1955, Nevertheless, the.!Nc, U1 )X Imrts F
remainei a sigml,ficant eare of .kr.r.menist Colna's total. lfano:-t
non-Bloc countrltts,
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Table 1
ty_s_ticamunist China's Estimated Imports, 1954
Volume of Shipments Value of Trade
(in thousands of metric tons) tNillions of
Seaborne Overland Total DS Dollars)
Non-Communist
Direct
1. Western Europe and W.
Hemisphere 301
2. Hong Kong 310 W
3. Japan 137
4. All Other 135
Subtotal, Recorded 883
Indirect (unrecorded)
5. Western Europe
(Transshipments) 111
6. Macao 18 lil
7. Ho* Kong (snuggling) 7 yi
8. All Other 14 W
Subtotal, Unrecorded 150
Total, Non-Communist 1,033
Communist
9. USSR 70
10. European Satellites 480 V
U. North Korea & Mongolia --
12. Viet Minh ".
550
1,583
=
.
Total, Communist
Grand Total
."
301
$
74
-.
310
70
..
137
20
..
135,
109
..
883
$
273
..
111
$
30
..
16
10
..
7
5
..
-
..
14
-2-
$ 50
150
.. .
1,033
$ 323
1,700
1,770
$ 625
110
590
280
100
100
17
10
10
5
1,920
24470
$ 927
1'920
24222.
4250
a. Includes 77,000 tons carried in small craft and 10,000 tons which moved
overland (since most of these commodities arrived in the Far East by sea).
b. Some of these imports moved overland but most of the commodities involved
had arrived in the Far East by sea.
c. Includes 6,000 tons of rubber from Southeast Asia.
d. Of the total 591,000 tons of cargo which arrived in Communist China from
European Satellite ports, it is estimated that 111,000 tons were actually of
West European origin (see No. 5 abovel.
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?
ry of Commindlt 0.b1na' EatltrhaLed
_
u* r'dbiuments
_
- lboudttnxit1 the trir tocAiCy
? . 3, riit'ri_attei
?
Aion-Cogauriniat
vasue TraLt
?;' Ilona c.:r
ijoilara
ticz'itern Europe and
,:. flemi apnere 3ift .al :;;?'-?:. - vi.,,,
, at-Ifig Kong 4- e_, I Ot:,
?
4 , Sapan 47? .ti ? 1-,)..5 ,..e
tther )41/
tic.I.v.-Coaraunialk id, uSii .1 (xi
t
(A. 1.)R
14;t-kr-opear1 *a c,e LI ites 1,046 di
_.
iik.7.2-tb Korea & Monav)I la
yt tlt Minh i i
1 "?r
.1, (X)U
_
ecassuri
I "Potal. L 550
,
;4.4=4 ; ordoi4 examtaill t te 8 piirvaasegi direct y ty vie tern LI:rtup-: and ccri:.t i???
t ofestern k:qrope on Bloc account is.ad Later ,f
106? 000 tons in vesaela under ixx) Gavr.
Lo Maca.o nxkvea largel?y ,;1,1110-6- arql ettlftCrbe
tkr udtts an estimated 295, OCA; tome iotli?t?th rt?,04.71.1e(i. 'tale
v%?.,3-Ntxtrn L'arit4peact Lavrtc
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r`?hipping
The upward trend in the rnimber of ocean-going*vessela
Al-Tiring in and departi.r.cr.. from Communist China during 1952 and 1953
ntinued in 1951/4. Dunlop the year there were 1?00ii vessel arrivals
1,0ta1ing 4,6(X)0000 cross registered tons (GRT) as compared with P,26
rivals totaling, 3*9no,00n ,7,RT in 19 representing; an increase
in Mirts of arrivals br 'L8 per cent* Vessels of rlonaMoc registry
verounted for 82% of the gross tonnage of arrivals in 195it, as compared
35% in 1953,, Vessel departures from Communist China in 1991 totaled
6 representing )1,500,000 GET, as compared with 8'25 vessels and
900,000 CPT in 1953.
The 18% increase In the tonnage of shipoinp arriving in Come
nist China is accountkA for by substantial increases in Ilritish9
:...oviet Bloc and Japanese flag participation, and by the fact that
z;wedish? Italian:, and NItherlands shinning in the China. trade doubled in
.1.9511. !3ritish flag vtlf! continued to be the largest group , comp risnr,
h55': of the (RT cerrpered with h?!:: in 1953. Scrriet Banc and Japanese
vels accounted for 38=:.; and 11% of the total (Mil reepectivel,yo These
percentages are virtually the same as in 1953 :ftenecting increases in
.firr 1 al tonnages r(ughly proportitmate to the over-all increase,, Other
eountries with sutatantial shipping In the China trade were Norway, Sweden,
"_-...armark, the Neth,frlande France and Finlin
NO major chane.oe were evident in the origIns of &Awing arrivir_g
In. Communist Chirar: In as in 1951, one third of the total. GRT
nated in r:;6reY V.nt)..i, nearly- all of the remainder originated in A.sia.
tti? v..os tons And oyee?
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????? ?????? ?Ilm?
Shipping tonnage originating in Western Europe increased by nearly
30%0 to 1,092,000 GRT. This reflects a greatly expended liner ser-
e-lee from Europe to Chine (from 4530689 GRT in 1953 to 1,0050099 GRT
in 1954). Tonnage erigineting in Eastern Europe, on the other hand0
decreased slightly from 568?000 to 498,000. The largest increases in
Asia were from SE Asia und the Indian area, while relatively small in-
creases were evident from Hong Kong and Japan, and the tonnage from the
soviet Far East actually decreased.
Similarly, there were no major changes in the destinations of
shipping departing Communist China, Europe was the destination of 414;
of the total GRT, as compared with 45% in 19530 and Asia was the desti-
nation of nearly all the remainder.
Shipping services by non-Bloc countries to the Soviet Bloc (which
indirectly assisted Communist China by allowing a greater proportion of
Bloc shipping to be engaged in the China trade) continued to increase in
19544 828 non-Bloc vessels totaling 30708,000 GRT, were chartered by the
number - representing 15% of the ORT -
Bloc (of whicInpproximately I)3Arere employed directly for the China
trade)* a substantial increase over 1953. Eighteen new merchant vessels
totaling 529893 GRT were delivered to the Bloc from non-Bloc shipynrds0
and 11 second hand ships totaling 55,432 GRT were sold to the Bloc by
Western European and Finnish ship owners, as compared to 16 new and 2
second hand ships delivered and sold to the Bloc in 1953. 61 Bloc vessels
for 310,058 GRT were provided repair facilities in non-Blot shipyards, as
compared to 1i6 Bloc Ships for 204,633 GRT in 1953.
6 -
6-8-64B-Z-T
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rrX.
Communist C1 ii- foreirn trade over interior transport routes
4 moved nrimarilv (1) by railroad, road, river, and air with
M3/1; (2) by ratirmr, ani air with North Korea;
(3) by railroad and
road with Hon on'; (4) by road with North Vietnam; and (5) by road
w.ith Surm.a? None of these facilities was used to Its full capability*
over the year.
By far the Trt imnortant route, and one which carried the bulk
nf China's overland fnreirn trade in 154 is the Trans-Siberinn Anil?
roac and two of its ronnectinv links with Communist China, Trade
carried on thes ? ?-outes and the inland waterway and rands between
CE-Emnint3t; China nnl the USSR totaled lfl**million in imnorts and
connecting
ion in exnoris leayi p, An unused canability of those outes esti-
mated at 3.5 million tons for import, and 1.75 million tons for exports,
There arp several additional interior connections between
Communist Chinn arid ailioent countries which carried no simnificant
volume of international trade in 1954, but wich could be used for in-
ternational trade, The potential cannbility of these additional roates
between Communist China and the USSR added to the unused capability of
routes actually used mr international trade durin7 1954 proviles
total unused capability of 5,75 million tons for imports and nearly 4
million tons for exports, if adequate equinment, personnel and servIcinr
fAcilities were made available.
*For definition, see :1,,:fe 99,
**Including overland trade with the European Satellites (which necessarily
had to transit the USSR).
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(The usual graphs will be included In the printed edition - see
C4aphs I. II and III following page 6 in EIC-R1-33. To these it is
planned to add an additional graph comparing overland traffic with
estimated capabilities of connecting routes in 1,954. Consideration
is also being given to another graph comparIng ship cargoes to
estimated capacity of shipping or poets. Inclusion of such additional
f,.raphs would9 however, be subject to their approval by the EIC more-
sentativasat a later date - prior to printing)
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110 Value of Tracke
A* Commueist China's Total Trade
10 Introduction
Data and intelligence regarding the else of Communist
China's total trade remain fragmentary, although come portions of this
trade may be eutimated with confidence* Fairly firm estimates can
be made from intelligence data and published trade statistics as to
the value ard volume of Communist Chinaos trade with non-Bloc
countries* S4milarlye intelligence data provide a reliable estimate
of the volume of seaborne trade with the Bloc, with sufficient
commodity detail to provide a rough estimate of its valued Compar-
able data, however, are not available to estimate the overland
trade with the Bloc? which constitutes the bulk of the trade with
the USSR and Asian Satellites and a considerable part of the trade
with the European Satellites* It is necessary, therefore, to rely
to a large extent on Chielese Communist trade annonneements in
estimating the over-all level of trade and in deriving therefrom
estimates of overland trade with the Soviet Bloc*
The scope of Chinese Communist trade announcements has
varied sharply fresi year to yeare Data on 1950 trade were published
in great detail and since three-quarters of this trade was With
non-Bloc countries the reliability of these data could be eatabe
limbed from other intelligence information ? In contrasto.only a
few summary statistic were announced on the trade in 1951 and
1952 during the actims Korean war hostilities* Since 1952the
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Se,E.40-R4E-T
des Ore Ode NOM OA
Chinese Communists have released more information on their trade,
although far less than that reported on their 1950 trade?
It must be noted, however, that the Communist trade
announcements are invariably stated in percentages, are never
clearly defined, often te)pear mutually inconsistent and may thus
refer to different aspects of trade? The Chinese Communists have
not stated whether their trade statistics include Soviet military
deliveries or other imports or exports made under various grant or
loan program's:nor have theyleported the monetary units in which
their trade statistics are expressed? Although the Chinese Commun-
ists have implied that their trade with the USSR during 1950-54 was
conducted at 1950 world prices, this claim cannot be checked and
it is suspected that some trade with the Bloc, particularly grant
aid shipments to North Korea, maybe conducted at inflated prices
to exaggerate the level of trade ? All of these factors may intro-
duce errors in interpretation of the Chinese Communist announcements,
and thus affect final estimates of the actual level of trade ? In
view of these uncertainties, it has been necessary to elect critt.
wally from the various Chinese Communist claims those data believed
to provide the moot reasonable description of Chinese Communist
trade* All known announcements have been considered, however, and the
possible total levels of trade indicated by these data all fall
within 10 to 20 per cent of the figure estimated belowo
An evaluation has also been made of Chinese Communist
trade claims reflecting overland trade with the Bloc by comparison
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with such other evidence as the scattered direct observations of
travelers or residents along the traneport routes, and by indirect ,
of
evidence provided by analyses of production for exportond/coesump..
tion of imported goods; but such evaluation can establish the
reliability of Chinese Communist trade announcements only within
broa6. Amite? 'In view of the limitations of the data and the
uncertainties involved In their interpretation, the estimated level
of trade in 1954 is considered approximate,
Analysis of available data suggests that Communist
China's trade in 1954 increased somewhat over 1953, reflecting an
expansion of trade with Bloc countries which more than offset a
decline in trade with non4ormunist countries In the following
comparative estimates of trade for 1953 and 1954, the levels of
trade have been derived primarily from Chinese Communist announce..
mentos while the distribution of trade shown as between Bloc and
non-Bloc countries reflects estimated origin and final destination
of shipments, based on Free World statistics and a considerable
volume of intelligence material*
1953*
Millions of US dollars.
1954
USSR
$ 1,220
$ 102h0
European Satellites-
440
2E5
t
Asian Bloc
200
Total Soviet Bloc
1,505
1 880
Non.aloo Countries
695
620
Total Trade
lis=
tia5QQ
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TIOr
01111.
2. Chinese Communist Trade Announcements
In the past year the Chinese Communists have published
additional information on their 1953 trade which modifies slightly
the estimates in EIC-R1,430 The EIC-R1-S3 estimate of the 1953
level of trade of $2,200 million is consonant with a later Chinese
Communist statement that 1953 trade was 4.57 times the 1936 level*
a proportion which applied to the dollar value of trade in 1936
used in Soviet published statistics yields a figure for 1953 trade
of $2,239 million Chinese Communist data on the distribution of
trade in 1953, however, indicate that the Bloc portion should be
raised to 75 percents with the USSR and the Satellites accounting
for 56 percent and 19 percent, respectively, and that the non-Bloc
portion should be lowered to 25 percent?
Chinese Communist data on 1954 trade include prelim-
inary estimates of increases over 1953 of 14 percent in total trade,
14 percent in exports and 18 percent in imports, 27 percent in trade
with the Blocs 26 percent in trade with the USSR, 29 percent in
trade with European Satellites, and 96 percent in trade with the
Asian Satellites? The Bloc proportion of total trade was also
stated to have been 80 percent. Another announcement at the end
of 1954 stated that trade with the. European Satellites was, "now
about one4ifth" of total trade* A published balance of payments
analysis claimed an increase in 1954 over 1950 of 121 percent in
Communist China vs international payments and receipts, with the
(IN94 ?Inil? WOW OMR! 44/0
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-,,4 Tar Leon for trade rie, from 70?' percent to 6309 percent g
Cat ing an increene 1,61 percent in trade ane 22 percent in
,;eleeerade receipts and Alf, te4 between 1950 and 1951 2
3.lee eetteree :me eirection or Trade
iJ,kAe.1.40 Ceeesenist statements of the increase en 19514
ever. .195) of total traele ArtiI of exports and imports sugeest that
.1'.41,1e increased r q. Thee Lo percent, or to about 2,5O0 min ion?
balance of efee e.e a qt.& . apol led to the fairly firm estimates
I950 trade of 2:1.01,-; ne_Viion to :71,080 millionc, would suegest
-,1-Igher figure or i?'41 Craele of 7v'100 million to 72v8rY)
balance oe pew:lc:0.s avita ? eowever, were compiled by the People's
if China rather r, the Customs Admini etre ti on, and may
eerordingly have oreletee eleeificant portion of trade in 1950
e-11-11 orss listed of icw' iiith tei f.efavided exchange by private
-.Tieorters? :72uch imports were actively encouraged -try the Chinese
:eeernemiste durine 199e?. offeine to their limited foreign exchange
eeserves9 and would ete: have required a forcirn exeharge allocation
rem the Peoples e Bane The Chinese Coneemist datai thereforbe, tire
l'elleved to support a rounded estimate of total trade in IP:, of only
yeleet 2OO uralion? It Nhatliel be noted, moreover, -eat this
eetimated exIutetsJon ot Communiet Chinata total trade vae to a
ere extent not Paeee ou exoanded CTIMIterCial mareets,, A large
'etc.:Tease in trade with Asian natellites was financed for the most
e ire by grant whirLe a substantial increase in trade with the
'3ropean Saltellites aporers to represent fulfillment
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under-deliveries fm'yi these countries in pre'floue ve.Ars (see II, A, U
he C,hinese Communist trade data show n continuinr re-
c;ytentation of Communist China's trade towari t1;?3 rtet, 31oc, which
T-erortedly accounted for tiO percent of the trade in 19c)4. In contrast
previous years, however, the distribution of trade within the 310c
tA"t not announce' for ir64; and the proportions of the OL;CIin the
Hronean Satelli',ftsn and the Asian Satellites in Communist China's total
;;10 have been estimated separately on the ba siA of other Communist
:'tments plus avallaole intellirence (see Section 11, a. p O fr.).
estimates !0 derived .ould then compare wit from 1953 U
0-1-,4r14er4 from .taC,- Ul-1.",? as folio c4
nicw:
r-e:SR ,230
Urone:11 Satellites 47)0
5ate1ittes 20
:Tdnon -Uloc
trade
Y'711',00p of U.
Cf,,t
,3 ! ritrfs from Chinese cvvrruntst J- t aIi
LDWer tn 13 and 1.954 bv $145 million and 127) niion
,:lectively, than the estimates of non-Bloc trade based on the
tic statistics of noo-Bloc countries plus intelligence on
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S-E-C-R-E-T
unrecorded trade (see Section II, C, p. 34 ff.). It is believed that
this difference arises because Communist China regards as trade with
the Soviet Bloc some of the trade identified in the latter estimate as
with non-Bloc countries. Such trade would include (a) an estimated
$75 million in 1.953 and $90 million in 1954 of Chinese Communist exports
sold, to Bloc countries and subsequently resold in Western European
markets, and (3) estimated transshipped Chinese Communist imports of
strategic goods of Western European origin via Bloc ports of $65 million
in 1953 and $30 million in 1954. With the exception of perhaps $10
million of exports to the USSR in each year, all of this was probably
regarded by the Chinese as trade with the European Satellites. The
comparison of these two breakdowns for 1954 is as fellows:
Communist China's Estimated Foreign Trade 5l
Millions of US Dollars
As Apparently Regarded
y the Chinese Communists
By Estimated Origin
or Final Destination
of Shipments
USSR
$ 1,250
$ 1,240
European Satellites
550
440
Asian Bloc Countries
200
200
Tbtal Soviet Bloc
$ 2,000
$ 1,880
Mon-Bloc Countries
200
620
Total Trade
$2,500
taL222
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1.1 shouln t..)e rrded that these estimates of the
?:7-Abdtion of trade are hot consistent with cei Lain Chinese
Ti.mist announcements purportedly showing the percenta7e increas.i.
m year to year of trade with various bloc countr1es0 Two of
;5!th indexes9 however p based on ly50 and anowinp that by 1953
le with the bloc had quadrupled and that with the UZZit had in,-
ra3ed 3n times are so iticx)rsis tent with other eommunist announce-
rwitS and intel:Ligence estimates as to suggest that such data do not
i'aure actual trade movements? It seems )robaule that such data
Ftei7y insthad refer to the value of trade contracts necottated under
annual barter agreements with bloc countries? There is strong
edence that in l950? when the barter arreerrerys were first
It'Aaugurated actual trade r'tovernents were far below the value of the
trade contract s9 although in later years the trade Tnovements
wobably approxlma ted the value of the annual trade contractt30 it
ms likely therefore that between 1950 and 1953 the barter trade
e?ntracts increased in about the proportions rep9rted?
iIi
and tolaorts
The mmunists announced that in 1951' and
heir trade was "essentially" in balance No trade balance
uos reported for 1954m tut although imports were reported to have
ased slightly more than exports tr: 1":r, :Tc
-arwt in the balance of trade? An analysis of the. trade balance
by individual political areas vigrests that lhe traoe was approx-
tely in balance with a large export surplus to the Asian
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L.
_ offset, by iitat,>rt he.3.ances 'with the F:uropean te1IIt aryl
non-B10e CouritTiett.
Cortartn_is-: Colko,m's tr41e. with non-Bioo ountr1es - after auh-
g? 1 rig trance): ,:i.tricat .6.414 re-sales apparel:A-1y regarded aa tr
the BICIO ,11Ps t fiPProwlsat elY $293 minion of imports
$037 million of exp,,rto (see toptuotss to table on page 19 for
?ianat1on or the adAue,,lmepnts; see leo Se tion TT, A, 3. p. 13 ff1-
itbough NO Q0ms/oniat statements have been made regarding the baiance
Lrit4t witii tbe USliF. this is eattmated tr have been Iv apbrt,klmntt!
' - n pre! "41 oq44 yea,r0 t1, e , at $625 million each
L-17'e the USSR Nfiktirer1j by the Chi ne3e have aircinti.
pemebt (.4 the trafilla and 5L perCeAt of th icris, 6.1.ggetitIng
balawe of FilE:,ut $1.1?) millicm; utile in 1(453 :le USR tarK
ac,Ltount /or ",t', porl.rent of exports,. and 56 percent or tOtal
tH; wozr stirw ptft bftlenct. ct' about $20 mdlilon,. In It4c#4
- int4 begkin WI"; U41 !"epaymenta of $30 million on the 195C Sovl,et
and mow ob Lt4 itrt hve wt IL'; had a small exTiort halame 11
1.1,4 trade vitt; the P8:iR
it 3 the i qh"T halsbee 4-*f tre,de betlee.n
lf,-:mmorist Chink, ,410:13nte)liteg havft rrAtAite toc
lt 14 bell vf44,1 hnlot,vr? tht4t, jn previous yeAre, the,
1,-"ht en expert kjiii,L4,00,. tv t-:!e ti ites sirte!e thtt.re ver,?. 1-fep?-I-Pc
i,-ports from 41gr.-1 e ve eiTtcrs that detfVer'.fas from the Elo-c.r.,,tv)
tehind committmente, reportJ,
;?E_Ycl.rr,)tivorateo tv tfkrinounelewnt that lh r-
$lerates
tr,r ,nt-Arrtet O wt' 1.4
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overfulfilIment of planned import: from other areas ? It is believed
that in 1954 Satellite deliveries were making up for this earlier
imbalance and exceeded shipments in the other direction? For
examples the East German 1954 trade data obtained by agent reports
show an excess of $25 million in East German exports to Communist
China over imports? The split into $310 million of imports and
$240 million of exports includes a very large artdtrary elements but it
is believed representative of the probable pattern of this trade?
