(UNTITLED)

• Document Type: CREST
• Collection: General CIA Records
• Document Number (FOIA) /ESDN (CREST): CIA-RDP83-00442R000100080018-2
• Release Decision: RIPPUB
• Original Classification: K
• Document Page Count: 53
• Document Creation Date: December 12, 2016
• Document Release Date: December 10, 2001
• Sequence Number: 18
• Content Type: PAPER

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Monitoring of radio broadcasts as a source of international intelligence
was a development of World tsar II. No such service existed prior to the
late 19301 when the BBC established a monitoring post in London. By the end
of 1940 American officials had become impressed with the deaireability of
establishing a monitoring service similar to that of the BBC and other
governments. Certain private agencies in the United States were also
monitoring foreign broadcasts but their reports were not readily available
to government agencies.
In December 1940 the State Department suggested informally to the
President that some such service be eat-.blished. on January 3, 1941,
at the suggestion of President Roosevelt, the question was brought to the
attention of the Board of War Communications by Breckinridge Long, Assistant
See"tary of State. Because it had the engineering personnel, equipment
and experience FCC was- selected to perform the monitoring motion.
A resolution adopted by the Board on January 13 directed FCC to present
plans for establishment of listening posts. At the January 21 meeting
the plans were approved and a request for funds sent by the Board to the
President. On February 25 the President allocated $150,000 to FCC from
fImds made available to him in the Military Appropriations Act of 1941.
and on February 26 the FCC formally authorized estE:hlishment of a
monitoring service.
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Sation pr
ActuaLl?Y the operating history of the organs
recording
a f ew months for FCC 'engineers were
,nistr-five history by
This reQOrdinw; program was fist con
broadcasts in the fall of 1944.
language programs which were believed to
fined, to domestic farei6n
The'Program was expanded in Janua~r`Y
reflect the Axis px"D~g~' lip
e~sating from foreign t~ini.ttera end
1941 to inQlude broadcast's
di In rnationsal
directed to this countxy. The program was operated by the
eased its ataff of translators! and wed
Divis3isn of FCC which r
for office space in a building, on F st4eet northeast. Foilowi~
radon of the j'oreign Broadcast
r the first adm nistrati"
r the a rriwa of
slating
on Febrsaar 26 the work of recording &A t ran
than known!
not appear to have been any concrete pia for the org ation until
broadeastse w sas} assigned to it. The staff of
terra axA office space were transferred to FBA'
tsans3lsa
sasF80ts of FBIS operations there does
Aside from the engineering
domestic and fore
officer.
late in
cue from the STATINTL
"rCh. During the interim
nitoring Service, as it wsas3
of the Internattonal Division
t the r 1=it"nt of translators and tr ;sc9ribere ?
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STATINTL up six liate
dart Africa and , uatralia;
transmissions STATINTL
from Europe., Central and Sout- America; cico and STATINTL
STATINTL Central America; and xpecific ?uropean,Asiatic
and Latin American tranemiassions. To simplify the problem of
comeasnications between the field and Washington offices, the 3TATINTL
STATINTL and were eliasinated and
took on the additional
ngineerring personnel at these posts were ass
appointed Diarector*
following February 26 the engineers pls=ed to set
pick up broadcasts
from Latin America, Asiatic Russia and the Per East;
broadcasts from Asia and Latin America;
STATINTL
EUrOpeean. STATINTL
and Russian shortwave broadcasts as well as certain transmissions from
the task of recording interrational short wave broadcasts. These men were
*embers of the RID staff but were designated as Broadcast Recording
Unit (or BIW) personnel. In mat cases they carried on their work on
RID property. July li 1944 0111116- there engineers werre
transferred to the FBIS staff.
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rding of broac.sts at the field posts was conueda although
t restricted fashion, until the end of the war. Up until
k considerable time that might have been spent in tuning in
engineers recorded on Memovox discs all Iron monitored.
cruising for new transmitters and programs. After
March 1943 recordings were made only for broadcasts from Iome, Berlin
and Tokyo. These were mailed from the field stations to Washington
where they were filed.
The function of monitoring as dietinguiahed from recording, trans-
lating and reporting on broadcasts was not introduced until October 1941.
a first months all broadcasts were translated in full. The
process of monitoring was adapted by from a system developed
by the BBC and became a basic one in the operations of F`BI8. it consisted
of summarizing a given item or speech while the broadcast was coming
over the air. This enabled the monitor who heard a broadcast or news
item which seemed to him to be particularly significant to gat it to
other divisions with greater speed. He usually informed the mohitoring
supervisor about the content of the item and could turn to and translate
it iat,01y without waiting for the er4 of the program. The ann ouncement
could then be given to the wire editors and moved on to other government
agencies with a mid amount of elapsed time, Ee broadcas'
was also being recorded simulteneouslj &e translator dould later translate
if desired. The system also made it possible to reduce
the amount of translation since repeated or old items could be eliminated.
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 5
Since the process was now to government it was almost impossible
to hire experienced gersarnnel. This difficulty was overcome by
training translators.
During the formative period the typists., editors* t"anslators and
other personnel were allocated on what appears to have been a fairly
informal basis for no divisions had been established as yet. Earl,,
'- of Report and Analysis eections and the Report
pl, 4for setting uy
Section came into being with the employment of the first editvrv M STATINTL
I&y. The translatore,, as did other Unit-OP ContiZiU d to
STATINTL -
~.~ w~ATINTL
work under the more or less direct supervision of - ,
assigned to the Report Section but actually worked under
and STATINTL
Thenslators c*ntim;ed to work under the supervision of MM&ATINTL
si 'ed riai duties from
although i vidudls were = out for supor~riso
time to time. U vccesaful attempts were made throughout the su mer
months to find a chief and two assistants for the embryonic division.
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Final.3y, in November, two assistant chiefs were appointed from the
and a Chief was appointed in December when
joie the staff.
This difficulty in recruiting personnel for the translation
tom' was duplicated in other divisions but not in the same degree
difficulty appears to have been that Civil Service Commission
examinations for translators did not test an individual 'a competence
he spoken, as distinguished from the written,
language, The importance of this distinction was regognized early in
of the organization and permission was finally secured
to hire persona not on established registers. After that applicants
were tested by the FCC which had been conducting such tests since
the * fail of 1944,
is were also among those recruited in the spring and
steamer of 1941 and this process, too, encountered concrete obstacles
resulting from civil service regulations. As was the case with
. tar lators, the persons named on civil service registers did not
possess the exact qualifications required since the work was new in
government circles. However the small. ro of anal"to
r
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under the supervision of turned out analyses during the
nit? in Novaberthe Division took on more concrete form.
Difficulties in securing trained personnel and adequate equipment
S
TATINTL
summer and fall of 1941. With the arrival. of chief
postponer-ent of the formal start of operations although the
ord g andIransl.ation of broadcasts was already in progress.
interested agenci,-s. This method of distribution was a carry over
from the period prior to dune 1942 when FCC engineers made copies of
broadcasts available to certain officials. This practice was continued
in modified form for the duration of the agency. .3oome agencies' YEA
in particuular, received transcript copies in addition td the regular
publications.
The first attempt to distribute broadcasts, or information
in Washington the transcripts were duplicated and distribu
Engineers at the field stations sent the records of.broadcasts in to
Washington for translation and distribution. In the case of
the records were picked up by truck once or twice daily but the
more distant stations relied upon Air Express. After translation
about t r8 e F e~~0 11~0~ 8 42 0U
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to North America, March - June 1941. This sP8 +
teristios was originally prepared for the use of the staff and was
later distributed to a email number of government agencies,
in July;, after machinery for preparing Ditto copies had be%//
STATINTL inotalled in the-building, the assts and editors started
issuance of a publication identified as Spot Bulletins. The first
such Bulletin summarised Axis broadcasts on the subject of the
Btateol actions in connection with the boundary dispute between
and r. The second Bulletin as issued on July 18 when
Axis interpretation of alleged U. S. intentions toward :pain and
Portugal srized. After that the Bulletins appeared with
considerable regularity. Each dealt with but one topic although a
series were issued on some days.
On August 11 the format of these reports was changed ftV a
general title "Foreign Broadcasts: Highlights of August nth" replaced
the former topical headings. The succeeding issues contained more
extensive summaries of broadcasts dealing with a variety of topics
rather than with a single subject. The reports no longer depended
upon extensive quotations but were more largely summarisation of
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broadcasts.
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During the next several weeks the analysts and reporters experimented
with various types of publications. Irate in September the daily issues
were more or less routittized with the publication of four reports. Daily
Digests of broadcasts to North and Latin America were i,jsued separately.
These contained excerpts and quotations from broadcasts arranged by
transmitters. Daily Reports were also kssued which contained
analyses of broadcasts to North and Latin Acerica also classified by
In addition there were special reports at irregular
taming analysis and summary of broadcasts on a given
topic. Finally, on November 18s, the daily publicatiMB were combined
and published under the title of Daily Report of Foreign Radio
Broadcasts. This is the title under which the report was issued for
the duration of FBIS.
By this time the Report and Analysis sections were separate
operating independently of each other21100" J1 s
The contents of the Daily Report remained the same, i. e.r
broadcasts were summarized although verbatim quotations were
included in
instances. The number of subscribers had reached 87
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limbers of the Analysis Division, having discontinued publication
of daily analyses, then turned their attention to preparation of a weekly
publication. The first issue appeared on December 6. This first Weekly
Analysis reported, significantly enough, that the tone of caution evident
in Toles previous broadcasts had been abandoned during the week under
review and
means of communicating broadcasts to interested
lligerence now characterized the transmissions.
agencies was inaugurated about this same time. On October 26 FBMS sent,
via a Western Union wire, broadcasts which had been requested by the
office of the Coordinator of Information. This was tzar beginning
of the wire services. The first wire was later known as the B Wire and
the A Wire, which provided general broadcast coverage for 22 government
agencies was inat in I!ovember. Each morning FBMS sent to the
state Department a summary of radio broadcasts. The service expanded
rapidly after Pearl Harbor.
Within a very few days after December 7 the A Wire was on a 24 hour
basis. in the first days it carried suaries of news pertaining to the
attack on pearl Harbor but was soon expanded to give more general news
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In addition to the usual problems inherent in organizing and
staffing 4 new organization the administration was concerned to
improve communications between the field and -ashington offices. At
first the field offices sent records f= to Washington for translation.
This j onstimes meant a May of as much as a week in the transmission
expediting the process was the transfer to the field of monitors,
of broadcasts to interested agencies in Viashington, One method of
editors, and transcribers. Transfer of such personnel
STATINTL to took place in 3eptemberfsd to in October, and
in December 1941.
monitors and editors were sent to the field the problem
of comotmnicatic facilities became more serious..
relied STATINTL
upon the twx circuits of the telephone company to send urgent copy
to Washington for the first year.'
which was located on
the RID post, used the twx also until RID established a teletypewriter
.21
circuit early in 194t. After that FB.`. used the teletypewriter
t. Broadcasts were sent from
by telefax and from
London by cable. Broadcasts not considered urgent were sent air
mLi1 from all field posts in tr script form.
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To expedite transfer of broadcasts .f rem the -listening STATINTL
post, its location was moved from in the summer
of 1941. This brought the post within "pipe line" distaxce of
Washington and enabled the engineers to transfer broadcasts to
monitors in the Washin, ton office as they were coming over the air.
Records of broadcasts were then made in Washington for translation
operations in London, which were started on Decenior 7,,
941, were of an entirely differen. character s ince the editors
Necessarily the
problems inherent in such an operation differed from those of an
operation in the United States. The editors were working in a foreign
em of communications was even greater than for other
field stations. Not only did the editors have to develop channels STATSPEC
for getting broadcasts from
they had to devise means of getting
to Washington as soon as possible. !he Iroblem of communi ativns
within L o n d o n was a1 6 a meMer of the then 3 men: staff
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call hourly for material. In between important texts were
STATINTL telephoned to tae FB office
The next problem was that of getting material to Washington as
fast as possible without incurring too great costs. The first
roposal was to serf material by radio telephone but because of
security factors this was abandoned. Air mail was irregular and too
slow so cable service became the only workable alternative. After
editing, and reduction to a modified c ablese, the copy was sent to
the cable office by messenger or by telephone in the ruse of urent
copy. It was then sent via private cable service to 'Washington.