Trade with the Asian Satellites was characterized
by a $156 million excess of deliveries by the Chinese Communists?
This imbalance represents, primarily* $130 million of grant aid to
North Korea and an estimated $25 million of military aid to Viet
Minh*
Total Communist Chinese exports in 1954 would accord-
ingly have about equalled total imports at approximately ta,250
million each way - with the breakdown by both the origin and final
destination, and by apparent Chinese reckoning approximately as
follows:
18
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fl-T
s
frasseist China's Esti Mil te d Imports
. esrts, 1954 a/
-
Millinee ot IS, Drillers
Iy Fatissese:i t 4" :.rsglit
USSR
ApparentSy Regarded by
de Chinese Communiets b/
oo _
smorts exports
t 6;95 $ 625
and plea." oeetinesion of
Oormroltfes hi
IIJuRPrts. exils,rts
$ 625 $ 615
Kuropean Setellites
130
240
280
t6o
Asian Satelites
PP
178
22
176
? ;
Non-Bine Countries
293
207
323
297
Total
t 1.250
4., 1
250
$ 1,250
$ 1*250
'
_ .
a,The imports and exports shown here by geographic areas involyeA in the commodity
movements do not in every CaSe reflect the acteal balances of trade with thee
aame ereas This difference results from the tact that for ab-et $9e. es:Uose eS
Communist Chinese exports resold by the Soviet Union and the European Satellites
to Western countries chares are made by Communist China to theee Bloe coantries
of origin& purchase and not to the final Western recipients of the goods.
b. The differences between the figures given in the two double columns of this
table ere explained as follows:
esSR: Exports from China to the USSR included some $10 million worth of
soods eventually re-exported by the USSR to Weatern countries.
l'ropeoan Satellites: In addition to $280 million worth of European gatellite 1
goods triportea75:y China, $30 million worth of Western goods shipped to China, and 1
1
? to the Communist Chinese by Western exporters, were transshipped via European o
BIoe ports and have apparently been treated in Chinese Communist announeements as 1
trade with the European Satellites, Furthermore, exports from China included 1
erne $B0 million worth of goods re-exported by the European Satellites to Western i
? untrieso
xonsfeoc Countries: The estimated value of goods of Western origin Imported
? ComManiSi Chin; is13;2. million while the estimated value of Chinese exports
4.boae finso destination vss the Vree World is $297 million. Within these esti-
mates sre the $30 million of transshipped imports and the $90 million ($80
Allitro..n of European Satellite and $10 million of USSR) of resalse discussed
-
_
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? !,,-C...14-E0.T
-
Trade with Bloc Countries
1.1:71Jite Communists have made no sueci.fic announce..
to re attar.? the ,:!rnportlonate shares of the IGSR,, the European
c countrieec,and the Asian Bloc countries in total 1954 trade?
kragmentary irronnat ionrelsa.ged by all Bloc countries concerning
'Otis tradep., however,, pe7mIts an estimate of the approximate
Alm of C.'hinee trade with these three Bloc areas?
Trade 14 th &an Satellite*
Jent ann,
Trx
de thri Asian Satellites ir
19
is e,s timated
1200 million including that financed by grant aid of 1130
U.:Lion to North Korea, and of 125 million to the Viet Mirth,, pins
rter trade t 30 million with North Korea, 110 r11iiOTwi th the
tiet Minh, and 15 million with Outer Mongolia*
d
.awse ommunists reported that grant aid to
North Korea in 19514 totalled 1130 million? They also reported the
tonnages of basic cormodities shipped under this program 0 which at
world prices would account for about half of this va1ufe0 It is
uncertain whether the balance of the indicated value represents
shipments of aAiditimal goods, provision of services, or inflated
prices for the enwserat ed basic commodi ti ea 0
tart?,-- trade with North roma is estimated at close
$1.5 nillicm in each direction,, based on a statement that electric
ower constituted the malor portion of the imports from North Korea0
The value of this it is estimated at errata /10 million, and
other imports are rotii;tly estimated at -another $5 million,
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"-t. ftrEtsuot,- that. iitt, bart,er eperta Probably hal
;-,1 fitt4f,rtL11),
t ta',.rtsh r oupt,ly em.t
ted on the basi_s of in te. F,.11 renortavs ratitre
f,4f he shlorrice..ts gt 110t:, rn1 111.-m,, The barter t ilei4trtt .1,11 Apveri
,A; have bevn ;owl P-14*110;:i*1 at Itt,, mc k
11:if
i4.. z)arte.r.- 7.,rade,. pri:-..e.fro-utt. tp.,
Ii t st Tide 14/19 tr.) ttor. rr1 fs
Adt blot bell.trri t.t.L b4.! firtatri.,
I J--14,kir()rwart e 11 t_itA
;:.;a '0,41 it-rq rY, crn rekbd t
17-4 Cbine-ge tii..41 t ritc,-1 a .4 hrivit 1
'2? per cent. of 1,h t4 trAcfro This
s rr;tipl ?. rr)r,Ft Fi lent 4t 11)
th 19511 Chine.,5e 10.1t2tiFi
i4 1 t ()f 1(t? 1 t.v.;.u.'.,t thi, thi ti)tt
i eati.mat.e.ki Lhi rt tran; hos 1 r-Arrikr1 .;!t?teh arrr1thtf-yri
tor $175 Pio144Ind And Ht.tnp:ary fr75r $80 willimn 4-.414,, .1nfi
4.wafli q.n.c.-.1.
ror 4,;?1) tIts
.4.rtnart trade 45 t,h Cg.ortftnint. C.:1-Ana bas been obtAtned front r:overt
porte han 4.4.71tel ictv,f4k1,9,kin tra(lA
Carimunts t Ctin. fi t13 wa..4 naport*d kn, the Ch1.1s4!
T1- r es tern ;ri. r t trit nn hi, Ppwi vi lie; inia a na Al 3
1,1,?ne.se exp,-r t,e4 re'ePt---11g- or whetr
Or not these ...!ere re24- k,-t1 in turn:. r..3 the
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T7oimtrnists to have been the largest trade with any of the Furopean
satellites and to have accounted for 29.5 Percent of the total trade
the ruronean 3atellites? is estimated to '11.ave been an high as
he Fast German trade in 19513. The reinainine trade has been rauettly
el'ocated ccording to other announcements of the annual barter trade
eementap It is believed that the increased trade with the European
131.tes is attributable partly to shipments of underftarial.ed 1953
c anvil tments (see rection IT, it, Li, p. 17).
_Trade. with the UFSP_
estimated level of total trade with the liloc and
retimetes or the trade with the Asian ed ntropean Satellites 3.eve.
trale with the 11517/ at about !..15,250 raillion$ or 50 percent of total
trade., The fact that the Chinese Communists i1 not announce the
proportion of trade with the 1124:71In 19.9:, in contrast to previous
7rears$ neeeests tat this proportion probably declined from the 56
percent reported for 1953. A prelininary ese statement that
trade with the Soviet Union ince-paved 26 percent in 1.9514 i inonit-
1t all ether avallehle data and ma,y refer te chanes in the
tr a tie. contracts made under a., Inual barts, nicreectents rather than to
e.e. eel deliveries, Comeodity details of this trade are discessel In
III, Po 52 frO
.ee
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? , ?ek.'1 k eleTtle 31. %.;t1, r;;?I I
-t4rtr,e1S, iS eatlmated ?It 6271 dliinf, of
e$s5: aria #1;1. (r#.yuntied Ur)) of Chdr. fl ie? r t.ric T
.#otelligenee data indji 4.;#^ that C;orrunali.et China, imt..,e)rted fre.:47,
?ree World sone 19)t t$ not i.noluded ir the. ;;,?.t,'Zisiled trade
MA 13..9 i..-tt.t?tq of non-Bloc min e ? The total trade of tChl vith
the Free World i3 therefore tad at St520 f
0.
c#r Chinese A.ro -!.::orte# #-#1113 3;?.4"11c,n (roundee un) #!" Ohli-sebe r
. - ? ?'.#9 wur C7&#.ine3e
Cot-am :i3t trade 8XT(jiiit Lr tr, 071 Ce.f4te#1# .-14#w V: Ow! ri\tv#, wr,r #1.
qr only ',".#00 million, This difforence Of Z120 9il1ino is 81.1ar t, that
.etrilid in 1.95 3 and (se tiTia.ined in E.X.C...a1.-S , 11-1 3 ) Is Ft; th rut
:large friss .the Chinese Goy:4111111 sts1redi V71 71r4 (1) an
"T,3.0?Ifiated S of i.rtivori.#e identified b:##.
ftOM -.610C .01.11,1t.r.lf,'.6ittr4rithirlOPd to #.4.mramist Chir vix# (..,ther
tri ea, and (b) certain +? se Commun.; t s r,00rts 0 ri I 17.r tiothr
colin tries.9 but Jier- :are, Sh14.39 often dirpotly,
non-flit
##trits. rtost of Utile; 1-#9,r.cird trupt,r-te donntry of errlrio and wo,..T:d there-
t SliCh shit-oiler ts as 1 Ilk r t fr-L.:or-man.) St Cbina It As :rcm.03.y e$-
t#1.:F*1 tett that such resales o?!' wo(t th nor...Pion tour tries
_
Tq mm.8 avail.ahle as of Jure I9cq support a tabula ti on of t 7'46 still i in TP.3 ;#
tto ti attt',..r.:'1u..4tAti that the final total trir.. ct 1nr,,,st, .1.1
.fl 1n ,Ir# and ths fl#Y,Rre 1 throuphou t this report.
-
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an:rented to $90rmillioa. (Tor example, Western Germany recorded 137
minion of imports of Chinese origin but only $1 million of imports
where Communist China was listed as the country of payment.)*
2. Illimrte
a. lysorded,ImparIt
rho recorded value of Communist Chinese imports
rycm non-ccouirridyt countries in 1954 was T271 million (see Table 4, pp. 25-27)
as compared aith -$280 million in 1953 and $250 million in 1952. The
level of Sports as relatively stable between the first and second
halves o!! the year, in contrast to 1953 when nearly 60 percent of
recorded imports were received in the first half of the year.
It is also probable that the adjustments for shipping end over.
lapping reporting which have been made in the recorded trade
data of non-Cannunist countries are subject to some errors*
Other sources of possible discrepancies include the following:
(1) The Chinese Communist method of declaring the value of
ehipaents for customs purposes is not clear, and to the extent
that it differs from Western procedures may introduce a bias.
(2) Variations in recording practices between the non-Communist
-world and Communist China (as well as in recording practices
within the noneCcamunist world) may in some errors. For
example, parcel post ehipnents to Communist China have at times
teen relatively important, but sane non-Communist countries
exclude them while others include them in their customs9 records.
(3) Veiled practices in respect to bunkers, fish catches, private
gift parcels, intra-company shipments, and several other items
may also lead to slight differences in recording of trade?
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LIAET
TAME L.
VALUE OFNA0.2DE_DliL CHINESE COMMIST WORTS nag
gagenUES: 1954-
Cluntry
-
Europa and Wo tern
Hamdsphere
1
Thousands of US Dtilars
-
-1MM
1953
iSra
Jan /fin:
Yarlbett,
Argentina
$ 445c
$ 1,05e
$ 1,495?
insig.
Austria
113
332
445
insig
Belgium-Lamotourg
236
190
426
1,303
Brazil
2,191
7147
2,936
472
Denmark
154
31
185
331
Finland
2,282
Lica
3,390
8,036
France
5,120
3,259
8,379
13,652
West Germany
9,645
2.0,909
20,554
21,972
Italy
1,Y70
3,515
5,285
5,517
Netherlands
923
942
1,565
3,275
Norway
19
9
28
2,1493
Sweden
144,2
;!90
632
2,972
Switzerland (e.i f )
2,508
1,577
4,085
11,295
United Kingdom
7,992
10,178
18,170
20,916
7
-
United States
4
2
6
0
Cimada
C)
47
47
o
;
10% adjustment fce
c .1 f (excep'
Svitzeriand.)
3,123
3,23-1
b,354
8,093
Subtotal
$ 36,667 -
:vox/
$ 73,984
$ 1oo, 327
foatnott,n next palm
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?LiCKET
TAtiti,; 4(.Ctontinned)
VALUE OF RECORDED' CHINESE COMMUNIST IMPORTS PROM
sa-commumn commIg,
195/1
Thousands of US dal :tarn
l?LY121111,1., .?.
1212
Country
Ibtal
7.J17.t4Ti-
Votil
Near E-Bt, Am a,
and Oceania
Austr lia
$ 1,396
$ 2025
$ 3,421
$4,974
Ceylon
19,324
29?M5
48,429
53,181
6,905
2,401-
11,389
10,403
Rang Kong
31,428
35,726
67,154
90,103
10414.
3,1004
2,690
5, 798d
2,370
Indonesia
156
858
1,014
28
:p8X1
4,670
14,439
19,1C9
4,511.3
Malaya
2,687
3,874
6,561
1,724
Puree
3
19
Z?
Pakistan
adjustment
for
26,189
3.893
0
4,562
26,189
9,455
3,555
8,544
30tata1
132,751
$ 9J29
$1.2t211
$179,42
Total
t 139,2618
$132,9M
,.....4,1=10,Mamwmu Alm%
A- As derived from pub7ilabed statistics of the at.,n-Communist countries
concerned.
lst, Figures for cou&ries of Western Europe and the Western Hemisphere are
be on the aseImption of a 2-month voyage. Its,- represent recorded
svporta for Noveaber 1953 through October 1954. Figures for Egypt, India,
Indonesia, PakiAsm, Malaya, Australia, and Ceylon are based on the
nasu*ption of e 1-oorth voyage, I,e., they represent recorded ex:vents
r December 1.33 through Noveebor 1954. Figures ..!or the remaining
countries are -xs-parLa for the moathAs shown on the table. All statistics
wro comported at the official mschnage rates except Kong Kong figures
vb.latppriceiethFvefteleast2601N08**C11.14RDR8410$3821300.409,2904kbangtbe
first b -lf sac. 0.1711. during the second half.
- 26 fiECREZ
?Vei
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I'VILE 4 (Continued)
VALUE OF IrOORTIeP rACIMESP, COMMUNIST IMPORTS rum
OtitIVAIn.CQ1 fa
rootnotes tontinued.
Teade eeturna cover a semi-annual period without a monthly detailed
breakdown and the system of differential rates of exchange used by
Argentina prvgvents an accurate assessment of the value of trade,
eurthermore, it is believed that Argentina reports trade with Hong
Kong and Taiwan as a part of the total trade with China. The above
eetimate, based on commercial reportaAnd shipping information, was
obtained as follows:
Thousands of USDollars_
Jan-Jun Jul-Dec Jan4ee-
753 4,e94 5,647
1.turrorta Tram Argentine
CCO1'din4 to trade
returns)
rta to China: 445
Leather 6
Quebracho extract
t74 $135 per ton) 267
Grain (41 $400 per ton)
Other (residual) 172
Laporte to Hong Kong 283_
Imports to Taiwan 31
c
llesidual presumably which
would not reach Asia In
1954 2,303 2,303
(D2,
16
2-412,21.
6
2700
537
78Ctim
780
n a
172
1!
31.9
4, Includes 0,215,000 worth of importa into Tibet during the period
jamiary-June, and *1,232,000 during the period.July-December t!
(Source unpublished official statistics.) f
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YAHLE 4,4A
VaP11074'. OF ILTORDLD CHINESE COMLITL'il' IMPORTS
oKrur.1,try
Idea-tern Elarre
, Aus tria
Pelgimp-Luxerabourg
fermsrk
Finland
Iticfst Otermeacr
taly
FrAnce
FROM NON-COMTUNLST COUNTRIES,_
(La metric tons)
A *M./ -MIt rtAtt... TWO.. ./.411.110.0*,.11.1 10?1?09M1011.14.
Jan-Jun
Jul .,13e0 Total
135 -
101140
. 70
10300
674682
199000
953
600P
7:66
30
49(00
13064
330140
110h68
retherJands
9, 800
10 ,oc)
739
1,906
100
11,700
128?12:: 4 :427:061
Norwayinsig
f
Aden
Switzerland
:tnsigo
700b
250
ir0i) igt
;,50b
o
19400P
500b
United Kingdom
6j1400
7t,740
130500
Subtotal
316,230
73k.)18
18941,118
Western liem.,xere
krgentins la iatic - 9, 13 00e 1197614
Brasil 3,00 1 4,800r
Subtotal _,.:oti?k 1".9()9,
Noar Eis t, Oceania, South t
and Southeast Mia
,V.idn.,..' .- ...CUR %IP,. ..08.00WWQR*. I , .V,YettYfr, a , 4.1'1207?10.?1/..r W.rATT--. ,
Inz tralia
Y.)
'?00P
c;eylon
28g3
45,523
7/apt ?
7:103,
20083
India
lm(00?
-
25.000d
:.indones IA
,*. 65
5008
19180P
73,876
5,573
9,666
39000 !
,
&Jaya 7114 1,30.73 209647 .
ir0kis tan 341'L09 0 34,109
Subtotal 795614 68i87 316211._
:3
2 ,117 11378 1360995
-,Jaloul 03
limn ,on 1.66..4406_ .f..
'00 0009
Total 99,.t.5.91.., 1466681 .
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TABLE 4a fcontinued)
kootlotes
ito As derived from the trade static tics of the trading partner
with time allowance for shipment to China n Precise information
on the total volume of exports to Coinnyunist China in available
for Belgitra-Luxeenbourgs Frances West Germanys Italy the
Hetherlandss Ceylon Egypt, Indonesia Nalayas and Pakistan
For other reporting countries published Unviages have beer
used where given in the a tatie tics, For commodities reported
by value only the tonnages have been estimated from the
published value figureso
Estimated exports frGITI Switzerland to Corro.unist Jana from
a total of 1s030 tons in the first half and 191170 tons in
second half going to Hong Kong and Communist China,,
Compare .0 to Table Iii, The commodtkv breakdown Is as follows,
In metric tons s
Atz....1,Alf..3r- ?cLJiJ'at
Loa thor
Quebracho e. t 19963 2 .000 i
Grain -- 7,8o0
110 Es time ted seaborne 0 t
p Preliminary Ele timate0
-?(
-
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.11- ? ?????- elms asap so. ?iall?
Despite the decline in the value of recorded imports,
their volume increased to about eywoo tans, as compareduith 692,000
pp. 28-29).
tone in 1953 and 497,000 tons in 1952. (See Table 4a, / This increased
tonnage resulted frcm an increase in the import of bulky products, such
as fertilizer and heavy chemicals, and a reduction in those of high
value per ton, such as drugs and pharmaceuticals.
During 1954 Communist China's direct recorded imports
from the Western Hemisphere were minor, although above the negligible
1953 and 1952 levels, principally because of snail imports from Brazil
and Argentina., The value of direct imports from estern Europe and
Hong Kong declined in both cases by about one-quarter from 1953, While
imports frau Pakiaten, Japan, and Maley& increased in value sharply
over 1953 levels.
Direct imports from Western Europe constituted about
one-quarter of the total value, made up about two-fiftha (in value)
of chemical products (fertilizers, dyes, drugs and industrial chemicals),
one-fifth of metals and manufactures, and two-fifths of miscellaneous
items such as wool, rayon, and paper. Direct imports from Hong Kong'
stive Table 5, p. 31)
also constituted about one-quarter of the total/as compared with about
one-third in 1952 and 1953. Over 80 percent of these, by value, were
chemical products, mostly fertilizers. Imports from Japan, also con-
sisting primarily of chemical products, atounted to 8 percent of the
_
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Table 5
CCHM(JDriTI C014TWITI0N OF RECORDED caosmusT CHINESE
If4PORTS FROM HONG KONGlyalue). 1954
Thousands of US Dollars*
Commodity Category
Jan-Jun
Edible fats and oils
95
189
Other foods, beverages, and
tobacco
145
170
Wool
10
189
Other agricultural ray materials
1,213
20344
Dyeing, tanning, and coloriug
=Aerials
9,486
10,747
Medicines and pharmaceutical
products
5,346
4,655
Chemical fertilisers
8,554
10,486
Other chemicals
2,736
3,504
Yinuaufaotures of rubber, vood,
and paper
133
160
Textile asnuractures
1,065
661
Building materials and non-
metallic mineral manufactures
94
u4
Metal. kannutactures
620
354
Electrical machinery, apparatus,
and appliances
445
302
Textile machinery
77
623
`Transport equipment
37
55
Other machinery
185
127
Professional, scientific, and
controlling instruments and
photographic and opticalgo ..els
1,041
Miscellaneous manufactures
i4-1
Subtotal
31428
5% adjustment for c.i.f.