After negotiations with the cable authorities it was possible to
AX4P4 '7f
at a priority for FB copy which'' 1 ~Iroceas still more.
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By the s tart of 1942 F& had taken on the structural pattern which
characterized its operations for the duration of the war. During 1942
the name was changed to Foreign Broadcast Intelligence Service since
better to describe its functions. This was one of the
earlier recommen-ationa of
who became Director in
STATINTL J'uly' 1942 after left for military service.
mined STATINTL
with FBIS for two years during whit a he devoted much of his time and
energies to representing PBI3 before the Cox and Lea Committees ot
Con;resa during their investigation of the FCC. This investigation
brought considerable public attention to FBIS. The investigators appear
to have been primarily concerned with personnel policies but did inquire
into the usefulness of FBIS to other government agenncies. In the final
report of the Committee, which was not issued until January .1945,
the Chairman reported thaj e evidence submitted indicated that
clients found the services provided by FBIB "valuable in their own
in F'BIS and other agencies and in establishment of the United Nations
vities."
_ was also active in eliminating duplication of functions
Jl uaitO**&JW a b2 /GW6= A-kbPR3%4~( & ffTdinating
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ni.tori.ng activities of the various Allies. when he resigned in 194+
ho remained one year.
'he 1:ost was filled by
,pecial concern w as the internal or Zatiou of the service
ttaf"f Of
mw~'W re yi si ,m
which he attempted to U4i-IY'
was appointed Acting Director.
FCC
the
"
"? rte` "I
as
had preliot1rsly served as administrative office
Chief of the
At the beginn of 1942 the Service inc1 9d the following
Divisions: Monitoring axe Translation; Reports, rich was responsible
for the Daily Report and wire s ervi es; and the Am1ysis Division.
Field oPerations were supervised by the Director's office and by the
Chief Editor.
coy ' "" A a a matter of facts until
was combined in the office of the Chief
1$" wheu
Monitoring Division. The change was made to eliminate difficl
I "W
o,^AA%e4fo7.r --.o
administration
which bad arisen in field edmirl-stration from lack c
in Washington.
'the work of dupli~-atjmg p uctiona, handling files and other
w1misistrative duties MM= was assigned to the Mail and Files
renamed dministrative cervices,
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r4) R A07 61 VW -
The Monitoring and Translating Division was in the process of
naion in 1942. This continued until, in the spring of 1943,
necessary to reduce the size of the staff. This was done by
elimination from the monitoring schedules of certain south &=
languages and dialects in the Washington and field offices. As the
result of the Congressional budget cut of $500,000 in 1943 it was
the Division. had a total of - employees. These were divided
monitors p translators, and clerks. All told they covered 45
languages incl-uding Bulgarian, Hungarian, Slovene, Rumanian, Arabic,
Hindustani., Armenian, and ,Serbo-Croat. A further reduction was
made in 1944 when Polish and Czechoslovak were eliminated.
At the same time coverage was reduced for certain Allied
transmissions but, at the insistence of the OWl,
was continued . This meant, in August 194 '' ie severest cuts
been made, that out of 268 programs monitored daily by the
Washington staff, 93 were-programs in various languages.
In an effort to fit the staff to the budget it was decided
to combine the functions of monitoring and translating and the same
people then did both, This wua introduced in the fall of 1943,
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These reductions brought the staff down to a low of 35 when
as liquidated in December 194.5? They were covering 15 languages
in the Washington and field offices.
Throughout this time the monitoring process was being perfected.
A system of code abbreviations w us developed which enabled the
monitor-translator to reduce the amount of translation and still
make broadcast items available to the rest of FBI3 and to the client
agencies. As he listened to and summarized a news annouroement
niter iudicated, on his summary p whether or not the item was
a repeat, whether it was new but of comparatively little value,
and whether or not the editors and analysts who used the summaries
could expect a full translation immediately. Thus if an item
was new but appeared of little value to the monitor it was marked
editor or analyst who was intere:::ted could then
request a full translation. Since the records were kept the transla-
tion could be prepared in the field and sent marked for the attention
of the personxequeating it. Records were kept for varying lengths
of time depending upon the mirage facilities available. The usual
period was 72 hoursi
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This system of marking items repeat, new, or hold was followed in
all the Pacific area field offices and reduced the load on trawalators
and on wire facilities to an appreciable degree.
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One translating job which required establishment of a separate post
was that of Japanese language programs. Military regulations prohibited
Nisei in so the first
quickly followed suit in 1943. The'raw material, that is broadcast in Romaji,
these regulations OWI established a translation unit in and FBIS
office was opened in
where Nisei were permitted but in limited numbers. To get around
was sent from by teletype and the translations done there.
This office was in existence but a short while, however. The translators
were brought to Washington where they worked in the - building. The STATINTL
STATINTL Romaji was sent from- by teletype, translated and re-sent to TINTL
so that the editors would be informed of its oontents. It also went to San
Francisco for use of the OWI there. Transcripts of the Romaji translations were
mimeographed in Washington for many months after this practice was stopped for
otherytranscripts.
,,:',0,P T-$
originally intended as an information service for.members of the monitoring
staff. Its function was *, locate nevi or changed transmissions and
The Program Information Unit, which was starts
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and transmitters so that monitors could be kept abreast of any changes in
broadcast schedules.
This function was gradually enlarged until the Unit was issuing five
regular publications. The Program Schedules of Forei Broadcasts was started
in March 1942 and contained a list of all known international transmissions for
each 15 minute period of the day. Broadcasts were classified by language,
frequency. ny additional information at hand was also given. The complete
volume was revised twice each year and other revisions were issued as often
as necessary, sometimes several times a week. Station and Pro ram Notes
was inaugurated in July 1942 and was a two to four page bulletin issues several
times a week. It contained notes on new stations and programs, schedule changes,
and so forth.
Broadcasting Stations of the 'World was first issued in February and March
1944. It was a four volume publication which classified all known stations,
except United States domestic stations, by wave length, location and call letter.
Suppliments were issues from time to time.
Morse and gellsohreiber Schedules of the 'World was first issued in August
1944. It contained a list of all such known transmissions and showed time,
direction and language. Revisions were issued twice yearly following seasonal
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changes in frequency and time.
These publication slivered to the International and Radio Intelli-
genes, Divisions of FCC, t the Bureau
of Standards, CIAA, military agencies and the owl which valued them because
they provided information useful to owl in planning broadcast schedules from
this country.