1472
Total
alta&
Total
28k
315
199
3,557
20,233
lopcica
19004o
6,240
293
1.726
208
974
747
700
92
312
1,005 2,06
---kg .....aa
350727 67u155
10786 3058
Zial areal
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total value. The remaining imports were primarily raw materials
Imported from South Asia and the Near East, Imports of rubber from
Ceylon accounted for nearly 20 percent, raw cotton from Pakistan and
Egypt for 15 percent, and coconut oil from Malaya for about 3 percent
of the value of total importa,
It is believed that Communist China has been purchasing
some commodities in noneBloc countries and reselling them to other Bloc
countries. Rumors in rubber trade circles that Communist China planned
to sell to the USSR during 1954 a significant part of her rubber im-
ports from Ceylon appear credible in view of the large imports of
rubber by Communist China in comparison with its estimated require-
ments and considering the insignificant Imports of rubber from non
bloc sources by other Bloc countries during 1954. Similarly, Communist
Chinaga imports of coconut oil from non-Bloc countries appear to have
been considerably in excess of needs and reported cotton sales ex-
ceeded identified shipments reaching China, suggesting possible re-
ale a of these commodities to other Bloc countries. Although these
transactions are only a relatively minor part of total trade, their
Inclusion in Communist Chinas imports and exports irflates total
trade turnover to that extent.
As compared with 1953, the major shift in the composition
of Communist Chinags recorded imports from non-Communist countries has
been the sharp reduction of capital goods imports and a corresponding
expansion of raw material imports, particularly raw cotton and chemicals.
Imports of drugs have also declined from the abnormally high
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S-E-C-R-E-T
Table 6
ESTIMATED CO Mai DITY COMPCSITISIN OF gla,a0.4
CHINESE COMM:MIST IMFORTS FROM
NON-.COMMUNIST COUNTRIES
1950-54
(Value Expressed in Millions 31:10Ss )
1950
1961
1952
1953
_19f4
Va11.10 itircerri
Ira lu-c-15ercent
Value
.Peroent
raTrtr- rN
Value Percent
0?111110???????????
?01.110?0011?102??????10-
Cotton
$ 95
23%
4 41
9A
$108
4$%
$ 16
6%
42
16%
Rubber
61
15
110
25
23
9
54
19
47
11
Drugs
20
5
25
5
25
10
40
14
20
7
Other
Chemioals
35
8
65
15
40
16
55
20
80
Metals,
Miohinery &
Equipment
126
30
110
25
20
8
70
25
26
9
Other
78
19
93
21
34
14
45
16
$9
22
TOTAL
014
103%
$444
100%
$250
100%
$280
100%
$273
00A
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level of 1953 to approximately the level of previous years. The
principal shifts that have taken place in Communist China's recorded
imports from non-Communist countries since 1950 may be noted in the
following estimates of the commodity composition of these imports,
by value, over the past five years, (Table 6 on p. 33 to follow in
printed version.)
b0 211EtTE:121111"t2--.3.
(1) Types of Unrecorded Imn...s
Evasions of COCOM and other official controls most
cormaonly take the form of false declarations of ultimate destination,
thus facilitating the shipment of controlled .goods to Communist China
by circuitous routes* When controls are circumvented or evaded in
this manner, the exports involved are not identified in the trade
statistics of the country of origin as exports to Communist China*
In Western Europe this form of evasion most fre-
goently takes New through the export of controlled goods to a free
port where transsh4ment is not controlled, followed by recensignment
to Gdynia, where ix turn the goods are transferred to a Soviet Bloc
flag or chartered ship loading for China. In such cases, the original
export from the coultry of origin to the country of transshipment is
ordinarily authorized on the explicit understanding that the latter
country, or some other friendly country is to be the final destination,
At the port of transhipment, however, these goods are taken over by
firms specialising in the re-direction of controlled goods to Poland*
34 -
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In some cases these indirect shipments are facil-
itated by the intervention of a trader in a third country, who may
finance the transaction . buying from the country of origin and selling
to China - without himself handling the goods. Tae goods are exported
from the country of origin ostensibly for the intermediary, but
actually consigned to a transshipment firm in a free port which will
forward them, at the intermediary's request, to Poland in transit for
China.
In other cases, goods have been consigned from
non-Communist exporting countries directly to Poland, whence they
were re-directed to China. This technique is of course applicable
only to goods which are not embargoed by the exporting country for
shipment to lihropean countries of the Bloc, In these eases the
Polish port may serve merely as the point of transshipment, or the
Poles may actually inport the goods for later re-export to China.
There is clear evidence that circumvention of controls by such
transshipment in Polish ports is practised on a substantial scale.
The extent to whidl Bloc countries actually import goods from the
West for later re-export to China cannot be assessed.
The techniques described above are used prin-
cipally in North Sea ports. There is some evidence they are also
being used in Mediterranean ports and that similar devices are in
use for overland shipments to China from Switzerland via Czechoslo-
vakia, and from estern Germany via Eastern Germany.
35 -
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A special case of the use of an tJltermediate
destination is that of Macao. Controlled goods from Western Europe
are consigned to this colony on the strength of Macanese certificates
that they are required for use there. It is known, however, that
large quantities of such goods are in fact transshipped or r'-exported
to Communist China.
Other devices in use for the circumvention of
controls include: false, inadequate, or misleading description of
goods destined for Communist China; false declarations of destination
by vessels sailing for Communist China; and local smuggling. There
have also been reports (thus far unconfirmed as regards trade with
Communist China) of the use of fraudulent import certificates and
of multiple bills of lading.
(2) Re-exprts of ItajlEILIETREILtp- Soviet Bloc
Countries
The Soviet Union and its European Satellites
probably acted in 1954 (as in former years) as, in effect, agents
for Communist China by procuring and then re-exporting Western in
products- - thus taking advantage of the difference in scope
between Western export controls against China and those against the
European countries of the Bloc. There is still no evidence, however,
by which to gauge the scale of such re-export traffic, which the
Chinese in their published statements presumably regard as part of
their trade with the Bloc. Accordingly, no allowance is made for
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such re-exports in our estimates of Communist Chinas imports from
the NSest,
(3) Transshipments. of_Western Europeao Commodities
E5FoIgh.
The trade return of Western Euroosiml countries
show recorded exports to Caumunist China in 1954 of $4e6 million of
iroi . and steel (roughly 20,000 tons) and $1,6 million (voo tons) of
other commodities apparently in controlled categories These quan-
tities were presmsably shipped under exception procedlres of the COMM
regulations. These figures compare closely with cargo data indicating
that 22,000 tons of iron and steel and 1,500 tons ofhe other commod-
ities in question arrived in Communist China in 1954 lireetly from
Western European ports.
On the other hand, both financial data from London
and intelligence on ship cargoes indicate that substaltial additional
amounts of iron and steel and of ether roods in. controlled .categories
were soid and Shipped to Communist China but were not so recorded in
the trade returns of Western Eurer,ear countries,. Lornion financial d",
indicate that $17,,7 millicr of iron end steel and $5 ,5 million of other
.00ds in the CHTNCOM list were financed through London for shipment to
China, Cargo estimates 'based on the esneral compositton of all cargoes
aod the known origins of over half the cargoes indicate that at least
95,000 tons of iron and steel and some 16,000 tons of other commodities.
In controlled categories represented goods of Western European origin
which ware transshipped to China via Eastern European ports during 1954.
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These tonnages accordingly appear to represent
unrecorded I95h. imports of Communist China from Western Europe. On
- the basis of estimated average prices these unrecorded 1110000 tons
. are valued at $30 million, made up of $16 million for iron and steel
plus 01 million for other commodities in controlled categories.
Nearly- all of the estimated iron and steel plus about oneethird of
the other commodities appear to have been financed through London.
(4) Unrecorded Trade fron Hon.EL Kane
-
There is still no firm intelligence on the volume
of snuggling from Hong Kong te Cormunist China by smel 1 craft and
overland, either directly or via Macaoe Such smugglieg continues to
be significant, but the declining trend observed in 1953 is believed
to have continued in 1954 .
The main indication of a decline in smuggling is
the evidence that the Chinese Communists in 1953 and 1954 have pro-
greseively limited the range of commodities for which they were willing
to pay smuggling premiumz and in general have reduced the magnitude
of the smuggling premiums offered,, During 1954 smuggling premiums
were offered at intervals, 311ggestin g that except for emergency needs
18
-1'
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S-E-C-R-E-T
the Chinese Communists are withdrawing from the Hong Kong market for -
procurement of controlled. materials.
This development does not appear- unuauals for it
appears that the Chinese Communists have obtained alternative and
less expensive sources for controlled materials in the subetantial-
transshipment of Western European goods via Earopean Bloc countries
.and in the ripe of nem-military imports from Bloc countries. Moreover,
in 1954 controls in Hong Kong were not relaxed s and their enforcemeet
may well have become more effective owing to the accumulated experience
and expanded facilities of the enforcement agencies.
The estimates of the volume of smuggling
25X1C are 6,000 tdhs and 6,000 tons respectieelys as compared
with the estimate of 10,000 tons in 1953. Recognizing the diffieulty
of making a precise estimate of the tonnage smuggleds it is agreed
for present purposes to use an estimate ef 7,000 tons valued somewhat
arbitrarily at S5 million to represent the scale of smuggling from
Hong Kong to Communist China. in 1954.
(5) Unrecorded Trade from Macao
There are no published official trade statistics
on Macaole exports to China in 1954, but these exports consisted
mainly of: (1) the re-export of strategic cargoes of Portuguese
vessels declared for and arriving at Macao from Western Etrope;
(2) the re-export of strategic cargoes received feom Hong Kong
39
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25X1C
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hther as Hone Konr expo or as transshipments via Hong hang on
ftr'ngh bills of lading; (3) Macao's exnort and ee-exports of good
non-strategic nature; and (4) commoditiea smugpled from Hong
np through Macao to Communist China. Macao's exports to Communist
l'Ana aro hero estimated on the basis of only the first three of the
above catepories, since the fourth has already been included in the
immediately preceding section under smuggled imports from Hong Kong0
es
un the J ais of available evidence, it is estimated
that in 1954 Macao exported to Communist China almost 20,000 tone of
largo valued at $10 million. This estimate is based on the following
culations:
Direet rort to Macao on Portuguese vessels
lostern i'juropean commoditiel cloariu ihtonded for re-export to
Cmmuntst China decreased shnrply in 19'4 as compared to 1953" The
rorturuese vessels, lIndia" "Hovuna," and n-.M.mor" made a total of
rour voyages to Macao, none after uLr Aj4, in whi.ch they carried
exat
caro from continental 4estern Ouropenn norts. The vessels
carried the follooing goods,1
Yhis tonnago Is also supported by indeperidgrit local estimates that
averaref IAW)0 tons ner rnonth ilovud from Macio to China.
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-,-..-tkethqr,- 431hOfl Konr. 01Xport.s or au trahsrihipmente iong rle, On
bUle of ladinF- 0 ) Macno's exports and re-export orgookiv
,f non-strategic natore4 ahdLicommoditles 3mai):7Led frork Hang
;.r.0:1137 throurb Yacao to Commmint ehiraflaano?9 ex,:)orte to +..":5mmunist
are here faAttrnated n;,he tgoas i).t7 ?Ink?' the ::71..r...3t three of the
:411040 CatOrOrl
, since the fourth has alreay been Included in the
r&Iit1JV preceding Ilect 4n Untier ;411-Al.y:lext 'arm r-0:.!?s from. *mg ICong o
the Jaft.so it Is estimated
in 1954 Macao exported Gom Artist C1tu ai 20000 tone' of
f-ngo valued at $10 million., This estAmate bneqd ;311 the fol .:Lowing
r;111. eta attone
Innort4 W itiV740 on cru ie vessels
lestern j2;uropean mj tei ciri tntdei fr re-exort to
rqmunist China deereased aherply '4.r1 icri4 a3 compael to 19'5:3 The
(Irtuguese vessels, ''acilruma, ?und amor' made a total of
voyaiges to Maeno, hon after 1-4iit in telch they carried
-;?tratef,le caro from continental oiesterr Aa,--opeun ports v The vessels
carried t,he v-ollouing froodsq.
`...tyttotAge ts also supp---:;rted by Indepe nt Ge.al as Liana Lea that
100 tens Tio,ovd MaCAo t0 Ghihac
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Croup Tons
Ins tr3.20(.41t6 bearinos;, electronic valvoel
spare parts for vehicles
50
General industrial croiment 1;850
Iron and steal 1.500
.Non-ferrous m-taIs 700
Ohmic:els 2,3400
Other 5 /
ToWL
:-folMe3 of the above carpo is bOteved not to have reached
':Icamconist China, learly 1,000 tons of this cargo were known ta be
2911 in storage in Macao late in the year, part of which may he
of strategic iooda
een included in some 3000 tons reported to have been re-exported
Hong Kong. For the four voyages; therefore it is estlmatvad
'that 9;000 tons of strategic cargo carried on Portuguese vessels
from Western. Europe were re-exported to Communist China. The value
of these re-exports is estemated at g7 million*
2. Hong Kongos rocorded exports to Macao in 1954 totaled
0O00 tuns valued at awreximately $11 million. Of these exports;
-citrategic goods such as metals; petroleum; machiney and electrical
oquipment amounted in value to alo million and in volume to 2000
tons, About half of Hong Kongle recorded exports of strategic goods
re-
Macao may have reached Communist China; and theseAeLTorts frem
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RET
Macao ore assessed at approximately 1,000 tons of matelot petroleum,
Tlathims and equipuen t valued at something tinder 61 trd11.1 on 0.
(b) In 1954 Macao increased tenfold its imports of cargo
transelipped througli Hong tong on tilrough bills of lading. This cargo
1;las principally foodstuffs but included some strategic goods Kach as
copper vire bar vp bearings and chemicals from Western Europe. Infor-
mation from Hong Kong indicates that 1,300 tons of strategic goods
Tere traveshipped to Macao by this method in 1994t and it is believed
that all of This tonnage MB re-exported to Communist China during the
nar. The value 1.,=. roughly assessed at $1 million.
3. Macaots exy.orts of non-strategic goods to China were prin
n pally rice, fertil?.zer and miscellaneous consumer goods. The volume
and value of these exports are estimated, on the basis of official
inpublished information from Macao, partially supported by in tel.ligence
have been
on junk traffic, tolkx approximathly 7,000 tons and n million.
(6) Rubber from Southeast Asia
One umncorded shipment of 6,000 tons of rubber
valued at 33 nrillicn from Indonesia to Communist China on a Bloc
-mesa ii known to have occm-red in 1954. This shipment was ostensibly
exported '.o another destine,Uc..n but was actually delivered to Communist
China. The:15 is no reliable clidence of other 'unrecorded shipments of
rubber to Caviuniot China, although some snail shipments may have
occmred0 In ? law of the fact that additional supplies of rubber
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SE-C-R-1-T
wore available to C zunist China from Ceylon and that rubber exports
pean Blo
4trie3 were not yestricted-iL is hi
the Ch!ole.%,,4:-.) Coil:ward eta would have obtained
of rubber thro
rally h
r.'cost ucLng chbno,,
yea '(*6 ?ag,t'fg ii.i...1.014arl et, 1 iiati.K
for the possibility of other unrecorded imports - particularly by sea
routes from nearby Pacific Islands or from Southeast Asia Although
accurate assessment of the extent of such unrecorded traffic in 1954
is not possibles, it is believed that sufficient account has already
been taken of most of the kinds of unrecorded trade for which an
additional over-all allowance was made in previous years,, The prin-
cipal indication of other specific tonnages in 1954 is a. single repel
that a cargo of coconut oil which had been recorded as ShiDped to a
non-bloc destination may- have later been diverted to China? Accordingly it is estimated that any such other movements re reaonably
covered by "rounding up" the agreed total unrecorded trade eixrate
to approximately 15(4000 tans valued at $50 million.
dual:meg of Commturist, China g s Unrecorded Import:3 tn 195'4' Esti ma ttil
1-i&dc Tons
Million ILS? Dollars
From Western Europe
111000
PO
.From Hong Kong
7,000
5
trom Macao
18,000
10
fcabber from Southeast Asia
6r)000
3
All other unrecorded trade
82.929, (aPP?)
Total unrecorded trade
(app.)
$50
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A-E-C-R-E-T
30 ,./orts
Communist Chine's exports* to non-Communist countries
in 1954 appear from the import statistics of the various non-Bloc
countries to have been $297 miilion?,** as compared -with $323 million
in 1953 and $270 million in 19520 (See Tables 7 and 7ap PP. 4540)0
Exports to Western Europe pd the Western Hesisphere declined from
$110 million in 1953 to $88 million in 1954, accounting for most of
the over-all decrease? As to the rest of the Free World -the value of
exports to Ceylon, Malaya, and Hong Kong (see Table H? p0 51) also
dropped in 1954 as compared with 1953, but this drop was largely offset
by increased exports to Japan and French Morocco?
statiiini-a most Uestern countries are given by country
of origins and in many cases commercial transactions through inter-
mediary countries are not reflected in the stat4sticsc, It is known
that shipments from Communist China to continental Western European
ports frequently involve a sale by Communist China to a European
Satellite, followed by re-sale to the western importer Therefore,
while the figures quoted above are thought fairly accurately to reprea-
ent the amount of Canmunist ?-:hinags export trade with the West, the
Chinese Communists probably regard a substantial proportion of their
exports to Western Europe as trade with the Satellite members of the
Soviet Bloc.
** This total is derived mainly from published statistics but also
includes (1) $1 million for exports of coal to Pakistan known to have
taken place on a government-to-government basis but not yet shown in
Pakistani statistics, and (2) $505 million for exports to Macao, from
unpublished official Macanese returns? (Figures available as of June
1955 support a tabulation of $296. million in Table 7g p. 45 ff. It ifs
anticipated that the final total will be at least $297 million and this
figure is used throughout this reports)) Not included are exports from
Communist China to the Free World countries not recorded in trade returns
of the latter, consisting primarily of narcotic's for which Communist
China may have obtained foreign exchange of some $10 million?
- 44,
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Approved For Nase 2001/11/hina4aMe5S00362A40400020002-3
? VALUE OF itI29013p_ CHBFESE COMMUNIST KTFOR.T6 70 NO
anG ,orkparat,iw
Ar.:0
ST ':'0IFTRIES0
Thousands of EB Dollars
owl MI "ra:tffle-7---"S-tir 3-953 Total?!
Traenatvu "Mnals...0.03
Colombia
200
110
$ 313
ins1g3
'Canada
31,090
i,751
1441
15,489
United States
99
71
173
595
Ana iris
197
681
873
Insigo
81aLieibourg
4377
681
24)53
6515
Oonmark
6
214.
30
1,943
Finland
4,549
1,404
2,953
4956
R,..anee
4 590
)4,382
81.972
4,422
cleat Germany
17,5598
2040
:37,683
329745
4
641
1,541
2382
6,564
Nvtheriands
1 288
3)000
6,1288
13p,995
avay
873
11566
29439
30445
Sueden
502
A00
1,102
1.471
Switzerland
h,733
5,, 866
10p599
1.69319
Ilited Kingdom
1041405
15?259
255)604
30,075
:L4 adjustment for coida
except for the 1105,,, and
Canada)
?6)894
-8,281
.15,175
-3.9027
Sub to tal
T 40,254
te :N1TAL
8,14115 4; 87 g 695' $ 109,9 907
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Approved For Release 2001/1i/0?6:l'Idiki&85S00362P450400020002-3
t , t:tymen,.
r.41
tai
r at?IA and
Oce;?4rtis,
A ; tralifet
N TV Zealand
,1.1',/rata
?`1.4 ;,tylo
-4).en en Morocco
Y,,*(1C11 best .1.frieu
ixdia
sidoorana
1,14on es id
ttpstn
s'Y 34`7 $ 14491h0
f'741
Y.14:5 )1, 540A)
!?1
k t41
0 .1 jtj
dith .1( 4.114
t.3 666
314,876 i 4,441(9
6i6 iTat?J.4s;
.3g5igc,
22?J 404s, 164
:3.66
11.9 5
4156 111, A
94e. ,9124
8p.38
110 p 770
?,? :,4?-ff
Action
'411
,),,5141;t1
4.4) Av
0551
14 50
290.0d
3.5p 101
l'Ak is t,an
11
.)1V)
,3
i-11.1?51 11 pp irked
3
500
96 )
;20,45
t' an
ad us talent for c to
for the Phiiippl n es
emcpt
'Ds. 573 1412 7711
:1;07a4; Kong 22 ,34,V1 lib, 200',Y
66,.70...)12/ 1 014
5R-Lede
1141,427
Total $ 1.30,9952 $ LAi $ 2969170Y 32,40198
-
4??oo .0.5O14e3 next page)
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0
r.5
Approved For Release 2001/i1;681.6RIRDP85S00362N60400020002-3
? 1".2 :Jog. a ? 1
(,,t, :?fti ? ?
ti1.4?,;?! ?,??
the
L' ? ?.s ? L ,??? . ;??-i
'dt'CA .1
.,..10.Lo
ti$ 1:C0.r t..1 1 .?
k4444
tat
.r,14.1.04 ;-41 rt?firl
A, 1 a...1; ion tr.4...