Still another series was the daily coverage list which showed all programs
covered by FBIS stations. These were shown by time, language, beam and trans-
matter.
Shortwave Schedule and Reception Notes was prepared by the Program
Information Unit from material sent in by a group of approximately 12 *'
private listeners in this country, Hawaii and New Zealand. This was issued
semi=monthly and was circulated to the FBIS field offices, OWI. Bureau of
Standards and to the GIAA.
Material for these various publications was gathered not only from BRUUATINTL
personnel, FBIS translators and Observation Monitors but from the
CIAL, OVI and the FBIS special consultant in
This consultant, a 19 year old boy living iLLLEGIB
St. Petersburg, has been working for FBIS since the spring of 1943. Not
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only does he provide information about now or changed programs, he has from
time to time recorded broadcasts which war* not available in Washington
because of reception conditions.
Although the Washington office was receiving monitored broadcasts from
a field stations in the summer of 1841# field operations by FBIS personnel
It was the field monitoring stations, of course, which enabled FBIS
to gat its wide coverage of the world's transmitters. Through its own
monitoring operations and in collaboration with monitoring units of other
Allied countries, FBIS was able to gat coverage of 1800 transmitters.
STATINTL did not start until the - offioo was opened in October 1941. Within
the next two months personnel was sent to field stations in
STATINTL These stations were not all operating completely by the end
of 1941 but the preliminary steps had been taken.
During 1942 these offices gradually expanded their operations, although
they encountered considerable difficulty* for example, such
essential equipment as typewriters had to be obtained from Washington.
equipment was hard to acquire in Washington and when a shipment was finally
sent to it was lost at sea. The next attempt was somewhat more
successful for the machines arrived. But they were so badly damaged they had
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 STATINTL
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to be repaireda At the equipment problem was even more severe
because of the military operations in progress there. Another stumbling
block was the fact that during the first three months the actual monitoring
was conducted in a hotel in downt The post was then moved to a
more favorable location on the outskirts.
The posts encountered fewer
mechanical difficulties but were constantly in need.of increased personnel.
In London the problems were somewhat more complex. Although
and FBIS personnel were eager to cooperate there were obstacles to a smooth
operation, FBIS had to make arrangements for the
speed reception monitoring although they were not permitted to station
editors at the STATINTL
Not until June 1942 did the FBI8 have a large enough staff to permit
stationing an editor at the country monitoring post and the
agreed
to such an arrangement. This meant that the FBIS could have access to all the
STATSPEC
material monitored rather than just that sent in to London
But not until September 1942 were they able to procure a"t'eTe
London. The delay in transmitting copy to the Washington office was only
gradually overcome. In Elfish 1942, when the London bureau was returned to the
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The London Offioe also had personnel problems since it was necessary to
get Washington approval for all employees who were hired in England. This
difficulty, too, was overcome when the field office was given permission to
employ such workers as were necessary without previous approval from Washington.
The posts encountered this same difficulty but solved it by gettin
civil service approval from local offices of the Civil Service Commission
before sending the papers to Washington.
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Despite all these &t ninistrative problems the London bureau was able to
provide the 'Washington office with a daily file of material
STATINTL This gave the U. S. coverage of European broadcasters, principally
local or home service, which were not received in this country. This material
was also made available to U. S. agencies in London who received duplicate
copies of all cables sent to the Washington office. In May 1945, just prior
to the end of the European war, the London bureau was sending some 42,000 words
per day over Western Union, Press Wireless, Signal Corps and OWI circuits.
In August of 1942, FBIS added to its field poets the monitoring station
Operation of this post enabled FBIS to intercept certain
Russian transmissions which were sometimes inaudible in - due to
atmospheric conditions. The had overlapping programSTATINTL
schedules and duplicate personnel in some languages. The final decision as to
which should monitor a given program was based on manpower and atmospherics.
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 STATINTL
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df %"W
BeoauseA the prohibition against Nisei all Japanese language
work was done in
The fact that the OWI had a staff of translators in
made itSTATINTL
possible for FBIS to get translations of programs for which the agency itself
did not have translators. Certain Indian programs, and broadcasts in Annamese
and Thai were translated by members of-the OWI staff. In return FBIS provided
OTI with rapid coverage of Far Eastern broadcasts, for the oounter-propaganda
unit located in
Usanwhile the Allied invasion of Africa took p'iace and brought with it a
request from the Army for establishment of a monitoring post at
chief of the London Bureau, went to _ in Deoember 1942 to STATINTL
establish a post for monitoring broadcasts from Axis atd Allied countries to
Arabic, French* Spanish, Italian and German language groups. This post seared a
purpose in that it provided information about broadcasts to military
.VSTATI NTL
officials on the spot as well as the Washington office. ed a dail
STATINTL
mimeographed report which was distributed to military officials
1 also prepared a daily summary which was sent to Washington'via the Signal
Corps circuits. Although the staff ultimately grew to
people only 5 were STATINTL
members. These werI" editors from London and a monitor from then Washington
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In addition`'irt sent out field towns which and 'red broadcasts for the
intelligence units of combat forces. Such teams took part in the several. oam-
paigns in Africa, Sicily and Italy. They reported to the intelligence units to
which they were attached but made no report to the - office on the broad. TATINTL
casts they monitored. These teams provided the nucleus for the monitoring posts
which were ultimately established in to monitor Italian home STATINTL^
service, Balkan and German controlled broadcasts foi the information of military
i, I;
BIS participation in these Mand =operations ceased with the STATINTL^
transfer of the personnel concerned to the Owl in 1943 and 1944.
STATINTL^ who had been in charge of the _
February 1944 and was not replaced,
returned to the United States in
STATINTL was also the focal point for distribution of the
daily cable from London of 10,000 words concerning European transmissions not
available in Africa. This round-up was prepared by the country staff in England
STATINTL^ and sent via teletype
was started in May 1945 at the request of the- offioo. STATINTL
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 Approved For Release 2000130 : CIA-RDP83-00442R000100080018-2
OKI
STATINTL - employees, like those in London, ran into trouble with pay
STATINTL^
roll and accounting procedures. These difficulties indicate clearly. in
the minds of those stationed at those posts, the need for clarification of
these procedures as well as the need for training field employees in their
application.
About this time, the summer of 1948,r negotiations were begun with the
then monitoring Balkan broadcasts
who went to London in June 1943, conferred with the official in charge of
that post with a view to making its output available to FBIS. The
Congressional aludget out of that year, however, made it impossible to send
an FBIS editor to _ and arrangements were made whereby the COI financed
the project although the editor was an FBIS employee. This same system was
STATINTL^
followed in An editor who
had been trained in FBIS techniques and needs was sent to India in 1943 at
the expense of the OWI to procure copies of broadcasts from transmitters in
southeast Asi
Unfortunately this cooperativeness was not always present in FBIS-OWI
relations in London where OWI attempted to duplicate the work being done by
FBIS. These initial conflicts were ultimately ironed out in a series of
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 Approved For Release 2002/01/IA-RDP83-004428000100080018-2
I low
conferences in Washington and New York but the extent to which owl. failed to
acknowledge that FBIS should be the sole monitoring agency of the U. S. is
indicated by the faot that they carried on monitoring operations at ATINTL
Latin American transmitters were intercepted by the field stations at
These stations were smaller than those atSTATINTL
and and, contrary to the evidence presented by earlier tests,
reception was never as good as was desired. When budget outs brought about
reduction in the attention given Latin American affairs, the operations were
curtailed. The-staff was reduced in the summer of 1943, out to a
minimum of two or three employees in the summer of 1944 and finally eliminated
later in 1944.
Washington and
missions.
was eliminated in Mity 1944. After that time
took over monitoring of Latin American trans-
0 I H I IN I L The suamraer of 1943 also saw the start of FBIS monitoring
The transmitters located in the Baltic countries and German controlled
parts of Russia were not usually heard in London and this new post was
expected to fill in one of the blanks in total coverage of European trans-
mitters. Monitoring on a small scale was already being done by the State
STATINTL Department d this gperation was expanded by
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 translators he was able to secure texts of broadcasts from these1 and
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MENO-who 4'lrrive4 there in August 1943. Wig a staff of
olandsetine !" transmitters. The 'copy was cabled to London whore it was re-
sent to the Washington office. Here again successful cooperation with OWI
reportedly enhanced the success of the work. With the progress into western
Europe of Russian forces in the fall of 1944, the broadcasts intercepted at
became less valuable and the post was abandoned in December 1944.
As official attention in the Far East with the progress
of the war, FBIS decided to increase its coverage of Asiatic transmitters.
With this in mind tests were made in
where reception STATINTL
for certain programs. STATINTL
Because of local conditions/ there it was decided to establish the post ;TATINTL
STATINTL using facilities formerly occupied by a private club.
This post was opened in the summer of 1944 and was staffed by engineers,
editors, translators and clerical employees sent from the
and STATINTL
Washington offices. In addition, residents of the area were hired as trans.
lators. It was possible by this move to increase the staff of Japanese trans-
lators since restrictions against Nisei did not apply there. This made
possible increased coverage of Japanese language transmissions. Kauai was
also able to interce t the Yenan traansmitteripddamn from Communist China
STATINTL which was not heard in because it was powered by a hand generator.
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When these three - stations were in full operation, they
covered between them on an average day 324 programs of varying length from
transmitters in Latin America and Asia.
STATINTL Because these operations made it no longer necessary, the
office was closed in January 1945.
Plans were being laid for monitoring posts even closer to Japan.
Tests were made of reception conditions at various Pacific islands and the
station was finally established _ in the spring of 1945? This STATINTL
facilitated interception of home service programs on medium and long waves.
STATINTL The iperation, which was supplimented for a few months in the summer
STATINTL of 1945 by a station
was on a smaller scale than that at
The staff of engineers, translators, editors and teletypists worked in
quonset huts and lived in military barracks. The important monitored mate-
STATINTL rial was sent to
via naval communications channels. From there it was
STATINTL sent, along with the'_ copy, by Signal Corps circuits to the mainland
for transmission to Washington. More routine translations, including
monitors summaries, were usually sent by airmail's
In August 1945 when FBIS monitoring of Asiatic transmitters reached a
peak, these bureaus were averaging 51,000 words per day over Signal
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Corps oirouits?
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As was the aase in Europe, FBIS worked directly with military officials
STATINTL at the - posts. For example, the Navy high command in Hawaii received
a daily summary of Far Eastern broadcasts monitored at
Y
The Report Section, too, went through tiis process of expansion and
oontraotion -- as did its products. At the end of 1941 ' the Dai3.y Report
was a comparatively smalll, publication containing summaries of broadcasts
and a certain amount of editorial comment.
y months of 1943 an attempt was made to include it, the
copies of broadcasts using the words of the broadcaster
rather
of jam the editor. By summer of that your texts had almost
eompleta replaced summaries in the lieport. Editors' sui~ariea were
where reception made direct quotation impracticable but
experience proved that users of the weport preferred verbatim texts.
awhile the contents of the Report were increasing in volume
as Ms coverage of world transmitters increased. This process
continued, paralleled by increases in the personnel of the Division until
of 1943 =do it necessary to reduce the space devoted to
Allied transmitters and to broadcasts in languages which had proved to
be of little value for either propagarda. or intelligence purposes.
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-OW
elimination of broadcasts to and about Latin America and
reduction in the space devoted to purely military reporting. Again
in 1944 the size of
to budget
Despite
and of the staff were reduced to conform
reductions the circulation of the Report continued
to increase. Just before the and of the war,, in August 1945s the
number of copies distribu d to other agencies had reached a peak of
800. This had dropped to 600 by the time the Report was discontinued
In December. The staff also dwindled -- from employees in the STATINTL
vary from reporting of domestic affairs to reports of alleged
on the other side of the globe.
Until 1944 arrangement of material within the Report was based
upon transmitters. That is, all broadcasts from a given transmitter
were grouped together despite the fact that the subject matter might
spring of 1943,, M of whom were editors., to 0 in December 1945
of whom E were editors.
gr*uye& o 62as /* RDMW-% b( TS" ged
At the ueet of clients this plan was changed in the spring of
to one whereby broadcasts pertaining to a particular region w ore
 Approved For Release 2002/01 CIA-RDP83-00442R@00100080018-2
into sections dealiwith Europe and Asia and with regional subsections
which were determined by the content of a given day's broadcasts.