;-
VS t'3
- ? i tVA?,' t t4?
tk..4 .At
fr1 4 a
r L -;14,
iet4,1, t
-1,3?i,Liet 03.4 t,he ..?t3 ZA.4
U.:41 11.6 011 5
tietiat; Lion 11.443 btri .)71r,
tecl e ? i
US-1.1'y all
iii td tIrLs1..n y
tif-?theri.anda. Sgypt.? .,!Varx.a?az. 4 bj
troll long L?11?:..11.toe D.0 .importes,
0,7,aaet,2E1c, voods ofL?Frtt,..t
t21:41 Ong art,f. ?C'??' d ,
-*4111,441,t t Ultit daducti.on :41; .['cii.kokisIt
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otoote t
Hong Iteng8e total .tirli-OX -Z1A
tui onri hi(*
1.4x4s: Esttlrg
7.,eooLded i 4141,rt data e,o-
other cow: t.7-:rnp
from China
Tail4an:
Japan
Indochins,
Indoor:m/s
Other
Total dedlwtthn
Hong Kong "I'r, retained luipc.,.r,
.frote Commis t China and
-eexpork not n
:4,01tport data or ,,eilitor etrr-.z117,-'44N
AS imports from
:61c6
- 0
nolpealsalueSenw
A
C., k
io 0
601
1.06
i,4 300
Op9
5,8 2
1,04,2
$6607
Alo, ins pee on of the trae ten 1.9::.; 3 indica ted that bot (41?
Hong Kor.g,s irrsports rr,x? wEre r,i-expr.,?rted,
roport On a covntTy *f
? Total as of June, 19550 It is efitioipated that the finpl figures vein
total at least $297 million rzy.;d this fim-ire is used throughout this report,
11,8
- j*Zrei.A;
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A '
3r9Llatz....Qz.zga?...Rvz. gams-14.....cokkaw_tucleala
1
ei dui
6,119 trio,
gitm-LAA
France
West Germany
riandi
Italy
141!(1, no ay
Sti,LL,Actriznd
lnited Kirtgden-
to tal
6k1
11.?,ar Es t'iSOceanial,.
t Asia
r gr)
1.4000 L'A:1,0C0
..L.:100
e00 30,0t.k :,404,5(X)
-
1,A5C4 6;-,UC*.a ..;s:5-0C:
.143,-,600 U. 0,) 29,60(i
3,A).$0 L,0-30 702iet
l?060Q, f 1- 04.k
55.,OrA.A.)L2.1 6g 9,36'7I.1.2p 9381L'
ii,1?.?000 ilt.s.wo 214 Quo
A tri trail aI, ',i,47-,k , Is..200
l-,:eiy'10A?A .C1A),5A (AC047 120 , 000
1,`relleil Horoceo
.124UsA1
T..-.:AdoehilAa t. tk ri 4
Trx-loiaesia ?,?}.i,..,)0 82,00C
Folays kV; .30C! 401)000
Paldetsrl 4.1,,,,ko 1,00e
aabtotal i4500
Tatman
VAcAtio
Othar
1014444
t3.)
1,,300
7LN P
459 20?.'
7
142. 678V
/4400 _
2' ,,"-00%,/
11A-91:XY
1.3,,1.400
e,6s,3()-0
114-.:(4000
25k -000?/
b 3 378U
t3u0
?
- ?
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Approved FO7-wiritse 2001/11/08 : CIA-RDP85S0036201406400020002-3
'h1s 7*.fe:)0iTaate,, 4
reported in the trade returns of the tl.ading partner. LsAmates
for the se.(,t.ond hAlf arc in generril .rojected on tho ba3is of' report3
Vovering thme or four months.. Data for the fun .year are avAlabie
!:'or SwitteAand, kiawg. and Hong KO I
ihcludine istiporth Nan. Hong Kong:.
co This estimate excludes J.51000 metric tons of sU,g8,:7 shownin ey10
:-,rade returns as imports f rom Taiwan,
d. Estimated. seabornee Total export tormape to India (including Tibet?".:
?!.:xpotts) ii..3ti.mated at 2,1000 Inetrj,c tons lo VII: first hail and
;2,500 durin;;7 the 3 econd
avoid aupli ea ti (see footnote 1 Ia l'ablP 6 to r further tai. ts
-J Uciig adjtmnt th 'long Kong's ref ort!LA 1711p0 CGS frail Uorinnun-
:;s t China wore made:
Total 'qong Kong
porte from
Coi'llrailliZit China
rel.II; reexports of'
1,:?tioese merchandise
?thr)neh. Hong Kong
to:
1, ArtetriT.,ons
;1A1 'and nall
;;;-!9,0 ?
total
316,0 5h5.0
76,..,0 135*6
Indochina 6,.0. ';* i IL I
ti2 .0
deductiom, 14)0t 149.3 293,0
.E-sttted ne4: ipr;IA V./
Hong Rong from k.;ommuntst
China
85.,4
?1?01?110MINIMII
166.7 252.0
1?11??????111119.n.
?????????????10.
Total for the year only, No ':iroakown .s al,a1iabie ft7. the first and
::loond halves of the yea!-,
,
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Approved For Rolottse 2001111/08YCIA-RDP85S00362R1105400020002-3
OOMNODITY COMPOSITION OF RECORDED COMMUNI5T CHINESE EXPORTS
Tv-ft
1. I tr.? ry
1'74mA,
0).144011.04.,
/*A
rthi/q-04
rrvidA.
t
pTe
1`..,Tiohl _le' 17,1,
?
t'm*,
,
*1-
l'Tbousszids of US Dollz-risf'')
Itytel
$ 7,973 $ 1k,87t)
-1() 814p
18,8o1
79 0,048
1L.69 23, 748
.'fi 1 , 284
,1041 ,161
666
7 11?344 18,664
'
6(171 tia
711
96
?r,714'6 - nt Rw 11.r.1 /727 flr the first
,
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IP. OM* mom DOM fee OIMI.
Volume of Principal -Trade Movements
A. Total Communist Chinese Trade
1. Introduction
The volume of Chinese Camnunist trade movements have
been estimated on the basis of various evidence with differing degrees
of reliability. The firmest estimates are those of trade with non-Bloc
countries and seaborne trade with the Bloc -- which are based on non-Bloc
trade returns and other intelligence on cargoes. (See, however, footnote
below)* A portion of overland trade movements has been estimated on
the basis of (a) a specific North Korean statement of the tonnages of
grant aid shipments from the Chinese Communists, (b) commodity import
estimates (e.g. POL and steel imports from the USSR), and (c) estimated
traffic over certain transport routes (e.g. Chinese Communist exports
through Orodekovo Suifenho). The remaining portions of the trade
were calculated by deducting the estimated value of the commodity
tonnages enumerated above from the total value (see Section /I above),
and dividing the residual value by an estimated average price per ton for
ccmmodities believed to make up the remaining traffic. Although such
pricing necessarily involves a considerable margin of error, the
resulting estimates have also been canpared with such evidence
as defectors' reports on trade arrangements and patterns, traffic
7r-TriE-67ana-be noted that ship movements, themselves, are well known
and can be described with virtually 100 percent accuracy. It has,
however, been necessary to estimate certain portions of the cargo
information from other known data, including trade returns. Sources,
methodology, and deficiencies in basic information on ocean shipping
and cargoes are discussed in Appendix A, and this should be referred to
whenever an appraisal of the validity and reliability of ocean cargo
data is desired.
. 52 -
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LI-E-G-ReEeT
Imam ...Oa Oldo ?OM MIK.
observationz at ',check points etc, and are believed to estabileh
-eithin broad limits the relative magnitudes of the trade movements
Involveth
The total trade volume is estimated at close to 11,4
milli n tons? of which 45 percent was determined from trade data and
cargo estimates 31 percent was estimated. directly from other evidence,
and ?h percent was based primarily on the estimated residual values?
^ 4? 1
OkiFr
al Issrtk
Az indicated in Section II, above, total imports into
mmunist China during 1954 are estimated at ft,250 million, rem,-
oentine: about 30$ million tons, Preliminary analyeis of cargoes tndi-
eatev that approximately' ',523 million, representing close to 1,600,000
tons, moved by ocean shipping, leaving a balance of 0727 millions re-
presenting rouehly 1,9000000 tons, which is estimated to have moved.
overland - largely by rail, (See summary table 9, po 54, and detailed
eilseuseioes following.)
3z Tsttal Tvorps,,
Communist China's exports are estimated at 019250 million
represent ng about 7.9 million tons, These were made up of an estimated
M09 million, representing over 3,5 million tone exported by ocean
nhipptae? anJ a balance of :7;841 million, representing some 4,3 million
tons, ehice moved overland - again very largely bi rail. (See summary
table 90 p, 511 and detailed discussions following.)
- -
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mot
-T
.1110 el???? ran mime $110IN
Table 9
S =dues./ Communist Chinals &stimated Trade Movements lr../
1-:t Estimated Aetual-Tirin and Destination Cr+71-7??goes)
By Ooean Shipping
Million
JI US Dollars
Over land
Million
US Dollars
Total
--Fifa oil.=
lit US Dollars
'Imports fromt
USSR
i';aropipan Satellites
North Korea & Mongolia
iet Minh
on- be
Total
txports tos
USSR
European Satellites
North Korea & Wagons
Viet Minh
Non-Bice
Total
700000
480,000
0 Aso
Off 0
1,033,000
10
190
.0
323 y
1,700,000
110,000
100,000
10,000
615
90
17
5
1,770.000
590,000
100,000
10,000
1,033 .000
625
280
17
5
323
1 583a 000

# 523
1920,000
727
3 503 000
4 1,250
=======
?4
450,000
1,048,000
13,000
2,039.000 y
4 35
100
41*-
2
272
3,100,000 y
110.000
1.000 000
27,000
100,000 7/
# 580
60
148
28
25!/
3,550,000
1,158,000
1,000,000
40,000
2 l39,000
?IL
# 615 51
160 I/
148
30
297
3,550,000
# 409
4,337,000
841
7?887 000
L).2312
ad on Sea on II, A4and sur Seat on II ? B, and C- w 0 OU re erre'a-E-EWftita'ticp-oi-Yfgu,
2, The estimated 430,000,000 of imports from estern European oountries transshipped via Gdynia (see Section 110
A, 3, Po 15) have been subtracted from the 4310,000,000 figure evlained in Section II, A, 4, pc, 18)0
(Footnotes continued on following page)
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Let 9 (Conti=Arid )
eoptnotea, ocutirtued
*so. --oi I inn iidi aa .1 i t amazes As1
with a value of perhap3 #20,000,000) willoh moveo:!, to 1Z.Ine, from
Kowloon (Hong Kong) by truok or over the Cantf.T-kow/oon tailroa ,
or from Macao via smuujing through kelvon arroikt aiAM4 13Uppli08,
however., all arrived in fon & hong or Macao by s6s.1za the irestc
A, Representative of a range in estimate a perhap8 ;" to' c, ;'D kVA
t;Orill
b. The $80,000,000 of exports to the satellites alai th041 #11:),3W,(,)00
to the USSR estimated onovo been re-sold and doilvered to non-
taco countries (see Seotion 1(? A. 3, p. lb) ruvv.e been 8 ubtractoU
from the 6atellite and USSR fires and added to tte non-bIoo
fiKure as discussed inbeotion IL A, 4:? ppo and 18,, and table
6, Based on export cargo Nrate except tor Hong on ono ',Japan - whore
k;rade returns have bac= used (Bee bection ill, 6, L., p. 61) Kr.d a
'peg ported SO 0 DX ? tows for Weao (1argely earrled by junks Slid
1atu3ohes).
76 Represents eiyorts to Kowloon Wong Kong,;, via truck and raAlread,
ohief1,y of foodstuffs for consumption within the oolorq .
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LA
(viaued at
tons,? 1NoiA all
ehippl..ngc Thia voll.i..11eestim,-Litt, la bai;e4
reicihrAl!!?.' cargo r, tE L .cepi for. 4apan Vl.a!ze trade
tlgnre h.;41Te - a. null her (7,!::' de tailed axi.,,lus eLx.-
311 nUown wy rabj.t.: 11,, pp, :59O0):,
eAL4.ropc 0.14).ped
IO ,C2C to Gorriatarli.4:., (.4.,.1.. in 1.954f, 0ver ot 'which 'wasi
vUi in J.Airove.,13 tIrinage tuatii,Fcr,eo largely
forA. -e.r 00C and 1 rw ? La-t.t4L- stLee:iL. , .to a
05 9UO nfriuIre
;.uiCi t.nit
y'r4a HoriLT Xong
hf1.71 ben L14.40 ViMen. td 'by idt.ae data and a part.l.al
IzAbiEt 10, Li 51)
man" jri:;:tirti;.,ti L ? ic,r `ii,6Ltifi.S under 1,....000
O p.r.o.lc,ient.mzwe Cr pifigc,res 1,ar tA0 printo,I*1 tonnagis
.;:m.d. other ehemS car 1 =Itlflie 1 6 000 tiUn
rci LdLO te*-tt trAnsehipped
011'0W.ji H.11..LS Itt.l.rtg have been
'11r)f,r aroLant.5, reac,ne :,;n1Lfla Hari. &mg Xacao)
.d mosti of tbese ccmmodities 11,TAL arrived in the
Tar East by sea from the West?
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Jan Deo 1964
t .F7.?01L1 4,,E4;1-Ar
July Leoesiber
Meth4a i'ransport
Occad-c1n6 Vessole
River-Steamer!
zlunks
Chine.
Lt1,14.0
TOta 1
China
Liacao
130
e
11
54
106,
To
1
7
30
LaushoheE4
Total gistar Borne
157
155
38
46.1.1.1.n2C
Rail
6
il
6
4
Road
?i4
aff
Total "tor Horne
And Land Horne
163
38
201,
159
38
Total
106
7
80
4
197
???????....
Thcusa
January - AAscemb
f cxi t-Q06
Calina
2363/
lisona
1
Tota A
lb
18
7
57
134
72;
388
10,
mer,"
044.
'76
398
i hii;abls, compiled from Hong Kong. official E tat i stio a ? shows R 11 recorded traffic from Hong bA to Chims
and Macao including
(1) oda exporte from .Hong KRng and
(2) titcods exported tc China from third eountries via Hong on and transhipped there. It does not include
transit carzo, i.o. cargo arriving in a ship calling at Hong Kong on route for Chins Out not trans-
shipped in the Colony.
2, This Hong Kong "reoorded' figure of 235,000 tons by ceenn.going vessels oqmpared closely with a corresp-
onding figure of 239,000 tons totalled from cargo estimates of individual sailings,, The difference is
attrikatalas roundirg of the many component items of the total recorded figure,84 wea ae to
discrepancies in 'lin transit" figures reported in the Hong Kong Bulletin.
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.1.4.1. mon. 04 ?????? nl?
tubtracted from iYV rt arrivals from Hong Kong and added to those
.f.rom OE Asia, The ad-'usted total tonnage of 310,000 tons from
long Kong, includes 21101000 ions of fertilizers and 2 7,000 tons of
ot:,er chelicals and dycstuffs.
In view of the major (*CMS in intelligence on cargoes
from Japans official trade data have of necessity been used to estimate
the tonnages shipped in this period. Of a total of 137,000 tons,
107,000 tons of fertilizer and 17,000 tors of ot er chemicals accounted
for the arcater part of the tonroges. Of this total, 91,0(1) tons
c uld be confirmid by cargo estimates covering 115 arrivals; but no
formation was available on 99 other sallings to China from Japans
and it was only possible to assume these voyages carried the additional
Y1000 tons recorded in Japanese trade returns.,
Cargo data supports an estimated seaborne shipment from
other areas totaling 100000 tons, and including principally 67,500
tons of rubber from Ceylon sod Indonesia; 385000 tons of raw cotton
from Pakistan, Egypt and -Drazil; and 20,000 tons of coconut oil
mainly from Ealaya and Ceylon. The cotton and coconut oil fiaures
include tonnages estimated to have been transshipped via hong iiong
for account of Southeast Asian countries but still fall short of ,
trade returns_ for these commodities by 11,000 tons of cotton and
13,000 tons of coconut oil. Some of these trade figures, however,
include trodt with Formosa; and small tonnages may "eve moved in
vessels under1,000 GRT 0 The balance is believed to represent
9 - -
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*MIA ???? ~ROOM.
subtracted from mm' ort arrivals from Hong Kong and added to those
from 8E Asia- The adNsted total tonnage of 310,000 tons from
Hong Kong, includes 2).09000 tons of fertilizers and 2',000 tons of
other chemicals and dyrstuffs.
In view of the major gaps in intelligence on cargoes
from Japan, official trade data have of necessity been used to estimate
the tonnages shipped in this period. Of a total of 137?000 tons,
107,000 tons of fertilizer and 17,000 tons of ot ler chemicals accounted
for the orcater part of the tonneges?, Of this total, 919000 tons
could be confirmed by cargo estimates covering 115 arrivals; but no
information was available on 99 other sailings to China from Japan,
and it was only possible to assume these voyages carried the additional
V1000 tons recorded in Japanese trade returns.
Cargo data sunports an estimated seaborne shipment from
other arEas totaling 10,000 tons, and including principally 670500
tons of rubber from Ceylon end Indonesia; 38,000 tons of raw cotton
from Pakistan, Egypt and Brazil; and 20,000 tons of coconut oil
mainly from riclaya and Ceylon. The cotton and coconut oil fi-res
include tonoages estimated to have been transeApned via Hong hong
for account of Southeast Asian countries but still fall short of
trade returns for these cormodities by 11,000 tons of cotton and
13,000 tons of coconut oil. Some of these trade fieures? however,
include trade with formosa; and small tonnages may eve moved in
vessels under 1,000 ORT0
The balance is believed to represent
5n -
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t 15' T.4 loq1" :""11)117,3rti m. J.110.8(1irtrt1
4.4:r nr,'1,5erttiflwi ti. ott-41, ti serk
svi oc
t c.:11 xi a ,,*3e,1i
1 from Nryc.-R1 n Cbtelt1 tP,40,
crty
r ri:-":,:'
Troll ' 1..terl
M or ? t or nous m v tais
64:=Pl'IO":.
',,'-pi ,t.;,: Tr i-LOIri3pk,
CI ' 5f: ret
gicit,,I. NIT Ls 5-rgcorl Ls
9 c? ???(X?C; 22,500
IC:, , !XX) tic
,f it ?. /50
i
I i cr!') F. g 01117f;"Jana A; '4'
. .
50 3b*,)
c 3141
1 , .?,.':'0 ,.,4 )
, i,
Kit 0 the*,..V.
,.....
..r.
i,.:
Total
13 7,910
111;90
119/55
i
17
il
l'
67 3,500
i'
?
? X:1?,4,.x)il
4.4),0KV/
107000
?
5719.?000
[
1,7 30
k
:'f,:.1.w,-t c''.NoatiA enle
410
36 ,c..30)
2 f.:' ,iiY)0
17 ..,!..t.x.:i
2 4) 300
6 3 qe00
I]
',ots.-z,,,nt.! ?4.-: 011
-,_
,---., .41
-Po ?000
2C ,500
1.
1,1; ,(1.7,0
11:; :,-..:04-.)
11-, KA:
7 , 500
0.800
1;
,
?
, ..,, ,... ....,.,?
11 ., !:.'44:
,000
31)) t)))
)C(X)u
137 ,Oc;!
135,000
990 00
iNporte through
OocIr. arid
A.ida (see table 43)
i?,70)314e01)
-c r c; 1 owing pagel
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SeP?=-C-11-7,-T
6.xetnotee
1 , Based on cargo data except as othemisei indicated
2?, Based on cargo data for 239,000 tons shipped ie. CP cean-going
vessels,. To this figure has been added 77,000 tons reported as
glowing In smaller vessels and 109000 tons repoef.ed as moving by
rail or highway. The resuiting total of 326,000 tons includes
32,000 tals reported as traiisshipped on through bills of lading?
Of this fitgure at least 16,,000 tons is estimated to represent
coconut o.l and raw cotton from Southeast Asia; arc; a corresponding
tonnage has therefore been transferred fron .the Hong Kong to the
!,..:esetheast Asian figure. Commodities moved overland and in small
-vessels have been analysed only to the extent necessary to identify
.rertilizer movements; but Lrade data has been used to obtain total
movezent figures for "other chenicals" (the seeond most important
tonnage item). Other identified commodity total ?s for Hong Kong
include only cargoes carried in vessels over 1Ce00 CRT.
Figures for Japan are from trade data,,
All from .Southeast Asia except 3,000 tone of raw cotton from
Egypt and 7,500 tons of wheat, )11000 tons of cotton, and 29000
loris of quebracho fror South America. Figures ahem include a
minimum of 9,000 tons of raw cotton and 7,000 ton ts of coconut oil
estimated to have been shirtoed via Hong Kong on through bine of
lading for account of Southeast. Asian countries.
including 195,000 tons ryas cargo data or vessels over 19000 MT
and ii5;000 tons identified as Itlen1 rested from Hong Kong in smeller
vessels.
Of Vole tonnage., 17000 tons .moved overlard and in mall vesaels.