This plan was altered again in the summer of 1945. At the request
of certain agencies, particularly the State Department, which wished to
Russian and Russian co o1.1
see all the output o r m tera together all broadcasts from
a ''ansmitter zacma were placed together in the European Daily Report.
This praotide was not followed completely in the other sections.
Actual content of the Report has varied considerably. At first
it contained a section entitled Highlights in which important broadcasts
were indicated. This was replaced ultimately and the same purpose
accomplished by theArops of European and Japanese propaganda
These were prepared in the London and
offices respectively and were usually fairly d etailled
discussions of trends in radiozuporting during the 24 hours. After
the close of the war and largely because of transmission difficulties
between London and Washington the surveys were eliminated.
For many months the Personal Intelligence section led off the
Daily. This contained information about the comings and goings of
Dties
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 Approved For Release 2002/0 CIA-RDP83-00442R00Q00080018-2
here although no Latin American material was contained in
This entire section was eliminated after
cessation of hostilities since it was felt that individual comings and
goings were of less importance in peacetime,
In September 191+5 the Report was broken XpK up into three taumca. SspaxtLts sections were issued for European, Latin American
and Far teri' broadcasts. These were all diaoontinued December 4.
The Daily Report was supplimented from time to time by other
publications repared by the section. In December 1943 the Morning
was started. This was a round up of propaganda themes for the
Axis transmitters plus brief summaries of important news taken from
radio sources as of 8 a. a. each day. It was delivered to other
agencies by 1.1 a. m,
to give government officials an indication
of the days broadcasts. In order to scale IBIS activities down
budget allotments the Preview was suspended in March 1944. At about
same time the section issued 6peciai Releases
These included broadcasts about -artiaular news events or leaders speeches.
This series, too, was discontinued when staff shortages necessitated
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reduct
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During 1942 the wire services appear to have gone through the
same rocess of choosing between) editors' summaries and texts as did
the Daily Report. At first sumries were used rather fully but the
clients soon made brown their preference for full texts and this prefer
ence was followed wherever possible. As v;ith the Daily Retort, too,,
the editing process involved selection of important broadcasts, sub.
atttntion of full wordage where cablese was used, and insertion of
punctuation, After the Japanese surrender the practice of placing
headlines on wire copy was instituted.
Throughout the war years the wire serricea operated on a round
the clock basis. This meant that at any time during do day or night
broadcasts given a priority rating could be rushed to the proper
agency while nenpriority material reached them without delay,. The
editors received transcripts directly from the translators (by wire
in the rase of programs received at field stations) and from the
total take selected broadcasts of interest subscriber or a
group of subscribers. Special bulletins were indicated by the
teletypewriter operation who pushed a key causing tree bells to ring
on the receiving m~}chines and thereby call attention to flash news.
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 c37
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An example of the speed with which wire clients received
current news was the report of the surrender of Italy on September
x/91.
8s 1943. General Eiseni er's 12:30 announoerert was reported by the
A wire at l2:35 in what was described as "close to text" and in full
text at 12:41,
In addition to transmitting texts of broadcasts the * wires
provided clients with information on broadcasting conditions. -
usually reported., for example, when specified transmissions were not
heard, 'Purthexzrore tiac they carried information items in which
clients were given data on changes in techniques of a given trans-
mitter or xxnx new considered to be of especial importance. 3uah
information was readily available in the wire room since the A
wire editors acted as a clearing house for field offices in this
connection, Thus if a program regularly monitored at one station
was inaudible at a given time the wire desk asked another field
station to monitor the program. Because of the speed of FBIBs
communications this sort of interchange was possible with a minimum
of delay.
The Italian surrender also provided an example of the use
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 of the "For your information" bul.l.eti . At 121il on -depze
efi0 * 813
the A wire transmitted the following message:
"Bulletin
`or your information
lC London advises that Reuters quotes New York radio stating
Italy surrenders, heard nothing on this so far -- Editor"
During the war the A wire,at its peak, averaged 53,E words of
COPY Per day. This was u.de up of texts containing political, diplomatic,
The A lire usually carried the German coz=unique in the Go
mitt, military and propaganda intelligence. A survey Made in
1943 showed that almost 75 percent of this material was not made
available to the government agencies through any other channels.
e for the special attention of military intelligence officials
as daily digests of propaganda themes of Axis radios. These
in the field offices. At intervals during the
day the wire carried reviews of developments during a given period
of hours. For example, developments as reported by broadcasts were
listed for the periods 6 a. a, to 6 p. m.; 6 p. m. to midnight and
midnight to 6 a, m.
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digests were4 pr
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In September 1945 the A Wire was cut down to an 8 as m. to 10 po m.
operation and in November, because of staff shortages,, it was out again
That ag
The B Wire was used only by the OWl in Now York and Washington.
m. to 4 p. m. The wire ceased operation on December 6, 1945,
for
with counter propaganda. . For this reason the content of the B Wire
had a different emphasis than did the A Wire. The copy, which
averaged 45s words per dayp was prepared by a separate group
editors Until August 1945.
Other wire services and their special uses were as follows s
C Wire * 1hia circuit was inaugurated in 1942 at the request of the
Coordinator of Inter-American Affairs. It provided that agency with
8,50 words daily of copy pertinent to Latin American affairs* It
included broadcasts from and to Latin America. Copy for this wire,
This circuit serviced the TINTL
by a special editor until after the and of the war.
with information taken from Far Eastern broadcasts not monitored in
STATINTL - After a few months of operating on a Western Union circuit
it was changed to a Press Wireless circuit which was cheaper. It
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carried basic military, diplomatic, political aad economic intelligence
intercepted in the Pacific coast area. Among other things this wire
carried the daily roundup of Far Eastern propaganda prepared by FBIS
STATINTL offices
financed by the OWI
The material was sent in cables
During the summer of
as Wireless was replaced by Western Union as the transmission
he end of the war it has been used only when - STATINTL
requested a certain broadcast. During the War it averaged
2,3 words per day.
I Wire -..This service was inaugurated in September 1943 at the request
of the OWl Propaganda Analysis section in San Francisco. It carried a
selection of intercepts from European transmitters
for use in counterpropaganda activities in Asia. In addition to more
or less routine broadcasts the wire carried texts of speeches by such
Axis leaders as Hitler, Goering and C bbels. The material was actually
)wo way TATINTL
ILLEGIB carried on the FBIS circuit which connected
STATINTL and Washington. By means of switching arrangements
it was possible to send material to the office of
FSIS with oil receiving a copy simultaneously. This made it possible
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to send not only the European material listed e ve but texts of the
Romaji and kana material translated in `,'ashin on. The I wire also
STATINTL^ carried, for
the text of
broadcast.
which at one time was known as the z Wire was
in operation from 1ember 1942 until September 1945 and was the means
by which f8IS informed the Provost marshal General of the Army of
on from and about prisoners of war broadcast by the Axis
. The wire carried approximately 6,000 words per day of
messa, from prisoners and references to specific men w reported by
Rome: Berlin,, and Tokyo.
91'? -This service was of very short duration. it was in operation
only from : eptember 8 to September 10, 1943 and was a direct connection
to the State Department, Texts and excerpts of broadcasts relating 4f
to the surrender of Italy were carried on the wire,
The, Analysis Division followed the same pattern of expemsion and
contraction as the other divisions with the exception that the process
of contraction was more rapid. During 1942 more and more persons were
3 the Division until it reached STATINTL
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of 1943.
In 1943, however, the function of analysis came under Congressioml
as did the rest of J'BIS. Because of cuts in budgetary allot-
ments it was necessary to reduce the size of the Division and the quan-
tity of its output. In the spring of 1944 as a result of those
pressures the Division was dissolved. The Far Eastern section was
combined with the like section of the Report Division to form a
Far Eastern Division while the remaining sections, European, of the
former Analysis Division were reconstituted into a Jpeoial Reports
Section. This new section continued, although in modified degree,.
to turn out the sage kind of reports until December 1944 when it was
dissolved completely. For the remainder of the war the only
broadcast analysis was carried on in the Far Bsstern Division. with
the end of the war this too was abandoned since radio materials from
.
Asia were no longer the exclusive source of intelligence from that
The process of analysis as applied in the Division was the
sspaaation of broadcasts and items therein into various categories such
as tops `gr A& 2 MVAUC -1P83T 394'$2f h l ' 014,rP
 Approved For Release 2002/01/ OCIA-RDP83-00442R000100080018-2
w
then combined in one or more ways to produce a summary discussion of a
great number of broadcast words. This method was supplimented by the
use of statistical or quantitave analysis until the summer of 1942.
This process,
as coding, involved classification of broadcast
of time devoted to a given topic or topics,
It was eliminated when a survey of clients showed that the results were
little us
In the fell of 1942 an effort was made to decentralize the work
of the Division to the extent of sending representatives to London.
The two men had access t of a greater volume of
European broadcasts than was available in this country, Prom it they
prepared ou cries and analyses which were sent to Washington by
cable _end included in the regular reports of the Division. Early
in 1943 this theory of having analysts at the spot where broadcasts
were being intercepted was duplicated where one
of the editors, having received instruction in needs of the Division,
prepared informational reports.
From the description given on the title page of the first
issue of the Wee Review me, be ined an idea. of the purposes of
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 IJK
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the Division. The Analysis was intei.ded,according to that description,
tvasing1e Out for discussion and interpretation broadcast material
which may be significant from the point of view of propaganda and
genoa, show trends in broadcasting em they develop from week
to week
at, wherever possible, what continuing or changing
national policy is reflected in the broadcasts of foreign countries,"
During the spring and sumcaer months of 1942 the Weekly Analysis
expended along with the psis Division. During this period the
Division was made up of sections dealing with enemy and Allied
transmitters, This pattern was fairly amorphous, however, and
was abandoned completely in 1943 at which time each area became an
independent section of the Division. There were sections dealing
and fin occupied areas, Italy, British F.npire,
Soviet thion, and the Far East. Broadcasts to and from Latin
America were handled by a separate section,
As users' interest in certain Allied transmitters declined
the wrk on those broadcasts was eliminated. Russian broadcasts continued
to attract Interest during the entire war and were consequently empha
sized in analysis publications but were given
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less and less attention. Broadcasts from China alito received less
 Approved For Release 2002/01/30 : CIA-RDP83-00442R000100080018-2
attention with the exception of the Yenan transmitter from Communist
China which was the only source of intelligence on that area,.
By the summer of 1942 the Analysis had become so large as to make
its processing unweildy and its usefulness to government officials
questionable, After making a survey of clients it was decided to
revise the Weekly. In August it was changed to the Weekly Review.
Each section was reduced in length, the statistics which been found to
be of little use, were eliminated, and an effort was made to streamline
the reports so as to give users the most useful information about
propaganda trends in a concise fashion,
9 sections were included in the Review more or less
ing Fronts under rhich heading were grouped discussions
of such topics as propaganda treatment and radio reports of the Russian,
Second, North African, Far 1aatern, and submarine fronts. Then there
were regional sections for Latin America, British Empire., western,
Southern Europe, Soviet Union, 'mar and Biddle East and
Far &at* The final decision as to which sections should be included
was based not only on the availability of radio material on a given
pp also or Re1ea ZDOZIU/3U1~0202
 e VW
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In the spring of 1944, just before it was discontinued, the Review
was being sent to 550 government offices.
In an an attemt to suppliment this general Review with publications
of interest to specialized clients the Division undertook preparation
of weekly is6u dealing with such topics as propaganda to and about
bbs United States, suggestions for counter propaganda/ and blunders in
nda. These various issues were distributed in the fall of
1942. They were all abandoned by the end of that year,
t to mood the Leeds of climate having
publications. In August 1942 the Radio Report on the Far East and
pecialized interests the Division undertook preparation of regional
sis of Latin American Broadcasts were instituted. The second of
a daily report. This analysis report was discontinued in
August 1943 when the State Department indicated that it wag no longer
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necessary because the CIAA analysis of radio material was at hand.
these
InUm discussed radio propaganda from Axis and Allied countries dealing
with events in Latin American countries, At the request of the CIAA this
-W -_- - .-..~.,~ ' VII& JMV .tom aen 11 wags changed
to as week , This change followed the discovery that CIAA was also
 Approved For Release 2002/01/30 : CIA-RDP83-00442R000100080018-2
The Radio Report on the Far Last was issued twice each month
until after the ware It contained regular repo ~c>. ter.
de
elo
en
th
?
p
Y17 in
e a iotjs countries of occupied
Asia in addition to special reports on such topics as Japan's religious
propaganda, changing propaganda in China, tabulations of interpellations
in the Japanese Diet, and health conditions in Asia, Circulation of this
fortnightly reached a top of 600 in August 1945.