Comodities involved in these movemen ts have not been analyzed in
detail) although manifest infoneation for most of it is available.
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f
2,, Exports
porta to the Free World in 19540 'oalued at $297
? -,,1?11.1ions totaled nearly 21,1503,000 tonsi almost r.al of 4iih arrived
1-,7y ocean sidpping,.* The volume catinate is based both on r:orgo Intel-
11,gence and owl- odity tonnages trade r et orns (Sec Table 12
Cargo data reveal that ':estern Earope received about
17ft9000 tons from Communist China ii. i9 The largest commoaity este-
-ories were soybeans (10E9000 tons ) # peanuts (549000 ) I industriAl
oils (229000 tons), and foodstuffs (3510)0 1,ons),,
:n view of the rens in Intel tigence on caroes from
:.011tdlin1llt China to Js an, offieial trade dat.a have berm used to estimnte
the tonna.e shipped during 195h. Cf a total of 753,000 tons, about
1,25?000 tons of salty 509000 tons of coa1,9 60,000 tom of iron ore, and
1:3010 tons of cereal,s and seeds 'were
Cargo data indicate that the Near East, South and South-
east Asia received about 38?,000 tons from Courrunist Chime during 1951;
The 1..r.i.nc1pa1 colmodity groups, -were rIce and other cereals (225?000
tolls) and coal (1069000 torte )
Hong Kong rhipping returns stowed importt from Communist
ft.5na of 536 (7,00 tom consisting lergely o foodstuffs aeCt
ierd ilatert ale, It is believed that six-nit 250,0a3 tonn of flhineee
products were :retained in Tionrr row durinp 19,5;11, the balance representing
ong hong re.serports,,
ercortecl by small craft to 7onr Kong., and
iln ri4(1ltlorru 1859000 tons were Eninp,,A overland to ,,oruf, Fong ad 'Tanao?
_
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C45mmod
-
Tab:101 J2
Com os than of Communist Chines .
to Non-bloc Countries 1954
-In etric tons")
Iron ore
Nonferrous' ma tale
1,:estern
Euroee
-
rear East,
kf'rloa,
South
S.E? Asia 2/
HonG KonA: 4/
JaPaP 5/
Total
5e,600
55,600
met ores
500
15,950
164450
Textiles
91400
225
1,',0
29775
13,950
Rice and other cereals
15,250
226,770
5,500
75,630
323,150
5oybeans
Other oil seeds
108,380
14,750
4,500
25,000
4,750
57,280
20/4,660
feanuts
54,250
54,250
g products
4,750
400
5,150
industrial oils
22,150
5,800
3,100
31,050
Jute
400
400
Bristles & feathers
490
490
Tobacco
80
60
c2eher foodstuffs
15,150
220
232,800
452,150
700020
Coal
108 000
6,850
47,350
162,200
Other agricultural
raw materials
800
60,880
7,200
68,880
Miscellaneous t
unidentified:
141 550
1s6,700
192,870
33 450
74.1btota1s (rounded) 378,000
3870000
536,000
753,000
2,054,000
t%emmunist Chinas exports to Macao
Ad Total (rounded)
85 000
2439,000
17-TommuniEEiTi exports to non-gloc countries virtually all ovie 6r small
with the exception of 100,000 tons overland to Hong Kong. craft
The volume of Communist Chinas exports to ';!estern Europe is estimated from
cargo intelligence. The figure includes commodities purchased directly by
Weetern Europe plus commodities which were shipped to Western Europe on Bloc
eccount but which were later re-sold to Western European countries.
3. Communist China's exports to the Near East, Africa, South and Southeast Asia
ere estimated from cargo intelligence. Coal figures include 8,000 tens en
the Nissho Meru confiscated by the Chinese nationalists.
(Footnotes continued on following paee';
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Table t ( ontinued )
Footoo Les _writinued _
ti7 IOC-ording to official amp; to-ng these tonnage uree
'Include 1329000 tons exported in ocean .poing VeE1' 3O8O00 tons
-in vessels under 1,000 GRT,0 end 97,000 tons shipb6.,::1 overland 'by rail
reath eargo information covered only 105,000 tons of the
3,32,000 tons in larger ti e s se ,1 3 5, bat there were a rlarnber, o adthtimal
departures whose individual carcp,lis were not reported ? Accordingly?
official How: Konq trade data have be1 used to provide the corodlt7
coniposiU.on shown.
eati se of gaps in in telli gen ce for cargoes from Carmel s t China to
Japank the tonnage figures reported in trade retirne have been used,
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Co 'X'rade wiir the fixo"
tho
,
with thp Tli;314, 1.1 em+.imated to he been 1
),TP.:?oxi. , balance at $625 eanh wayo (Sne 20A0h, D, 16)
Imports rrom rff6P
it ls believed .:17,sit :31mo:t9t Ob1.11A $!4 Imports h:v wator
from the -1-34if were relAtively 1.1p,ht tn. 195b.,0 Dur-Ji.n.r. that yea ? only
one ihip appears to have dei.ivemd mercilandise ir Communist China
oil rent from a European r6SR oortc, and this cart-110 on7.7r 100 tons of
,t fed All o tier Soviet n re,oes de 11 va red n CommuoiR
origAnated in the Far East, The total c011/3iSteti of a.noroximakely
Of) 000 tons of petroleum (calculated at an assumed value of $50 per
ion) whtch znoved by sea from 'Vladivostok i1ug about 20..000 tons of
other prodmts (including 10.,000 tons of paper from Sa:kball,n),-, The
et:4 time ti..4d value of these total seaborne .f.mpor t t O, at only 41,-,10
12) Over Land
r4ma,"*; tang 1..0.5 rij.11 ion d C ference ',I/0v, .1
the ?6 tImatod value of total imports and seaborne cAroyi-Je3 roved
overland largely by relic.= The volume of the sly", pimento is rouvh)
PS ti at 1c7 million tons 9 as follows
Military equ.i.prient is bell everi to account 0?4.1
T "re sortlon of the value of these ttports,, Estirmlted reoeloi'N
rd,:taf tri us a-rai ammunition, and miiitary electrovItY, etiti7.Time,1%
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support of the expansion of the air force and the rearganization and
modernization of the ground forces are estimated at revehly 30,4000
tons with a value of about ra50 i1on, /Not included in this estimate
are a nmmber of naval vessels which the USSR furnished to Chinat
ponsitlyon a grant or loan basise7
redecting 1501000 tons of identified seaborne
shipmenta of POL* from Carammint Chinave estimated total import of some-
thing over 11000,000 tons., overland imports of KT, from the-O' R Are
placed at close to 900,000 tons, Jung from the estimated outputs of
the Sakhalin oil wells and the Khabarovsk- and Komsemolsk refineries,
bout 3009000 tons may have been received from Soviet Far East source'
about half of which is believed to have been shipped by barge .up the
Amur and Sungari rivers and the remainder by rail via Grodekovee, The
remain:the imports of about 600,000 tans would have been received via
the TranseSiberian Railway through Otpor., The total value of these
overland shipmpnts is placed at about :71414 million using an estimated
arerage once per ton of '1$00
Overland imports of steel from the USSR are
believed to have increased in 195h over 1953, for the Chinese Commune
lets reported an increase in total steel imports while the available
dRta NhOW a sharp decline In steel imports from ncC.mmunist conntiee
and no substantial increase in steal imports from the Furore:an
llites.; Overland imports of steel from the USSR were estimated in
VIC-al-al at 200,000 to 300s000 tons in 1953,.and for 1954 it would
ri-5-601156-tons from the Soviet Far East aid 100,0460 tone froe
European Satellites (largely. feom Coretanza);
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to?,%-ak easonab le to es tirriate. the it 300,000 tone value
Pwvii4Y $36 mUlion0
?
Whilo the remaining -imports
ec1fia1.1v identified, it is beileved that they cons s td tiV 1
of intim; tnal equS islent and uppli es agricu1tx qui nt ar.% to r
vehicles erad s irai1a3. items which have been s t ..ssed a MO Inc ementei,
And have been seen iovingea:rtuard on the Tram-Si-eel-Lin 11.0.1.wed P.M
Opert ears ? Z-.; trth commodities would I- av a x lti vely. `fli2.1 L.V1;p r
tim on the average - es Limatod as 1-:,ellietfn and $800
o ttwt the remaining 8385 ikinion wuulfa hec.4 reprol.e.ot 3p3rox1-
utate4 5000X)0 tons?
estimated overland iiroorte of
1f000000 toraii. from the the bulk 1.8 believed to have been shipped
via Vrle Trarhs-Siberiels Rai-lroad throWh, Otpor,, Shipmentl avgh
Grodskovo probeibly did not greatly exceed 200,000 torog, finoluding
150000 to of POLD eines most of the goods required by Communist
china are not produced in the Soviet Far &1st? Al3Owing for
150;000 tons or POL shipped da the Sung rt. I/Ivi-I-. and yia:435,bly 20,000
to of equipment and cOr01111161-3 poode shipped by road to Sinkt
hipments through Otpar twy t?-:,e estimated at 1,30000
?
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he Exxoyts to the USSR
(1) Seaborne
Tie total volume of I95h neatoir,e exports from
e'ommunist Uhina to the USSR approxlmaied h50000 mettle! eons. This
eotAl WAS carried as followsg
aetrie
Toftr
To USSR ports in Europe via
the Seise Canal
To the Soviet Far East
Total
100?000
350,000
45o,00u
ree value of these seaborne export is
ootimated at $35 million? Commodities shipped to the Soviet Far East
were mainly cement g coal g salt and foodstuffs with an eetimated velue
et 420 million Exports to USSR ports in Europe were eenerally of
medium valued such as staple foodstuffsg for which an averege price
was calculated at $150 per ton, yielding a total estimated valae of
415
million
(2) Overland [-
Tee rermineng $590 million differenee between
entdmated value of total export trade with the USeR and eeaborne
shipments moved overlandoprincipaliy by reit? The volume of stIch
overland exports is roughly estimated at 3.1* el3lion i,otiBr This
entire amount did not move across Siberia, howevte9 since much
-
4, A mi&point figure for a range in estimate of 207 to 305 million tors?
-
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1,ti, OM. 4ftle 41111111. ????? Maw
it probably consistedof agricultural products required in the Sovi.e t
Far East? Furthermore, commodities such as coal and cement would
logically find their way to Soviet Far Fast destinations which lack
basic supplies or production facilities.
Rail shioments through Grodekovo are estimated
on the basis of fragmentary r eports at, rotchly 19000,000 tons, reflect-
ing average traffic of about 100 carloads of 30 tons each per day.
These shipments consisted largely of coal, grains and salt shipped to
Vladivostok s Nakhodka, and Khabarovsk for local con.sumption or shipment
bo offshore areas. The average price per ton for such shicments would
be lows and their total value is tentatively placed at $85 million.,
Road and river shipments are believed to have
been smalls totaling possibly 100,000 tone. Road shipments from
Sinkiangs based on occasional reports fron observers on truck traffic
and friss estimated availability of export products, are placed at
roughly 15,000 tone consisting chiefly of WO ol, skins. and non-ferrous
ores and concentrates with a value of possibly $15 million. Sungari
River shipments would account for the balance of the tonnageo and
these are believed to have consisted primarily of rafted timber with
a value of possibly $2 million?
The remaining $11.88 million worth of goods would
have moved overland to the USSR primarily through atpor, and with an
as average value of between $200 and $300 per metric tonE, would
have amounted to between 1,6009000 and 2400?000 tonsu
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S-E-C-R-E-T
A rce_m_a_znate Diptrum,tion of Estimated Overlf1x3,1trairtl, to the USSR
a, Means of Tranimrt
By rail through Grodekovo
rail through Otpor
By Sungari River
By Road from Sinkiang
Total
Millions of US Dollars Metric _Tons
CI 85 1,0000000
488 10600,000 - 2,4009000
2 859000
al _ 15,1000
*?,590 242.i.91 Otn_LO (apprcor?..,
.69a
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? sh+11 ,..kar aims- New ????
Cmmoditr Trade with the European Satellites (in
-Uer-tas?"O" a.
_ .
a0 Total Trade
Of the total $4140 million estimated commodity
trade between Communist China and the European Satellites.; analysis
of cargo movements indicates that nearly 500,000 tons of cargo moved
Into China by seas* and approximately 14000,000 tons exports moved
out from China by sea - or about 105 million tons of ocean traffic
altogether? Indications as to the composition of the individual
cargoes involved vary greatly in detail and reliability,: (See Appendix
A for a general discussion of the intelligence information available on
ocean cargoes generally0) Something over 80 percent of cargoes could
be estimated with reasonable accuracy from the various specific intell-
igence reports available s and this breakdown of identified shipnents
was used to prorate an estimated composition of the remaining cargo
tonnages 0 A valuation of these commodity breakdowns (see below) suggests
a total value of approximately $190 million for Chinese seaborne imports
and approximately OM million for Chinese seaborne exports? The
rinaaining $150 million (largely higher-priced goods) is believed to
have moved by overland rail transports representing a total of
approximately 2200000 tons0
'T-TrOrMaWng an-atm-f,e-d .-:1.19000 additional tons of Western
origin transshipped via Gekteamo
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b Tatip,ir
(A) Seaborne
!i00,000 tons of 6atellite exports
w-ith an estimated value of $190 rnillion reached Communist OtAna
1954 from East European Satellite portso The following table
s ummarizes the cargo information available.
In
Ocean-Borne.jworts Ori ting from European iatellites
st a ted rom argo nforma Li c.-1 .)
Volume.
,tetritt Sons
11.,9 t1maed
Pr).
_
Via lue
U.S Dollars
_-
1030000
$50
$5 1503000
iron and steel
70?000
170
11,900?000
Non.ferrous metals
17,000
650
11,,050
Ferti lizer
;,000
e)
1.6o .000
Chemicals and drum
16,000
400
6? Leo goo?
Ins truments
3,000
39500
10,500,3000
Transport equipment
57?000
450
25 9000
Machinery
400000
1,500
60 oomoo
Metsl-worIdng equipment
12,000
19eoo
21, 6009000
Foodstuffs
724)00
200
14phoo,000
Miscellaneous
26.000
750
19 500 000
Total sea cargo
1480000
$190,3108000
Cor
the
Overland
:3.1ibtracting the calculatcd value of $190 million
seaborne imports from the estimated Udo minion total Imports fremi
European Satellites leaves a balance of $90 million which is prvaumed
tpu represent cverland importer. Such shipments would represent primarily
goods of higher value, such as vehicles and machinery, as so frequently
--IL-
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zicm . hat, erhItrArilv Pef.t
tr-.7);1A MV6111.p0,
slny-moximAA. 100 per ton,
-1V-'r1And i%ealnAMPP-
yifldet 41'1 est-int-1.mo tonro.?0. of cv7,riAnd 1Imports fe-m
inropean utelliten of approximate1y 110000 tOrinl which it con-
with t e OragmenTarv evldence -available RP.t ctusl trAffir!!
Iliwrtmnnte,,
tlesIborne
,',9;Orrir cf Ahi p carpoes Inc ?tettt
oomTramet Ghinama teaPproe erpor141, tv the FlIropeen r:44tellites amounted
L out 1048.000 tons, Tabled st 1.'100 mAllion, Of th:;.s t ciao
?
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S-BeCeRePel
trade between these countries. On the basis of avaJlable information
it is estimated that approximately 85 percent of the reit traffic
between North Korea cad Communist China is handled ever three lines,
with about 440 percent of the total moving on the Sinuieu-Sinanju
line and roughly 45 percent over the lines entering at Hansaneni
and at Nanpojin. Foreign trade consists mainly of Chinese exports
of such bulk commodities as coal, cement, millet, pig thee and
soyabeans.
Available information indicates that seuthbound
traffic from China Jet? North Korea is in large measure 'eandled as
through train service (i.e., Chinese freight cars, locometives and
personnel operate directly into major rail junctions in North Korea).
An administrative check is apparently made by Korean officials at
the border, but such supervision does not seem to interfere with
the expeditious movement of southbound traffic. On the ether hand,
there is no information that Korea trains or rolling stock operate
northward into China; it appears, therefore) that SinceKarean traffic
is handled entirely ty the Chinese.
(2) Mee.
Only one air route was flown between North Korea
and China during 1954. SOKAO, the joint Spviet-North Korean carrier,
.operated two :planes chiefly between Pyongyang, NUkden and Chita.
Tonnages carried between North Korea and China over this route was
negligible, but the cervice is significant ter speeding up shieuents
of key personnel and essential materials of low volume and high value.
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c. Between North Vietnam and Communist China
(1) Roads
During 1954e roads were the only significant
connecting links used between North Vietnam and Communist China.
Only a small amount of traffic moved across the Sir o-Vietcamese
border by water, coolie or animal transport; and no rail 3hipments
were possible since rail connections with Communist China were not
restored until February 3.955. Five roads extend from Hanoi, the
focal point of all forms of transport in North Vietnam, to connect
with the Chinese tran3port system via the Sino-Vietnamese border
points near Mon Cay? Lang Son, Ow Bang, Ha Mang and Lac, Kay.
Moreover, a road extelds from LaL Chau in Northwest Tbnkin across
the Chinese frontier at Ban Nam Com.
Them six roach; connecting North Vietnam with
Communist China diffe considerably in their relative economic and
military importance (rimarily to the Viet Minh) because of the
geographical areas they serve. The most important extend from Hanoi
and central Tonkin to the eastern sector of the Sino-VietnaMese
border region, where eonneetions are made with the roadv railroad
and water transport routes of Kwangsi province. The roads extending
to the western, sector of the border are of less importance to the
Viet Minh since they provide conxections only with Yunnan Province,
which produces little of use to the Viet Ninh, and has very poor
communications with the remainder of China.
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Communiet Chinese imports from North Vettnem in
1954 were Insignificant compared with exports -whfeh consneted mainly
of aid to the Viet Minh. Roads -were the principel means of delivering
Communist Chinese aid. shipments; to the Viet Miah in North Vietnam
during 1954. The overland. shipments received by the Viet Minh were
?not great in volume, but such items as ordnance nateriala petroleum.,
vehicles and rice were important in terms of filling erieical Viet
Minh deficiencies.
Alsost all Chinese exports excepting :ice, were
received over the snrply routes crossing the frontier at Co Bang
and at Lang Son. Surplies received at these border poinee were
trucked over Routes Federale 1 or 3, or via the Dong Danil road to
depots in the Thai Nnyen and TUyen Wang areas. The Cac Bang route
has been the principEl road by which the Viet Minh have eeceived
clandestine arms shirmente from China since the eease-fi:e. A con.
siderable portion of the rice received from China was caeried over
the Lai Chau-Ban Nem Coum route from Yunnan ?rovince, which was an
important supply line for the Viet Minh forces fighting in Northwest
Ttnkin during the spring of 1954.
Normally, freight shipped between Comm;miet China
and !forth Vietnam is trantshipped at the border between. Chinese
carriers and Viet Mith trucks. During the Dien Bien Phu campaign
Chinese trucks were reported operating in North Vietnam An logistic
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support of the Viet Mith forces, but undee n? al eonf3itions Chinese
trucks apparently do not ctoss the border,
d. Between Kodoon (Eng Kong) and Communist China
(1) Rail
Rail traffic, carried exclusively on the Canton
-
Kowloon line, plays a uecondary role in China's foreion trade with
Hong Kong, which is maintained primarily by shipping eervices. In l9,
- about 100,000 tons of the
tho Canton-Kowloon railway, kitittalg, carritd,Oemtnaweedamdeddomagoeetimated
simahmaktkit7imancolOmdttotal traffic between the two areaS. Approxi
-
Mately 90 percent of this consists of Communist Chinese exports; of
such commodities us livestock, beans and other goods ;''.Or Hong Kong
consumption. Ran imports from Kowloon eonsisted of Xertilizer,
wood, textile maclineryo alum., and pharmmeuticals, main:1.y penicillin.
Rail traffie moving between Communiet China and
Kowloon is carriet. exclusively in Chinese freight care, Chinese
-trains and crews eliver goods destined for Kowloon to the border,
Where- the loaded cars are shunted across to waiting British trains
and crews. Sinee the volume of trade moving framKowoon into China
is less than that moving in tne reverze direction, the British are
able to load all of their traffic into Chinese rollino stock for
delivery to waiting Chinese train crews at the border,. All Sino
British trade moving by rail seross the Kowloon border is apparently
booked either to or from the border station of Lowu.
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411.16 ItaM, M. 0111.
(2) Roads
Road traffic on the Canton-Kowloon mutes the
principal means of road transport between Hong Kong and Chinas
comprises only a vex7 small portion of the total traffic between
these two cities, which is handled largely by shipping ard rail
slightaz over
facilities? During 19514,,ippamoaerabets 1 percent of the tonnage of
total Sinae.Hong Kong trade was carried by this road. Principal
road imports included such commodities as drugs? chemicals, hardwares
fertiliser, wood, cork and dyes?
rioad traffic on theanton-Kowloon rcute comple..
ments rail service in the area? Motor-freight transport services
are available and buses run on regular schedules?
Go Between Burma and Cortanunist China
(1) Roads
The principal road connection in use in 1951 between
Burma and Corimunist China was the Burma Roado Observed traffic over
a section of the Burma Road in Burma (between Lashio and Kutai) was
reported as 30 to 50 vehicles EWPD in April l9540 Only a part of this
ghowever,
can be considered as foreign trade.,, since the prohibitive costs of
motor transport over the long distances between each country's com-
merical centers limit its use for through traffic. Nevertheless,
the Communist Chinese do use the road in dry weather? For example,
they have been -known to transport green tea into Burma, and some
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traffic undoubtedly roved in return although its character and
and volume cannot be determined. It is noteworthy, moreover, that
according to official Chinese Communist announcements concerning a
recent trade agreement with Burma attempts are to be made to increase
the volume of traffic moving between the two countries over the Burma
Road.
Traffic across the Sino-Burmese border is generally
transloaded from the vehicles of one country to those of the other
at Wanting. When trucks are not available, animal carriers are
substituted.
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2, Estimated Ca.*,Aoitnttrbillior Connecting Routes
Between Communist China andlftjacent Cc9,11112,m,_221
a. Capebility
1) Between the USSR ani Comminist Chins
a) Rail
The term ',capability" as applied to railroads
measure of the volume of movement
and roads* in this paper is defined as a reasonable estimatedematmx
which could be reached an a given transportation segment for a sus-
tained period. Unless otherwise stated, this assumes that all con.,
tributing elements, such as locomotives, cars, trucks, personnel,
repair and maintenance facilities, etc., are available. Capability
is not a maximum in the sense of theoretical capacity of a given
line, nor does it represent the actual traffic moving over a given
line. It does not take into consideration much potential factors as
impact upottadjacent or other lines or road segments either within
or outside the area under discussion; changes in or overriding
traffic demands from other areas, including the problem of internal
distribution of freight received by land or sea; shifts in demands
within economic sectors; the ability of adjacent countries under
varying circumstances to receive or ?ravide an increased tonnage;
or policy considerations which might render such capabilities feasible
or infeasible as the case might be.
1-7--fianMs water and air transport capabilities as estimated in this
paper depend directly on the estimated availability of barges and
aircraft and are not, therefore, included in this definition of
capability.
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As regards the Trans-Siberian Railroad, the assumption
of availability of equipment is reasonable since the amount of motive
power and rolling stock required to meet the Line's capability mould
constitute only a relatively small percentage of the equipment avail-
able in the USSR, Sufficient railroad equipment could be made avail-
able in Communist Chive to fully meet the total capability of the
Trans-Siberian Railroad's three connecting lines to Manohuria - although
this would definitely increase the strain on the already intensively
utilized Chinese locomotive and rolling stock parka This strain
would be further aggravated if upon completion the capability of the
Trans-Mongolian line were also to be used simultaneously. There would
not, however, be enough freight oars available in the total park in
the unlikely event that full capability of lines connecting Communist
China with North Korea and with Hong Kong were also utilized simul-
taneously in addition to that of the lines connecting with the Trans-
Siberian Railroad,
Insofar as Chinese road traffic is ooncerned, throagh
bulk freight movement between China and the USAis virtually nonexistent
and the truck park and supdorting facilities are of relatively insigni-
ficant proportions. The physical capacity estimated for the roads
takes account of normal (average) weather in the localities traversed
but does not take into account the effects of extreme weather conditions
which might impair capability for periods of varying duration. Mare..
over, an assumption that sufficient trucks would be available to meet
full physical road capability is not valid when applied to aggre-
gate road capabilities, It is possible, in the case of some
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individual roads ha,vine fairly low plemical capabilities, that
sufficient vehiclee could be made available to fully utiliee thie
capability() In most cases, however, = in view of the number of ye-
hicles necessary to meat road capability (especially foe Seee-North
Korean traffic), the prohibitive coot of such a venture, the large
vehicle deficiencies it would create In the damestic economies of
China, and her neighbors, and the absence of apparent requirements
for such a scale of movement, - it is highly improbable that such a
course of action would be attempted under foreseeable circumetanceao
(1) The Trane-Siberian
In EIC4U-52 and EIC-R1-S3 the Traps eiberlan
Railroad was estimated to have a cepabiliter, based on a daily
average throughout the year, of handling 36 trains. each waeper day
(EWIT) in through traffic between Omsk and Vladivostok. Of these 36
trains EWPD, it was estimated that, two trains are required for mini-
mum essential peacetime personnel movement (Including both civil and
military personnel), and one train was allowed for repair end main-
tenance service, and for disruption caused by snow, ice, floods, and
accidents,, The remaining 33 train s EWA could be used for freight,
each train carrying an estieated average net load of 1, '10 tons,
giving a capability for freight haulege of about 33,000 tore WiTo
Of the 33 traln capability, however, it was estimated that one train
would be needed for carrying new rail, rail accessories, ties, Wiest,
and spare partee;, two fer railway feels; 10 for minimum civilian
e 164 e
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peacetime economic needs; and four for military traffic.. This left
a capability of an estimated 16 tains, or 160000 tone MP?) (5.8
million tone eEch way per year), for other needs, such as trade with
Communist China.
In last year ,s EIC-R1-53 (Page 39) attention was
called to new intelligence suggeeAng that revision of the, Trans-
Siberian Railroad's capability might soon be required. A6ditional
information available to the intelligence community since then shodld
make such a re-study even more profitable, Such a re-studj should
take into account not only specifte details, which were not available
for making the original estimates but also evidence of trackage im-
provements which has been reported eince that time and posaible
changes in the economic requirements for traffic along the line. In
addition it shoed conaider the effect on line capabilities of yards,
and locomotive servicing and repair facilities which may not support
an increase in the preaent capability estimate. In the opinion of
some agencies ayreliminary analysis of available evidence indicates
that the hitherto accepted capability figure may be loW0 llevertheless,
it is premature to judge whether such a detailed re-estimate of the
capabilities of the Trans-Siberian Railway, section by section, would
actually result in a net increase in throughput capabilities. Neither
have the requirements of the Soviet Far East been re-evaluated, which
might change the trains per day needed to meet economic an military
demands of this ,part of the USSR. Pending the completion of a detailed
re-study of the capability of the Trans-Siberian Railroad, the estimate
in BIC-RI-52 and EIC -R1-0 riaz
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(2) TheTar lanchouli-Harhin and ,Voroshl...lova:.
arbin Lines - Connecting with the
Itese single.tra.ck lines each have an es tima fed
. capabilitw for through traffic of 12 trains WPD, of whicb 2 would
be required fcr rainfimum passenger movements, railroad needs
(maintenance, fuel, and spare part3), and local consumpti require-
ments? The remaining 10 trains could be used for threugh freight
movement, each carrying an estimated net load of 650 tons. Tne
sements of these lines within the USSR each have a capability equal
to or greater than that of the segments within Manchuria, and there-
fore do not limit through traffic between the USSR and Manchuria?
The tranaloadirg yard are believed capable of handling the maximum
amount of traffic which the lines can bring to them. These cepabilittes would permit 6,500 tons to move EWPD between Harbin and the
USSR on each line, or a total of 13,000 tons EWPD (4.8 million tons
each way per year).
b) Inland Waterways
The 1113C of 'die Sungari as an avenue of Sino.
Soviet trade is limited primarily by the total cargo-carrying
capacity of the vessels (both Chinese and Soviet) availab-ae for inter-
national traffic at any given time. This availability, in turn,
depends on the number of craft on the Sungari. and Amur rivers required
to meet the local economic requirements of the areas they :3erve..
Judging from
Based on the increase in domestic traffic in 19514 as cempared with
1953 the Sungari cargo fleet must have grown nonsiderably during 195140
even after considering a significant increase in the average utilize"
the
tion of vessels. On this basis, ie is estimated thatAtdtel. fleet is
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probably now near 40,000 tonsc, Moreover, it could be increased by
the diversion of the relatively few Chinese vessels normelly operate
ieg on the Dasuri River and on the Chinese side of the Amur River,
which forme the boundary between China and the USSR for e large part
of its coursee
As in 1953, it is considered that It would
have required the entire Chinese-owned flee Vsoperating at or very
near capacity to handle the domestic distribution of agricultural
the
cargoes, timbers coal, and industrial goods cargoes during 1954
A
navigating season. There was, therefore, little excess capacity
available for carrying Sino-Soviet trade? If, however, the entire
Chinese river fleete(on.both the Sungari and the Amur) were diverted
to international traffic -- presumably running mainly between
Khabarovsk and Chiamussu or Harbin it could carry some 90,0000
tons of cargo annually (290,000 each way), or about 800 tons EWFD?
The extent to which the entire Chinese fleet
could be utilized for this purpoee is not known e but it only the
tare minimum needs of internal Manchurian trade were concidered
probably 4 considerable amount of shipping could be diverted to
international traffic ? Moreover, if all.out maintenance ef inter-
national trade with China became USSR policy some of the eptimated
300,000 tone of Soviet barge tonnage could be diverted from its
normal operations on the Amur? The extent to which the needs of
of the Soviet economy served by the Amur can be thus reduced is
not known? There is evidence the fleet has had difficult in
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carrying out its transport miseon in the pants Suggesting that
the diversion of any sizeable part of existing tonnaee to Seee,
Soviet trade would probable necessitete serious reductions in Ole
fulfillment of Soviet domestic requirseentse A diversion of only
15 percent of Amur river tennage to international traffies howevero
would provide a capability of 800 tans OWPD,
Utilizing the eetire Chincee-oined fleet plus
15 percent of the available Amur River Soviet tannage woulde there
fore provide an aggregate capability of 19600 tuns MWPD for Sino
-
Soviet trade. In the unlikely event of the complete utilization
of the Amur River Soviet fleet in international traffic this capa-
bility could be increased to ewe 69000 tons ZIWPD In view of
, normal Soviet and Chinese domestic requirements for inland water
transports however, it is considered for purposes of this paper
-that the capability of the Sungari for Sino-Soviet tradevoeld not
in practice exceed 290,000 tons each way per year.- or 800 tons SWPD
based on an average throughout the year - using any combination of the
cseabiIitiee of the Sungari and Amur River fleets. (Actually this water-
way is open to navigation for only 15C to 200 days during the years and
the capability during this season of navigation es about 11,450 tons EWPD
c) Roads
The bulk of all trade between Sinkiahg and the
USSR is carried by three principal roads, the beet of which extends
from Alma Ata to Urumchi via Khorgos and has a capacity of
4C0 ton3 EWPr. The other two important ruts are the Ka-
Turugart and KashgareIrkeetan rnades each or 'which has a eapaeity
of 300 tons WT. Because of their sinificabt renctions, theso
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routes are assumed to be limited all-weather roads, having high
standards of construction for this area. Maintenance apparently is
regular; -construction activity on these routes was reported as ).ate
as 7 January 1955. They provide, moreover, a most important link
with the Turk-Sib railway?
It should be noted that the total capability
of these roads appro:dmately 1,000 tons EWPD0 is for DSSU.Sinkiang
traffic? This figure Should be reduced by one quarter to 750
tons -- to allow for the movement of operating supplies. Trade
between the USSR and China proper is limited to 400 173118 MPD by the
Urumehi-Lanchow route, the only road between Sinkiang and China
proper* This estimate should also be reduced by one quareer to 300
tans to account for operating supplies.
d) Air
During 1954 there were 16 Li4 aireraft
operating daily scheduled flights over the routes from Peiping to
the USSR? The Li-2, c Soviet-built counterpart of the DS 0647e
carries a.normal load of 40900 lbs.: and baa a maximum fuel capacity
of 822 gallons? Depending on the number of passengers carried, the
potential of these planes for international freight traffic would
normally range from la metric tons DIPD minimum to 24 metric tons
NM maximum on all routes into China. Assuming 108 metric tons as
a reasonable average and allowing for non...scheduled and special
charter flights, approximately .75 metric tons per month, er 2.5 tons
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T
routes are assumed to be limited all-weather roads, having high
standards of constructim for this area* Maintenance apparently is
regular; construction activity on these routes was reported as late
at; 7 January 1955. They provide, moreover, a most important link
.with the Turk..Sib railway*
It should be noted that the total capability
of these roads, approximately 1,000 tons EWPD? is for USSR4inkiang
traffic* This figure should be reduced by one quarter to 750
.tons to allow for the movement of operating supplies* Trade
between the UMR and China proper le limited to 400 tons BM by the
Drunchi-Lanchow routes, the only road between Sinkiang and China
proper* This estimate should also be reduced by one quarter to 300
tons to account for operating supplies*
d) Air
During 1954 there were 16 Li.2 aircraft
operating daily scheduled flights over the routes from Peiping to
The 14.4, E SovietAuilt.counterpart of the 'VS C...4415.
cartes a normal load of 4,900 lbs0 and has a maximum fuel capacity
of 022 gallons0 Depending on the number of passengers carried,. the
potential of these planes for international freight traffic would
normally range from la metric tons EWA) minimum to 205 metric tens
EWPD maXimum,on all routes into China* Assuming 108 metric tons as
a reasdnable average and allowing for honscheduled and special
Charter flights approximately 75 metric tons per month, or 2.5 tons
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daily could be moved in each direction by air. For an intensified
airlift, this capabiAty might be almost tripled if the Chinese
CAB, which on 1 January 1955 took over the aircraft allotted to
SK00A0 wished to add to the 16 ex,ZKOC(, aircraft some 40 two-engine
aircraft (many of thus US built types) .in its domestic inventory?
2) Ntween North Korea and Communist China
Rail
Reports indicate that the main arteries of
the North Korean rail networks presumably including the five lines
crossing the Manchurian border, have been restored to operation? The
capability for through freight traffic of railroad lines between
Manchuria and North Bores: is estinated to be 20,680 tons EWPD as
shown in the Diet column of the following table? These figures were
derived by utilizing the lower of two available seta of estinates
for the lines within ganchuria and within North Korea, the latter
based on previous pealetime conditions ? then rehabilitation has
been completed for single track operations* it is estimated that the
following capabilities will be achievable:
Estimated Capability
Estimated Net Line Capacity (Al) EWFD for Through Freight
Railroad Route Within Manchuria Within North Korea* Movement AT) EWPD
Tozen-Mutanchiang 7,680
Sangsaribong4enchi4hangchun 7,680
Apnpojin-Chiam.Ssuping 60400
ChongjumEamsanni-Taaohokou N.A.
SinuijuwAntungcrukdezt 8,400
3,000 3,000
3,500 3,500
52450 51,45o
2,180 2,180
60550 60550
Total ........ OOOOO 0005050 OOOOO $500,220000yeeee0.2002
.20000020,680
* Previous peacetime maximum caoacity.
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b) Air
SOKAO, the only air carrier operating between
North Korea and Commulist China, operates only a few planes and
:11
therefore has a negligible capability in terra of tonnage ? The
value of the :ervice :or transporting high-value, low.volume freight
e_
and key personnel shailds nevertheless, be emphasized?
3) Between North Vietnam and Communist China
a) Roads
The physical capability of each of the routes
between North Vietnam and Communist China under obstructed oonditioms
of 1954 is estimated as fellows:
MT EMPD*
Hanoi.Mon Cay
180
Hanoi-Lang San
1,100
Ranoi4ao 3ang
3.80
HanoiRa Mang
180
Hanoi-Lao lay
180
Lai Chau4len Nam Coma
180
TOtal 2,000**
471-11rWurea should be reduced by one quarter to take into account
the movement of operating supplies?
** These estimates do not consider availability of trucks. In
actual operations, and excluding the possible use of Chinese vehie
Viet Minh highway transport capabilities over routes connecting mil
China are limited by the number of trucks available. Assuming the
Viet Minh could employ about 50 percent of their truck park (estimated
here to total about 2,000 vehicles) an these routes, leaving 50 per-
cent for essential o?erations elsewhere and for out-of-service trucks,
it is estimated that about 1,200 tons EWPD could be handled. If
sufficient Chinese trucks were moved across the border, however, the
full capability of teem: roads could be utilized.
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The above eapabilitiee are based on the fact that the roads are in
poor condition, that 'many bridges are out, and that probably only
the Hanoi.4.ang Son ro ite and its alternate through Thai Nguyen and
Doug Deng have been nuinteined to any significant degree? With the
improvement of stream crossings, however, it is believed that total
maximum capabilities liould increase to about 4,000 MT FWD? The
Chinese roads with wh:.ch the North Vietnamese routes connect are
considered to have calacities equal to or exceeding the capacities
of their southern counterparts?
b) Air
The only air service between North Vietnam
and Communist China if] operated by a pseudo.pcivil air carrier
originally set up to :?erve the Polish element on the truce team in
Indo.China? Subsequertly, regular flights have been made between
Hanoi and Peiping, but the type of freight carried other than
personnel cannot be determined It was relatively negligible,
however, as is the carability of the few planes on this route
which is of sigalficarce only for transporting highly valuable,
low-voltam cargo, antrp'ersonnel?
4) Between Kowloon (Flitlinaxa) Lt.re..1 Cc2varantist, China
a) Rail
The railroad between Canton and Kowloon has an
estimated capability far freight traffic of 6,000 tons EWPD or
approximately 2019 milLion tone each way annually (10 trains EWPD
at 600 tons per train) ) Although it is recognized that traffic
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on the railroad may hive exceeded this estimate prior to World
War II, it is believee. that available yard and servicing facilities
at Canton cannot suppert a greater volume of traffic at the present
times Expansion of the Canton facilities or utilization of the
Kowloon locomotive shops to service Chinese locomotive might result
in an upward revision of this estimates
b) Roads
The Canton...Kowloon road, the principal road
connection between Horg Kong and China, is estimated to have a
capability of 400 tons EWPD0 This estimate should be reduced by.
one quarter to 300 tons in order to allow for the necessary move..
ment of POL and other trucking supplies used to maintain the routes
5) Between Burma and Communist China
By far the most important road link between
China and Burma is the. Ktuming.Wanting highway or "Burma Road", a
generally tortuous and difficult routes Many sections are narrow
and there are still many single..lane timber bridges which limit
through capaci,s The. maximum capacity of this road in 1942 was
estimated at 530 tons EWPD0 Recent information indicated that the
Chinese portion of this road is in a poor state of repairs On this
basis, it is estimated that the capacity of this road in 1954 was
about 400 tons EWPD0 With repairs this c ould be increased, to
750 tons EWPDs The estimated capacity of 400 tons should be reduced
by one quarter to 300 tons to take into account the necessary
movement of supplies and Ms The branch route to Myitkyina. is
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estimated to have the oame capalty as the 3erme
b
Ca abili4 of Aher "Potentiar, Interlot
Aoutes or Internal711 Trade 3etween COlaintaiet
laLadapent Countries
1) Between the Uf7R am! Communist Chine
a) Rail Lines Conet4ththeTrxiberian
Railroad
..101.0.1.0.0.1141?9101.
(1) The Baranova ,Kraith...te mi-China
Route via North Korea
There is no evidence that aiy traffic
moved between the USSR and Communist China over the 13ir&dy
Hongui-China route in 195142 although it was probably used for a
small movement between the USSR and North Korea. The line has an
estimated maximum capability of 10 trains ETD. It is further
estimated that]. of the 10 trains is required for passenger movements
and railroad requiremente# leaving 9 trains EWPD available for through
-
freight movement between the USSR and China for military and economic
purposes? With each freight train carrying an estimated 500 tons
the total capability for freight movement would be 42500 tons EWPD
(1.6 million tons each way per year),, This tonnage could be handled
over the two Sino-Korean connections at Sangsambong and Tumene
It will be noted that part of the
capability of these two Sino-Korean connecting lines has also been
Included (in the previous capability section) in the capability of
rail lines between North Korea and Communist China. This is
because the combined capability of these lines
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is greater for traffic between Manchuria and North Korea (6,500 tons
11413D) than it is for through traffic between Manchuria and the VSSR
via Korea-since the section within the USSR is estimated to have a
lower capability (4,500 tons FWD) than the sections between North
Korea and Manchuria?
(2) The Trans-Mongolian Railroad
Announcements in 1955 that the trackage
of the Trane-Mongolian Railroad has been laid are subject to various
interpretationo? It is certain, however, that it will not be fully
operative for a considerable period of time? Its capability when
fully operative is tentatively fixed at 7,500 tons KM, or 207
million tons each way annually? It is estimated that this through
capability will not be limited by the connecting line in China, as
it can be reasonably assumed that improvements will be made to the
extant required ? One of the primary purposes of the TrancooMongolian
line may be to serve the oil field recently reported under develop-
ment along this line in Mongolia? No estimate has yet been made,
however, of the extent to which the Trane-eiberian Railroad might
be able to handle such additional traffic over and above that of
the three other existing connecting lines into Communist China?
b) Roads
Mere is relatively little information avail.
able on road traffic movements between Communist China proper and the
which represent
Manchurian or Mengolian4hinese border .-Aprimarily TA local trade?
A
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Local cross...border traffic also moves 'between the USSR and Sinkiang
over several trane-frontier roads which were not included among
those previously mentd.oned?