The final issue in the series, no, 81, was distributed in October
August 1945,
Publication of other regional series was begun in the early
months of 1943. These were prepared for central, southern and Eastern
ape and were continued, sometimes under varying titles, until the
fall of 1944. 944. The $istern,lysis, which contained press and radio
from the Soviet Union was continued until December 1944.
of these reports contained disc scions, sometimes in considerable
detail, of developments or conditions within the specific area inter ILLEGIB
ILLEGIB
to serv* Officials working.in that area.
 low
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In addition to working on these regular publications members of
the Division I:repared special reports on occasion. These were sometime
at
included in agular publication and a other times were distributed
separately, In this category was the Quarterly Review issued in
March 1942. A review of three months propaganda, it was intended to
be the first of a regular eries but no later reviews were prepared.
category was the Propaganda Man series issued in the
fall and winter of 1942 - 1943. This dealt with the characteristics
of the average listener in different countres. Other such special
reports were concerned with analysis of speeches by Hitler, cabinet
changes in Japan# radio treatment of ?NJBA, events in Argentina, etc,
In some cases these reports were the result of collaboration between
ambers of the different sections in the Divisions while others were
by one or more members of a specific section.
major and continuing problem of the Division was that of
liaison no
other agencies but within FliI3 i* itself. Because
of the differences in the functions performed, and sometimes of
i r i ities involved,
ppeare to have been considerable lack
of understand between member e i
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Divisions of FBI$. During the existence of the Analysis Division no
adequate solution was found for this problem.
one with other governmental a gencies also irresented
obstacles since members of the Division were frequently unsure of the
types of materials desired by those clients and of the uses to which
eports were put, Attempts were made to fill this
gap by conferences with the users and by questionnaires submitted to
them from time to time. On the basis of the information taus gained
changes were made in content and style of reports and in the mailing
lists*
With respect to the C!WI the problem was intensified by the degree
its various divisions relied upon radio materials. In 19,3
the suggestion was made that the Division be transferred on bloc to
( I to facilitate increased collaboration. The suggestion was turned
by IBIS, however, on the grounds that such a transfer would impair
-11
At~
the usefulness of the Division to *4%w agencies OWl. Instead
the members of the Division were moved to the OWI offices in My 1943
tho sdministratively they were still pent of FBI$. The move made
it possible for ~ts -to work with personnel of the Owl Bureau of
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Overseas Intel li ence in the prpparation of regular IBIS reports, in
41,
answering queries and in conferences leading to formulation of OWl
directives.
0~ 4t14 '111
Throughout the war .FBIS provided additions is
STATINTL agencies. During the
example, editors in 15aahin ton prepared a daily roundup of radio
reactic to the Conference. This was sent by teletype
Conference in April 1945, for
- where the State Department mimeographed it for distribution
to the delegates.
Proba ly the most noteworthy of these special services was
that concerned with prisoners of war. In 1942 FBIS kept files of
prisoners of war broadcasts emanating from the Axis stations. In December
of that year, at the quest of the War Department, FBIS instituted the
Prisoner of War Wire by which daily lists of prisoners mentioned or
quoted on the radios were sent to the Army's I'rovoet iarahal General.
These lists were made up of names monitored by FBIS as well as those
The 40W service
was discontinued in September 1945 when it became unnecessary.
For a time FBIS sent messages to next of kin of persons mentioned
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in these prisoner broadcasts. This was done as the result of conferences
between Government officials who were anxious to put a stop to the
practice off- casual private listeners so informing next of kin,
by means of Western Union channels the following notification
ersons mentioned in thebroadcast as being the next
of kint
"The name of John Jones has been mentioned in an enemy
broadcast as a German (Japanese) prisoner. These enerv
to aim at getting listeners for their propaganda.
However: the Jrr (Navy) is checking for accuracy and will
advise you as soon as possible*"
The messages were charged to FBIS at Western Union's regular
commercial rate and in August 191+4 the service was discontinued as
an ecanox measure.
Another phase of the prisoner of war services was the sending
Army Air Forces in London of names of airmen listed as captured in
tt monitored in this country. They were sent by
teletype to London where the FBI3 made them available to 1rralky officials.
or bAt
The pprpov
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statistics of j;ersorsiel loses but in improving the morale of airmen
by letting then know that friends w16- return had been captured
and were still alive,
the entire war IBIS was faced with the task of answering
inquiries from relatives of service personnel mentioned in prisoner
broadcastx. This continued even after t;e sending of notices had been
diaico ntin ued and was frequently a task of some dimensions for a clerical
staff which was shorthan=ded most of the time. To facilitiate t is
Axis
process name files were kept of persons mentioned in the4oadcasts.
This file was started in the spring of 1943 and was handled by the
4lrary staff in aahington until September 1943 at which time It was
assigned to the clerical staff of the Wire Service Section. Because
of personnel shortages the file was stopped in August 1944 although
that of prisoners mentioned in Japanese broadcasts was continued in
In most moos the card contained the name of the
prisoner,
the notification telegrams were not delivered that fact was mentioned
roadoast
as well ILLEGIB
as the name of the next of kin when such information *is given.
a card.
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In 194/+ a Special Services was set up in which were
centralized a variety of functions formerly performed by woubm
These included the selection of items not distributed
through regular FBIS channels a;.nd which were believed to be of
interest to special clients. such a service had been perform-*d by
various sections from time to time but was formalized with the
setting up of this Section, Items dealing with ##~~rop conditions,
for examplsj might be discarded fro* the Daily Report and 'dire services
due to lack of space. The Special Services ;section, having a list
of clients and their special interests, sent such an item to the
I L L E G I B Department of Agriculture, Ten IBIS
was liquidated the total number of era one receiving such special
service had reached
At the time of liquidation this section was maintaining records
of personalities mentioned in broadcasts, indexing the Daily Report
and maintaining mailing lists for the three regular publications.
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