The six routes crossing the Soviet-Manchurian
border converge on Harbin, but only two of these are known to be
gravelled and capable of supporting all-weather service for through
traffic ? The Voroshilov-Mutanchiang and Eraskino-Hunchun-fimen-
Changchun routes, both crossing the eastern Chinese border at the
southern tip of Primorskly Kray, are estimated to have capabilities
of 400 and 300 metric tons EWPD, respectively? Ttv3 other routes to
Harbin are limited all-weather roads, and would require constant and
careful maintenance to sustain through traffic for an extended period?
Their combined capacity is estimated at 900 metric tons EWPD? 1he
aggregate of 1,600 Met) should be reduced by one-quarter (to 1,200
tons) to take into account the need to mov?e operating aupplies?
The Peiping...Ulan Bator road, a limited fair-
weather routs with a capability of 100 tons EWPD, is the only
through motor road between Mongolia and China? Ibis estimate should
also be reduced by one...quarter (to 75 tons) to allow for operating,
supplies Trans-border roads not now used for foreign trade between
Sinkiang and USSR are all of secondary importance and in relatively
poor condition, but they represent an aggregate international-move-
ment capability of 500 tons liSiPD? When reduced by 150 tone to allow
for the movement of operating supplies, the actual capability for
international traffic would be 350 tons?
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2) Between North Korea and Communist China
Roads
There is relatively little information
available on road traffic movements between Communist China and
North Korea? As of May 1953, the five main connecting roads
between China and North Korea were capable of supporting major
military offensive operations? Their total capacity, as handi-
capped by U.N. military operations, was then estimated to have
been 2,735 metric tons E,/PD, or 40 percent of the logistical
requirements of Communist forces in North Korea. Each road rakes
connection with an important rail terminal in the border area,
in addition to providing transfrontier road service? Present
physical capabilities of these roads are detailed below:
Capability*
Reduced for
prating Snpi,lies
Metric Tons)
(Metric Tons)
10
Chongjin.Hoeryong-Tunhua-Mutanchiang
2,300
1,725
20
Wonsanc.Linchiang4unghua
1,300
975
30
PyongyanvManpojin=Chian4hangchun
2,300
1,725
46
50
Chongju..Namsan..ni..TUnghua
Pylangyang4inuijuuAntung.ftkden
2,300
1,725
1400.
Total capability
21492C0
10,650
all????malsmomMe
.11?1?????Imem????
* bapabinty within North orea; sec ons wi
capability equal to the Korean sections?
assmed to have a
3) Between North Vietnam and Communist China
No through lines were available during 1954
for Communist Chinas foreign trade with North Vietnam? Both the
Chinese Commnists and the Viet Minh, however, have given highest
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priority since the cease-fire to the restoration of the meter gauge
Hanoi-Lang Sen railroad and to the extension of this line fraa Lang
Son to the border at Nam Quen0 Near the borders connection is made
with the Chinese standard-gauge railroad which was extended south
to Pinghsiang in the border area by the Chinese in 1951 to facilitate
logistic support of the Viet Minh military forces, The Viet 1,4nh
announced in February 3.955 that the track on the Han:pi-Nam quan
line had been completed s and in early March a train schedule was
published which called for one through train 1n4PD between Hanoi
and the bordere
The maximum physical line capacity between Hanoi and
Lang Son is estimated at 8 or 9 trains EVIPDs whichs with an estimated
200 net tons per train* gives a total of 10600 to ls,800 tone FD
Under present conditions* howevers and considering .the amount of
equipment on hands it is believed that practical capability ie
about 3 trains or 600 tone DITTY:, The amount of rolling stock and
locomotives on hands together with railway equiment that the Viet
Minh will receive from the French when they evacuate Haiphong in May
l955s is adequate for the Viet Minh to operate both the Nam QuanaHat
and Hanoi-Haiphong sectionss or (alternatively) the capability of
the former cold be doubLedo They wills howevers have to import
rolling stock to maintain other 'services when they complete rehabil-
itation of all rail lines In North Vietnam:,
The Hengyang-Pinghsiang line connerAs th main
Chinese rail system with the Indo-China railroads:, The limi ting
section is believed to have a capability of 7 freight
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trains EWPD, with a net load of about 550 tons per train; or a
total capability of 3,850 tons EWPD? During past years there has
been evidence of attempts to increase the capacity of the line in
the vicinity of Nanning ? In Nanning itself considerable work has
been done in eacpanding yard facilities and warehouse areas ? Such
activity was probably generated by the Chinese policy of supporting
the war in Indo-China? Despite these higher capabilities within
Chin, however, through freight capability is limited by
the low-capacity line within North Vietnam?
Construction work has been noted on the
North Vietnamese aide of the Hanoi-Kunning (funnaneIndoeChina)
line; and it is reported that the Chinese are pushing the railhead
south from Pisechai toward Lao Kay? Completion of this line would
be of particular importance as a connection between the interior
of Southwest China and ocean shipping at Haiphong?
14) Between Burma and Communist China
Roads
No through traffic between Comeunist China
and Burma has been reported on the Kunming.Talo road; whicheas well
as the Burma Road -is available for Sino-Burmese trade Traffic
observed is normally Chinese', bound for Chinese Converdst forces
located along the route. Though this road is motorable throughout,
bridging is still ender construction at many points e- necessitating
the use of slowemoving ferries which limit itaxannckfclektg it
capability to 300 tr WPD? This total should be reduced by one
quarter to 225 tons in order to allow for the movement of supplies
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and fuel a
5) Between India and Communiet China
?
There are no transport connectione capable
of moving significant tonnages between India and Communiet China.
Although a pack route, the principal means of transport between the
countries, rune frun Xalimpong (India) to Lhasa (Tibet), via
Gangtok and Qyangteee only parts of it are motorable. Coastruction
is beiag. carried out et many points with the aim of makieg it usable
for vehicles over its entire length. The route is used chiefly by
mule caravan to Phari Dsong and by cargombearingyekv beyond this
point to Ihasa. Its completion as a motorable road, which is possible
by 19560 might increa3e the capacity of this route to 500 tons EWPD.
Another route extending through TEndustan
from Simla to Gartok Ls under construction,_ and progresseng steadily
toward the Tibetan fruntiero The expected completion date is
19570when it in estivated that this route will have a capacity of
'30 tone EWPD0
The Chinese Communists have aleo completed
germs of proposed feeder roads from the main mountain passes
leading from India ana Nepal into China. Mese roads would connect
with the major western route now under construction fran Lhasa to
Khotanovia ?tart*. The capability of ane of these routes will be
limited by the extreme weather conditions in the high mountain
passes. Moreover, the distances between commercial centers yould
be very great e requiring the use of up be 50 percent of each
truck's load for its fuel supply. 'Traffic on the Kalimpeng-Lhasa
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route averag,ed tk)ni.i per d..!...ay in 19520 on a trip that took 7.0 days
- 3 veelcs:c Present -.:;raffis probab.'r not in CXCe33 of 20 tolls
pr dy Traxi.c; cm.:-:.ently moving. on the .Simla-Cart-?f?)1: ro.iite by
r7,7210 and yak probably does not exceed 10 tons pe.k & CA the
other routes iii.Tidust;?in traders from IzI2 carry unan atilovata
N.Itkratt ,,,m0A to Ti.bet, .a;1,73.
silver coinse Tibetaa traders carry te.al, limited vol.tows. of
incenSe and veila-s, and return with dried fruitt soapa oigare-Aes
? and .sugaro
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8010.0.11.-2.011
4PPE4RIA
zgiud&ALlautagtr_aurr julyStkUR
IN TR&D4 M2Mag/
OHIO.
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'EXPLAVATORY leeTTee
1. 2aQtiniI1MUL.
a. bunata..,,,Nau.
AITENI4K
The term leardeceelLemee is rot capable of concise legel definition,
since it is of wile interpretation, but itelan be explalned briefly as meaning
the owner who obtains the benefit from any voyaes, cherter, sale, or other
transaction, (See nerticulerly Seetions F7&58 of the Merchant Shipoine Act of
1894.)
It is believed that the Lloyese Confidentiel Index reperdine beneficial
ownership cannot be relied upon as showinp in particular OIRSPS all the benefice
iel ietereets which there may be, since some of these may not be repisterable.
It is believed, however, that the summary ente contained In the anpeelices are
reasonably accurate and for the greater cart have been confirmed by collateral
information. Moreover, in the examinetion of questions of the beneficial owner-
htp of individual vessels, unless there is inforratiee to the contrary, Lloyd's
Confidential Index offers 2ximm_faxist evidence of beneficiel ownershio.
ro determination hes been made in this eaper concernine the possible
responsibility of beneficial owners unler the shipeing control statutes and
regulations of the US or any other nation,
b. gmrep-earrein Oappeletv.
Cargoecarryine capacities have been calculated by multiplyinp the prose
repistered tone by 1.5 and are expressed in thousands of lone tons.
2. ZinaA4..-2Ammualt Pernlirmt_F,Xiet.
The Chinese Communist merchant fleet (vessels over lleee GET) le eeeneed
almost entirely in coastal trade, nee its activities are not covered in the
Appendix. The composition of the Chineee Communist merchent fleet is summerised
in Table 14,
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t 8111,. Arrivals in Cotanunist China Months
adage)" 79
Mita*.
Al
Capacity
phonaands of ?oaf )'sands or T0)
343 514
72 323 465
98 . 431 647
79 375. 563
393 569
363 544
76 386 579
429 623
343 514
493
Auguit
September 74
October 76
Nomber 813,
DeceMber 165/
TOPA
88
so.
738
!" This table excludes ships under 11006 gross registered tons. This table
presents data on those Soviet Moo and nen-aloc vossele that are known
to have arrived in Communist Chinese ports, by Vessels have
been inalidtAl as many times as they have arriftl from nonrChinese ports.
Data on coastal shipping are contained in Tables Tall C-4 and Tab C..6.
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Non-Bloc Merchant Shi
nese
TAB A-2
Arrivin in Communist
I on a
Mexi
Number
aer
(Thousands of Tons)
41111.???Modineliftb
? January
68
289
February
52
215
March
82
3s5
April
6e
291
May
69
324
June
74
324
July
71
342
August
78
371
September
68
310
October
63
271
November
73
321
December
86
378
TOTAL .M3791
Cargo-Carrying Capacity
(Thousands of Tons)
433
323
533
437
486
486
513
556
465
406
481
567
5686
il This table excludes ships under 1,000 gross registered tons. This
table presents data on those non-Bloc vessels that are known to have
arrived in Chinese Communist ports by voyages. Vessels have been
included, as many tints as they have arrived from non-Chinese ports.
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IA-L
TAB A,
11. ?"33 ..-11221.Y.ine in-..g.MISUEUISMILUSLIMtsi1s.
.By Country of Registry and Residence of Beneficial Owners j 1954
.Dnited Kingdom
Japan
Norway
Sweden
Denmark
Italy
CoMmunist China
Netherlande
Finland
Prance
lermanY
Panama
Pakistan
India
MOPOOCO
TrieSte
TOTAL
2Matc=-. 1C2X-120.9th
Aflaitate-SLL.B-21331fida
Owners,
GEiT
itialit Tho arici le f_...9...:._"rossi11.11akez
GRT
12.1.4)zamup.....2.L.Laaio q
510
2,056
474 1,882
97
504
97
504
80
323
80
323
32
101
35
195
35
181
35
181
23
15/
27
179
43
/67
17
120
17
120
18
89
15
75
14
105
14
105
4
20
4
20
4
28
.
2
14
2
14
2
12
2
12
1
7
1
7
1
7
la
ZA.M.-
AIL.
12.9.1..
g/ This table excludes vessels under 1,000 gross registered tont. These
totals represent the actual arrivals, each ship being counted as many
'times as She arrived in a Chinese port from a non-Chinese port.
Approved for Release 2001/11/481:1A-RDP85S00362R000400020002-3
Approved ForAse 2001/11/08 : CIA-RDP85S00362R4400020002-3
T41:
alJ1Q_Ti;.Q.yr,f?fat_..qf gyr,21 Q.Q fzelat.P. r 'rcThn t S_Itallate_A..zrixjacArLapri:-
wjat ThInesezrt at
'7. nun tr of lc! n
ASIA.
lqF4
Istro-r!rryintc. Ist-vIcity
nambcr Q7L0.1.1Agn't )1s, Thr) ?.Lk014.'WJR 2.1:2045)
!lor.p row,.
&Inn 2(74
Asi? t."7
Intl! irn.17.1 s t8r,/ Ceylon 1Z
Soviet Par
Ren. of Xorpn.
r:OT.AL
Non-Bloc countries 10
Bloc countr1,0
TOTAL 121
OTH-1R ?t4S?
1,711
cS5 ".;28
?-"lf
10?4
27
I 71
1 P17
1,67:6
211
1,22L LJ-377
Bra7i1
2
7
10
Arrentinn
7
10
7
11
Zea/nn::
4
TCTAL
1,2:21
pI This tn..b111 exc....1.10msV unr 1r." p?ros7rrv1cno. 7?1ssels
hr-...tvr3 becn incluied as Ilei:? fl hrtvr., P.rrived .fror..nic 'ort
Approved For Release 2001/11/006g-RDP85S00362R000400020002-3
Approved For 14'Oise 2001/11/08 : CIA-RDP85S00362144400020002-3
TAB A-5,
./WJamJigaL4d1
Lucia 5-Q1124"-clatutti
A C.'41L11qi
2=11,22.1?al
12ti
att. 32,/
Lozt41.9211,m,
Vumber
GRT
11?=10,1:02_.ei?igns,),
Tientsin/Taku Bar/Tangku
167
877
Shanghai
164
864
Dairen
57
710
Tsingtae
47
SC8
Ohinwanptao
34
167
Ohefoo
4
25
Unlmown Worth Chinese Ports
13
TOTAL 42g
2.-574
staialrlja
Swatow
194
491
Foochow
25
67
Ghnanchow
13
37
Hankong/Hunghwa
12
71
Amoy
6
13
Wenches,'
1
2
TOTAL
2011_214m,
0anton/Wharmooa/Fear1 River 76 s80
Tulin (Hainan Island) 20 178
Yeihow (talnan Island) 10 33
Fakhoi 12 24
Fort Bayard 1 1
TOTAL lia
GRAND TOTAL
Aj This table excludes vessels under 1,000 gross registered tons. Vessels
have been included as many times ns they actually arrived from non-
Chinese ports.
b,/ The fitAlen*WifireV'etWen?111;kr?f 8PAPPRWARP 9432%9We tinEt t on
of the voyare. TTo other ports of call are reflicbd in this table.
" t
7 '6/ T '1
Merchant Vessel*
under 511 Not
Registerad
(NRT)
Junk!)
:17.'?ar.,Chs
Approved For Release 2001/11/08 : CIA-RDP85S00362R000400020002-3
TA113 A-6
r than Ocean-G
or Sh
First Quarter
NET
(Thousands
No or tons'
12139
;04
275
9
erytd Quarter
T ham,. rid.4.1
4
r vro
ormunist China
Third quarter
NT1
(Thcusarde
a: tons)
( na
(C.hinese flag)
Fourth quarter
(Thr.maaneo
of tIna
TfrA:: YEAFT.
V-1T
of tars,,,
...2*.le.ora?Mrwro.?
Cargo-Carrying
Capacity
(Thcuaand.1
of tonl'i
7
^fi
9?12,20-Mec,...
1.465
7116
1578
126
10
531
13
635
6
n
Approved For Release 2001/11/08 : CIA-RDP85S00362R000400020002-3
P11111/11-,1,1!
rAIA
629
:
2,4
Approved For Release 2001/11/08: CIA-RDP85S00362R000400020002-3
(
s C.`
r.!
,
t
;r8
!:.srttiron
5
-71
,
Approved For Release 2001/11/08: CIA-RDP85S00362R000400020002-3
17:7
,....ammaseammt?1111711EITTRIITSEM.I.
I a rt./ tr:47
rat? *
41 a t. tit
Approved ForWease 2001/11/08 : CIA-RDP85S0030000400020002-3
pato' t?DEm' Loa,
TAB
ORM Z4 OF VOUG ES OF OV In BLOC LEG I STE.REP !RF,C' a NT
SI-1111'1NQ ARTITINC It! COU4tT GE INKS?", k OR
Country or
Ar da or Origin
nArbsir
CRT
(Thousands
of tont)
CarT 00.Carry1nc:
Calacity
(Thouna-dr of
ASIA
1.1S:3R (Far East)
35
319
533
Ceylan
('.
29
44
Indonesia
2
11
16
ion 7or,g,
2
9
14
Japan
2
8
12
Yakietan
't
? 7
TOTAL
44
254
$81
Rumania
12-
82
123
,U5.1,1. Ack Sea')
2
9
13
Belgium
1
7
11
Aost Gerrilny
1
5
a
GY-AND
IN 1112 1215
fil - This table excludes vessels under 'nor gross registered tonso
Vessels have been included as many ti-es as they have arrived
from non-:.Thinese ports
CONFIDENTIAL
Approved For Release 2001/11/08 : CIA-RDP85S00362R000400020002-3
corriaAL7.1T
? --Approved For ase 2001/11/08 : CIA-RDP85S0036240400020002-3
TAR A-9
Dif,STEIAT101.1,0i- VOY,A,Ce,S
`3111PrnilrA IVIG m
1954
Sf..;VIET 111.=
:03RTS
GIG
(Thousands of
Cargo-Carrying
Capacity b/
(T 11011Sb-10Z of Tons)
Port or Destination b/
Ihunber
Tons)
north c;hir
Dairon
65
305
458
:Thanghui
17
' 87
130
Taloa Par Port?;oi,-,ax
12
69
104
Chinwangtao
12
..),..
73
Tsingtao
3
15
22
Chef oo
g.
"
Vs
21
TOTAL
111
542
South :.',111,na
????????????????1.0...10.111.1024.4.0
,aurapoa
hh
250
375
Tulin
3
13
27
Tara
)17
263
402
?
L!*:) T,ZITAI.
158
310
1215
0.1016.31111?111.0
a. This. table excludes vessels undur 11,000 gross re.;istercd tons. Veels hw
been included as na.ny tines as they haw a,rrived from non4Thinese ports.
b,, The first Co!aomist Chinese port or call is conzidered to be t!.le d.u, tindtion
of the voyage. Lo other porta of call are reflected in this table.
COIFITIAL
Approved For Release 2001/11/08 : CIA-RDP85S00362R000400020002-3
Approved For 4110 "'lase 2001/11/08 : CIA-RDP85S0036240400020002-3
TAB 13-1
Ltirchare..2'hi.. Departhres from Comunist China
jilL75 WM/
? Car
Donth
unber
thouss.T?..f tons)
January
79
342
February
62
258
1:!4rch
37
37h
hpril
75.
340
May
460
June
82
385
July
36
399
78
33?
September
79
362
October
73
332
November
88
333
De ce mber
103
435
7077-J.,
936
45n7
46.111.611611
1118.6..?/..?
1063?111661641/6.0104-
Car7o-Carryirg Capacity.
(thousands of tons)
513
387
561
510
690
578
598
573
543
493
532
725
a/ This table e,xcluckls :3se1s walk:3r 19000 f,70;s:: ristered tons.
b/ This table prese.nts data on those Soviet 71loc and non-Tam vessels that
axe kalCran tt 114,Vr.-: departed from Goraaunt hthe ports by voya?7:50
have 1-eon inc1ude6 s many tires as they have departed for
non...Chinese ports0
Approved For Release 2001/11/08: CIA-RDP85S00362R000400020002-3
Approved For RAWL 2001/11/08 : CIA-RDP85S00362R8400020002-3
TAB 3-2
Non-M0c Re
stered rerchant Darting
roaorszalist
Chine se 'orts
954
[IC
0.argo-Carrya`r4r; t.;,ipacity
Month
Number
(Thousands of Tons)
Thous?And
January
64
25
3U3
February
51
203
304
arc1i
72
306
459
April
65
237
431
May ?
75
354
531
June
72
324
436
July
79
367
550
August
72
347
520
September
68.
305
457
October
62
284
426
Novenfoor
72
313
469
December
79
357
536
TOTAL 330 3702
.1119.1101.1.010
5552
.10...011111.411
al This table ex-cludPs ships under 1a000 gross registered tons. This
table pmsents data on those non-Bloc 'lac; vesse Di that are Imown
to have departed from Communist Chinos? ports by voyages. Vessels
have been included as mtly tins as they Lave departed for a
nonhine se port
//-9,52
-I? -I-11 -I; 4,T.T.I-A-L,
Approved For Release 2001/11/08 : CIA-RDP85S00362R000400020002-3
Approved For Reige 2001/11/08 : CIA-DP85S003821000100020002-3
TAB 73-3
lion-atos iLer.7istered Departinc: from
?C-FiTriZE-Trtrxinfv--=-"Vir'or s iteaTtry
ner ir-117,77a?
atatzz
REAT2T111.
r.urabt-r ('Illousar.tds
.1.0,111.6?4LIWONO.MY
United an-gon
513
Japan
91
Norway
.62
Goramwtist China.
3weden
29
Denrark
34
Italy'
23
Netho.r7ands
16
Prxticx:.
13
17
C'Aemany
ti
anaart
4
i.'alil 5 t illi
:.,loroceo 1
India 1
'rric ''te
TOLL 330
4,33?????.
???1-2.1m,
ot Tons)
`11:2,' P, fc.;
uvt.
nur.11x-r (1' hOti rid 3 '?-?""_sf
*AV
012
467
1320
330
j2
3'2;0
4i..)
136
173
-Q.
1e,7
173
34
1V3
113
16
113
96
13
96
11.?
k 11.1
14
72
Jr%
....A.,
4,
20
??
14
214
7
1
1
7
1
7
--
1
7
370'2
G,I,
3702
-.1.1?1640.A.
ev,a.moy.orm
WI.*
...wan.
This table eyzludes ships under 3.9000 gross registered tons,, This
table pr.sents data on those non-J.10o flag vos.,-els lilt aro Imolai
to have departed from Coiist Gitirieao ports by voyages. Vessa Is
have been included .as Nally times the:T haw departod for a -
non-Chinctx, port
Approved For6ltetv_210141:110.8rfliLtDP85S00362R000400020002-3
Approved For Reilhkg'2V011741)1448A1A4415085S00362R04.00020002-3
13-4
Or ifrinvat 01 tlOrt-Q.oc red :orcharit ,irr-
Derartinr
Ore rfUn 1St am., 30 ,s
Port of Oririn
CRT
Nurtir (Thousands of TOT1 3 )
North China
Shanghs.i
191
95h,
Talcu air Tient 3 in/Tanglcu
140
733
Tsingtao
nalmn
(16
387
Ghinwangtao
.29
11.j0
0 lief oe
9
.56
Unicaotai l'orth Chirsa Port
..10
45
---
TL
)426
2582
....11114 Mri.
amttow :166LUG
Foochow 16
Ghuanchow 9
Higkor'JHun&h'IF' 8 214
;JawII 21.
TOTAL
China
210
0:419.14AIN
G
mtont npoafLfsk1ri1 Island
Yulin 4
z.)..) gl
31
Noi lio 15 48
Pakhoi 12 23
Fort T7 ki yard 1
2
T T1L 595
CrititITO TOTAL
8ya 3702
a/ This table excludes ve s se Is under 11,000 gross registered tons
Mese totals represent the actual departuress, each ship being
counted as many tis as she departed from a Chinese C:ommunist
port for a non-6h1nese porto
WI Irrespective of the number of port calls while in Gommunist China
the last known Columnist Chinese port touched by a non-Oomunist
?vessel is considered to be the origin of a return voyage.
Approved For Release 2001/11/08 : CIA-RDP85S00362R000400020002-3
Approved For AllOase 2001/11/08 : CIA-RDP85S0036240400020002-3
4 ? 4 z? *
0 .0.
TAB B.5
erinfports i 1954
rialuttrz_a_Rratinalloja
GRT Cargo Carrying 1A71Rci4
Emittx trianumniguLtIonal, (TYousancle of Toni)
ASIA
Row! on 377 1,024 1,536
Atom 1,7 610 915
S.E. Asia 47 161 241
'mita/Pakistan/Ceylon 56 7592 438
SOviet Far Rest ?
Reoublic of Korea
EUROPE
Ton-Bloc Countries
Bloc Countries
OTHER AREAS
TOTAL 5.2Z g 08? au=
157 1,194 1,791
61 786 579
TOTAL 1.580 p.s7o
Australia 3 26 39
S. Africa 1 4 6
Yen ya Colony 1 5 7
TOTAL _A_ 35 U
GRAND TOTAL iI41 L..5.52.
Approved For lepReF2902.1171/98i,..gl&IFP85S00362R000400020002-3
crp-7,P.7.-apv,-,TAr
1,71,10.7.1..7711711.7.
January
February 11
!larch 15
MUS4771,,
April
Muy
Jume 11
July 7
August
Septorber 11
October 11
:;evember IL
December 24
Tmal:.
9
Approved For Release 2001/11/08 : CIA-RDP85S00362R000400020002-3
SW4St "70'
T -TAL
0az- Carrying
Capacity
(Thousands (Thousands
of_tons'i t
3 3
et.
35 53
57
128 192
7.74.777110
al l'SZA eToes
derkrttd ror 1 ntm-Obinee4 port
TAB B-6
'''11111;lat,-222191.144e Comunist r'?itne25tkii-191-1123LILZ-M4
-OLAND
wargo-i,arrying
Capacity
(Thousands of
tons
CitT
(Thousande
of trms)
"1.
1
1
7
13777177
rociatered
13
32
1.5
4-
2/.
44b
to are not included in this table,
,
U ------
CZEC M
-
vargo-Carryinc cargorryine
CRT Capaity Capacity
(Thousande Mousandz of (Tbzuzands (Thousands of
T
, o. of tons 4 1
,,c,ras - .:1- l'' tIn.......----- ?'.....1.---rk-M)----
30. 12 ? 67
014es
14g
45
22
8
25
9
9
16
9
5
10
122
477,37?478?1
2r)
3r;
46
4.0
24.9.
inc
63
54
)0
45
13
710
4:7
7
mmen
5
f)
5
,11
4,
21747677
30.7.
Vescs]a have been in6rdil,1 a& sany times
Approved For Release 2001/11/08 : CIA-RDP85S00362R000400020002-3
8
9
8
8
22
they hare
COTE-' r F.. Yr
Approved For Aiise 2001/11/08 : CIA-RDP85S00362R4400020002-3
G OliFIrit217,`LiL
TAD B-.7
ORIGIII 0 VG1S L.T: SO sa 1&.;,11.S'fa.c..q1 TACIIANT Rt C21:';Ci
FROM C0q.UNEIr GRIMM: PoRTS il 19514
Cargo-Carr3ring
Capacity
(Thousands (Thousands
ZaTt jri b Number of Tons)of Tons )
10100.0mMOM
North China,
iliitcr.k
63
2.97
446
Chimrangtao
19
100
150
Shanghai
15
66
99
Taku nar
3
42
63
Tsingtao
6
35
57
Chef oo .
4
27
41
Unknown North China
1
3
5
TOTAL 116 573 861
South China
mi???????????????11.0.0.0.0lift.inlir
Whampoa
38
216
324
YUlin
2
16
24
TOTAL 40 232 3148
GRATID TOTAL 156 805 1209
44..110111.1. ?hulao.
a., This table excludes ships undcr 1000 ,:ross reil.stered tons? This table
excludks ships engaged exclusively in Chinese Corruiunist codstal trade,,
Thi...se totals represent the actual departures each ship heinr; counted as
rnny tilms as she departed fron a Chinese Couriunist port for a non-Chinese
port,,
bo Irrespective of the numi?er of port calls while in Co:rrunist China,
the last known Conmunist Chinese port touched by a non-Comunist
vessel is considered to be the orir;in of a return voyage?
CO! IDLLTIAL
Approved For Release 2001/11/08 :51,-,DP85S00362R000400020002-3
Approved For R
c:.INFIDENT1414
se 2001/11/08 : CIA-RDP85S0036214400020002-3
TAE P.8
I/
DEZTINATiON W.;TACU:: OF :11vrIT BLoc H,.*.r.STERM rEltdANT
SITIFFING DUATanG FPW TUfl U.WTS 1S54
29MILLAJ2a2ItnatiM
Carro-Carrying
Cupicity
(Thousands UhnusarOs of
of I5.21-M tonsi___
ASIA
IkSP (Far East')
365
54S
Ceyloc
23
*35
Tndochiru
4
19
23
rldonesia
2
11
Hong Xong
2
9
14
Fakintan
7
11
ToTAL
34
195
293
1-ol
Mack Sea)
11
67
111
7
41
L2
tSR (Paltic)
3
21
31
CieruaT
4-6
Denmark
1
Triste
,
1
271
y27
GRA,11 TOTAT.
1 ct,
?Lagc?4,
a/ - This table excludes ships of less than 1100 gross registered, tInse
- These totals represent the actual departures9 each ship being counted
as many times as she departed from a Chinese Cmmunist port for a non-
Chinese port.
Approved For Release 2001/11/08 : 9L09156P85S00362R0004000200024:maT LA r.
Approved For Rhise 2001/11/08 : CIA-RDP85S00362R4400020002-3
Exla_p_m_tionof the Terri "Involvement"
The term involvement s used in connection with the statistics
under Tab C ha-s=rfn-nvring ripening?, vessels are considered to be
"involved" when they ar Idlown to be enroute to or from or in
Communist Chinese ports. This procedure is intended to glees lire shining
directly occupied in communist Chinese seaborne trade.
The statistics under Tab C on involvement seek to indicate the
minimum amount of shipping, that would be lost to ar. soviet Blcc if
non-racc registered nd/or owned vessels were prevented from carrying
Communist Chinals seaborne trade. The statistics are rainisvi in the
sense that (1) they do not include a large volume of shipping in vessels
under 1s000 gross registered tons nnd that (2) they do not include
vessels indirectly involved in Communist Chinese seaborne trade such
as those carrying goods to other than k;osnatulist uhinese ports for
eventual transshipbent to Ve Communists. Vessels sraicin,:; an inbound
or outbound voyage in ballasts or a voyage only partially loadeds
have been included in tiE, statistics?
Approved For Release 2001/11/08 : CIA-RDP85S00362R000400020002-3
Approved For R se 2001/11/08 : CIA-RDP85S00362R 400020002-3
C-0_14:-Fr? 1- Dr. * -T. I-
'1=,,t'alps_Lat jhimyokraz.larayigi
t
? :1,42:211111...21_ L)4", 1 It TIT P.Pri tatiaeos.e.
of Benefi P. 1 Cwners,;
19,f14 a b/
Cloastrx
RY 1-1
S I D
OF B FIIA3 O
(1fiT
tu_trazunnagi,
11.1101.,Q
GAT
Vn1tqd rioti
17g fr
171
797
Ja-rpla
185
185
Yorway
PA
1:19
24
179
Italy
21
175
15,7
1.7ether1ands
14
lor
14
10r.
Sweden
17
98
19
108
12
88
12
BB
Finland
16
84
14
Fmace
10
10
76
Panama
28
India
19
319
Ge.rman7
1C.
7
16
rrC,ristnn
?O C(0
2
1/,
1
14
7
Communist ChIrm
Trieste
1
r,
TeTAL
.7e-s77,
'401
'1,11_1 7
IL/Th t21)1,1 07c1:tvlen veisseqr, unt1Pr mrnss ref-iste nd tr.:?rs.
b/ sl-An a--.mmmrs mo thrn once rnprir,111- rinmbr of voyames "17143
r,
Approved For Release 2001/11128-c=C1ARDP85S00362R000400020002-3
.41
1;nitA;f4.
Nonstly
JIA pa a
rtr
tiard
.1 tr).
:11-ramti
Tzrz.i.Ntart
..??;-"r?flw
ea IN'.
tc, ,-
.4.441.0,44
t.11.
K2 323
f..,2
22 19
Approved For Release 2001/11/08 : CIA-RDP85S00362R000400020002-3
St'
1:
r ,
.:,.
,,.. 73r; --.;
4
47 .*
1
401010111.01.
r
? ,
Merchan 1:,45 Or ?rem Zantriuniat Zhirzsis
r Dor! ^ 1-orts IFI_EitELl_st.try a..
CRT.
ro?
[':,[2.5 [.-6?6
62 0
m 4:77 39
57 1'
f-,3 q 50 9
53 46
4,4
n
f
Z.5
Tpft9.4-.? 1.1111101.9, ey,===.
11'
,!"
Jr.3q
44.
t
oap
6
f,16
fj4;T
A rz
'7' T
03,f.
fr8 .8/6
4.462111.
This tabla exeltdes veaseie L',,xis registered t)ns,, Thil tabl
Invoved wholly in C,LInutiat Cnatal trad.;3 flurivg a month,
rt toric are th thinuto.' .01s Q.1- tons.;
Approved For Release 2001/11/08 : CIA-RDP85S00362R000400020002-3
I A 4,1:,14q;i74.717".
[ 7rmpirlimrrimmarmr-r-rrr7117777-1777-7-"'
C'N
-
NOV
7t.4
3
458
77,
40
39
54
pa-
22
55
V
DEC
1,7fT trr.
PIP)
f 4
54
[1,
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5-iarrA 53
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9.1 ta Y
l'4etherle,zes
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Paidotpon
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TTieste
Approved For Release 2001/11/08 : CIA-RDP85S00362R000400020002-3
t-,s,n..s?pere ,urc arv otiaakAnrou.o 40 or Fram
rtaLar.??Zo .1?1oLtL 1denr fBenafiikAal
ZAAT. re
MAY JUN
f.1RT? N_O (TT,
305 54 339 55 130%,
?,,t.,. 57 3,K. - ?55 65 407
-4,
"-6, /0 60 11 9 55
_0., 6) 7
47. :1 0 11 ,..),,'J?
.4.
6
'''''
47 19 9
22 3 19 to 5-/ 11 7
65 9 56 8
)0
".3.
44
C.
, .,
44 t.: 4..4 6 ep.,
_, 44 6
43 )
g
28 4 19 /
... 5 5
f.,7) 5 35 9 56 11 72 11
,,,,,
,,.., 4 30 C 36 "::, :it(,, 6
,
i 4, 4
.f. 4 1 6
4 .? - ,.,. ,..- 2 Irl
1 7 1 7 'I 7
- i 7 1 7 1 7
'7
43
50
46
59
25 7 36
57
? 2 7
2 lo 6
7 -
0?
??
JUL
?7,PT
64 391
8 48
9 501
11 58
65
37
5 26
9
6
44
A
-1:-
?
? - ? Www ,114,91.1,-.1.14-11...1-1.1.-
65 404 69 4'39 ..-.:'7 423 74 46:6 76
8 e -7. -
. t .) ,.., ,L,c: 70 77 14 .?),
--?,..t
. 13
64 12 74 , -,
.1.- 4 t 2 a 1 71
*-1'''..Z 80 .,...,,..- rn 31 -,7-,,
0 9
8 4.-
....1 a
..,, 42 4 '
-;,,,,, 5 ,')
...?
5 :7 5, ' r er,
44 1
f l
414 7 54 7
5 27 4 21 1 6
1
7a i 0,,,
'i 5: 10 -, 105 )4
.., 4
,
,
52 7 54 7 ,
, 55 "10
4 3 15 ,
, 7 1 4 2 12 ),..
, 6
'5.I
- _0,
808 816 1%i ?
jelt1
ONSWWWWIffie
- zabls exclislec vpzrz_ise:.r,1xc gzoee met,teriod tone,, This table e-:,,cludeo ve,Laels
111717Gcl wholly L Comminizt Ctlizant ccestal trado during a- rtht.)nth.
Grose tone are in thowarAs Of tuna ,
.1.11,WWW wwwww,
Approved For Release 2001/11/08 : CIA-RDP85S00362R000400020002-3
' "7.7771Trrrr!!!!fflr77777,71117117.1M-77,7111,711',. rr,!rr,rrf",lrSlrdllMr3fMrrrrnranqirriuifmwmanumnrfar.-nmnmtuarmgtmvFinosmafTwmzgwaugnamw?mswntmagomar...
49
76
77
20
k A
1.5
COZY1D1I:3:AL
,:51:NTP'.7 OF
i5nited Ilingdoz
Swear:
,
7,ECIDE7.32,7 3F
La L.
CI-lines, Cm-ow/list
7.t1,,ted, :';ingdom
',;veden
.1%G.L.-a,
5
20
7
;.!9
-
.
2i2
29.
2
13
3
16
t
?,
7
4
13
Approved For Release 2001/11/08 : CIA-RDP85S00362R000400020002-3
sTa_gzi
Iton-Bloo Registered Merchant Shi onssunist Chinese
Coastal Trade -.I
1-.7G.
GRT,,
tiO
GM,
6
27
7
28
7
-29
.
7
7
2a
32
3
16
1
-
16
3
17
3
11
4
12
4
L, -.2
;INN JUL ALC SEP OCT NOV DEC
liQs, _ GRT NO GIZT NO- CRT., J24....." ack....S.....x.r.RT NO GRT 170 GRT .
, 6
6
2
4
23
32
9
, i
-,4
i
4
..,
2
4
"
16
/6
9
7
5
1
is:
1
2
11
3
4
5
6
3
4
.;
?
2?a
2
'
20
3
13
7
6
,
,
7
4
2
26
3
22
21
5
3
5
2
3
17
...
12
8
9
2 Z. a 6a I 2n
4 13
-
c
4 12
,
, 5
3 C
i table e=Iisdea vessels under 1.0(7,:p grosa registered tons., This table int.que.es only those vets.als
engaged so..1e/T on voyages betresn Chinese Commtanist ports &axing the sionthc?
o?i (.;rees tons ars in thousands or tons,,
C TRIDFNT
Approved For Release 2001/11/08 : CIA-RDP85S00362R000400020002-3
711.7777'777711,77.1.7, -7:77,' 7 -7 7m717 iunner41,,,
anU
Approved For Release 2001/11/08 : CIA-RDP85S00362R000400020002-3
177.
brulr,'
WA.sy
pter,,ber
OcUter
Ihyren t-4-?!r
.ember
A
Ig%-t-1.
ano.!ttlI i,..1 .'":-.: -..:;:le vur*
hr ,
d iftr,IN ',7,
,agluant-,Dt
t-
1 54_
k
4"ga i4r?401/44 2 140 0 0 4000 2 000243%
4 %I:21A ; no0 wior* 12:rot): -ci,-742koprciveaf orirstt moms:: &Y. ?
:T
r:Tz
s t te 74T t k
"TtSile
i.u.k
44.,,44.4414444,44444424444.4.44,,,,
a rg arryiag
Ca!JAity
2t646 T DU of
t 2r p
4
.444,4*
?muniet Chingf!..11:22M2ELLLTV&14E-iIMI--
--/
1,4541.4.14411?824.4.
1.5
G a rz c.-C a r ry
Ca.fe.' It?
TS maaanf,s ( Th,-fazandi7
4
CLX
,44,444,44.?4444444.44.4,444444.444,44,444444.4444..m
uargt,,,,Carrying
Cripa itv
f 7:17: cuscl.n. c Th matfa n4 a
0
117
1
,
17).3
154.
;
115
129
12
135
18
?cz
:L2 ta TzkP r2 e
,7,4 gross
t 4 a during
44
-11:Rwpwacca
rLr
.'''"rrr!,"!wrlrr''IW'"'Mlr-Trrip-eruei.rrq,rFurueio......srrr,,rrrrrmrmm.nwmfflrpmr.rmr.,r7..,,,,
\\A
_-57..arr...w
07-Z-I,CC)
Approved For Release 2001/11/08 : CIA-RDP85S00362R000400020002-3
IAD) J-6
tAi Trade -
GET
REMAT-'M
7939 General coastal in January, February., larch, April, Yay an..1 5,aptarberi
?,
1%riner
.3Z97
.7?orata13s
3372
Incl:Av-an
7,2
6,
711,12t 'Lay
15'0
1k,
1915
9, tnchwelle
10, l'anti.c.
7
them
13, Eal:
'71Le
7:14
Traded Shanghai-Dairen during October,
Traded Shanghai.eoochaw In February, March, April,, rz.y? June, tiuguat Sopteriberi
3,Aciber and NoTamber, Central a,oastal trade in Aug?,t,
Traded North China porta In C.k-Aober.?
Traded North China parte ir. iabruary,
ar3 Ncvenber,
?ayrielA010%
Tredel North and --..ontral purte in ?anlylry, Fr .prii 4une
1:raded 'ihanghat-Frturirr, in September, Pobor 1316
'slemeral oftetalt.ad duthi$.7anteary,
Traded Sharghal-Yrwhv ir 'C.1-! tober and 1.4-ember
General coastal trade during February,. TrzIad .5bangtai-Poo,zhoit ',bor
erotral ccastal trade during ?ally
Cientral coastal t note 1.11 ?January and April'rnera.
coneta: trade in rebruary, %-
Traded North hini orta Novnlher
42 Traded North Uhl:a porta in 1,urust3, SerAml,er, and
.0 Traded between S'Iarghai and North "3hina porta thrvughcut nip yenr.
2994 General coastal trade during ?larch and Arola, Traded Shanghai-kool!bow ir
Mayi: June and July,
71
General caustal tre.ne in December,
:1,17 f7p
A
ADDroved For Release 2001/11/08 : CIA-RDP85S00362R000400020002-3
4 144 441 V 44 MD
4
.444444444
Approved Ror Release 2001/11/08 : CIA-RDP85S00362R000400020002-3
l'AB (14
In AgnOMAAtIA Wi th The: PALAIknien C .vrnriftnt
7)ecree 'umber
rd comrunist owned merchnnt vessels ore known to have had their ranamainan rerf string cance lad in 19E4.
Two vessels whose repistries were cancelled in 1953 were not included In 7,11-RI-S3
Vessel Gross Tone
La Caolrena 71T7
La Colorado 7.777
For all other vessels refer to 1IG.R1-S7
Vanaper/Onerator
If/MT iun, Ind.nTtrisl Co. ,(Hong. Kong). Ltd.
tjer Sunr, Inftstrial Co.L('onp Kong), Ltd.
Approved For Release 2001/11/08 : CIA-RDP85S00362R000400020002-3